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AA-X731A-TE

May 1983

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Document:	Wordstar Reference Manual
Order Number:	AA-X731A-TE
Revision:	0
Pages:	154
Original Filename:

OCR Text

MicroPro

International

Corporation

WORDSTAR
REFERENCE
WORDSTAR

QUECH&~-03 V3.0

MANUAL

3912-6306

Version

3.0

DEC .order No. AA-X731A-TE

This document

is distributed

by Digital

Equipment Co.

Limited under licence from MicroPro International
Corporation and may not be copied in whole or 1in
part, for any purpose, without the written permission
of MicroPro International Corporation, 33 San Pablo
Avenue, San Rafael, California 94903, USA.
|

1983 MicroPro

International

Corporation

This document was initially typed, corrected, and edited using WordStar
word processing.

Copyright (c), 1981 by MicroPro International Corporation. All Rights
Rmervmd erldwide. This publication has been provided pursuant to an
agreement containing restrictions on its use. The publication also is
pmtectm by federal copyright law. No part of this publication may
be copied or distributed, transmitted, transcribed, stmed in a
retrieval system, or translated into any human or computer langua
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, mamic,
or otherwise, or disclosed to third parties without the expmw
writtm permission of MicroPro International Corporation, 33 San Pablo
, California 94903 USA.

MicroPro, erdStar (Reg.), WordMaster (Reg.), MailMerge, DataStar,
&mrSort, CalcStar, SpellStar, StarBurst, StarIndex, and AllStar are
trademarks of Mcmm International Corporation.

DISCLAIMER

MicroPro International Corporation makes no representations or
warranties with respect to the contents hereof and specifically
disclaims any implied warranties of merchantibility or fitness for any
particular purpose. Further, MicroPro International Corporation
erves the right to revise this publication and to make changes from
time to time in the content hereof without obligation of MicroPro
International Corporation to notify any person or organization of such
revision or changes.

References are made throughout this manual to the Control Program
Honitat, commonly known as CP/M. CP/M is a trademark of Digital
Research of Pacific Grove, California.

WordStar

General

Information

Manual

This page

intentionally left blank

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Introduction

INTRODUCTION

WordStar is a powerful, comprehensive word-processing
System that is easy to learn and easy to use. Although
WordStar has a wide range of functions and commands, its
use at the keyboard is simplified by screen menus that may
be varied for different levels of users.
Even though this
manual contains over a hundred pages of detailed explanations, this does not mean that WordStar is overly complex
and difficult to learn. WordStar is a visual system which

you must experience "in the cockpit," i.e.,

seated at your

terminal,
Nevert
every phase
hel
of WordStar
ess
has beer
,
carefully documented, along with recommended procedures
for getting the most out of its features.

To begin your WordStar experience, sit at a terminal, look
at the menus, and note the convenient keyboard layout.

Lock at
the
range of functions, enter some text, and then
try manipulating it by by changing margins, ‘substituting,
and inserting. Read the manual, and try the operations on
your terminal as you read.
We hope you will enjoy
Wordstar as much as we've enjoyed putting it together.

WordStar

Reference Manual

iii

Introduction

1mfi51%@e:hnmmtnxmaxylflfittflfimk

WordStar Reference Manual

Introduction

WordStar

Release

3.8

This manual provides information current to WordStar Release 3.0. Specific
features that have been added since Release 2.2 include the following:

Edit Punction

Horizontal Scrolling:

Documents wider than 80 columns can now be

scrolled horizontally across the screen in either direction. You
will be allowed to set margins up to 240 columns.
(See Sections 2
and 3 for details.)

Column Move: A new command, "KN, allows you to move, copy, or delete
either columns of text or ordinary margin-to-margin blocks. The “KN

command

acts

as a

toggle between column blocks and regular blocks

and affects the way the other block commands work.
for details.)
New Menus:

(See Section 6

All menus have been re-designed for easier reading and

better appearance.

Although this re-design has been done mainly to

accommodate smaller screen sizes, users of larger screen sizes will
also benefit from it.
Each menu will now contain more information,

will display commands in related groups,

group of commands in a more compact area
Sections 1 and 2 for details.)

and will display each
of

the

screen.

(See

SpellStar:
If you have purchased this WordStar option, a new "nofile" command, S, allows you to check the spellinof
g words in a
document.

Initially,

you

are

allowed

check

against

dictionary

of some 20,000 words provided by SpellStar; but with continued use
of this feature, you can then either add to the existing dictionary

gr crmt)e new dictionaries of your own.

etails.

WordStar

Reference

Manual

(See Sections 1 and 13 for

This page

intentionally left blank

WordStar

Reference Manual

Contents

Starting WordStar
E&emmmu&ummr

Fil@ mrectoty ngle (the p

Setflelp Lwel (the H Cammand

ommand

oy a File (the 0 Conmand

2-1
2-1

o 2=2
m1etmg marmtem
Reali
thegning
Right Margin
Mmkfj;flachlanms

2-3.
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-4
- 2-4
2=4

2-5
25
2-6

2=-7

2-8
2-8

WordStar Reference Manual

vii

Contents
The Screen Display
The Status Line
The Menu

The File Directory
The Ruler Line
The Text Area
Flag Characters
Screen Updating

Basic Editing
,

Where the Cursor Won't Go

”

ETR

How the Cursor Moves
Scrolling

- 3=3

36
36

Enter Control Character (°px)
Overprint Lines ("PM)
|
Other Commands
|
Hints for Entering Tables

Insert “Hard" Carriage Return (°N)
Cmmparlsan of RETURN and "N

3-8
3-8

.
PR

3~9
3-9

PR
e o379
el
B
o
3=18
T
3~11

—
R

3-6

o
i
|

End Paragraph (RETURN)

3=1

- 3~3

Text Entry

Text Deletion
Saving and Abandoning

Scrolling ("2 and “W)
|
Continuous Scrolling ( QZ andQW)

On—Screen Text Formatting

Formatting Commands
Onscreen Menu Display

Setting Ruler Lines ("CF)

Setting Paragraph Tabs ("OG)
Reforming a Paragraph ("B)

Toggle Keys
Page Break Display Toggle ("“OP)
Print Control Display Toggle ("“QD)
Soft Hyphen Entry Toggle ("CE)
Entering Text with Word Wrap ON
Spaces in the Text
Releasing the Margins
Print Control Characters
Hints for Editing Formatted Text
Centering Lines

Correcting Text within a Paragraph
Inserting a Paragraph
Splitting a Paragraph

~
ot

Setting the Margins ("OL and“OR)

|
i
|

g o e

T
o e

}

e
g

o el
e

4=2

- 4=-2
- 4=-2

4-3
4-4
|
- 4-4
I
- T
T
T
46
|
4-6
4-6

R
|
-

Joining Two Paragraphs
Changing Margins, Justification, or Line Spacing
Cursor Position Before Reform
Text to the Left of the Left Margin

viii

2-11
2-12
2=12
2=15%
2=16

Cursor Motion
Definition of a *Word"

2-8
2-8
2-11

4-6
4-6
&7 4=T7
- 4-8
4-8
- 4-8
- 4=-9
4-108

WordStar Reference Manual

Contents

mewmwungIkmmnflmflbhnmofinmwifflmunmn
Hyphen-Help

4-10
4-11

Emmiamdfikmt Byphens
Setting Tab Sto
;
U@umaimaemsiMstn:nnwww~?

mmm:Whflurmhmztneakwmmm
Overprinting Characters

Overprint Lines

4-12
4-13
4-13

4-15
4-15

4-16

5-1
5=2
5=2
5=3
5-4

5~7
5-8

v i;wm &fl

Wations

wmthQBkag”

‘

nging the Logged Disk Drive (“KL)

TheFile narwctmry T0ggle ("KF)

wmg:wawalfilfi

w@@?

"jlng~~,~»?quem for Large Files

ore About Changing Diskettes

vflg??= Fil@fi @ndiFlle Compatibi

WordStar

Reference Manual

Contents

Printing Features: Part 1
Print Control Characters
Subscript Toggle (°V)
Ribbon Color Toggle

-t
o

(°Y)

o
o

Stop Print (°C)
Return to Standard Character Pitch ("N)
Left-Right Heading/Footing Control (°“K)
Non-Break Space (°0)
Strikeover ("H)
|
User Printer Functions ("Q, "W, "E, "R)

7=2

B
o

7-3
T=4
- 7-4
7-4
7-4
7=4

Other Control Characters
‘Dot Commands
Vertical Page Layout
Discussion of Vertical Page Laymut
Lm& Height (.LH n)

- 7-4
- 7=5
- 76
)
7-6
- T-6

MPMmm(MTD

Heading Margin (.BM 1)
Footing Margin (.FM 1)
Horizontal Page Layout
Page Number Column (.PC ¢)
Page Offset (.POCc)
Pagination

7=1
T=2

Y
L

vy
N

v am
7w1fl
718

Unconditional Page (.PA)
onditional Page (.CP 1)

fltcs K

7-19
7-16
7-11

|
i

7-11
7=11
7%12

inting Features: Part 2
Headings, Footings, and Page Numbers
Heading (.HE text)
Footing (.FO text)
Omit Page Numbers (.OP)
Page Number (.PN or .PN p)
,

B
o
-

Other Features

Character Width (.GW w)
Microjustification (.UJ ON/COFF)
Bidirectional Print (.BP ON/CFF)
omment

(.. text)

Procedures for Printing
Microspace Justification
Simultanecus Editing
Error Handling
Printing Other Files
Printing to Disk

8-1
8=2
8=3
- 8=5
- 8=3

8=5

8=5
B=T
BT

B=7

o
LEE
S
R

The Optional MailMerge Feature
Initiating Printing
Suspending and Aborting Printing
Cbntmnu;ng Printing

I
S
|
o

8T
&8
8-8
B8
- -

o f'3w9*
o
B=9
e
- 8=12
mslit o @~l2

WordStar Reference Manual

Cantents

erge Option: Form Letters

Overview of MailMerge Capabilities
_Inserting Variable Information
Data Files

Inserting Another File
Boiler Plate Paragraphs
.ommand Files
Changing a Diskette

SGr@an,Dxfipiay'and Input

Printing Multiple Cbplefi

Time Formatting
and Data Files

Variable Name

Insertion Points
Format of a Data File
Uming WordStar to Enter a Data File
,;-w‘”‘
'”éwl@s frum a Dmta Fil@ |

ihitmatlng M&xlflar@*

Op@matmr Data Entry
king the Letter Rflp&fit

MK for Variable (.AV ["prompt
Documents for MailMerge

Document to Process Repeatedly

Formatted Printing of a Data File
Mailing Lmbels

Envelopes

Cmitting a Lmne if the Data Is Null

S@tting varmables within the Document
Example
of Setting Varlablas

Sfiwmvariable («SV nam

Dm@play'Mmmaage (.M [message])
Clear Screen, [display message]

11-2

|
(.CS [message])-

File Insertion
TW@.FIEM&»~Ww“

Printing Multxple Files
,Mw»tad Prwaamalng of an Inserted File

AlternatefMethmd~”Uslng the Rap@atH :.,m,~
WordStar Reference Manual

11-1
11-1

11-2

. 13-3
11-4
11-4
11-4
11-5
11-6
11-6
11-7
11-7
11-8
11-9
11-9
xi

Contents
Flle Insert (.FI filename [CHANGE])
Repeat Until End of Data (.RP)
Repeat
n Times (.RP n)
Chanqmng Diskettes

- 11-19
11-1
- 11-11

11-12

The MailMerge Option: Print-Time Operations
Print-Time Line~-Forming

o 12-1
V'.';12w1

Automatic Reformatting
cxmmmfldmmgIwnmbflnmeraneiwmmuq

The Print-Time Line-Former

Dot Commands to Control Print-Time Line-Forming

Print-Time Line-Forming (.PF DIS/OFF/ON)
Right Margin (.RM DIS/n)
Left Marg
(.LM in
DIS/n)
Line Spac
(.LS
ing
DIS/n)
Output Justification (.QJ DIS/ON/OFF)
o
nput Justification (.IJ ON/OFF/DIS)
Examples of Print-Time Line-Forming
Printing with Different Margins
Forcing Ragged Right
akmpmwwnngInnnbflhmelnnefimnmung
S@tflum;flamnmm
MailMerge Operation
Initiating MailMerge
During Printing
After Printing
Skqmgum;thuuu@e 1
smmux;flhmuuu@@

fwwmuflnngsfiflflcmminmmlxnmmma

~w12*2
o

1 2w

- 12-3
12«3
12-4
12-4
- 12-4

T
12e8
. 12=5
12-5
- 12-6

12-6

12-6
12-7

| 12WB
-

12-9.
*lZWQ

msparunazcxxinn
Getting SpellStar Started
Checking Spelling
Spelli
Check Controls
ng
Dfl&w&t(&m&rmfls

A,Rammnder‘ General SpellStar Cammands

Dictionary Maintenance
Dactzomary Maintenance Contruls

Summuy'ofl%htnm;Cbmmnmb

Cammands for Cursor Motion, Scrollmng, and Searchmng*
Basic Commands for Entermng Twwt
Ixfletumzcnmmuwb
,
mnands for Saving and rww«dmm;ng
cchmmymcammmds

xii

oAl
A-1
A-2
A=2

A-2
A-2

WordStar Reference Manual

Contents

memxammm:U%mm;alxmalfila
Form Letter Using Operator Data Entry
ocument" to Print/Check a Data File

;gytmmfiUlt&mmmndihlms

1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
2-1
2-2
2-3

2-6

2«--.7

6-1
6-2

1-3

1-4
1-5
1-6
- 1-186
1-11
1-11
1-12
1-13

2-5
2-6
The nem Menu

» poearanceQf

Mmmu@:acwdwwtmhxw
Copying a Column Block

WordStar Reference Manual

2ml4

6-4
63
xiii

Contents

eTgRE
l
gl
g

6-3 Deleting a Column Block

acely
gy

e
s
anepinl ennlgefl bne

7-1 Vertical Layout. of a Typical Page
13-1 Operations Menu

13-2 Spelling Check Controls

13-3 Defaults for Spelling Check Controls
13*4 ample Control Prompt

13-6 Cbrrectlon Menu
13-7 Dicticnary Maintenance Controls and Options
13-8 Dictionary Maintenance Options

132

E
s

S
BRI

138"

x|
13-4

131
S
13-14

1-3

1-5
2-1
2-2
3-1
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
4-1
4-2

5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
7-1
7-2

7-5
7-6
7-7
8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5

xiv

;

System Commands
Non-Displayable Characters
Flag Characters
Cursor Motion Cammands

1ling (

Basic Commands for Entering Text
Some Uses for“P
Deletion Commands
Saving and Abandoning Commands
On-Screen Text Formatting Commands
Formatting Toggle Reys
Defaults for Parameters
PlaceMarker Commands
Find and Replace Commands
Find and Replace Options
Special Find Characters
Block Commands
Additional File Commands
g
Help Cammands
Miscellaneous Commands
Print Control Toggles
OtherPrint Controls

|
B

|
|

1-13
2-14
LRy g
3-2

;

3=7
-2
-~ 3-9
3-19
S
3-n1
T
& S
4=3
R
2 e
- 4=5
|
o
o 5=1
|
|
«
52
:
PR
5=-4
- 5-6
- 6-1
B
6-6
|
- 6~9
S
6-18
R
7-1
*
12

Lmne Helghts
Dot Commands for Horizontal Page Layout
Dot Cammands for Pagination
Dot Commands for Headxngs, Footings, and Page Numbers
Special Characters Used in Headings and Footings
Dot Commands for Other Features
Character Pitch
ummary of Dot Commands
|
Character Pitch
|
Line Heights
MailMerge Dot Cmmmands
|
MailMerge Dot Commands for Print-Time Line-Forming

- 1-6
- 1-8

|
=
|

7-8
7-18
7-11
8=1
8=1
8=5
8-6

A=5

- A=-5
A-5
|
~
A-8
A-9

WordStar Reference Manual

Section 1

Introduction

Section 1
Introduction

This section explains how to start WordStar and describes the mmmandm g
,

‘you

between editing tasks.

The wctio*&; cwatmeverything you

xwmd*uaknwwtm%mme&%mrmum;tonmmazww~»nmmwaw1flh“*%

diting function, as

Prerequisites
Before you can call up WordStar, you must

Haveadwkmta contain. g a m_ of W
vith your

tem ir

rinter.

The i

To start erdStar,flmt boot your apamtmq system (CP/M). When CP/M is
ready, it will display the prcmpt “A)“ (if A is t&w loq,ed drive) or "B>" (if

B is the logged drive). CP/M
fmmnWMn%nmrcm‘ei?~'

will

also

display thi

This starts Wm;'ta; with no - file being edited;

forse ‘yeml seconds,

WordStar

ompt amy tmmmwymu exit
M
COmman

ri@ht 1 mge:*‘l*fi“" alo

then the no-file menu (as described below)

Referemce

Manual

displayed.

1-1

| Introduction |

Section 1

This basic method is sufficient for initial use,
the other two methods for now.

you may defer reading about

DIRECTLY
TO EDITING
Type WS, a space, and the name of the file, including disk drive and type as

appropriate.
WordStar will proceed to editing this file, as though the "edit
a document” cmmmandhad been given from the m—fale menu asdescribed m.’mw«

Examples (you type mfierlmed text):

This method is for extremely long files, where the new file must beplaced on
a different diskette becauseof space limitations. Type ws, a space, the
source drive name, the name of the file, another smc&, and the target drive
name.
(If the fileis on the diskette in the drive currently logged, the
source drive name may be omitted.) A drive name, if used, consists of a
letter followed by a colon.
Make sure you don't type anything after the
target drive name, not even a space.
Example (you type underlined text):
“

This means, "Edit file BOOK.DOC on the diskette on. drw& A and place the new
version on file BOOK.DOC on the diskette on drive B."

When the save is com=-

pleted, the file on the diskette on drive A will have been renamed BOOK.BAK,
‘while the file on the diskette on drive B will now be called BOOK.DOC
use a “save and resume" command (“KS), the next .editing session m.ll result in
a save from B to A, the fmlmwmg session fmm A to Bagain, arx

1f, when ym"c:all apWordStar, you get?the messag@
You are trying to run an unINSTALLed WordStar.
Please

run INSTALL first.

then your WordStar has not yet been installed to work with your

terminal and printer. Refer to the Installation Manual for mformaw
tion on installation.
|
"
THE NO-FILE COMMANDS

When started without a file name, or whenevm editing of a file is terminated,

WordStar dwplays the "no-file menu”.

The words edmtmg no file" are dis-

played at the top of the screen, and a "menu" ofcommands that may be entered
is shown.
Below the menu, WordStar displays the dlrectory (the names of all

files on the diskette) of the logged drive if the file directory display is
ON.
Figure l-l1 shows a typical screen display wzth the no-file menu:

1-2

WordStar Reference Manual

Section 1

Introduction

To perform one of the fumtiom ahmm fm the mwf il
lawfs '»xwuffmr hat fur
!
le
ma

~WordStar Reference Manual

1-3

Section 1

Introduction

v
ingj A a il

menu cst;ang&s
the screen flmplay to the dmplay shown in Flgum
1-2

level

RGO

s30T

s I

moeldslal Y

mfilwforwhi.

rive name aspm:tmf

WordStm: diaplays the File Directory of

(at *‘elp

5 Ve

* Ismwm

log.a different drive, type the letter (A or. B),an mptimaa

mlum

RETURN (C, D, etc. are also acceptable ifyouhave more drives). Toleavean
t
lmed drive unchanged, tym “U, or just press RE‘IW

TheF.commandLturns the file dn.recwry display-off and on. The
first
F
entered tu;

directory display off, the next F restores it, etc.
n need be entered,

and no screen changes take place.

dmplmy w off » the wfile mem ii Lem fm' F Char

mreen to be updat@d

;x:puttmq a new dwkettein a drixm, 2=10g

drive with the L cmmmand, or press F tw:z.ce..

The help level settmg controls the amount af Mplanamry materialautom

tically displayed by Wordstar, and determines whether and when part of the
screen is used while editing to dz.splay a2 "menu" of command keys which may
be
entered.

1-4

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section 1
The help level i

‘no-filemenu
'

E nh®t

pmvidm m “p d

s
h@lplwe'

(Figure 1-4).

The two 1iines wha.ch rem m; ou of

the

These pmmptsam displayed above auc:h quwtwm omly mt help level 2 or 3;
but the keys work at all help levels, even if the prompts do notappear.
qudstazmaafie;@nce Manual

)

Section 1

Introduction

that a m gh emugh he lp leve . has

ben set But ywmayalaocall upmtfi er,
enteringm
RtetoradAcyoxoneng& par gmphv mwins thescreen flwm using.

longer messages to explain such

things as setting the help level,

plme mrmm, and n

THE COMRND
Table 1-2 gives brief deacnptz
ons of the commands used t@ omn
a flle,

followed by detailed demrmtwns m later
paragraghs i~

af the specmfied fz.le.

The file apecmfi@d

ay be an existing f:. le

tion 6).

Open a Document “**f”*“p%;;,_,
With the nowflle menu on the sCre

en as shown in F:.gure lwl, type
D (or d or

D) tobe

~WordStar then diap% vfiay@ an
mpl a *’*ianandm

;equmto

(/1;
Use

f e | m) asffillmmz

editing no file

to
this command

A file name is 1 to 8 1ettera/
digits, a peri
'

ptional

1-3 chamcter type.
precede

CONTENTS

DOC

FILEl .DoC

1-6

CHAPTRI.BAK

mqurel—-l.

wurmnt

disk drive

CHAPT z‘f

let

3ged disk

PRS

CCHAPTR2.BAK

FILElw ~ FILE2.DOC

DCmnandDim

WordStar

Reference

Manual

sebti%Mfi;,

| |

1ntrmdu¢ti0fl
age return (see

to edit the fiw LETTER.DOC

%0KJWOC on drive A and place the new version of BOOK.DOC or

xact@r,

ed bythe fact

xt key pressed
WordStar Reference Manual

1-7

~ Sectio
1 n

Introduction

ngfo r
as the response’without wmti
response is elicited bythe
Yes-No mmim
Some questions expect a yes-no
answer; these have rompts of
the form "...
(Y/N): ."
These questions accept Y, v,or Y
(control-¥) as "yes" and any
other key as "no". You are free to
use the RETURN kay, the spacebar,
or any
handy key to indicate a "no" response.
An example of suchaquestion
j
REFLACE
(Y/N):" ques
tionasked

by the replace command

(Sectmn Sl

These questions have prompts ending in ”?"
They include all filename quesm\i
tions (as from the D and P commands), the marg
m and tab stop column questions, and several others.
When answering aline-input question, typm
g

€rrors can be correct@d,the previous res
onse m theSame quefitm .ora.

perionthemaf,c

EED

'ESCAP

f‘w r:ed withmt reentry.

The

ESCAPI key as

The

£ile di

“KP) ’ Fmd ( QF) ’ and Replac@ (QA) ‘quest: "fi*'ons* it suppmsses fe
a

questions; for the margin and tab stopguestio
ns ("OL,
*L

means

to use

Rm means m

"OR,

don heccmmam In
other cases
§

keyis p

~0OI,

the cursor column (as shown in the status
line),

@d),C"‘iiéplaythe di r‘*m:/tmr“fif_}, :

the special characters shown in Table 1-3.
hold the CTRL key down while typing Xx.

Note ““%“hat

and ~ON)
whereas

isWw&lmt to

o dthm ‘thin

with

X meanscontrol=X --

At help levels 2and 3, the followingremind
er ofthe mom cmmmmn spemalt
a

pears

above mwt lmemin ut queatz.w,
13

warky

SMfiel@té¢haxact@r

>1al

Ywdelate ent:y%LFmFile
Dwrmatore¢haracgg: RnRa&tmpe enttyw chan

characte

fiirac?o:y

fiel

Character
Erase Entire Amwer.

|BraseOne

Char

(You may also use “X.)

(You may also use Hr

;gm;, Uneraseonecham “ter:one ch mc: r ifimstared £rom

la prevmusly erased answeror

the specific question wasasket

“R

Unerase.

fmm the answer
gi

Restore an entire erased answer or a prekus answer. To

use the same re-fip nse aslmst time (e,gw if ymuwant,m pmm a__
1-8

WardStar Reference Manual

Introduction

Section 1
Table 1-3.

Special Characters for Responses
Function

‘mwplay File m:ectory, Display the file directory of the logged
disk drive for the duration of the current command.

|if the directory is already on the screen.

Scroll Directory Up. If only part of the file directory is displayed, scroll the file directory up to bring additional file names

into

°F does nothing

|Scroll Directory Down.
pl&yed’

scroll

the

view.

If only part of the file directory is dis-

file

directOry

bring ‘additional

file

names

into view.

Use Next Key.

Use the next key pressed literally as part of the

|answer, even if it is a control character that normally has a

ating characters. USE "P- to
|special function, or one of the -termin
) even if soft hyphen entry ("OE)
{entera "hard" hyphen (regular
is ON.

(See Section 4 for definitions of hard and soft hyphens.)

|Enter Soft Hyphen.

Enters a "soft hyphen" if soft hyphen entry has

been turned ON ("OE; Section 4).

|"Find" and "Replace" cammands.
hyphen.

“U

Interrupt.

Permits using soft hyphens in the

Use "P- to force entry of a hard

Interrupts and terminates the command in progress;
oA

clears any commands or text already typed.

Table 1-4 gives brief descriptions of the file commands, with detailed
descriptions of some commands in later paragraphs.

Print a Pile.

document.

The P command is used initially to start printing a

However, once printing has started, pressing P a second

time suspends printing; and once printed has been suspended,

The P line in the menu

pressing P a third time continues printing.
changes as appropriate.

Detailed descriptions of the three uses of

the P command are given in Sections 7 and

E command allows you to change the name of a
Rename a Pile. The

file. (E functions like the CP/M rename

command REN.)
L

}

b )

Copy a Pile. The O command allows you to make a copy of a specified

file without having to use the CP/M program PIP.COM.

You may copy

as long as both disks are on-line
files from or to different disks

at the same time.

WordStar Reference Manual

1-9

Section

Introduction

Table 1-4.

Run

MailMerge.

File Commands (Continued)

Before you can use

the

MailMerge

feature

WordStar, the MAILMRGE.OVR file must be
present on the disk in drive
A.
The M command allows merging data from a data file
into text at
print time for production of form lette
rs, and performs other enhanced print functions. IF MAILMRGE.OVR is not presen
t, an error
message will be displayed. (The
MAILMRGE.OVR file

separately.)

See Sections 9-12 for details.

Check Spelling.

provided

In order to run this WordStar feature, you must

have the

SPELSTAR.OVR file
,
'WSOVLY1.OVR,
and WSMSGS.OVR.
'

of your disks.

the

disk

that contains WS.COM,
file may be on either

The
SE ELSTARDCT
,

The S command allows you to run WordStar's spelling

program (SpellStar) to check for spelling
errors.

is not present,

SPELSTAR.OVR file is provided separately.)

details.

Delete a Pile.

If SPELSTAR.OVR

error message will be displayed.

See Section 13

Asks for file name, then erases the file.

(The
for

Performs

the same function as the CP/M erase command mA.

~ With the No-file menu (Figure 1-1) on the screen, type S to begin
a spelling

check on a file, or to perform dictionary maintenance operations.
The screen
display then changes to the display shown in
Figure 1-5 (at help vl@vel 3):

For

editing no file

spelling check, enter name of file to be checked.

(°R for last file edited)

For dictionary maintenance, enter name
of file
containing words to add or to delete from dictionary.

“S=delete character

“D=restore character

“Y=delete entry

“R-Reatox:& entry

"“P#Pile directory
“U=cancel command

NAME OF PILE TO CHECK /ADD
TO DICTIONARY? N
DIRECTORY of disk A:
CHAPTR1.DOC
CHAPT
SPELSTAR.OVR SPELSTAR.DCT FILE1.DOC
FILE2.DOC
\I..ETI'ER..DOC ~
LETTER.BAK
MAILMRGE.OVR TEST.DOC
WS .COM
- WSMSGS.OVR
WSOVLY1.OVR

R1.BAK

Figure 1-5.

CHAPTR2.DOC

CHAPTR2.BAK
|

)

S Command Display

The S command is used to’ch’eck a f;ile" WJ.th Wordsmr‘m *new spelling program,
SpellStar.

1-10

For a detailed description of SpellStar, . see Section
1l3.

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section 1

Introduction

from Wordstar.
mmand allows you to rename files withwt having to exit
n changes to the

type E, the scree
(mame as the CWH REN command). When you 3):

display shown in Figure 1-6 (at help level

editimwfne 24

“Sud1ete_ chamcmr

LETTER.DOC
Qs .COM

"Y-dalmta entx:y‘i

FILEI WC

LETTER.BAK
WSMSGS.OVR

FILEl.BAK

- |

_P-File gimcmty

FILE2.DOC

MAILMRGE.OVR TEST.DOC
WSOVLY1.OVR

E Command Display

Pigure 1-6.

before the name
You may rename a file on another drive by specifying the drive
prompt is
ME?
NEW
The
of the file to be renamad (e.qg. B*FILENAME.TXT).
d.
entam
been
has
d
displayed aftm:the name of the file to be rename
Copy a Pile (the O Can

from WordStar. When
'me O command allows you to copy files without exn.tmg to
the display shown
changes
3)
lwel
nelp
(at
you type O, the sCreen di splay
in Fi@uxe 1-7. (Thesecond prompt appears after umr‘a response to first.)

| fi

editing no file

Sw-delete character

“Y=delete entry

“P=Pile ditectory

comms
store character “R=Restore entry “OU=cancel

B‘ILEl_BAK

MAILMRGE._OVR TEST.DOC

Figure 1-7.

WordStar Reference Manual

O Command Display

1-11

Section 1

Introduction

If the name of an existing file is enter
ed as the file to copy to, WordStar

displays the prompt

FILE d:nameEXISTS
.typ
-- OVERWRITE? (Y/N): ¥
Press Y (or y or “Y) to proceed with the copy, destmf
ying the present contents

of file you are copying to.
Pressing any other key will cause the NAME
OF
FILE TO COFY TO? question to be reasked; press
RETURN or “U to abort the copy
You may copy files from and/or
to drives other than the logged drive
by
specifying a drive before the file name (e.g.
B:FILENAME.TXT).
The exact file
name to be copied must be entered; you may
not use asterisks (*) nor question
marks (?).
You may use hyphens in the file names (with
this or any other
WordStar command) if soft-hyphen entry (“OE; see sectio
n 4) is OFF (OFF is the

default) or by entering the - as “p-.

Dele
a te
File (the
Y Co et e fl‘

With the no~file menu (Figure 1-1) on the scr&en, type Y to
initiate deletion

of a file.
The screen display then changes to the display shown
in Figure 1-8
(at help level 3):
|

(/;:

editing no file

“S=delete character

“D=restore character

“Y=delete entry

“R=Restore entry

Mfl\\\

“F=File directory
“U=cancel command

NAME OF FILE TO DELETE? X

DIRECTORY of disA:
k

CHAPTR1.DOC CHAPTR1.BAK

CONTENTS

FILEL.DOC

WS .COM

LETTER.BAK
WSMSGS.OVR

LETTER.DOC

CHAPTR2.DOC

CHAPTR2.RBAK

FILE1.BAK

FILE2.DOC

MAILMRGE.OVR TEST.DOC
WSOVLY1.OVR
|

Figure 1-8.

Y Command Display

Enter the name of the file to delete, followed by RETURN.

The form of a file

name and use of control characters to correc
t typing errors, is the same as

for the D command (previous example).

After the file is erased, the no-file menu‘ reappears on the screen
and another
command may be entered.

If you enter a Y, then decide not to delete a
file,

yYou may cancel the command with “U,

1-12

or by pressing RETURN only.

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section 1

Introduction

Table 1-5 givw brief dwcmptiom of the system mmmanda, followed by
detailed descriptions in later paragraphs.

Run a qumm.

Exit to Mtem.

The R command allows you to run a program wmthout

rdStar

m mmplm tzh@ amount of disk space could

Exit to CP/M (or other opemtmg syst:em).

when you are through with WS and wlsh to use a system¢

and

Use X

Run a szm(m R Cammand)

The R command allaws you to run a different progmm without exiting fmm

. WordStar. This command is especially useful for determmmq the amount of
available disc space by running the CP/M program STAT. When R is entered at
the no-file memn, the prompt shown in Flgure 1-8 is dlsplayed (at help level
|

3):

fi ,

g no file

)

Enter name of progrm you wiah to Run,

optionally followed by appropriate arqument
s!mr
Exmpla mhm disk space)
~

“g=delete character °

“Dmremtore character

lete

entry

“uwel

CHAPTR2.BAK
FILE2.DOC

DIRECTORY of disk A:

CHAPTR1.DOC
CONTENTS

CHAPTR1.BAK
FILE1.DOC

CHAPTR2.DOC
FILE]l.BAK

WS .COM

WSMSGS.OVR

WSOVLY1l.OVR

LETTER.DOC

“Ranefltmre em:ry

LETTER.BAK

MAILMRGE.OVR TEST.DOC

- Pigure 1-9. R Command Diaplay

WordStar Reference Manual

1-13

Section 1

Introduction

Enter the name of the program to be run and press RETURN.
Only executable
programs (file type .COM) should be specified.
An attempt to Run a nonexecutable file may result in an error message, or may lock
up your system
making it necessary to re-boot.
When the program has completed, the following
prompt is displayed:
~
,

Hit any key to return to WordStar:
This allows you to view any results displayed by the program before returning
to the WordStar no-file menu.
-

The R command will mndleany CP/M console comma: d (CCP
command) except the
.
resident commands (TYPE, DIR, ERA, REN, and SAVE).

File names or other argu-

ments may follow the program name, as in CP/M commands.

For example:

STAT LETTER.DOC:
shows the size of file LETTER.DOC on the logged drive.

Asterisks
and question

marks can be used to form "wild card" file names, as in CP/M console commands.
For example:
SOEAW
AL
e
|

STAT B:*.DOC

shows the size of all files of type .DOC on the diskette in drive B.

?'s are not allowed in file« names entered in other WordStar commands.)

(*'s and

In order to use the R command, you must have WS.COM (or other name as speci-

fied during INSTALLation) on the disk in drive A or the current logged drive.

The X command is used to exit to the operating system (CP/M).
When you type
an X at the no-file menu, the CP/M prompt (A>) appears at the bottom of the

l1-14

WordStar Reference Manual

Section

Getting Acquainted
with fiordStar

WORKING WITH A DOCUMENT
This section provides an overviw of document @dltmg..

on specific topics.

commands

Enough

Later sections focus

and general background are given in this

section to allw you to enter and mcdify text.

For best results, turn on your computer, start WordStar and type D, followed

by a filename to open a file.

Thm t:ry each command as it is dem:tibed hem.

A littl@ experience will go along way in farilim:’izmq you withWordStar's

- type D fmm the No-File Menu (Section 1).

this

Wordstar will fu:st dwplay NEW FILE fm' a
opened before, the NEW FILE message will be

skn.mned

Wm:dStar then entem its flle-wditmg stata.

For a new file and help level 3,

\
*

(Cursor

“S char left
"A word left
E line up
*

wm t

Scrolling

“Z line up

"C screen up

R mlate *|

* Miscellaneous

°D char right |G char |I°I Tab
°F word right mm chz 1£1°V
Inse
rtl”l
|°T word
“X line down
*

"W line down

IRE

"R screen dmml

* | * Other

“B Reform

Menus *

| (fram Main only)
|"J Help °K Block
|°Q Quick P Print

h1”“0 Onscreen

!
»
»

»
.

Fiwmz—l. Scrmmm.ayforamm |
The tap lme m the status lim

ed;

and

A:TEST.DOC is the name of the file being

column are those of the cursor position, and will

chmg@ as yw mter text or mmve the cursor.
WordStar

Reference

Manual

2-=1

Section

Getting Acquainted

The main menu occupies the next eight screen lines, assuming the help level
is
still set to 3.
(For the convenience of users with 40-column sCreens, the
display can be paged from left to right.)
The menu provides a brief reminder
of the functions of the different command keys.
We will describe some of the
functions in this section, with complete coverage in Sections 3-6.
In the

menu, as in this manual, the "~ symbol means to hold
down the CTRL key while

typing the key that follows.

The line below the menu is the ruler line:

Lim e | e | mmm | e | o | e | e | e | e | e | e | ———R
The L indicates the current left margin setting; R indicates the right margin,

and !'s indicate where tab stops are set.

The merm and ruler line are ‘”highlighted” on terminals with bright/dim or

inverse video (black on white) capability to distinguish them from the docu-

ment being edited.

The portion of the screen below the ruler line is the text area, where text

from the document being edited is displayed. For a new file, the text area is
initially blank; for an old file, the text area shows the first several lines
of text.
L ey
.
AN

Entering Text
To enter text,

just start typing.

Each non-control character typed is entered

into the text of your document.
If you type beyond the right margin, notice
that WordStar moves the word that wouldn't fit inside the margin to the next
line, positioning the cursor after the word to allow you to continue typing.
This is word wrap.
You will also notice that WordStar adds spaces between
words to make the right margin line up.

This is justification.

When entering text within a paragraph, don't use the RETURN key—let word
wrap
do the work.
Section 4 describes commands to set the margins, disable justi-

fication, specify double spacing, etc., to control the appearance of text

entered under word wrap.

To make a correction or addition, move the cursor to the desired position and
type the new text.

Moving the Cursor
To move the cursor, use the cursor up, down, left, and right commands as shown
on the menu. You will find the cursor left and right word commands faster

than the cursor left and right character commands

across a line.

(Either "H or the BACKSPACE key,

be used for moving the cursor left by character.

when you wish to move

if your terminal has one,

may

When you type with the cursor on a character previously entered, you will
notice that Wordstar inserts the new characters and pushes the old characters
to the right.
This is insertion. Insertion is initially ON.
Insertion may

be turned OFF, and back ON, by typing "V.

will overtype (replace)
insertion is on.

2=-2

Characters typed with insertion OFF

existing characters.

The status line shows whether

|
|

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section

;

Getting

Acquainted

Deleting Characters
After making a cormctmn by backing up the cursor and t yping the desired
text, unwanted characters may rema. in at, and to the right of, the cursor.
To
delete these, use the "G (delete character right)command.
Each press of the

"G key deletes the character at the cursor, mmrmg the following part of the

line left one character.

yboards)

(Use T todelete all or part of a word.)

. then t'.> the corrected

pmw of t:he4 ETE
text :Ew::hj

key dal&tm cmw aham :f;m to th@ laft of the cumm, movingthe cursor laft.

Other deletioncommand

menus and describedin Section 3.

After you have made changes in a paragraph, the right margin may no longer be
1med up.
Scame lines may be too short, others may be too long. There may be
document
1.
re so long that they exten m
ght-hand
ed

rwn“ (Wm:d@x m""f gerWxam lom l

To realign the rz.ght marg:m of a pamgraph entered under word wrap, use the

refor:m command (°B), as.:;,,f;@fllmww
mamy’ 11@ ani type "B.

s, WordStar

rmi

plmce the cummr in or above the first

will G y XP ‘'rynessage stop
hyphen {w) key (if you wiwh t@ hyphenate

to pmm the

word at the cursor msitwn), or tm pm% "B to continue refor

hyphmtmg,

veral

m.thwt

This "“Hy hen-flelp feature is described in detail in Section 4.

corner

the

sCreen.

seconds, during which “"B" appears

'lrhe refarm@d text is displayed only

after the x:efmmxm is mmuixeteor a word to hyphenate has bwn encountered.

3lank Lmen

To insert a new paragraph, begin by pr%mng “N to make one or more blank

lines after thecmrmr.
’Khen type the desired text. Wordstar will insert a
'
utomatically each time word wrap takes mw:e.

When the screen is filled with text and the cursor is on the bottom line of
the screen, the screen will start to scroll (roll) upward each time the cursor
goes to a new line.
If you type fast, the screen may not keep up, but when
you pause, the display Wlll be updated to reflect all characters typed.

line, u@mlly accompanied
onally the word WAIT may appear in the @tatw
Occasi
this happe
by an audible click fmm ymux disk drive. When
type slowly until WAIT disappears

WordStar

Reference

Manual

2-3

Section

Getting

Acquainted

Page Breaks

When you have entered more text than will prini: on a page, a line of hyphens

appears across the screen, with a P in the rightmost column, to show you where
the page break wxll occur during printing:

This is dynamic page break display.
In section 7 we will discuss the use of
*dot commands" to specify places where you want a new page to begin even
though the current page isn't full, and to specify formatting items such as
the number of lines prin
S
St
|

To look at text ,whichfis‘currently not on the screen,
use the "scroll up

line", “scroll down line", “scroll up screenful", and "scroll down screenful"
commands shown on the menu to bring the desired text into view. Also, “cursor
down" with the cursor already at the bottom of the screen scrolls the screen
up a line, and "cursor up" at the top scrolls it down.
Depending on the type of terminal you have, commands such as “scroll down
line" may immediately move the screen down, or may redisplay all the text on
the screen, taking a second or two.

It is not necessary to wait for the

previous command to complete to enter the next one.
If you know you want to
move the file display down five lines on the screen, type five "W's rapidly.
Each one will interrupt the redisplay started
by the previous one; when the
screen stops changing, text on the screen will have moved down five lines,

with five lines gone off the bottom and five previously not visible lines

displayed at the top.

You will notice that the behavior of the editing commands reflects the way
characters are stored in the file. For example, if you keep moving the cursor

"right", after getting to the end of the line it will move to the left end of
the next line down on the screen.
This is because the file contains the

characters of a line, in left-to-right order, then a “carriage return" character, then the characters of the next line; the carriage return is between the
rightmost character of one line and the leftmost character of the next.

I1f you move the cursor as far right as it will go without moving to the next
line, then give a "delete character right" ("G) command, the
carriage return
will be deleted, joining the next screen line onto the end of the one the
cursor is on.
Generally, carriage returns can be edited like other characters.

USING TEE MENUS

Wordstar has far more commands than there are control keys.

commands require two-character sequences.

Hence, many

The first character, referred to as

the prefix key, selects one of five additional menus. All two-character
commands begin with “Q, “J, "K, "0 or "P;
these five prefix keys are listed
in the right-hand column of the main menu for ready reference.

2-4

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section 2

Getting Acquainted

If y@u type a prefix key then wm.t about a second, a new menu will appear,

all the commands that begin with that prefix. The delay is so that if
you kmw the com: and you want, yw may type the two keys rapidly, in which
case the menu display won't change.

If you type a prefix then don't want any of the commands on its menu, type a

;um:hm key mtdefif‘f‘

The main menu will reap-

typmg the pmfix, reading as desired and

~space bm; w “wumal“ the prefix.
a

. the

menus

You can search for a

in succession in this manner.

your &m may be mlightly dii’f‘fewnt.|because éf :evisions and becauae the

menus display differently for 64~column wide screens than for 80 column or
wider screens):

mmand

as mp of screen md end

thelaft md tight
portions of a Iine, commands
jona
'e!
ommands that are probably not
for findmg and
self-explanatory. All of these mll be detm.led in later sections; you,‘ do not
need to know all of them to begin using WordStar.

The Block Menu includes some very important commands, those for working with

blocks, for saving files, and for working with files (Figure 2-3):

WordStar

Reference

Manual

2=-5

Section

;

A:TEST.DOC PAGE 1 LINE1 OOL 1
<

BLOCK

Getting

Acquainted

INSERT ON
>

‘\

* Saving Files * |* Block Operations *| * File Operat
ions *|
S Save and resume!B Begin
K End
IR Read
P Print |

Saving a File
As noted in the General Information Manual, text
entered and altered during

editing is in a transitory "working document" only. You must issue

command if you want your document available for
later use.

command is "KD,

a "save"

The basic “save"

which saves the working document under the file name chosen

when the edit was initiated, then returns to
the

no-file menu
- (Section 1).

Also on the Block Menu is the print command, "KP, which
is used when editing
is in process to initiate, stop, and continue printin
g.
(When editing is not

in process, the P command on the no-file menu performs exactly
the same

functions.)

Since only saved documents

(as opposed to the working document

you are in the midst
of editing) can be printed, you will normally print
a

different file than the one being edited.

Printing a Document

Printing will be described in detail in Sections
7 and 8; basic printing can
be accomplished as follows:
First, if you have just entered the material you
wish to print, save it ("KD). Make sure your
printer is ready (turned on,
initialized,loaded with paper, etc.) and that the paper is positio
ned as
desired.
Then type a P command at the no-file menu; type
“KP if \you are
editing. WordStar will ask for
|
e
o

NAME OF FILE TO PRINT? §
Type the name of the file, and press ESCAPE.
Printing will commence and the
no-file menu- (or the file being edited) will return
to the screen. Other
commands may be given while printing is
in progress.
|

You can edit one document while another document is printing
.

However,

key-

board response is slower, so we suggest
editing while printing mainly for
reviewing text on the screen and making occasional slowly-typed
corrections.

2=-6

WordStar

Reference Manual

Section

Getting

Acquainted

~'memmremm
The Qnmmen H

A:1TEST.DOC
|

PAGE 1 LINE1l
<<

* Margins & Tabs * |* Line

L sm: left

Functions * *|

mx IC Centm text

X Releam mxgm& l
I Set

COL 1

ONSCREE

N Clear tabl

* Z

related w cnmmmen dcment fomattmg

J flelp

:E Hypt

Toggles *

K mmk

“Q Quick “P Print

Soft hyph on (OFF) "0 Onscreen
"<

et
paragraph
agraph
tal
tabl|W Wrd wrap off (ON) ID Prnt disp off (ON) Space bar returns
F Ruler fmm lme ATRlz line off (ON) I PPgemmk off (ON) 'ou to Main Menu.
R

In addition, the Onscreen Menu shows whether word wrap, justification, and
other £ *tumsare wxrwtly ON or OFF.
In the abovee: ample, all toggles are

‘The Print Menu is used for entering print control characters (described in
the General Information Manual and in Section 7 of this manual):

1LINE1l OOL
1
*Smcml Effects*l

- T Superscript
|RETURN Overprint linelQ(1) W(2)
Ll
] e
|
e |
e|
e | e | ee | e

E(3) R(4)
| e |

lyou to Main Menu.
R

Pigure 2-5. The Print Menu

WordStar

Reference

Manual

2=7

Section

Getting

Acquaintéd

The Help Menu
To complete the menu presentations, the Help Menu shows ‘commands for
controlling help levels and displaying reference information and ;;glearning aids:

flw

A:TEST.DOC PAGE 1 LINE 1 OOL 1
< <<

HELP

INSERT ON

l
|
H Display and set the help level
| S Status line
B Paragraph reform (CTRL B command)
| R Ruler line

> > >

| * Other Menus *
| (from Main only)
1°J Help
“K Block

F Flags in rightmost column of screen | M Margins and tabs 1°Q Quick P Print

D Dot commands, print ctrl(P command)
-

1”0 Onscreen

V Moving text

|
]

: P Place markers

—~l—l———l

|Space bar

returns

lyou to Main Menu.
)] ————R

"JH displays, explains, and sets the help level, in the same manner as the H

command on the no-file menu, Section 1.

The rest of the commands display

explanations.
For example, "JV explains how to move a block of text, ~JX
helps find commands for various functions, and “JD summarizes the ordinary
dots commands.
Some of these help commands display several screens of information; WordStar awaits a keystroke between screens.

Belp Levels
As you gain experience using WordStar, you will learn the commands, and you
will want to see more of your document on the screen instead of the menus.
If
you change the help level (discussed in Section 1) from 3 to 2 with the
“JH
command, the main menu will not display. The prefix menus will appear whenever

you type a prefix key if you pause before hitting another

key.

If you change

the help level to 1, the prefix menus will also be completely eliminated.
Further changing the help level to 0 eliminates explanations displayed by
various individual commands, such as the no-file D command or the help level
command (Section 1).
B
|
o
-

THE SCREEN DISPLAY
The screen display during editing consists of the status line, the menu, the
file directory (if enabled), the ruler line, and the file display area. The
file display area shows text from the file being edited plus "flag" characters
in the rightmost column.
The file display is updated only when WordStar has

completed all commands which have been entered.

During editing, the status line on the top line of the screen usually shows

the following items:

2-8

WordStar Reference Manual

Section

Getting

The command being entered or executed, if any

The name of the file being edited

)

PAGE number

LINE number

Acquainted

(if insertion is on)
»

plus other phrases as applicable

The file name will disappear if necessary in order to allow all of the additional status line information to fit on the screen line.

The command in progress, if any, is shown in the upper left corner
as the
characters typed to invoke the function.
If only the first (prefix) key of a
two-key command has been entered, this character will display.
If you type
several commands ahead, they will display in sequence as executed.
Exception:
fast single-key commands, such as “cursor.down line", do not display.
|

These are the print page number, print line number on the page, and
print
column number of the character at the cursor. They are continuously updated as
the cursor is moved.

The PAGE is the printout page number, assuming that the document
is
printed with page numbers running up from 1.
If different printout page
numbers are specified (by "dot commands" described later), these
numbers
will not be reflected in the status line.
The LINE is the printout line;
(which control printout).

and does not count dot command lines

The PAGE and LINE will not correspond exactly to the printout in certain

cases of dot command use (e.g., if the paper length (.PL dot command) is
Changed in mid-document).
See "Dynamic Page Break Display" in the Gen-

eral Information Manual

The COLUMN is the print column, not the screen column. The print column
differs from the screen column when the line contains a non-printing
Character such as print control character (e.g., *S to invoke
underlining),
or when a marker (described in Section 6) is shown in the
display line.
|

WordStar

Reference

Manual

2-9

Section

NON-DOCUMENT DISPLAY

Getting

Acquainted

If you initiate editing with the non-document command N (Section 6) or if page
break display has been suppressed ("OP command,
line are replaced with:

FC=ccecee

Section 4),

then the page and

FL=1111

PC=cccce gives the file character number, or the number of characters
between the cursor and the beglnnmg of the file, plus 1. This counts
all characters (bytes) stored in the file, mcludmg carriage returns,
line feeds, etc.

FL=1111 gives the file line number, or the number of file lines (including dot command lmes) between the cursor and the beqmmng of the file,
plus 1.

Thus, when this type of status line is displayed, you can determine the size
of the file in characters by moving the cursor to the end of file ("QC) and
reading the FC=cccec item.

QIXER ITEMS
The remaining items in the status line are phrases which display under the

conditions indicated:

WAIT

MARREL
decimal

Shows when WordStar is reading or writing to the diskette.

When this appears, stop typing, or type very
otherwise characters you type may be missed.
|

Shows when margins are relea&éd (“OX command, Section 4).
Shows after tabbing to a decimal tab stop, as long as the

decimal right-aligning action is in effect,

in Section 4.

INSERT ON

slowly;

as described

Shows when insertion is on, that is, when typed char-

acters are inserted into
the file rather than typed over
other characters in the file.
Insertion is turned on and

off by typing V.
LINE SPACING n

Shows except when single-spacing is in effect.

The line

PRINT PAUSED

Shows when printing of a file is suspended-—after being
stopped by user command, when stopped at a "“pause for
typewheel change" print control character (Section 7), or

spacing can be set with the "0OS command, Section 4.

when a page has been completed under the PAUSE BETWEEN
PAGES

REPLACE (Y/N):

2-10

option (Section 8).

This question is dn.splayed in the status line by the
replace command (Section 5).

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section 2

Getting Acquainted

When several of the above phrases appear at once, it is normal for

the LINE SPACING item to disappear off the right edge of the screen.

The Menu

A menu of editing commands may appear below the status line as described and

illustrated earlier in this section.

The main menu, showing mngle-—wntml-cmacmr (non-prefix) editing

command

displays at the default help level, level 3 (Section l). When the help level
is 2 or 3 and a prefix key (as shown on the main menu) is pressed, after a
short pause, the command menu for that prefix is displayed. The menus, as
well as the status line and ruler line, are displayed highlighted (in inverse
video or dim display, when available) for differentiation from file text.

When no menu is on display, more of the screen is available for file text
display.

A number of explanatory and warning messages display above or below the menu
under certain conditions. For amplw

(explanation; appears during print pause)

ING: WORD TOO LONG TO FIT MARGINS
(warning; occurs when an overlong line with no spaces or
‘other mmmbm word wrap points is entered or reformed)
Most such messages are cleared at the next keystroke. Messages and the conditions which cause them are described in Appendix B.

The Pile Directory
Normally, the file directory is not displayed during editing. However, the
“KF command may be used to invoke directory display during editing if desired.
(Also, a temporary file directory display may be invoked by typing control-F
while entering a file name). When enabled during editing, the directory
appears betwm tlw menu and the r‘ul@r. |
Usually while a file is being edited, WordStar will only display a partial
directory to leave more screen space for file display. The “Z and "W commands
on the main editing menu will scroll the directory up and down in order to
allow viewing of all file names. (When the directory is not displayed, or
wh&n there are no more directory lines to scroll onto the screen, these
mands scroll the file display.)
The file directory is normally displayed in alphabetical order, with .BAK

files after the corresponding non-.BAK
.COM and .INT files at the end.

end of the directory.

file, and with non-text files such as

Temporary files (.$$$) are also shown at the

However, if the directory is unusually long (more than

about 64 filenames of average length),

M: is normal for it to display

unsorted.

Long da,mctmrms also display and scroll more slowly than those of

WordStar

Reference

moderate size.

Manual

2-11

Section

Getting

Acguainted

The file directory (and occasionally also the ruler) will disappear
temporarily when the menu, or questions evoked by various command
s, or other messages
use too many screen lines.

disappearance most often.
permits.

Users with 16-line screens will observe this

The directory will reappear as soon as screen space

The Ruler Line
Below the menu and file directory
L] =]

| —— |

(when present), the highlighted ruler line
|

e |

| e

shows the current left margin (L), right margin (R), and variable
tab stops
(1). Decimal tabs (Section 4) will show as #'s. Non-tab columns between the
margins display as hyphens.
If the L or R setting occurs at a tab column, the
! or # will be shown.
|
|
|

If the left margin is temporarily moved in with the paragraph tab command

("0OG, Section 4), the L does not move, but the portion of the ruler outside

the temporary margin is displayed without highlighting.
‘Tab stops set outside the margins are active,

and show as !'s or #'s,

only

when the margins are released ("0OX command, Section 4) or word wrap is off , ,

("OW, Section 4).
If the right margin is set wider than the screen, text
beyond column 79 can be viewed by moving the cursor past the rightmost column.
The ruler line display can be eliminated and restored with the “OT command,
Section 4.

If the

ruler display

is turned off while the file directory

display is turned on, WordStar uses a highlighted
line of equal signs (=) to
separate the directory display from the file display.

“

The Text Area
The rest of the screen displays lines of text from the document being edited.
The portion of the document displayed always includes the cursor position in
the file, so that the screen cursor can correspond to the the file cursor.

All columns of the screen except the rightmost are used to display text.
example,

on an 80-column screen,

For

at most 79 columns of text will appear on a

line.
The rightmost column of the screen is blank or displays a "flag"
Character to indicate a special type of line or a "hard” carriage return, as

explained in the following paragraphs.

Each line in the file display area shows what will usually print on one line
of the document; exceptions include the following:
|
-

If a line is too long to be displayed on one screen line (79 columns for an
80-column screen), WordStar will display as much of the line as the screen
will allow.
That portion of the line that is beyond column 80 may be brought
into view by moving the cursor past column 79.
When the cursor is past column
79 (and the continuation line is on-screen), the column number shown in the
status line still reflects the print column, not the screen column now
occupied by the cursor.
|

2-12

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section

Getting

Acquainted

For special effects, it is possible to have two or more consecutive lines
which print over each other, so that two different characters can be printed
in the same position to form a special graphic. On the screen, a hyphen (=)

in the rightmost column (i.e., the "flag” column) indicates that the next

screen line will prmt over the lme so flagged. To terminate a line to be
overprmtedr type
RETURN to enter a carriaga mtum without line

The dynamic page break display feature shows a line of -'s, with a P in the
rightmest column, at places where a page break will fall during printout:
.

This line is added only for diaplay purposes, there is no such line in the
document.
(If the page break is caused by a "form feed" ("L) character in the

file, then the form feed (and the characters pmceamg it, if any) are shown

on the screen line, with hyphens to their right.)

The display of page break

lines can be turned off, and back on, with the "OP command.

When thedocument ends before the bottom of the screen, the remainder of the
screen displays blank lines with periods in the rightmost (flag) column.
a new file, the screen is initially filled with such lines.

For

If the flle display is maved down on the screen until the beginning of the
file is below the top of thedisplay area, the portion of the screen above the
beginning of the file is filled with blank lines with colons (:) in the
rightmost column.
ordinary

Line

Ordinary lines in the file display area show lines of text from the file that
are notlonger than the screen line and are not overprinted by the next line.
Such lines can end in a "hard" or a "soft" carriage return, as described in
the General Information Manual; the hard carriage return is indicated with a <
flag, and the soft carriage return with a blank flag.
The following example shows the screen's appearance after entering two
paragraphs and a list, illustrating the display of hard and soft carriage
returns.

less.

No menu is shown,

indicating that the help level is set to 2 or

The symbol B represents the cursor.

WordStar

Reference

Manual

2-13

Section

(

Getting

A:FILE1.DOC PAGE 1 LINE 13 OOL 1

Acquainted

| \

L|
—2
This is a paragraph of text entered without using the RETURN
key;
word wrap formed the lines.
The line breaks will be

moved if the user invokes reformation.
Note that the flag
Character column is blank, except on the last line,
where a
< indicates that RETURN key was used to end the paragraph.

The following list was entered using the RETURN key between
lines,
because the
1line breaks were desired in these
positions.
Note the <'s in the rightmost column:

Words

- Sentences

Paragraphs

<
<

EILE CHARACTER DISPLAY
Files edited by WordStar may contain all ASCII characters (hexadeci
mal code
values 0 - 7F) except control-Z (1A hex). Most terminals display
only the
printing characters (codes 20 - 7E hex). WordStar uses combinations of
charac—
ters to display other codes:
|
|

Table 2-l. Non—displayable Characters

CIRL I

Tab (09 hex).
Enough spaces to move to next multiple of 8
columns.
Note: this character is common in non-documents such
as

program

source

variable stop tabs.

Other

Control

Characters

Delete

files,

but

not

See Section 6.

used for WordStar's

" and letter or punC£uation character (except lE and lF hex,

which are used internally to represent soft hyphens and display

as highlighted hyphens (-).

Tilde (", 7E hex).
unlikely.

Occurrence of this character in a file is

Control letters are common in document files as they are used to control print
enhancements such as underlining. They display as " and a letter, just as they
are printed in this manual. Although two characters appear on the screen only
one character is in the file and is edited as a single character. For example,
a "delete character" command ("G) will result in the disappearance of both the

“ and the letter from the screen.

2-14

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Getting Acquainted

Section 2
Flag Characters

Most of the "flag" characters which can appear in the rightmost column of the
file display area were introduced earlier in this section; Table 2-2 summarizes all of them for reference.

‘Blank

L:me enda in "soft" (mmdwparagmph) cmrmge return; this

lme bmak may be chmxged by subsequent word wrap or paragraph
reform ommtwns. |

|Line ends in "hard" carriage return; this line break will not change

|in subsequent word wrap or reform operations.

This line is continued beyond column 80; an attempt to move the

cursor to the right of column 80 will bring more of the line into

Next line will overprint this line.

This screen line is after (below) the end of the document. Also

view.

|This screen line is befcre (atwve or prior to) the beginning of the

appears on last line of document if there is no carriage return
after the text.
dmt.

New page begins with fwllmamg screen line.
break display is on ("OP).
|

Appears only when page
|

“J

Line contains an unrecognized, and possibly erroneous, "dot commangd"
(Section 7). Also appears while a dot command line is being typed
in; disregard until entry is complete. Does not appear when editing
a "non-document" (Section 6).

|Line ends in "line feed" character without "“carriage return" character. This is a mnwfitandmd file format never created in normal

|WordStar use.

Line contains a MailMerge dot command.
12).

See MailMerge (Sections 9-

Note

The flag character is not displayed on the last line of most terminals.

blank.

Because of normal hardware limitations, this position is left

Scroll the display up a lme ("Z) to see the flag column

character for the last line.

WordStar

Refgrence

Manual

Section

Getting

Acquainted

Screen Updating
The file display area of the screen is updated at the end
of each command, or
after each character of text entered, provided that no further
keys have been
struck.
Only the changed portions of the screen are redisplayed.

The file display is not updated until the command has been
executed completely.
For example, the cursor to end of file command
("QC) can take several
seconds or longer, during which the screen remains unchanged, except
that “QC

displays in the upper left hand corner and DISK WAIT appears if
necessary.

Screen update is further deferred until all characters typed have
been processed, allowing WordStar to process commands and text
entry typed at a much

higher burst rate than the terminal display can keep up with.

several

For example, if

“scroll up screenful" commands (°C) are typed quickly
, the file display area remains unchanged until all of them have been processe
d.
This
allows rapid motion through the file.
|

If a character is typed while WordStar is in the midst of updating
the screen,
the update will be suspended until that character is processed, momentar
ily
(or longer, if a slow command was entered) leaving the
screen in a partially
updated state.
|

The scroll up line ("2) and scroll down line (“W) command
s always display the
new line scrolled onto the screen immediately.
This makes possible rapid
upward scrolling with all lines displayed, by holding
down repeat CTRL Z.
(On

some keyboards, any key which is held down repeats; on others,
there is a
Separate REPEAT key which should be held for repetit
ive transmission.)
Simi-

larly, repeat-control-W will scroll the text downward continuously
on terminals capable of downward scrolling.
-

HINT
All terminals are capable of "scrolling" the text upward, but
on those without
the "line delete" code, WordStar will scroll instea
d of redisplay only if
there is no menu above the file display area.
Thus, users of “dumb" terminals
will obtain faster upward scrolling (for example, with
the “Z command) if they
suppress the menu by reducing the help
level.

2-16

WordStar Reference Manual

Basic Editing

Section 3

~ Section 3
Basic Editing

Sections 3-6 describe all of the commands that are available while editing a
file. The descriptions are orgamzed into categorms to facilitate reference.
The categories are organized in the approximate order a new user will need to
learn cmmmands, But this doesn't mean that all commands m a category should
be learned beforeprogremmq to the next.

Bach section includes concise tables of commands and most sections include

additional descriptions.

In part icular, Section 4 contains extensive Gescrip-

tion of the use of WordStar's on—-screen text formattirg features.

The commands that are available when not ed,xtmq a file (at the no-file menu)
are described in Section 1.

Cursor motion commanc: are used to place the cursor at the desired point in
the text before making a correction or addition. All scroll motion commands
move the display of the document up or down on the screen, or display an
entlrely dlffemnt screen of text as necessary to bring the cursor destination
into view.

go to places on the
As notea at the enc of this section, the cursor will not
screen that do not mpmwnt characters in the file,

Table 3-1 shows all of the commands relating to cursor motion. The second
character of a twmwk@y command is shown as an upper case letter, but it may
also be entered as a lower case letter or a control character.

Ncte tlat the basic curscr motion keys (°S, “E, "D, and “X) are arranged in a
diamond on your keyboard. The position of the keys corresponds to the direction of cursor motion:

B
I

|_word

up
|

”"g‘“‘ |_word|
X

down

Figure 3-1. The Cursor Diamond

WordStar

Reference Manual

3-1

Section 3

Basic

Editing

The adjacent keys to each side of
the diamond, “A and "F, move the
cursor
farther in the same direction—to the
next word instead of the next character.
Furthermore, prefixing any of the
four basic diamond keys with “Q moves
the

cursor as far as it will go on the
screen in that direction,

Table 3-1.

Cursor Motion Commands

Command

Description

°s

Cursor Left Character.
Moves the cursor to the previous chara
cter
in the file, going to the end of
the preceding line if at the
beginning of the current line. One commo
n use of this command is to
back-space over characters just enter
ec to make a correction.
(“H
and BACKSPXCE are equivalent to “§).
Cursor Right Character.

Moves the cursor to the next ctaracter
in

the file, going to the beginning of the
next line if at

the current line.

the end of

Cursor Up Line.
Moves the cursor up to the preceding
screen line.
The cursor remains as nearly as possible
in the same print column;
moves left if needed to avoid landing
beyond the end of a line.

Cursor Down Line.

Moves the cursor down to the next screen line.

The cursor remains as nearly as possible
in the same print column;
moves left if necessary to avoid landi
ng beyond the end of a file

line.

Cursor Left Word. ‘Moves the curser back to
the beginning of a word.
See exact definition of "word" after
this table,

Cursor Right Word.

Moves the cursor forward to the beginning of the

Cursor to Left Side.

Moves the cursor to the leftmost column of the

next word.
This is a fast way to get the curso
r to the desired
position in a line.

current

screen

line.

Cursor to Right ‘Side.

Moves the cursor right to the position after

the last character displayed on the curre
nt sCreen line; usually
this is not the right edge of the screen.

Cursor to Top.
Moves the cursor to the top line of the
text area,
remaining as nearly as possible in the
same column.

Cursor to Bottom. Moves the cursor to the
bottom line of the text
area (similar to “QE).
”
|
Cursor to Beginning of File.
Moves the curscr to the beginning of
the document.
For a long document, doing a save (“KS) is faster
and

uses less diskette temporary file space if
the
rnear the end of the document.

3-2

WordStar

cursor is currently

Reference

Manual

Basic Editing

Section 3

“QC

~ Cursor to End of File. Moves the cursor to the position after the

“Q0-9

Cursor to Place Marker.

Cursor to Beginning of Block.

last character of the document.

markers”. Place markers are set by the operator with the commands
"K0 through “K9 (see Section 5.

Moves thecursor to the beginning of

the marked block, and displays the marker if it is presently undis- |

played.

Blocks are described in Section 6.

Cursor to End of Block.

“QK
|

“QP

Moves the cursor to one of ten “place

Moves the cursor to the end of the cur-

rently marked block, similarly.

Cursor to Position Before Previous Command. Mmres the cursor to its
position before the precedingcommand

command is particularly

useful after saves, to get back to where you were edltmg, and after

"B (paragraph reform), to get back to the point where you were

making changes.

Cursor to Start of Last Find. Cursor to Source of Last Block. Moves
the cursor to its position before the last Find or Replace command
(Section 5) or to the position of the source of the last block of

text moved, copied, or deleted (Section 6), whichever has been used |

most recently.

Definition of a "Word”

For the purposesof the word left ana word right commands (A and “F) and the

delete word command (°T), a "word" is defined to malude one punctuation
character (. , ¢ ; ! or ?2) at the end, if present, and any number of fol-

lowing spaces and tabs.

Words may be separated by commas (for example)

without spaces, and the cursor will come to rest after each comma.

A carriage

return is also treated as though it were a word, that is, the cursor will stop

at the end of each line as well as at the beginning of each word in each line.

The cursor can be moved only onto characters present in the file, or to the

position immediately after the last character of a file line. This latter

position corresponds to being "on" the carriage return between lines.

Recall

that lines in the file are stored in variable length, with “carriage return”

characters separating them. There is usually blank space on the scCreen to the

The cursor

right of each line for which the file contains no c:hamctars.

cannot be moved into this space with thecursor motion commands

WordStar Reference Manual

3-3

Section

Basic

Editing

To get the cursor to go beyond the actual characters at the right of the
end
of a line, the line must be extended. Put the cursor at
the end of the line

("QD),

then space or tab over to the desired column.

If insertion is off,

you

can tab over without bothering with the “QD. The tab key
("I) acts like a
cursor motion command when the cursor is over existing characters, but extends
the line with spaces upon reaching the end of the existing text.
Usually you will find that the cursor can be moved one or two more columns to
the right of the last character visible on a line.
This just means that there
are one or two "space" characters in the file between the last visible character and the carriage return.

The cursor will not move beyond the position after the last
character in the
file, nor move to
a position before the beginning of the file.

The cursor will not come to rest in "markers" “(see Section 5),
nor in page
break display lines
represent

file

(

‘

P),

characters.

as these are display items that do not
|

The cursor will come to rest only on the first display characte
r of a file
character displayed with multiple characters (see Section 2). This occurs
with respect to print control characters entered into the
file to control
enhancements such as underline, and with the (non-document) fixed "tab" characters, if you use them (Section 6).

How the Cursor Moves

"Horizontal" cursor motion follows the characters in the working document
,
wrapping to beginning (left) of the next line when moved to the right from the
end of a line, or to the end (right) of the preceding line when
moved to the
left from the beginning of a line.
For example, successive "cursor right”

("D) commands move the cursor to the right until the end of the line
is

reached, then the next "D moves the cursor to the beginning of the next screen
line, at the left edge of the screen.

Horizontal cursor motion moves extra positions as necessary to avoid landing
in a place the cursor won't go, such as on the letter of a control character
displayed as “-letter, or on a display item that does not represen
t a file
Character, such as a marker or a page break line.
o
Starting with release 3.0,

lines of a WordStar document wider than 80 columns

will be displayed on
a single line, rather than wrapped to a second or third
line.
When the document first appears, only characters in columns 1-79 will
be shown on the screen.
However, as you attempt to move the cursor beyond

column 79, the line in which the cursor rests will shift left 20 columns.

(This number can be changed from 20 to another value if desired.)

one second, the rest of the line in view will also shift left.

After about

The lines on

the screen shift similarly to the right any time you move the cursor back to a
column beyond the left side of the screen.
'
|
Any time the margin is beyond the rightmost column that is visible on the
screen,

the

ruler

line

will

display a + at the

right

side of the

screen.

Flags displayed at the right side of the screen will have the same meanings as
indicated in Table 2-2, even though the actual right margin is not in view.

3-4

WordStar

Reference Manual

Basic Editing

;

Section 3

For the purpose of scrolling horizontally, print control characters in the
file are counted, even though they are not counted for the purpose of
printing. With horizontal scrollmg, it is posmble to have a line more than
240 columns md@.~ (The limit is about 32,000columns.)

Vertical cursor motion keeps the cursor in the same ptint column, or as near

to it as possible. When the destination line islong enough, the cursor will
usually move straight up or down, but it may jog left or right according to

the "same print column” rule if one of the lines contains one or more print

control characters. The print control characters, described in Section 7,
dmplay as a caret () and a letter (two columns), but don't print (or print
in one column only).

If the Cur‘sor is moved up ("E) or down (“X) and the destination line is

shorter, the cursor will move left as necessary to aveoid landing beyond the
end of the line. The cursor also moves sidewise, if necessary, to avoid
landing in any of the other forbidden places previously described. It will
move vertically an addltlonml line if nec:wwary to skip over a page break
line.

When a command moves the cursor to a character not displayed on the screen,
the screen display is scrolled to bring the cursor destirztion onto the
screen.
For example, if the cursor is already on the top disglay llm, a

"cursor up" ("E) will move the file display down a line in order to give the

cursor a place to go.

Commands that scroll the file diaplay up or down also mwe‘,the cursor to a
different line if necessary
to keep it on the screen.

The cursor is also kept out of the bottom line of the screen by scrolling the
file display or moving the cursor ur when necessary. This makes the next line
always visible when text is being altered, reducing the chance of inadvertently typing over it.
|

to
Any

move

the

cursor

beyond

enc

the

file

before

tle

attempt

beginning of the file leaves the cursor unmoved. Add lines to the f 11e if you
wish to move above the begmm.ng or below the end.

SCROLLING

The scrol lmg commands change the text cdisplayed on the screen, without necessarily mcving the curscr; these commands are conmcnly used to bring the
Gesirec text into view.

The cursor motion commands (previous section) also move the document on the

screen, but mly when recessary to keep the cursor destination in the display

area,

WordStar

Reference

Manual

3=-5

Section

-y

Basic

Table 3-2,

Editing

Scrolling Commands

f—

Scroll Up One Line. Scrolls the file display (o directory) up ome

line: a line disappears off the top of
the screen ané a lire is
|
added at the bottom.

Scroll Down One Line.

Scrolls the file display (or directory) down

one line,

°C

Scroll Up One "Screenful®TM

Moves the display up by a "screenful",

showing adiditional lines toward end of file.
Cursor remains in same
screen line, as nearly as possible to the
same column.
Actual
rotion is abcut 3/4 the number of displ
ayed lines, so that there is
some overlap between successive "screenfuls”,

“R
"Qz

Sémll Down One "Screenful®. Moves the display down a "screenful.”
| Continuous Scroll Up.
tinuously,

Starts moving the screen display up con-

a line at a time.

Continuous Scroll Down.
continuously,

Starts moving the screen display down

a line at a time.

Scrolling (°Z and “W)
For vpward scrollirg (downward file moticn), the
cursor line is moved cown
only if it is already in the top line of the text
area; otherwise the cursor
remains on the same character.
However, if the file directory (see “KF,
Section 6) is displayed and there are acditional lines
of f i1le names below the
partial directory shown on the screen, “Z will
scroll the directory up one
line and leave the file display unchanged.
n

¥lenever you iritiate continuous scrolling,
WordStar displays

TYPE 1-9 TO VARY SPEED, SPACE TO STOP |
rress 1

for fastest screclling,

9 for slowest.

Tre cefault speed is initially

Press any other key to stop the screen mction.

TEXT ENTRY

Generally, text entry is accomplished simply by typing
the text.
FHowever,
related ccnimands are used to control whethe
r the text inserts or cvertypes
existing text, to control the forming
of text into lines by word wrap, tc
indicate paragraph endings, or to TMtab” to preset
tab stops, etc.

The basic commands for entering text are shown
in Table 3-3,

with more

Cetailed explanations of some commancs in the
paragraphs. ti-at follow.,
Additicnal commands and extensive discussion of on-scre
er text forrmetting for word

3=6

WordStar Reference Manual

Section 3

Basic Editing

processing purpcees are given in Section 4, after presentetion of deletion and
saving commands.

Table 3-3.

Insertion OR/OFF.

Determines whether characters typecd are inserted |

into current line, or replace (overtype) characters already in line.

Press once to tum insertion OFF, and again to turn insertion back
ON.

VWhen on,

INSERT ON shows in status line.

EndPmmgmph. With insertion ON, RETURN inserts a hard car riage
return in the file; with insertion OFF, RETURN makes the carriage
return at the end of the line "hard" if it is "soft", then moves the

cursor to the beginning of the next file line,

“N

Insert "Hard"TM Carriage Return. A "hard" carriage return is inserted
' at the cursor position and the cursor is left in front of it; that
is, the cursor is not moved. Text to the right of or below the
cursor moves down,

“I

Tab. Aflvame to the next tab stop. If there are no more tab stops

“01

Set Va,tiable Tab.

“ON

Clear Variable Tabh.

“CF

“Px

cn the current line, go to next line. Only tab stops set within the
riargins ere useC unless word wrap is off or margins are released.

(see Section 4).

Sets either an ordinary or a decimal tab stop
Clears a tab stop (see Secticn 4).

| Set Tabs and Margins from "Ruler” Line in File.

2llcws you to type |

a line of symbols in your file to be usec tc cset tabs and margins
(see Section 4).
|

Enter Control Character.

“F followed by a letter (x) enters the

ccrresponding control character

intc the file;

ary other

character

excelt cpace is entered exactly as typed. This rermits entering
- control characters that normally have command functiorns.,
For exam=-

ple,

"P°S or “PS will enter a CIRL S (°S) into ti¢ dccument.

End Paragraph (RETURN)

if the line specirg is set to 2 when you pmfia RETUFN, two returns arc incser-

ted or two lines moved down over, etc.

RETURN shculc not normally be used

between the linres of
a raravraph; let word wrap form the lines instead.
RETURN with intertion ON will split & lire into two if the cursor is in midline, or produce a blank line if the cursor is at the beginning or the end of
a line,

Manual

Reference

(:)

WordStar

o |

RETURN with inserticn OFF may be usecC tc change a soft carriage return to
hard; for example after cdeletinc the last line or lines of a paragrarh.

Section

Basic

Editing

Insert "Hard" Carriage Return (°N)

Depending on the cursor position, "N will create a blank
line (cursor at

beginning or end of line) or split a line into two
lines

(cursor in mid-line).

Comparison of RETURN and "N
Note the following differences between inserting a
and inserting a carriage return with °N:

carriage return with RETURN

"N makes an insertion whether insertion is
ON or OFF;
an insertion only when insertion is ON.

RETURN makes

"N leaves the cursor before the inserted
carriage return; RETURN

leaves the cursor after the carriage return.

"N always single ,spacas;

multiple lines)

RETURN inserts ‘multiple returns (or moves

if the line spacing

("0S)

is set greater than L.

Generally, RETURN is the more convenient
key to use when paragraph ends or
blank lines are needed in the course of continuous
text entry.
°N is a
convenient way to make a blank line or lines
into which to type a paragraph to
be inserted. Using "N first makes sure the new line.or
paragraph ends in a
"hard" carriage return even if you forge
t to type RETURN at the end; only a
single "N is necessary before entering a paragraph of any
length under word

wrap.edExperienced users

entered.

find

"N extremely useful
|

in correcting text already

Tab (°I)
The tab function works one way when insertion
is ON and another way when it is
OFF:
|
Insertion ON:

Tab inserts spaces, and possibly a "hard" carria
ge return,
to reach next tab stop.
Text after the cursor moves ahead.

‘Insertion OFF: Tab moves the cursor over
existing text; if there is no
more existing text and the next tab stop is on the current
line, the line

1s extended with spaces; if there are no more
tab stops on the current
line, WordStar inserts a "hard carriage return" and moves the cursor
o a

new

line.

Note that the tab key (with insertion ON,
or cursor beyond end of line; and
variable tabbing on) enters regular space characters
into the file.
Theése

gaill be subsequently edited just as if they
had been entered with the
r.

Each tab stop may be regular or "decimal".

space

After you tab to a “decimal® stop,

text moves left as entered until "." is pressed,
point is at the tab stop.
See Section 4.

aligning the data so the

For tab operation with variable
Tabbing Mode," Section 6.

(“OT command),

3-8

tabbing

turned off

WordStar

see

Reference

"Fixed

Manual

Basic Editing

Section 3

“P is used to enter "print centrol characters” for underlining, boldface,
subscripting, etc, into the document. These characters are fully descrmed in
Section 7 and summ ;-med in the Print Menu.

°“P- may also be used to enter a

“hard” (regular) h,‘,f’”",hen when"soft hyphenentry" is on (see OB, Sec:twn 4).

In addition, “P may be used to key in any code (1-7F hex) that your keyboard

can generate, for special (non-document) purposes.

The character entered with

"P will insert or overtype, depending on whether insertion is ON or OFF.

Table 3-4 summarizes some of the uses of “P.

for P

~p-

Enter mard Eyphen..fi.lways enters a "hard" (mgular) - even if soft |
hyphen entry ( “OE) is on or "B (with hyphen-help,

pausing to allow hyphenation.

"PO

"OH, on) is

Enter Non-Break s;paae* Enter a control-O into the file at points
where you want a space to print but you do not want the line wrapped
or spaces inserted for justification.

“PH

Sttikwver.

chamctm,
as “He

Causes the next character to overprint the preceding

i.e. to print in the same position.

"P RETURN|Enter Overprint Line.

or
"M

Strikeover displays

Enters “carriage return" code without "line

feed" merpmnt code into file, causing the LINE entered immediately after ““P RETURN" to OVERPRINT the preceding line. A hyphen

| (=) appears in rightmost column of screen to indicate that next line
overprints line with hyphen (=),

Overprint Lines (
Overprint lines may be used to produce special effects,

ghamctm:?s in the same column position.
ection

by printing multiple

The “P command is fully described in

Many other commands influence the on-screen formatting of text.

Read Section
4 for full descriptions; refer to the Onscreen Menu for a brief summary.

Hints for mtering Tables
Set the margins wider than the table and clear all tab stops.

Set a tab stop

for each desired column.

Press the TAB key after entering each field.

Tab-

field on the next line.

Setting the margins and tab stops is discussed in

WordStar

Manual

bing after the last item on each line will automatically take you to the first
Section 4 under the subheading "Setting Tab Stops and Margins'.

Reference

3=-9

Section 3

Basic Editing

If the table is not at the end of the file, check that insert
is ON before

entering the table,

or use "N to make a number of blank lines for the
table.

To ensure that the table prints with the columns aligned as they appear on
the
screen

(even if "B or word wrap is used accidentally
), place a .UJ OFF dot

command just before the table to turn microjustification OFF.
If .UJ OFF is
not used, and a line in the table is word-wrapped or
reformed with "B (Section

4), the line may not print exactly as it appears on the screen.

Remember to

use .UJ ON at the end of the table to turn microju
stification back on.

TEXT DELETION

The commands shown in Table 3-5 are used to remove text
from the document.

Table 3-5.

Deletion Commands

Delete Character. Deletes the character at the cursor position. If
the cursor is at the end of a line, deletes the carriage return,
joining two lines.

DELETE

Delete Character Left.

Deletes the character immediately left of

the cursor.
If the cursor is at the beginning of a line, deletes
| carriage return, joining the current line onto the precedi
ng line.
DELETE, DEL, RUB and RUBOUT are alternate labelings of the same Key.

The code ""_" (IF hex) is generated by some keyboards if
the CTRL
key is held while DELETE is pressed.
The latter code is accepted to
make it unnecessary to release the CTRL key or (on some keyboard
s)
move to the SHIFT key before rubbing out characters.

Delete Word Right.

Deletes the word containing the cursor, and

following spaces. If the cursor is in mid-word, “T deletes only
that portion of the word at and to the right of the cursor. If
the
cursor is between words, "T deletes only the spaces up to the next

word.
If the cursor is at the end of a line, T deletes the
carriage return and any spaces following.
See "Definition of a
Word” earlier in this section.

Delete Line.

Deletes the entire line on and off the screen in which

the cursor is resting.
with any associated overprint lines.
lines that follow move up on the screen.

Delete to End of Line.
in the

line

Deletes from the cursor position rightward

in which the cursor

carriage return at end line,

- "KY

the lisne

(1ike “QY).

Does not delete

Deletes leftward to the beginning of

(See DELETE in

this

table

for

key

Deletes the currently marked block of text.

See

"Block Operations",

3-10

resting.

other

names.

Delete Block.

nor overprint lines.

"Q DEL | Delete to Beginning of Line.
|

The

Section 6.

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section 3

Basic Editing

locument that you are entaring or changing is not mmmnfly stored until

saved” on dwkett:@.

“KS

Furthermmm, only a diakwsawed dacument can be printed.

Save File and Resume. Saves the document and initiates re-edit:
short for “KD followed by another D (or N) command for same file.

Curscr is left at beginning of file: ta mmme cursor to previous

positicn, enter “QP as the next comman:

Use “KS frequently to save your work so fm', then continue editing
the same document. Also, thiz command is the fastest way to get the
cursor from the end to the beginning of extremely long files.
Save File—Done.

Saves the document and goes to the no-file menu,

Save File and Exit.

the operating syster:.

“RQ

Abandon File.

Saves the document and exits from WordStar to

Terminates editing of this file without saving the

new version.
Asks for yes-no confirmation if changes have been
nace; coes tc the no-file menu after termination.

Use “XQ when you Go not want the changes saved; also useful when no.
changes have been made, as after "editing”TM a file to inspect the
oocumwt oI: the screen.

Every edltmg sescion whose results you want to keep must be ended with one of
the "save®TM commands; a save must be issued cduring editing if you want to print
what you have done sc¢ fzr; saving frequently during long sessions is advisable
to guard against power fallums, computer bmakdown, or catastrophic command
errors.

WordStar provices @ "save and resume” (“KS) command tc save your work so far,

then continue editing.
This eliminates the need to enter a "D" command after
savirc, enc¢ is a convenience for saving periodically during long sessicns or
saving to permit printing the te:it entered so far. After this save, if the
help level is not 8, WordStar displays a message reminding you that the “QP
conmand may be vse€¢ to return the curscr to its position before the save.
Note

Until saved, all changes made are temporary, and will be lost in tke
event of a power fzilure, computer crash, full diskette, etc. The

“F® conmand provides a convenient way to file and continue editing,
Save early anc save often!

WordStar

Reference

Manual

3-11

Section

Basic Editing

. After saving is completed, the original file (the one named in the "D" command
or after "WS" in the system command that calls up WordStar) will
contain the
updated document, and a file with the same primary name but type BAK will
contain the previous version of the document.
Note that only ONE .BAK file is
kept.
Multiple saves, including “KS's, will lose the original input file. The
General Information Manual describes file changes because of a "save."

After saving with the “KD command, the no-file menu is displayed.

You may

then edit another file, print a file, or perform other commands.
It is thus
possible to edit several files in succession without re-invoking WS for each

one.

The commands in this section relate to saving (filing) the document being
edited under the file name it came from.
The ADDITIONAL FILE COMMANDS,

described in Section 6,

permit other file-related operations such as writing

part or all of the document on a file with a different name, merging files,
and splitting a file into several files.
o
|

3-12

WordStar Reference Manual

Section 4

On-Screen Text Formatting

Section

On-Screen

Text

4
FPormatting

The commands for formatting text on the scrwm are shown in Table 4-1,

followed by detailed descriptions of some

ammands

Table 4-1. On-Screen Text Formatting Commands

Center: Line.

Document line contammg curmr is cmte:ed between

Blanks at beginning and end of line are ignored.

current margins.

Set Left Margin.

and

Asks for left margin.

Either enter a number 1-240

press RETURN or press ESCAPE to use cursor column margin number

(as shown in 'COL item in status line).

Asks for right margin; enter column number of

Set Right Margin.

rightmost column to use for text, or press ESCAPE key to use cursor

column.

Set Margins and Tabs from Ruler Line in File.

Sets left margin to

position of leftmost non-blank character in line containing the
cursor,

and right margin to rthtmwt non=blank character.

This is

a convenient way to reset the margins to match those used in a

particular paragraph (or in a specially typed line).

Paragraph Tab.

Temporarily sets the left margin in one tab stop

from its pmsant setting.

For example, if the left margin is set at

1 and there is a tab stop at column 6, typing "OG once will temporarily move the left margin to column 6.
the left margin to successive tab stops.

Set Lme Smcmg..

Successive “0G's will set

Asks for a number and sets line smcmg

ouble spacing, 3 for triple spacing, etc.

Enter 2

This spacing is used

whenever word wrap wraps a line, by "B, and when the RETURN key is
Reform Paragraph.

“Forms" ex:.stmg text as it was formed during

entry by word wrap (except with optwnal hyphen-help) to end of

paragraph.

Starting point is left margin of line containing cursor,

- or cursor position if to left of left margin.

Ending point is next

hard carrmge return encountered, or form feed or end of file.

“01

Set Tab Stop.
tab stop.

stop.

Asks for column number at which to set a (variable)

An ! will appear in the ruler line to show the new tab

Enter an # to set a decimal tab stop.

the ruler line.

("0 TAB can also be used.)

An # will appear in|

Clear | Tab Stop(s). Asks for column at which to clear tab stop; type
JRN to clem: all tab stops.

WordStar Reference Manual

4-1

Section

On-Screen Text

Table 4-1. On-Screen Text

Cammand

“1

Formatting

Commands

(Continued)

Description

Tab.

none,

Moves cursor or inserts spaces to next tab stop on line; if

goes to first tab stop on next line.
Unless word wrap is off
or margins are released, only tab stops between the margins are

used.
Fully described in Section 3 fm: the variable
(TAB may also be used.)

“oX

Formatting

(normal) mode.

For Decimal Tabs,

see explanation later in this section.

Margin Release.

Margins are released until the cursor has gone

outside of

margins

then returned to between margins.

MAR REL

appears in status line while in effect.
If margin release is already in effect, another “OX unreleases.
Margin release has the
same effect as turning word wrap off except that margin release
terminates autc:matmcally.

Onscreen Menu Display ("0)
The Onscreen Menu shows whether the following features are currently ON or OFF:

Byphen-help

Variable tabbing
Page break display
Word Wrap

Justification
Print control display
Soft hyphen entry
Ruler display

Setting the Margins ("CL and “OR)

The left and right margins should be set to the desired values whenever text

is being entered (unless word wrap is turned OFF), and whenever the reform
paragraph command ("B) is used.

Setting Ruler Lines ("CF)
The "OF command also sets tab stops at any columns containing an !, or decimal
tab stops
at any columns containing an #, and clears tab stops at columns
containing a hyphen (-).
Thus a "ruler" for tab stops and margins may be
entered into the file,

as discussed later in this section.

Setting Paragraph Tabs (~0G)

The margin set with "OG is temporary; it will remain in effect only until
RETURN is pressed, another margin command is entered, or the cursor is moved
to a location in front of the place where “0OG was typed.
On terminals with

highlighting,

the ruler at the top of the screen will display un-highlighted

to the left of the temporary left margin set with "CG.

Reforming a Paragraph ("B)
The "B command may be used to reform text after making insertions or deletions. The "B_command may also be used to change margins, to change line
spacing, to justify or unjustify the text, and/or to assist in hyphenation.

4-2

WordStar

Reference

Manual

On-Screen Text Formatting

Section 4

cursor in the first line to be
Set the desired parameters, position the
"B leaves the cursor after the hard
altered, and type "B. Upon completion,

carriage return (paragraph end) that t&rminated the | reform operation.

If Hyphen-Help ("OH) is ON, the "B command may pause to allow a hyphen to be

entered to split a word between lines. To hyphenate, move the cursor if

desired, then press the hyphen (-) key.
type

nating,

“B.'

,fl

To continue reformw ing without hyphe-

mmand follows later in this section.

TOGGLE KEYS

4-2, followed by detailed
The toggle keys for formatting are shown in Table
kel
BELE
descriptions of some of the toggles.

able 4-2. Formatting Toggle Key

“OW

Word Wrap ON/OFF. Turns word wrap off if currently on; turns word
wrap on if currently off. Turning word wrap off also activates any

tab stops outside the current margins. Word wrap isdescribed in

detail after this table.

Justification ON/OFF. When ON, "soft" amcefi are inserted in each

"QJ

line formed by word wrap or "B to bring the right end of each line

out to the exact margin; when off, no "soft" spaces are inserted
sent are removed), leaving text “ragged right".

"Oov

Variable Tabbing ON/OFF.

When ON

tar's variable tab stops are

in effect, and spaces are entered into file for tabs. When OFF, the

description under "Fixed Tabbing Mode" in Section 6 applies.

Should

normally be left on for word processing use. Note: when turned OFF,
the ruler line continues to show the variable tab stops.

Ruler Line ON/OFF. Turns display of the "ruler" line showing mar-

“or

gins and tab stops off and on.

"OP

“0D

oFF. Controls displa

Page Break Display Of
y of page break lines
P
and
y
and LINE items
screen
la
of
area
sp
nd PAGE
di
£11€
40
P.
s

Print Control Display ON/OFF. Controls display of control charac-

ters which do not print. Turn OFF to make the screen look more like

printout when checking text; keep on while editing.

Turning “OD off greatly improves visualization of text containing
many print controls. Always turn “OD back ON before editing. If
textual changes are made with print control display off, the print

controls will usually remain in their old places, which will usually

' yield undesired results.

WordStar Reference Manual

P RSO

4-3

Section

On-Screen

Text

Formatting

Table 4~2.;Formatting Toggle Keys (Continued)
“CH
|

Byphen-Belp ON/OFF.

When Hyphen-Help is ON, the "B command (reform

paragraph) will pause upon
encountering a long word that
does not

quite fit on the line.

The operator may then position the cursor

(which indicates where the hyphen will
be placed) and press the
hyphen (=) key to insert a (soft) hyphen and contin
ue reforming, or
press "B to continue reforming without hyphe
nating.
|

"CE

Soft Hyphen Entry ON/OFF.

When soft hyphen entry is ON, the "-* key

always enters a "soft" hyphen, rath
er than a regular (hard) hyphen
or dash.
A soft hyphen is a hyphen that will print
ONLY if word

wrap or

paragraph

reform ("B)

leaves it at the end of a line.

When page break display is Off, FC=cccce and FL=111 displ
ay in status line as

described in Section 2. By moving the cursor to the end
of file and reading
the FC= item, you can determine file size.
|
~‘

Print Control Display Toggle (“CD)

Note the following points when "OD is OFF,

thoae soft hyphém (see "OE in this table) which will not print

not display;

®
-

the "non-break-space" character (cantml-O)
displays as a space,
rather than "70";
|

other print controls do not display (see Section 7).

Soft Byphen Entry Toggle (“Cg)

Turning soft hyphen entry ON allows hyphen
ating words with the - key as text

is entered; only the hyphens which fall at the end of
line will print.
Turning “OE
ON is not necessary to hyphenate when "B pause
s for hyphenation
under hyphen-help.
Soft hyphens display highlighted; the "OD command (above)

can be used to suppress display of soft
hyphens which will not print.
To
enter
a hard hyphen—eveif
n "OE is ON—type P -.
When “OE is ON, the
\

(=) key also enters a soft hyphen into a file
name, or a text to search for or

substitute, or answering other questions asked by various
WordStar commands.
To enter a hyphen in a file name when “OE
is ON, type "P -. See the addition-

al description of soft hyphens in the text later in this
section.
Note

| Files containing soft hyphens will not print correctly with releases
of WordStar earlier than 2.0.

4-4

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section 4

On-Screen Text Formatting

Table

Left Margin
Right Margin

4-3. Defaults for Parameters

Variable Tab Stops

Variable Tabbing

Column 1
. Column 65

Coix.mn 1
| Column 65

(80—column screen)

- (80-column screen)

(64-column screen)

Cols. 6, 11, 16,..., 56

Cols. 9, 17, 25,..., 73

‘

OFF

Word Wrap

OFF

| Justification

OFF

Ruler Display

’ ON

OFF

Page Break Display

Inoperative

Print Control Display

o ON

Hyphen-Help

OFF

Any changes made in the items shown in m 4-3 remain in effect as successive files are edited, except that all of the ON/OFF items are re-defaulted if

an N edit follows a D edit, or vice versa.

ENTERING TEXT WITH WORD WRAP ON
Set the margins ("OL and "OR, or "OF) if you don't want to use the defaults.

Turn justification off ("0J) if you want ragged right, set the line spacing
("0S) for double or txipla spacing ifdesired.

On the first keystroke, inden-

tation to the l@ft mrqm (if not at col mn 1) will occur. Each time you tvpe beymd the right margin,

the pa tial word that didn't fit

on the line is moved down to the left margin on tm next line, and the pre-

ceding line is just:.fled (unless you selected ragged right).

Within a para-

graph, type without using the RETURN key, letting WordStar form the text into
lines.

Avoiding use of the return key in mmd—pamgmph is important:

if you

do use the RETURN key, the resulting "hard" carriage return will interfere
with later paragraph reforming after corrections.

At the end of a paragraph, press the RETURN key.
carriage return (fixed line break) in the file,

in the rightmost column.

RETURN twice.

This will record a "hard"

indicated on the screen by a <

If you want a blank line between paragraphs, press

Two RETURNS are all you need between block paragraphs.

Any-

where else you want a fixed line break, as between lines of a list or a table,
press the RETURN key.

WordStar

Reference

W .

Manual

4-5

Section

Spaces

On-Screen Text

Formatting

in the Text

Any spaces you type are permanently kept in the file; they are
termed “hargd"
spaces.
To form indented paragraphs, type the desired number of spaces at the

beginning of each paragraph. The first time you press the space bar, WordStar
will indent to the left margin before entering your space, so that your space
is in addition to those supplied by WordStar to get to the margin.
The TAB

("I) key

desired

may also be used to begin indented paragraphs (with a stop set at the

column

(0I)).

If you like two spaces after all periocds,

type that way.

Your spaces will be

kept.
When a period falls at the end of a line, your spaces won't show on the
screen but they will come back if later reforming makes the period fall in
the
middle of a line.
|

The spaces added to your text by indentation to the left margin, along with
any added to the line during justification, are termed "soft" spaces.
Soft
spaces appear the same on the screen as hard spaces,

WordStar.

but they are distinct to

If the line is later rejustified, or reformed to a new left margin,

"soft" spaces will be selectively removed, but all spaces you entered (including with the TAB key) will be kept.

Releasing the Margins

Any time you want to enter something outside the margins, you may release the

margin ("0X), move the cursor to the desired position,

text.

and enter the desired

You don't need to release the margins in order to get the dot of a dot

command line in column l.
Word wrap automatically disables whenever you are
entering a period in column 1, or whenever the current line already contains a
period in that column.
|
|

Print Control Characters
A formed line containing print control characters will appear to extend beyond
the right margin on the screen.. This is because the print controls occupy no
character positions on the printed page; when printed, the line will be the
correct length.
(The print control characters, such as CIRL S to turn under-

lining on and off, are described in Section 7.)

To view the text on the

screen as it will print, you may turn off the display of print control charac-

ters with "OD.
Only the characters to be printed will then appear on the
screen; a line containing print controls will appear the correct length.
Be
sure to turn print control display on again before continuing to edit.
HINTS PFOR EDITING FORMATTED TEXT

Centering Lines
To center a line of text between the current margins, place the cursor anti-ewhere in the line and type "OC.
This command deletes spaces and tabs at

beginning of the line and enters the appropriate number of hard spaces to
Center the line.
In determining centering, spaces at the beginning and end of
the text on the line are ignored.
|
:
|

4-6

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section 4

On-Screen Text Formatting

Correcting Text within a Pazaqraph
First set the margins, linespacing, andJuamfieata.m to match the paragraph

to be altered—if they are not almady so set.

The most convenient way to set

the margins is to place the cursor in any fullwlemgth line in the pamgmph,
then type "OF.
Then, change the mxt without worrying about the format.

Position the cursor,

d&late text, mmrt new text, and turn inwttion off (V) to permit overAfter you have the

lesired words in th

paraqr 1, position the cursor in the

first changed line (or the first line that lmw messy), and type the paragraph reform command, “B. The paragraph will be fixed up to look the same as
if it had just been typed in with word wrap on, and the cursor will be left on
the line immediately following the mragraph.

part way through the paragraph anddisplay

is hyphen-help, discussed further Mlom

You may notiae that "B stops

essage

about hyphenation.

This

'M contmwe withwthfyphenating, i

just type mothm: "B. To prevent suchstops, turn hyphen-h

)

If you insert near the mmnninq of a line, the md of the lim will move

right, possiblyeven avmfl@wing to tm rmm: screen linm This is OK.

the next screen lme} a + appea.

icat

shtmos:

next screen line is part of the same document line. * (true fm: 3.0?) *
Of course, text correction can be intermixed with text entry as desired.

For

example, if you notice a misspelled word two linw back, cursor up to it,

correct it, and type"B to make sure that line and the following lines are
correctly furm@d..

cursor at the

A backamca (°s) mfter the B will ummlly replace the

the

entering te

Whenever you are altenng a pamqmph. m.aka sure it mda up with a hard

- carriage return at the end.

Sometimes

deleting

text

the

endof a paragraph

will leave it without mne (no < in the mghtmom column @fthescreen).

correct this, "harden" the carriage return by plm:inq t:he cursor at the end of
the line ("QD) and, with insertion off ("V), press RETURN.

Alternate methods

of mmrtmg hard retum include ETUR mth mrticm on and ‘N.

After one

a blank line on tm mmen) which you must delem ( G)«.
Inaarting a~Paxagraph

To insert a new mmgmph betwmn two existing pamqn phs, mitim cursor on

the first line of the second paragraph at the left margm and type “Ne
inserts a "hard" carriage return and leaves the cursor in front of it.

°N

Thus,

the return needed to terminate the paragraph is now in the file and follows
the cursor, which is on a blank line.

Type the body

of the paragraph.

word wrap fomma lines, the paragraph below is pushed down.
Type @mwltiamal
“N's (or RETURNs with insertion on) if necessary to get the desired number of
blank lines betwwem paragraphs.

WordStar

Reference Manual

4-7

Section 4

Splitting

a Paragraph

On-Screen Text

Formatting

To split a paragraph into two, position cursor at desired
division point.

Type "N.

This splits the line and supplies a hard carriage return to termi-

nate the first paragraph, leaving the cursor in the last line of
the first
paragraph. Now type "B, to remove any justification spaces from the last line
of the first paragraph (the last line of a paragraph is never justified
).
Type additional “N's (or RETURNs with insertion on) if blank line(s) are
desired between paragraphs.
The second paragraph now begins with a partial
line that is probably not indented correctly.
Place the cursor at the beginning of this line, correct the number of spaces present (add spaces
if you are
using indented paragraphs; deleté any leftover spaces for block paragraphs),

then type "B to reform the second paragraph.

Joining Two Paragraphs
To join two paragraphs into one, place the cursor at the end of the last
line
of the first paragraph. Type “G's to eliminate all carriage returns between
the paragraphs, joining the first line of the next paragraph onto the current
line.

The cursor will now be in the middle of a long line.

correct number of spaces as desired at this point

Establish the

(presumably one or two after

a period).
To avoid confusion over soft and hard spaces, the surest procedure
1s to delete all spaces adjacent to the cursor, then insert the one or two
desired.
Now type "B, to fix the long line and reform to the end of the

paragraph.

;

As noted earlier, the forming operation removes all “soft" spaces
from the text at the start. There is an exception to this: whenever
removing a soft space or soft carriage return would result in running two words together with no space or "-" between them, the
forming operation inserts a hard space in order to avoid running
words together.
This simplifies editing by making it unnecessary to
type a space after words added to the end of a line.

Changing narginag Justification, or Line Spacing
Paragraph re-form ("B) works just as well for applying new settings to exis-

ting text as it does for applying the settings to modified text.

Of course,
it will also apply new settings to modified text. Set the desired margins,
justification, and line spacing.
You may wish to turn hyphen-help off (“CH)
if you do not wish "B to stop to hyphenate words.
Put the cursor at the
beginning of the paragraph and type "B.
The text will be reformed as specified, even unjustified
if previously justified, without the need to reenter a
single character.
|
v»
R
|
|

For example, if you were to change the left margin to column 5, turn
justification off, set the line spacing to 2, place the cursor at the beginning of
the preceding paragraph, and type
"B, you would end up with the following
example of ragged right text:
~
Paragraph re-form

("B) works just as well for applying new settings to

existing text as it does for applying the settings to modified text.

4-8

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section

On-Screen

Text

course, it will also apply new settings to madified text.

Formatting

Set the desired

margins, jus’i:ific:ation, and line spacing. You may wish to turn hyphenhelp off ("OH) if you do not wish "B to stop to hyphenate words.

Put the

cursor at the beginning of the paragraph and type "B. Thetext will be
reformed as specified, even unjustified if previously jmtified, without
the need to r.eenter a smqle character..

Since paragraph re-form "B starts with the line mmtainim the cursor,

it may

be used to change margins (or justification or line mpacing), in mid-paragraph.
For example, you might want the text to get narrower in mid-paragraph
to leave a space for a diagram on one
side of the page.
To produce such a
space, first form the entire paragraph to
the margins you desire for the first
portion.

Then set the new margins, posi-

tion the cursor in the first line to have

the new margins, and type "B again.

That

line and succeeding lines will be re|
formed while the part above the cursor will remain unchanged. Additional
margin changes may be made byapplying "B as many times as desired, each time
starting farther down in the pamgraph.

“B will help ymu hyphenate existing text if hyphm“help ("OH) is ON. As
explained under "Hyphen-Help" below, "B with hyphen-help ON will stop whenever

a long word that appeam to be a good cmdidmt@ for hyphenation is encoun- tered.
You may prefia the hyphen (......) key to hyphenate and continue reforming,

or press "B to continue

line).

without

hyphena

(thus placing the word on the next

You may move the curmr ( S or "D) Mfmm pressing the hyphen key (-).

Hyphens entered through hyphen-help are “soft", that is,

they mll not print

if later reforming Pplaces them in mid-line.

Cursor Position Mfam Reform
~ Paragraph re—form (°B) never shifts any text on the first line that is either

to the left of the cursor position or to the left of the left margin currently

set.

This allows section numbers and outline numbers
to remain left of the

margin whesn the pamgmph is reformed, as discusaed below.
When you wish tca move a paragraph's 1eft margin to the right,

the cursor must

be placed to the left of all text on the first line before you type °"B;

otherwise, the text to the left of the cursor will not be moved rightward.
In
other words, if the left margin of the paragraphas displayed on the screen is
to the left of the current left margin setting, be sure to place the cursor to

the left of all text on the first line (including any hard spaces used for

paragraph indentation) before typing “B.

When the new left margin is set the same as, or to the left of, the left
margin of the paragraph to be re-formed,

the left of the taxt on the first line.
WordStar

Reference

Manual

the cursmr need not be positioned to

4-9

Section

On-Screen Text

Formatting

Unless there is a section number or word outside the left margin,

placing the

cursor at the beginning of the first line to be reformed before typing "B

always works, and placmg the cursor anywhere in the first line works unless
the new left margin is set to the right of the left margin of the text as
displayed.

Text to the Left of the Left Margin
The “0G (paragraph tab) command is particularly useful when entering or reforming text where there is a section number, word, or other text left of the
margin.
This command temporily resets the left margin to the next tab stop.

This paragraph was entered by typing the 1, a period, "0G, then the text
of the paragraph.
The next tab stop was located in column 6, so "“0OG
temporarily set the left margin to column 6.
The temporary margin
remains in effect until the RETURN key is pressed, or until a cursor
motion command is used to move the cursor out of the paragraph or before
the position within the paragraph where “0G was typed.

Each successive "0G moves the left margxn over one more tab stop.
To enter a paragraph like this,

type "0G, then "a" and a period,

followed by a second "0G, then the text of the paragraph.

A convenient way to enter an outline is to set tab stops at all
desired indentations, clear any other tab stops, and use multiple

"0OG's to establish each indentation.

You may also use ‘“OG to reset the left margin temporarily when reformatting a paragraph with "B.

Be sure to place the cursor to the right of

any section number (or other text left of the left margin) before pressing "B. The tempo:ary margin will be released when the "B is complete.

"0OG is useful when the only text outside the margin is to the left of the

first line of a paragraph.
If you wish to enter text left of lines after the
first line, or to the right of any line, of a formed paragraph. enter the
paragraph first, then enter the text outside the margins with the margins
released.
For example, Table 4-2 has two columns, with formed text in the

"Description" column.

This table could be entered by setting the margins for

the "Description” column, entering the command descriptions, then releasing
the margins, turning insertion off, and typing the "Command" items.
|

Preventing Unwanted !licro-au;stificatim
When printing text that has been “formed" with word wrap or paragraph reform

("B), WordStar will distribute the justification space evenly between the

words on a line.

This produces good appearance for paragraphs, but it can
produce undesired results for tables or other text where the column alignment
in the printout should be exactly as on the screen. Normally, such tabular
text should not be reformed; word wrap should be prevented during entry of
tabular text by setting the margins wider than the table and using the RETURN
.(or TAB) key between lines.
To ensure correct printing of columns of text,

even if (inadvertently) wordwrapped or reformed, place the dot command .UJ OFF (Section 8) before the
table.
Type .UJ ON after the table to return to normal micro-justified
printing.
Further hints on entering tables are given in Section 3.

4-10

’

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section

On-Screen

Text

Formatting

Hyphen-help assists in improving the appearance of text by hyphenating long
words that fall at the end of lines. With hyphen-help on, the paragraph
reform command ("B) will identify long words that won't quite fit on a line,
check that the word contains two syllables, roughly establish the proper place
to hyphenate, then stop to allow the operator to indicate whether to hyphenate
or not.
Since the cursor may not be in exactly the right place for a hyphen,

you can move the cursor one or more characters in either direction before

pressing the hyphen key (-).

yphens
entered via hyphen-help are "soft" hyphens; that is, they will not be
printed if later reforming places them in the middle of a line, but they will
remain in the file and be reactivated if further re-forming places them at the
end of a line again.
To use hyphen-help, make sure that "CH is on (press "0 and look at the menu to
check), make sure the margins, line spacing, and justification are set as
desired, place the cursor at the beginning of the paragraph, and press "B.

When "B finds a likely place to

hyphenate, reforming stops and the following

message is displayed at the top of the screen (except at help level 0):

TO HYPHENATE,

PRESS -.

move cursor:

Before pressing -,

~S=cursor

If hyphenation
not desired,

left,

type

you may

“D=cursor

°“B.

right.

The cursor will be on the character before which WordStar suggests inserting a
hyphen. To hyphenate where the cursor is, press the - key. A "soft" hyphen
will be inserted--regardless whether soft hyphen entry ("OE) and insertion

("V) are ON or OFF--and reforming will continue. If you wish to adjust the
hyphen position, move the cursor left or right, then press -. If you do not
wish to hyphenate the word, just press "B, and reforming will continue,

placing at the beginning of the next line the un-hyphenated

While the above message is on the screen, other commands may be used

Z to bring additional text into view. However, if the cursor is moved out
of
the word or right of the margin, or if a character other than the hyphen (-)
key is entered, the message will clear and the hyphen (=) key will lose its
special meaning.
(If for some reason you wish to enter a reqular (hard)
hyphen while the

“P-, not just =.)

abpo

ve nyphen-pause message is on the screen,

be sure to type

"B may stop for hyphenation and display the message shown above several times

while one paragraph is being reformed —— one such pause occurs for each word
which WordStar considers a good candidate for hyphenation.
If you do not wish
to hyphenate, you may turn hyphen-help off ("CH) to prevent such pauses.
|

Even with hyphen-help ON, "B may complete with no hyphenation pauses.
This is
normal; it indicates the paragraph contains no words which WordStar considers
good candidates for hyphenation.
"B will not concern itself (or you) with
words that fall in mid-line, with words with too few characters for the line
being formed, with words that appear to have only one syllable, or with words
whose entire first syllable does not appear to fit on the line.
If you wish
to hyphenate even in cases where "B does not stop, it is possible to enter
soft hyphens explicitly, as described in the next subsection.
WordStar

Reference

Manual

4-11

Section

On-Screen Text

Formatting

Bard and Soft Byphens
WordStar supports two kinds of hyphen characters: regular (hard) hyphens which

always print, and "soft" hyphens which indicate syllable breaks where a word

may be divided between lines (and a - printed), but where no hyphen should

print if the entire word is placed on the same line.

Soft hyphens display as a -; on terminals with highlighting the - will be dim

or in inverse video.

Once a soft hyphen is entered into the file, it always

remains (unless explicitly deleted), but it may be activated (printed) or

deactivated any time the line containing it is formed. Whenever word wrap or
paragraph reform ("B) encounters a soft hyphen, the soft hyphen is set to
print if it falls at the end of a line (if the soft hyphen is used as a place
to divide the word between lines); othermm, it is set not to print.

Soft hyphens are set to print or not print only during 1inemforminq.

Thus, if

you make changes in the file (particularly the insertion or deletion of

carriage returns after soft hyphens), and neglect to type "B, you may get a
hyphen that prints when it shouldn't or vice versa.

You can verify which soft hyphens will print by turning off display of print
controls ("OD).

the screen.

Those soft hgphens which will not print will disappear from

Be sure to turn

back on before attempting to edit.

Soft hyphens are commonly entered using "B with hyphenmhelp on, as described
under the premqu subheading.
Soft hyphens may also be entered expl:.citly. by turning on soft hyphen entn

("OE), then pressing the hyphen (-) key whenever a soft hyphen is desired.

For convenience, soft hyphens entered with the hyphen (=) key are always

inserted even if insertion ("V) is off.

Each soft hyphen entered with the

hyphen (=) key is initially a mn-prmting soft hyphen;

the soft hyphen will

be set to print if word wrap or "B subsequently breaks the word at the soft
hyphen. After adding a soft hyphen to existing text, be sure to reform ("B)
if you want the soft hyphen to print.
When soft hyphen entry is ON, you must either type “P- or turn "OE off to

enter a reqular - (hard hyphen) into the file. One of these methods may also
be used for the answer to a question asked by a WordStar command, such as a

text to search for or a file name.

Ordinarily, you should leave "CE OFF.

Soft hyphens may also be entered with the replace command (Section 5).

For

example, you may selectively change hard -'s (type “P-) to soft hyphens (press
- with "OE on), or substitute soft hyphens into all occurrences of a long

word.

Be sure to reform ("B) after each such replacement.
Caution

Do not use a release of WordStar earlier than 2.0 to pnnt text

‘containing soft hyphens.

A pre-2.0 WordStar will print ~~

every soft hyphen encountered in the text.

4-12

"= for

WordStar Reference Manual

Section

On=-Screen Text

Formatting

Hard hyphens (regular -'s) are used whenever a - that always prints is desired, as in a word like hyphen-help or where a dash (~-) is desired. A hard
hyphen can be entered by pressing the hyphen key (=), unless "OE is on or "B

pausing for

displayed).

hyphenation

(i.e.,

the prompt shown above under "Hyphen-Help"

A hard hyphen can always be entered by pressing "P, then -.

Line-forming ("B or word wrap) will break a word at a hard hyphen if the
hyphen happens to fall at the end of the line.
However, unlike a soft
hyr
the hard hyphen will still be printed even if later reforming places the
hyphen in the middle of a line.
Setting Tab Stops and Margins
The commands

for setting the margins

("OL and

"OR)

and for setting and

clearing tab stops ("OI and "ON) all ask for a column number.

For example, "OL asks:
LEFT MARGIN COLUMN NUMBER

(ESCAPE for cursor column)? B

To set the left margin (in our example) by column number, type the desired
column number and RETURN.
To use the cursor column (as shown in the status

line),

just press the ESCAPE key.

unintended command), press RETURN,

To keep the same margin (i.e.,
or press

“U,

to cancel an

the WordStar “interrupt" key.

To set the margins to match an existing line of text, position the cursor

anywhere in this line and type "OF.

This is the most convenient method of

setting the margins to match an existing (justified) paragraph, before making
changes in the paragraph; this procedure may also alter the tab stops if there
happen to be any !'s, #'s, or ='s in the line.
"
To set and clear individual tab stops,

“OI and "ON are conver.ient.

To set the desir
tab stops
ed and clear all others, and set th@margins at the

sgx&e time, you may prefer to use a "ruler” line. Type a line into the document

at each column where a regular tab is to be set

at each column where a decimal tab is to be set

in all other columns between the left and right margins

(next subsection)

These must be hard hyphens; be sure soft hyphen entry (“OE) is OFF
before entering them; check the "0 menu if not sure.)

Leaving the cursor anywhere in this line, type "OF.
margins will be set, and all other tab stops cleared.

from appearing in the printed document,
(@ line beginning with two periods).

WordStar

Reference

Manual

The desired tabs and
To keep the ruler line
turn it into a “comment® dot command

4-13

Section

On-Screen

Text

Formatting

For example, to set tabs at columns 10, 20, and 30, set the left margin to 5,

the right margin to 50, and clear any other tabs between columns
5 and 50,

enter the following into the file, then use "OF:

To keep the ruler in usable but non-printing form in the file, so that the

tabs can be reset to these values whenever you wish to edit the table to which

they apply, make the ruler an OVERPRINT line in a comment dot command line:
position the cursor at the beginningof the line, turn insertwn on, mmrt

two periods, then type "P and RETURN ("PM also works).

For the above example, such a ruler should appear on the screen as follows.

Note the "-" in the rightmost column of the comment” line.
overprint flag,

not a hyphen.)

(This is an
|

This gets the .. out of the ruler while still suppressing printout of the

ruler.

To use the ruler, position the cumor in the ruler (not in the blank

comment line), and type “OF.

Ruler lines are usually unnecessary for text other than tables, since the “OF
command responds to any non-=blank characters and the tab stops often don't

matter.

In summary,

to enter a non-printing,

reusable ruler line, position the cursor

at the beginning of a line. Type "N if necessary, to make a blank line ending
in a RETURN. Type two periods, “P, RETURN, space over to the desired left
margin, then type hyphens to the desired right margin, except !'s at columns
where tab stops are desired (or #'s for decimal tab stops, described in the

next subsection).

ruler take effect.

Type "OF to make the tabs and margins specified by the

Decimal Tabs
Decimal tabbing provides a quick and easy way to enter columns of numbers with

the decimal points aligned, and to enter other text requiring right-alignment
rather then the left-alignment produced by regular tabs.

After you tab to a

decimal tab stop, characters entered will move to the left, pushing the entire
field over to maintain right=-alignment to the tab stop column.

remains at the tab stop.

The cursor

When a period is typed, this right-aligning action

terminates; the cursor will move right if additional characters are entered.

Right-alignment also terminates when the RETURN key or the space bar is

pressed,

when the TAB key is pressed again and the next tab stop is not

decimal, or if the cursor is moved out of the field.

It is possible to move

the cursor around within the “field" (the non-blank characters left of the tab

stop) and make corrections;

right-alignment will not terminate and WordStar

will keep the field properly aligned as characters are inserted and deleted,

provided that the cursor is kept within the field.

Whenever right-alignment

is in effect, the word decimal appears in the atatus line,

4-14

WordStar

Reference Manual

Section

On-Screen

Text

Formatting

Decimal numbers entered under decimal tab will be aligned with the decimal
point in the column at which the tab stop was set.
Texts not containing
decimal points or periods (or spaces), if entered under decimal tab, will be
aligned with the last character one column to the left of the tab stop.
Decimal tab stops can be set by using either of the methods for setting tab
stops. With the "OI command, type a # before typing the column number or
pressing the ESCAPE key. When using a ruler, type a # instead of an ! at the
tab stop column.
The specified column should be the column in which you wish

the decimal points to appear, or the column after the column in which you wish

text not containing periods to end.

To edit text previously entered in a decimal tab field, make sure a decimal
tab stop is still set at the proper column, turn insertion off (*V), and bring
the cursor to the tab stop with the tab key.
This will restore rightalignment and make the word decimal appear in the status line. You may then
move the cursor around as desired within the field and delete, replace, or

insert characters as desired.
(Once you have tabbed to the field, you may
then turn insertion back ON again.)
WordStar will maintain the alignment by
moving the characters in the field to the left of the cursor—left or right as

required.

If you fill up a decimal field by entering enough characters to fill all the

blank space to the left of the cursor, right-alignment will cease until you
delete the excess Characters.

Decimal tabbing is only active when variable tabbing is ON (the default).
verify, press O and check the menu; "OV turns variable tabbing ON.
As with reqular tabs,

in the file.

no permanent record of the decimal tab columns is made

You must reset the

tab stops before entering additional informa-

tion or editing text previously entered (with automatic right-alignment).
-

Note

You may wish to use a comma or some other character in place of

period to terminate "decimal” tabbing. WordStar has a provision for
changing the "decimal point" character; see the list of patch items
in the Installation Manual. If you have
a European version of
Wordstar, the "decimal point” may already have been changed to a
comma.

Text Wider Than the Screen

WordStar is not limited to the screen width in forming text.
Users with wide
printers, narrow screens, or who are preparing copy for photo-reduction can
format text to widths up to 32,000 columns.
There is no length limit for a
manually formed line.
However, if you are planning to type very long lines,
remember

that you should try to confine text manipulation to columns 1-240.

Some WordStar functions do not work effectively beyond column 240.

Overprinting Characters
The strikeover character, entered by typing "PH and displayed as “H, provides
a way to print two (or more) characters in the same position. For example, to

print "a" as required in French, it is necessary (on a printer with regular
WordStar

Reference

Manual

4-15

Section

On-Screen

Text

Formatting

ASCII characters only) to prmt an "a" and a """ in the same position.
is accomplished by entering "'", backspace, "a" into the file.

*“PHa

('CTRL-P

Screen display:

‘“Ha

This

Type

On paper: a

As another example, typing
H"PHI "PHN"PHZ

CITRL-PH

CTRL-PH ‘N CTRL-PH

| will display

H HI"HN"HZ
and will print anH, an I, an N, and a Z in the same position
.'

producing the symbol used in this manual to represent the cursor.

Overprint Lines

One or more document lines which print on the same line can be used for

special effects.
For example, another way to make the cursor symbols N used
in this manual is to overprint an H, an I, an N, and a Z in the same position,

using three overprint lines to print the I, N, and Z over the H.
When an overprint line follows a dot command, it is considered part of the dot
command and is not printed. You can take advantage of this feature to keep
"rulers"” for setting tabs and margins with the “OF command in the file in a

form that will not prmt, but may be used with “OF.

Overprint lines are entered by typing the first line, then typing a "P before
the RETURN at the end of the line, then typing the line that is to print over.
To overprint a third line, type “P RETURN again and type another line.
The “P

RETURN sequence enters a carriage return without line feed into the file.
Each screen line that will be overprinted by the following screen line will

show a "-" flag in its rightmost column.

4-16

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section 5

Finding Text

Section 5
Pinding Text

PLACE MARKERS

Place markers provide a cmmment means of remembering om or more positions
in the document and formoving the
cursor
|
w myone of these positions
later.
Place markers are not swrm in the file and are rm&mbered only for

the duration of an edit. Previously entered place markers are not knawn if
the file is edited again latm, althmugh they do lastthrough a "save and

resume”

conmand (“KS).

“K9-9

The commands

Set Place Marker.

position.

irg place markers are shown in

The marker mdicamd m--m is set to th@ cursor

If the marker has already been set to this position and

displayed, it will be undisplayed (but m:xll set); otherwise it will
be displayed as <n>.

“@-9 | Move to Place Marker.
|

The cursor is moved to the specz.fwd place

marker (8-9).
If the marker is hn.ddm, it will be dz‘ula
marker has not been set, an error message will be
red,

There are ten place markers, numbered @ through 9.
1Initially, all are
"unset." Any attempt to move the cursor to an unset place marker will produce
an error

message.

A place marker can be set to the current cursor position by typing “K followed
by one of the digits @ through 9. The marker will then be displayed as <n>
hs.ghllghmd, at the set position, where n is the number.
The marker display

<n> is not actually in the file; cursor motioncommands will skip over it.
The cursor can be moved to any place marker already set by typing “Q followed

by the number.

The usual caution about long backward moves

documents applies (Section 6).

in extremely long

If the cursor is already at a place marker, a place marker can be hidden
(removed from the screen display) by typing “K followed by the number. The
position of the marker will still be remembered; if it is subsequently ac-

cessed ("Qn), it will reappear.

The beginning of block marker, and the end-of-block marker, <X> can also
be set, hidden, and moved to in a similar manner (typing B or K instead of a

digit);

these markers mll be discussed further in Section 6.

WordStar Referencé Manual

5-1

Section 5

Finding Text

PIND AND REPLACE
The commands used for Find and Replace are shown in Table 5-2, followed by
detailed directions on how to use these cammands,

|Pind
a Strixwig.fl Asks for a string to find.

If you press ESC after |

typing the string, moves cursor beyond the next occurrence of
| string; if you press RETURN after typing the string, “QF allows for

| options.

Find and Replace. Asks for a string to find, a string to replace it

with, and options.
If no options are given, the next occurrence of
| the find string after present cursor position is displayed and you
are asked REPLACE (Y/N); if you type Y, replacement is performed.

“L
*

Pind or Replace Again.

The last Find or Replace command (whichever

was more recently used)

is repeated as though entered again with the

identical response to all questions.

Restore Cursor.

After a Find, Replace, or "L command, moves cursor

| to its position before this command, or to the starting point of the
| last iteration if a repeat count or the G option was included in the
command.,
Particularly useful after NOT FOUND errors.
Note

If certain other commands have been entered, “QV has a

different meaning (see description above in Section 3).

Introduction

The Find command ("QF) provides a convenient way to move the cursor to a
desired place in the file, without inspecting the entire file on the screen.
Used in conjunction with the "Find/Replace again" command (°L), it also pro-

vides a convenient way to find all occurrences of a given word, phrase, or
other string of characters.
Use "Find" to find the first occurrence: observe

it on the screen, and make changes if desired; then press "L to advance the
cursor to the next occurrence.

The Replace command ("QA) provides a convenient way to replace one word,
phrase, or other string of characters with another word, phrase, or string,
without explicitly positioning

in the new.

the cursor,

deleting the old text,

By specifying the "global” option,

rences in the entire file with a single "Replace”

making the substitution,

command.

Before actually

Replace displays the text found and asks whether to

replace it in this instance.
This permits selective replacement.
can be suppressed for rapid substitution if desired.

5=2

and typing

you can replace all occur-

WordStar

The asking

Reference

Manual

Section 5

Finding Text

The "Find/Replace Again" command ("L) may also be used to repeat a "Replace
command, allowing other editing commands to be used between replace's without
re—-entering the entire Replace cmmand each time.

Replace has a number of convenient additional uses, such as inserting a com—
monly used string with a keystroke; several of these are described under the
heading "Hints for Using Find and Replace” later in this section.
Basic Use of Pind

Find is initiated by typmg “QF.
FIND?

WordStar then asks:

- This question appears below the menu, moving the top of the file display area
down one line.,
Respond by entering any sequence of characters you wish to
locate (the findstring). then press RETURN,
The find string may be a word, a
phrase, a partial word, or any ather string up m 30 characters.
WordStar
then asks:
|

OPTIONS? (? FOR INFO)
N
For now, just press RETURN; we will discuss this question shortly.
WordStar then searches forward through the file from the location of the

cursor to the next occurrence of your find string. When a find occurs, the
cursor is left after the last character of the @tx:ing, the screen is redisplayed, and the command is complete.

If the find string is not found, the

cursor is left at the end of the document and an error message appea:

*** NOT FOUN D

*** "(your find string>® *** Press
ESC Key *** §

For example, suppose you have just started editing a document (cursor is at
beginning of £ile) and you wish to move the cursor to the first place where
the words "Section II" appear. Enter "QF, then answer thequestions thus

(you type underlined text):
FIND? Section
II

RETURN

OPTIONS?

(° FOR INFO)

RETURN

The basic Find cmmmand looks only for an exact match for the Chm:actem you
enter as the find string: the above example would not find "Section
spaces between j,;x:fis) or "section II" (lower case S).

II" (two

The basic Find command will also locate the search string even if it is

imbedded in other words. The above example would also find "Section III" if
it occurred before "Section II"; an attempt to find "age" would also find the
"age" in "page” or "agent" if one of thase occurred first. Handling such an
unwanted match is simple: just type "L, and WordStar will repeat the Find,
starting from the current cursor position and thus finding the next match.

Optwns describe@ later in this section can modlfy tm emct match rule.
Find ignores the distinction between hard and soft spaces and carriage returns.

WordStar Reference Manual

5-3

Section 5

Finding Text

If the find string is null (RETURN only entered), the cursor will not be

moved. This lets you cancel an unwanted Find command by pressing
RETURin
N
response to each question.
|
|

Basic Use of Replace

"Replace” does a "Find", then substitutes another string of characters for
the

find string, as specified.

Replace is initiated by typing "QA.
WordStar asks "FIND?" as for the Find
command; after you have entered the find string, it asks:
REPLACE WITH?

Type whatever you want substituted for the find string.
WordStar then asks
"OPTIONS? " as described above; respond by pressing RETURN only for
now.

WordStar then searches for the find str ing, as described above,

If it is not

found, a NOT FOUND error occurs and the cursor will be at the
end of the
document.
If found, text in the vicinity of the find is displayed on the
screen and

REPLACE

(Y/N):

appears in the status line.
The cursor flashes back and forth between the
string found and the question in the status line.,
If you want the substitution performed, type Y (y and °Y also work).
If not, press any other key.
To repeat the Replace command from the new cursor position with the same
answers to all three questions, type "L
For example,

to replace the next occurrence (after the cursor)

of "Jones" with

"Smith", you would type “QA and answer the questions as follows:
FIND? Jone

Find and Replace Options

The "OPTIONS?" question asked by Find and by Replace can be answered
with one

or more of the letters G,
N, W, U, or B (in upper or lower case) a number

between 1 and 65535, or
a combination of these.

Also, ? can be entered to

request a menu summarizing the options, followed by reasking
OPTIONS?.

nate your answer by pressing the RETURN key.

Termi-

The effect of each of these options is shown in Table 5-3

Option
n

V
Number (n).
with Find,

Description

Do the Find or Replace n times.

For example, when used |

it means find the nth (say fourth)

occurrence of the |

string.
When used with Replace it means replace the next four
occurrences. The number may be more than one digit. NOT FOUND error
occurs if command cannot be performed that many times;
as many Finds
or Replaces as possible will have been done.

WordStar

Reference

Manual

;

Section 5

Finding Text

Table 5-3. Fim mfi Replace Options (Continued)
Option

Dmxiption

Global Search. Do Replace on the entire file: move cursor to the
beginning of the file, then replace repeatedly (asking each time)
until no more occurrences are found. NOT FOUND error occurs only if
no occurrences at all found.

Cursor is left at the end of the file.

If used with Find, finds the last occurrence in the file.
N

Automatic Replace. Replace without asking—convenient mth G if you
are sure there will be no undesired matches.

Backward Search.
Search backward instead of forward from current
cursor position.
If NOT FOUND error occurs, cursor will be at
beginning of file. If used with G, Finding or Replacing starts at
end of file and proceeds to beginning.

Ignore Upper/Lower Case. Ignore the dn.stmctmn between upper and
lower case in the Find string; makes "age" also match "Age" or
"AGE", etc.
May be used with either Find or Replace.

Whole Word Search. Match on whole words only. Find or Replace only
those occurrences of the find string that have a nonwletter, non-

dlglt character before and after them.

| or "agent"”.

Makes "age" NOT match "page"

W will not find occurrences of the Find string at the very
beginning and end of the file; there must beat least one
character (any character, including space, carriage return, etc) before and after the string.

One more point about the OPTIONS? questwn.

lf you end your entry to the

preceding question (FIND? for the Find command,

REPLACE WITH? for the Replace

command) by pressing the ESCAPE key instead of the RETURN key, the optmns
question will not be asked.
In the following examples of Find and Replace options,

typed entries are

underlined:
e

FIND? Jones

Finds the 13th occurrence of "Jones" after the present cursor position.
e

FIND? section

RETURN

OPTIONS?

(? FOR INFO) wub

Finds previous (b) occurrence of "section" as a separate word (w), in
either upper or lower case

"SECTICN",

WordStar

(u).

Will find "section” or "Section" or

but not "dissection" or "sectional" or "sub-section®.

Reference

Manual

5-=5

Section 5

Finding

FIND? John Jones

OPTIONS?

RETURN

REPLACE WITH? James D. Smith

(? FOR INFO) gn

Text

RETURN

Changes all (g) “John Jones"'s in the document to “"James D. Smith",

without asking the operator whether to perform each substitution (n).
e

FIND? carraige
OPTIONS?

RETURN

REPLA
WITH? carriage
CE

(? FOR INFO) gn

RETURN

Similarly correct the misspelled word "carriage” throughout the document.
Special Characters

in the

Find String

The control characters shown in Table 5-4 may be used in your response to the
FIND? question (in either the Find or the Replace command
) to match various
classes of characters:

Table 5-4. Special FPind Characters

“A

Matches any sirigle character. (To enter "A into the find string,
type "P°A.)

°S

Matches any character not a letter or digit. (Since “S alone is used

to delete a character from the string being entered,

"P"S to enter a “S in the find string.)

“Ox

you must type

Matches any character other than x, where x is any character entered |
immediately after the “O.

Matches the sequence "carriage return, line feed" (which is what is

normally stored in the file between lines).
|bard and soft carriage returns is ignored.

The distinction between

“N also works in the answer to the REPLACE WITH? question. When used

in the latter case, it produces a "hard" carriage return.

In addition, the question-response special characters described in Section

may be used:

"S, "D, and "Y to correct typing errors, “P to put any control
character into the string, "R to restore the previous answer, etc.

Examples showing use of the special characters in Table 5-3:

FIND? "NSection
II

RETURN

OPTIONS? (? FOR INFO)

RETURN

Finds *‘Section IT" at the beginning of a line only.
e

FIND?
"N

RETURN

OPTIONS? (? FOR INFO)
50

RETURN

Finds the 50th carriage return after the cursor line, that is, moves

forward 50 lines in the file.
1If cursor is at beginning of file when
this command is given, then it finds the S51st line.

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section 5
e

Finding Text

FIND? ’N'N

RETURN

OPTIONS?
(? FOR INFO)

RETURN

Finds the next blank line (two adjacent carriage returm) and leaves

cursor on following line,

Finds the next occurrence of two X's with any twe characters between

them, for example "XABX", "X1,X", "X +X", etc.
Y]

RET fitfl‘- WIm? .L'Ifl.

Without asking, change the next 13 carriage returns to "|, carriage
return, |"; that is, add a | to the end of the current line and the next
12 lines, and insert a | at the beginning of the next 13 lines.
This
form of command is useful in forming boxes arounc takles.
Note

In using the special find string charactexm you must be aware of

the fact that what is normally thought of as a carriage return”

between lines is actually two chamcters, a carrmqe return” and a
line feed; this fact impacts the use of “A and “S in the middle of a
find string,
Finding and Replacing Soft Hyphens

2s noted in Section 4, a "soft hyphen®TM is a special character at which a word
may be split between lines.
Soft hyphens are not printed unless left at the
end of a line by word wrap or paragraph reform ("B).

If you turn soft hyphen entry ON (“OE), then you can press the "-" key while

answering the PIND? or the REPLACE WITH? question will enter a soft hyphen
into the answer. This permits searching for soft hyphens and adding soft
hyphens to text using the Replace command.
The Find commard {reats all soft
hyphens the same, whether or not they are active (set to print).
Soft hyphens
added to text with the Replace command are initially inactive; they will not
subsequent line forming places them at the end of a line.

For example, the Replace command could be used to change all occurrences of

the word "microcomputer® to "micro~com-puter”.
The -'s will be soft hyphens
(and display highlighted) if soft hyphen entry ("OE) is on when “QA is typed
to initiate the fleplace command. The soft hyphens thus added to the file will
- initially be non—-printing; they will serve to tell “B and word virap where the
word may be hyphenated in later line-forming.

Usually, after adding soft

hyphens, you will want tm re-form the affected text with "B to activate the
~
soft hyphens.

Vhen soft hyphen entry is on, you ’may press “P then - to enter a hard hyphen
(one that alwavs prints).

WordStar

Reference

Manual

5=7

Section

Finding

Text

Bints for Using Find and Replace

EINDING A LONG STRING

;

Usually it is handiest to type only part of the string (maybe 5 or 18 characters)

thing,

in response to the FIND? questicn;

this results

press "L to proceed to the next occurrence.

in finding the wrong

To restore the cursor tc the starting point after a NOT
FOUND error,

'GLOPAL REPIACE

type “Qv.

Here are twc approaches to making a global replace:

°
®

Use the G opticn,

with N if selective replace not. Cesired.

Move the cursor to the beginning of the docurert

(“QR)

anc execute a

Replace command for a single replacerent onlv,
This will take care
of the first occurrence; then type “L to proceed to the next occurrence.

The second method lets you use other editing commanCs as desired
between
replaces, yet initiate the next Replace with a single keystrok
e.

Normally, Replace displays each substitution, even if
the N option in con-

junction with the G option or a number (n) is in use.

accounts

for

most

the

This screen updating

Replace commanc's execution time.

key wrile such a command is executing (choose a harmles
s key,

Tf you press any

such as "cursor

up”), WordStar's ncrmral suppression of screen updating when another
key has
Foer entered will tazke effect, and the Replace will
con Llete much faster,

As just noted, a key pressed during a global Replace
or a Replace with a
number (r) +:i11 suppress display of the oncoing change
s while accelerating
executior.
Thus, if you have such a command ir progress and you
notice it is
having an undesired effect on your cocument, use only
the interrupt key (“U)
to stop it.
|
|
|

As detailed in Sectjcr. 6, commands “lat ‘move the cursor a
long way backwards
should be used witl caution
in larce files because of long processing time,
and since they can lead to a DISK FULL errcr because of the
temporary file

space used.
Instead, saving with “KS is recommended to move the ¢ireor
to the
beginning of the file.
This applies to the G ¢ytion; in a large file, if the
curser is not near the bedinning of the file, execute
a “KS before starting a
global replece.
Similarly, type “KS before usirg the "V command in a large
file if the cursor is currently far beyond the starting
point.

5-8

WorcdStar

Reference

Manual

Section 5

Finding Text

To replace all occurrences of a string from the present cursor position to the
end of the file, respond to the OPTIONS question with a large number (n), such
as 9999.
All occurrences forward from the cursor will be changed, then a NOT
FOUND error will occur., Using a large number (n) differs from using the G
option in that the cursor is not moved to the beginning of the file first (as
it is with the G optmn)..

To cancel an unwanted Find or Replace command, co one of the following:
®

enter RETURN only for each question

type “U, the interrupt command

To stop a Find or Replace in pmgrew, type "U, the interrupt character.
NTERRUPTED error will occur;

pomum.

Aan

the cursor will have been advanced to a random

This is most useful after a typing error ir the find string preven—

ted findinc something you thought was nearby, e.g., on the screen.

With a

long file, such an errcr will be indicated by the fact that instead of completing in a second or two, the command continues processing and DISK WAIT
appears in the status line. Stopping the command before it searches to the
end of the file reduces the time to get the cursor back to the starting point.

To use a single keystroke for a commonly-used insertion, use the Replace
command with a null (RETURN only) find string, then the desired string as the
replace string, and the N option.
This will insert the Replace string at the
cursor position. Each time you press “L, the string will be inserted agzin at
the current cursor pcsition.

To find and delete a string, use the Replace command with a null replace

string (RETURN only). This will advance the cursor tc the next occurrence of
the find string, and replace it with nothing (i.e., delete it). Press "L to
repeat.

To convert a file from a non-WordStar source so that its paragraphs can be

reformed, you must change all carriage returns within each paragragh to
spaces, then reform (they will all be "hard").
Position the cursor at the
beginning of the first paragraph to be converted.
Enter “CA and (user entries

are underlined):

Note that a space was entered for REPLACE WITH?.

first carriage return to a space,
WordStar

Reference

Manual

The above will change the

joining the first and second lines, and
-9

Section 5

Finding Text

leave the cursor at the beginning of what was the second line.
Type “L's
until all carriage returns in the paragraph except
the last one are removed.
At this point, the paragraph is all one document line.
Move the cursor to the

beginning of the paragraph (no cursor motion is
necessary if right margin is
set to 1, since paragraph is now all one line), type "B and
then stand back!

A marginated and justified paragraph, with the
cursor at the end!

wursor down to the next paragraph (the cursor will already be
in the correct
place if there are no intervening blank lines) and
repeat the process, using
the single keystroke "L to remove each undesired carriage
return, "B to form
each paragraph and cursor down to pass those
carriage returns you want to
keep.
|

REPEATING A FIND OR REPLACE
To repeat a Find or Replace already typed,

just press “L.

USING THE PREVIOQUS RESPONSE
Suppose you want to repeat the previous Find comman
d, but with different
options. Suppose the find string was long and tedious to type.
Type "QF, then
respond to FIND? with a "R.

The previous find string will be displayed.

Press RETURN to keep the 0ld answer; OPTIONS? will then be asked
as usual. |
Minor changes may be made in the answer
by backspacing (with "D, "H, or
BACKSPACE), retyping the desired characters, then using forward cursor
(°D) or

"R to restore the rest of the string before pressing RETURN.

This method of resurrecting the old answer to the same guestion
also works
with the REPLACE? question, the OPTIONS? qQuesti
on, and other WordStar questions whose prompt ends in ?.
Section 1 gives more description of questionresponse

5-10

control

characters.

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section 6

Other Editing Features
Section

Other

Editing

6
Features

BLOCK OPERAT IDNS

The block move, blmk copy, and block deletecommandsgive WordStar a powerful

and easy-to-use "electronic cut and paste" amlmty.
carry out block opemtwm are $hmm in Table 6-1.

“KN

The commands used to

| Column Mode WO?? The §sett1ng for this toggle determines whether
any blocks you mark are to be interpreted by WordStar as column
blocks or ordinary mmgmwtwmargm blocks.

“KB

Mark Block Beginning.

Set block beginning marker to cursor

location, or hida marker if already set and displayed at cursor

position.

“KK

Mark Block End.

“KV

Move Block. Cuirrently marked block
of text is moved to the cursor
position.

“KC

Set or hide block end marker <K>.

Block markers move with text.

Copy Block.

Currently marked block of text is copied at cursor

“KY

Delete Block.

Entlre curmntly marked block of text is deleted from

"KW

Write Block.

Asks for a file nahe, and writes currently marked

Hide Block.

Block marking is undisplayed if currently displayed, or

Bt msimm

Original text not changed; block markers move with copy.

block of text to that file.
changed.

"KH

Text in document being edited is not
|

displayed if currently hidden.

“QB

Move to Block Beginning.

“OK

Move to Block BEnd.

Move to Block Source.

Cursor moves to block beginning marker;

this marker is dwplayed if hidden.

Cursor moves to block end (similar to "QB).
Cursor moves to position of beginning marker

before last block move, block copy, block delete, or block write.

Use toinspect place text moved from.

(The "QV command has a diffe-

rent mwnmg if a Find or Replace has been executed since the last

blmckmpemtmn (me Sectwn 5) ..)

" Note
Currently, you cannot use micro-justification with columnar-formatted material.

For correct printing of text columns, enter .UJ OFF

before the columns and .UJ ON following the columns.
10,

Section 8,

WordStar

and Section 3 for more information.)

Reference

Manual

(See page 4-

6-1

Section 6

Other”Editing Features

Examples of Block Operations
Suppose you wish to move a paragraph of text
to a different position in the

document being edited.
Proceed as follows:
Place the cursor at the beginning
- of the paragraph to be moved.
Type “KB.
This "marks" the beginning of the
"block” to be moved; will appear on the screen to indicat
e the position of
the beginning marker.
Move the cursor to the beginning of the line after the
paragraph,

and type “KK to "mark"TM the end.

On a terminal with highlighting,

the marked block will now show dim or in inverse video;

<K> will be displayed at the end marker positi
on.

on other terminals,

Now move the cursor to the

desired destination, and type “KV.
The marked paragraph, including the
markers, will move to this position and appeaon
r the screen.,
|

As a second example, suppose you wish to move a Sentence from
within a paragraph to a different position.
Proceed in a similar manner, marking the
beginning ("KB) and end ("KK) at any desired positions, whether
or not in the
middle of lines.
Then position the cursor at the desired destination,
which
may also be in the middle of a line (as between two sentenc
es), and type “KV
to invoke the move.
After moving the sentence, you will usually need to
"reform” the source and destination paragraphs with the
“B command for margin
realignment,
Also, depending where you set the begin/end markers,
there may
be too many or too few spaces before or after the moved
sentence, or where the
sentence came from.

This can easily be corrected with a few editing commands
.

The block copy command, “RC, is similar except the marked
text is not deleted
at the source; the block delete command, “KY, deletes
the entire marked block;

and the block write command, “KW, copies the marked text
onto a separate file
(more about this later in this section under "Addit
ional File Commands").
Related commands include block hide/redisplay, which elimina
tes and restores
the display of the block markers (or the highlighting
of the entire block)
from the screen, and "QV, which, if issued after
a block move Oor copy, moves
the cursor to the place where the block came from.
|
|

For a Quick summary of the basic block commands while editing, type “K and

wait for the menu to come up; type the help command
“JV to display a summary
of the process of moving a block.
|
We will now describe the block commands in more detail.

If this is your first

reading of this manual, you may wish to skip
to the next section, and come
back here when you need a better understanding of
the block commands.
Since
the block move, copy, delete, and write comma
nds all operate on the current
marked plock of text, we will detail block
marking first.
Marking a Block

A block is marked by placing the cursor at the
desired beginning point and

typing “KB, and placing the cursor at the desired
end point and typing “EK.
These commands work like the place marker commands
(previous section): if the
cursor is already at the indicated marker and the
marker is displayed,

be hidden (removed from the screen display).

it will

The beginning and the end can be marked in either
order, with any other
intervening commands, and will remain in effect
until reset whether used or

not.

For example, you can mark a block,

If the block is later block-copied,
6-2

then edit the text within the block.

the copy will reflect all the changes.
WordStar

Reference

Manual

Other Editing Features

Section 6

The beginning and the end can be marked in either order, with any other

intervening commands, and will remain in effect until reset whether used or

not.

For example, you can mark a block, then edit the text within the block.

If the block is later block—copied, the copy will reflect all the changes.

The markers may be moved as desired.

For example, if you execute another

"mark end” ("KK) to correct the position of the end marker, it is not necessary to mark the beginning again.

To remember the block beginning and end commands, note that the word BlockK

begins with a B and ends with a K.

If the last line in the block you intend to mark is a complete line, we recom-

mend placing the end marker at the beginning of the next line to include the

carriage return at the end of the last line.

The beginning and end markers

may be set in mid-line to extract a sentence from the middle of a paragraph.

All lines between the lines containing the markers are always included in
*

their entirety.

If you are preparing for a column move, type "KN before setting markers to set

the system for column mode.

Then type "KB and "KK as described above, except

that you must place “KK one space to the right of the end-point.

The only

difference will be how WordStar interprets these markers: they will define on
the screen a rectangle whose upper left-hand corner is and whose lower

right-hand corner is <K>.

subsequent block operations, this rectangle will

be what WordStar moves, copies, or deletes.

On terminals with highlighting (inverse video or high and low intensity) for

which WordStar has been installed, the entire marked block is displayed highlighted, with no or <K> shown.

marked.

This makes it easy to see what text is

The spaces on the screen after the end of the last line in the block,

and the flag character (< for hard carriage return) in the last line, are

included in the highlighted area only if the end marker is after the carriage
return at the end of that line.

‘

A marked block will not appear highlighted in the following instances:

the beginning marker is after the end marker, or at the same place

only one of the markem is set and displayed

the terminal has no highlighting capability,

On terminals without highlighting,

for ordinary margin-to-margin blocks, the

beginning marker will display as and the end marker will display as <K>;

for column blocks, the beginning marker will display as a column of s and
the end marker will display as a column of <K>s.

WordStar

Reference Manual

6-3

Section

A command is

Other

Editing

Features

included for convenience to hide or redisplay the
marked block.

"KH hides the beginning and end markers (or “un-highlights
" the marked block,

1f that mode of display is in use); if the displa
y is already hidden,
restores the display.

"KH

Unlike the place marker commands (which will operate
on and display a hidden
marker), block operations cause an error if the marked
block is currently
hidden.
This protects your document against accidental block
commands.
If
such an error occurs when you wanted the block operati
on to be performed, type

"KH and repeat the command.

Moving
a Block

The block move command ("KV) moves all the text in the marked
block to the
cursor position, deleting the original at its old positio
n. If no block is
marked when the command is given, or if either marker
is hidden, an error
message occurs

(Appendix

B).

The destination may be in the middle of a line, if desired
— for example when
rearranging sentences in a paragraph.
Just put the cursor where you want the
block moved to.
The cursor is left at the beginning of the moved text.
The beginning and end markers move with the block and

remain displayed.

After

inspecting the result, type "KH to hide the block markers —both to remove

the distraction from the screen, and to protect against
block commands
by accident. If you wish to use the same block markers later,
just type "KH

again.

The block move command moves exactly the characters you have
marked, and does
no automatic reformatting.

move,

Thus, text reformatting is often required after
a
After rearranging sentences, for example, use paragra
ph reform ("B,

Section 4) to re-establish the margins.

You may also notice that you included

too many or too few spaces or carriage returns at
the beginning or end of the

block. These errors are easily corrected with a few reqular
editing commands.

After a block move, the command “QV will move the cursor
to the place the
block came from.
It's a good idea to inspect here after moving, as you may
have left too many spaces or carriage returns behind,
or you may need to
reform the paragraph.
Note that any place markers 8-9 in the marked block do

not move with it—they remain at the place the block
came from.

|IBB
IBB
|BB
IBB

IBB

|CCCC
|CCCC
|CCCC
|CCCC
{esce

NDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDD

see Figure 6-1.

D
2

2
e e

For an example of moving a column block,

CCCC

|BB

CCCC

|DDDDDDDD

|BB

|DDDDDDDD

CCCC

COCC

|BB
|EB

| DDDDDDDD
| DDDDDDDD

|BB____|! DDDDDDDD
C

Figure 6-1. Moving a Column Block

6-4

wOrdstar

Reference

Manual

Section 6

Other Editing Features

a Block
Copying

The block copy command ("KC) is identical to the block move command except the

text is not deleted at the source; a copy of it is made at the cursor position.
The cursor is left at the beginning of the new copy of the text.
Again, the block markers move with the text.

Several copies of a block of text may be made, one after the other, by typing
"KC several times in succession, Copms may be made in mfferent places by
SO!

commands.

[

made from the previous

one if you don't alter the markers; so make any desired mmes of the text in
1ts current form before altering it.

For an example of copying a column block, see Figure 6-2.

/A
A
A
A

BB |oCCe

(CCCC

|BB
|BB
IBB

A
A
A

BB
BB
BB

CCCC
(CCCC
CCCC

|CCCC

|CCCC
|CCCC
|CCCC

IBB___[CCCC

CCCC

BB CCCC

Deleting
a Block

The block delete command ("KY) is a convenient way to remove a large quantity
of text from a file.

It is also dangerous; the existence of this command is

one of the reasons why you should hide a marked block ("KH) when done with it.

Block delete leaves the beginning and end markers both hidden and set to the
.

position the text was deleted from. The cursor is not moved; however, the “QV
command may be used after "KY to move the cursor to the position of the
deletion.

- For an example of deleting a column block, see Figure 6-3.

|BB

IBB

A
A
A

|BB
|IBB
|BB

|CCCC

CCCC

(0.6.0.6

|CCCC
|CCCC
|occee

A
A
A

IBB___|0CCC

|CCCC

CCCC
Ccccc
OCCC

CCCC

)

Figure 6-3. Deleting a Colum Block

WordStar

Reference

Manual

6-5

Section

Other

Editing

Features

Writing a Block to a File
The block write command asks for a file name and writes the text
in the marked
block to that file.
This permits extracting a segment of text from one
document and saving it as though it were a different document
. Uses of this
command include moving sections from file to file and moving
blocks within
large files; block write and related commands are further discusse
d in the
“Additional Files Commands" later in this section.
,

Block write does not move the cursor, and c:‘ic::wesw not alter the text in the

document currently being edited.

exists, WordStar will ask

If a file with the specified name already

FILE d:name.typ EXISTS -- OVERWRITE?

(Y¥/N):

If, in response to the above prompt, you type Y, WordStar will proceed with
the block write, destroying any previous contents of the specified file.
If

you type N, WordStar will ask you again for the file name.

There is limit to the amount of text that can be block-moved, or block—copied
at a time. The limit varies from about 580 characters if your computer has the
minimum amount of RAM WordStar can run in, to many thousands of characters
in
a 56K or 64K system.
If the block is too long, the command will result in a
BLOCK TOO LONG error message.
When this message occurs, repeat the operation
with two or more commands each operating on half (or less) of the text.

Caution with Long Documents
Block move, block copy, block delete, and block write all involve moving
the
file cursor (internally——not visible on screen) to the location of the marked
block, then back to the original position.
If the cursor is a long way from
the marked block, the command will execute very slowly and run the risk of a
DISK FULL because of the work file space used (as discussed in "Long
Documents” later in this section).
For moving and copying text when the
source and destination are far apart, it may be easier to use the block
write
command and the additional file read command (Section 6).

ADDITIONAL FILE COMMANDS

The commands described in this subsection relate to use of files other than
the file being edited.
Common applications of these commands include merging
documents, extracting a section to form a separate document, assembling a
document from previously prepared sections, and “cut and paste"” within a

document.

The files operated on by these commands and the files operated on by editing
are interchangeable. You can extract a portion of one document with the block
write command, then later edit the resulting file or you can merge a document
previously entered by editing operations into another with the read additional

file command, and so on.
sions following.

6—-6

The commands are shown in Table 6-2, with discus|

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section 6

Other Editing Features

mm |

Dmmriptim

“KW

Write Block.

“KR

Read File.

Asks for the file name, and writes the marked block of

t&xt
mtm that file (as described in the previous subsection).
Document currently being edited is not altered.

Asks for file name, and inserts the entire contents of

the indicated file into the current document at the cursor position. The file read may have been created with the block write
cammmd, or through the normal editing process--such files are

“KJ

Delete Pile.

Asks for file name, then erases the file.

occupied by file is made available for reuse.

opemtmg system (CP/M) ERA command.
mmand, Section 1.

“KL

Change Logged Disk.

Space

Equivalent to the

Similar to the no-file menu Y

Changes disk drive for filenames entered

without a drive name, and disk drive whose directory is displayed.
Similar to the no-file menu L comme
“"‘j ®

“KF

Directory ON/OFF.

“KP

Print Pile.

"KO
“KE

during editing.

Turns on and off display of the file directory !

Similar
to the no-file menu F command.

Invokes printing of a dacment (See Section 8).

lar to the no-file menu P command

Copy Pile.

Makes a copy of a file in another file.

' no—-file menu O command.

Rename File.

Changes the name of a specified file.

no-file menu E command.

Simi-

Similar to the
Similar to the |

Several of the commands in Table 6-2 ask for the name of the file to which the
command is to be applied. Type in the desired file name and press RETURN.
Control characters are available to correct typing errors in the answer or
recall the previous answer to eliminate the need to retype; at help levels 2
and 3 the following reminder of the more commonly used control characters
appears above the NAME OF FILE? question (see Section 1):

“S=delete character
- “D=restore character

“Y=delete entry
"R=Restore entry

“F=File dirmtoty
“U=cancel cammand

To view the file directory temporarily while entering a file name for an
additional file command, type "F at the NAME OF FILE? question. The names of
the files on the logged disk drive will be displayed until RETURN is pressed;

“Z and "W may be used as necessary to scroll the directory display up or down

to permit v:x.ewmg all file names.
WordStar

Reference

Manual

(To request a directory display that
67

Section

Other

remains on the screen, rather
command, use the "KF command).

than

disappearing
|

Editing

Features

upon completion
v

the

To enter the same file name as used in the last additional
file command given,

just type "R to the NAME OF FILE? question.
The previous name will appear on
the screen; press RETURN to use it.
This saves keystrokes and eliminates the
need to remember the exact file name used, as from a block write
command to
subsequent read and delete commands for the same file.
The NAME OF FILE?
question of the block write, read additional file, and delete file
commands
differ from most questions in WordStar in that a single previous
answer is
stored for all three of them.
Coammon Uses of Additional File Commands

When you have standard paragraphs or sections that you f requently
use, enter
each into a separate file.
Then use the "KR command whenever desired to copy
one of these paragraphs or sections from the separate file to the
cursor
position in a document you are editing.
(Alternately, the MailMerge .FI dot
command may be used to insert the boiler plate files while printing
is being

performed.

The optional MailMerge command is described in Section
s 9-12.)

After

copying a "boiler plate" file into the document being edited,
the
Replace command (Section 5 above) may be used to assist in inserting
names,
addresses, or other information that changes with each use of the
boiler
plate.
More flexible and powerful insertion facilities are provided by the
optional MailMerge command, described in Sections 9-12.
|
v

Edit the first document, mark the desired text (put cursor at beginning of the
text, type "KB, put cursor.at end, type "KK), and execute a block write (TKW).
Terminate editing of this document (abandoning with “KQ is fastest if
you have
made no changes or deletions), open the second document, put the cursor
where

you want the text,

ceding “KW.

and do a "KR,

specifying the file name used in the pre-

The block move and block copy commands were described earlier in this section;
an alternate method of moving or copying text is to write the desired
text
onto an additional file ("KW command), move the cursor to the destination,
and
read the file ("KR command).
This method is for moving text a great distance
within a very long document, as it is faster and requires less temporary
disk

storage.

To conserve diskette space, delete any file you make temporary use of (as to
hold text being moved between documents) as soon as you are done with it and
have checked the results.
This can be done with the “KJ command.

6-8

WordStar

Reference Manual

Section 6

Other Editing Features

- If you do get a DISK FULL error (Appendix B), the "KJ command may be used to
delete any unnecessary files,
E

FILE

When using the "KW command, be sure not to choose an existing file name
containing information you want to keep. To reduce the chance of overwriting
existing text, some users like to use distinct file types.
For example, DOC
for documents, LIB for boiler plate files, and TMP for temporary files used
only for moving text around within documents.
HELP COMMANDS

The following commands control the "help level" and chsplay learning aids and
reference information on the screen.

The “help level” (@ to 3) determines the degree of prompting and menu display
used by WordStar. The various help levels were described in Sections 1 and 2
and are summar:.zed on the screen when a "set help level"” command ("JH) is

entered.

- JH

Set Eel;p Level. msplays current "halp lawl“ and asks for new, as

| detmled in Section 1.

agraph Re-Fomm.

~JB
“JF

Explains use of the "B comm

Bxplmns the meaning of flags in the rz.ghmm: c:olxmx

“JD

cmmands .

Explains the ordinary dot commands

>omman

“JI

Camand Index. Tells which menu to go to for common mrd pmcessmg

~JS

Status Line.

“JR
“IM

commands.

Explains how to enter text.

Explains items on the status line.

Ruler Line. Explains the ruler line.
Margins and Tabs. Explains how to set margins and tabs.

“JP

“P

| Print m:m mrmm. Explains use of print control characters.

Jv |

Place Markers.

Moving Text.

Shows how to use place markers.

Shows how to move a block of text.

Shows whether options such as word wrap and justification are on or
off

‘

The "J commands display information on the indicated subjects;
commands display more than one screenful,

screens.
type “U.

many of these

awaiting a keystroke between

To return to editing without proceeding through all the screens,

The command prefix menus also show useful information in addition to comm ands
that may be entered. The menus are described in Section 2.

WordStar

Refenence

Manual

6-9

Section

MISCELLANEOUS

Other

Repeat.

Features

COMMANDS

Table 6-4 describes commands not covered yet,
for reference.

“QQ

Editing

and mentions a number of others

The next command entered is repeatedly executed at a user-

controllable rate.

The screen is updated after each execution,

While “QQ is in effect, the digits 8-9 may be typed to vary
the
speed. 1 is fastest, 9 is slowest; @ is even slower.
The default
speed is 3.
Any other key terminates the repetition.
For example,

“QQc

displays successive screenfuls of text until stopped.
“U

| Interrupt.

Stops command(s) in progress.

terrupt in the middle of execution,

specified place.

“Px

The slower commands in-

leaving the cursor in an un-

Enter Control Character.

Enters any next character x, except space,

“KL

Change Logged Disk Drive.

Displays name of current logged disk

“KF

File Directory ON/OFF.

into the document, even if it is a control character normally interpreted as a command; if the next keystroke is a letter, the corre- sponding control character is entered.
See Section 3.
|
|

drive, and asks for new logged disk drive. (To leave logged disk un—changed, press RETURN).
Same function as no-file menu L command
(Section 1).
|
|

Enables/Disables ongoing display, during

editing, of the file directory (names of all files) of the logged
disk drive.
.

“Kp

Print a File.

The “KP command first initiates printing.

After

pPrinting has begun, a second "KP stops printing; after a printing
job has been stopped, a third “KP continues printing again., The P
entry in the “K menu changes as appropriate.
See Section 8 for

details.

The Interrupt Cammand (°D)

If you have typed several commands, the interrupt command (“U) will
clear
those whose execution has not yet started.
Also, “U may be entered in
response to questions such as FILE NAME? or FIND? to abort the command
asking

the question. Unless nothing is interrupted,

“U displays

*%*%* INTERRUPTED ***

and requires the operator to press the ESCAPE key.
6-18

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section 6

Other Editing Features

Changing the Logged Disk Drive (“KL)
Changing the logged disk drive does not effect which drive is used by edits
and prints already initiated. It does change the default drive for all file
names subsequently entered, as well as the drive whose dlrectm:y is displayed.

The File Directory Toggle (“KF)

WordStar will umzally display part of the dlmc:tory only; "2 and "W may be
used to scroll the directory display in order to view all file names.
Note that “KF causes the directory to become part of the screen display until
another “KF is given. In contrast, “F typed while entering a file name will
invoke a temporary directory display.
S

While WordStar can edit as large a file as can be held on a diskette, the
WordStar edit function works most quickly, easily, and flexibly on files of
moderate size. For best results, break up large documents into multiple files
whenever practmal However, there are several reasons why you may not wish
to divide your docur em: into multiple files:
|
°

A pagebreak is mandatory between files.

AutmnatiC page-numbering works only within a file (though you can

Multiple print commands must be given to print multiple files.

specify the starting page number of each file with a dot command).

Determining File Size
The size of a file in bytes (characters) can be determined with the CP/M
operating system STAT command by entering the R command from the no-file menu.

You may also check file size, while editing, as follows: move the cursor to

the end of the file ("QC command) and enter “OP to turn off page display.

When page display is off, the number of bytes (characters) in the file dis-

playm in the m:ams line, in the form FC=cccce.
How Large
Is I

This varies over a wide range dependmg on the amount of RAM in your system.
‘When a file can be held entirely in RAM, as indicated by the fact that the

cursor will move from the end of the file to the beginning ("QR command) in a

- couple ofseconds, the file is still small. When this operation starts taking
minutes instead of seconds, the file is large.
At this point you should
either read the rest of this section carefully, or divide the file in two (see

the block write command,

File CommandsTM).

"KW, described earlier in this section,

WordStar Referénce Manual

"Additional

6-11

Section

Other

Editing

Features

Space for Large Files
When editing a file, WordStar always uses disk space
to make the new copy, and
also uses additional space for a temporary file wheneve
r the cursor is moved
backwards in the file from a point at which a change
was made over more
characters than can be held in RAM,
|
|

The first limit you will reach is having insufficient
disk space for the
temporary file used during cursor backup. When this
limit is reached, a DISK
FULL error (Appendix B) may-occur on backwards
cursor motion, but it will

still be possible to move the cursor forward and to save.
The impact of this
limitation can be minimized by moving only forward when
editing (below).

The second limit is that reached when there is insufficient
diskette space for

the new copy of the file.
Don't let this occur!
Watch your file size and
diskette space available (with the operating system STAT
command), and move
files to separate diskettes as necessary to assure plenty
of working space.

Eventually a file may get so large that it is not possible to
fit two copies
on a diskette.
In this case, the file must be edited to a different diskette
each time.
As noted in Section 1, this is done by entering a space and
a
second drive name after the file name.
You can do this with D or N in
WordStar or in the system command that calls up WordStar.
When you do this,
each "save" will alternate between drives.
Divide such large files into
smaller files whenever you can.
The absolute limit on file size is the
capacity of a diskette,
|

Editing Technique for Large Files
Avoid moving the cursor a great distance backwards when
you are editing a
large file for two reasons:
|
)

To minimize temporary work file disk space require
ments and thereby

avoiding DISK FULL errors;
)

Moving the cursor a long way backwards is very slow.

To avoid moving the cursor a long way backwards, organiz
e your changes to proCceed forward through the file making all changes
in approximate sequential
order. To get back to the beginning from a
place near the end, save (“KS)

instead of using “QR.

Not only is saving faster for large files; saving also

protects you against disasters by saving
all changes made so far.

Similarly, if you want to do a global replace, save
first to get to the beginning of the file.
Also avoid using the block move ard bleck copy command
s if
the source and destination locations are distan
t from each other. Instead,
use block write ("KW) to a file, move the cursor (savino
if cursor destination

is before source),

then use additional file read ("KR).

MORE ABOUT CHANGING

DISKETTES

This section repeats the rules given in the General Inform
ation Manual about

changing diskettes,
diskettes safely.
6-12

and

adds

some

exceptional

conditions

for

changing

»
WordStar

Reference

Manual

Sectian 6

Other

Editing Features

You may safely change the diskette in a drive when, at the system

prompt (A>), you type“C (control-C)

immediately after the change.

You may change diskettes whenWordstar is at the no-file menu

edmtmg) and not printing to a dmk file, |

(not

If there has been no diskette in a drive since it was last safe to
change diskettm, you may insert one in that drive.

You may change the diskette in a drive if 1t is only to be read, as

with the file mad command “KR (earlier in this section) or print

(Section 8) commands.
But be sure you issue no-command mat could
write on the newly inmrted diskette.

'DOCUMENT FILES AND

PILE COMPATIBILITY

A WordStar document file (one edited with the D command, or in which word wrap
or "B was used) may be incompatible with some other programs or languages.
This has no impact on word-processing applications in which all editing and
pr:.ntmg is done with Wm:d%r, but if you wish to use WordStar as a general
purpose editor—to prepare input for other text formatters, to enter data for
applmatwn programs, or to edit program source files—read on.

The difference between a WordStar document file and a completely standard CP/M
file is that in the WordStar document file, the high order bit of a byte is
set in certain cases, whereas in the standard CP/M file, this bit is always
clear.

Many programs and languages ignore this bit; in others, it causes

errors.

To generate a file that is sure to be compatible with other programs,

invoke

edits with the "edit a non-document” (N) command (further described in the
next section), and don't use word wrap or the "reform paragraph" ("B) command.
Enter all carrizge returns and format all lines as desired manually.
Alternately, use WordStar in any manner, then mask off high order bits by

copying the fileusing the [Z] wtie:m available in some versions of PIP, or by
editing the file with the CP/MEDitor or with MicroPro's WordMaster. This
will of course have the effects mted in the next paragraph; you may want to
kmp an

unmaskedcopy for later re-edit with WordsStar.

WordStar document files should not be edited with other editors if you expect

to use the file later with WordStar.
Doing so may chme all soft spaces and
soft carriage returns into hard spaces and hard carriage returns, which will

frustrate any later attempts at reforming existing text with WordStar.
if a file is thus edited,

Also,

then printed with WordStar on a dmsy-wheel printer,

micro-justif mation may not occur.

NON-DOCUMENT FILES

The word-processing user need not be concerned with this subsection.

WordStar

Refarence

Manual

6-13

Section

Other

Editing Features

Editing a Non-Document
The "Open a Non-Document" command @O on the no-file menu) has a dual
purpose:
(1) to disable dynamic pagination for file compatibility,
(2) to supply a different set of defaults for convenience.

We have occasionally noted differences between a regular
file

edlt, initiated

with the D command from the no-file menu or with
a system command of the form
“WS filename", and a "Non-document" edit initia
ted with the N command.
Here
is a complete list:
|
,
o
|

Dynamic pagination, ~which makes use of the
suppressed.

Page break display

high order bit,

("OP) cannot be turned on.

Status line shows file character and file line instead
of page and
line on page (Section 2).
|

Dot commands are not checked during editing:

No "?" flag for invalid dot command.

b. The message PUT AT FILE BEGINNING FOR CORRECT PAGE BREAK
DISPLAY does not appear.

\‘

Word wrap, justification, variable tabbing, and ruler display
default
OFF rather than ON. These features may be turned on with
the usual
commands (Section 4) if desired.
|

Note that use of word wrap or paragraph reform (“B) can put' "high
order bit"
flags in the file, causing possible incompatibility with some external
pro-

grams.

For normal word processing uses, leave variable tabbing mode on.
If you have
occasion to work with existing files containing tab characters,
or wish to use

fixed tabs (for example,

in computer program preparation),

read this section.

When variable tabbing is off, "tab" characters ("I, 09 hex) are
used in the
file, displayed with fixed stops every 8 columns, as opposed to
the multiple
spaces entered into the file by variable tabbing mode.

This

type of tabbing

is compatible with that used by the CP/M editor and by MicroPro
's WordMaster;
such tabs are customarily used in program development under CP/M.
Since each "tab" is a single character,
variable tabs:

6-14

fixed tabs edit differently from
|

The cursor cannot be placed within the white space on
the screen
representing the tab, but "pops" across it

A tab deletes as a single character

A single character will overtype a tab

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section 6

Other

Editing

Features

When inserting before a tab, the text after the tab remains in the same screen
position until sufficient text is inserted to push the tab to the next stop,

at which point it "pops®TM right to the next multiple of 8 columns,

The tabbing mode relates to the entry of tabs (insertion (V) on, or the line
must be extended to reach the next tab stop). Tab characters already in the

file will display the same (looking like spaces) and edit in the normal fixed-

tab manner (not at all like spaces—previous paragraph) when variable tab mode
is on.
When variable tab mode is on and the tab key is used to move the
cursor over existing text (insertion off), and the text contains tab characters, the cursor may come to rest beyond the next tab stop column since it
can't stop in the middle of a tab character.
There is no need to set fixed tabbing to edit a file already containing fixed
tabs unless you need to use the "I (tab) key and have it enter fixed tab
characters into the file.
(Note that the version of PIP supplied with some
systems has an option for expanding tab characters into multiple spaces with
tab stops every n columns; you might wish to use this to convert a file from
fixed to variable tabs.)

WordStar

Reference

Manual

6-15

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

6-16

WordStar Reference Manual

Section

Printing

Features:

Part

Section 7

Printing Features:
Two types of print directives,

Part
1

,
print controls
and dot comm an
Ll

were

intro-

duced in the General Information Manual.
This section provides specific
details on print controls and some dot commands. Section 8 continues with

details on the rest of the dot commands and procedures for printing a document.

PRINT CONTROL CHARACTERS
The print controls are single control characters entered into the file during
editing to produce such special effects as underline, boldface, and subscripts during printing.
Print controls are entered by typing “P followed by the desired letter.
The
letter may be typed in upper or lower case, or with the CTRL key pressed.
Features such as underlining and boldface, produced by print controls, may be
used freely in mid-paragraph (or even within a word; the control characters
fall through the word wrap and paragraph re~-form operations with no special

consideration.

Formed lines containing print controls will appear to be too long on the
screen, but will be printed the correct length on paper. This is because
WordStar puts extra characters in the line to compensate for the fact that the

print controls use no columns during printing.

The print controls are shown in Tables 7-1 and 7-2, followed by detailed
discussions of certain topics.
(When two characters are given under "Character," the one on the left is the one you type after “P; the one on the right
is the one displayed on the screen.)
The Print Menu gives a quick summary of
these print controls.
Table 7-1.

“s

Print Control Toggles

|Underscore Toggle. Enter before and after phrase to be underlined.

Only non-blank characters are underlined; spaces and tabs between
the two toggles are not underlined.
Example:

Screen: Just “Sone”S word.

Paper: Just gne word.

|Boldface Toggle. Offsets slightly and overstrikes on Daisy Wheel and

other printers capable
of incremental motion; multi-strikes each

character on "Teletype-like" (i.e., reqular) printers.

Screen: Just “Bone”B word.

Paper: Just one word.

D |Double-strike Toggle. Strikes each character twice with no offset.

Produces a lighter boldface than "B; may also be used with carbon
ribbon to produce extremely sharp impression of entire document.

Screen: Just "Done”D word.

WordStar

Reference

Manual
>

Paper: Just one word.

7-1

Section

Printing

Table 7-1.

Print Control Toggles

|Character]|
X

Part

(Continued)

Function
]

“X

Features:

SN,
¥ W

Se—

|Strikeout Toggle. Prints -'s over characters; may be used to indicate deleted text in a revised version of a document.

Screen: Just “Xone"X word.
"V

“V

Paper: Just eme word.

|subscript Toggle. Enclosed characters printed as a subscript, (i.e.,
printed a fractional line below the rest of the text).

Screen: V2TMV
H

“T

Paper: Hyo

T [Superscript ’boggle. Enclosed text is printed fractional line above
rest of text.

Screen: (ab) “T2°T

“Y

Paper: (ab)2

“Y |Ribbon Color Toggle. For daisy wheel printers and other pi:intew
with ribbon color selection,

alternate color,

usually red.

causes enclosed text to be printed in

Screen: Just “Yone"Y word.

Paper: Just one word.

[red]

Subecript Toggle (W)
The amount of roll-down defaults to 3/48ths of an inch and may be altered with
the subscript roll ((SR) command (later in this section).
On printers without
fractional line roll, a subscript is printed in the next line if it is blank
(e.g., if double spacing); otherwise, it is printed in the same line.

Ribbon Color Toggle (*Y)
Of course, a two~color ribbon must be installed in the printer for “Y to be
‘effective. Special installation is required to activate this character on
non—daisy printers (see the Installation Manual).

Tab1e17~2' Other Print Controls
Character

“C

Function

Stop Print.

Stops printing until restarted by operator.

Screen: Stop here.”C

7=2

May be

used to permit typewheel or ribbon change, so that multiple typefaces or printing of different colors may be intermixed within

Paper: Stop here.

[printer stops]

WordStar Referencé Manual

Section

~Printing

Features:

Part

Table 7-2. Other Print Controls (Continued)
Character

“A

Function

Select Alternate Character Pitch, For daisy wheel printers, this

goes to 12 characters per inch (elite), or as modified by the
character width (.CW) dot command (later in this section).
Normally

“A has no effect on non-daisy printers.

Return to Standard Character Pitch.

“K

“F

For daisy wheel printers,

selects 18 characters per inch (pica), or as altered with .CW
jcommand (later in this section).
Normally has no effect when
printing on a non-dz
|

Left-Right Heading/Footing Control. This character is used in

heading and footing dot commands to produce headings, page numbers,
etc, which print on the left side of even—numbered pages and on the
right side of odd-numbered pages.

|“Phantom Space."” On a daisy wheel, print the character for code 29

hex. This code, normally a space for non-daisy printers, prints a
"cent sign” or other special character on many 88- and 96-character
daisy wheels—the exact graphic depends on the print wheel in use.

Screm This symbol »("'F).

Paper: This symbol (£).

[example]

“Phantom Rubout.” On a daisy wheel, print the character for code 7F
hex.
This code prints a NOT sign, double underline, or other
graphic on many 96-character daisy print wheels.
|

Screen: This symbol (""'C) .
"0

Paper: This symbol (-). [example]

O |Nom—-Break Space. Prints as a space, but not treated as a space for
line break or justification purposes during line forming.

Screen: FORTRAN OIV

“H

Paper: FORTRAN IV

“H | Strikeover. Causes the next character to overprint the preceding
character on the line.

Screen: a“H' la mode
“Q
W
:g

Paper: 3 la mode

User Printer PFunctions. These control characters are intended for
accessing special printer functions that WordStar does not otherwise
support, such as changing type fonts or activating a sheet feeder.

Stop Print (°C)
A stop print may be used in mid-line, or several times in the same line if

desired.

When the pause occurs, PRINT PAUSED will appear in the status line;

the P command (no-file menu) or the “KP command (while editing a file) may
be
~used by the operator to restart the printer. Note that printers which
normal-

ly print bidirectionally under WordStar will always print a line containin
g a

“C left to right.
WordStar

Refgrence

Manual

7-3

Section

Printing

Features:

Part

Return to Standard Character Pitch (“N)
When

installing

WordStar

for

a "Teletype-like"

(non-Daisy)

printer,

the user

may set up "A and "N to select between two character widths if the printer is
capable of changing character widths upon being sent a control sequence of
four or fewer characters. See the Installation Manual.
Left-Right Beading/Pooting Control (“K)
When used on the same line as a heading or footing (.HE or .FO) dot commangd,

the effect of "K is to suppress printing of following spaces up to the next

non-space if the page number

ignored.

is even.

Outside of .HE and .FO commands,

See discussion of left-right page numbers in Section 8.

Non-Break Space

“K is

("0)

Use "0 where you want a single space to appear without allowing expansion
during justification or wrap to the next line.

Strikeover (“H)
Strikeovers are useful for putting accent marks over letters and for creating
special symbols by overprinting multiple characters.
May be used in "formed"
text — word wrap and paragraph reform make proper allowances for backspaces.

Registration is not exactly precise in justified text.
On a non-backspacing
(Teletype~like) printer, do not backspace through the same column more than 8

times.

User Printer Functions

("Q, "W, "E, “R)

When installing WordStar, each of these four controls may be set up to send
any desired sequence of one to four characters.
Any line containing a user
vrinter function control is always printed forward even if bidirectiocnal print
is in use.

Until a definition is installed, the four functions do nothing.
Check AppenCix C of the Installation Manual to see if the standard WordStar installation
for your printer activates any of these characters.
For information on installing your own definitions, see the Installation Manual.

Othet Control Characters
Control characters not defined in Table 7-1 or Table 7-2 will print as a ~ and
a letter,

7-4

just as they display,

with the exception of the characters shown in

WordStat

Reference

Manual

Section

Printing

Table 7-3.

Features:

Part

Non-Printing Control Characters

“L

|Form Feed causes a page break.

°I

|The tab character displays and prints enough spaces to advance to
the next tab stop. This character is not normally entered into a
file by WordStar except in fixed tabbing mode (Section 6).

TMM |Carriage Return.
pmamng “PM or

Entering a carriage return without a line feed (by
“P RETURN) will create an overprint line as

described in Section 4.

°J

Line Feed.

This character is not explicitly used in normal applica-

tions.

DOT COMMANDS
Dot commands are special non-text lines entered into the file for purposes

such as settmg the paper length or specifying a page heading.
All dot commands have defaults suitable for normal use; you can begin using WordStar
without using dot commands at all. Dot commands themselves do not print, but
control the pr:mtmg of actual text. Dynamic page break display also responds
to certain of the dot commands.

The general fom of fiat ccmmnds was described in the General Information
fanual. Briefly, a dotcommand oor msw csf a period in column 1,

a two-letter

code, and, (for certain comrrmda), a number, line of text, or other argument.
Dot commands are entered into the file during editing inthe same manner as
other text, and display on the screen durmg edltmg,. For convenience, automatic indentation to the left margin is disabled when a period is entered into
or already pr%ent in column l.
N
A dot command line placed anywhm:e in the file will be interpreted by the
print function. Variables such as top and bottom margin and line height may
be varied at will as far as printout is concerned.
However, dynamic page
break display will respond to the commands that specify line height, paper
length, and top and bottom margins only when they are plmed at the beginning
of the file, before all text.
Tables 7-4 through 7-9, along with Tables 8-1 through 8-3, describe the requ-lar print dot commands. These commands are summarized in Appendix A.
For
quick reference while editing, the “JD command displays a brief summary of the
dot commands.

The optional MailMerge command provides additional dot commands to control

input of variable information from a data file or from the operator, insertion

of other files into the printout, mpmted printing of a file, etc.
These
additional dot commands are described in Sections 9-12. MailMerge also interprets all of the dot commands described here.
|
:

WordStar Reference Manual

7-5

Section 7

Printing Features: Part 1

VERTICAL PAGE LAYOUT

The dot commands used for vertical page layout are shown in Table
7-4.
Table 7-4. Dot Commands for Vertical

JIH n

Line Beight.
printers.

Page Layout

Sets line height to p/48ths of an inch on daisy wheel |

Default:

8/48" = 1/6" (six lines per inch).
(Lines in
subsequent dot commands are assumed to have the height specified by
.LH—either explicitly or by default.)

.PL 1

Paper Length.

The number of lipnes, including top and bottom margins

on an entire page.

ML 1

Top Margin.

M 1

66 lines.

The number of lines from the top of the paper to the

beginning of the body of the text on the page.

.MB1l

Default:

|Bottom Hm:gin.

The number of lines at bottom of page not used for

Heading Margin.

The number of blank lines from the page heading to

text.

Default: 3 lines.

Default: 8 lines.

the body of the text.

Pooting Margin.

)

(See also .HE command.)

Default:

2 lines.

The number of lines between the end of the text and

the page number or

footing

(see .FO).

Default: 2 lines.

Discussion of Vertical Page Layout

The maximum number of lines on the page used for the body of the text is the
paper length, minus the top and bottom margins.
If the line height (.LH,
above) is changed after these commands are given, the same number of inches,
not lines, of text continues to be printed.
Fewer lines are of course used
for particular pages where .PA or .CP commands (below) cause page breaks.
The
top and bottom margin values may be adjusted to give the desired number of
text lines on a page, and to center the text vertically on the page for your

positioning of the paper in the printer.

During editing, the commands for line height, paper length, and top and bottom

margin (.LH, .PL, .MT, and .MB) will be interpreted correctly by the page

break display only if they appear at the beginning of the file.

However, as
- far as printing is concerned, they may be used anywhere in the file to vary
the vertical page format.
|
Note

that the settings used for vertical page layout must be used in
conjunction with the adjustment of page perforations in your printer.
This
adjustment can make a difference of two or three lines in how far up or down
on the page the body of text appears (see Figure 7-1).
|

Line Beight (.IH n)
As noted in Table 7-4,

the default is n=8,

inch.

7=-6

if no line height is explicitly specified in a file,
meaning a line height of 8/48" (1/6TM, or 6 lines per

Table 7-5 shows how other specifications translate into lines per inch.
WordStar

Reference

Manual.

Section

Printing

Features:

Figure 7-1. Vertical Layout of a Typical Page
WordStar

Reference

Manual

Part

Section

Printing

Features:

Part

Table 7-5. Line Heights

JIH 1
.LH 2
IH 3

48.0
24.0
16.0

.LH 4
LH 5

12.0
9.6

.LH 6
LH 7
IH 8

8.0
6.8
6.0

LH S
.LH 10

5.3

4.8

.LH 12
.LH 16
.LH 18

4.0
3.0
2.6

.LH 20
.LH 24

2.0

2.4

The .LH command provides an alternative or supplement
to the single, double,
triple spacing that can be applied via the "0OS command
(Section 4) to text as

lines are formed.
If .LH is used when printing on a printer incapable of
incremental spacing, page breaks are nevertheless determ
ined as though the
command tocok effect.

Note that all subsequent commands taking a number of
lines as an argument will
be interpreted in terms of the new line height.
Previously set values (top
margin, paper length, etc.) will remain the same in inches.

CHANC
LINEING
HEIGHT
QN A DAISY WHEEL PRINTER
Cn Daisy wheel printers, the line height may be specified
in 48ths of an inch
with the .LH command.
For example, to print 8 lines per inch instead of the
usual 6, use the command:

.LH

When the line height is changed on a daisy wheel printer, previou
sly specified
margins and paper length are not effected.
They remain the same in inches,
regardless of the line size.
However, subsequent .PL, .MT, .MB, .HM, and .FM
commands are interpreted (converted to inches) in terms of the new line
height.
Thus, if you use the .LH commang, carefully consider the
order in which .LH
and other vertical format commands are given.
For example, .LH 6 followed by
-MI' 4 yields a 1/2 inch top margin (4 lines of 6/48
each), whereas .MT 4
followed by .LH 6 yields a top margin of 2/3 inch, because the .MT command,

appearing first,

inch.

is interpreted using the default line height of 8/48 of
an

The print function will handle as many changes of line height as
you wish, but
for dynamic page break display to work, you must set the line height only
at
the beginning of the file.

Hint: To achieve varying line heights without interfering
with dynamic pagination, set the line height to 4 (one-half of normal) at the beginning of the
file, then use double-spaced text for close-spaced printou
t, and triple or

quadruple spaced text for wider line spacing.
The “0OS command, (Section 4),
can be used to cause automatic double, triple, etc. spacing
as text is entered
or reformed.

7-8

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section

Printing

Features:

Part

The line spacing on a non-daisy printer is unaffected, but the page breaks and

page length are determined as though on a daisywheel printer.

Thus, drafts

of text to be fml*pzmted on a daisy wheel may be printed on a line printer

with page breaks occurring as they will in the final, but with the amount of

text being printed on a paga frequently too little or too much for the forms

in use.

Use the USEFORM

FEEDS option (described in Section 8).

I1f you have a document containing ,.LH commands and you wish to to print it

neatly on a non-daisy printer, remove the .LH commands.

Since ".." indicates

a comment, you can change them to ..LH with the Replace command. Then they can
easily be changed back to .LH later.
Paper

LTI (nml 1)

The paper length must match the forms in use (exc@pt that smaller values will
also work if the USE FORM FEEDS option is selected when printing).

default is 66 default-height lines, or 11l inches.

The

WordStar assumes 66 lines to the page, corresponding to ll-inch (letter size)
paper at 6 lines per inch. If you wish to use a different size of form (such
as legal size), specify the numkber of lines on each complete piece of paper
with the .PL command.

This is not the number of lines
of text printed, but

the form length. The paper lencth may be set shorter than the actual form
length only if your printer has hardwme form feed capability and the USE FORM

FEEDS option is elected every time print is initiated (see Section 8).

A .PL command should also be used as appropriate if your non-daisy printer
prints lines spaced other than 6 to the inch. For example, if your printer

prints 8 lines to the inch and you want to use 11 inch paper, put
the beginning of your file.

.PL 88 at

Note that the page heading,

if in use, and the headmg margin, are printed in
this space. See also the commands for heading margin and heading text (.HM
and HE). Default: 3 lines. The "top of the page" for the first page prmtw
is wherever you position the paper before starting print if the USE FORM FEEDS

optiocn is not specified when print is initiated (see Section 8).

Bottom Margin (.MB 1)
The page number or footing, if in use, is printed within the bottom margm.

~ See the command for footing margin (.FM) below.

Default: 8 lines.

WordStar leaves a number of blank lines set by the top margin command (.MT) at

the top of each page (with the heading positioned in this space,

1if a heading

is in use), and a blank area (containing the page number, or the footing if

one has been specified) set by the bottom margin (MB) command at the bottom

of each page.

The number of lines of text printed on each page, if no page

break is caused by a .PA or .CP command, is equal to the paper length (.PL),
WordStar

Refgrence

Manual

7-9

Section

Printing

Features:

Part

less the top and bottom margins.
To increase the amount of text on a page,
decrease the top or bottom margin; to decrease the amount, increase
margins.

POSITION
OF TEXT ON THE PAGE
The text can be moved up or down on the page either by changing
the top (.MT)
and bottom (.MB) margins by the same amount, or by moving the paper in the
printer, as preferred.
The default top and bottom margins approximately
center the text vertically on the page if the paper is positioned with the

print head two or three lines down from the top of the page when printing is
initiated.

If you are loading single sheets, such as letterheads, you may want to move
the text up (smaller top margin) so that you can roll each sheet under the

bail.

Information on moving the text on the page horizontally is given in
the next
subsection ("Horizontal Page Layout").
,

Heading Margin

(.HM 1)

Note that the heading and the heading margin fall within the top margin space.

If a value greater than top margin less 1 is specified, top margin less 1 is
used.
Default: 2 lines.
'

Footing Margin

(.FM

Note that the footing margin and the page number or footing appear
within the
bottom margin space.
Default: 2 lines.
o

HORIZONTAL

PAGE

LAYOUT

Most horizontal fcrmatting, such as the margination and justification of text,

is done during editing, and does not involve dot commands.
The dot commands
shown in Table 7-6 are provided to control those aspects of horizontal formatting that are done by the print function.
Table 7-6. Dot Commands for Horizontal Page Layout

PC c
i

Page Number Column.

Column at which the page number is printed when
footing is not in use and page-numbering is in effect.
Default:
Center column.
(See Table 8-1 for the commands relating to footings

and page-numbering.)
.FO c

Page Offset.

Number of (current width) gcolumns the entire document

is indented (moved right)

from the printer's left margin,

tion to all indentation in the file.

Page

Number

Column

(.PC

in addi-

Default: 8 columns

c¢)

The page number column may be set to print page numbers at left,
right, or
center, etc., at the bottom of the page.
(Additional page number positioning
options are provided through the use of # in .HE and .FO commands, as

7=10

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Printing Features: Part 1

Section 7

described in Tables 8-1 and 8-2.)

The column width used is that of the

character width in effect when the .PC command is given, as determined by “A,
Default is 1/2 the edit function's default right
“N, or .CW commands.
margin, to center numbers under text of default width.

Page Offset

(.PO c)

The page offset command allows offsetting the text from the tractor-feed holes

at the left of the paper, and allows putting narrow paper near the center of
wide printer carriages.

Default: 8 columns.

The text can be moved horizontally on the page by changing the page of fset.

By default, WordStar prints 8 spaces (in addition to any in the file) at the
beginning of each line; to move the text to the left edge of your printer
carriage, put the following at the beginning of the document:
+PO O

PAGINATION

s used for pagination are shown in Table 7-7. |
Table 7-7. Dot Commands for Pagination

Unmndzitioml Page. Start new page unmnditiamlly.

PA
.CP 1

|Conditional Page. Start new page if there are fewer than 1 lines
(of the current height) left on the current page.

Page break control is used for two purposes:
o
o

to force the following text to beg in at the top of a page, as at the

beginning of a chapter;

to prevent going to a new page in an inappropriate place (such as in

the middle of a table or after a section title but before the
beginning of the text after the title). Many users also wish to
prevent page breaks one or two lines into a paragraph, preferring
that the entire paragraph be on the next page.

Unconditional Page (.PA)
For the first case, where a new page is always desired, use the unconditional

page command:
«PA

WordStar Reference Manual

7-11

Section

Printing

Features:

Part

Conditional Page (.CP 1)
For the second case,

it is usually desired to have a page
break occur only

when less than a certain number of lines remain
on the current page.
For
these cases, use the conditional page (.CP)
command.
This command tests the
number of lines remaining on the current page, and causes
a page break only if
too few remain.
For example, if you have a table 10 lines long,
put

.CP

above it. This will cause a page break during
printout (and also display the
page break line on the screen unless the page break display
is OFF) only if
less than 10 lines remain on the current page.
That is, the following 10
lines, containing your table, will print on the current
page if they will fit,
otherwise a new page will be begun, with your table
at the top.

Using .CP instead of .PA reduces the need to check paginat
ion and move dot

commands as the document is updated.
For example, if a page break fell in the
middle of the table of the previous example and you correct
ed this by inser-

ting a .PA above it, you would need to find and
remove the .PA later if you
made an insertion above the table as .PA always causes a page
break even if it
falls at the top of a page.
On the other hand, a .CP 10 that falls more than
10 lines above the bottom of a page has no effect and may
be left in the
document, to become active whenever revisions preceding
it make it fall near
the bottom of the page.
|
|
.
As another example, we suggest always putting .CP 5
(or so) above each section
title.
This forces a new page if less than
5 (or whatever number you specify)

lines remain on the page, so that a section title will
not appear as the last
line on a page or with only two or three lines of text
after it.
If you enter
these as a matter of habit when initially entering
documents, then as the
document is revised it will always print well-paginated even
if you do not
review the pagination after each edit.
|
One more example: look at this manual.
It rarely pages in mid-paragraph.
This was accomplished via generous use of .CP commands.

Use .CP to keep blocks of text together,

in the middle of a table, etc.

to prevent paging just after a title,

Using lots of .CP commands can make the doce

ument always print well paginated regardless of inserti
ons

these commands have no effect when not needed.

7-12

WordStar

or deletions as

Reference

Manual

Features:

Printing

Section

Part 2

Section 8
Printing Features: Part 2

HEADINGS, FOOTINGS,

AND PAGE NMERS

The dot cmmmnds far Madmgs, footings, and page numbers are shown in Table
8-1.

Table 8-1l. Dot Commands for

Headings, Footings, and Page Numbers

Description

Eaading. All text on the rest of the line beginning with .HE
is used as a page heading for FOLLOWING pages until another .HE
is given. Default: no heading. (See Table 8-2.)

JFO text

Footing. The rest of the line beginning with .FO is used as a
page footing for the current and following pages. Default:
(See Table 8-2.)
paqa number.

.OP

omit Page Numbers.

p
PN

This command suppresses the printing of

‘page numbers in the footing line if no footing has been given.

Page Number.

.PN without a number turns page numbering back on

after a .OP command without setting page number.

Page Number.

.PN with a number turns page nur bering on (if it |

- has been turned off with .OP) and sets the page number..
———

The special characters shown in Table 8-2 are interpreted in ‘headings (.HE) |
|

and footings (.FO) only.

Table

8-2. Special Characters

Used in Headings and Footings

May beused to mmtmn page number

| Prmtaas currmt page number.

Print next character literally, do not interpret it as a contol

“K

If the page number is even, ignore spaces up to tlm next character
“K may be used to cause page number or otherhead;iing or footing text

wherever desired at top or bottom of paqa.

symbol-- use \# to print # in a heading or footing, \\ to print \.

|to appear on the corner of the page away from the binding.

Note that a control-K is entered into the file by typing contreol-PK,

as with

all print controls ("Print Control Characters" in the preceding section).

WordStar Reference Manual

8-1

Section

Printing

Features:

Part

. Beading (.HE text)
The heading may be changed as ofte
n as desired. The initial (default)
heading
is blank; the heading may be changed
back to blank with .HE with no text.
To
print a heading on the first page,
a .HE command must precede all text
in the
file.
When composing a heading (or
footing) on the screen, bear in
mind that the
characters ".HE " are never printed.
Thus, the heading will appear in the
printed document four columns to the
left of where it appears on the scree
n.

Underline, boldface, and other enhan
cements invoked by print control chara
cters may be used freely in headi
ngs (and footings) without affec
ting
the
of the text; conversely, enhancem
ents in use in the body of the text
do not
affect headings and footings. -

Use the .HE command to specify the
text of a one-line heading to be prin
ted at
the top of each page.
Examples:
.HE

Part

.HE

Section

Basic

Editing

When composing a .HE command on the scree
n, bear in mind that the ".HE " takes
four columns that don't print, so it
will display four characters to the
left
of where it will print.
Spaces in addition to one after ".HE" are
print
ed,
so
a right-adjusted heading may be produ
ced, for example, as follows:
+HE

Section

1f you wish the page number to
be Printed at the top of the page
, give a .HE
command with a "#" in the position
where you wish the page number print
ed.
For example, if you want the word
"page” followed by the page number
at
the
top left of each page, use the following
dot command:
.HE

page

When composing a heading containing
a #, bear in mind that the number
of col-

umns occupied by the page number

Page number.

will depend on the number of digit
s in the
When printing the page number
at the top of the page but not

using a footing (no .FO command), it is
necessary to give a .OP comma

nd to
prevent WordStar from printing
the page number again at the bott
om
of
the
page.

CHAN
THE
GI
HEAD
NG
ING

The heading may be changed as often as desir
ed; to revert to no heading, give
a blank heading:
|

«HE

8-2

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section

Printing

Features:

Part

Each .HE takes effect at the next page top encountered; if it occurs before
any text has been printed on the current page (for example,

a ,PA command), it will be used on the currmt page.

immediately after

The numbex af lin% betwem theheading andtmt can be changed m.th the .HM

without altering

»ading,

‘

theBOAD
page lengthor the pmition of the tmct on the pagm the heading margin
falls within the top margin.
(.MT) is set to zero.

ace

No heading will be printed if the top margin

her

enhancements invmm by print control charac-

tem may be um freely in headingm (and footings). Print controls in .HE

(and .FO) commands do not affect the body of the text, nor do those in the

body of the text effect the heading (or footing).

If you vary the character

width (as discussed below), the heading (or footing) will be printed in the

character width that was in effect when the .HE (.FO) command was given.
However, if “A or °N is used within the heading (or footing), the pitch in

effect at each time the heading is printed will be used.

Pootiqu(uEOJtmxt);
As many wFO's as desired may be given; the footing most maently specified
will beused when thebottom of each page is

\, and“K are interpreted in the footing

encounter:

above.

When no .FO command, or .FO with no text after it, has been given, WordStar

will print the page number in the footing line at the column specxfied with
the .PC command (default center unless suppr
|
wit
e
.OP
command
.

a user-specified footing is in effect, page numbers are not automatically

printed. If you wish the pages to be numbered, include a # at the desired
position in the heading or footing.

The .FO command may be used to specmty a line of text to be printed at the
bottom of each page. Use of this command is similar to use of the .HE commanc
(preceding). The most recently smcifx.w footing
used

each page is encountered. If the fmtinq mntainm a #,
be print:ed in place of the %.

the page number mll

The .FM (fmtmg margin) command may beused to specify the number of blank

lines between the bottom of the text area md the footing line.

The footing

margin lies within the bottom margin; varying the footing margin moves the

footing up and down without changing the number of lines of text on the page.

No footing will be printed if the bottom margin (.MB)

is set to zero.

If no footing is in effect (no .FO comand given, or most recent .FO command

had no text after ".FO"), WordStar will print the page number in the footing
line unless suppressed wlth a .OP command. The page number is centered at the
column specified with the .PC command; the default is column 33 (or column 30
if a 64-column wide screen is used, reflecting the narrower default margins
used in the edit function), so as to be centered under text formed using the
default margins.
WordStar

Reference

Manual

8-3

Section

Printing

Features:

Part

By default, WordStar numbers the pages in each
file from 1 up as the file is
printed.
The page number may be changed as desired with the .PN
command.
For
example, if a file represented the second chapte
r of a large document, and
there were 23 pages in the first chapter, you might want to
put

«.PN

at the beginning of the chapter 2 file,

so that its pages would be numbered

from 24 up as it was printed.
Note that .PN effects the page numbering at
printout only; the page numbers displayed in the status
line during editing
always start with 1 and increase by 1 each page.
|
|
|

The maximum page number WordStar will accept is 65533.
commands, the maximum argumen
is
t 255.)

‘

(For the other dot
|

The page number may be positioned wherever desired in
the heading or footing
line by using a # in the .HE or .FO command, as discussed
above.
If no
footing is specified, the page number is printed by
default in the footing
line. This default page number printout may be disabled with
.OP, and re-

enabled with .PN (no number need be given after .PN
unless it is also desired
to set the page number). The column at which the page
number prints in the
default footing may be changed with .PC n.
For example, if you wanted to
center the page number under text 80 columns wide (as formatte
d during
editing) you could use
|
|

.PC 40

The following footing command would have the same ef fact::

.FO

ALTERNATING PAGE NUMBERS

By using the special character “K in a .HE or .FO command
, you can make
WordStar print page numbers (or other heading and/or footing
texts) at the
right hand side of odd numbered pages but at the left
hand side of even

humbered pages,

so as to be on the side of the page farthest from the binding.

The effect of “K is to suppress printing of following
spaces (up to the next

non-space character)

if the page number is

even.

footing is used in this section of this manual:

JFO K

For example,

the

;

following

B-#

The above footing prints on even-numbered pages as
g-#
putting "8-" and the page number on the lower left
corneof
r ‘the page.
numbered pages, it prints as
|

On odd

8~-4

WoraStar

Reference

Manueal

Section

Printing

Features:

Part

I1f a footing has been specified, .OP has no effect; .OP also does not affect

printing of page numbers where a # appears in the heading or footing.

numbering defaults on.

Page

pm NUmoer («.m M nm p’

A page number command without a page number (.PN) has no «effect if the foc:tmg
line has been preempted with a .FO mmmand.

A page number command with a page number (.PN p) sets the page number to

appear at the bottom of the current pageand/or at a # encountered as the page
heading or footing isprinted. The default starting page number is 1; the

page number increases by 1 each page whether or not printed.

.PN effects the

printout page number only; those displayed at the top af the screen during
|
editing always run up from 1.

ornznlrsarnnfls

)

Dot commands for other printing features are shown in Table 8-3.

Table 8-3. Dot Commands for Other Features

.CWw | Chara vv_&r Width.

On dm.sy wheel prmters, mts character wldth to |

w/120ths of an inch, for either the standard or altemate character

pitch, whichever m in effect.
characters per a.nch).«
SR
n

Default:

12/120" = 1/10"

(10

Pt Roll. On daisy wheel printers, rolls the carriage
|
| n/48ths af an inch befmreprinting a subscript or superscript.
D@fault'* 3/48”

LT ON

Hmmjustifmatian ON/OPF.

When Microjustification is OFF, all

.UJ OFF | spaces, including soft spaces, are printed exactly as they appear in
the file. Spaces added to justify lines on the screen print as they
appear on the screen, rather than being evenly distributed between

- words m 1/120ths mf an mch on daisyprinters.

Default: ON.

.BP ON *‘Bidirmtlml Print WCFF Bidirectional print (prmtmg altemate |
.BP OFF | lines right to left) is nmmally ON for daisy printers.

.. text | Ignore. This command specifies that the rest of the lme is commentary material not to be pr:mted.

Character Width (;.cw w)
Standard and alternate pitch are selected by the "N and "A px:mt controls.

Has no effect onnon-daisy printers.

Allows unusual character spamngstor

example, spacing characters farther apart than normal for emphasis in a title.

The default standard pitch is 10 to the inch (equivalent to .CW 12); the
default alternate pltch is 12 to the inch (.CW 10).

wOrmStar Reference Manual

Table 8-4 shows the .CW

8-5

Section

Printing

Features:

Part

command to use for various pitches (characters
per inchl).
It also shows where
to set t:he) right margin when printing at
a given pitch on standard paper (8-

172" x 11").

Table 8-4. Character Pitch
Dot
Command
LW
W

Pitch
(Ch/Inch) |

4
5

30
24

LW 6
W 8
W 10

20
15
12

Right
Margin

Dot
Cammand

Pitch
(Ch/Inch)

198
158
132
99
79

W 12
W 15
CW 17
W 20
-CW 24

Right
Margin
66

8
7
6
5

53
47
40
33

Changing the character width or pitch (with
.CW, “A, or “N) does not affect

previously specified page offset (.FO) or page number column
(.PC) values,

nor

previously specified heading (.HE) or footin
g (.FO) texts (except when “A or

“N are used within the actual heading or footing texts).

offset,

page number column,

heading,

Subsequent page

and footing commands

(.PO, .PC, .HE,

and .FO) will be interpreted in terms of the character
width and pitch in

effect when the .PO, .PC, .HE, or .FO is encoun
tered.

The width of each character printed (how
far the print head moves between
characters) can be varied in two ways: with the
"A and °N print control
characters (earlier in this section), which may
be imbedded mid-line to allow
witching between two character widths, and (on a2
Daisy wheel printer) with
the .CW command, which allows setting any charac
ter width, but only between
lines.
These can interact, as will be described shortly.
|

When a page offset (.PO), page number column (.PC),
heading (.HE), or footing
(.FO) is specified, it is interpreted in the curren
t character pitch; subse-

quent pitch changes do not alter the page offset
, page number position, or the

character spacing in previously specified page heading
s or footings.

CHENGING PITCH ON A NON-DATSY PRINTER
To change pitch on a non—daisy printer, use the
Alternate pitch (“A) and stan-

dard pitch ("N) print control characters.
Their effect depends on your printer's capabilities and on what control sequen
ces are installed in WordStar for
these characters. There will be no effecif
t no control sequences are installed or your printer has one pitch only.
o

To change pitch on a daisy wheel printe
r, use the “A and “N print controls
or the .CW command or a combination of all three:

“A

Selects alternate pitch, which defaults to 12 charac

ters per inch

and may be changed by giving a .CW when alternate
pitch is

effect;

Selects standard pitch, which defaults to 10 charac
ters per inch and

may be changed by giving a .CW when standard pitch is in
effect;
8-6

WordStar

Reference

Mannal

Section

W n

;

Printing

Features:

Part

Sets the character width to n/120ths of an inch for standard or

alternate pitch, whichever is in effect, without affecting the other

pitch.
Table 8-4 gives the .CW command to use for various numbers
of characters per inch.

"NThe word ""Acrammed""N is printed in alternate pitch

pitch and the rest in 10 pitch if no
ammed" inthe12 pitc
word“cralte
thends
withomma
pring t.CWc
will
hes
red
have
precedin
“A

LW 20

°N

LW 8

narrow CAw ide C“rw::mw
will prmt "narrow” in chamgtem 8/120 inch wide (15 characters per
inch),tMn "wide" in characters 20/120 inch wide (6 characters per inch), then
“narrow” in 8/120 wide characters again. The “C's (Section 7) cause the

printer to pause so that the operator may install a different typewheel for

wide characters. The carriage returns after the “A and the "N will cause two
blank lines to be printed first.

mcmjumificatim is xwmally on. Turning mlcw]ustxfmatwn off might be
useful, fm: example, to make a columnar mhle print with the columns aligned

as they appea!

mthe mr:mn even ifsoftspaces were inadvertently allowed to

g@t into the table lines by rwfm:ming (“m or word wrap.
use .uj 1 (for ON) and .uj 0 (for OFF).

You may also

Turning bidirectional print off might in some cases produce better quality
output when the printer's character registration or paper feed is a little
sloppy.
You may also use .bp 1 (ON) and .bp 0 (OFF).

Any undefined dot
ed as a comment by the print function;
however, the edit functian dmplayfi a? flag in tre rightmost screen column
for undefined dot commands.
(You mayalso use .ig text)

PROCEDURES

FOR

PRINTING

The mim; function prints a document or other file from a diskette. Unless
sed by an option described mmw, the top margin, bottom margin, page

heading, and page footing are added to the text in the file, and dot commands

are interpreted.
The print: cmmml characters are always interpreted during
printout to control underline, boldface, pauses for typewheel changes, character pitch, etc.
|
'

WordStar Reference Manual

8-17

Section

Microspace

Printing

Features:

Part

Justification

If the printer in use is a daisy wheel printer

printer

(Diablo or Qume),

thimble

(NEC) or other printer capable of incremental spacing, and
WordStar is
properly installed to use this printer (Installation Manual), the printed
copy
will be microspace justified: WordStar will remove the "soft"
spaces used to
justify formed lines on the screen, and add space in units of
1/128th inch

between words, and possibly between characters, to produce an evenly
spaced
line without large gaps between words.
To further enhance the appearance of
printed text, punctuation characters such as periods and commas are printed
in
a

space narrower

than other

characters,

and

M's and W's are widened slightly.

Microspace justification is applied only to the area between
the left and
right margin of lines “"formed" with word wrap or paragraph reform,
so that
margin alignment and position of any text outside the margins is
maintainedg.
Lines not "formed" with word wrap or paragraph reform are not microspa
ceJustified, so that the alignment of columns in tables is precisely reproduce
d
(the last line of a newly-entered paragraph must be "formed" with paragraph
reform in order to be microspace-justified on printout).

Only a disk-stored document can be printed by WordStar: refer to the General
Information Manual for document saving commands.

Simultaneous

;

Editing

Since the print function can operate at the same time as the edit function, it
does not have its own menus, but is invoked, stopped, and resumed with
the P
command of the no-file menu, or the "KP command while editing. When
the print
function is inactive, these commands will invoke initiation of printing.
When
printing is in progress, the same commands will stop printing. If printing
is
suspended ("paused"), the P or "KP command will cause printing to
resume.,
The
menus change appropriately to indicate the current meaning of the
command.

When printing is in progress, the no-file menu or the file being edited
shows
on the screen in the normal manner.

Editing can be initiated or continued, and most other no~file commands can be
executed, while the (regular) print function is active, except on
computers
with minimal RAM memory.
Keyboard response is somewhat slowed during printing; concurrent editing and printing are suggested for review and
minor
correction, but not for high-speed initial entry of text.
When editing while
the print function is active, watch for DISK WAIT in the status line, orlisten for clicks from your disk drive, and stop entering text until the disk
activity completes.
You may suspend printing (as described later in this
section) temporarily when faster keyboard response is desired.
|
Error

Handling

There are no error messages during regular print execution.
Contradictory
page formats, such as the heading margin greater than the top margin minus
1,

force WordStar to make arbitrary decisions to allow printing to continue.

Control characters with no special definition are printed as "~ and a letter.
Unrecognized dot commands are ignored (not printed).
The additional dot
commands interpreted by the optional MailMerge command (Sections
9-12) are
also ignored by the regular print command.
(The MailMerge command displays a

m::SSage

8- 4

upon encountering an

unrecognized dot

command;

WordStar

MailMerge may thus

Reference

Manual

Section 8

Printing Features:

Part 2

used for checkmgthe dot commands in a document even when its other facilities are not needed.)

Printing Other

Files

While the print function is intended primarily for printing documents prepared
with WordStar, you may print any ASCII disk file.
Form feeds work as page

indicators, andtab ("I) characters expand to 8-column stops, ensuring compatibility with languages and other programs that output print files to diskette.
An opt:.on is available for suppressing page formatting to perm:.t printing a
dlrect image of an (already-paginated file.
Printxng

stk

Print function output can be directed to disk as well as to the printer, so

that a print image can be saved for later output or for examination on the
screen with the edit function.
In a disk output-file thus produced, all dot
commands present have been interpreted (unless suppression of page formatting
was specified) but most print control characters remain.
If no WordStar print
control characters
were used, the disk print output file may be printed
without using WordStar.
|

Printer

Setup

You will want to position the paper in your prmt&r so that the text comes out
in the desired vertical and horizontal position. A few trials may be needed to
-establish the desired paper position.
Theposition of the text on the page
can also be mampulated via the .PO, .MT, and .MB dot commands (section 7) as
well as by moving the paper in the printer.

The print function assumes the

paper to be at the "top of form" position when printing is mxtiated,
the USE FORM FEIDS option (below) is specified.
The Optional

MailMerge

unless

Feature‘

MailMerge provides additional print-time facilities for insertion of variable

information from a data fileor operator entry into form letters, insertion of
other document files into the printout, print-time line-forming, etc.
This

section demnbes the regqular print command; the MailMerge command differs in

that one additional question (NUMBER OF COPIEE?) is asked during the ini-

tiation dialog, and in that editing cannot be performed at the same time as
printing.
MailMerge
operation is detailed inSections 9-12.

Initiating Printing
When a print wmmd (P or M from the no-f3.le menu, or “KP while

editing)

given with no print in progress and no print suspended, the commamd means
"Initiate print". WordStar will ask:

NAME OF

FILE

PRINT?

Enter the file name.

Manual.

(File names are discussed in the General Information
They are also summars.zed m a prompt that appears on the screen

whenever you use the"open adocument" command, D from the no~file menu.) The

usual control characters (Sectlcm 6) my be used to correct typing errors and
invoke fllzle directory display.
For details on mn.tmtmg MailMerge, see

Section

WordStar

12.

Refe:ence

Manual

8-9

Section

Printing

Features:

Part

To start printing immediately with all options defaulted; make sure the printer is ready and the paper properly positioned, and press the ESCAPE
key after
typing the file name. To cause WordStar to ask the print options questions
before beginning to print, press the RETURN key after typing the file name.
If the file is not found, a message will be displayed and the question reasked.

When the name of the file to print is terminated with the RETURN key, WordStar
will ask the following Print Options Questions before starting to print:
DISK

FILE OUTPUT (Y/N):
START AT PAGE NUMBER (RETURN for beginning)?
STOP AFTER PAGE NUMBER (RETURN for end)?
‘USE FORM FEEDS (Y/N):
SUPPRESS PAGE FORMATTING (Y/N):
- PAUSE FOR PAPER CHANGE BETWEEN PAGES (Y/N):
Ready printer, press RETURN:

All of the Y/N questions are answered with a single character:
Yoryor “Y
for "yes", any other character for TMmo"; either the RETURN or ESCAPE keys can
be used to give a "no" or other default response to any of the options questions.
Seven RETURNs thus produces the same effect as hitting the escape key
after the name of the file to print.
Initially, you will probably want to
default most or all of the questions.
The print command can be dborted by

typing “U at any of the print options questions.

Explanations of each of the print options questions follow.

DISK PILE OUTPUT (Y/N): N

A *no" response (any single character except Y or y or °Y) will cause the
print output to go to the printer,

as normally desired.

A response of Y or y or Y causes WordStar to ask "OUTPUT FILE NAME?".

The "printed” output will then be placed on this file; this file will
differ from the input in that it will be a print image, with all dot
commands expanded (unless a "yes" answer is given to SUPPRESS PAGE FORMATTING) suitable for later copying to the printer or for examination on
the screen with the edit function.

START

PAGE

NUMBER

(RETURN for

beginning)?

Type a number followed by a carriage return or escape in order to

start

the print at that page number.
This allows restarting after printer
paper jams, or printing only some latter part of a document.

A null, 0, or 1
response causes printing to begin at the beginning of
the file. A non-numeric, non—null response will cause the question to be
reasked until an acceptable answer is given.

STOP AFTER

PAGE

NUMBER '(RE:'TURN for

end)?

Type a number and press either RETURN or ESCAPE to stop the print opera-

tion after completion of the given page number.
This step provides you
with a way to print only the desired pages of a document without having
to manually interrupt the print operation. A null response will cause
the printing to continue until the end of the file is encountered.
8-10

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Section

USE

FORM

FEEDS

Printing

(Y/N):

Features:

Part

Normally, WordStar sends the correct number of line feeds to the printer
to advance to the top of the next page. Answering Y to this question

causes WordStar to send a "form feed" character (0C hex) instead of
multiple line feeds between pages, and also before the first page (most
printers ignore fm:m feeds when already at top of form.d
Of course, the
printer must be equipped to rmpond to form feeds, and the paper must be
loaded into the printer with the top of form in the desired position.
Using formfeeds is faster with some non-daisy printew, and eliminates
the need for tha paperlength set with the .PL command to exactly match

the forms and the need to vertic&lly position the paper manually before
initiating print.

SUPPRESS PAGE FORMATTING (Y/N):

A TM" response to this question causes WordStar to print the dot commands
in the file, rather than interpreting them. The page formatting normally

done under control of the explicit or default dot commands is not done —
no top margins, bottom margins, page offsets, headings, footings, or page
numbers are added to the text in the file.
The output will print across
the folds in the paper if not already paginated.
Most print. control
characters in the file are interpreted regardless of the answer to this
question.

Use of the SUPPRESS PAGEFORMATTING option yields a printout of the exact

contents of the file, rather than a formatted document, allowing you to
proofread the dot commands. This opticm is also appropriate for printing
already-paginated files rwt created by WordStar, and for printing disk

files created with the print function DISK mz-:: OUTPUT option.

PAUSE

FOR

PAP{ERCBANGE

BETWEEN PAGES (Y/N):

To print on aingle sheets individually loaded mtm the printer, such as
letterheads, give a "yes" response (Y or y or “Y) to this question.
WordStar thmn pauses after printing each page.

When such a pause occurs,

AUSED appears in the status line.
After changing the paper,
aP (no fue) or "KP (while editing a file) to continue printing.

type

A "no" response (any character but Y, y, or “Y) causes WordStar to print

‘continuously.

This assumes you are printing on continuous forms. .

Ready printet, press RETURN: X
Make sure your printer isready

equipment requires.
sure the

- turned on,

set "on-line", whatever your

Unless the USE FORM FEEDS option was specified, make

paper is positioned where you wish the top of the first page to

print.
If the paper is positioned part way down a page,
printed page will begin at this position.
Then press any key.
Printout will begin,
no-file menu or to the edit function.

WordStar

Reference

Manual

each successive

and control will return to the

8-11

Section

Suspending

Printing

and

Aborting

Features:

Part

Printing

A print command (P if no file, “KP while editing) given while printing is in

progress will cause WordStar to stop printing, display a message showing the
name of the file being printed, and ask the following question:

TYPE "Y" to ABANDON PRINT, "N" TO RESUME, “U TO HOLD: B
)

"Y" causes the print in progress to be aborted.

"N" causes printing to continue.
You may resume printout after
stopping to adjust the paper in the printer, etc.

)

An interrupt character

("U)

causes control to return to the no-file

menu or to the edit function with the print suspended ("pausedTM but
not aborted.
The next print command typed will cause print to

continue. Any number of other commands may intervene before printing

is continued.

To abort when print is already "paused” (next subsection), resume, then stop
by typing two print commands in succession.
This will get you the ABANDON
question; answer Y.

Continuing Print

Whenever printing is "paused" (suspended), printing can be resumed by entering
a print command--P if no file being edited, “KP if editing.
Print can become
"paused"” for any of the following reasons:
|

PAUSE BETWEEN PAGES option
in use and page completed (earlier in
this section);

°C print control character (pause until resumed by operator, as for

typewheel change,

Section 7)

encountered in file;

Print stopped by operator with print command, then “U entered at
RESUME question (earlier in this section);
|

Disk full when DISK FILE OUTPUT is in use (an explanatory message is
also displayed;

see discussion in Appendix Bl.

When printing is "paused", PRINT PAUSE appears in the status line.
editing, an additional message, TYPE "KP TO CONTINUE PRINT,
the main command menu.
|
|

8=12

WordStar

When

is displayed above

Reference

Manual

Appendix

Summary

WordStar

Commands

Appendix A

Summary of WordStar Commands
SUMMARY OF EDITING COMMANDS

Commands for Cursor Motion,
Scrolling, and Searching
Commands on this page are displayed as they appear on the keyboard.

Scroll Down
W
One Line

Up
“E
One Line

Up
“R
One Screen

Left

Right

One Word

One Character

One Word

Scroll
Up

°Z

Cne Line

Down

One Line

One Screen

“C

Scroll Down

2ginning

Continuously

of File

Replace

“Q"A

Text

Left Side

Right Side

Find

of Screen

. Text

“Q°s

“0°D

“Q°F

Scroll Up

Bottom of

End

Continuously

Text Area

of File

Cursor to

Cursor to Position

Place Marker

Before Last Command

~Q8-9

Q°p

Cursor to

End of Block
Cursor to

Cursor to

Start of

Beginning

Last Find

of Block

Q°V

Q"B

or Source

of Last Block

WordStar Reference Manual

A-1

Appendix

Summary

WordStar

Commands

Basic Commands for Entering Text

vV
RETURN

“N

“Px

Insertion ON/OFF

Tab

End Paragraph

"0°1

Set Variable Tab

Insert Hard RETURN

"O°N

Clear Variable Tab

Enter Control

“O°F

Character

Set Margins§and Tabs from

any line in the file

Deletion Commands

- DEL

"Q DEL

Delete Character Left

Delete to Beginning

of Line

“K"Y

°G

Delete Character Right

Delete Word Right

Q7Y

Delete to End of Line

Delete the Entire Line

Dele
a Block
te

Comma
fornds
Saving
and Abandoning

"K"S

Save File and Resume

"KD

Save File—Done

“KTMX

Save File and Exit

“K°Q

Abandon File

Onscreen Commands
~0"C

~o"L

Set Left Margin

‘
“0°G

oTMX

Paragraph
Tab

Cente
a Line
r

“0°R

Set Right Margin

Release Margins

“0"s

Set Line Spacing

R&%bnnfam@wmmx

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Appendix A

Summary of WordStar Commands

Formatting Toggles

“OW

WordWrap ON/OFF

“0"H

Hyphen-Help ON/OFF

“0°T

Ruler Line ON/CFF

“0O"E

Soft Byphen ON/CFF

"0°J

Justification ON/CFF

“0°D

Print Display ON/CFF

Variable Tabs ON/CFF

“0°P

Pége Break Display ON/OFF

Place Marker

Commands

“K8-9

Set/hide a Place Marker

“09-9

Move to a Place Marker

“Q°F

Find Text

"Q"A

Find and Replace

Find or Replace again

Restore Cursor to

Find n times

Backward Search

Ignore Upper/Lower Case

Global Search (Replace)

Whole Word Search

Autcmatic Replace

“A

Match any character

“Ox

Match any other than x

Match any special

Match “RETURN, line feed"

"K’B

Mark Beginning of Block

°"K'K

Mark End of Block

Move
a Block

"K°C

Copy a Block

“KY

Delete a Block

"K"H

Hidea Block

“Q°B

Move to Block Beginning

“Q°K.

Move to End of Block

ch@racter

Q°V
WordStar

Reference

Manual

last Find/Replace

Move tu Block Source
A-3

Appendix A

Summary of WordStar Commands

Additional File Commands

"KW

Write Block to File

"K"R

Read a File into Text

“K"0

Copy a File

"K"E

Rename a File

“K~J

Delete a File

"K"L

Change Logged Disk

“K"F

Directory ON/OFF

“K"P

Print a File

The Belp Commands

“J"H

Display and Set the Help Level

“J°s

Status Line

“J"B

Paragraph Re-Form (CTRL B)

“J°R

Ruler Line

“J°P

Place Markers

“J°F

Explanations of Flags

“J°D

Ordinary Dot Commands

Moving Text

“ITMM

Margins and Tabs

Miscellaneous Cammands

Repeat a Function

Interrupt

SOMMA
CF PRNTING
RY COMMANDS

Press "P before typing one of these print control keys.
Print Control Toggles

°s

Underscore

Strikeout

”H’

“B

Boldface

Subscript

Double-Strike

Superscript

Strikeover

Non-Break Space
Ribbon Color

Other Print Controls

A-4

“C

Stop Print

“A

Alternate Pitch

“F

Phantom Space

Right-Left

= "N

Standard Pitch

Phantom Rubout

Form Feed

“J

Line Feed

Overprint Next Line

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Appendix A

edi

Dot

Summary

WordStar

Commands

Table A-l. Summary of Dot Commands
Function

.LH

Line Height

- Default

1/48 inch

8 = 6 lines to the inch

.PL

Paper Length

lines

66 default lines = 11 inches

.MT

| Margin at Top

lines

3 default lines = 1/2 inch

.MB

Units

Margin at Bottom | lines

Heading Margin

lines

.FM

| Footing Margin

lines

(page # margin)

~ .PC | Page # Column
.PO

columns

| Page Offset

columns

.PA

new Page

Conditional Page | lines

Heading

8 default lines = 1 1/3 inch

2 default lines = 1/3 inch
|

2 default lines = 1/3 inch

1/2 default right margin
8 default columns = 4/5 inch

blank

.FO | Footing
.OP

page number at .PC column

Ommt Page #'s

Numbe

N N

Character width

10 for alternate pitch

.SR

Subscript Roll

1/48 inch

Microjustify

OFF (8)ON(1) | ON (1)

Bidirect. Print

OFF (Q)ON(1) | ON (1)

.BP
.IG

| Comment

| 1/128 inch | 12 for standard pitch,

(also ..)

Tab1e4hw2

Default

WordStar

Tflh&eiawa

Pmtch
(characters
per inch)

Dot
Command

'Lingg
per inch |
wmwngg;

Dot
Command
STETER

OV 24

2.4

.LH 20

CW 20

2.6

.LH 18

W 17

3.0

.LH 16

QW 15

4.9

.LH 12

W 12

4.8

.LH 10

W 109

5.3

6.0

.LH

6.8

Q¥

8.0

9.6

Reference

Manual

Default

A-5

Appendix A

Summary

WordStar

Commands

SUMMARY OF MAILMERGE COMMANDS

This section briefly summarizes variables, data files,
and the MailMerge dot
commands.
Refer to the text (Sections 9-12) for introductory
explanations and
additional detail.
|
|

Variables
A MailMerge variable is a symbolic name for a data
item (text) which may be
different in each of several letters or other documents
printed by MailMerge

from the same document file.

A Variable name consists of a letter followed by 8 to 39
additional letters,
digits, and/or (hard) -'s,
The variable name (without &'s) is used in dot
commands that establish the variable's value,

Examples:

NAME
ADDRESS
DATE-TCDAY

A Variable reference, or place where the variabl
e's current value is to be

inserted, consists of an &, the variable's name, and
another &. . Spaces are
allowed between the &'s and the variable name, but (hard)
spaces are not
allowed within the name.
Soft spaces and soft carriage returns are ignored
between the &'s and the variable name, and after a soft hyphen
(which is also
ignored) within the variable name.

Examples:

&NAMES
&ADDRESS1
&
& DATE-TODAY &

&ADDRESS5/0&

/0 in a variable reference causes that LINE to be omitted from
the printout if
the variable is null and the rest of the line is blank.

Variable values (the data to be inserted at references to
the variable) may be
P to 280 characters long.
A variable may be given a value in three ways:

From a data file (via .DF and .RV)
Keyed in by the operator during MailMerge (via .AV)
~ Set within the document or an invoking document

(with .SV)

A variable must be given a value before it is used.

References to undef ined

(no value yet given) variables are printed.
&'s not enclosing valid,
variable names are printed, permitting normal use of
& in text,

A-6

WordStar

Reference

defined

Manual

Appendix A

Summary

of WordStar

Commands

Data Files

A data file used with MailMerge to supply names and addresses when printing
form letters or other documents consists of data items (variable values;
fields) separated by commas, with a carriage return after the last item of the
group of items to
used in one letter (m: other document).

There must always be the same number of items on a line (record), with commas
present to *hold places" for any items which are omitted.
To include a comma, or leading or trailing blanks, in an item, enclose the
item, or at least the comma or blanks, in quotes(").

Data files may be prepared with WordStar (use the N ¢ mmand) or DataStar.
- For DataStar compatmxllty, any data file line mntammg FF hex or 7F hex in
the first byte is ignored.

Example: three valid lines m ) of a data file:

Wolmtt Wmfiw, 16 M Dlwl, "mstmu m.lg‘
’/ 09455, Mr. Mumm
(Carrmge returns may be used as an alternative to commas Between items.

Such

improves screen readalilmty when the data file is created with Wordstar,

but use of carriage returns is discouraged because it reduces MailMerge's tendency to get '"back in sync"aftm; an mmtted data item or comma, and because

it prevents processing the

data file with SuperSort to select records or place

them in alphabetical or Zip Code order.)

Fomm Letter Using

.OP

omit page numbers

DF dataf ilename
RV variablel, vanablaz ’ vm:x.able3 r « o« «

(must match data file)

text of letter, using &variable&'s as desired

| .PA

.OP

.CS

start next letter on new page

anit page numbers

<AV "prmt » variablel

AV “prompt", variable2
6 e e

clear screen (optional)
|

(one .AV for each variable)

text of letter, using &variable&'s as desired

.PA

.FI nameofthisfile

WordStar

Reference

Manual

start next letter on new page
(if autamatic repeat desired)

A-7

Appendix

Summary

WordStar

Commands

*Document® to Print/Check Data Pile
.DF datafilename
-RV variablel, variable2, variable3,
.CPn
&variablels&
&variable2s
&variable3s&
e

n=# variables

Two Useful Command FPiles

AV "Today's date", date
FI letterfile
oo

|
|
letterfile is a document in one of the

forms shown

today's date

above, using &dates& where

should print.

AV LETTERFILENAME

-AV DATAFILENAME

.FI &LETTERFILENAMES

letter file whose name operator enters

is a document in data file form shown
above, but containing
.DF S&DATAFILENAMES

»
.

MailMerge also does the regular' print dot commands (Section
7).

following tables (A-4 and A-5) »

brackets enclose optional parameters.

In the

Table A~4. MailMerge Dot Cammands
Command

.DF filename

[CHANGE]

.RV variablel, variable2,...

Data File: Specifies data file to be used.
CHANGE, if given, requests diskette change.
Read Variables: Gives names and order of variables to be read from data file.
List of one

or more variable names must correspond in number

and order to data items in data file.

«RP [n]

Repeat:

If n given,

document
is processed n

times.
If n omitted, document is processed
until data file exhausted. The function of .RP
with no n is included in .DF; command is needed
only if a different (inserted) document is to be
repeated.

.SV variable, value

Set Variable within document: named variable is

set to value on rest of line,.

A-8

WordStar Reference Manual

Appendix A

Summary

AV ["prompt"],

variable,

[length]

WordStar

Commands

Ask Operator for Variable Value:

Prompts on

screen and allows operator to enter data.
“prompt”

optional prompt text, in quotes.
omitted, variable name used.

variable

identifies variable for which operator
will enter data.

length

optional maximum length

DM [message]

Display Message: Displays message (rest of line)

.CS [message]

Clear Screen and display optional message.

.FI filename [CHANGE]

File Insert: Specified file is inserted in
printout at position of .JFI command. File will
be inserted multiple times (processed repeatedly) if it contains .DF/.RV or .RP.

on screen. Leaves blank line if message omitted.

The commands after .PF in Table A-5 are effective only if .PF ON has been
given, or if a variable reference has already been seen in the current paragraph.
For each, DIS is the default and means "match the input".

Table A~5. Ma
for Print—'rime Lixwmjng

.PF ON/CFF/DIS |

Print-Time Line-Forming ON or OFF or DIScretion-

ary. DIScretionary (default) means form lines

from variable reference to end of paragraph
only.

.RM n/DIS

Right Margin 1 to 248 or DIScretionary.

.IM n/DIS

Left Margin 1 to 248 or DIScretionary.

LS n/DIS

.QJ ON/OFF/DI1S

.1J ON/OFF/DI1S

Line Spacing 1 to 9 or DIScretionary.
- Output Justification ON or OFF or DIScretionary.

Interpret Input as Justified ON or OFF or DIS-

cretionary: affects method of determining right
margin if .RM DIS is in effect, and determines
output justification if .QJ DIS is in effect.
W

WordStar

Reference

Manual

A-9

Appendix

Summary

WordStar

Commands

Reference

Manual

This page intentionally left blank.

A-10

WordStar

Appendix

WordStar

Appendix
WordStar Error

Error

Messages

B
Messages

This appendix contains explanations of WordStar's error and warning messages.
Additional error messages that can occur wha.le INSTALLing WordStar are
described in the Imtallat:icm Manual.

THE

DISK

TEXT

FILE

Many of WordStar's messages are read in from a disk file WSMSGS.OVR as they
are needed for display. This includes most error messages, the menus, and
many explanatory messages. The messages are stored in a disk file in order to
reduce WordStar's RAM requirements while allowing full, understandable message
and explanation texts and multiple menus.
When WordStar is in use, the file WSMSGS.OVR should always be on the diskette

in drive A.

If diskettes are changed during WordStar use, be sure to keep a

diskette containing WSMSGS.OVR in drive A at all times. Operation of WordStar
without WSMSGS.OVR present is normally an error, but experienced users may
operate WordStar thus if desired.
If the message text file is not present, the following message appears:

geeg

File WSMSGS.OVR not found.

Menus &

messages will display as @@@@ only.

WordStar will continue running, but many messages will be replaced with

"@@@Q@"; in particular, the menus will appear as @@@@ only.

Hence WordStar

sets the "Help Level®” to @ if WSMSGS.OVR is not present to minimize the

display of messages and menus.

THE ERROR RELEASE KEY
A number ¢of the edit function errors require the user to hit the ESCAPE key

after the error message is displaym
This is to make sure the message stays
on the screen until read, and to insure that WordStar does not proceed to the
next command even if the user has typed ahead.
‘I‘he messages for most of these
errors have the form:
**++ ERROR n:

(specific message)

*** Press ESCAPE Key N

When such a message is displayed, WordStar fcrqms any typed ahead characters
and ignores further input until an ESCAPE is typed.
Editing then continues;
the command that caused the error usually will have made no change in the file
and not moved the cursor.

If such an error occurs when the disk message text file (previous subsectwn)
is not available, the message will appear as:
*** FERROR n:

WordStar

@Q@@Q@ *** pPress ESCAPE Key 1§

Refepence

Manual

B-1

Appendix

WordStar

Error

Messages

‘The €€€e is printed in place of text that would have been obtained from
WSMSGS.OVR had that file been present. The number
message may be found in the following section.

EDIT

FUNCTION

ERROR

(n)

remains the same,

so the

MESSAGES

xkk INTERRUPTED *** Press ESCAPE Key
N
Occurs when the "interrupt" key, “U, is pressed.
This isn't actually an
error, but the error message mechanism is used to call attention to the
fact that the command in progress has been aborted and/or additional
typed-ahead characters have been discarded.
Hit the ESCAPE key and
continue editing.
Does not occur if “U is typed when there is nothing to
interrupt.
|
**%* NOT FOUND:

string

*** Press ESCAPE Key N

Occurs when the Find ("QF), Replace ("QA) or Find/Replace Again (°L)
command cannot find the specified string between the cursor position and
the end of the document (beginning if B option used).
The user's answer
to the FIND? question is included in the message.
The cursor is left at
the end (beginning) of the document.
|
|

The "QV command may be entered after a NOT FOUND message to return the
cursor to the starting point.

1If a repeat count or the G option was

given, this will be the position of the last occurrence found.
Also, “QP
may be entered immediately after hitting ESCAPE to return the cursor to
the position where the command was given, even if a count or the G option
was used.

When a repeat count is specified, this message will occur if fewer occurrences are found. With the G (global) option, the message will occur only
if no occurrences are found.
|

*** ERROR E5: THAT PLACE MARKER NOT SET *** Press ESCAPE Key N
You gave a "move cursor to place marker" command for a place marker that
you have not set since you began editing the file you are now editing.
As described above, press the ESCAPE key to release the error message and
continue.
:
'

*** ERROR E6: BLOCK BEGINNINOT
G MARKED

(OR MARKER
IS UNDISPLAYED)

*** Press ESCAPE Key ¥

You gave a block move ("KV), block copy ("KC), block delete ("KY), or
block write ("KW) command without first marking the beginning of the text
to be operated on with the mark block beginning command ("KB).
As with
all error messages containing "Press ESCAPE Key", press the ESCAPE key to
release the error.
To tell WordStar where the beginning of the block of text to move,
delete, etc. is, position the cursor on the first character in the block,

and type "KB.

After marking both the beginning and the end, repeat the

command that yielded the error.

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Appendix

WordStar

Error

Messages

ERROR E6 also occurs after "hiding" (undisplaying) the block beginning

marker with "KB (cursor already at marker) or with block hide/display
("KH). In these cases the existing marker can be redisplayed with
another block hide/display command (“KH).
xk*

ERROR E7:

BLOCK END NOT MARKED
(OR MARKER IS UNDISPLAYED)

*** Press ESCAPE Key N

Similar to error E6 except end is not marked.
To tell WordStar where the
end of the text to operate on is, place the cursor on the CHARACTER AFTER

the last character to move, delete, etc, and type "KK.

After marking the

end of the block (or causing the marker already set to display), repeat

the command that gave the error.
kRk%k
% %%

ERROR E8: BLOCK END MARKER BEFORE BLOCK BEGINNING MARKER

Press ESCAPE Key 1

You have put the end marker earlier in the file than the beginning
marker, and it is not clear to WordStar what text to block move, copy,
delete, or write. Correct the markers, then reissue the command that
gave the error.
* k%

ERROR E9: BLOCK TOO LONG )
MOVE OR COPY IN TWO SMALLER BLOCKS *** Press ESCAPE Key N

The amount of text between the beginning and end markers is more than
WordStar can block move or copy.
pieces.

Operate on it in two or more smaller

. Users with minimal RAM will see this message a lot; with more RAM, it
will occur less often. The number of characters that may be in a block
is about 500 in the smallest RAM that WordStar will operate in and every

added K of RAM adds 1024 chamcters to the maximum block size. Adding 8K
of RAM memory to your system adds about 8060 characters to the block
size, making it possible to move seventeen times as much text.
The block write command is not subject to any block size limitation.

*** ERROR El@:

CURSOR NOT IN RANGE FOR COLUMN MOVE / COPY

*** Press ESCAPE Key N

In the 3.0 version of wOrdStar, neither column move nor column copy is
possible when the cursor lies in a negative print position or past column
240.
L

ERROR Ell:

THAT FILE EXISTS ON DESTINATION DISK.
DELETE EXISTING FILE FIRST,
OR USE A DIFFERENT DISKETTE.
*** Press ESCAPE Key N

This message only occurs when you have specified that a file on one
diskette be edited anad the new version be placed on a different diskette.

See "StartingWordStar", Section 1 and the D command in Section 1.

This

message indicates that a file with the same name and type already exists
on the destmatmn drive (the second drive name glven) If WordStar
proceeded in this situation, the existing file on the destination
diskette would be lost. This error prevents inadvertent file destruction.

WordaStar

Reference

Manual

B-3

Appendix

WordStar

After the ESCAPE key is pressed,

requested edit is not initiated.

Error

Messages

WordStar goes to the no-file menu;

the

From the no-file menu you can delete

the existing file if desired, then re-invoke the edit with
the D command.
Alternatives include inserting a different disket
te to accept the destination file, and exiting to the operating system
and using the REName
command to change the name or type of one of the
files.

Can't edit a file of type .BAK or .SS$
-=-

rEname or cOpy the

file before editing

Occurs at D or N command from no-file menu if the file
name entered ends

in .BAK or .$$S.

The edit is not initiated and the no-file menu remains

on the screen.
If you really wish to edit the file, rename (with the
E
command) the file to a different type.
Alternately, for a file of moderate size, you could edit a new file name and
then read the .BAK or .SSS
file into it with the additional file read ("KR) command.
ALLOW PRINT TO FINISH BEFORE EDITING A FILE.
YOUR SYSTEM DOES NOT HAVE ENOUGH MEMORY TO
PERMIT SIMULTANEOUS EDITING AND PRINTING.

Occurs at D or N command from no-file menu if the print function
is in
use and your system has relatively little memory, or
the operating system

is not relocated to make all memory present available to WordStar
(see
description of error F25 in this appendix). The edit is not initiate
d;
the no-file menu remains on the screen. See the Installation Manual
with
regard to memory requirements,

*** ERROR E12:

DISK FULL *** Press ESCAPE Key N

The diskette is full.
May occur when moving cursor towards becinning of
a large file (see "Long
Documents," Section 6), in which case it will
still
be possible to move the cursor toward the end of the file and to

save your weork. If it occurs while moving cursor forward
or while saving,
you are probably out of luck.
DON'T LET YOUR DISKETTE GET FULL!

To prevent full diskettes, check your file sizes and disk
space frequently with the system STAT command, and keep lots
of extra space on
each of your diskettes.
See the General Information Manual for further

discussion of diskette space.

Suggestions for recovering from a DISK FULL error:

If cursor was being moved toward the beginning of a large file (see
Section 6), it may still be possible to move it toward the end.
In
that case, get back to the beginning by SAVING with "KS, then move

FORWARD to the desired position.

If cursor was being moved toward end of the file, or the DISK FULL

error occurred while saving, first delete

("KJ command)

any unneeded

files.
You could also delete any file that you know you could
replace later from another diskette, including WS.COM or even

WSMSGS.OVR.

Proceed with your edit, and remember to arrange more

diskette space (e.g. by moving some documents to a different diskette)

after

saving.,

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Appendix

WordStar

Error

Messages

If deleting files doesn't allow you to complete your edit, and you
don't have much work to lose, abort the edit, make more diskette
space available (erase unwanted files or move some files to another
diskette), then repeat the edit.

If you have made substantial changes or additions, and thus don't
want to abort the edit, yet can't get enough space to complete the

edit by deleting files, one of the following drastic measures may
work:
|
a.

If there is extra space on a diskette in the other drive, try

putting the changed portions of the file on it with block

write.
Then recombine in a subsequent edit after arranging
more diskette space.

'b.

Delete unchanged porticms of the file until saving does not

yield a DISK FULL error.
Then recover these portions from the
AK file or from a previous backup copy you (hopefully) kept.

Desperate measure; use only with extreme caution and only if
you have a lot of work at stake: if the entire original file
has been read, that is, if you can do a "QC command and see the
end of the file on the screen, delete the input file with the

"KJ command.

Then save.

WordStar may bomb out with a fatal

error F29, in which case your file will have type $$S.
Use the
rEname command to reestablish the type.
There will be no BAK
file.
Arrange for more diskette space and make a backup copy.

If the DISK FULL arises out of a block write ("KW) command, the
above recoveries are not relevant.
Delete ("KJ) the file written,

as it is incomplete and not "closed".

If you can arrange additional

disk space by deleting other files or using a different drive,
repeat the block write.
Then proceed with your edit.

Sometimes as soon as you hit the ESCAPE key, another DISK FULL error will

occur.

luck.

In this case your diskette is really full and you are out of

Don't let this happen — watch your disk space!

*** ERROR E13: COLUMN READ / WRITE NOT ALLOWED *** Press ESCAPE Key N

The 3.0 version of WordStar does not allow column read/write.
can, however, duplicate the effects.

You

To read a column into one file from another, first change column mode to

block mode with "KN; then read a block containing the column to the end
of the destination file.
Turn column mode on again ("KN), mark the
column desired, and move the column to the desired location with "KV.
Finally, delete the remainder of the text block from the end of the file.

To write a column from one file to another, copy the column, with column
mode ON, from its original spot to the end of that file; then change to

block mode ("KN) and write the column to the second file.
column from the end of the original file.

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Delete the

B-5

Appendix

WordStar

Error

Messages

FILE name.typ NOT FOUND

The file named in response to the FILE NAME? guestion asked by the addiional file read command ("KR) or the print command (Section 8) does not
exist.
The actual name you typed appears in the message; the message

- appears on the screen below the FILE NAME? question, and the cursor is

replaced after the question.
Enter the corrected name -- be sure you
include the drive if needed — or just enter RETURN if you don't want to

complete the command.
Forward cursor ("D) and "R can be used to bring
back characters from the previous answer without retyping them (Section

1).

INVALID FILE NAME: XXXXXX

Similar to the previously described error; whatever you typed in response

to the guestion (echoed back in the message where xxxxxx is shown above)
was not a correctly formed file name.

File naming is described in the

General Information Manual and is detailed in your system documentation;
the D command summarizes the form of file names on the screen.

Note

WordStar will not accept "wild card" file names containing * or
?;

***

those characters get the above error.

INTERNAL ERROR I15:

INVALID COPY LENGTH *** Press ESCAPE Key X

***+ INTERNAL ERROR I16: INVALID ADDRESS *** Press ESCAPE Rey
N
**%

INTERNAL ERROR Il7:

MEMORY FULL *** Press ESCAPE Key &

*** INTERNAL ERROR I18: MEMORY SHORTAGE *** Press ESCAPE Key N
alad INTERNAL‘ERROR I19: POINTER > 64K FROM CURSOR *** Press ESCAPE Key X
**+ INTERNAL ERROR I36: BAD OVLY# *** Press ESCAPE Key B
The above are internal errors which should not occur.
If one does occur,
saving immediately and exiting to the operating system is recommended.
Make a copy of the .BAK file, as the internal error may have garbled your
document.
Then reinvoke WordStar and check your file.
If one of these

errors is reproducible (i.e. if you can find a reliable way to make it

happen again), please report it to your dealer.

B-6

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Appendix B

WordStar

Error Messages

WARNINGS

The following are warnings, for your information. See also Print Function

warnings.

*** WARNING: WORD TOO LONG TO FIT MARGINS

When forming a line, WordStar found more characters than would fit between the currently set left and right margins with no word break (space
or hyphen). For example, if you type a line of *'s accross the screen,
(e.g. as part of a table heading), with word wrap on and the margins not
released, this message will appear when it gets wider than the margins.
You can leave it too wide, or d@mw the excess *'s, depending how you
want the page to appear. The message will also appear on a "word" too
long during paragraph reform ("B).

When a "word" is too long, WordStar looks about 10 characters beyond the
margin for a break. If found, it is used, and the "word"is allowed to
pro-ject into the right margin. If not found, the word is split AT the

CAN'T DISPLAY PAGE BREAKS IN A NON-DOCUMENT FILE
An "OP command was given during a “non-document” edit invoked with the N
command (Sections 1 and 6).

The command was disregarded.

PUT AT FILE BEGINNING FOR CORRECT PAGE BREAK DISPLAY >
This appears, highlighted, - ON THE SCREEN LINE with a .PL, .MT, .MB, or
.LH dot command that is preceded by document text (anything, including
blank lines, other than dot mmands) when page break display is on. The
intent of this message is to remind
nat dynamic page break display

- will not pick up and respond to this dmt cmmmani, and thus may show

, dmffamnt page breaks during editing than will occur on printout. The
command is nevertheless mtexed into the file, and will be interpreted by
the print function. The message is on the screen only; it is not entered
~into your document. This m%mg@ does not appear if page break display
is off ("OD command) or during non-document edits (N command, Section 6).

A question mark appears
in the rightmost screen column, highlighted,

opposite incomplete or appamntly erroneous dot commands. An unrecognized two-letter code, a missing numeric argument where required, or a
number greater than 255 (except with the .PN command) will cause a ? to
display. Also appears as a command is being entered; disregard until
command is fully typed. Does not appear during non-document edits (N
mmand, Section 6).

File WSMSGS.OVR not found. Menus & |
messages will dmplay as @eeee only.

Occurs when WordStar is stax:ted, when at the no-file menu, and/or when
editing of a file is initiated if the message text (WSMSGS.OVR) is not
found on the diskette in drive A: nor on the diskette in the current

logged drive.
WordStar

See "The Disk Text File" in this appendix.

Reference

Manual

B-7

Appendix

WordStar

Error

Messages

eeee
The disk text file WSMSGS.OVR is not present, and WordSta
r tried to
display some message or menu (including the no-file menu) from
that file.
See '"The Disk Text File" at the beginning of this section.

Note

The most common and important error messages will display even
1f WSMSGS.OVR is not on line, or will display part of their
text (including the error number, if any), followed by @@ee.

However, the menus will be completely unavailable and only
@@@e
will appear at the top of the screen.
|

* %% WARNING:

WRONG VERSION OF WSMSGS.
SOME MESSAGES MAY BE INCORRECT **+*
-

Occurs if the disk text file WSMSGS.OVR in use is that from a different
release than the WordStar (WS.COM) being run.
The message file may not
contain all of the correct messages; some messages may be absent.

WordStar execution continues; an attempt to display a message not in the
text file will yield: IF THIS DISPLAYS YOU ARE USING WRONG VERSION
OF

Exception: the first release of WSMSGS.OVR did not contain the WRONG
VERSION OF WSMSGS.OVR warning; use of a later WS.COM with the earliest
WSMSGS.OVR will cause IF THIS DISPLAYS THERE IS A BUG to display.

I's and beeps
I's appear on the screen, wherever the cursor happens to be, usually

accompanied by beeps from the terminal,

when WordStar is

receiving

keyboard input at a faster rate than it can process and has exhausted its
capacity to store characters for later processing.
This normally occurs

only when using the REPEAT key on the terminal, or holding down an autorepeat key.
The I's and beeps are to warn you that WordStar is losing

keystrokes; stop typing or release the key you are REPEATing when they

occur.

After processing all characters not missed, WordStar will re-

display the screen,
*** WARNING:

removing the !'s. You may then continue editing.

DISK FULL,

DELETING OLD .BAK FILE TO MAKE SPACE

- (NORMALLY, THE PREVIOUS BACKUP FILE IS DELET
ONLY AFTER EDIT IS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED).

If you are working with files of moderate size, take this as a warning
‘that your diskette is filling up.
Save the document you are working on,
and make more diskette space available (by deleting unwanted files, or
moving some files to new diskettes) before proceeding.
See the General
Information Manual about diskette space and file sizes and about .BAK

files.

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Appendix B

WordStar Error Messages

when working with files so large that three copies of the file cannot fit

on a diskette (two copies if you have specified a different destination

diskette), this message will always occur in the course of an edit.
Disregard it. See Section 6, "Long Documents.”

WARNING: You aré editing the same file as you are printing.
WordStar will not allow you to save the edited version

until the print has completed or has been abandoned.

WordStar permits editing and printing the same file at the same time, but
the edited version cannot be saved while the print is in progress. When
you initiate editing of the file that is being printed, the above warning

message is displayed.

INFORMATIONAL MESSAGES

FINISHING PRINT BEFORE EXIT

(type "U to cancel exit command) ...

Occurs if an X command from 'the no-file menu, or a "KX command while
editing, is given while the print function is active.

Printing will con-

tinue; the exit to the operating system occurs when printing completes.

FINISHING PRINT OF SAME PILE BEFORE SAVING
(Type “U to cancel Save command) ...

Occurs when any Save command ("KD, “KS, "KX) is given while the file that
is being edited is also being printed. WordStar will wait for the print
to complete, then save. If you wish to use other commands before the

print and save are complete, interrupt the save command by typing “U.

Note that if printing is paused, WordStar will wait forever if left to

itself.

command, then issue the

In this case, type "U to cancel the save

appropriate commands to continue or abandon printing.

FINISHING PRINT
OF .BAK FILE BEFORE SAVING
"U to cancel Save command) ...
(Type

Occurs if any Save command is given while printing the .BAK file of the
file being edited; similar to preceding message.

FATAL

ERRORS

The following errors terminate WordStar execution and return control to the
operating system.

“

You are attempting to run an uninstalled WordStar.
Please run INSTALL first.

Occurs upon invoking the uninstalled WordStar (file WSU.COM) supplied on
the distribution diskette. Before attempting to run WordStar, “Install"
WordStar for your particular terminal and printer by invoking the INSTALL
program, also supplied on the distribution diskette, and answering the
questions it asks. See the WordStar Installation Manual for details on
installation.

WordStar Reference Manual

B=-9.-

Appendix B

WordStar

*** FATAL ERROR F23:

Error

Messages

INVALID SCREEN HEIGHT OR WIDTH

This can occur only after an error has
been made in custom installation
by “patching" as described in the Insta
llation Manual. The screen height
is set less than 16 or greater than 120 lines,
or the screen width is set
less than 64 or greater than 258 colum
ns.

*** FATAL ERROR F25: NOT ENOUGH MEMORY

OR YOUR OPERATING SYSTEM IS NOT
RELOCATED

MAKE

ALL

RAM

AVAILABLE

Occurs when WordStar is started.
Not enough memory is available for
WordStar to operate in.
See the Installation Manual for memory requir
e-

ments.

Note that your operating system

(CP/M or equivalent)

"relocated” to operate at the top of memory;

must be

this is accomplished with a

System command, sometimes called “CPM",
"MOVCPM", or “RELOC". See your

system documentation.
Whenever more memory is added to your system
, such
relocation must be repeated before the memory
will be used.

~ *** FATAL ERROR F27: DISKETTE DIRECTORY FULL
The number of file directory entries a diskette

can hold has been ex-

Ceeded.
This happens rarely, as the byte capacity is
usually the ruling
factor, but if you use many small files, such
as l-page letters or
paragraphs of boiler plate, you may find it
necessary to watch your file

count.

The maximum number of file directory entrie
s on a diskette is systemdependent but is often 64 entries on single density
diskettes.
Each file
requires one entry, and any file over 16K (about
16000) characters long
requires an additional entry for each additional 16K
or fraction thereof.
When counting files remember that WordStar can
generate two working
files, each possibly as long as the file being edited.
|
~
*** FATAL ERROR F28:

CLOSE FAILURE

SYSTEM FAILURE, OR YOU CHANGED DISKETTES

*** FATAL ERROR F29: RENAME FAILURE
SYSTEM FAILURE, OR YOU CHANGED DISKETTES

These messages should not occur; they indicate some
sort of operating
System error has occurred,

or you changed the diskette in a drive during

an edit, or you deleted the input file or the
work file with the “KJ

command.

*** FATAL ERROR F46: Overlay file WSOVLY1.OVR Not found

Tfie file WSOVLY1.OVR must be on the disk in drive A (or the current

logged drive) when WordStar is invoked. Copy the file from
the distribution diskette (or log the drive containing the file),
then re-invoke
WordStar.
|
|

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Appendix B

WordStar Error Messages

PRINT FUNCTION MESSAGES
The following messages can occur during the dialog to initiate printing:
FILE name.typ NOT FOUND
INVALID FILE NAME:

XXXXXX

Name of a non-existent file, or an invalidly formed file name, entered.

Descriptions earlier in this appendix apply.

WARNING:
You are printing the same file as you are editing.
The last saved version will be printed, not reflecting unsaved changes.Furthermore, WordStar will not allow you to
save the edited version while the print is in progress.

This warning occurs when the "KP command is used to initiate print and
the file name entered is that of the file bmng edited.

The warning

reminds you that WordStar does not permit saving ("KD, "KS, "KX) while

the same file is being printed, and that WordStar prints only disk-saved
files — edits you have not yet saved will nm: be printed.

END EDIT ("KD) BEFORE STARTING PRINT.

YOUR SYSTEM DOES NOT HAVE ENOUGH MEMORY TO
PERMIT SIMULTANEOUS EDITING AND PRINTING. |

Occurs when the "KP command is given if your system has insufficient RAM
to support concurrent printing and editing.
(May also occur if your
operating system isn't relocated to make all RAM avazlabla, see the
descm.ptwnof error F25 in this appendxx.)

is in use, the fcliawmg can occur:

*%x* FATAL ERROR F27: DISKETTE DIRECTORY FULL
As described in this appendix.

%%+ DRINT OUTPUT DISK FULL. PRINT PAUSED,

*** -

Occurs when the diskette on whmh the prmt output file is being written

becomes full.
A print pause is automatically invoked; PRINT PAUSED
appears in the status line as usual. After this message, you may make
additional diskette space available (for example, by deleting files; see
discussion of EF ROR E12 earlier in this section), then continue the print
with the usual command (P on no-file menu, or "KP while editing). If you
continue the print without making more diskette space, the PRINT OUTPUT
DISK FULL message will recur after about a secemd.
-

If you wish to abandon the (paused) print after the output diskette has
filled up, type two print commands in rapid succession, then answer Y to
the question evoked by the second print command -- that m, at the no-

file menu,

type PPY; while editing, type "KP"KPY.

After abandoning, you

will probably want to delete the disk output file, since it wlll be
incomplete and not "closed". Be sure to abandon the print before deleting the file.

WordStar Reference Manual

B-11

b
B

Appendix

WordStar

Error

Messages

Other than the above, the regular print function has no error messages other

conditions, such as invalid dot commands,
or making an assumption.
See Section 7.

are handled by ignoring the command

SOME OPERATING SYSTEM MESSAGES
These are some of the messages from the operating system that may
arise in
conjunction with WordStar use. Texts vary from system to system;
those shown
here are typical only.
Refer to your system documentation.
|
LOAD ERROR or TOO BIG

Occurs at attempt to invoke WordStar if you have far too little memory,

or your operating system is relocated for far too little memory.
This
that the WordStar program (WS.COM) won't fit in the memory

message means

available.

DISK d: NOT READY
Means that WordStar accessed a diskette drive that contained no diskette,
or the diskette was present but the drive door was not closed. WordStar

always requires a diskette in drive A, and in the current
logged drive if

Other than A, as well as in any drive addressed by a WordStar command.
Most systems will proceed when the diskette is inserted. The message may

- appear if a diskette is inserted and a command is then given without
waiting a few seconds;

in this case,

disregard it.

BDOS ERR R/O

Occurs on some Systems 1f you change diskettes when you shouldn't, or

changed diskettes when at the system prompt (A>) and neglected to type

"C.

If you get this message, reread the section in the

tion Manual about diskette changing.

MISCELLANEOUS

***

ERROR

ERROR E38(-42):

BAD

General Informa|

MESSAGES

OVERLAY FILE,

WRONG VERSION OVERLAY FILE *** Press ESCAPE Key

*** ERROR E43
WRONG
(44
VERSION ):
OVERLAY FILE *** Press ESCAPE Key N
~ The above errors are usually caused by using an incorrect version of
WSOVLY1.OVR (from a different release of WordStar),

or by the WSOVLY1.OVR

- file having been damaged through a system failure or an error in copying.
Make a new copy of WSOVLY1.OVR from your distribution diskette.
If the
problem persists, see your dealer for assistance.
'
v
*** ERROR E46:

Overlay file WSOVLY1.OVR Not Found *** Press ESCAPE Key N

The WSOVLY1.OVR file (supplied on the distribution ‘diskette) must be on a

disk in either drive A or the current logged drive.

B=-12

WordStar

Reference

Manual

Appendix B

WordStar Error Messages:

*** ERROR E47: FILE MAILMRGE.OVR NOT FOUND
L
(The separately supplied file MAILMRGE.OVR
is required for use of MailMerge.)
*** Press ESCAPE Key 1§
This message will be dlsplayed if M is entered at the no-file menu and
the file MAILMRGE.OVR is not on the disk in drive A or on the disk in the’
current lcggefi drive.

*** ERROR E52: PROGRAM IS AN EMPTY FILE!? *** Press ESCAPE Key N

This messa;.ge may be displayed when the name of a file which is not a |

valid pmgiram is wmx:m during use of the R command of the no-file menu. .TOO BIG FOR

UNDER WordStar *** Press ESCAPE Key 1

There is not @nwgh memory on your system to run the specified program
under WordStar. To run the specified program, you must exit from WordStar.

File WS.COM Not Found
—--

Can't Run a pmgmm unless WS.COM is available.

WS.COM (or other filename assigned when INSTALLM) was not found on

either the disk on drive A or onthe current logged drive. WS.COM must
be available in order to return to WordStar after completmq the specw
fmd other program.

This error will occur if WS.COM has been renamed since
INSTALLation. If you wxsh to change the name of your WS.COM

file, you must re-INSTALL. To re-INSTALL without remaking all
the installation selectwns, use mstallatwn option Bor C
(Installation Manual), enter the existing file’mme and the
dasmred new file name at the appropriate prompts,
then use the
TURN key at each menu to keep the present Mlmtwm

FILE d:filename.typ ALREADY EXISTS

specified in the rEname command already exists.

a different name or rEname the existing fllm

Choose

FILE d:filename.typ NOT ON SAME DRIVE
Both filenames specified for the rEname command must be on the same disk

drive; you can not move a file from one drive to another by rmammg..
TOO LITTLE MEMORY TO CO?Y WHIDE EMTWG

Your system does not have enough memory available to copy files while

editing.
If you want to copy a file, you must first end or abandon the
current edit.

WordStar

Reference

Manual

B-13-4¢

Appendix

FILE

WordStar

d:filename.typ EXISTS

-- OVERWRITE?

(Y/N):

Error

Messages

This message will be displayed if the file specified
to be cOpied to
already exists. Press Y to erase the existing content
s of the file and
proceed with the copy.
Press N to leave the existing file undisturbed;
- the NAME OF FILE TO QOPY TO? question is reasked if N is pressed.

MAILMERGE

ERROR AND WARNING MESSAGES

MailMerge has a number of error and warning messages, includin
g those described here.
Unlike the regular print command, MailMerge always displays an
error message

for

an invalid dot command.

Other conditions also produce

messages, such as a file not found, or the data file ending in the middle of
the values required to print another letter.
1In all cases, printing proceeds

after the error or warning

(permitting detection of as many errors as possible

***

Ignored:

in
a single print run), though of course the printout may be incomplete
or
incorrect.
|
|
'
|
|
-

Invalid Dot Command

- The erroneous dot command is displayed on the next line.
a specific error message accompanies this message.

In some cases,

*%% Insert diskette with file d:filename.typ then press RETURN
-This 'is not an error message, but a request to insert the diskette
containing the indicated file into the drive indicated before the filename. This request results from processing of a .DF or .FI dot command
containing

the word

file name.

"CHANGE"

(or anything

beginning

with “CH")

after the

**% Cannot change disk in drive d:, request ignored
This error message occurs when a .DF or .FI dot command containing the
word "CHANGE" after the file name is processed, and the diskette drive
specified in the file name (or the logged drive if no specific drive was
specified) contains a file which is in use by MailMerge, preventing
removal of the present diskette.

To avoid this error, we recommend keeping WSMSGS.OVR, WSOVLY1.OVR, the
main document being printed, the disk output file if in use, and all data
files and inserted document files used by the main document but not
on

diskettes to be changed, on drive A, and use drive
B (in a two-drive
system) for CHANGE files, using only one CHANGE file at a time.

After the above message is displayed, «Mailb‘lerge” will attempt to find the
file anyway, in case the correct aiskette is already inserted.
file is not found, the message described next occurs.

B-14

If the

WordStar Reference Manual

wordStar Error Messages

Appendix B

**x File d:filename.typ Not Found

The file specified in a .FI or .DF dot command was not found on the
the
specified drive, or on the logged drive if no drive was apemfma in
the
if
then,
,
message)
next
(see
command. MailMerge will look further

d, prmtmg will
file is not found, proceed without it: for a .FI comman
a [DF command, printing

continue with the line after the .FI command; for
will continue with no data file, in which case a further message will

appear when a RV command is encountered.

*%* But faund, m will use, .,.fd,..fn..l,;
ailMer

After a fxm wm not found (see. precedir

logged drive

ondrive A for a f:z.le m.th the same

and

‘he
If the £ xl@ was memly on
one. ‘I’hwmwmg@wvwwyou of this fact.
drive logged), this may be the-.

the wrong drive (or youhad the wrong
correct file. However, if you had a file with the same name but different contents on another diskette, this may be the wrong file and the
resulting printout may be wrong.

Check carefully.

*** No ,DF before .RV

A RV ccmmand was emmuutemd with no pcmedmg .m‘, or the data file.
specified in the .DF was not found (as indicated by a preceding message)

If no File Not. F@undmwmaapp&am above on the screen, check your- document m mam sure tm .DF is present and before the .RV. Printing

Nno

prm peCs

a ta

-iables; the va. ria *‘Vm'*” mm and

Sup

&'s will prmt and only one copy will be prmted. Birepes

melEIT S

*** WARNING: OVetlong data value truncated

One or more data itemslonger than the maximum allowed w value

length, 2080characters,was read from the data file by a .RV command.

Only the first 280 characters will be used; the excess may be skipped
to
over or may be used (mcmrec’cly) as the value for the next variable
be read. May indicate an error in data. file fomat, auch as an omitted
second quote (").

*** Tnvalid varihble”maméuin\.Rvjcammand,ignoxed
- One or more of the variable names in a ..RV ‘command was not of valid fm:m'
i.e. a letter followed by@ to 39 additional letters, digits, or - 's.

May mdmmte that &'s wereused around the variable names in the .RV

&'s sho 11d NOTbe used in the .RVcommand (except in the case of
command;
sertingonepwkumz defined variable value into the .RV command to

cfiage;:mm@ thename to beappliedto amther damitem rwd from the data
i1le)

WordStar Reference Manual

B%lfi’

;Appendix
B

#** WARNING: Data exhausted,

‘WordStar

null value(s)

Error

Messages

used

‘The end of the data file was reached in the middle
of execution of a .RV

command

—

the last record of the data file did not
contain the number of

items required to print another letter (or other docume
nt).

The variable

names for which no data is present are given “null"
values (values consi-

ting of zero characters) and printing proceeds.
Printing will normally
stop after the letter on which this message occurred
is complete.
~This message commonly indicates an error in the last
record of the data

file only, but may indicate use of the wrong data file
(one with an
inappropriate number of data items per record),
or indicate that

an
: . omitted item or comma earlier
in the file caused the-data file
to get

~"out of synch" with the letters.
(The latter case of getting and staying
"out of synch" can only occur if carriage returns are
used in the data
file between items for the same letter as well as between
records; use of
commas only is encouraged to facilitate
"re-synching" after an omitted

Note

This message will occur only when the end of the
data file is
reached, even if earlier errors or the presence of fewer
vari‘7. ables in the data file record (line) than in
the <RV command
% .7 “has caused incorrect matching of data through
out the print run,
v

“,m

-'becaus
if
e .RV finds insufficient values on a
data file line,
automatically to following lines until enough
data
.

”;‘_

}

‘

=tit proceeds
eds

Note

<
sach time the end of a document being repeat
edly processed
= .. under .DF/.RP is reached, MailMerge looks
ahead in the data
©7 =

'©

file, passing up all carriage retur
ns and blanks present, to

.!.see if more data is present.

If the end of the file is reached

. before any non-blank, non-carriage return charac
ter is found

“(as'it wil
be after
l the last letter if the data file matches
the document correctly and has a correct last record)
, then the
document is not processed again, and printing termin
ates
without the above message occurring.
\
|

-~ If you are printing adocument which reads multip
le "records” for each
~.printout (on each repetition of processing),
the above message may nor+v mally-occur. For instance, a document that prints 3-up
address labels
-~
would read three name and address records (typically
with three .RV's) on
-~ eagh-repetition
then
, print the three labels. This document would get

‘the above warning at the end unless the number of record
s in the data
:£ile -happened to be a multiple of three; the warning may
be disregarded

"im'this case.
.

The one or two labels for which no data was presen
t would

' ‘print-blank, since .RV -automatically supplies null values for the
absent

B=lg.

WordStar Reference Manual

Appendix B

- WordStar Error Messages. .

;

El@l: File not found on disk:

d:filename.ext

The £ile shown in the message was specified as one of the foll@wmg
a.
b.

SpellStar fll&fi‘

the main or auwl'mtal dictionary for the check operation,
the document file to be checked, or

the filac@nmining words to be added to or deleted fmm a
\edion the drive specified:or; in the i ‘amflf a

This file wwnot

fxle with @xmmionname "DCT* or “SUP", was also not located on the

If the flle mme m: d:ve‘was enwmd mwrrectly, mmart SpellStar by
ect file name

esponding

TM
to pwmpt'then
nd "R°
na
t
co
fog
fi;,},‘
d
,arwm tlm damm
to WordStarto£ nd or
¢
If the file name

E192: Error during sort.
This mwwwoccurswhenever the internal Smllfitaz sort pmgmm |

reqammd
(MicroPro'sSuperSort) encounters any problem @MM}* ting the

sort operation. The specific failure will havebeen explained in a

preceding Mmage..

See SuperSort reference manual for . a detailed

explanationof th@ pmbl&m, Im most cww, ti “mff failum willhwe been
rt w

insufficient so

To recover from the insufficient si

ondition,

respond

with "R" to restart Sp@llsmr and then ezth&r sem«ct a dxffemnt drive

for the ”wmrk drive"control orchange thedimketzm to one with more
If neither ofthese actions can be taken, exit to
availablespace.
WordStar andMlew unneeded files from the disk to make available at
lmt m much mce w m curmntly used by the fxle bemg checked or the

tion Ming mrformed.
E103: Inval:.d wxd famt in “add” fi.lm

was specxfim with the fa.l@ nama extemim of ""'“ but the internal

contents did notcontain the word format expected by Sp@llstar.| The

-spel.
frd” fiormatis unique to files created by WordSta
1 pha: ewmn a word is mlmted fcm mqu tothemw_n2o}d

Respond ”R" ifo the prompt to restart SpellStM, emt to@ifismfto
rename your: word file to any name having an extension:other than-“pm*
then start SpellStar again.

WordStar Reference Manual

B=d 7.

Appendix

. -

El@4: Disk full while writing file
Enter any key to restart.

WordStar

Error

d: fllenam& ext.

M"f‘*’:‘While writing"any of SpellStar's work or output flles, the
disk~became full.

SpellStar is unable to proceed.

After hlttlng any key to

for ermor El@2.

Messages

restart SpellStar,

destmatlon

fmllow the action described

Wllfl Invalxd character in. dzctlonarya Wfird
mroppedz xxxxx
When adclng words to a dictionary, SpellStarfie
newunterea a word con-

wtammg a character other than a
letter or the apostrophe character.
The
word is shown.in the message (replaces
the xxxxx). . This condition shoula

7 not occur and may signal a program failure
or some unexpected condition
on aisk.

“

“""&

,SpellStar wxll cmntmnuwafter drogpmng thxs wnrd fromfi1
t$opmratmon. The
" proper word can beé added in a later run.
If this condition persists
without a reasonable explanation,

please notlfyymur ae&ler.
.

F“’

wlga: Memmry exceeded Partial words flagged

«m’

m?”ilnthetlflalf*wwfifiof SpellStar, there was not sufflcmentflmemmry in the
,;mmggutm: to hald all of the misspelled words.

Spellsmrwas forcea to

fla@@an‘;,fl ward5~wh1ch would fit and 1gnmre the rest. :

Aftex the .flawra@ words are corr@cted with Sp@llStar, rerun

the correc-

1%g;onmmper@txon ta examlne ano correct. the remaxn
xng quds.@,;
Aty

wla&ffiozd@xcaedamax’lengthwmerds bypassed VV,waw% ?

;ffLnthégxnalw§ §of SpellStar, words of lemgth greaterwthanthxrtymflve

so..letters.vere misspelled.- SpellStar can not- proces
gmthe@e words and

therefore must bypasa them.

ER S N

~~eras l@nger than thirty-five letters must be
ch@ckem for correct
spelling by user examination only.

E198:

Insufficient memory for'filefia:eaa*w

There was not enough computer memory to correctly pmcess apenmg any of

SpellStars fllasm,,,

SpellStar

requires a minimum of fortyme:;.ght K (blocks of 1024 bytes)
of

memory. If your system has less memory than tha.s mmmum,
please cmntact
your dealer for assistance.
,

B=18..

WoraStar Reference

Manual

WordStar Error Messages

Appendix B

LoH
.

in intermediate file.
E191: Invalid record format

This condition accurs when SpellStar encounters an unexpected record
format within one of its internal work files.

puring the ep@ratmn a bad sector may have been used by SpellStar.:
Respond with "R" to the prompt to restart SpellStar, replace the work
disk or change the work drive control in the menu, then reswt‘“fi “the
If the condltmn persists without a reasonab

operation.

please contact your dealer:

E192: Insuffmimt

R wuw Ll

h COMQ{ wwaw WM avallable
Qf mllsmrr Mt W@
fm&l’ Me
the
In
to store themisspelled. words found in the text.. -

SpellStar wquxres a minimum of forty-eight K (blocks of 1@24 bytes) of

memory.- If -yodr system has less memory than th mmxmm, plwa‘contact

your Malmfor mmatance.
i
A

ww (IR

L e
WT e s e ox =

oy % ‘w&

E193: Inval:.d characmr format in dmctmnary.

I
e

buring the dmtwmry che«ckmg operatwn, Spellsmr encauntered am‘
unrecognized chmacater format in the main or supplemental dictiona
+his could becausedby usinga non-SpellStar dicmanary etfiat is, one
that has not.gom thmugh SpellStar's maintenance ommtwn), Orcma becaused by a dwk smmr r:ead error.

To restarb smllStar:w enmrany key. If you w’ew ummghW@Llsmr*dictionary, the file may need to be restored from a backup dmk tm

eliminate any sector errors if they occurred.: 'If you were umnqw b

dictionary not created by Spellstar, use the dn.ctmnary mmntemnce

of words. 'Ifoperation to:create a opellStar dictionary from the file
thw error pe;rmts wn.thout a reasonable axplamtwn,pl@amcmntact
oL

e e

¥
-

fe 2 it
¥

v L

et W b

fnd

& e

nv;-

WordStar Reference Manual ‘-

B=}9°°

‘WordStar

Error

Messages

o '.[his Paga Intmtimally Left Blank

»Wdfdstar*fieiérénée Manual