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Document:	PDP-11 MACRO-11 Language Reference Manual Update Notice 1
Order Number:	AD-V027A-T1
Revision:	0
Pages:	66
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UPDATE NOTICE 1

PDP-11 MACRO-11
Language Reference Manual
AD-V027A-T1

May 1984

NEW AND CHANGED INFORMATION
This

update contains changes and additions to the
MACRO-11 Language Reference Manual, AA-—V027A-TC.

PDP-11

To order additional documents from within DIGITAL, contact the Software Distribution
Center, Northboro, Massachusetts 01532.

To order additional documents from outside DIGITAL, refer to the instructions at the back
of this document.

digital equipment corporation - maynard, massachusetts

INSTRUCTIONS
The enclosed pages are replacements for or additions to current pages of the PDP-11
MACRO-11 Language Reference Manual. On replacement pages, changes and additions are

indicated by vertical bars ( ] ); deletions are indicated by bullets ().
Keep this notice in your manual to maintain an up-to-date record of changes.
© Digital Equipment Corporation 1984.
All Rights Reserved.

Printed in U.S.A.

Old page

New page

Title/Copyright

Title/Copyright
v/ivi and vii/viii

1-1/1-2

2-3/2-4

2-3/2—4

3-1/3—-2
3—2.1/blank

3-11/3—-12

3-11/3-12

5-3/5—4

5-3/5-4

6—15/6—16 thru 6—19/6-20

6-15/6—16 thru 6—19/6—20

6—-25/6—26 and 6—27/6—28

6-25/6—26 and 6—-27/6—28

6—-55/6—56

6—61/blank

7-5/7-6

7-9/7-10

7-13/7-14 thru 7-19/7-20

8-7/8—-8

8-7/8-8

9-3/9-4

9-3/9—4

A-1/A-2

A—-1/A-2

A-5/blank

A-5/A-6

J-1/J-2

J-1/J-2
J—-2.1/blank

Index—1/Index—2 thru Index—5/blank

Index—1/Index—2 thru Index—5/Index—6

Reader’'s Comments/Mailer

Reader's Comments/Mailer

PDP-11 MACRO-11
Language Reference Manual
AA-V027A-TC

March 1983

This document describes how to use the MACRO-11 relocatable assembler to develop PDP-11 assembly language programs. Although no
prior knowledge of MACRO-11 is required, the user should be familiar
with the PDP-11 processor addressing modes and instruction set. This
manual presents detailed descriptions of MACRO-11’s features, including source and command string control of assembly and listing functions, directives for conditional assembly and program sectioning, and
user-defined and system macro libraries. The chapters on operating
procedures previously were found in two separate manuals (the
PDP-11 MACRO-11 Language Reference Manual and the IAS/RSX
MACRO-11 Reference Manual). This manual should be used with a
system-specific user’s guide as well as a Linker or a Task Builder manual.

This manual supersedes previous editions, AA-5075B-TC, published
1980, AA-5075A-TC, published 1977, and DEC-11-OIMRA-B-D,
published 1976. This manual contains Update Notice 1, AD-V027A-T1.
Operating System:

IAS Version 2
MICRO/RSX Version 1
MICRO/RSTS Version 1
VAX/VMS Version 4
RSTS/E Version 8
RSX-11M Version 4
RSX-11M-PLUS Version 2
RT—11 Version 5

Software:

MACRO-11 Version 5.2

To order additional documents from within DIGITAL, contact the Software Distribution
Center, Northboro, Massachusetts 01532.
To order additional documents from outside DIGITAL, refer to the instructions at the back
of this document.

digital equipment corporation - maynard, massachusetts

First Printing, August 1977

Revised, January 1980
Updated, December 1981
Revised, March 1983

Updated, May 1984

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not

be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment
Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document.

The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used
or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license.
No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment that is
not supplied by DIGITAL or its affiliated companies.

Printed in U.S.A.

A postage-paid READER’'S COMMENTS form is included on the last page of this

document. Your comments will assist us in preparing future documentation.

The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:

DEC

dlijgliltiallj§
MASSBUS

RT-11

DECmate

PDP

UNIBUS

DECsystem—10
DECSYSTEM-20

P/OS
Professional

VAX
VMS

DECUS
DECwriter
DIBOL

Rainbow
RSTS
RSX

VT
Work Processor

M32300

I
T
T
B
BB WN -

.MACRO Directive
.ENDM Directive
.MEXIT Directive
MACRO Definition Formatting
MACROS

ARGUMENTS

IN MACRO

DEFINITIONS

AND MACRO

NN NN NNNN

CALLING

Macro Nesting
Special Characters in Macro Arguments
Passing Numeric Arguments as Symbols
Number of Arguments in Macro Calls

T
T

Creating Local Symbols Automatically

Arguments

Keyword

of Macro Arguments
MACRO ATTRIBUTE DIRECTIVES: .NARG,
Concatenation

.NCHR,

AND

[
|]

W N

»
*

Y U

dadd

+NTYPE

.NARG Directive
.NCHR Directive
.NTYPE Directive
.ERROR AND .PRINT DIRECTIVES
INDEFINITE REPEAT BLOCK DIRECTIVES:

.IRP AND

]

L]
&
&
-

CHAPTER

OPERATING

BLOCK

DIRECTIVE:

.REPT,

.ENDR

LIBRARY DIRECTIVE: .MCALL
DELETION DIRECTIVE: .MDELETE

PROCEDURES

IAS/RSX~-11M/RSX~-11M-PLUS

PART

.IRP Directive
.IRPC Directive

REPEAT

WO~

« IRPC

MACRO
MACRO

RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS

OPERATING

PROCEDURES

Initiating MACRO-11] Under RSX-11M/

RSX-11M-PLUS
Method 1 - Direct MACRO-11 Call
Method 2 - Single Assembly

Method 3

- Install,

Remove On Exit
Method 4 - Using

Run Immediately,

the

and

Indirect Command

WN
b

»
s
s
¢

W N
B

*
L
*
&

o
s
e

O GO O

s
®
&
s
s
5
o
¢

CO OO0 0O 00 00 00 00 C0

N WNDNNNN
R

Processor

Default File Specifications
MCR Command String Format
DCL Operating Procedures
MACRO-11 Command String Examples
IAS MACRO-11
Initiating

OPERATING PROCEDURES
MACRO-11 Under IAS

IAS Command String
IAS Indirect Command Files
IAS Command String Examples
CROSS-REFERENCE PROCESSOR (CREF)
IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS FILE SPECIFICATION

MACRO-11

ERROR MESSAGES

UNDER

IAS/RSX-11M/

b
B

]

MACRO-11

RSTS/RT-11

VWY

RSX-11M-PLUS
CHAPTER

=00

SO
D W

s
8
s

»
LJ

]

B Wwwwwwww

NN NN

CALLS

MACROS

DEFINING

MACRO DIRECTIVES

CHAPTER

OPERATING

UNDER RSTS
RT-11 Through RSTS
RSX Through RSTS

PROCEDURES

9.2

INITIATING MACRO-11 UNDER RT-11
RT-11 COMMAND STRING
FILE SPECIFICATION OPTIONS
CROSS-REFERENCE (CREF) TABLE GENERATION
OPTION

9.3
9.4
9.5
9.5.1
9.5.2

Obtaining a Cross-Reference Table
Handling Cross-Reference Table Files

9.5.3
APPENDIX

APPENDIX

MACRO-11

A.l

ASCII

A.2

RADIX-50

A.3

DEC

Error

Messages

CHARACTER

RT-11

SETS

SET

CHARACTER

MULTINATIONAL

MACRO-11

Under

SET

CHARACTER

ASSEMBLY

LANGUAGE

SET
AND

ASSEMBLER

DIRECTIVES

SPECIAL CHARACTERS

B.2

B.3

SUMMARY OF ADDRESS MODE
ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

SYNTAX

PERMANENT

(PST)

SYMBOL

MACRO-11

APPENDIX

ERROR

MESSAGES

APPENDIX

SAMPLE

CODING

CODES

STANDARD

7T
T

LINE

DIRECTIVES

FORMAT

COMMENTS

N
w
b
W N

.
.

$
L4

*
»
.
|]

L]
@

Device Registers

Purpose

Hardware

Registers
Registers

Priority

Symbols
&

General

Processor

STANDARDS

Registers

&
s

WN)

e
&

WWWWWWN
-

NAMING

L
L
L4
*
»
.
*
*
L
L]
L4 »
»
- L] .
.
. L] L J
BBBBDWWWWWWWWWWWWN
-

Mmoo
EEE
@@

c.1
C.2

TABLE

Symbol

Examples

Local

Symbols
Global Symbols
Macro

Names

General Symbols
PROGRAM MODULES

The
The

Module
Module

Preface

Module Example
Modularity
Calling Conventions

(Inter-Module/

Intra-Module)

s
s

NNT

Indication
Routines

FORMAT

Common

Code
Code

Flow
Exits

with Interrupts
in System State

INSTRUCTION

Inhibited

USAGE

Forbidden

5.2,

CODE

Program

Version

Exiting
Success/Failure
Module Checking

Instructions
Conditional Branches
PROGRAM SOURCE FILES

R
I
T
T
N I
JUuUines
BB WWNDNDNNNDND -

APPENDIX

B.1l

PDP-11 VERSION NUMBER STANDARD
Displaying the Version Identifier
Use of the Version Number in the Program
ALLOCATING VIRTUAL MEMORY

APPENDIX

GENERAL HINTS AND SPACE-SAVING GUIDELINES
MACRO DEFINITIONS AND EXPANSIONS
OPERATIONAL TECHNIQUES

WRITING POSITION-INDEPENDENT CODE

APPENDIX

INTRODUCTION TO POSITION-INDEPENDENT CODE
EXAMPLES

SAMPLE ASSEMBLY AND CROSS-REFERENCE LISTING

APPENDIX

OBSOLETE DIRECTIVES AND SYNTAX
OBSOLETE COMMAND LINE OPTION

=
N

=
WN

R
&
o
e

CHANGES =-- ALL VERSIONS OF MACRO-1l1l
V5.2 Update Changes

RELEASE NOTES

(R R

AND

OPTIONS

LINE

COMMAND

) <

APPENDIX

SYNTAX,

OBSOLETE MACRO-11 DIRECTIVES,

APPENDIX

V5.1 Changes

CHANGES -- MACRO-11/RSX VERSION ONLY
CHANGES -- MACRO-11/RT VERSION ONLY

FIGURE

AW
W
|J T
B
I
WK - N

FIGURES

Assembly Listing Showing Local Symbol Block
Sample Assembly Results

Example of Line Printer Assembly Listing
Example of Teleprinter Assembly Listing
Listing Produced with Listing Control

NI
O
|

I N B
R
O
WNHHJOMUBT®»

Directives

Assembly Listing Table of Contents

Example of .ENABL and .DSABL Directives
Example of .BLKB and .BLKW Directives
Example of .SAVE and .RESTORE Directives
Example of .NARG Directive
Example of .NCHR Directive
Example of .NTYPE Directive

QO oo

I
|
N b

Definition

Example of

in Macro

.IRP and .IRPC Directives

Sample CREF Listing
Example of Position-Dependent Code

Example of Position-Independent Code

TABLES

TABLE

Special Characters Used
Legal

Version 5.2,

in MACRO-11

Legal Separating Characters
Legal Argument Delimiters

May 1984

Unary Operators

vii

b
N =N
U

SOyt
W

(=)

Legal

Binary

Addressing

Operators

Modes

Symbols Used in Chapter 5
Directives in Chapter 6
Symbolic Arguments of Listing Control
Directives
Symbolic Arguments of Function Control

W WY

I
T
N
N
D
HWNOHEBWNDHFI

OwUvid

(o) W o) We )

Directives

Symbolic Arguments of .PSECT Directive
Program Section Default Values

Legal Condition Tests
Assembly Directives
Subconditional

File

Assembly

Specification

MACRO-11

File

DCL

Command

DCL

Parameter

for

Block

Directives

Default Values

Specification

Switches

Qualifiers

Default File Specification Values
File Specification Options

/C Option Arguments
Old and New Directives

viii

and

6-48

Conditional

Syntax

6-54
6-57

8-4
8-6
8-8
8-13
9-3
9-4
9-6
I-1

CHAPTER

THE MACRO-11 ASSEMBLER

MACRO-11 provides the following features:

l. Source and command string control of assembly functioné
2.

Device and filename specifications for input and output files

Error listing on command output device

Alphabetized,

Relocatable object modules

Global symbols for linking object modules

Conditional assembly directives

Program sectioning directives

User-defined macros and macro libraries

10.

Comprehensive system macro library

11.

Extensive

symbol

formatted

cross-reference listing of symbols

functions.

source

and

command

table

string

optional

listing;

control

1listing

MACRO-11 assembles one or more source files containing MACRO-11
statements into a single relocatable binary object file. The output
y file and a file containing the
. object
of MACRO-11 consists of a binar
table of contents, the assembly listing, and the symbol table. An
optional cross-reference listing of symbols and macros is available.
A sample assembly listing is provided in Appendix H.

1.1

ASSEMBLY PASS 1

During pass 1, MACRO-11 locates and reads all required macros from
libraries, builds symbol tables and program section tables for the
program, and performs a rudimentary assembly of each source statement.
In the first step of assembly pass 1, MACRO-11 initializes all the
impure data areas (areas containing both code and data) that will be
These areas include all
used internally for the assembly process.
dynamic storage and buffer areas used as file storage regions.

Version 5.2,

May 1984

1-1

THE MACRO-11 ASSEMBLER

MACRO-11

into
files
proper

then

syntax,

files

are

been

passed

MACRO-11

input
of

calls

system

subroutine

which

transfers

command

memory.
This
command
1line contains the specifications of
to be used during assembly.
After scanning the command line

now

the

assembly,

command

input

MACRO-11

line

initializes

determine

initiates

file.

command

MACRO-11

opened

and

the

valid

specified

output

line.

routine

which

file

retrieves

open,

opens

starts

the

input

assembling

the

output

file

source

case

lines

the

from

the

end

described
program

version

program

linking

assembly

above.

and

are

output

object

MACRO-11

information

number,

section

the

pass

Such

modules.

program

the

global

the

After

reopens
the

the

object

1in

symbol

directory

file

writing

out

the

(GSD)

GSD

the

them

output

module

object

the

MACRO-11

first determines the length of the instructions, then
assembles
according to length as one word, two words, or three words.
At

have

beginning

specified

statements.

all
for

These

specifications

file

source

files.

line

files
name, the
for

each

used

later

for

given

section, MACRO-11 scans through the symbol tables to find all
global symbols that are bound to that particular program
section.
MACRO-11
then
writes
out
GSD
records to the object file for these

the

symbols.

1.2

This

ASSEMBLY

process

PASS

done

for

each

program

section.

On pass 2 MACRO-11 writes the object records to the output file
while
generating
both the assembly listing and the symbol table listing for
the program.
A cross-reference listing may also be generated.

Basically,

assembly

pass

MACRO-l1-detected

assembly

the

final

together

for

pass 2 consists of
except
that
all

the

same

source

errors

steps
performed
1in
statements
containing

are
flagged
with
an
error
code
as
the
file is created.
The object file that is created as
consequence of pass
2
contains
all
the
object
records,

1listing

with
linking the

relocation

object

records
file.

that

hold

the

information

necessary

The information in the object file, when passed to the Task Builder or
Linker,
enables
the
global
symbols
1in
the
object
modules to be
associated with absolute or virtual memory addresses, thereby
forming
an

The
and

executable

user

may

body

wish

description.

system

manual

(see

code.

become
This

Section

familiar

1information
8.3

the

with
is

the

macro

presented

Preface).

object
in

the

file

format

applicable

SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT

The legal characters for defining labels are:
A
@

through
through

Z
9

(Period)

(Dollar Sign)

NOTE

and
($)
By convention, the dollar sign
1in
wuse
for
reserved
are
(.)
period
software
system
DIGITAL
defining
Therefore

symbols.

should not be used

MACRO-11

source

these

in defining

characters

labels in

programs.

however, only the first six characters are
A label may be any length;
significant and, therefore, must be unique among all the labels in the

source program.
if

listing

the

An error
first

code

six

(M)

generated

the

1in

assembly

characters in two or more labels are the

same.

redefined within the source
be
A symbol used as a label must not
1label with a multiple
a
redefined,
is
symbol
the
If
program.
in
definition results, causing MACRO-11 to generate an error code (M)
1in the source
any statement
Furthermore,
the assembly 1listing.
program which references a multi-defined label generates an error code
(D)

in the assembly listing.

2.2.2

Operator Field

The operator field specifies the

action

performed.

may

consist of an instruction mnemonic (op code), an assembler directive,
Chapters 6 and 7 describe these three types of
or a macro call.
operators.

When the operator is an instruction mnemonic, a machine instruction is
generated and MACRO-11 evaluates the addresses of the operands which
follow. When the operator is a directive MACRO-11 performs certain
control actions or processing operations during the assembly of the
inserts
source program. When the operator is a macro call, MACRO-11
the code generated by the macro expansion.

field have no
Leading and trailing spaces or tabs in the operator
such characters serve only to separate the operator
significance;
field from the preceding and following fields.

operator

character*,

1is

MOVE@A,B

space,

tab,

any

non-RAD50

;The space terminates the operator MOV.

MOV A,B

MOV

terminated

in the following examples:

A,B

;The tab terminates the operator MOV,
;The @

character

terminates

the operator MOV.

Appendix A.2 contains a table of Radix-5# characters.

2-3

SOURCE

Although
second

the

MACRO-11

2.2.3

When

statements

statement
coding

Operand

the

field
by the

above
the

PROGRAM

are

FORMAT

all

equivalent

recommended

form

MACRO-11

directives
respectively.

operand

should

the

conforms

Field

operator

may

function,

conventions.

instruction

mnemonic

contains program variables that are
operator.
The operand
field
may

Operands
Multiple

because

and

macro

calls,

(op

be
also

described

code),

the

operand

evaluated/manipulated
supply
in

arguments

Chapters

and

be expressions or symbols,
depending
on
the
operator.
expressions used in the operand field of a MACRO-11 statement
must be separated by a comma;
multiple symbols similarly used may
be
delimited
by
any
legal
separator (a comma, tab, and/or space).
An
statement

Section
When

operator

MACRO-11

shown

contains
shown

following

1is

not,

the
(see

associated

operands

are

statement:

MACRO-11

symbols,

each

MACRO-11

directive

(Chapter

issuing

the

is terminated by
a
semicolon
when
the
field
comment.
For example, in the following statement:

type

and

number

MOV

A,B

operands

;Comment

tab

between MOV and A terminates
beginning of the operand field;

and B;
and a
beginning
of

semicolon terminates
the
comment field.

operand

field

Comment

comment

contains
a
are normally

required

field

LABEL:

The

.WORD directive

SYM1,SYM2

description

the

operand

2.2.4

statement:

directive.

the
the

code,

following

when
the
operator
field
macro call, associated operands

ALPHA

the

determine

followed

the

field;

implicit

hand,

the

.MACRO

The

RO ,A+2 (R1)

On the other
directive
or

Refer

field

expressions,

MOV

preceded

treated

6.3.2).

the

always

1is

terminated

field

the

operator
field
and
defines
comma separates the operands A

the operand field and
When no comment field

the

end

the

source

defines
follows,

the
the

line.

Field

field

normally

begins

column 33 and extends through the
optional and may contain any 7-bit
characters
except
null,
RUBOUT,
carriage-return,
1line-feed,
vertical-tab
or
form-feed.
All other
characters appearing in the comment
field,
even
special
characters

end
of
ASCII or

reserved

then

the
1line.
8-bit
DEC

for

This field is
Multinational

use

MACRO-11,

the

assembly

May

1984

included

are

text.

Version

5.2,

checked

listing

2-4

only

they

for

ASCII

appear

legality

the

and

source

CHAPTER 3

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

This chapter describes the components of MACRO-11
instructions:
character
set,
the conventions observed in constructing symbols,
the use of numbers, operators, terms and expressions.

3.1

The

the
and

CHARACTER SET

following

characters are

legal

in MACRO-11 source programs:

The letters A through Z.
Both upper- and lower—-case
letters
are
acceptable, although, upon input, lower-case letters are
converted to upper-case (see Section 6.2.1, .ENABL LC).

Characters

the DEC Multinational

The

The characters
.
characters
are

character

set

(MCS).

chart
showing
the MCS is located in Appendix A, with a list
of directives that support the MCS.
Specific support for the
MCS is included with the description of each directive.
digits @

through 9.

(period)

Corporation

system

The

characters listed

special

Table

Special

Designation

Colon

Double

Equal

Double
sign

(dollar
sign).
These
as
Digital
Equipment
i

3-1

in MACRO-11

Function

colon

sign

Label

terminator.

Label

terminator;

label

Direct
macro

§$

in Table 3-1.

Characters Used

Character

and

reserved
for
wuse
program symbols.

equal

defines

global

assignment operator
keyword

the

1label.

and

indicator.

Direct
assignment
defines the symbol

operator;
a global

symbol.

(continued

Version 5.2,

May 1984

3-1

page)

SYMBOLS

AND EXPRESSIONS

Table 3-1
Characters

Special

Character

Designation

Equal

sign

Used

MACRO-11

Function

colon

Direct

assignment

operator;

macro

keyword

indicator;

causes

an
the
==:

Double

sign

equal

colon

error

(M)

attempt
value of

1is

made

Percent

sign

assignment

defines
symbol;

the symbol as a
causes
error

operator;

global
(M)
in
an attempt is
made
the
wvalue
of the

term

indicator.

Tab

Item

field

terminator.

Space

Item

field

terminator.

Number

sign

Immediate

to change
symbol.

Direct

listing if
to
change
symbol.
%

the

listing

expression

indicator.
@

(

Left

)

Right

Period

Current

location

’

Comma

Operand

field

separator.

Semicolon

Comment

field

indicator.

Left

Initial

argument

sign
parenthesis

parenthesis

angle

Deferred
Initial

Terminal

bracket

indicator.

Right

Terminal

angle

argument

indicator.

indicator.
counter.

expression

bracket

expression

indicator.

Plus

Arithmetic

addition

sign

or
-

addressing

Minus

sign

autoincrement

Arithmetic
operator

operator

indicator.

subtraction
autodecrement

indicator.
*

Asterisk

Arithmetic

multiplication

operator.

Slash

Arithmetic

division

(continued

operator.
next

page)

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

Table 3-1

(Cont.)

Special Characters Used

in MACRO-11

Character

Designation

Function

Ampersand

Logical AND operator.

Exclamation point

Logical inclusive OR operator.

Double quote

Double ASCII character
indicator.

(continued

Version 5.2,

May 1984

3-2.1

on next page)

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

The %

character may be used with

expression

The accumulator registers used in floating-point instructions
<can
defined in a similar manner.
For example, with the definition

specify

CLR

the

1legal

term

statement

function

the

statement

and

clears

contrast,

the

contents

the

CLR

the

any

example,

$3+1

equivalent

clears

For

statement
4

contents of virtual

memory location 4.

ACP=%0

the

statement
MULF

(R@) ,ACO

multiplies the contents of floating-point accumulator
the floating-point number addressed by R@.

3.5

LOCAL SYMBOLS

Local symbols are specially formatted symbols used as labels within
a
block
of
coding
that
has
been
delimited as a local symbol block.
Local symbols are of the form n$, where n is a decimal integer from
1
to 65535, inclusive.
Examples of local symbols are:
13
27$

59$
1948$
A local

symbol

block

is delimited

in one

of three ways:

The range of a local symbol block usually consists
of
those
statements
between
two normally-constructed symbolic labels
(see Figure 3-1).
Note that a statement of the form:
ALPHA=EXPRESSION

is a direct assignment statement (see Section 3.3)
not
create
a label and thus does not delimit the
local

symbol

but
does
range of a

block.

The range of a local symbol block is normally terminated upon
encountering
a .PSECT, .CSECT, .ASECT, or .RESTORE directive
in the source program (see Figure 3-1).
The

range of
a
1local
symbol
block
directives, as follows:

1is

delimited

MACRO-11

Starting

Version 5.2,

delimiter:

May 1984

.ENABL

3-11

LSB

(see Section 6.2.1)

through

. SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

Ending

delimiter:

.ENABL

LSB

one

the

Symbolic

following:

label

(see

Section

2.2.1)

.PSECT
(see Section 6.7.1)
.CSECT
(see Section 6.7.2)
.ASECT
(see Section 6.7.2)
.RESTORE
(see Section 6.7.4)
encountered

Section

Local symbols provide
branch
instructions

after

.DSABL

LSB

(see

6.2.1).

a convenient
means
of
generating
and
other
such
references within

1labels
for
local symbol

blocks.
Using local symbols reduces the possibility of
symbols
with
multiple
definitions
appearing
within a user program.
1In addition,
the use of local symbols differentiates entry-point labels from
local
labels,
since
1local
symbols cannot be referenced from outside their
respective local symbol blocks.
Thus, local symbols of the same
name
can

appear
in
other
1local
symbol
blocks without conflict.
Local
symbols do not appear in cross-reference
1listings
and
require
1less
symbol
table
space
than
other
types
of
symbols.
Their
wuse is
recommended.

When

defining

local

symbols,

use

the

range

from

299998

first.

Local
symbols
within the range 30A008$ through 65535$, inclusive, can
be generated automatically as
a
feature
of
MACRO-11.
Such
local
symbols
are
wuseful
in
the expansion of macros during assembly (see
Section 7.3.5).
Be

sure

avoid

multiple

definitions

local

symbols

within

the

same

local
symbol
block.
For example, if the local symbol 10$ is defined
two or more times within the same
1local
symbol
block,
each
symbol
represents
a
different
address
value. Such a multi-defined symbol
causes

error

code

(P)

generated

For examples of local symbols and
in

source

program,

see

the

symbol

assembly

Simrle

illustration

label

blocks as

they

appear

locasl

swumbolsi

the

second

block

delimited

XCTFAS.

S
6

000000

012700

XCTPRG:

MOV

$IMPURERO

iPoint

000004

0000006
005020

1s¢

CLR

(RO)+

iClear

000006

CMP

ROs#IMPURT

tTest

tor

BNE

tlterate
+1Fall in

if
to

not
rerform

XCTPAS:

MOV

$IMPPASYRO

tFoint

CLR
CMP

(RO>+
RO #IMPFPAT

iClear the ares
tTest if at tor

BNE

iIterate

RTS

iReturn

020027

listing.

Figure 3-1.

the

local

imrure

ares

word

ares

0000006

000012

001374

000014

012700

13
14

000020
000022

0000286

000030

0000006
005020
020027
0000006
001374
000207

Figure 3-1

Assembly Listing

Showing

rass

of
if

rass

storage

oOf

initialization

ares

not
so

Local

Symbol

BRlock

ADDRESSING MODES

5.3

AUTOINCREMENT MODE

Format:

(ER )+

The contents of the register (ER) are
incremented
immediately
being used as the address of the operand (see Note below).
Examples
CLR

(RO)+

;Each

CLR

(R4)+

;the

CLR

(R2)+

;contained in the specified
;register and increments
;that register's contents
;by

instruction clears
word

the

address

two.

NOTE

Certain special instruction/address mode
combinations,
which are rarely or never
used, do not operate
the
same
on
all
PDP-11 processors, as described below.
In the autoincrement mode, both the
JMP
and
JSR
instructions autoincrement the
register before its use on the PDP-11/40
but not on the PDP-11/45 or 11/10.

In double
operand
instructions
having
the
addressing
form
Rn, (Rn)+
or
Rn,-(Rn),
where
the
source
and
destination
registers are the same, the
source
operand
1is
evaluated
as
the
autoincremented

or
autodecremented
value, but the destination register,
at
the
time it is used, still contains the
originally intended
effective
address.
In the following example, as executed on
the PDP-11/40,
Register
R@
originally
contains 1008(8):

MOV

RO, (RA)+

;The
;to

MOV

RA,- (RO)

;The
;to

The
use
avoided,
with
the

quantity 180
location

quantity 102
location

is moved

108.

is moved

100.

of
these
forms
should
be
since
they are not compatible
entire
family
of
PDP-11

processors.

An error code
(Z)
1is
printed
in
the
assembly
1listing
with each instruction
which
1is
not
compatible
among
all
members of the PDP-11 family.

Version 5.2,

May 1984

5-3

after

ADDRESSING

5.4

MODES

AUTOINCREMENT DEFERRED MODE

Format:

@ (ER)+

The

(ER)

The
contents
pointer.

contains

the

pointer

are

the

address

incremented

the

after

operand.

being

used

Example:

CLR

@(R3)+

;The contents of register 3 point
;to the address of a word to
;cleared before the contents
;register are incremented by

5.5

be
of the
two.

AUTODECREMENT MODE

Format:

- (ER)
The

contents

the

address

of
of

the
the

(ER)

(see

are

Note

decremented
in

Section

before

being

5.3).

Examples:
CLR

CLR
CLR

- (RO)

;Decrement

- (R3)
- (R2)

;fied register (@, 3, or 2)
;before using its contents
;as the address of the word

the

contents

the

speci-

two

;cleared.

5.6

AUTODECREMENT DEFERRED MODE

Format:

@- (ER)
The contents
a pointer to

of the register (ER) are decremented
the address of the operand.

before

being

Example:
CLR

@-(R2)

;Decrement

the

contents

;register 2 by two before
;using its contents as a pointer
;to

the

address

;cleared.

the

word

used

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

|.TITLE |

.TITLE Directive.

6.1.2
Format:

.TITLE string
string

where

represents:

identifier of one or more Radix-50 characters.

character
An identifier of one or more 8-bit DEC Multinational
Any MCS character must be preceded by six
(MCS) characters.
set
Radix—-50

characters.

Appendix A.2 contains a table of Radix-5#
contains

Appendix

characters.

A.3

table of MCS characters.

The .TITLE directive assigns a name to the object
module.
The
name
first six non-blank Radix-50 characters followed by
the
is
assigned

optional characters from the MCS.
MACRO-11 ignores all spaces
and/or
up to the first non-space/non-tab character following the .TITLE
tabs
characters
Radix-56
six
Any characters beyond the first
directive.
are evaluated

for MCS legality.

The name of an object

module

(specified

the

appears
in
the
1load
map produced
at link time.
module name which the Librarian will recognize.

.TITLE

directive)

This is also the

If the .TITLE directive is not specified, MACRO-11 assigns the default
If more than one .TITLE directive
to the object module.
.MAIN.
name
.TITLE directive
1last
the
program,
source
the
in
specified
is
encountered during assembly pass 1 establishes the name for the entire
object

module.

If the .TITLE directive is specified without an object module name, or
if
the first non-space/non-tab character in the object module name is
not Radix-58 character, the directive is flagged with
an
error
code
(A)

6.1.3

the

assembly listing.

[SBTTL]

.SBTTL Directive

Format:

.SBTTL string

where:

string

Version 5.2,

represents an identifier

one

7-bit ASCII or 8-bit DEC Multinational

May 1984

6-15

printable

characters.

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

The

.SBTTL

directive

immediately

1is

preceding

the

wused

produce

assembly

1listing

table

and

following the .SBTTL directive on the second line
each
page
1in the listing.
The subheading in the

until

altered

example,

the

subsequent

Conditional

printed

text

the

program.

For

assemblies

the

assembly

sequence

the

of
the
header
of
text will be listed

assemblies

second

1line

listing.
During

contents

text

Conditional
to

.SBTTL directive

directive:

.SBTTL
causes

pass

number,

the

table

page

the

header

contents

number,

and

the

containing

the

text

assembly

the

1line

accompanying

each
assembly listing.
The listing
of
the
table
of contents is suppressed whenever an .NLIST TOC directive
is encountered in the source program (see Table 6-2).
An example of a
table of contents listing is shown in Figure 6-4.

-SBTTL

directive

MTTEMT

TABRLE

RT-11

MULTI-TTY

for

the

MACRO

EMT

V05.00

Saturday

08-Jan-83

10:00

CONTENTS

50-

51~

+MTRCTO

Reset

92~

+MTOUT - Sindle character outrut EMT
+MTATCH

Attach

S4-

+MTOTCH

Detach

from

SO
56~
57~

1
1
1

+MTFPRNT
+MTSTAT
MTYTIN -

-~ Print message EMT
- Return multi-terminsl
Sinsle character inrut

9859 60~

1
1
1

MTTGET
TTRSET
MTTPUT

62~

MTRSET

63~

ESCAPE

Figure

6.1.4

printed

6-4

-~
-~
-

CTRL/0

EMT

terminal

EMT

terminal

EMT
sustem

status

Get a8 character from the ring
Reset terminal status bits
Sindgle character output

buffer

Stor

SEGUENQE

and

detasch

TEST

all

terminals

EMT

attached

.Job

SUBROUTINE

Assembly Listing

Table

Contents

|.IDENT|

LIDENT Directive

Format:

.IDENT
where:

/string/

string

represents

string

six

fewer

Radix-50

characters
which establish the program identification
or version number.
This string
is
included
‘in
the
global
symbol
directory
of the object module and is

printed

the

1link map

6-16

and

librarian

listing.

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

represent delimiting characters.

These delimiters may

other than the
characters,
printing
any paired
be
the
or
(<),
equal sign (=), the left angle bracket
(;), as long as the delimiting character is
semicolon
Note
not contained within the text string itself (see
If the delimiting characters do
Section 6.3.4).
in

is
character
delimiting
not match, or if an illegal
L.IDENT directive is flagged with an error
the
used,

code

(A)

in the assembly listing.

.TITLE
In addition to the name assigned to the object module with the
directive (see Section 6.1.3), the .IDENT directive allows the user to
label the object module with the program version number.
An example of the
.IDENT

.IDENT directive

is shown below:

/V01.00/

is converted to Radix-50 representation and
The character string
This
symbol directory of the object module.
global
the
in
included
character string also appears in the link map produced at 1link time
and the Librarian directory listings.

When more than one .IDENT directive is encountered in a given program,
the 1last such directive encountered establishes the character string
which forms part of the object module identification.

The
in a program.
The RT-11 linker allows only one .IDENT string
linker uses the first .IDENT directive encountered during the first
pass to establish the character string that will be identified with
all of the object modules.

in
The RSX-11M task builder allows an .IDENT string for each module
the program. The TASK Builder uses the first .IDENT directive in each
module to establish the character string that will be identified with
Like the RT-11 Linker, the RSX-11M Task Builder uses the
that module.
JIDENT directives encountered on the first pass.

|.PAGE|

JPAGE Directive/Page Ejection

6.1.5
Format:

« PAGE

a
perform
to
The .PAGE directive is used within the source program
This directive takes no
page eject at desired points in the listing.
top of the next page when
the
arguments and causes a skip to
It also causes the page number to be incremented and the
encountered.

line sequence counter to be cleared.

appear

in the listing.

The

.PAGE

directive

does

not

When used within a macro definition, the .PAGE directive 1is 1ignored
during the assembly of the macro definition. Rather, the page eject
In this case,
operation is performed as the macro itself is expanded.
the page number

is also

incremented.

6-17

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

Page

ejection
1.

accomplished

three

other

ways:

After reaching a count of 58 lines in the
1listing,
MACRO-11
automatically
performs
a
page
eject
to
skip
over
page
perforations
on
1line
printer
paper
and
to
formulate

teleprinter
changed.

output

page

eject

encountered.

into

pages.

performed
If

the

when

The

form-feed

page

number

form-feed
character

1is

not

character

appears

within

macro definition, a page eject occurs during the assembly
the
macro
definition,
but
not during the expansion of
macro itself.
A page eject resulting from
the
use
of

form-feed
character causes the page number to
and the line sequence counter to be cleared.

incremented

new

page

eject

performed

file.
In
this
case
line sequence count is

6.1.6

of
the
the

.REM

Directive/Begin

when

the page
reset.

Remark

encountering

number

incremented

source

and

the

.REM

Lines

Format:

.REM

where:

comment-~character

comment-character

represents a 7-bit ASCII
Multinational
character

end

of
the
comment
character reoccurs.
The

.REM

directive

allows

programmer

insert

into
a
MACRO-11 source program without having
lines with the comment character (;).
The text
delimiting
characters
1is treated as comments.
any

number

lines.

«TITLE

Remark

.REM
All the
to

For

&
text

found.

Any

CLR

8-bit

that

block

marks

when

DEC
the
the

comments

to precede the comment
between the
specified
The comments may span

example:

example

that

comment

resides

lines

until

character

may

here

interpreted

another

ampersand

used

place

MACRO-11

character

the

ampersand.&

« END

6.2

FUNCTION

The

following

DIRECTIVES
function

invoke

assembly

process

5.2,

1984

the

Version

inhibit

May

directives

certain

MACRO-11

are

included

functions

itself,

6-18

and

source

operations

program

to
incidental

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

[(ENABL]

| .DSABL|

6.2.1 .ENABL and .DSABL Directives
Formats:

. ENABL

arg

.DSABL

arg

where:

arg

represents

one

arguments defined

in Table 6-3.

symbolic

optional

the

Specifying any argument in an .ENABL/.DSABL directive other than those
listed in Table 6-3 causes that directive to be flagged with an error
code (A)

in the assembly listing.

Table 6-3

Symbolic Arqguments of Function Control Directives

Argument

Default

ABS

Disable

AMA

Disable

Function

absolute

Enabling this

function

produces

convert this
(as
format

output to
required

Formatted Binary
by the Absolute

output

Loader),

use the FLX utility.

format.

FILES-11

binary

relative

Enabling this function causes all

addresses (address mode 67) to be assembled
(address mode 37).
as absolute addresses
the
during
useful
is
function
This
debugging phase of program development.

CDR

Disable

source
causes
function
this
Enabling
from 73 to the end of the line, to
columns
be treated as a comment.

use

FPT

Enable

Disable

common

in card columns 73-840.

numbers

CRF

most

The

this feature is to permit sequence

the

inhibits

function

Disabling

this

specified

in the command string.

Enabling

this

This
generation of cross-reference output.
if
meaning
has
only
function
is
generation
output
cross-reference

point

function

truncation;

causes

floating-

disabling this function

causes floating-point rounding.

Enable

Disabling this function causes MACRO-11

ASCII
all
convert
before processing it.

input

(continued

upper-—-case
next

page)

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

Table 6-3 (Cont.)
Symbolic Arguments of Function Control

Argument

Default

Function

example

directives,
program,
LCM

Disable

Directives

the

as
shown

.ENABL

and

.DSABL

typically used
in

Figure

source

6-5.

This
argument,
if
enabled,
causes
the
MACRO-11
<conditional
assembly
directives

.IF IDN and .IF DIF
to
be
alphabetically
case
sensitive.
By
default,
these
directives are not case sensitive.
LSB

Disable

This
argument
disabling
of

permits
the
a
local

enabling
or
symbol
block.

Although a local symbol block
established
by encountering a

1is
new

normally
symbolic

label, a .PSECT
directive
or
a
.RESTORE
directive
1in the source program, an .ENARL
LSB
directive
establishes
a
new
local
symbol
block which is not terminated until
(1)

another

(2)

.ENABL

another

directive

encountered

LSB

encountered,

symbolic

label,

.RESTORE

following

directive

paired

.PSECT

.DSABL

LSB

directive.
The

basic

regard

function

instances
program
followed
program

.PSECTS

this
1is

directive

1limited

with
those

where it is desirable to leave
a
section temporarily to store data,
by
a
return
to
the
original
section.
This temporary dismissal

of the current program section
accompl ished through the .SAVE
directives (see Sections 6.7.3
Attempts

define

1local

may
and
and

also
be
.RESTORE
6.7.4).

symbols

alternate
program section are flagged with
an error code (P) in the assembly listing.
MCL

Disable

This
to

argument,
search

all

enabled,

known

macro definition that
symbols
appearing in
MACRO-11

1is

unknown

symbol

default,

for a
matches any undefined
the opcode field of a

disabled.
in

MACRO-11

libraries

statement.

option

causes

macro

the

MACRO-11
opcode

this

finds

field,

an
it

either
declares
a
(U)
undefined
symbol
error, or declares the symbol
an
external
symbol,
depending
on
the
.ENABL/.DSABL
option
PNC

Enable

setting

Disabling
output

this

of GBL

(described

function

until
an
encountered within

LJ(ENABL
the

same

inhibits
PNC

5.2,

May

1984

binary

statement

module.

(continued

Version

below).

page)

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

If an expression following the .WORD directive contains a null
it is interpreted as a zero,
.=500

value,

:Stores the values @, 5, and @ in

' 5,

«WORD

in the following example:

as shown

;location 500,
;respectively.

A statement with a blank operator field

502,

(one that

and 504,

contains

symbol

other
than
a
macro
call,
an
instruction
mnemonic,
a
MACRO-11
directive, or a
semicolon)
is
interpreted
during
assembly
as
an
implicit .WORD directive, as shown in the example below:
.=440

LABEL:

100,LABEL

;Stores the value 100 in location 4490
;and

the

value 440

location 442.

NOTE

You should not
use
this
technique
to
generate .WORD directives because it may
not
be
included
in
future
PDP-11
assemblers.

6.3.3

ASCII Conversion Characters

The single quote

(')

and

the double quote

(")

characters

are

unary

Used in
in any MACRO-11 expression.
that can appear
operators
MACRO-11 expressions, these characters cause a 16-bit expression value
to

generated.

When the single quote is used, MACRO-11 takes the next character
in
the expression and
converts
it
from
its 7-bit ASCII or 8-bit DEC
The high-order byte
Multinational value to a 16-bit expression value.
of
the
resulting
expression value
1is always zero (#).
The 16-bit
value is then used as an absolute term
within
the expression.
For
example,

the

statement:

MOV

moves the

#'A,R0O

following 16-bit expression value

into register 0:

[00000000|01000001|

t;mBinary Value of ASCII A
Thus the expression 'A results

The

single

quote

carriage-return,

(')

character

must

not

followed

null, RUBOUT, line-feed, or form-feed character;

it is, an error code (A)

Version 5.2,

in a value of 101(8).

May 1984

is generated in the assembly listing.

6-25

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

When the
in
the

double quote is
expression
and

used, MACRO-11 takes
:onverts
them to a

the next two
16-bit binary

characters
expression

value from their 7-bit ASCII or 8-bit DEC Multinational values.
This
16-bit
wvalue
is then used as an absolute term within the expression.
For example, the statement:
MOV

moves

the

#"AB,R@

following

16-bit

expression

value

into

|01000010|91000001|

t‘-k----v----B'J*".r'xary Value of ASCII A
Binary Value of ASCII

Thus

the

expression

The

double

must

not

quote

"AB

(")

results

character,

followed

form-feed character;
assembly listing.

LASCII

value
the

is,

error

041101(8).

single

carriage-return,

The
ASCII
character
set
Multinational character set

6.3.4

quote

null,

code

(')

RUBOUT,

(A)

character,

line-feed,

generated

1listed
1in
Appendix
A.l.
listed in Appendix A.3.

The

the

DEC

[-Asci]

Directive

Format:

.ASCII
where:

/string

string

l/.../string

string

printable

7-bit

Multinational
characters.
line-feed, RUBOUT, and all

characters,
cause
The

flagged

with

MACRO-11

from

the

represent

end

error
the

delimiting

code

(A)

the

8-bit

vertical-tab,
non-printable

and

used in an
form-feed

scan

detecting

character

ASCII

carriage-return

an error code (I) if
carriage-return
and

characters
end

except

The
other

matching

DEC
null,
ASCII

form-feed,

.ASCII
string.
characters
are

because
1line,

these

preventing

delimiter

the

string.

characters.

These

delimiters may

be
any
paired
printing
characters,
other than the
equal sign (=), the left angle
bracket
(<),
or
the
semicolon (;)
(see Note at end of section), as long as
the delimiting character is not contained
within
the
text
string
itself.
If the delimiting characters do
not match, or if an illegal
delimiting
character
is
used,
the
code (A) in

Version

5.2,

May

1984

ASCII
directive is flagged
the assembly listing.

6-26

with

error

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

The .ASCII directive translates character

strings

into

their

7-bit

ASCII or 8-bit DEC Multinational equivalents and stores them in the
object module. A non-printing character can be expressed only by
Each set
1its equivalent octal value within angle brackets.
enclosing
For example,
of angle brackets so used represents a single character.
in

the

following

statement:

<15>/ABC/<A+2>/DEF/<K5><4>

LASCII

represent the wvalues of
the expressions <15>, <A+2>, <5>, and <4>
expression must reduce to
bracketed
Each
characters.
non-printing
eight bits of absolute data or less.

in the
characters
Angle brackets can be embedded between delimiting
but angle brackets so used do not take on their
character string,
For
characters.
for non-printing
usual significance as delimiters
example,

the

statement:

.ASCII

/ABC<expression>DEF/

contains a single ASCII character string, and performs no evaluation
This use of the angle brackets
of the embedded, bracketed expression.
is shown

in the third example of the

.ASCII

.ASCII directive below:

;Stores the binary representation

/HELLO/

;of the letters HELLO in
;consecutive

.ASCII

/ABC/<15><12>/DEF/ ;Stores the binary representation
‘

;of the characters A,B,C,carriage
sreturn,line feed,D,E,F in eight
;consecutive

LASCII

bytes.

;Stores the binary representation

/A<15>B/

;of the characters A, <, 1, 5, >,
;and B in six consecutive bytes.

NOTE

The semicolon (;) and equal sign (=) can
be
wused as delimiting characters in the
string, but care must be exercised in so
doing because of their significance as a
comment
indicator
and
assignment
operator,
respectively,
as illustrated
in the examples below:

.ASCII

;ABC;/DEF/

;Stores the binary

;representation of
:the
characters
;A, B, ¢,
;F in six

and

;consecutive bytes;
;not recommended
;practice.

Version 5.2,

five

bytes.

May 1984

6-27

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

.ASCII

/ABC/;DEF;

;Stores the binary
;representations of
;the characters A,
;B,

and C in
;consecutive

;the
;E,

three

bytes;

characters
F,

and

streated

;

are

;comment.

.ASCII

/ABC/=DEF=

;Stores

the

binary

;representation
;the characters
;B, C, D, E,
;F in six
;consecutive
;not

of
A,

and

bytes;

recommended

;practice.
An

equal

sign

treated

assignment
operator
when it appears as
the first character in the ASCII string,
as illustrated by the following example:
.ASCII

=DEF=

;The

direct

;assignment

;operation
; cASCII=DEF

;performed,

and

;syntax

;1s

error

generated

(Q)

upon

;encountering the
;second = sign.

6.3.5

.ASCIZ

|.AsCIZ]

Directive

Format:

.ASCIZ

where:

/string

string

1/.../string

1is a string of printable

7-bit

ASCII

8-bit

DEC

Multinational
characters.
The
vertical-tab,
null,
line-feed, RUBOUT, and all other
non-printable
ASCII
characters,
except
carriage-return
and
form-feed,
cause
The

an error code (I)
if
carriage-return
and

flagged
scan

the

Version

5.2,

May

with
the

matching

1984

error

line,

code

used

in an
form-feed

(A)

preventing

delimiter.

6-28

.ASCIZ
string.
characters
are

because

they

MACRO-11

from

end

the

detecting

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

Table 6-6

(Cont.)

Legal Condition Tests for Conditional Assembly Directives
Conditions

Positive

Complement

IDN

Arguments

DIF

Assemble

Block

If:

Two 7-bit ASCII
or 8-bit DEC

Arguments
are
(or different).

macro-type
arguments

directives
are
not
alphabetically
case
sensitive
by
default.
The user may enable these
directives
to
be
case
sensitive
by
wusing
the
. ENABL
option
(. ENABL

Multinational

IDN/.IF

DIF

identical
The
.IF

conditional

LCM)
.

NOTE

A macro-type argument (which is
a
form
of
symbolic
argument), as shown below,
is enclosed
within
angle
brackets
or

denoted

with

(as described

wup-arrow construction

in Section 7.3).

<A,B,C>

~/124/

An example of a conditional
.IF

ALPHA+l

assembly directive

;Assemble block

follows:

if ALPHA+1=0

« ENDC

The two operators & and ! have
special
meaning
conditions, in that they are allowed in grouping
&

Logical AND operator

Logical

For example,
.IF

inclusive OR operator

the conditional
SYM1l

within
DF
and
NDF
symbolic arguments.

assembly statement:

SYM2

»*

« ENDC

results

and

in the assembly of the conditional block if the

SYM2 are both defined.

Version 5.2,

May

1984

6-55

symbols

S¥YM1

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

Nested

conditional

Conditional
Conditional

directives

take

the

form:

Assembly Directive
Assembly Directive

« ENDC
« ENDC

For

example,

the

.IF

SyYM1

.IF

SYM2

following

conditional

directives:

. ENDC
. ENDC

can

govern

outermost
nested

Each

whether

conditional

directive.

block

MACRO-11

permits

levels.

Any

1is

assembly
flagged

a
with

occur.

within

block
with

nesting
an

the

deeper

the

program

example
level

above,

evaluation

the
of

occurs.

terminated

with

J.ENDC

encountered

outside

error

code

(0)

the

assembly

depth

16(10)

conditional

assembly

that
error

must

directive

statement

flagged

unsatisfied,

statements

LENDC

assembly
listing.

depth

assembly

condition

attempts
code

(0)

to
in

exceed

the

this

assembly

conditional

nesting

level

listing.

IFF

[IFT]
6.9.2

Subconditional Assembly Block Directives

AFTF)

Formats:

.IFF
.IFT

. IFTF

Subconditional
blocks

directives may

The assembly
of the block

The

placed

within

conditional

assembly

indicate:

of an
tests

alternate
false.

body

code

when

assembly of a non-contiguous
body
of
conditional
assembly block, depending upon
conditional test in entering the block.

The unconditional
assembly
conditional assembly block.

body

the

code

the

condition

within
result of

code

within

the

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

6.10.2

|
| .INCLUDE

L.INCLUDE Directive

Format:

.INCLUDE

where:

string

represents a delimited string

specification of a macro

source

that

file.

1is

the

file

The .INCLUDE directive is used to insert
a
source
file
within
the
source file currently being used.
When this directive is encountered,
Iis
file
source
current
the
an implicit .PAGE directive is issued,
stacked,
and
the source file specified by the directive is read into
memory.
When the end of the specified
source
file
1is
reached,
an
implicit .PAGE directive is issued, the original source file is popped
from the stack,
and
assembly
resumes
at
the
1line
following
the
directive.
A
source
file can also be inserted within a source file
that has already been specified by the .INCLUDE
directive.
In
this
case
the
original source file and the first source file specified by
the .INCLUDE directive are stacked and
the
second
specified
source
When the end of the second source file is
read into memory.
1is
file
reached, the first specified source file is popped from the stack
and

assembly resumes at the line following the directive, and when the end
of the first specified source file is
reached,
the
original
source
file
is
popped
from
the stack and assembly of that file is started
again at the line following the .INCLUDE directive.
An implicit .PAGE
directive precedes and follows each included source file.
The maximum
nesting level of source files specified by the .INCLUDE
directive
|is
five.

If any information is omitted from the source file
argument,
default
values are assumed.
The default file specification for MACRO-11/RT-11
is DK:.MAC, and for other systems it is SY:.MAC.
The

,INCLUDE directive

used

follows:

. INCLUDE

/DR3:[1,2]MACROS/

. INCLUDE

?DK: SYSDEF?

. INCLUDE

\CURRENT.MAC\

;File MACROS.MAC

NOTE

you

are

operating

using

MACRO-11] with

system,

RT-11

the device driver

for

the specified device that
the
.INCLUDE
file
resides on must already be loaded,
either explicitly
with
the
KMON
LOAD
command,
or
implicitly by reference to
the
device
on
the
original
MACRO-11
command line.

Version

5.2,

May 1984

6-61

MACRO DIRECTIVES

Macro definition arguments (dummy) and
macro
call
arguments
(real)
normally
maintain
a
strict
positional
relationship.
That is, the
first real argument in a macro call corresponds with the
first
dummy
argument
in a macro definition.
Only the use of keyword arguments in
a macro call can override this correspondence (see Section 7.3.6).
For example,
call

the following macro definition and

contain multiple
.MACRO

REN

its

arguments:

associated

macro

A,B,C

REN

ALPHA,BETA,<C1l,C2>

Arguments which
themselves
contain
separating
enclosed in paired angle brackets.
For example,
REN

causes

the

<MOV

entire

MOV

characters
must
the macro call:

X,¥>,#44 ,WEV

expression

X,
Y

to‘replace all occurrences of the symbol A in

Real
arguments
strings and are

within
treated

a
as

the

macro

definition.

macro
<call are considered to be character
a single entity during the macro expansion.

The up-arrow (") construction allows angle brackets to
be
passed
as
part of the argument.
This construction, for example, could have been
used in the above macro call, as follows:
REN

causing

~/<MOV X,Y>/,#44,WEV

the entire

character

string

<MOV

X,¥>

passed

argument.

Because of the use of the up-arrow () shown above, care must be taken
when
passing an argument beginning with a unary operator ("0, °D, "B,
"R, “F ...).
These arguments must be enclosed in angle
brackets
(as
shown
below)
or
MACRO-11
will
read
the
character
following the
up-arrow as

REN
The

delimiter.

<°0

following

411>,X,Y

macro

REN

call:

#44 ,WEV~/MOV X,Y/

contains only two arguments
(#44
up-arrow
is
a
unary
operator
preceded

argument

and
(see

WEV"/MOV
X,Y/),
Section
3.1.3)

because
the
and it is not

separator.

As shown in the examples above, spaces can be
used
within
bracketed
argument constructions to increase the legibility of such expressions.
When 8-bit DEC Multinational character set (MCS) characters
are
used
in
argument
strings, they must be enclosed in angle brackets (<>) or

the argument delimiter
following

are

legal

(/)

must be preceded by an up-arrow

uses of the

MCS characters

<This string can contain MCS characters>
“/This

Version 5.2,

string

can

May 1984

contain MCS characters/

7-5

(7).

The

the argument string:

MACRO

7.3.1

Macro Nesting

Macro

DIRECTIVES

nesting

occurs

another.

dynamic

memory

pass

macros,

o
where

The

depth

used

argument

enclose

the

source

containing

the

expansion

nesting

program

legal

argument

one

allowed

macro

depends

being

the

macro

delimiters

definition

brackets, as shown in the coding sequence below.
angle
brackets
for
each
1level
of nesting is
definition, not in the macro call.
.MACRO

LEVEL1

LEVEL2

<DUM1>

LEVEL2

<DUM2>

the

call

amount

assembled.

argument

includes

upon

nested

within

angle

This
extra
set
of
required in the macro

DUM1,DUM?2

. ENDM

.MACRO

LEVEL2

DUM3

ADD

$10,40

MOV

RO, (R1)+

. ENDM

call

the

LEVEL1

causes

the

<MOV

following

MOV

When

macro,

shown

below,

X,R@>,<MOV

macro

for

example:

R2,R0@>

expansion

occur:

X, R0

ADD

$10,R0

MOV

R@, (R1)+

MOV

R2, R0

ADD

#10,RP

MOV

RO, (R1)+

macro

—

definitions

are

called
until
the
outer
example, in the following
.MACRO

LV1

A,B

LV2

nested,

macro
coding:

the

has

1inner

been

definition

called

and

<cannot

expanded.

For

.MACRO

. ENDM

the
been

LV2

macro

cannot

expanded.

definition
expanded.

cannot

called

Likewise,

called

and

any

and

expanded
macro

expanded

until

defined

until

the

LVl

within

LV2

the

has

macro

has

LV2

macro

also

been

MACRO DIRECTIVES

This automatic generation is invoked on each call of a macro whose
definition contains a dummy argument preceded by the question mark (?)
character, as shown in the macro definition below:

.MACRO

ALPHA, A,?B

TST

BEQ

ADD

#5,A

;:Contains dummy argument B preceded by

;jquestion mark.

. ENDM

real
A local symbol is created automatically by MACRO-11 only when a
1is either null or missing, as shown in
argument of the macro call
If the real argument is specified in the macro call,
Example 1 below.
however, MACRO-11 inhibits the generation of a local symbol and normal
(Examples 1
argument replacement occurs, as shown in Example 2 below.
and 2 are both expansions of the Alpha macro defined above.)
Create a Local Symbol

EXAMPLE 1:

ALPHA

TST

30000$

BEQ

for the Missing Argument:

;Second argument is missing.
;Local

symbol

is created.

#5,R1

ADD

30000S:

Do Not Create a Local Symbol:

EXAMPLE 2:

ALPHA

R2,XYZ

TST

BEQ

ADD

XYZ

;Second argument XYZ
;Normal

is specified.

argument replacement occurs.

#5,R2

XYZ:

Automatically created local symbols are restricted to the first 16(10)
arguments of a macro definition.

Automatically created local symbols resulting from the expansion of a
as described above, do not establish a local symbhol block in
macro,
their

own

right.

local
for automatic
earmarked
arguments
several
When a macro has
symbol generation, substituting a specific label for one such argument
argument
its
constructs
MACRO-11]
because
assembly errors
risks
Therefore, the
the point of macro invocation.
at
1list
substitution

appearance of a
label,
the
.(ENABL
LSB
directive,
or
the
.PSECT
create a new local symbol
will
expansion
macro
the
1in
directive,
The new local symbol block could leave local symbol references
block.
in
the
previous
block
and their symbol definitions in the new one,

a later
Furthermore,
causing error codes in the assembly 1listing.
in the new block may
symbols
1local
creates
that
expansion
macro
error
duplicate one of the symbols in question, causing an additional
code

(P)

in the assembly listing.

MACRO

7.3.6

DIRECTIVES

Keyword Arguments

Format:

name=string
where:

The

name

represents

the

dummy

string

represents

the

real

keyword

argument

unless

delimited

Macros

may

call.

macro

argument

may

contain

with,

When

and/or

keyword

the

dummy

the

or not the dummy argument
fails, the entire argument
positional real argument.

DEC

Multinational

enclosed
keyword

list

argument.

real

the

angle

argument

macro
A

may

list

may

the

;

3
4

;

Define

list

;

6
7
8

appears

the

can

real

string

that

used

argument

becomes

matches

anywhere

part

also

call

the

real

specified

name,

keyword.

treated

but,

1in

the

keyword

the

this

If
the

argument

ordering

anywhere

case,

does

not

macro

9
10

. ENDM

having

TEST

keywords

dummy

CONTRL=1,BLOCK,ADDRES=TEMP

CONTRL

BLOCK
ADDRES

:
;
H

15
16
17

18
19

400000

Now

invoke

several

times

TEST

A,B,C

gRneA0a8

QPOBRAAG

.WORD

goaRaz
900004

@a0eeaG
QP00QBAG

.WORD
.WORD

00006

@ag040

TEST
.WORD

ADDRES=20,BLOCK=30,CONTRL=40
40

00010

@00030
000020

. WORD
«WORD

30
20

200006

gO0B12

Popola

TEST

BLOCK=5

000014

Q00001

.WORD

gAPB16
000020

QOOAOAS
QPOO0BAG

.WORD
«.WORD

5
TEMP

Version

5.2,

May

1984

affect

argument

of
the

.MACRO
« WORD
.WORD
. WORD

arguments

dummy

positional

specified

list

the

arguments.

.LIST

arguments.

defined with
specification is

set

and

macro

keyword

with,

(<>).

argument

ordering

separators

was

specified

definition

keyword

argument
positional

character

brackets

argument

7.3.

called

argument

whether

embedded

specified

match

The

argument.

in the dummy argument list of a macro
becomes the default real argument
at

argument

however,

symbolic

Section

argument appears
specified string

call,
for

not

described

defined

When
a keyword
definition, the
macro

argument,

7-10

MACRO DIRECTIVES

NARG

CONOGUADMUHUNM

+TITLE

_LC
ME

Examrle

the

+ NARG

+ENABL
LIST

+MACRO

NULL
+NARG

NUM
SYM

+IF EQ
+MEXIT
+IFF

SYM

+REFPT
NOP
+ENDM

NUM

+ENDC
+ENDM
NULL

000000

+ NARG
+IF EQ

000000

SYM
SYM

+MEXIT
« IFF
+REFT

NOF
+ENDM
+ENDC

000000

NULL

0000046

+NARG
+IF EQ
+MEXIT
. IFF
+REFT

000000

0002490

NOF
+ENDM
NOF

000002
000004
000006
000010
000012

000240
000240
000240
000240
000240

000001

SYM
SYM

NOF
NOP

NOFP
NOF
NOF

+ENDC
«END

000001

Figure 7-1

Example of .NARG Directive

| .NCHR]|

.NCHR Directive

7.4.2
Format:

[label:]

where:

label

symbol

.NCHR symbol,<string>

represents an optional statement label.

represents

any

legal

symbol.

represents

any

legal

separator

This

symbol

the
in
characters
of
number
the
to
equated
not
1is
symbol
If a
specified character string.
the .NCHR directive is flagged with an
specified,
error code (A) in the assembly listing.
and/or

tab).

7-13

(comma,

space,

MACRO

<{string>

represents

DIRECTIVES

string

printable

8-bit

DEC
Multinational
character
string
contains
(comma,
space,
and/or tab)

7-bit

ASCII

characters.

the
a
legal
separator
the whole string must
be enclosed
within
angle
brackets
(<>)
or
be
delimited
wusing
the
wup-arrow
(") construction,
explained
1in
Section
7.3.
If
the
delimiting
characters do not match or if the ending delimiter

cannot

detected

because

syntactical

error

the
character
string
(thus
prematurely
terminating its evaluation), the
.NCHR
directive
is
flagged with an error code (A) in the assembly
listing.
The .NCHR directive,
is used to determine
string.

This

arguments,

example

which can appear anywhere in a MACRO-11
the number of characters in a specified
directive is useful in calculating the length

the

.NCHR

directive

shown

+TITLE

NCHR

+ENABL
+LIST

LC
ME

Figure

program,
character
of

macro

7-2.

2
3
4

5
é

it
$

8
9
10

Illustrate

+MACRO

STRING
+ NCHR

directive

MESSAG
$$$,MESSAG

+WORD

$%8

12
13
14

+ASCII
+EVEN

/MESSAG/

STRING

<Hello>

+ENDM
N

000000

MSG1¢

000005

+« NCHR

$$%$,)Hello

000000
000002
000003

00000%
110
14%

«WORD
+ASCII

$$¢
/Hello/

000004
000008

154
154

000006

157

+EVEN

17
i8

000001

Figure

JNTYPE

NCHR

15
16

7.4.3

the

7-2

+END

Example

.NCHR

Directive

|-.NTYPE]

Directive

Format:

[label:]
where:

label
symbol

.NTYPE

symbol ,aexp

represents
represents

equated

following
error

5.2,

May

1984

code

optional

any

specified,

Version

legal

the

6-bit

statement

label.

symbol.

This

addressing

expression (aexp).
If a
the .NTYPE directive is
(A)

7-14

the

assembly

symbol

mode

symbol
flagged

listing.

the

1is

not
an

with

MACRO DIRECTIVES

represents

’

and/or

tab).

any

legal

separator

represents any legal address expression,

aexp

opcode.
an
with
code
(A)
error
listing.

space,

(comma,

used

If no argument is specified, an
assembly
the
1in
appear
will

The .NTYPE directive is used to determine the addressing mode ofonlya
specified macro argument. Hence, the .NTYPE directive can appear
within a macro definition; if it appears elsewhere, it is flagged
with an error code (0) in the assembly listing.

An example of the use of an .NTYPE directive in a macro definition
shown

|is

in Figure 7-3.

1
2

3
4
b

+TITLE

NTYPE

+ENABL
+LIST

LC
ME

i Illustrate the NTYPE directive

+MACRO

10
11

+IF EQG

SAVE
+NTYPE
$$$370

MOV

ARG~ (SP)

iSave in redgister wmode

MOV

$ARG» - (SP)

$Save in non-redister wmode

SAVE
+NTYPE

R1
$$$:R1

MOV

R1s-(SP)

$Save in redgister mode

MOV

$R1,»~-(SP)

$Save in non-register wmode

SAVE
+NTYPE

TEMP
$$$»TEMP

MOV

TEMFP»-(SP)

iSave in redgister mode

MOV

$TEMP,-(SP)

iSave in rnon-redister mode

+WORD

+IFF

+ENDC
+ENDM

14
17

19 000000

000000

000001

010146

+IF EQ

ARG
$$%,ARG

$3%%870
+IFF

+ENDC
20

21 000002

000002
22

000067

000006

000000

000001

Figure 7-3

For additional

$%$%%70
s IFF

012746

23 0000086
24

+IF EQ

+ENDC

TEMP:

+END

Example of .NTYPE Directive in Macro Definition

information

Chapter 5 and Appendix B.2.

concerning

7-15

addressing

modes,

refer

MACRO

7.5

<ERROR AND

DIRECTIVES

[.ERROR]

.PRINT DIRECTIVES

Format:

[label:]
where:

. ERROR

label
expr

[expr]

represents

optional

statement

label.

represents

optional

expression

whose

output

when

during
-~

the

represents

beginning
the

directive.
DEC

.ERROR

directive

assembly.

denotes

text

;text

message

The

text

Multinational

the

text

value

encountered

string.

associated

can

with

the

be 7-bit ASCII

characters.

.ERROR

or 8-bit

The .ERROR directive is used to output messages to
the
1listing
file
during
assembly
pass
2.
A common use of this directive is to alert
the user to a rejected or erroneous macro call or
to the existence
of
an
1llegal
set
of
conditions
in
a
conditional assembly.
If the
listing file is not specified, the .ERROR messages
are output
to
the

command

Upon

output

encountering

MACRO-11

For

outputs

.ERROR

single

directive

line

The

sequence

number

The

value

the

current

The

value

the

expression,

The

source

error

example,

the

causes

code

iInvalid

Seq.

Loc.

Exp.

No.

Value

512

005642

0QP@A76

Version

5.2,

May

the

1984

the

.ERROR

location

containing

following

line

source

program,

(P)

line

anywhere

containing:

«.ERROR

device.

the

directive

statement

counter

one

.FERROR

specified
directive.

directive:
macro

following

argument

form

output

the

listing

file:

Text

.ERROR

7-16

;iInvalid

macro

argument

MACRO DIRECTIVES

[.PRINT]
The .PRINT directive is identical in function to the .ERROR directive,
except that it is not flagged with the error code (P).

7.6

.IRP AND .IRPC

INDEFINITE REPEAT BLOCK DIRECTIVES:

An indefinite repeat block is similar to a macro definition with only
At each expansion of the indefinite repeat range,
one dummy argument.
real
this dummy argument is replaced with successive elements of a
the repeat directive and its associated range
Since
1list.
argument
of macro
type
this
the source program,
are coded in-line within

expansion does not require calling the macro by name,
and
definition
macros previously
as required in the expansion of the conventional
described

this

chapter.

An indefinite repeat block can appear either within or outside another
The rules
macro definition, indefinite repeat block, or repeat block.

for specifying indefinite repeat block arguments are the same

specifying macro arguments

(see Section 7.3).

.IRP]

7.6.1 JIRP Directive
Format:

.IRP sym,<argument list>

[label:]
»

(range of indefinite

repeat block)

. ENDM

where:

label

represents an optional statement label.
NOTE

Although

legal

for a

label

appear

.IRPC

and

.REPT.

this practice is
directive,
.IRP
an
on
case .of
the
in
discouraged, especially
nested
macro definitions, because invalid
labels
or
Jlabels
constructed
with
the
the
cause
will
character
concatenation
may
This
macro directive to be ignored.
the
of
termination
improper
in
result
macro

definition.

This NOTE also

Version 5.2,

May 1984

for

7-17

applies

MACRO

sym

represents

DIRECTIVES

successive

dummy

real

argument

that

If no dummy
.IRP
directive
1is flagged
in the assembly listing.
represents

and/or
{argument

list>

replaced

with

from within the angle
argument is specified,
the

brackets.

’

arguments

any

legal

with

separator

error

code

(comma,

(2)

space,

tab).

represents
a
1list
of
real
arguments
enclosed
within
angle
brackets
that is to be used in the
expansion of the indefinite repeat range.
A
real
argument

8-bit

may

DEC

consist

arguments

must
space,

(comma,
are
range

specified,

represents

one

Multinational

the

be separated
and/or tab).

taken.

action

block

7-bit

ASCII

characters;
any

legal

real

is
code

separator
arguments

repeated

for
each
occurrence
of
a
real argument
list.
The
range
may
contain
other
definitions,
repeat
ranges
and/or
the

. ENDM

directive

(see

indicates

the

Section

end

multiple

once

in the
macro
MEXIT

7.1.3).

the

indefinite

dummy

repeat

block

range.

The
real

.IRP directive is used
arguments
specified

process

occurs

during

the

replace

argument

expansion

argument
string.

with
This

indefinite

successive
replacement

repeat

block

range.

example

7.6.2

the

use

the

.IRP

directive

shown

Figure

JIRPC Directive

7-4.

lRPC |

Format:

[label:]

.IRPC

sym,<string>

(range

indefinite

repeat

block)

. ENDM

where:

label

sym

represents

7.6.1).

Section

represents

successive

optional

dummy

real

statement

argument

5.2,

May

1984

7-18

(see

Note

replaced

with

arguments
from within the angle
dummy argument is specified,
the

brackets.
If no
+IRPC
directive is flagged
in the assembly listing.

Version

that

label

with

error

code

(A)

MACRO DIRECTIVES

separator

legal

any
represents
tab).

’

space,

(comma,

and/or

7-bit ASCII or 8-bit DEC
represents a list of
within angle
enclosed
characters,
Multinational
the
of
expansion
the
1in
used
brackets, to be
angle
the
Although
range.
repeat
indefinite

brackets
contains

the
required only when
are
their
characters,
separating

recommended

legibility.

for

represents the block of code to be

range

string
1is
wuse

repeated

once

of a character in the list.
repeat
definitions,
macro
The range may contain
MEXIT directive (see Section
the
and/or
ranges
occurrence

each

for

7.1.3).

indicates the end of the indefinite

. ENDM

repeat

block

range.

character
single
permit
to
1is available
J.IRPC directive
The
On each iteration of
substitution, rather than argument substitution.

the

indefinite repeat range,

dummy

the

argument

successive characters in the specified string.

replaced

with

IRPTST

+LIST

i Illustrate the .IRP and +IRPC directives
; by creating a rair of RADSO tables
;w

REGS:

000000

000000
000002
000004
000006
000010
000012
000014
000016
12
13 000020
14
15
000020
000022
000024
000026
000030
000032
000034
000036

062170
074500
072770
072720
072650
072600
072530
072460

Figure

« IRF
+RADSO
+ENDIR
»RADSO
+RADSO
«RADSO
+RADSO
+RADSO
+RADSO
+RADSO
+RADSO

073110
073040
072770
072720
072650
072600
072530
072460

+ IRPC
+RADSO
+ENDR
+RADSO
«RADSO
+RADSO
+RADSO
+RADSO
+RADSO
+RADSO
+RADSO

000001

+END

REGS2:

Version 5.2,

+TITLE

P ONOSNOU
S
-

An example of the use of the .IRPC directive is shown in Figure 7-4.

7-4

May 1984

Example of

REG»<PCs»SFyRSsR4,R3IsR2,R1+RO>
/REG/

/PC/
/SP/

/R3S
/R4/
/R3/
/R2/
/RY/
/RO/

NUM»<76543210>
/R‘NUM/
/R7/
/Ré&/
/RS/
/R4/
/R3/
/R2/
/R1/
/RO/

.IRP and

7-19

.IRPC

Directives

MACRO

7.7

REPEAT

BLOCK

DIRECTIVE:

DIRECTIVES

.REPT,

|.ENDR]

.ENDR

Format:

[label:]

(range

.REPT

exp

repeat

block)

. ENDR

where:

label

exp

represents

7.6.1).

Section

represents

controls

any

the

repeat
expression
1is
statement
assembly
range

. ENDM

the

value

code

When

equal

assembled.

absolute

block

may

value,

the

code

repeated.

(A)

code

repeat
blocks,
.MEXIT directive

the

end

the

macro

is
the

zero

error

contain

Note

This

block

than

not

the

program.

1less
is
with

the

indicates

not

flagged

block

indefinite
and/or

times

(see

this

.REPT
in

listing.

represents

repeat

1is

block

label

expression.

within

value

the

statement

legal

number

assembled

expression
(8),

optional

the

The

definitions,

other
(see

repeat
blocks
Section 7.1.3).

repeat block

range.

« ENDR

The .REPT directive
number of times, in

7.8

MACRO

LIBRARY

is used to duplicate a
line with other source

DIRECTIVE:

block

code,

certain

code.

[.MCALL]

.MCALL

Format:
.MCALL

where:

argl,arg?2,...argn

arqgl,

represent

the

arg2,...

definitions

required

argn

program.

The

separator

(comma,

symbolic

names

7-20

in
must

space,

names

the

assembly

separated

and/or

tab).

the
the
any

macro
source
legal

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS OPERATING PROCEDURES

Table

8-2

(Cont.)

MACRO-11 File Specification Switches

Switch

/ML

(Cont.)

Function

beginning
with
the
1last
user
macro
file
specified, continuing in reverse order with each
such
file
specified,
and
terminating,
if
necessary,

with

the

system

macro

library file.
If a required macro definition is
not
found
upon
completion
of
the search, an
error code (U) results in the assembly
1listing.
This
means
that a user macro library file must
be specified in the command line or by using the
MACRO-11 .LIBRARY directive (see Section 6.10.1)
prior to the
source
file(s)
that
wuse
macros
defined in the library file.
MACRO-11

does not pre-scan the command line
for
macro
libraries;
when
a
new
source file is
needed,
it
parses
the
next
input
file
specification.
If
that
file
specification
contains the /ML switch, it is appended
to
the
front
of the library file list.
As a result, a
user macro library file must be specified in the
command
1line
prior
to
the source files which
require
it,
in
order
to
resolve
macro
definitions.

/SP

Spool

/NOSP

/CR: [arg]

grg?uce a cross-reference

not

listing

output

spool

output.

(default value).

listing

(see

Section

Switches for the object
file
are
1limited
to
/EN
and
/DS;
when
specified,
they
apply
throughout the entire command string.
Switch
options for the listing file are limited to /LI, /NL,
/SP,
/CR,
and
/NOSP.
Switches
for
input
files are limited to /ML, /EN, and /DS;
the option /ML applies only to
the
file
immediately
preceding
the
option
so specified, whereas the /EN and /DS options, as noted above,
are also applicable to subsequent files in the command string.
Multiple occurrences of the same switch following a file specification
must
be avoided, because the accompanying values of a subsequent like
switch specification override any previously-specified values.
If two
such
switch
wvalues
are
desired,
they can be specified in the form
shown

below:

/LI:SRC:MEB

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS OPERATING PROCEDURES
DCL Operating Procedures

8.1.4

RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS indicates its readiness to accept a command by
In response to the prompt, enter the
prompting with the DCL prompt.
command string

in one of the formats shown below:

>MACRO[/qualifiers]

FILE? filespec[/qualifier[s]][,filespec[/qualifier(s]]...]

[DCL]>MACRO[/qualifiers] filespec[/qualifier(s]][,filespec[/qualifier[s]]...]

where:

qualifiers

affect

string

command

entire

the

either

filespec
the
or
qualifiers)
(command
a
See Table 8-3 for
(parameter qualifiers).
qualifiers and
command
the
of
description
Table 8-4

for

description

the

parameter

qualifiers.

filespec

is the
Section

standard

file

specification

shown

You use the comma
(,)
to
separate
file
specifications.
concatenates all the files and then performs the assembly.
Table

DCL

Command

MACRO-11

8-3

Qualifiers

Qualifier

/[NO]JCROSS REFERENCE

Function

Suppresses
or
generates
a
cross-reference
1listing
(see Section
8.3).
When
the
cross-reference
1is
generated,
a
listing
file
1is
also
generated, whether or
not
the
/LIST
qualifier
1is
present
1in the command
string.

/NOCROSS REFERENCE

the

default.

Overrides

/DISABLE: (arg,arg...)
/ENABLE: (arg,arg...)

program.
When
more than one argument
is entered, arguments must be enclosed
in
parentheses
and
separated
Dby

assembler

the

/DISABLE:arg

/ENABLE:arg

.DISABLE

directives

1in

the

. ENABLE

source

commas.

You can specify any of
the
following
arguments with the /DISABLE or /ENABLE
qualifier.
Argument

ABSOLUTE

Enabling

this

function

relative

addresses

67) to be
addresses

assembhled
as
(address mode
(continued

Version 5.2,

May 1984

1in

8.4.

8-8

causes

(address

all
mode

absolute
37).
next

page)

RSTS/RT-11 OPERATING PROCEDURES

the
represent the ASCII source (input) files contaid ningmacro
upplie
user-s
the
Or
m
MACRO-11 source progra
y as many

srcl,
src2,...

library files to be assembled.

srcn

as six source files.

You can specif

wuses one
The following command string calls for an assembly that
file
object
an
produce
to
library
MACRO
system
the
plus
file
source
1line
the
to
y
directl
goes
1listing
The
BINF.OBRJ and a 1listing.
printer.

*DK:BINF.OBJ,LP:=DK:SRC.MAC

The system does not
All output file specifications are optional.
string® contains a
command
the
wunless
file
output
an
produce
specification for that file.

by
The system determines the file type of an output file specification
of
number
the
by
ed
determin
as
string,
command
the
in
its position
file, you must
commas in the string. For example, to omit the object
begin the command string with a comma. The following command produces
a listing, including cross-reference tables, but not binary object
files.

* LP:/C=(source file specification)

Notice that you need not include a comma after the final
specification in the command string.

output

file

Table 9-1 lists the default values for each file specification.
Table

9-1

Default File Specification Values

Default

Device

File

Default

File Name

File Type

Object

DK:

Must specify

. OBJ

Listing

Same as for object

Must specify

.LST

Cref

DK:

Must specify

. TMP

First source

DK:

Must specify

.MAC

Same as for preceding

Must specify

.MAC

System device SY:

SYSMAC

. SML

Must specify

.MLB

file

Additional source
System MACRO

source

file

Library

DK:

User MACRO

Version 5.2,

if first file,

otherwise same as

Library

preceding

May 1984

source

9-3

for

file

RSTS/RT-11 OPERATING PROCEDURES
NOTE

symbol

table

the

system

file called WRK.TMP to provide

extended

Some assemblies need more

space than available memory can contain.
occurs

this

When

creates

automatically

space.

table

symbol

a temporary wo rk

The default device for WRK.TMP 1is DK.
system to assign a
the
cause
To
the

enter

different device,

following

command:

,ASSIGN dev:

dev

where:

file-structur ed

the

that

device

ho 1d

will

WRK. TMP.

9.4

FILE SPECIFICATION OPTIONS

At assembly time you may need to

appearing

the

source

override

You

programs.

certain

may

MACRO

also

directives

need to direct

You
MACRO-11 on the handling of certain files during assembly.
satisfy these needs by using the switches described in Table 9-2.
Table

can

9-2

File Specification Options

Usage

Option

/L:arg

/N:arg

Listing control switches;

function

arguments of the . LIST and .NLIST
the
to
name
and
(see
program
source
the
1in
specified
directives
This switch overrides the arguments
6.1.1).
Section

of the directives
entire

/E:arg
/D:arg

these options accept ASCII

switch values (arg) which are equivalent in

assembly

remains

and

effect

for

the

process.

Function control switches; these options accept ASCII
function
switch values (arg) which are equivale nt in

and

name

the arguments of the

specified
directives
This
6.2.1).
Section
and
of the directives
entire

assembly

.ENABL and

.DSABL

(see
program
source
the
1in
switch overrides the arguments
the
e ffect
for
1in
remains

process.

(continued

page)

APPENDIX

MACRO-11

A.l

ASCII

CHARACTER

SETS

SET

Even

7-Bit

Parity
Bit

Octal
Code

Character

NUL

Null,

tape

gal

SOH

Start

STX

of message, CONTROL/A.
Start of text;
also
EOA,

end

ETX

address, CONTROL/B.
End of
text;
also

EOM,

end

EOT

message, CONTROL/C.
End of transmission

(END);

1
)
1

332
A3
go4

)

ags

ENQ

)
1
1

g6
aa7
310

ACK
BEL
BS

Remarks
feed,

)

g1l1

912

also

SOM,

start

shuts

off TWX machines, CONTROL/D.
Enquiry
(ENORY) ;
also
WRU,
CONTROL/E.
Acknowledge;
also RU, CONTROL/F.
Rings the bell.
CONTROL/G.
Backspace;
also
FEOQ,

effector.

CONTROL/SHIFT/P.

heading;

format

backspaces

some

machines, CONTROL/H.
Horizontal tab.
CONTROL/I.

Line

feed

advances

Line

space

p13

P14

Form

(PAGE).
Carriage

g15

Feed

line;
1

)

@16

(new line);

line,
duplicated by CONTROL/J.
Vertical tab (VTAB).
CONTROL/K.

paper

top

CONTROL/L.
return
to

duplicated

Shift

out;

red.

CONTROL/N.

page

beginning

by CONTROL/M,

changes

ribbon

color

a17

Shift in;
changes
black.
CONTROL/O.

ribbon

G20

DLE

Data

escape.

CONTROL/P

(DC#).

]

221

DC1

Device

control

turns

link

transmitter
(X ON).
)

A22

P23

DC2

DC3

Device

control

n24

DC4

AUX

control

OFF)
.

May 1984

punch

(TAPE,

ON)
.
Device

A-1

(READER)

(X OFF).
Device control

CONTROL/0Q

turns

on.

auxiliary

Version 5.2,

on,

CONTROL/R

auxiliary

transmitter
@

(READER)

color

4;
off.

off,

turns

CONTROL/S

punch
or
CONTROL/T
(AUX

MACRO-11

CHARACTER

Even

7-Bit

Parity
Bit

Octal
Code

Character

A25

NAK

SETS

Remarks
Negative
ERROR.

P26

SYN

acknowledge;

also

ERR,

CONTROL/U.

Synchronous

file

(SYNC)
.

CONTROL/V.

ETB

End

230

CAN

LEM,
logical
CONTROL/W.
Cancel
(CANCL).

231
B32

EM
SUB

End of medium.
CONTROL/Y.
Substitute.
CONTROL/Z.

P33

ESC

Escape.

A34

File

@35

Group

@36
@37

RS
us

Record separator.
CONTROL/SHIFT/N.
Unit separator.
CONTROL/SHIFT/O.

p4agQ

Space.

transmission
end

block;
of

CONTROL/SHIFT/K.
separator.
CONTROL/SHIFT/L.
separator.

CONTROL/SHIFT/M.

1 GO

18)

=
i
WRHRN

192 ]

106

SRR

145

111

110

HIZIOMDMBOQOWIPDED
IOV I A
o WO

=
(o))
et

104

also
medium.

CONTROL/X.

R
SW
e
S R
S
R
I
I~
R
S
S
N
SR
S
T
YR

S
YR

191

182
103

@27

=
>

Accent

acute

apostrophe.

MACRO-11

Single

Char.

or
First

CHARACTER SETS

Char.

Second

Third

Character

104600

\'2

PB1560

PA0026

W
X
Y

107700
113000
116100

W
X
Y

@01630
001700
01750

W
X
Y

a00027
P00030
PAg031

.
Unused

127400
132500

135600

.
Unused

2149
002210

.
Unused

P00034
000835

1
2
3
4

140700
144000
147100
152200

1
2
3
4

dp2330
02400
302450
382520

1
2
3
4

paaa37
P3040
geaa41
2eea42

5
6

155309
160400

Ae2570
@32640

163500
166600
171760

5
6
7
8
9

AAGA43
2AQ044

7
8
o

5
6
7
8
9

yA
S

121200
124300

Z
$

P02020
Pa2070
PB2260

ge2710
pe2760

AP3030

Z
$

)

Po0032
PP0033
PP0036

d00045
dPB046

a00n4a7

MACRO-11 CHARACTER SETS
A.3

DEC

MULTINATIONAL

| b,

o]l

oo | 1|

pjo

bfo

CHARACTER

SET

v
1|

|1
vt

of
1|

00101102103

ofnNuLiDLElSP|

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of

1t
1|

Tolo
1|

of
1|

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1|

[

1111
1|

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1|

(04]05[06|07(08]09]10]

11|12}

13|

14}

|@ | P

Q]|

DCS

1f0soH|pCci]

| 1|

pui1l

| 2|

B|R|b|r

*|A|

| Al

al|

"IA|l

AlO]|

]o]|

fsx|pczl

JETX 13(33‘

1|0 | o

Jeoripcal

1o | 1|5

)ENQINAK|

% | 5| E|

e | u

|NEL| MW]|

JACK|SYN|

& | 6

| F| V|

f | v

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JBEL|ETB

g | w

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¢ | c

|HTS

1]|Y]|i]|y|um

"|E|JU|

é|

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alo | E|U|

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oflo

o|10}LF|suB|

8}fBsfcan]

|9l
*

1|1

|1a]vrlese]

f12Fr|Fs|

1|13

cr|las]

1|1

|14)so]|Rrs

1 | 1|1

|15st|us|

positions

STS|

d | t

|IND|ccH

-]
/|

| z

|vrs

¥
¢

AlOo|

a]|

| Z|O|

k]|

{

|pp|csi]

|pu|sr

v | T

10U

=|M|[1|m]|

}

|nri|osc

v | T

1]y

ss2 | PM

> | N|

~ | n

—1]

[DEL|ss3|arc

ASCII

Add’l

DEC Supplemental

Control

Graphic Character

Control

Graphic

Set

are

| T

DEC Multinational Character Set

reserved

]| 1]

| <|L|

Empty

W]|

¢ | *

| 8| H| X | h | x

9lur|em|

1ol

puz|l

for

future

B8]

standardizations

Version

5.2,

May

1984

APPENDIX

RELEASE NOTES

to MACRO-11
been made
This appendix explains the changes that have
The new features mentioned are fully
the last version release.
since
documented in chapters one through nine of this manual.

J.l
J.1l.1

CHANGES -- ALL VERSIONS OF MACRO-11
V5.2 Update Changes

Multinational
for the 8-bit DEC
now provides support
MACRO-11
(MCS). A chart showing the MCS is located in Appendix
character set

specific
For
MCS.
the
support
directives
The following
information, consult the description of each directive.
Section

Macro

.IF
+.1IF

.IFF

DIF
IDN

.IFF
.IFF

6.3.4
$.3.5
7.5
6.9.1

directive
directive
directive
directive

.ASCII
.ASCIZ
.ERROR
.IF

6.9.2

directive

DIF
IDN

7.6.1
7e6.2
7.4.2
7.5
6.1.6
6.1.3
6.1.2

directive
directive
directive
.PRINT directive
directive
« REM
.SBTTL directive
.TITLE directive

. IRP
.IRPC
.NCHR

Further information on the 8-bit DEC Multinational
located

character

sections:

2.2.4
6.3.3

7.3

7.3.6

Version 5.2,

support

Comment field
ASCII conversion characters

Arguments in macro definitions and macro calls
Keyword

arguments

May 1984

J=-1

set

|is

RELEASE NOTES
J.1.2

V5.1

Changes

The

opcode,

CALLR

permanent

addr

symbol

(Call-Return),

table

(PST).

the JMP addr opcode.
The CALLR
complement the CALL addr opcode
JSR

PC,addr

The

for
range

has

This

addr
--

been

opcode

added

opcode

which

the

equivalent

added
equivalent to

opcode.

was

to
the

version of MACRO-11 used a range of 64$% to
127$
automatic
1local symbol generation.
MACRO-11 now uses a
of

Most

300P0S

655358

assembler

when

generating

generated

listing

upper/lowercase,

This
change
was
of MACRO-11 code.
Lines
the
L.TITLE
directive

readability
. SBTTL

local

symbols.

text

made

now

increase
of code that include
are
not
converted

the
the
to

uppercase.

Lines
the

code

table

.NLIST
are

that

include

contents

statement

encountered.

the
of

.SBTTL directive
an

effect

You

may

assembly

the

specify

time
the

TOC argument
printed.

The

is printed at the end of
directive is in effect.
with the SYM argument to

symbol table
if
the
.NLIST
-NLIST directive

table

All

from

page

being

The

assembler
the

include

the

statistics

assembly

following

the

table

listing

day

information
file

has
information:

additional

the

number

virtual

work

file

reads

Total

number

virtual

work

file

writes

Maximum

amount

Size

physical

Operating

running
@

Total

MACRO-11]

system
under

elapsed

and

command

PSECT synopsis

the

symbol

table,

maximum

that

number

record

MACRO-11

128.

bytes.

with

being

used

(in

freespace

(in

words

that

words

and

the

include

end
the

pages)

assembler

time

includes

has

from

line

expression
that

memory

environment

assembly

The

memory

directive

appears

updated

Total

virtual

1lines

week.

an
assembly,
even
You may specify the
prevent the
symbol

that

been

listed
even

.SBTTL

contents

printed.

headers

prevent

the

.NLIST

the

are

listing,

been

printed
the

relocatable

changed.
can

psect

produce

The
was

the

listing

file,

after

attributes,
terms
maximum
increased

1in

size
from

complex
of

42.

.OBJ
bytes

RELEASE NOTES

Do not compare .0BJ files that have been created by different

code
of MACRO-11 when verifying whether your
versions
Changes that have been made for this
generation is correct.
invalidate a
will
above)
(mentioned
version of MACRO-11
Verify code
.0OBJ output.
direct comparison of assembler
generation by linking or taskbuilding the .OBJ files involved
and then comparing the .SAV or the .TSK image files.
NOTE

Because the .0OBRJ files produced by this new version
are different, users of the PAT (object
of MACRO-11
file patch utility) are warned that checksums must be
recomputed on any object patches assembled with this
new version of MACRO-11.

18.

The default for the LC argument has been changed from
LC

11.

.ENABL

The following
1.
2.

12.

.DSABL

LC.

.ENABL/.DSABL options have been added:

.ENABL LCM/.DSABL LCM
.ENABL MCL/.DSABL MCL

The following directives have been added to MACRO-1ll.
new directives are documented in this manual.
1.

.CROSS

2.
3.
4,
5.
6.
7.

INCLUDE
J.LIBRARY
.MDELETE
.NOCROSS
.REM
WEAK

Version 5.2,

May 1984

J-2.1

These

INDEX

A error, 3-10, 3-13, 5-10, 6-15,
6-25, 6-26, 6-28, 6-29, 6-32,
6-33,
6-47,

6-38,
6-56,

6-40, 6-42, 6-44,
7-2, 7-12 to 7-14,

7-16,

7-17,

7-20

Autoincrement indicator,
Autoincrement mode, 5-1,
B-2,

G-1

6-19
Absolute expression, 3-17
Absolute mode, 5-1, 5-7,
B-2, G-2, G-4
Absolute module, 6-42
Absolute program section, 6-42 to
6-45, B-4. See also .ASECT
directive

Base level, E-14
BCC instruction, E-13
BCS instruction, E-14
BEQ instruction, H-2
BGE instruction, E-13
BGT instruction, E-14
BHI instruction, E-14
BHIS instruction, E-13
BIC instruction, E-13

Addition operator, 3-2, 3-5,
Address boundaries, 6-39

Blank line, 2-1
BLE instruction,

Absolute address, D-2
Absolute binary output,

ADD instruction,

E-12, G-3,

Addressing modes,
Apostrophe, G-4

H-2

B-1

ASCII
character set, A-1
conversion characters, 6-23 to
6-26
.ASCII directive, 6-1, 6-21, 6-26
to 6-28, 6-36, B-3
.ASCIZ directive, 6-1, 6-28,
6-36, B-4
.ASECT directive,
3-14,

6-2,

3-11,

6-44

Assembler directives.
symbol table
version
Assembly

error.
listing

pass 1,
6-16,
D-3

pass 2,

number,

3-13,

6-47,

B-4

See Permanent

1-1, 1-2, 6-12, 6-15,
6-49, 8-14, 8-12,

6-21, 7-15,

6-12,

Autodecrement mode,
B-1, B-2, G-1

5-1,

5-4,

Autoincrement deferred mode,
B-2,

Version 5.2,

E-14

6-2, 6-36

.BLKW directive, 3-14, 6-2, 6-36,
6-38, 6-48, B-4, D-3
BLO instruction, E-13
BLOS instruction, E-13
BLT instruction, E-13, H-2
BNE instruction, E-106, G-3, H-2
BR instruction, E-108, E-11, G-3
Branch instruction
addressing, 5-9, D-2
use of, E-13
,BYTE directive, 6-2, 6-23,
B-4, D-4

C bit, E-9
CALL instruction,

D-3
Assignment operator. See Direct
assignment operator
Assignment statement. See Direct
assignment statement
Autodecrement deferred mode, 5-1,
5-5, B-2, G-1
Autodecrement indicator, 3-2

5-4,

3-5, 3-16

6-36,

5-4

See A error
symbols, 4-1

1-2,

Binary operator, 3-4,

.BLKB directive, 3-14,
to 6-38, B-4, D-3

5-1

3-2
5-3,

G-1

May 1984

5-1,

H-2
E-8

Calling convention,
Character set
ASCII, A-1 to A-3

DEC Multinational, A-6

legal, 3-1 to 3-3
Radix-5#, A-5, A-6
CLR instruction, G-3, G-3,
CMP instruction, E-13, H-2
Coding standard, E-1
Comment,

E-1,

H-2

E-5

delimiter, 3-2, B-1, E-12
field, 2-1, 2-4, 2-5, E-1

Commercial instruction set,
Common exit, E-11

C-3

Complex relocatable expression,

Index~1

3-18

INDEX

Complex

relocation,

Concatenation

B-1,

4-1,

indicator,

G-4

DIV

3-3,

Division

B-3.

Conditional
6-56,

immediate,

6-51

ASCII
3-2, B-1

D-4

6-56

Conditional
B-4,

7-16,

assembly

block,

assembly

directive,

7-3,

B-5

Conditional

6-49
Copyright statement, E-5
.CROSS directive, 6-2, 6-22,
B-4,

5-19,
8§-18,
.CSECT

8-8,
9-2,

listing,

8-9,
9-3,

directive,

6-2,
Current

6-44

6-47,

location

3-2,

3-12

3-14,

6-11,

6-36

6-44,

B-5,

B-7,

3-13,

9-6,

B-4

2-2,

3-17,

6-38,

6-43

D-2,

3-5,

B-1

indicator,

argument,

error,

7-2,

7-11,

7-17

6-40

instruction,

5-9, D-4
.ENABL directive, 6-2, 6-19 to
6-21, 8-5, 8-8, 9-4, B-4,

3-12,

counter,

Dummy

EMT

8-14, 8-16
9-5 to 9-7

3-11,

3-2,

character

.DSABL directive, 6-2, 6-19 to
6-21, 8-6, 8-8, 9-4, B-4,
D-1

C-5

Cross-reference

H-2

operator,

Double

assembly,

7-8,

instruction,

5-8,

D-1,

D-4,

F-2

6-2,

6-48,

B"4'

.ENDC directive, 6-2, 6-12, 6-53
to 6-56, 6-59, 7-3, B-4
.ENDM directive, 6-13, 6-21, 7-2,

D-3

D-2,

.END directive,
D-3, H-2

7-3,

7-6

7-17

to 7-8, 7-14, 7-11,
7-19, B-4, B-8, F-3

.ENDR directive,

7-19,

7-2¢,

B-5,

B-8
D

error,

Entry

2-3

sharing,

6-45

storage,

storage

DEC

point

symbol,

.FRROR directive,

Data

6-2

directives,

Multinational
set,

strings,

6-25 to 6-27
Comment field,

Directive

3-2,
External
External

7-1¢

6-28

« ERROR,

7-16

.IF,

6-55

.IFF,

See

.IRP,

7-18

.IRPC,
.NCHR,

See
4-15

«.TITLE,

6-15

See

also

.ERROR directive

addressing

3-3,

6-17,

symbol

See

May

6-37

Function

control

Switches,

Function

1984

instructions,

control,

E-13

2-5

reference, 3-8,
3-16, 3-13, D-4
illegal, D-3

B-1

3-13,

B*S
B-5

Formatted binary, 6-19
FORTRAN, 6-47, E-15, G-2

Permanent

table

5.2,

3-9,

6“35'
6-35,

Forward

E-2
3-2,

6”2’
6-2,

6-19,

6-19

Format

B-8

B-3

truncation,

directive,

Forbidden

assignment

Directives.

Version

B-5,

B-1

indicator,

6—-32
Floating-point

FLX,

indicator,

3-2, B-1
Delimiting characters,

3-6

3-2,

also

processor, 3-14,
6”34' 6“35’ C“4
Floating-point rounding, 45-19,

.FLT4

3-1,

See

directives, B-5.
directive

Floating-point

radix, 3-14
register definitions,
3-10, 6-21

operator,

3-17

.FLT2

Default

statement,

6'38}

6-19

Default

Direct

6-29,

6-52.

terminator,

Floating—-point

56-29, B-3 to
Device register,

D-4

symbol

6-35
.FLTz direCtive,

Deferred

B-5,
D-5

evaluation of, 3-16
indicator, immediate,

Floating-point

directive

6-18

«.SBTTL,

6-2,

symbeol,

FILES-11,

7-19
7-13

.PRINT.

for
Field

D-1

B-1
expression,

Global

2-4

6-26

.ASCIZ,

directive,

Expression

characters,

support

LASCII,

.REM,

7-5,

.EVEN

Expression,

character

conversion

messages,

B-5

6-23

A-6

Argument

ASCII

Error

6-52

7-16,

Index-2

3"9'

switches.

function

directive,

See

control

6-18

INDEX

Global

expression

evaluation,

3-17

label, 6-51
reference, 6-21,

Global
Global

F-4,

G-4

Global symbol, 1-2, 3-7, B-5,
D-2, D-3, E-4
Global symbol definition, 2-2,
3-1, 3-2, 3-8, 6-51. See

also

E-4

Hardware

terminator,

3-2,

B-1

JMP

instruction,

JSR

instruction,

5-3,
5-3,

E-13
E-9

.GLOBL directive

Global symbol directory, 1-2
.GLOBL directive, 3-7, 6-2, 6-51,
B-5,

Item
6-51,

error,

2-1

Label
field,

2-1

E-2

.LIMIT directive,

I error, 6-28, 6-30
IAS, 6-48, 7-21, 8-14 to 8-17,
8-19 to 8-22, G-1
.IDENT directive, 6-2, 6-16, B-5,
D-2, E-5, E-7, E-15, H-1
.IF directive, 6-2, 6-12, 6-53 to
6-59, 7-3, 7-8, B-5, D-1, D-2

6-58,
6-58,

6-2,

6-556

6-2,

6-56

B-5

.IFTF directive,

6-2,

6-56,

6-57,

B-5

.IIF directive,
D-1,

6-2,

6-59,

B-6,

D=2

Illegal

characters,

Illegal

forward

Immediate

3-3,

D-2,

reference,

D-3

G-2,

2-4,

6-39,

printer listing format, 6-5,
6-6, 6-12. See also Listing
control

Linker, 1-2, 2-2, 6-17, 6-43,
6-47, 6-51, F-4, G-1, G-4
Linking, 4-1, 6-40

.LIST directive, 6-3, 6-9 to
6-14, 6-21, 8-6, 8-11,
9-4,

B-6,

D-1

Listing control, 6-4 to 6-14.
See also .LIST directive,
.NLIST directive
Listing control switches. See
Switches, listing control
Listing level count, 6-9, 6-10,
6-12, B-6, B-7
Local symbol, 3-11, 3-12, 7-8,
7-9, D-4, E-4, F-2
6-20, D-4, F-2
Location counter. See

5-6,

B-2,

location counter
Location counter control,

.PAGE directive,

/-61

.WORD directive,

2-1,

5-1,

Local

mode,

5-1,

5-5,

5-1,

symbol

block,

3-11,

3-12,

Current

6-34

6-36

Logical

AND operator,

3-2,

3-5,

B-1

6-55,

6-25

Index deferred mode,
B-2, G-2, G-4

B-5

E-1

indicator,

Logical inclusive OR operator,
3-2, 3-5, 6-55

+INCLUDE directive, 6-2, 6-61,
9-8, B-6, C-6
Indefinite repeat block. See
Repeat block, indefinite

Index

6-3,

6-54,

expression

G-4

Implicit

2-3

assembly,

3-2, B-1
Immediate mode,

Implicit

E-1

conditional

6-59

Immediate

Line

format,

8-13,

B-5

+IFT directive,

2-3,

terminator, 3-1, B-1
.LIBRARY directive, 6-2,
9-9, B-6, C-6
Line

.IFF directive,

multiple definition,

Logical

operator,

B-1

5-5,

5-7,

B-2,

error,

2-3,

3-1,

3-2,

3-8

Macro

Initial

argument

indicator,

3-2,

B-1

Initial expression indicator, 3-2
Initial register indicator, 3-2,
B-1

Instruction set
commercial, C-3
pPDP-11, C-1
Interrupts, E-12

.IRP directive,
7-19,

B-6,

Version 5.2,

7-2,

B-6, B-7, E-6, F-2
directive, 7-1, 7-2, 7-4.
also .MACRO directive
expansion,

7-17 to

D-2

May 1984

argument, 7-7, 7-14, 7-15, B-3
argument concatenation, 7-11
attribute directive, 7-12
definition, 6-33, 7-1 to 7-13,
7-15, 7-17, 7-18, 7-20, B-4,

Index-3

7-7,

7-9,

D-4,

F-2

7-1,

7-3,

7-11,

7-5

7-17,

See
to

B-7,

INDEX

Micro

(Cont.)
expansion listing, 6-9, 6-12
keyword argument, 7-4, 7-10

keyword
name,

indicator,

7-1,

nesting,

7-2,

7-4,

7-3,

D-4,

7-6,

7-20,

B-1,

directive,

B-7,

E-4

Number

7-17

operator,

B-6.

Numeric

7-14,

See

.NARG

indicator,

B-1

6-33

temporary,

See

6-22,

7-12,

arguments.

directive
Numeric argument
Numeric control

7-11,

6-3,

C-6

.NTYPE directive,
B-7, D-2

3-1

numeric argument, 7-7
redefinition, F-3
symbol, 3-6
Macro call, 7-1, 7-4 to
7-12,

« NOCROSS

6-36,

B-3

directive,

6-34

also .MCALL directive
call argument, 7-4

Macro

call

+MACRO
to

argument,

6-13,

6-21,

7-9,

7-11,

9-6,

D-1,

Macro

numeric

directive,
7-10¢,

3-3
7-1
8“6'

F-3

library

directive.

Errflf,

6“4@,

7"12'

B-7

Operand

field,

Macro symbol table, 3-6, 3-7
MACRO-11 character set. See

Operand

field

Character

set,

.MCALL directive,
8-15,
D-4,

9-5
F-1

to
to

Operation

legal

7-20,
9-6,

8-6,

7-21,

B”?,

6"42'

6“47'

F”l,

F-2

conservation,

F-1

Operator

field,

Overlay,

6-42,

6-44

6-20,

7-16

6-44, E-8, F-1
checking routine, E-9

Module

preface,

Monitor

error,

console

Permanent

E-5

routine,

c-3,

8-1,

3-13, 3-14,
6“37' 6"58' D”l, E“lBy G“z t0
G“Q' H”Z
MOVB instruction, H-2
Multinational character set. See
DEC Multinational character set

Multiple
Multiple
Multiple

definition.
expression,
label, 2-2

Multiple

symbol,

See
2-4

M error

. PRINT directive,
Processor

counter

Program

development

Program

module,

E-5

Program

section

directive.

3-2,

6-2,

directive,

7-8,

6-48,

7-12,

7-13,

5-1,

E-2,

G-4

definition,

3-10

system,

8-14
See

identifier,

standard,

6-3,

7-9,

program

E-1

3-12,

6-20,

9-6,

3-14,

6-41

B-7,

D-1,

H-2

B-7,
Q

conditional

May

error,

6-29,

6-34,

6-38

directive,

6-55, 6-58, 7-3
.NLIST directive, 6-3, 6-9
o-14, 6-15, 6-21, 8-5,
8-13, 9-4, B-7, D-1

5.2,

7-12,

D-2

Version

D-2,

D=2

directive,

Nested

G-1

B-7

counter,

.PSECT directive,

.NARG

E-2

Program

3-15

E-2

7-17,

priority,

Version

standard,

code,

Program

B-1

Naming

C-1

G-4

Programming

B-7,

table,

.PSECT directive
Program section name, 6-41
Program section table, 1-1
Program version number. See

2-4

operator,

symbol

3-6,

3-7
Position-independent

8-2
instruction,

.NCHR

2“4

6-4
number, 6-17
Patch, E-15

Modularity,

error,

2*3’

header,

Module

2-1,

Page

.MEXIT directive,
7-20, B-7

3-5,

B-1

E-1

. PACKED directive, 6”3, 6”31'
6-37, B-7, C-7
.PAGE directive, 6-3, 6“17' 6”61'
7-4, B-7

Memory

Multiplication

field,

E-1
3-2,

B-5,

C-7

MOV

2-1, 2-4,
separator,

6“38'

F-3

.MDELETE directive,

allocation,

7”4’

7“21

Object module name, 1-2
nDDD dif&ctive, 6”3' 6”37’

See

.MCALL directive

6“57'

6“56'

7”15'

1984

to
8-11,

R error, 3-10
.RAD5@ directive,
B~-8, H-2

Index-4

6-3,

6-29,

INDEX

6-34,

6-32,

3-15,

Radix control,

Single ASCII character indicator,
3-3, B-1, B-3
Source line format, 2-5
Source line terminator, B-1
Special characters, 3-1 to 3-3,

B-8

temporary, 6-31, 6-33, B-3
.RADIX directive, 3-15, 6-3,

B-5,

D-1

B-8,

6-32,

B-3,

6-41,

6-3¢,

3-5,

Radix-50,

7-7

Stack pointer, E-2
definition, 3-10

B-8

character set, A-4
temporary operator, 6-31
Read-only access, 6-41
Read/write access, 6-41
Register
conventions, E-9

Subconditional

6-59
Subtraction

3-10,

default,

definitions,

Statement format, 2-1
SUB instruction, E-13

B-2,

G-2,

5-2,

G-4

mode,

G-2,

B-2,

5-1,

5-7,

G-4

5-8,

Relocatable expression, 3-17
Relocatable module, 6-43
Relocatable program section,
to 6-47, B-4
Relocation, 4-1,
Relocation bias,
4-1,

6-43
2-2,

6-43

6-18,

6-3,

.REM directive,

3-17,

7-2,

7-17,

3-18,

7-20,

D-3

9-1

RSX-11M-PLUS,

8-1

to 8-13,

8-22,

G-1

rRT-11,

6-17,

6-41,

9-1 to 9-9
RT-11 run-time

6-5¢,

B-8,

6-3,

C-7,

.SBTTL directive,
B-8,

6-43,

system,

.SAVE directive,

7-21,

5.2,

May

1984

contents,

B-8

huilder.

6-24

See

6-12,

6-16,

Linker

Teleprinter listing format, 6-7,
6-13. See also Listing
control
Temporary numeric control. See
Numeric control, temporary
Temporary radix control. See
Radix control, temporary
Temporary Radix-50 operator, 6-31
Term, definition of, 3-15

6-20,
6-4,

Terminal

argument

indicator,

3-2,

expression

indicator,

6-15,

indicator,

3-2,

Terminating directive. See .END
directive
Thrashing, F-1
.TITLE directive, 6-3, 6-4, 6-13,
6-15, 6-21, B-8, D-2, E-5,
E-7, E-16, H-1
TST

6-49,

B-1

TRAP

9-1

H-2

Separating characters,
Sequence number, 6-19

Version

8-19

D=3

6-3,

3-15,

3-2

G-1

directive

T error,

Terminal

H-2

9-9

F-3,

1-2,
6-41

B-1

RSX run-time system, 9-1, 9-2
RSX-11M, 6-17, 6-41, 6-48, 7-21,
8-1 to 8-13, 8-19 to 8-22,
E-12,

.MCALL

Table

Terminal

D-3

.RETURN directive,

F-1

Task

B-8,

Reserved symbols, 2-3, 3-1, 3-7
.RESTORE directive, 3-11, 3-14,
6-3, 6-208, 6-49, B-8, C-7,

RSTS,

Symbol table, 1-1,
Symbolic argument,

also

B-6

B-8,

8-7,

6-44

block

B-4,

listing control, 8-6,
9-4
Symbol name syntax, E-3

F-4
System macro library, 1-1, 7-20,
8-4, 8-14, 9-3, 9-5. See

directive. See .REPT directive
indefinite, 7-3, 7-17 to 7-28,

.REPT directive,

3-5,

SYsLIB,

C-7

Repeat

3-2,

Success/failure indicator, E-9
Switches
file specification, 8-6
function control, 8-6, 9-4

6-21

G-1

operator,

6-56

B-1

expression, 5-2, B-1
symbol, 3-10, D-4
term indicator, 3-2, B-1
Register deferred mode, 5-1,
B-2,

assembly,

instruction, 5-9,
instruction, E-10,

error,

3-8,

7-21,

Unary

universal,

Index-5

3-3,

H-2

6-21,

8-15

3-4,

6-32,

E-11,

3-15,

8-9,

operator,

control,

3-3

3-9,

8-7,

D-4

3-16,

6-34

3-5,

B-1

7-5,7-7

INDEX

Unconditional assembly, 6-56
Undefined symbol, 3-8, 6-21,
D-4,

See

also

D-2,

error

file, 8-20
program, 6-17,

B-5

standard,

Universal unary operator. See
Unary operator, universal
Upper-case ASCII, 6-19
User-defined symbol, 3-6 to 3-8

.WEAK

User-defined

.WORD directive,

symbol

table,

2-2,

. IDENT

E-14

directive,

also

Version identifier
assembler, 6-4

Version

5.2,

May

1984

error,

Index-6

E16.

See

also

directive

Implicit

5-3

6-3,

3-13,

6-52,

3-14,

B-8,C-7

6-3,

.WORD directive

PDP-11 MACRO-11
Language Reference
Manual

AD-V027A-T1

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