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EK-VK100-TM-001

April 1982

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Document:	VK100 Technical Manual
Order Number:	EK-VK100-TM
Revision:	001
Pages:	223
Original Filename:	EK-VK100-TM-001_VK100_Technical_Manual_Apr82.pdf

OCR Text

NKI100
TECHNICAL MANUAL

dliigliltlall.

\KI100
TECHNICAL MANUAL

dlilgliltlall

lst

1982

All

This

document

Basic-88.

Digital
Rights

1includes

rights

reserved.

PBarco

Model

trademark

GD33

the

Equipment

April

Corporation

Reserved

material

from

1979

Microsoft.

monitor

Barco

Edition,

1is

Microsoft
All

registered

Corporation.

The
reproduction
of
this
material,
1in
part
or
whole,
is
strictly
prohibited.
For
copy
information, contact the Educational Services

Department,
Digital
Maynard, Massachusetts
The

information

change

without

Equipment
@g1754.

this

document

Corporation,

1is

Digital

notice.

subject

Corporation
assumes
no
responsibility
errors that may appear in this document.

Printed

Equipment
for

any

U.S.A.

The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment
Corporation,

DECsystem-10

DECUS

PDP
UNIBUS
VAX

Massachusetts.

DECnet

DEC
DIGITAL
Digital

Maynard,

Logo

DECSYSTEM-20
DECwriter

DIBOL
EduSystem
IAS
MASSBUS

4/82-14

OMNIBUS

0S/8

PDT
RSTS
RSX

VMS
VT

1982

CONTENTS

INSTALLATION

\O I

Introduction

UV
S
G I
L]

the
a

......

Barco

Model

Typical
®

GD33

Black
&

Monitor

2.5.3.2

Adding
String

2.5.3.3

Removing

Terminal
a

from

Terminal

from

and
&6

Connecting to the LA34VA Graphics Printer
Connecting Directly to the LA34VA
Graphics Printer

[]

Installation
Connecting to
Connecting to
White Monitor

...

Multiterminal
a

Multiterminal

Baud

[N
R

Interface Information
General Communications Interface

Interface
Electrical Characteristics

w N+

Format

Interface

Physical
EIA
20

N -

Rate

Character
EIA

WWWNONDNDNDDNDHH
-

Hardware

o)l o)l e Weo)Werle)
o) o) Neo) Mol o)

*
»

L]
.

NDNDNPODPNDNDNNDNDNDNDNNODNDDN

String

Interface

Current

Electrical
20

Cables

Loop

Interface

Characteristics

Interface

iii

Cables

Information

oL
Ut
=

N
o
o

W
W
B

w N

Site Considerations ..
Unpacking and Inspection
Repacking

(G20

(G2 NG

Keyboard Overlays
VK100 Cables and Connectors
Ordering Accessories and Supplies
Toll-Free Telephone Orders
Direct Mail Orders

[]

e
e
=
=

DN
o
e

INTRODUCTION

Introduction
General Description ..
Accessories and Supplies
VK10@ Carrying Cases

CHAPTER

o
e el
e

CHAPTER

Timing

2-29

Physical Interface ...cecececcccccccccscs
Electrical Interface ...ccveeesccccccsans

2-29

2-30
2-30

INFORMATION
wWwwwwww

Locator

Mode

KeYS

OO0

Parameter

WNheHESOoO~JOoOUWMbkbwNh
H®

a
a

SUMMAYrY

SET-UP
SET-UP

Parameter

DesScCriptions
®

3-12

cececeessccccsccscos

Parameter
Parameter

Transmit Speed (TS)
Receive Speed (RS)

o
*
.

®
o

s
®
s
°
o
s
8
e
5

e o e oo koo

8
%

e
o
o

[]

koo ko oo Xaka koK RaKea
e Nea
e
o)
o
o
o
o
o

whh
=

o)) oo

Set-Up

Changing
Changing

SET-UP

Visual and Audible Indicators
Visual Indicators
Audible Indicators
SET-UP Mode DescCription ..ceececececccscccocacses
®

o
®

.ceececccccccsccscccsccccscscse

wwww

o
o

W N

(Operator)
.....
(Host Computer)

3-19

..cceceececccecccscs

3-20

3-29

3-21
3-21

3-21

Line/Local
(LL)
BasSiC (BA) ceeeesocsscscscscecsoscocsscacccsce
Parity Enable (PE)
XON/XOFF (X0)
4teseecescscocoscscsscccccscccssccos
Scroll Mode (SM)
Reverse Video (RV)
Horizontal Margins (HM)
Vertical Margins (VM)
Expansion Mode (EM)
Horizontal Position (HP)
®

Overstrike (0S)
Visual Cursor (VC)
®

3-21
3-22

3-22

3-25

(GP)

3-25
3-26
®

@6
®

6
&

6
©

&
6

&
&

&
©

6
5

&
0

6
5

&
&

C
6

O
6

»
0

&
5

O
O

P
O

0
0

0o
0

(AW)
®

3-25
3-25

Single Character (SC)
?P 6 © © 6 © @ 6 & & 6 © O & 6 6 & 6 0 0 0 O S 6 S 0 0 0 0o
Local Echo (LE)
New Line (NL)
..
Auto Hardcopy (AH)

Auto Wraparound
Key Repeat (KR)

3-24

Display (TD)
Graphics Display (CD)

Prefix

3-23

3-24
3-24

Text

Graphics

S
QWO
IO
N

OPERATING

2-30

Interface Cables
Device Sharing

W N

2-28

...eeeeeeccocccscccccccscs

Interface

Hardcopy
Hardcopy
3

2-28

WD
U

2-26
2-27
2-27

Keyboard Controls
Standard KeYS .cceeceecesoossccscsssscscssccscs
Special Function Keys
SET-UP Mode Keys

NN HPFPHEREFHERFRRRHEPFRERFROIJOUTS
W

e _cwWwWWWwWNH

2-26

Monitor Selection
Video Interface Cables

©®

Composite Video Port
Color Monitor Port
Composite Sync Waveform

INtroducCtion teeeeeececcescosscssssscssscscsccscscsns
Controls

o
o
e
o

® & @ © @ o & & 6 0 O 6 O O & & O O v b s s 0 8

Terminal

WWWwWwwwuwwuwwwwwwww
WWwWwwwuwwwwwwuwwwwwwwuww
e
o
o
®
o
o
e
o
o
v
o
o
e
o
o
o
o
o
®
e
o

Interface

Hardcopy

CHAPTER

2-23

Overflow

Display

[

oo oo uvutuuo
U Uik

o
*
[

AN
OYOYO

NN NN

Buffer

06 0

3-26
3-27
3-27
3-27

3-27

3-27
3-28

(HS)

Speed

Frequency

Interlace

(IL)

Self-Test

(ST)

.........

3-30

Commands

Attributes

CommandsS

Erasing

Character

Enter

Graphics

Modes

......

Reports

Reset

.ceeeeececccccsccncsccas

Sets

4-11

(SCS)

Mode

®©

4-11
&

OO0

Print CommandsS .eececececccssccsccncsncccsse
Confidence TeStS tceeveceesoccsscasnncancacs
Control

4-12

Strings

.cceececcococcoccccccccocsoccscsosos

4-13

Basic

SUMMAry

.eceecevecencacas cececsecsescnnscs

4-19
4-19

Functions

4-19

®©

SOOGS0
0000

ROMs

RAMS

.ttt eeececcscoscsccscsccoscsosososscscsscsscssscacs

Data

BUS

Control

teeceeececccccceccscacs

Functions

MmNV

(CPU)

[
ER I

Address

.........

Unit

Module

Processing

o
o

coeeeeeeeecoseccoccccooccsccsosccccocscess

Controller

oo
n

OPERATION

4-13

Commands/Statements

Central
umdbd
W
-

eeeeecececececess

GG NEET,

*«

SUMMAry

Summary

4-12
4-13

ReGIS

THEORY

Functions

..ceceecececcscccocccscs

4-12

VT52

Control

4-11
4-12

....cc..0

Device

S
|

.eecceececceccccoccccss

..cceeecescsascccsssccccscocs

LEDS

NG
D
B
S
I

O
Y
(R R

BWH

O
O

N
T

S
[T

Movement

o
o
o
o
o
¢
o

HHEEFEFWOYWOJOWU

o
o
o

Cursor

»
o

e
o
o
e
o
o
&

Select

®
o

®
L]

BB B

¢«

teveesceecceccscscscscsscssosccsscoes
Functions SUMMALY ececeececcscacccss

Character

NDDNN
o

Programmable

[

.ceeseecvscossoscsscsscsccsccsccsoscscs

Control

INErodUCLioNn

[]

SetS

Terminal

......

FUNCLIONS

ANSI

S
~ Y
T - T~
SO
N
O
SO S
O
S

SUMMARY

T
St St St

@
0
e

e
o
e

3-29
3-29
3-29
3-30
3-30

[} L)
[]
W
N -

SV
SR U I (S I S

Control

N
6

R
o

N
e

N
8

3-29

Set (UK)
(CI)

Y
o

N
o

N
®

N
O
o

oot

(PF)

3-29

SESESY O WO

b w N

Hardcopy

PROGRAMMING

3-28

ceecceeoceccccccccsoscss

(TL)

Character
Interface

Character

o
o

Mode

Cursor Control Key Codes
Auxiliary Keypad Codes
Control Characters

CHAPTER

.ccececcccocscoccocscecccncccs

Keyboard CodesS .ceeeeeceveccsossccsccsccsoscsossoccscocscse
Standard Key COdEeS teeseesssossccossoscscsccece

Locator

Introduction

UI e

(KP)

Mode (CK)
ceeececccccocscccoccsccocs
Keypad Mode (PK)

United Kingdom
Communications
Power

Mode

3-28
3-28
3-28

>
~JOhWU

o
o
o

o
o
¢

w NN
= WO

Tablet

o
o
o
e

w ww w

o
o
o
o
o
*

o
o
o
o

AN AANAN
O A
OVOVOY O

WWwWwwwwuwuwwwwww

Keypad

Cursor Key
Programmed

CHAPTER

3-28

ceeeeeecccecaccccsccccnccnccccos
Keyclick (KC)
Margin Bell (MB)
..cccececceccsccacsnscnccnccs
Terminal Mode (TM)

Cycle
&

0000

5-16

5-16
5-17

the

Rate

5-22
5-26
5-29

CRT

Timing

5-31

.......

5-33
5-35
5-37
5-42
5-43
5-51

Generator

Selection

I/0

Port

Data

Transferring
Hardcopy

5-18

Overview

5-52

I/0 Port

Through the

5-52

® ® ® ® © © © ® @ & & & O O O O 0 & 6 0 O o o

5-65

b wh

»
o
o
o
«

B
Y

and Audible

Program

Indicators

(VBMTST)

Video Bit Map RAM Test

External Communications Test
Hardcopy Communications TesSt
¢

Screen Alignment
Codes

®©

Vector Generator Test (VGNTST)
CRT Controller Test (CRTST)
CRT Timing
Diagnostic Tests .

Display Test .
Color Bar Test

...ceeccececcccs

06 &

Pattern

...... ....‘................

Troubleshooting

W
oAU

6-24

................'.....‘.......

Replacement

Top Cover Removal
Keyboard Assembly Removal

®©

....ccecceccceccccss

Power Supply Assembly Removal ......cecceece.
Power Supply Regulator Board Removal ........
Power Supply Fan Assembly Removal ......cc.c..
Terminal

Logic

Board Removal
vi

Y TR N

(CPUTST)

[

Test

Adjustments
Removal and

ROM

Visual

Test

W N

o
L]

O ~NOY UL

NN NN
AN NN NN WwWWWWWWN T
o
o

o
o

CPU

Error

¢«

Self-Test

8085

O HHRTMXUWOOWOWOO
WU &
b wWw NN

=
N

Errors (TST ERROR)
Non-Fatal Errors ........................

NN =

Reporting

Fatal

Power-Up

......I>.‘...............O...........

Automatic Tests (PUPTST)
Escape Sequences (CSITST)
SET-UP Mode (SETST)

XONOa R R )]
ko R Ko X2 el ea N M) o) oo

TROUBLESHOOTING

AND

TESTING

5-68

Supply

i
ad
iL

5-58

OOYOD

W
s

N o

[]

g
w N+

~J O

WWW WWWhDRDNDNDNDNDNNE
=

Baud

Power

Modify Screen ROM and CRT Refresh
Generation of Vectors
Writing a Character on the Screen
Arbitrary Vectors
1/0 Port Overview
Communication Interface (8251A)

Error

Refresh

@
¢

DD NDNDNDNDNDNDNDDNDD
NN

LR O I Py

IO RO RO

o
e

R, NE N,
G RGURG RS RS N N

e e R koo ka ko X ke ReAK =2 le) lo) Je)]
ko X keaXea Kol Ne e i o) Je) o)) e
e
&
o
o
o
o
o
o
@

CRT Sweep OverView ® © ® &6 &6 &6 & & 0 6 & ¢ 6 O 0 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 o0
Vector Generation Overview
Addressing the Screen RAM ..ccceccecccccccss
Modification of Data in the Screen RAM

Introduction

Refresh

Interrupts

Keyboard

CHAPTER

e R R

Memory

..c.cccececeecccs

6-24
6-25
6-26
6-27

6-28
6-29
6-30

APPENDIX

1
2
-3
1
2

VK10@

TERMINAL SPECIFICATIONS

CALCULATION

Text Mode Operation .t.cececececcecccacsccsacsassosaes
Graphics Mode Operation .eccecececcescccccscsccsccss
BASIC Mode Operation .t.eeeececocccccaccscscoccccascas
VK100 (GIGI) Terminal DimensSionsS .eeeececececccccoces
VK10@ (GIGI) Terminal Shipping Container ........

1-2
1-3
1-4
2-1
2-3

LOCALIONS

Switch and Cable

Terminal

(GIGI)

VK100

teeeeceecocsccscsocssccasscocssssscssscscscascse

.eeceeececcss

Default SET-UP Switch Pack Setting .ceeececcecencs
EIA Communications Cable Connector ..ceeceeececess
BARCO Model GD33 Monitor Connections ....ccccece.0
Multiterminal String with Terminal Turned Off ...
Single VK100 (GIGI) Terminal to LA34VA
Graphics Printer Selection .ec.ececececccscscsseses

2
2
2-1
2-1

2-10

LA34VA

Graphics

2-11

Adding

2-12

Removing
Terminal

.ceeecsecccccscscscssosocccse
&

SO0

000

Overview

Block

CodeS

Diagram

...ceeeceecocccsecsese

CPU Functional Block Diagram .......
Basic CPU Block Diagram ...ceeeecesssscccsccsccss
Instruction Cycle to Store Accumulator Direct ...
Opcode Fetch Machine Cycle ..cececeececescoasanass
CPU to RAM Memory Block Diagram .ececececsccssccaes
8202 Block Diagram and Pin Description ...ceeeces
Dow
N — =

DATA

BUS

.ecececese cecesesscesesessessecssesssen
e

Interrupt
Vector

Block

Diagram

Update

Data,

Block

..eeeeeccsccscsccscccscosss

....... cesescccses
System TimiNg ceeeeecesescacescsscsscscsscanssnass
Basic Overview of Address and Data Path ...¢ece...

Screen
Modify

Generator

Diagram

Screen RAM Address Breakdown ......
Screen RAM Address Breakdown .......

5-16

Addressing

the

5-17

Translation

5-18

5-21

Modify Data Bilt .teceeeeeeeeeeccecscccecocnccccccnses
Color Control ...veeeeccee Screen RAM Data Timing ..eeeeeeeevecececsccnceeess
Time State Generator .e.eeeee. ceececscscsscscesna

5-22
5-23

Basic VeCtorS teeeeeceeceeecscescancenas cesessene
Arbitrary Vector Timing ® © 060606 060606060606 06060600000600600s 0

5-19

5-2¢

.cceeeecscsocccaccs

Codes ...cececcccoccescs
...cececsccsccsccccscs

Control
Diagram

GG RGNE RS,

Keyboard-Generated
VK100
(GIGI) Block

..ececeecececsccccss

Indicators

.cceeeeeresecscscsssscsocscsscsassocscncecss

wmmmwma?lwwww

|
o
|
— = |
|
WH-NJOWUMdWHEBNDE
WO
W

KeyS

N =

String

(

Multiterminal

ceeeesessccscscssccccas cececcccsn
e

Keys

KeysS

.ecceceececess

Mode

View)

KeYS

ASCII

5-15

2-18
3-1

(Rear

Keyboard-Generated

System

a Terminal from a Multiterminal String .
Controls ..ieeceecccesscessccscsoscsscncccses

Terminal

Keyboard

UL
|

.....

2-15
2-15
2-16

Printer

Function

Locator

Location

SET~-UP

Pack

Special

[

oottt

SET-UP Switch

Standard

FHOOJOUMBWNRFENREFEOWOMBWND

Default

2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9

bdwwwwww

2-4

= fo ) QN

APPENDIX A

5H—=21
5-23
5-23
5-24

Screen

RAM

...... cecesescscsesssas

H=25

tieieeeeecccenns ceecesseses

5H=27

BitS

vii

5-28
1

BH=—32
5-32
5-32
5-38

5—24
5-25

Carry Contr°1 ® © & & & &6 © & 5 0 0 O & 0 5 O O & OO O O O e OSSP e00e 00
Direction Control ...ceceeecossssscsscssasssscococes
Basic I/0 Port Block Diagram ..c.ecceeccecoccccoceces

5—39
D5—4l
5H—42

8251~A Block Diagram ..ceeecececssscccssscsccseses
RegisSter ..ceeeccccccccssscssosssccsscocssessss
Transmit/Receive Format Asychronous Mode ........
Command Instruction Format ...ceccececccccsocsoess
Status Register ..ceeeceeeesccsccsccsscasccsssscases
Baud Rate Generator ....ccceececcscscsossscscsecse
Port Selection Block Diagram ...cccececeecsceasses
20 mA Transmit LOOP ccceeecosccccoccsscssoscsssecseass
20 MA Receive LOODP eeccececocscacsscasscssssssssssss
EIA Transmit ceeeeceececssccssescossscscssccscconssess

5H—44
5S—44
5-45
5H—=47
5D—47
5H=51
5=53
5H—55
5=55
H—D5O

5-37

EIA

D=57

5-38

Line

5-39

Printer

5-26

5-27
5-28
5-29
5-30
5-31
5-32
5-33
5-34
5-35
5-36

Mode

and

— 00~
d W
b

lse]llerWerWe)WerNorMe)
Mol o) WE |

5-49
5-41
5-42
5-43
5-44
-45

(

ReCeiVe

teieeeeececcocccocecscscscsnsscsnsasasns

Printer

Connected

Connection

Connector

NAMeS

Single

Multiple

Terminal

.......

5-59

Terminals

..ecseecccscsscssccssssssccsce

H—=60

Logic for Hardcopy Bus Control ...ccceecececccsses
Hardcopy Data Transfer ...ccceceecccesesccscccsees
Keyboard Matrix ...cceeceeecceeccssccessssccascenecs
Keyboard Read with "A" Switch Pressed ...¢eeeeeee
LED (Indicator) Keyclicks and Bleeper Block
Diagram .ceeeeecscccscssscsoscsccsscscssoeascscssscsses
Power Supply Schematic ..ceceeececscscscccsscaseas
Vector Generator Test Sequence ...c.cecececcecoccacse
Module Removal SEeQUENCE cceeececocssoscscscscsess
VK100 Terminal (Bottom View)
..ceceececcccescccaas
Keyboard Assembly Removal .....cccecececcceccceeses
VK100 Terminal (Rear ViewW)
ccecececcsccccscsssocsee
Power Supply Assembly Removal ...ecccececcccecsess

5H-61
5H—64
H=66
5-67

Power Supply Fan Assembly Removal ......cccccceee.
Terminal Logic Board Removal ...ecceeececccccceces
CalculationNS ceceeescscoccscsscssscscscscsccsscscscscscs

6-29
6-30
B-1

viii

5=68
5=70

6-1
60—24
6=25
6-26
6-27
0-27

TABLES
1-1

VK100

Cables

and

.ceeceecececcecsscccccas

1-6

1-2
2-1

Related DIGITAL Documentation ..ceeceececcccccccscs
EIA Connector Signals ...ceeecccecccccscscsocssoscse

1-8
220

2-2

EIA

2-22

2-3

...cecececccecees

2-22

2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8

20 mA Interface CablesS .cieeeeececscscsccssssnnes
Terminal Receive Speed Limits ..ccceeececcsceccecss
Fill Character Requirements .ccececececececcscccses
Video Interface CablesS .cceceveeeeccerscscsccoscsecans
Hardcopy Interface Pin Assignments ....cceccceeees

2—23
2=-25
2-25
2-29
2-29

2-9

Hardcopy

2-31

3-1

SET-UP

4-1
4-2

Cursor Control Key CodeS
Auxiliary Keypad Numeric

..cececccccccccsccscccaes
Key CodeS .iceeeccceccsss

4-2
4-3

4-3
4-4

Auxiliary Keypad PF Key COdeS .teeeeecccccccccasscns
Terminal-Supported Control Character Function ...

4-3
4-5

4-5

Select

4-6

5-1

Machine

...cceceeccccocscse

5-5

5-2
5-3
5-4

8202 Pin DesCription teeeececeececcsccscccccsccsns
I/0 Register AdAreSSeS .eeieeeccccscccccssssssssss
Program RAM AddresSSeS ..c.ceeececcescscscscscsaseas

5-8
bHD=14
bH=15

5-5

I/0

5-15

5-6

Interrupt

Interface
mA

Current

ConnecCtorsS

Cables
Loop

..ceeeeeccccccccncssccscncss

Specifications

Interface Cables ...ceeeccecccces ceseses
Parameter SUMMArY .sececeececscccscssssscsssase

Character
Cycle

RAM

Set

Microcode

RAM

and

ceeeececccscscocscass

Control

AdAresSS

Priority,

SeNSitivity

SeqUENCE

Status

.eeeeecececccocses ceesaeass

Restart

Address,

and

ceeeeeeccesescsccsccscsosccssscssscscss

=17

5-7

Screen

...ccccceeeccccaccccas ees

5-29

5-8
5-9

Addressing the 8251A ....cceeevccecccse ceesscses .
Baud Rate Selection .cceeeeeececeeceecscccncsncnes

5-50
5H=52

5-10

I/0

..... ceececcscessessessccsscsssss

HD=53

5-11
6-1

Interface Specifications .ec.ceeeeeececeescencceses
Possible Error CodeS .eceeceecescccacccssnsancsscans

B5H-56
6-2

6-2

Possible

Fatal

6-12

6-3

Possible

Nonfatal

6-4
6-5

Fatal

Nonfatal

6-6

VK100

Port

Write'Control

3—14

Selection

Error

CodesS

Error

CodeS

Error

..ceeeececsccscecccsees

..ceeececececses cecess

6-13

...eeeeecsecesssccccccccccccsess

6-16

CodeS

6-7

On-Site

Recommended

teeeececeecccsceccccccnnssoses
...ececevcesescccccaccccees
SPAreS ..eeeeececeesssccsscses

6-8

DIGITAL

Servicenter

Recommended

Troubleshooting

Spares

..:ceee...

6-17
6-18
6—22
6-23

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

1.1

INTRODUCTION

The VK100 terminal
is an
interactive
for use with a user supplied monitor.
either
an
on-line
or
off-line
mode
written

GIGI

This

chapter

The

following

BASIC.

provides

general

chapters

operation,
programming
maintenance procedures
1.2
The

graphics
terminal designed
The terminal can operate in
and
can
execute
programs

overview

describe

and

the

characteristics,
theory
for the VK1@@ terminal.

terminal.

installation,
operation,

and

Interpreter)

GENERAL

VK100

designed

DESCRIPTION
GIGI
(General
Imaging

VK1@@

summarize

or
as

terminal

subsystem

Generator

that

and

connects

host

computer.

The
VK100
provides
1local
(in
terminal)
processing
using
a
microprocessor.
The microprocessor
supports
two
interpreters;
a
ReGIS
graphics
interpreter
and
the
GIGI
BASIC
1language
interpreter. ReGIS (Remote Graphics Instruction Set) is a graphics
language;
GIGI BASIC
1is
graphics capabilities.

BASIC

language

that

uses

The VK1@0
is a
separate
keyboard which
requires
a
monitor
for displaying screen
images.
Either black

VK1@@

unique

user-supplied

and

white

color
(RGB)
monitors
can
be
used.
Also,
the
VK10@
can
display
images
on
an
optional
LA34VA
Graphics
Printer
which
attaches

directly
The

VK100

terminal.

the

terminal.

can
The

used

VK100

text

terminal's

terminal

basic

mode

and

text
terminal.
In
this
mode
the
terminal
acts
as
between
the
operator
and
the
host
computer.
When
types

message

immediately
message

command

the

host

command

and

acknowledgement

command

was

received

acknowledgement

and

shows
mode.

diagram

simple

the

computer.
executes

the

and

the

The

computer

it.

Then

terminal,

executed.

displays

keyboard,

the

host

the

VK100

the

operation

a
translator
the
operator

terminal

host

graphics

sends

receives

computer

the

sends

indicating

The

the
message
or
terminal
receives
the

monitor

terminal

screen.

Figure

operating

1-1

text

USER SUPPLIED
MONITOR

BLACK & WHITE
OR

COLOR VIDEO OUTPUT

KEYBOARD

PROCESSOR

HOST

RECEIVER

/ TERMINAL

CANSMITTER

COMPUTER

o
COMMUNICATIONS

GIGI TERMINAL

LINE (20 mA OR EIA)
MA-6768

Figure

The

VK108

1-1

terminal

Text

Mode

always

Operation

enters

text

mode

when

powered

reset.

The
VK100
(GIGI)
graphics terminal.
General

Imaging

terminal's
primary
operating
mode
1is
as
a
The name GIGI derives from this capability as a

Generator

and

Interpreter.

Generally, the host computer places the terminal in graphics mode.
In this mode the terminal
interprets all data received from the
host computer or the terminal keyboard as graphics commands and
data.

The

interpreter

images

simple

generator

commands to the interpreter come from a new graphics
called ReGIS
(Remote Graphics Instruction Set). ReGIS

set

consists
the

few simple

graphics

mode

the

VK1@0

instructions
a

locator

monitor

commands

The
set

diagram

the

shows

mode.

displayed

translates

1-2

Within

the

image

data

graphics

into

and

screen.

terminal

and

mode.

Figure

operating

command
command

options.
This

mode

helps

the

operator locate a point on the screen and report that point to the
host computer.
The VK100 terminal enters locator mode through the
keyboard or a command from the host computer.
When the
terminal
enters
locator
mode,
a
1large
cross-hair
cursor
appears
ont
he
screen. The point where the two lines cross is the point reported
to the host computer.

USER SUPPLIED
MONITOR

BLACK & WHITE

OR
.COLOR VIDEO OQUTPUT

/ INTERPRETER

& GENERATOR

KEYBOARD

— }

RECEIVER

GRAPHIC

TRANSMITTER

A) —

HOST

COMPUTER

COMMUNICATIONS

GIGI TERMINAL

LINE {20 mA OR EIA)

MA-6767

Figure

The

operator

When

text

commands

The

VK100

This

1-2

can return
mode,
the

text

interpreter
The

terminal

The

BASIC

program

the

host

SET-UP

Chapter

operator

types

monitor

screen.

program

loads

into

the

enters

from

the

program
Figure

1-3

operating

cases.

runs,

graphics.

BASIC

language

mode

command

from

one

two

selects

run

the

directly

memory

the

into

normally

simple

diagram

the

terminal
goes
to
the

source,

host

returns
of

with

source,

program
the

mode

keyboard

source

normally

from

output

the

program

output

computer

terminal

the

language

SET-UP

computer.

program

runs,

the

host

places,

the

interpreter.

BASIC

through

host

shows

keyboard

BASIC

program

both

not

BASIC

the

and

terminal

computer.

When

the

operator

the

When

only

The

parameter.

Operation

contains

comes

computer.

memory.

When

also

allows

(described

Mode

the terminal to the text mode at any time.
terminal interprets all graphics data and

characters

terminal

Programs.

Graphics

VK188

the

computer.

the

host

terminal

the terminal enters the BASIC mode, the BASIC indicator above
the keyboard lights. The operator can return the terminal to
text
mode at any time, either through the keyboard or the
SET-UP mode.
When the terminal is in text mode, it interprets all data as
text
only and not as BASIC language commands.

USER SUPPLIED
MONITOR

BLACK & WHITE
OR

COLOR VIDEO OUTPUT

BASIC

RECEIVER

INTERPRETER
& MEMORY

KEYBOARD

—_—

TRANSMITTER

]

4 +——]

HOS
COMPUTER

COMMUNICATIONS
GIGI TERMINAL

LINES

{20 mA OR EIA)
KEYBOARD AS THE BASIC PROGRAM SOURCE

USER SUPPLIED

MONITOR

BASIC

RECEIVER

INTERPRETER

& MEMORY

KEYBOARD

—

TRANSMITTER

—

E’gfnlUTER

! —
COMMUNICATIONS

GIGI

TERMINAL

LINES

(20 mA OR EIA)
HOST COMPUTER AS THE BASIC PROGRAM SOURCE
MA-6769

Figure

1-3

BASIC

Mode

Operation

1-4

The VK100 terminal hardware is contained in a light weight plastic
case. The terminal contains three major assemblies; the keyboard,
the processor board, and the power supply, a color or monochrome
(black and white) monitor is supplied by the customer.
1.3

ACCESSORIES

AND

DIGITAL

offers

following

VK100

accessories

brown,

latches

with

1.3.2

supplies

for

the

types

textured

plastic

and

include

Keyboard

Overlays

overlays

are

keypad

easy-to-install,
terminal's special

and

available

keypad

plastic
function

with

overlays.

overlays cover VK1@@'s auxiliary
following software packages.

CAI Primer (VK1@K-AA)
Graphics Editor (VK10K-AB)
ReGIS Illustrated Text Editor
Character

Set

Editor

Keyboard

overlays

cover

including

the

auxiliary

Preprinted

1.3.3
Table

chrome-plated

APL

VK1@@

terminal:

overlays

are

keypad

and

are

used

with

(VK1@K-AC)

(VK1@K-AD)
the

VK1@@

keypad,

and

character

overlays

the

These

key
covers
representing
the
VK100
keys or user-defined character sets.

Keypad

keyboard

two

locks.

VK100

preprinted

the

and

VK108 (GIGI) Carrying Cases (VK1@K-CA)
cases are specially designed to hold the VK108 terminal and
associated
cables.
They
are
constructed
of
high-density,

charcoal

Two

SUPPLIES

terminal.

1.3.1
These
all

the

for

set

terminal's

include

overlays

user-defined

VK10808 Cables and Connectors
1-1 describes
the cables and

the

entire

(VK1¢K-BB)

character

connectors

keyboard,

following.

sets

used

Blank,

full

(VK1@K-BA)

the

VK100

terminal.
In

the

nearest

future,

additional

DIGITAL

Sales

options

Office

for

will

further

available.

information.

Contact

the

Table

1-1

VK100

Cables

and

Connectors

Cable

Description

BC26M-0@5

RGB

cable

with

BNC

connectors

for

user-supplied

monitor
BC26B-01

Y-cable

for

printer

to multiple

P/N

7815503-00

P/N

1215336-00

EIA

loopback

EIA

extension

BC22B-25

daisy-chaining

loopback

Y-cable

VK100

LA34VA

graphics

connector

second

VK1¢d@

terminal

from

(BC26B-01)

BC@S5F-15

or
BC@S5F-50,A0

connecting VK100 terminal
directly, to a line unit

BC22A-10

the

terminals

mA cable

with

EIA null modem;

directly

BC22A-25

cable)

BC22B-10

EIA extension

Mate-N-Lok

connectors

(with

for

20 mA option)

connects VK1@0@ terminal

line

unit

to modem

conductor

(14 conductor cable)

BC22B-25

Table

DOCUMENTATION

1-2

DIGITAL's

lists

the

Accessory

information,

see

the

and
end

documentation

Supplies
of

this

Group.

that

For

specific

1.4.1
Toll-Free Telephone Orders
Call DIGITAL Direct Catalog Sales from
one of the following numbers.
United

States

1-800-258-1710

New

Hampshire,

1-603-884-6660

Alaska,

and

from

ordering

chapter.

1.4
ORDERING ACCESSORIES AND SUPPLIES
You can order accessories and supplies
(including
either by mail or phone.

Continental

available

Hawaili

8:30

a.m.

documentation)

5:00

p.m.

Canada

1-800-267-6146

Northern

California

1-408-984-0200

Chicago
1-312-640-5612

The

Outside

North

America

contact

your

1local

DIGITAL

sales

office.

following
Minimum

Maximum
Phone

Phone

information

order

American

order

orders

U.S.

are

accepted

are

Mail

P.0O.

Box

accepted

telephone

orders.

charged

Card,

current

list

Master

1local

Visa,

per

DIGITAL

price

only.

standard

terms

and

Orders

orders

directly

one

the

following

Corporation

Hampshire

International
Equipment

A&SG Business
c/o DIGITAL's

following

#3061

Customers
Customers

Manager
local subsidiary

information

applies

all

Minimum order
is
$35 unless paid
credit card (Visa, Master Card, or
No

CS2008

New

Digital

The

all

representative

Customers

A&SG

For

unless

$5,000.

Equipment

ATT:

Nashua,

business

only.

Direct

Digital

applies

Mail
all
purchase
addresses.
For

$35

Express.

conditions
l.4. 2

maximum

order

value.

direct mail

orders.

by check,
money order,
or
American Express accepted).

Table

1-2

DIGITAL

Documentation

Title

Document

GIGI Terminal
Installation and

EK-VK10@-IN

Owner's

No.

Description
This

manual

describes

the

VK100

(GIGI) terminal. It
provides information on
installing the terminal and

Manual

connecting

the

optional

peripheral
performing

devices,
terminal

proper terminal
specifications,
procedures.

provides

SET-UP,

operating
and repair
also

full

specifications for all
terminal outputs. A copy

this manual is shipped
each VK100 terminal.
GIGI

Programming

Reference

EK-@JGIGI-RC

Card

This

pocket

card

summarizes

size

of
with

reference

the

programmable features of
the VK108 (GIGI) terminal.

It includes a summary of
both the ReGIS and BASIC
command
shipped

sets. A copy is
with each VK100

terminal.
GIGI

Terminal

SET-UP

EK-VK1008-RC

Reference

This
card

pocket size reference
summarizes the VK100

(GIGI) terminal
parameters. The

Card

SET-UP
card also

contains the default SET-UP
switch pack settings. A
copy is shipped with each
terminal.
VK100

Pocket

Service

Guide

EK-VK100-PS

This manual is a
module-level repair manual.
It provides troubleshooting
information, testing
information, and removal
and replacement information
for the VK100 terminal.

Table

1-2

DIGITAL

Documentation

Title

Document

VK100 Technical
Manual

EK-VK100-TM

No.

(Cont)
Description

This manual provides a
detailed block-diagramlevel discussion of the
VK10@ terminal. It also
provides information on
troubleshooting the
terminal.
not

The

contain

schematic

manual

set

does

drawings.

These

drawings are a part of
VK100 print set, which
be ordered separately.
VK108

Illustrated

Parts

Breakdown

EK-VK100-IP

This

manual

detailed

provides

parts

the
must

breakdown

the terminal. It does not
provide part numbers for

(IPB)

printed circuit board
components. That
information is contained in
the VK100 print set, which

VK100

Set

MP-0@893-00

must

ordered

This

document

complete

set

separately.

provides
of

electrical

and mechanical schematic
diagrams for the VK100
terminal.

GIGI/ReGIS
Handbook

AA-K336A-TK

This

book

provides

information

user

program

the
VK108 (GIGI) terminal,
including system-dependent
information. It provides
comprehensive descriptions
of ReGIS commands,
organized alphabetically
for easy reference.
Extensive examples of

VK100 graphics
capabilities are

the

used

throughout. A copy of this
book is shipped with each

VK108

terminal.

Table

1-2

DIGITAL

Documentation

Title

Document

GIGI

AA-K335A-TK

BASIC

No.

Manual

(Cont)

Description
This

manual

BASIC

for

the

language
VK100

terminal. It provides
comprehensive descriptions
of the GIGI BASIC commands
and functions, organized
alphabetically for easy
reference. A copy of this
manual is shipped
VK108 terminal.

GIGI

Graphics

Editor

AA-J942A-TK

This

manual

with

describes

each

the

Graphics Editor software
package within the entire

Manual

VK100

also
of

package.

includes

each

The

manual

descriptions

Graphics

Editor

command. A copy of this
manual is shipped with the

GIGI

Graphics

software

GIGI Data Plotting
Package Manual

AA-J956A-TK

Editor

package.

This manual describes the
GIGI Data Plotting software
package: the functional
modes, the steps to create
a table, defining and

displaying

plots from that
table, and performing
statistical analysis. It
also describes each of the
plot commands and file
structures for the table
data and statistical
results. A copy of this
manual is shipped with the
GIGI Data Plotting software
package.

GIGI

Slide
Projector Manual

AA-J943A-TK

This manual describes
GIGI Slide Projector

the

software package. It
describes the file formats

and the use of the
automatic and manual

modes.

It also describes each
command and provides syntax
and usage information. A

Table

1-2

Title

DIGITAL

Documentation

Document

No.

(Cont)
Description

copy

this

manual

shipped with the GIGI Slide
Projector software package.
GIGI Character Set
Editor User Guide

AA-K337A-TK

This
GIGI
It

manual describes the
Character Set Editor.

describes

each

command

and provides syntax and
usage information. A copy
of

this manual is shipped
with the GIGI Character Set
Editor software package.

GIGI

ReGIS

AA-J944A-TK

This

manual

describes

Illustrated
Technical

GIGI

ReGIS

Illustrated

Manual

package.

Technical
ReGIS

Manual
It

the

software

describes

Illustrated

the

Technical

Manual

its editing and
graphics capabilities, and
the use of picture files.
It

also

keypad

this
the

describes

commands.

manual
GIGI

Technical
package.
GIGI/ReGIS

Primers

CAI
Student

SDC

AA-K329A-TE

This
any

Guide

the

A copy of
shipped with

ReGIS Illustrated
Manual software

manual
of

the

used

with

GIGI/ReGIS

Primers. It provides
overall introduction

CAI

an
to

the
primers, including their
objectives and recommended

VAX/VMS
CAI

GIGI/ReGIS

Primers

SDC

BE-K391A-BC

course

study.

tells

new

users

how

start

the

course.

This

instruction

SDC

runs

new

VK100

(Floppy)

computer-assisted

(TUS8)
AS-K327A-BE

also

using
ReGIS.

(CAI) course
VAX/VMS. It helps

the

users

terminal

begin

and

Table

1-2

DIGITAL

Title

VAX/VMS

Documentation

Document

GIGI/ReGIS

SDC

No.

AA-K328A-TE

CAI Primers Course
Administrator Guide

(Cont)

Description
This manual

provides

overview of the
administrator's
describes

how

course
role and
install

and maintain the CAI
software on VAX/VMS.
RSTS/E GIGI/ReGIS
CAI Primers

SDC

BC-K346A-BC

(RLO2)

SDC AP-K392A-BC
(Magtape

9-track 800
bits/in)

This computer-assisted
instruction (CAI) course
runs on RSTS/E. It helps
new VK100 users to begin
using the terminal and
ReGIS.

SDC BB-K393A-BC
(Magtape 9-track

RSTS/E GIGI/ReGIS
CAI Primers Course
Administrator
Guide

1680

bits/in)

SDC

AA-K347A-TC

This manual provides an
overview of the course
administrator's role and
describes how to install
and maintain the CAI
software

RSTS/E.

CHAPTER

INSTALLATION

2.1

This

INTRODUCTION

chapter

contains

the

following

information.

Site considerations
Unpacking and inspection
Repacking
Installation
Interface

information

Included
in
the
considerations to
2.2

SITE

interface
1information
are
special
programming
observe for effective use of the interface.

CONSIDERATIONS

The VK100 terminal is a
on a
desk
or
tabletop.
terminal.

lightweight, single-piece unit that fits
Figure
2-1
shows the dimensions of the

493.20 mm

(19.40 in)

MA-6726

Figure

2-1

VK100

(GIGI)

Terminal

Dimensions

The VK100
(display)

terminal
usually connects
to
a
user-supplied monitor
device.
The monitor
always operates with the terminal

and should be located close to the terminal. Be sure
the monitor's
size
and
weight when
planning
the
location.

to consider
terminal's

The VK100 terminal places few limits on the operating environment.
Avoid areas that have extremes in temperature and humidity or are

subject

high

describes
the
specifications.
A

small

fan

1industrial

contaminates.

guaranteed

1levels

operating

conditions

the

VK100

terminal

cools

the

terminal's

components. Keep all ventilation slots and an
inches around the terminal clear. Do not place
materials
The

terminal

top

controls

under
and

the

cable

Appendix

and

terminal

electronic

area of about six
papers or similar

terminal.
connections

terminal. When installing the terminal,
access the rear of the terminal.

are

allow

the

rear

adequate

the

area

NOTE

When

installing

power

and

2.3

carton

UNPACKING AND

terminal

contains

the

terminal,
keep all
cables
free
from

signal

obstructions,

The VK100

the

sharp

bends,

INSPECTION

packed

following

VK100 terminal
VK100 terminal power cord
VK100 terminal video cable
GIGI Terminal Installation

and

stress.

reinforced

shipping

carton.

The

items.

and

Owner's

GIGI/ReGIS

Handbook

GIGI

BASIC

Manual

GIGI
GIGI
GIGI

Termlinal SET-UP Reference Card
Programming Reference Card
Installation Card

Manual

Figure 2-2 shows the packaging used with the VK1@# terminal. Use
the following procedure to unpack the terminal from the shipping
carton.

MA-§723

Figure

2-2

VK100

Carefully

cut

carton

pulling

the

(GIGI)

shipping
out

the

Terminal

tape

front

Shipping

and

open

flap

and

Container

the

lifting

shipping
the

top

carton.

Remove
the
power
cord,
video
from the packing material.

cable,

and

documentation

Lift out
terminal
material
terminal
fails.

the top piece of packing material and remove the
from
the
shipping
carton.
Save
the
packing
and shipping carton. They are needed to ship the
back to the repair center if the terminal ever

Visually
terminal

inspect the terminal for physical
1is
damaged,
notify
your
1local

damage. If the
DIGITAL
Sales

Office.
Install

the

section

terminal

this

chapter.

described

the

1Installation

2.4

Use

REPACKING

the

following

shipment.

Figure
Turn

procedure

all

power

switch

Disconnect

all

the

cables

original

materials

are

not

DIGITAL.

Refer

Repack

repacking

shows

the

Locate

when

2-3

the

Include

the

switch

VK100

and

terminal

cable

for

locations.

off.

from

the

packing

rear

the

material.

available,

Chapter

they

for

can

ordering

terminal.

the

ordered

original
from

information.

terminal

the

power

in the shipping carton (Figure 2-2).
cord and video cable in the shipping

carton.

Seal

the

shipping

carton

with

reinforced

tape.

AC POWER

AC FUSE

MONOCHROME
(BLACK & WHITE)

RED, GREEN
AND BLUE

CONNECTOR

CONNECTORS

VIDEO OUTPUT

VIDEQ OUTPUT

HARDCOPY
CONNECTOR

ElA
CONNECTOR

SWITCH

20 mA
CONNECTOR

AC POWER
RECEPTACLE
MA-6717

Figure

2-3

VK100

(GIGI)

Terminal

2-4

Switch

and

Cable

Locations

2.5

INSTALLATION

The VK100 terminal
is
a
flat
blade
install

the

terminal.

Remove

the

carrying

is very easy to install. The only tool required
screwdriver.
Use
the
following
procedure
to

Locate

terminal

case

the

and

from

place

access

the
in

opening

shipping

the desired

the

carton
work

rear

(Figure
2-4).
The eight-position default
pack will be visible in the opening.

optional

area.

the

terminal

SET-UP

switch

IT.l@ o:)o

MA-6718

Figure

2-4

Default

SET-UP

Switch

Pack

Location

Note

the

switch

positions

and

determine

the

switch

settings are correct for the host computer system. Figure
2-5 shows all
the switch settings and what they mean to
the
host
computer.
Chapter
3
provides
more
detailed
information

the

SET-UP

parameters.

SET-UP FEATURE DEFAULT SETTINGS FOR BOTH TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE
SPEEDS (TS AND RS) CONT.

(SWITCHES 6, 7, & 8)

TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SPEED
FEATURES DEFAULT SET FOR

600 (RS2 AND TS2)

1200 (RS3 AND TS3)

TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SPEED
FEATURES DEFAULT SET FOR

TRANSMIT AND RECE!VE SPEED
FEATURES DEFAULT SET FOR

2400 (RS4 AND TS4)

4800 (RS5 AND TS5)

TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SPEED
FEATURES DEFAULT SET FOR
9600 (RS6 AND TS6)

TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SPEED
FEATURES DEFAULT SET FOR
19,200 (RS7 AND TS7}
MA.6722

Figure

2-5 Default

SET-UP Switch

Settings

2-6

(Sheet

Pack
3)

SET-UP FEATURE DEFAULT SETTINGS FOR PARITY ENABLE (PE)

(SWITCHES 4 & 5)

PARITY ENABLE FEATURE

DEFAULT SET FOR OFF (PEO)

DEFAULT SET FOR EVEN (PE1)

PARITY ENABLE FEATURE

DEFAULT SET FOR ODD (PE2)
SET-UP FEATURE DEFAULT SETTINGS FOR BOTH TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE

SPEEDS (TS AND RS)

(SWITCHES 6, 7, & 8)

TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SPEED
FEATURES DEFAULT SET FOR
110 (RSO AND TS0}

TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SPEED
FEATURES DEFAULT SET FOR
300 {RS1 AND TS1)
MA-6721

Figure

2-5

Default
Settings

SET-UP
(Sheet

Switch
2

Pack
3)

SET-UP FEATURE DEFAULT SETTINGS FOR POWER FREQUENCY (PF)

(SWITCH 1)

POWER FREQUENCY FEATURE

DEFAULT SET FOR 60 Hz
(PFO)

POWER FREQUENCY FEATURE

DEFAULT SET FOR 50 Hz
(PF1)

SET-UP FEATURE DEFAULT SETTINGS FOR COMMUNICATIONS INTERFACE (CI}
(SWITCH 2)

COMMUNICATIONS INTERFACE

FEATURE DEFAULT SET FOR

EIA (CIO)

20mA (CI1)

SET-UP FEATURE DEFAULT SETTINGS FOR UK CHARACTER SET (UK}
(SWITCH 3)

UK CHARACTER SET FEATURE
DEFAULT SET FOR US (UKO}

UK CHARACTER SET FEATURE
DEFAULT SET FOR UK {UK1)
MA-6720

Figure

2-5

Default

Settings

SET-UP

(Sheet

Switch

Pack

for

the

default

the

SET-UP switch

computer,

host

settings

with

settings

are

wrong,

switches

are

communicate

pencil

set,

with

the

verify
the

host

pack

settings

similar

the

new

terminal

are

change

carefully

object.

settings.
not

may

incorrect

switch

the

Once

the

able

the
to

computer.

Remove the user-supplied monitor from its shipping carton
and
place
in
the
desired
work
area.
Perform
the
installation

instructions

packed with

the monitor.

Connect the VK1@0@ terminal to the user-supplied monitor.
(The
next
section
of
this
chapter
provides
specific
instructions
monitor.)

for

connecting

the

Barco

Model

GD33

Connect the communications cable to the appropriate
communications
connector.
I1f
you
select
EIA
communications, connect the ground wire to the terminal
communications
connector.
Fiqgure
2-6
shows
the
cable
connector

with

the

ground

wire

GREEN GROUND

connected.

SCREW

WIRE

MA-6730

Figure

2-6

EIA

Communications

Cable

Connector

Connect

10.

the

VK100

terminal

the

graphics printer. There
2.5.3 provides detailed

are two methods
instructions.

Connect

the

power

the

rear

cord

into

Turn

the

monitor

two

cord

terminal.

nearby

minutes

the

Plug

wall

outlet.

power

switch

warm

power

optional

LA34VA

for

Section

cord

this.

receptacle

the

other

end

on.

Allow

the

before

the

monitor

performing

the

power

one

step.

11.

Turn
the
terminal
power
switch
on.
The
terminal
automatically performs the power-up self-test.
Once the
power-up self-test is successfully completed, the ON LINE
indicator

above

the

keyboard

1lights

and

the

cursor

appears in the upper left corner of the monitor screen.
If
any other
indications
are
present,
the
terminal
self-test may have found a fault in the terminal. Chapter
6 outlines the procedures to follow if this occurs.
NOTE

On
some
monitors
the
cursor
appear immediately because of

condition

called

overscan.

the overscan,
set the
parameters.
Chapter
3

does
not
a monitor

eliminate

HP or HM SET-UP
describes
these

parameters.

12.

Select

the

terminal

SET-UP

parameters.

Chapter

describes the SET-UP parameters and how to select them.
13.

After selecting the SET-UP parameters, record their
settings
and
keep
them with
the
terminal
for
future
reference.

14.

Fill out the GIGI Installation Card and return
DIGITAL. Postage is prepaid if mailed within the
States.

it to
United

2.5.1
Connecting to the Barco Model GD33 Monitor
This section provides specific
instructions for connecting

the

VK109 terminal to the Barco Model GD33 monitor. This monitor is
not supplied by DIGITAL. The monitor must be purchased separately

from a local Barco distributor.
packaged

with

the

Locate
three

monitor.

the

VK100

connectors

Connect

the

video
on

Monitor operating
cable.

each

Connect

the

color-keyed

red,

color-keyed

red,

connectors to the RED, GREEN,
on the rear of the Barco Model

cable

with

green,

and

BLUE

output

green,

and

blue

cable

connectors

blue

cable

and BLUE input connectors
GD33 monitor (Figure 2-7).

Locate the white switches on the
rear of
the monitor
above the input connectors.
Slide the white switches to
the
75
position.
This
switches
in
a
75-ohm
cable
impedance and provides the best possible monitor display.

Locate

the

G/X

the

G/X

switch

synchronization

single

end.

connhectors to the RED, GREEN, and
on the rear of the VK1@0 terminal.

instructions are

Connect

the

switch
to

the

on
G

the

rear

position.

for

green

signal

monitor

power

cord.

the

This

sync.

monitor.

sets

the

Slide

monitor

AC POWER

BLUE INPUT

NOT USED

SYNC INPUT

LOAD SWITCH \

SYNC SOURCE

SELECT

SWITCH

LOAD SWITCH

GREEN INPUT

LOAD SWITCH

RED INPUT

LOAD SWITCH

¢L¢J ®
=z

]

E]“//T

~~ CONNECTOR

VID

&5 B8
.

&3
@

EXTERNAL SYNC

BLUE INPUTS

GREEN INPUTS

RED INPUTS

INPUTS

(NOT USED)
MA6770

Figure 2-7 Barco Model GD33 Monitor Connections

2.5.2

Connecting

Typical

Black

and

White

Monitor

The VK1@0@ terminal can connect to a black and white
(monochrome)
monitor.
DIGITAL does not supply a black and white monitor.
Any
black

and

Use

the

white

monitor

must

following

Specific

are

the

with

obtained

general

interconnection.

packaged

Connect
output

the
3.

Locate

one

the

instructions

three

the

connector

the

suppliers.
perform

for

the

video

cable

rear

color

input

single

cable

with

the

MONO

terminal.

Note

connectors

key

the

(red,

connector

VK1@##

green,

the

blue).

black

and

monitor.
This connector should be a BNC-type
If not, put a BNC adaptor on the connector.
4.

Connect

the

2.5.3

Connecting

that

The VK100 terminal
of two ways.
1.

video

monitor.

connector

the

monitor

monitor.

connector

cable

local

instructions

operating

Locate the VK100 video cable.
three connectors on each end.

from

cable

sure

was

the

connects

The

terminal

The

terminal

used

the

use

video

the

LA34VA

connector

color-keyed

terminal

directly

added

input

same

LA34VA Graphics

connects
is

white

connector.

end

the

cable
cable.

Printer
graphics

the

printer

one

printer.

the

end

the

printer,

multiterminal

string.

the

terminal

dedicated

available

connects

that

the

directly

terminal.

the

keys
busy.
sends

printer

request

tells

the

use

waiting

when

using

the

than

one

printer,

the

printer

always

terminal
press

the

tries

SHIFT

and

together.
The
terminal
1looks
to
see
if
the
If
the
printer
is
not
busy
the
terminal
its

data

the

currently

printer.

printing

and

waits

until

the

all

other

VK108

terminals

printer.

terminal

the

string, two or more VK100 terminals connect to
terminal
contains
a
hardcopy
protocol.
This

protocol prevents problems
use the printer. To request

immediately

means

terminal.

In a multiterminal
one
printer.
Each

PF1/HARDCOPY
printer
is

This

then

When

the

sends

its

the

printer

printer
data

terminal

that

terminal

completes
the

generates

available.

printer.

the

The
is

waiting

copy

the

When

than

one

terminal

waiting

use

the

printer

internal
sequence
system
takes
effect.
The
sequence
system
determines
which
terminal
uses
the
printer
next.
The
sequence
system continues in effect until all of the waiting terminals have
used the printer.

When

using

must

that

terminal

multiterminal

powered

on.

and

all

any

string,

all

terminal

terminals

after

terminals
the

string

the

turned

string

cannot

off,

use

the printer.
Fiqure 2-8 shows this point.
Terminal 3 is turned
off, so terminal 4 cannot use the printer. Disconnect any terminal
that is turned off in a multiterminal string from the string.
Paragraph 2.5.3.2 provides a disconnection procedure.

The following paragraphs provide the two procedures for connecting
the VK100 terminal to the LA34VA graphics printer.

LA34VA

GIGI TERMINAL

#4 - CANNOT
USE LA34VA

GIGI TERMINAL
#3-POWER OFF

Figure 2-8 Multiterminal

GIGI TERMINAL
#2
MA-6725

String with Terminal Turned Off

2.5.3.1

Connecting

Directly to

the

LA34VA Graphics

Printer

Use

the following procedure for connecting a single VK1@@ terminal to
the
LA34VA
graphics
printer.
Maximum
cable
length
is
58
feet.
Figure 2-9 shows a simple block diagram of this configuration.
To

perform the procedure use a flat blade screwdriver,
interface cable, and one 8-32 X 5/8 inch screw.
1.

Locate

and

connect

the

connector

the

rear

connector

can

only

plug

BC22A
of

cable

the

one

VK@@

way.

BC22A-xx

the

HARDCOPY

terminal.

Connect

the

wire
to
the
HARDCOPY
connector.
Figure
2-6
shows
cable connector with the ground wire connected.
2,

Plug

the

connector

GIGI

TERMINAL

L1 HaRDCOPY

other

cable

rear

the

connector

LA34VA

can

only

plug

one

into

the

graphics
way

EIA

the

connector

printer.

(Figure

The

ground

This

2-10).

LA34VA

BC22A-XX

EIA

CONNECTOR

GRAPHICS

PRINTER

MA-6719

Figure

2-9

Single

VK100

(GIGI)

Terminal

LA34VA

Graphics

Connection

\\
EIA

[/i_@

CONNECTOR

GROUND

AC POWER CORD~
RECEPTACLE

POINT

POWER

ON/OFF
SWITCH

JACK

Figure

2-10

LA34VA Graphics

Printer

FUSE

PAPER LOW

MA.2633A

(Rear

View)

Printer

Push

the

8-32

end

5/8

the

inch

screw

through

the

ring

ground

wire

coming

out

terminal

the

cable

connector.
Locate the grounding screw hole on the LA34VA
graphics printer
(about 3 inches to the right of the EIA
connector).

Attach

graphics

printer

Perform

the

cable

grounding

installation

in
the
DECwriter
(EK-L34RO-UG)
.
Apply

power

verify

the

both

ground

wire

the

and
IV

SET-UP

Graphics

procedures
Printer

and

Guide

connection,

place

terminals.

LA34VA

graphics

printer

2.5.3.2

Adding

screen.
SET-UP,

SET-UP again.

Print the
screen alignment
graphics
printer.
Do
this

PF1/HARDCOPY

outlined

User

the screen alignment video pattern on the monitor
Do this by pressing the following keys in order:

LA34va

point.

keys

Terminal

video
pattern on
by
pressing
the

the
LA34VA
SHIFT
and

together.

Multitermimal

String

Use

the

following procedure if one or more VK1@@ terminals are connected
to the LA34VA graphics printer. Figure 2-11 shows a simple diagram
of this configuration.

BC22A-XX

BC22B-XX

OLD
STRING

HARDCOPY

EIA

CONN.

Glat

TERMINAL

GRAPHICS
PRINTER

slel
TERMINAL

LA34VA

BC268-01

BC22B-X X(NEW)

BC22A-XX

NEW

STRING|

NEW GIGI

TERMINAL

GIGI

CONN.

CONN,

CONN,
TERMINAL

EIA

HARDCOPY

CONN.

GIGI

TERMINAL

LA34VA

GRAPHICS
GRAPHIC

MA-6729

Figure 2-11 Adding a Terminal to a Multiterminal String

perform

interface
1.

the

procedure

cable,

and

use

Locate

the last VK100
LA34VA
graphic

the

connected
terminal.

flat

BC26B-@gl1

the

screwdriver,

cable.

terminal

printer.

HARDCOPY

Locate
and
connect
HARDCOPY
connector

blade

Y-type

the
on

the string
Disconnect

connector

BC26B-@l1
last

the

VK100

BC22B-xXx

attached

to
<cable

the
rear

cable

the

terminal.

The

Y-type

the

this

connector can only plug
in one way. Connect the ground
wire
to
the
HARDCOPY
connector.
Figure
2-6
shows
the
cable connector with the ground wire connected.
Connect

the

Locate

cable

female
the

connector
connector

disconnected

connector

new

BC22B

into
the
can only

the

from

cable.

male
plug

the

terminal

BC26B-f1
Plug

type

one

BC22B

cable

BC26B-@1
cable
connector.
The
in one way.
Connect
the ground

wire
between
the
two
connectors.
Figure
2-6
shows
cable connector with the ground wire connected.
Plug

the

other

connector

BC22B

cable

connector

power

the

VK108

terminal

both

terminals.

into

being

the

HARDCOPY

to
the
string. The connector can only plug
in one way.
Connect
the
ground
wire
to
the
HARDCOPY connector.
Figure
2-6
shows the cable connector with the ground wire connected.

Apply

step

cable.

added

To verify the LA34VA graphics printer connection,
place
the screen alignment video pattern on the monitor screen.
Do

this

pressing

and

SET-UP

the

following

Print
the
screen alignment
graphics
printer.
Do
this

PF1/HARDCOPY

keys

order:

SET-UP,

again.

together.

video

pattern

pressing

the

SHIFT

LA34VA

and

2.5.3.3

Removing

Terminal

the
following
procedure
connected
to
the
LA34VA

simple

diagram

Locate

the

terminal

BC26B-01

HARDCOPY
connector
Disconnect
the
two
Y-type cable.

Connect

the

BC26B-01

Y-type

ground

the
The

terminal

wires

cable
is

Multiterminal

or
more
printer.

String

Use

VK1@@
terminals
are
Figure
2-12
shows
a

procedure.

VK100

the

from

if
two
graphics

two

you

want

Y-type

disconnect.

cable

connected

cables
cable.

between

the

connectors with

that

were

the

from
the

cable

2-6

shows

two

connectors.

ground
the

Figure

wire

from

BC22B-XX

% l IBCZSB-OI‘ 1 l BC22A-XX

BC22B-XX

removed

sure

the

connect

now disconnected

{ | }

on
the
rear
of
this
terminal.
cables
connected
to
the
BC26B-g1

the

connected.

multiterminal

string.

BC26B-01

HARDCOPY

[~ ] CONN.

HARDCOPY

CONN,

]

HARDCOPY

conn.

EIA

[ JCONN.
LA34VA

GIGI

DISCONNECTED

GIGI

GRAPHICS

TERMINAL

GIGI TERMINAL

TERMINAL

PRINTER

MA-6716

Figure

2-12 Removing

a Terminal

from a Multiterminal

String

2.6

HARDWARE

2.6.1

General

INTERFACE

INFORMATION

Communications

Interface

Information

The terminal operates on full-duplex, asynchronous communications
lines. The physical interfaces are implemented using a 25-pin EIA
connector

and

loop

2.6.1.1
Baud
Rate
-programmed
through
the

connector.

Transmit
and
keyboard using

receive
baud
rates
the SET-UP commands.

transmit and receive baud rates can be set independently
300, 6060, 1,200, 2,400, 4,800, 9,600, or 19,200 baud.
The
up

terminal (set
to
300
baud

are
Both

to:

110,

up for jump scroll) supports text writing speeds
without
using
the
XON/XOFF
characters
for

synchronization.
2,.6.1.2

Character

character

bit

Format

serial,

The

consisting

format

the

start

bit

asynchronous

(always

SPACE),

seven data bits
(MARK equals binary 1, SPACE equals binary @)
an
optional parity bit, and one or two stop bits
(always MARK). The
data
bits
are
ASCII
coded,
and
the
1least
significant
bit
is
transmitted or received first.
The

parity

bit

can

programmed

for

odd

even

parity.

parity

is disabled, the eighth bit is set to SPACE and no parity checking
occurs
on
1input.
If
parity
1is
enabled
and
parity
errors
are
detected, the error character is displayed.
All

baud

rates

have

119

baud

which

has

two

The

communication

data

SET-UP

one

stop

bit

per

transmitted

bits

per

character.

format

outlined

here

character,

except

programmed

using

commands.

2.6.2

EIA

Interface

2.6.2.1
Physical Interface -- The basic VK1#@ terminal
on
full-duplex,
asynchronous
communication
1lines.
The

operates
terminal
interfaces to the line with a 25-pin connector mounted on the back
of the terminal. This connector meets the requirements of EIA Std
RS-232-C.
following

each

Table
2-1
paragraphs

terminal

Ground

system

reference

Transmitted
terminal
on

signals.
terminal

The
uses

signal.

Protective
for

summarizes
the
EIA
connector
explain
how
the
basic
VK100

this

terminal

potential

Data

(from

transmits
circuit.
is

ground

not

via

-a

conductor
The

connects

conductor

cannot

the

used

purposes.

VK1@#

serially

The

This

jumper.

circuit

transmitting

terminal)

encoded
is

characters

held

characters

in
or

the

2
and

mark

break

The

break
state

signals.

VK1@0
signals

when

the

Table

2-1

EIA

Connector

Signals

Description

EIA/CCITT
Circuit

1
2

Protective ground
Transmitted data

AA/101
BA/103

Received

BB/1@d4

Request

(not

used)

Data

set

Signal

(not

used)

9
10

(not
(not

used)
used)

-—

(not

used)

(not

used)

13
14
15

(not
(not
(not

used)
used)
used)

(not

used)

(not

used)

(not

used)

(not

used)

Data

terminal

21
22
23
24
25

(not
(not
(not
(not
(not

used)
used)
used)
used)
used)

Common

return

data
to

send

CA/105
-—

ready

cCc/187

ground*

AB/102

ready

CDh/108.2
--=
---

Received
receives

Data
(to VK100 terminal) -- Pin 3 -- The VK10# terminal
serially
encoded
characters
generated
by
the
user's

equipment on this circuit. The terminal is always ready to
and interpret data after power-up, except in local mode.

(from VK100 terminal)

Request To Send
always

asserted

on-line mode.

the

this

signal,

but

the

when

the

signal

terminal

is powered up and

exists

5 -- A circuit

-- Pin

terminal)

(from VK1@0@

Clear To Send
for

(SPACE state)

-- Pin 4 -= This signal

ignored at all

times.

Data Set Ready (to VK100 terminal) -- Pin 6 -- A receiver
for this signal, but the signal is ignored at all times.

exists

Signal

Ground

common

ground

reference

connects

the

VK1@0#@

Data Terminal Ready
terminal ready (DTR)
following

This

potential

conductor

for

all

terminal

establishes

voltages

system

the

interface.

ground.

(from VK10@¢ terminal) -- Pin 20 -- The data
signal is always asserted, except under the

conditions.

When

the

terminal

not

When

the

terminal

During
SHIFT

the

3.5

and

second

powered
local

mode

interval

following

the

pressing

BREAK.
NOTE

This
use
of
data
terminal
ready
(DTR)
signal disconnects local and remote data
sets when you press SHIFT and BREAK. It
also
prevents
automatic
the terminal is in local

answering
when
mode or powered

off.
This
use
of
DTR
also
causes
the
line
to
disconnect
when
the
VK100
terminal switches from on-line to 1local
mode.

2.6.2.2

Electrical

following
terminal,
or

the

mark

unasserted

+0.75

unasserted

state;

terminal,
space

allowed.

CCITT

state

asserted

mark

Characteristics

characteristics.

-25

asserted

These

levels

EIA

state

-6

has
by

the

-12

open

circuit

interpreted

+25

+2.25

interpreted

greater

compatible

with

received

than

EIA

+25

Std

space

signals

the

VK100

and

Voltages

interface

generated

are

V.28.

The

signals

+12

state.

Recommendation

all

VK100

are

not

RS-232-C

and

2.6.2,3

EIA

Interface

communication

cables

Table

Interface

2-2

EIA

Cables

for

Cable
Part Number

use with

the

2-2

EIA

the

recommended

Function

EIA null modem;
directly
cable)

BC22A-25

lists

interface.

Cables

Cable

BC22A-190

Table

connects VK1@@P

line

unit

terminal

conductor

EIA null modem; connects VK1@0 terminal
directly to a line unit (6 conductor
cable)

BC22B-1¢0

EIA extension

to modem

(14

conductor

(14

conductor

cable)
BC22B-25

EIA

extension

modem

cable)

2.6.3

The

VK100

Current

terminal

Loop

Interface

current

loop

interface

1is

passive

configuration,
that
1is,
current must
be
supplied
to
the
VK1g@
terminal.
The
transmitter
and
receiver
are
both
passive
and
optically isolated;
the transmitter goes to the mark state when
power is turned off. Table 2-3 lists the recommended 20 mA current
loop characteristics.

Table

2-3

20mA Current

Condition
Open circuit voltage

Voltage drop marking
Spacing current

Loop Characteristics
Transmitter

Min

Max

50V

av
L

4v
2mA

gmA 50mA

Marking current

2=-22

Receiver

Min

Max

N/A

L
L

2.3V
3mA

15mA 50mA

2.6.3.1

Electrical

interface has

the

Characteristics

following

2.6.3.2
20 mA Interface
communication cables for

The

current

loop

electrical characteristics.

Cables -- Table
use with the 20

2-4 lists the
mA interface.

2.6.4
Buffer Overflow Prevention
The VK100 terminal can operate at transmission

recommended

speeds up to

19,200

baud.
However,
the terminal may not be able to
keep up with
incoming
data.
The
terminal
stores
incoming
characters
in
a
253-character buffer and processes them on a first-in, first-out
basis.

When

terminal

contents of

XOFF

transmitting,

the

computer

stops

the

transmits
should

stop

the

(@23,

buffer

transmitting

terminal

reaches

DC3).
to

the

108

this

characters,

signal

terminal.

eventually

depletes

the

host

buffer.

When 50 characters remain in the buffer, the terminal transmits
XON
(0218
or
DCl)
to
signal
the
host
that
it
may
resume
transmission.
If the host fails to respond promptly to the XOFF

signal, the buffer continues to fill. When the buffer exceeds its
253-character capacity, a buffer overflow occurs. When the buffer
overflows, the VK100 terminal ignores any incoming characters.

Table

2-4

20mA

Cable
Part Number
BC@5F-15

Interface

Cables

Function
20

cable

with

for connecting
a line unit.
BC@P5F-50

BC@5F-AQ

Mate-N-Lok

connectors

directly

20 mA cable with Mate-N-Lok connectors
for connecting VK100 terminal directly

line

for

terminal

unit.
cable

with

connecting

line

VK100

unit.

Mate-N-Lok

VK100

connectors

terminal

directly

The

only

indication

buffer

overflow

the

loss

data

the
monitor
screen.
The
terminal
does
not
display
characters
on
the
screen
to
1indicate
this
condition.
following formula to determine a possible buffer.

special
Use
the

Response

time

153

rec

speed

(trans

bits

trans

speed)

where:
Rec

speed

Trans

bits

Trans

speed

VK1@@

10,
=

terminal

except

VK100

receive

110

terminal

speed

baud

where

transmit

bits/second

speed

is
in

(baud).

11.
bits/second

(baud).

NOTE

The
response time
is
less
when
the
receive
speed
1is

than @
19,200

and
the
transmit
speed
1is
Never
use
this
combination
and
Example

transmit

only
baud

110
baud.
of
receive

speeds.

The VK10@ terminal is transmitting at 1200 baud and receiving at
12008 baud. The terminal sends an XOFF signal which the host must

respond

to within

Response
Example

time

1.25 seconds

153

to avoid

(16/1200)

the

buffer overflow.

(l1@0/1200)

1.25

seconds

The VK1@0 terminal is transmitting at
1209 baud. The terminal sends an XOFF
respond

Response

within

time

seconds

300 baud and receiving at
signal which the host must
avoid a buffer overflow.

(16/1200)

1.175

153

(16/3060)

1.175

second

The
XON/XOFF
synchronization
scheme
has
an
advantage
over
requiring the host to insert delays or filler characters in its
data
stream.
Requiring
a minimum of
software
support,
XON/XOFF
makes
sure
that
every character
or
command
sent
to
the VK1@@
terminal
is
processed
in
correct
order.
This
scheme
frees
interface programs
from all
timing
considerations
and produces
more reliable operation.
Software

terminal

that

can

does

still

not

use

support

the

XON/XOFF

terminal

signals

text

from

the

interactive

VK100

mode.

To do so limit the terminal receive speed to 300 baud in Jjump
scroll mode, or 48@@9 baud in wrap scroll or scroll off modes. Set
the receive higher only if the average line length of the data is
known. Table 2-5 shows the maximum speeds (baud rates) for each
scroll mode

selection at different

line

lengths.

Table

2-5

Terminal

Receive

Speed

Limits

(No

XON/XOFF

Scroll
Mode

)

Average Line Length in Characters
10
20
30
40
50
60

Support)

8¢

Smooth

)

600

1200

2400

Jump

300

1200

2400

Wrap/Off

4800

Speeds
If

are

expressed

XON/XOFF

characters

cannot
or

baud

rates.,

used,

use

character

strings

Table 2-6 shows the number
functions.
Use
either
the

fill
are

characters

sent

the

after
VK1@@

certain

terminal.

of £ill characters required for these
NUL
(GZGS)
or the DEL
(1778)
as fill

characters.

XON/XOFF
support
following modes.
Auto

Hardcopy

Graphics

mode

the

host
after

varying

sequence

Fill

the

terminal

1is

1in

the

BA2)

computer

pauses

data

does

will

transmission

execution

Character

not

probably
do

not

support
be

lost.

prevent

XON/XOFF
Fill

data

buffer

characters

loss

due

and

the

times.

Requirements

Character
or

whenever

(AH1)

(BAl

synchronization,

2-6

required

mode

BASIC

Table

1is

Receive

Speed

Sequence

Received

110

300

600

1200

2400

4800

96008

19200

TAB

Text

-=—

-—

(char)

CAN

-—

—-

-—

—-

-—

DECALN

159

189

381

175

353

709

(full)

Two

terminal

functions,

reset

erase

buffer.

terminal

and

after

the

commands

being

processed.

compensate

for

two

following

ways.

the

perform

this,

the

Immediately
after
commands
the
host

Thus

the

host

and

self-test,

This

these

host

two

not

reinitialize

characters

functions

computer

sending
may act

will

means

may

are

act

the
terminal
as
if
it had

send

additional

lost

the

received
without

one

the

one
of
received

these
XOFF,

characters

until

it receives XON. The terminal transmits XON only after it
completes
the
specified
operation
and
the
XON/XOFF
feature

enabled.

When the first method cannot be
use
a
delay
of
no
less
than
terminal

time

invoked

function

against

loss

however,
period.

future

complete

detects

implemented,

the

data.

This

options

may

the

host

18
seconds
to
allow
invoked
function.
If

error,
delay

there
is

require

may
the
the

guarantee

currently

adequate,

change

the

delay

The VK100
terminal
always
recognizes
received
XOFF
and
XON
signals.
Receipt
of
XOFF
inhibits
the
VK100
terminal
from
transmitting any codes except XOFF and XON.
Up to 253 keystrokes
are stored in a keyboard buffer
(some keys transmit two or three

codes,

e.g.,

keyclicks

Entering

and

the

cursor

stop.

controls).

Transmission

the

resumes

and exiting SET-UP clears
keyboard locked condition.

2.6.5

Display

keyboard

upon

all

buffer

receipt

stored

overflows,

XON.

keyboard

characters

Interface

The display interface provides the circuitry needed to drive one
black and white monitor and one red, green, and blue (RGB) color
monitor at the same time. Four separate BNC connectors are located
on the rear of the terminal and are labeled as follows.
MONO
RED

GREEN
BLUE

These

connectors

and white

2.6.5.1

and

the

provide

signals

needed

drive

both

black

color monitors.

Composite

Port

Video

(MONO)

drives an external black and white

This

monitor.

interface

connector

The output conforms

to EIA RS-330 and has the following nominal characteristics.
Output impedance
Sync level
Black level

level

White

ohms,

coupled

2 g V to 8.1V
4] . 3V +/- 10% when

terminated with 75 ohms
@ V +/- 10% when terminated with 75 ohms
2-26

2.6.5.2 Color Monitor Port (RED, GREEN, BLUE) -- These interface
connectors drive an external RGB color monitor. The RED, GREEN,
and BLUE outputs have the following nominal characteristics.
Output
Red

impedance

and

blue

Signal
Green

signal

coupled

outputs

level

signal

ohms,

1.0V +/-

10%

outputs

Signal level
Sync level
Black level

1.0V
2.0 V
0.3 V

8.1

2.6.5.3
Composite
Sync Waveform Timing
-- The composite sync
waveform conforms to EIA RS-33¢0 and has the following nominal
characteristics.

Horizontal

period

63.131

Horizontal

sync

4.735

Front

Back

width

porch

Active
Frame

video

time

(15.840

KHz)

§.789
to
7.891
timing
depends

~s.
The
exact
upon
the
HP

SET-UP
set to

setting.
When
front porch is

feature
HP5 the

3.945

~s,.

7.891

~s minus

front porch

time

50.5085

“s

60.00
(PF1)

(PF@)

49.97

29.94

(PF@)

24.95

rate

Noninterlaced

Interlaced

(IL®)

(IL1)

(PF1)

Vertical

sync

Serration

width

during

189.394

vertical

none

sync

Vertical

blank

Horizontal

scans

1.262
4.609
per

frame

2=-27

ms minimum
ms minimum

264

(PF@

and

IL@)

317
529

(PFl
(PF@

and
and

ILOQ)
IL1)

635

(PF1l

and

IL1)

(PF@)
(PF1l)

2.6.5.4

Monitor

Selection

The

display

interfaces

drive

number of commercially standard monitors.
Monitors connected
the VK100 terminal should have the following capabilities.
Video

bandwidth

Horizontal

Vertical

Line

flyback

time

minimum

“s

maximum

4.3

(625-1ine

monitor)

ratio

maximum

monitor)

15.840

rate

Aspect

MHz

1.0

rate

Frame

flyback

(525-1ine

maximum

KHz
or

adjustable

1:1.6

restoration

present

number

the

best

SET-UP

terminal

possible

display,

selectable
the

the

VK@@

tailor

features

monitor.

These

features

are

Feature

Function

PF0

For

Hz,

525-1line

PF1

For

Hz,

625-1line monitors

HP@

HP9

For

horizontal

HM@

HM9

horizontally

for

monitors

vertically

VM@

EM1

VM9

monitors

For

contains

video

output

follows.

monitors

1limit

the

text

display

area

overscan

limit

the

overscan

40 characters per

resolution

the

centering

with

terminal

text

display

line display

area

for

text on

low

monitors

ILO

For a noninterlaced display to reduce flicker

IL1

For an interlaced display on a monitor
slow phospher, or for taking monitor

with a
screen

photographs

2.6.5.5

Video Interface Cables -- Table 2-7 lists the recommended

communication cables for use with the video interfaces.

2-28

Table

2-7

Video

Interface

Cables

Cable

Part Number

Function

BC26M-05

RGB cable with BNC connectors
user-supplied monitor

2.6.6
Hardcopy
The
terminal
has
LA34VA

Interface
a
serial

graphics

printer;

interface
this

port

allows

for

interfacing

dumping

bit

map

information to obtain a hardcopy. A series-chaining scheme allows
more than one VK100@ terminal to share a single graphics printer.

2,6.6.1
hardcopy

Physical
Interface
-The
interface
to
an
external
device
uses
a
standard
25-pin
female
EIA
connector.

Table

2-8

Table

2-8 Hardcopy

lists

the

Signal

assignments.

Interface

Assignments

Name

Protective

Ground

Downstream

Transmitted

3
4

Downstream
Downstream

Received Data (DRXD)
Request To Send (DRTS)

5
7
13

Downstream Clear to Send
(DCTS)
Signal Ground
Upstream Clear To Send
(UCTS)

Upstream

Transmitted

Upstream

Received

Upstream

Request

Data

Data
To

Data

(DTXD)

(DRXD)

Send

(URTS)

2.6.6.2
Electrical Interface -- The electrical characteristics of
hardcopy interface are as follows. On signals generated by the
VK100 terminal, the mark or unasserted state is -6 V to -12 V; the
the

space
or
asserted
compatible with EIA

state

Std

RS-232-C

and

the

terminal,

signals

received

VK1@@

+12

CCITT

These

levels

Recommendation
-25

are

V.28.

+8.75

open circuit is interpreted as a mark or unasserted state, and +25
V
to
+2.25
V
1is
interpreted
as
a
space
or
asserted
state.
Voltages
greater
than +25
V
are
not
allowed.
These
1levels
are
compatible
2.6.6.3

with

EIA

Hardcopy

recommended
interface.

Std

RS-232-C

Interface

communication

and

CCITT

Cables

cables

Recommendation

for

Table

use

2-9

with

V.28.

1lists

the

hardcopy

2.6.6.4
Hardcopy Device Sharing -- The VK10@ terminal
contains
the necessary logic for series-chaining to another VK100 terminal
to time share a single hardcopy device. For every series-chained
VK100 terminal, a Y-cable
(BC26B-01l)
and a modem cable
(BC22B-x)
are needed.
terminal in

Chapter 5 provides
a series chain.

There

limitation

hardcopy

the

device

the

long

instructions

number
as

the

VK100

maximum

how

connect

terminals

cable

length

the

chained
between

adjacent
terminals
is
50
ft.
The
58
ft
maximum
cable
1length
conforms to RS-232-C/CCITT V.28
interface specifications.
1In
practice the number of VK100 terminals served by a single printer
is limited by the maximum response time users will accept.
When

VK100

terminal

1is

powered

off,

all

upstream

terminals

(those farther away from the hardcopy device)
are broken off the
chain.
The cabling system allows downstream terminals
to bypass
the Y-cable on the powered-off terminal and remain in the chain.
As a general practice disconnect
the
chain.
This
eliminates
the
pulses

the

chain,

which

may

all
powered-off
possibility
of

cause

erroneous

terminals
from
inducing
noise
printout.

Table

2-9

Hardcopy

Interface

Cables

Cable

Part Number

Function

BC26B-01

Y-cable for daisy-chaining the LA34VA
printer to multiple VK100 terminals

BC22B-25

EIA

extension

second

VK100

terminal

graphics

from

Y-cable

(BC26B-01)

BC22A-10

EIA

a
BC22A-25

null

line

modem;

connects

unit
(6 conductor

null modem; connects
line unit (6 conductor

VK10@

EIA

VK100

cable)

2-31

terminal

directly

terminal

directly

cable)

3.3
The

KEYBOARD CONTROLS
VK100 terminal has two

keypads.

The

main

arrangement
and
sculpturing
styled
like
typewriter. The auxiliary or numeric keypad
numeric data in a calculator-like fashion.
The

following

keyboard

paragraphs

control

Standard

Special
SET-UP

Special

groups

keys
function

mode

describe

and

their

the

keypad

has

Kkey

a
standard
office
allows you to enter

different

VK188

terminal

functions.

keys

3.3.1
Standard Keys
Figure
3-2
identifies
the
VK100#
terminal
keyboard
keys
usually
operate
1like
standard
typewriter
and
calculator

These

the
the

keys

generate

ASCII

codes

which

the

terminal

host computer. The minus, comma, period,
auxiliary Kkeypad normally generate the

corresponding

unshifted

the

keypad.

the main

keypad

auxiliary

does

not

keys of
affect

the main

the

that
Kkeys.
transmits to

and numeric
same codes

keypad.

The

codes generated

keys of
as the

SHIFT key on

by the

keys

The auxiliary keypad has two alternate modes of operation: keypad
application mode
and
programmed
keypad mode.
The
terminal
can
enter either mode through the SET-UP parameters or a command from
the host computer.
In both modes the auxiliary keypad generates
control functions.

ON LINE

LOCAL NO SCROLL BASIC HARDCOPY

BREAK

CTRL

SCROLL

Figure

3-2

Standard

Keys

CAPS
LOCK

CAPS

LOCK

This key enables the uppercase function of alphabetic keys
All numeric and special symbol keys remain in lowercase.

IIIIIHHIHHIIII
This

key

not

have

only.

SHIFT

enables
an

the

uppercase

uppercase
function,

function
the

all

SHIFT

key

keys.
has

key

effect.

does

@lnc)

213|456l

TAB

QUUWIHIEI|]RI|TI|Y(U

Jalls|

sc:gu.

SHIFT

lz 'x

C |V

’

FleEn]o

7181

0
AAAAAAA

Figure

3-3

3.3.2

Special

Figure

3-3

Function

1identifies

terminal
keyboard.
description.

III%HHHIII

this

Terminal

parameters

key

causes

function

keys

paragraphs

provide

the

terminal

enter

such as

IIIIIlIlII'IHHIIIIHII
of

special

following

the

VK100

general

SET-UP

Pressing

Each

Keys

the

The

Keys

these

keys

VK1@@

scrolling

can

be changed

SET-UP

mode.

this mode.

Arrows

causes

the

VK1@@

terminal

transmit

control

function code to the host computer. Usually the control functions
are interpreted as commands to move the cursor in the direction of
the

arrow.

|HH%HI

BREAK

This key transmits a break signal. Pressing BREAK
the SHIFT keys transmits the long break signal.

with

either

PF1

HARD

Wl
PF1l/HARDCOPY
Pressing this key by
a

control

Pressing

itself

causes

the

VK1@@

terminal

transmit

function code.

this

key

with

either

optional printer to copy
screen. During the copying

the

SHIFT

keys

causes

the

the current contents of the monitor
process the screen is frozen. Once the

printer finishes the copy, the screen resumes normal operation. If
key
a printer is not connected to the terminal, pressing .this was
the

freezes

the

copying

for

screen

screen.

short

Jjust

time

printer

Pressing the SHIFT and PF1/HARDCOPY keys a second time stops.the
printing of the screen contents. When this occurs the terminal
returns to the previous operating mode.

|I!!I!I
PF2

PF2/LOCATOR

Pressing this key by itself causes the VK100 terminal to transmit
a control

function code.

Pressing

this

key

the

screen.

( + )

©prF3/TEXT

the

locator

either

mode

1locator

enter

terminal

with

Section

the

and

3.3.4

display

provides

causes

the

information

keys

SHIFT

mode.

Pressing this key by itself causes the VK109 terminal

a control

cursor

locator

the

transmit

function code.

the
the SHIFT keys causes
Pressing this key with either of
it
When
mode.
graphics
disable
and
mode
text
enter
to
terminal
graphics
special
any
cancels
terminal
the
mode,
enters text
display parameters that were selected. If the terminal was already
in text mode, pressing this key resets any special text features.

Iliiill
RESET

PF4/RESET

Pressing
a

this

control

key by

function

itself

causes

the VK100

terminal

transmit

code.

Pressing
this
key
with
either
of
the
SHIFT
keys
resets
the
terminal.
This action is almost the same as turning the power
switch off and on. All of the contents of memory are lost except
the SET-UP parameter settings, soft character sets, BASIC program,

graphics
reset

|ii!iii

mode

macrographs,

and

function does not change

any

the

special

key

definitions.

SET-UP parameter

settings.

This

DELETE

This

key

causes

code

the

erased

from

the

host
the

VK100

system.

screen.

terminal

The

transmit

delete

deleted

character

may

character

may

not

RETURN
This

key

transmits

either

carriage

return

(CR)

and

function

through

the

New

|||HEII
FEED

This

!!!!!II

LINE

key

line

Line

carriage

return

feed

code.

(NL)

(LF)

(CR)

Select

code

the

desired

the
XO
data

SET-UP parameter.

FEED

transmits

line

feed

(LF)

code.

This
key
parameter

SCROLL

is
controlled
by
is
on,
pressing

the
X0
SET-UP parameter.
this
key
the
first
time

stops

transmission from the host computer to the VK1@# terminal.
This
also lights the NO SCROLL indicator above the keyboard, to show
that the terminal is not sending or receiving data. Pressing the
key a second time resumes transmission from where it stopped. This
also
off,

IHHHIII

turns off the NO SCROLL indicator.
If
the X0 parameter
this key is inactive and has no effect on the terminal.

CONTROL

Pressing

this

terminal

key in combination with
transmit a control code.

ESC

ESCAPE

This

1is

key

transmits

escape

code.

3-6

another

key causes

the

VK100

ON LINE

LOCAL NO SCROLL BASIC

HARDCOPY

PF2

HARD

..................

ace

—

space || BREA%

}

DELETE

1
CTRL

PF3

tocTr || Texy

coPyY

)

’

ENTER

Figure

3-4

3.3.3
Figure

3.5

SET-UP

Mode

SET-UP Mode Keys
identifies the

detailed

keys

Either

key

and

steps

available

description

. SPACE BAR or UP ARROW
parameter.

LINE

Keys

3-4

provides

ern

SHIFT

SCROLL

the

When

the

highest

starts

the

cycle

the

SET-UP

higher

value

reached,

again.

Each

over

mode.

Section

SET-UP mode.

setting
the

key

SET-UP

setting

for

returns

performs

the

same

function.

- DOWN ARROW
v

This

key

steps

When
@
is
starts the

the

lower

reached
the setting
cycle over again.

setting

returns

- RETURN or RIGHT ARROW

for

SET-UP

parameter.

the

highest

value

and

Either
the

key

1last

steps

the

parameter

terminal

appears

automatically
returns
to
the
performs the same function.

the

first

next
the

SET-UP
screen,

SET-UP

parameter.
the

parameter.

When

terminal

Each

key

|IHH|II

LEFT

ARROW

This
key steps
parameter. When
terminal

the
the

terminal
backwards
to
the
first parameter appears on

automatically

returns

the

last

previous
SET-UP
the screen, the

SET-UP parameter.

Alphabetic Keys -- These keys enter the two-letter code for each
SET-UP parameter.
This
displays
any
SET-UP
parameter
without
stepping

through

last

correct

all

the

parameters.

the

operator

types

the terminal sounds the bell tone and displays the

incorrect code,

parameter.

Numeric Keys -- These keys enter the numeric parameter setting of
a SET-UP parameter. This sets a parameter without stepping through
all the parameter settings. If the operator types an incorrect
setting, the terminal sounds the bell tone and displays the last
correct parameter

|Iiii||
RESET

PF4/RESET

Pressing

this

setting.

key

with

either

the

SHIFT

keys

resets

the

terminal to the power-up state. All the contents of memory,
including the SET-UP parameter settings, are lost. Pressing these
keys in SET-UP mode is the same as turning the terminal power
switch

off

and

on.

When the operator presses this key by itself, the terminal sounds
the

bell

tone.

3-8

ON LINE

LOCAL NO SCROLL BASIC

SET-UP

@I#E|

=112

Y|l

PF3

TEXT

T84

)

11021

CllvV III N]nn

scnout ||

PFa
RESET

allsilell

F|FgHHI|

Alls|

tocx

3|la|5|6l7]!s

lallwllE|RITH

HARDCOPY

MA-6727A

Figure

3.3.4
Figure

3-5

Locator

Mode

Keys

Locator Mode Keys
3-5 identifies the keys

that

have

special

meaning

the

terminal
in
locator
mode.
The
following
paragraphs
briefly
describe the function of the locator keys in locator mode. If the
operator presses any keys other than those described, the terminal
exits locator mode, sends the code of the key pressed,
and then
sends

the

screen

location

the

locator

cursor.

the

terminal

enters locator mode through the host computer, the terminal sends
a carriage return (CR) code followed immediately by the key code.

llliill
LOCTR

PF2/LOCATOR

Pressing

terminal

this
key
to
enter

(

the

)

with
either
locator
mode

time
dot

keys

the
in

move

the

operator

the

SHIFT
keys
causes
the
display
the
locator
cursor

and

screen.

|IIIIII IIIIIII |IHH|II IIHHIII

These

ARROWS

locator

presses

direction

with one of the
in the direction

shown
arrow keys

shown

cursor

the

key,

(

the

)

around

locator

the

by the arrow on the key.
moves the locator cursor

the

arrow on

the

key.

screen.

cursor

moves

Each

one

Pressing SHIFT
( + ) ten dots

ENTER

Either

screen

position

IHHHH
This

RETURN

end

the

locator

mode.

cursor

The

the

terminal

host

ends

sends

the

computer.

the

locator

mode;

however,

the

terminal

the

3.4.1

keyboard,

Visual

Figure

3-6

following

does

screen
position
of
the
1locator
cursor
to
the
If
the
terminal
enters
locator mode
through
the
the terminal sends a carriage return (CR) code.

VISUAL AND AUDIBLE INDICATORS
VK100 terminal has two types of indicators:

above

keys

DELETE

key

send
the
computer.
computer,

3.4
The

these

and

audible

visual

not

host
host

indicators

alarms.

Indicators

shows

the

paragraphs

1location

describe

the

keyboard

function

each

indicators.

The

indicator.

LINE

This indicator lights
and ready to transmit

to
or

show that the VK10@ terminal is on-1line
receive messages from the host computer.

The

can

also

show

self-test

show

that

the

LINE

indicator

errors.

LOCAL

This

indicator

lights

terminal

off-line

cannot communicate with the host computer.
In 1local mode
keyboard remains active and all typed characters appear on
screen.

The

LOCAL indicator can also

show self-test errors.

and

the
the

=T |z

llallw|e|r|Tlylullr|o]er]f|?

e |l 8%

F(EREH

|||l

3-6

7|8

oevere

allsiel

1213

ENTER

Figure

]

Keyboard

INE

Indicators

SCROLL

This indicator lights to show that the NO SCROLL key was pressed
and the terminal
is no longer receiving or sending data to the
host computer. The codes for any keys pressed while the NO SCROLL
indicator
is on
are
stored
in the terminal
and sent after the
indicator turns off. To continue sending or receiving data, press
NO SCROLL a second time. The NO SCROLL indicator is inactive if
the X0 SET-UP parameter is off (X08).
BASIC

This indicator lights to show that the terminal is in the BASIC
program
mode.
In
this
mode
the
terminal
interprets
all
data
entered
on
the
keyboard
or
received
from
the
host
computer
as
BASIC

language

commands.

The

lights

show

BASIC

indicator

also

shows

self-test

errors.

HARDCOPY

This
is

indicator
copying

the

terminal
turns
shows self-test

screen.

When

the
indicator
errors.

that
the

off.

the

optional

operation

The

hardcopy

printer

1is

complete,

the

HARDCOPY

indicator

also

L1 and L2
These indicators are turned on and off by the host
Ll and L2 indicators also show self-test errors.

computer.

The

3.4.2
Audible Indicators
The VK100 terminal has two
and

long

tone

Short

Tone

(click)

the

operator

audible

presses

The
a

and

CTRL

these

keys

the

codes

key

terminal

key,

SHIFT

turned

with

keys
not

generates
in

not

transmit

transmitted

off

short

tone

(click)

the

short

tone

whenever

following

exceptions.

generate

other

keyclick,

These

keys

because

only

modify

keys.

the

keyclick

sounds

the

long

parameter

mode.

The

terminal

enters

The

terminal

receives

The

cursor
and

codes.

keyclick

SET-UP

margin,

sounds

the

Long Tone (beep) —-~- The terminal
the following conditions occurs.

alarms:

(beep).

tone

when

one

SET-UP mode.
a

1is

eight

the

margin

bell

code

from

the

characters
away
parameter is

bell

The
operator
enters
an
incorrect
parameter setting in SET-UP mode.

computer.

from

the

right

enabled.

parameter

code

3.5
SET-UP MODE DESCRIPTION
The VK10@ terminal contains many features. Some of these features
help the operator in the daily use of the terminal. Other features
allow the terminal to talk to many different types of computers
and computer programs. To change these features to the required
settings the terminal contains a special mode of operation called
SET-UP mode.

SET-UP mode,

the

terminal

displays

the

status

each

parameter

stored in the terminal memory individually on the monitor screen.
Once
the
parameter
code
appears,
the
operator
can
change
the
parameter
setting.
Changing
the
parameter
setting
causes
the
terminal to operate according to the new setting. The effect is
the same as turning a switch on or off.
Enter

SET-UP mode

by pressing

The monitor

The

The monitor

A message similar to
center of the screen.

long

screen

SET-UP.

tone

The

following

events

scrolls down six character

occur.

lines.

sounds.

enters

the

expanded mode.
the

SET-UP

TS4

3-12

following

2400

appears

the

top

The word SET-UP indicates the terminal
The

two

characters

SET-UP

are

parameter

the code

is TS and

stands

represents

case

the

Immediately

setting
the

following

the

in this case).

parameter

setting

the

SET-UP

the

for

SET-UP

in SET-UP mode.

parameter

operator

code.

can change.

Transmit

Speed.

parameter

code

This parameter

This

setting

its

code

this

current

code changes when

changes.

The last four characters in the message are an abbreviation of the
current parameter setting. The abbreviation in this case is 2400,
to show that the terminal transmit speed is set for 2408 baud
(bits per second). The parameter setting abbreviation varies from
setting
The

setting.

parameter

settings

entered

SET-UP

mode

are

not

permanent.

Every time the operator turns terminal
settings
return
to
a
condition
known

power off, the parameter
as
default.
The
default
conditions
reside
in
two
different
physical
1locations
1in
the
terminal, the default SET-UP switch pack and the read only memory
(ROM)
.

The

default

SET-UP switch pack

controls

Transmit (TS) and receive (RS)
Parity (PE)
Default character (UK) sets
Communications interface (CI)
Power

The

frequency

operator

can

speed

the

following

parameters.

together

(PF)

change

the

default

values

for

these

SET-UP

parameters while installing the terminal. Refer to section 2.5 for
the
procedure
to
follow.
This
chapter
discusses
the
specific
function and possible settings for each SET-UP parameter.
All

other

default

SET-UP parameter

settings

are

controlled

the

read
only memory
(ROM)
in
the VK100
terminal.
These default
parameter
settings
are
permanent.
For
a
parameter
setting
different from the default setting, change the setting each time
terminal power is turned on.
3.5.1

SET-UP Parameter

Summary

The VK100 terminal contains all the SET-UP parameters listed in
Table
3-1.
The
first
column
in
the
table
1lists
the
SET-UP
parameters in the order they appear on the monitor screen. The
second
column
1lists
the
parameter
codes,
and
the
third
column
lists
the possible
setting
codes
for
each
parameter.
The
next
column lists the exact message that appears on the screen, and the
last column briefly describes what the parameter does
for
that
setting.

This table serves only as a brief summary of the SET-UP parameters
and how they affect the VK@@ terminal. See the SET-UP Parameter

Descriptions
section
of
this
description of each parameter.

Table

3-1

SET-UP

Parameter

chapter

for

complete

Summary

SET-UP

Para

Set

Displayed

Parameter

Code

Message

Function

Transmit

TS@

110*+

Set transmit

speed

110

3040

baud.
Set transmit

speed

300

transmit

speed

600

baud.
Set transmit

speed

1,200

speed

2,400

speed

4,800

speed

9,600

speed

Speed

TSl

baud.

TS
TS

Receive

2
3

TS2
TS3

600
1200

TS4

2400

TSS

4800

TS6

9600

Set

baud.
Set transmit
baud.
Set transmit
baud.
Set transmit

TS7

19.2

baud.
Set transmit
19,200 baud.

RSO

110*4

Set

RS1

300

Speed

receive

speed

to 1190

baud.
Set receive

speed

300

receive

speed

600

baud.
Set receive

speed

1,200

speed

2,400

baud.

RS
RS

2
3

RS2
RS3

600
1200

Set

baud.

RS4

2400

RS5

4800

RS6

9600

RS7

19.2

Set receive
baud.
Set receive

speed

4,800

baud.
Set receive
baud.

speed

9,600

Set

speed

19,200

receive

baud.

Local/
Line

LL
LL

2
1

LLO
LL1

Locl
OnLn*

Local mode.
On-line mode.

Table

3-1

SET-UP

Parameter

(cont)

SET-UP

Para

Parameter

Code Code Message

Function

BASIC

BASIC disabled.

Set

Summary

Displayed

BAQ@ Off*

BAl

Locl

BASIC

enabled

local

enabled

in host mode.

mode.

Parity
Enable

XON/XOFF

BA2

Host

)

PE@

Off*4

BASIC

Parity off,

bit 8 set to

SPACE.

PE1l

Even

Even parity on,

PE2

0dd

to even parity
0dd parity on,
odd parity and

)

X009

Off

XON/XOFF not

bit 8

set

and checked.
bit 8 set to
checked.

sent

automatically.

Scroll

X0l

On¥*

XON/XOFF sent
automatically.

SM@

Off

SM1

Jump

SM
SM

2
3

SM2 Smth*
SM3 Wrap

Smooth scroll.
Wrap scroll.

Reverse
Video

Y
1

RV@
RV1

Normal

Horizontal
Margins

HM
HM

g
1--9

HMQ *
HM(1--9)

Vertical

VM@ *

No vertical margins.

Margins

1--9

VM (1--9)

Vertical

Off*
On

scrolling.
scroll.

video.

Reverse

video.

No horizontal margins.
Horizontal margins one to
nine characters from left
and right.

nine
and

Expansion

EM@

Norm*

Normal

EM1

Expn

Expanded

Horizontal

@--9

HP(0--9)

Position

HP5*

default

value

top

display.

mode

(double-width

characters).

Horizontal display
position.
Normal horizontal display
position.

Indicates

This default value is determined by the settings of the default
Refer
SET-UP
switch
pack.
to
Chapter
2
section
2.5
for
the
to

change

these

procedure

the

one
from

bottom.

Mode

text

margins

characters

the

settings.

3-15

parameter.

Table

3-1

SET-UP

Parameter

Summary

(cont)

SET-UP

Para

Parameter

Code

Set
Code

Displayed
Message

Function

Overstrike

]

0SSP

Off*

Normal

0S1

Overlay

Visual

VC@

Off

Disable visual

Cursor

VC1l

Text

Enable

VC2

Grph

Enable

VC3

Botht*

Enable

both

)

TD@

Norm¥*

Normal

processing

TD1

Text

display.
Display all

text

replacement.

text

writing.

cursor.

text visual cursor.
graphics visual

cursor.

Text

Display

text

cursors.

text

characters as
mode);

(transparency

all characters are
displayed as text and
processed,
TD

TD2

Ctrl

except

not
which

is displayed as next line.
Process all characters

normally,

display

unrecognized

all

characters

text.

Graphics

GD@

Norm*

GD1

Text

Display

Normal

Display

GD2

Top

top

last
of

line

ReGIS

line of
screen.

ReGIS

screen.

GD3

Bot

Display last
at bottom of

GPO

Off*

Gpl=

"1V

Disable graphics prefix
mode.
Enable graphics prefix
character

quotes

prefix

shown

character.

SC@

Off*

SC1l

Normal communications
operation.
Single character operation.

LE@

Off*

LE1

Local

Character

Echo

commands

mode;

Local

graphics

text.

Display
at

Single

graphics.
as

Graphics
Prefix

processing

local

echo.

echo

every

key

stroke.

New

Line

NL@

Off*

New

line

mode

disabled.

NL1

New

line

mode

enabled.

Table

3-1

SET-UP

Parameter

Summary

(cont)

SET-UP

Para

Set

Displayed

Parameter

Code

Message

Function

Auto

AH@

Off*

Disable

AH1

Enable

Hard-

copy

Auto

Wrap-

auto
auto

AW@

Off

Disable

around

AWl

On*

Enable

auto

Key

KRO

Off

Disable

key

Repeat

hardcopy
hardcopy

auto

mode.
mode.

wraparound.
wraparound.
repeat

parameter.

KR1

On*

Enable

key

repeat

parameter.

Keyclick

Margin

Bell

KC@

Off

Disable

KC1l

On*

Enable

keyclick.
keyclick.

MB@

Off

Disable

MB1

On*

Enable

TM
TTM

@
1

TM@

VT52

mode.

TM1

ANSI*

ANSI

mode.

Keypad

KP@

Norm¥*

Numeric

Mode

KP1

Appl

Application

CK@

Norm*

Cursor

key

mode.

CK1l

Appl

Cursor

key

application

Terminal
Mode

Cursor

Key

Mode

right margin
right

margin

keypad

bell.
bell.

mode.

keypad

mode.

mode.
Programmed

PK@

Off*

Programmed

keypad

disabled.

Keypad

PK1

Programmed

keypad

enabled.

TLO

Off~*

Mode

Tablet
Locator

Only

Mode

four

control
TL

TL1

Tablet

control
UK

Character

cursor

locator

keys
mode.

cursor

locator

keys

mode.

UK@

U.S.*

character

set.

Set

UKl

U.K.

character

set.

Comm.

)

CI@

EIA*¢

EIA

Interface

comm.

interface

selected.
CI

CIl

comm.

interface

selected.

Indicates

This default value is determined by the settings of the default
SET-UP
switch
pack.
Refer
to
Chapter
2
section
2.5
for
the
procedure to change these settings.

the

default

value

the

parameter.

Table

3-1

SET-UP

Parameter

Summary

SET-UP
Parameter

Para
Code

Set
Displayed
Code Message

Hardcopy

HSG

(cont)

Function

1190

Set

Speed

hardcopy

speed

1190

speed

300

Set hardcopy
baud.

speed

600

Set

speed

1,200

speed

2,400

Set hardcopy
baud.

speed

4,800

Set

speed

9,600

speed

baud.

HS1

300

Set

hardcopy

baud.

HS2

609

HS3

12049

hardcopy

baud.
HS

HS4

2400

Set

hardcopy

baud.

HSS

48040

HS6

9600%*

hardcopy

baud.

Power

Frequency

ILG

Off*

Interlace

turned off.

IL1

Interlace

turned

Interlace

Self-Test

HS7

19.2

Set hardcopy
19,200 baud.

PF@

Hz*+

Hz power

frequency.

PFl

frequency.

power

on.

ST1

PwUp

Select power-up self-test.

ST
ST

2
3

ST2
ST3

ExCm
HcCm

Select
Select

external comm.
hardcopy comm.

ST4

Dspl

Select

display pattern

test.
test.

test.

STS5 CBar

Select

color

bar

test

pattern.

Tndicates

ST9

)

ST@ Clr

the

default

4 This default value

Rept

value

Repeat

the

selected

until

failure.

Clear

all

test(s)

selected

test(s).

parameter.

is determined by the settings of the default

Chapter
Refer
to
pack.
switch
SET-UP
procedure to change these settings.

section

2.5

for

the

3.5.2
Changing a SET-UP Parameter (Operator)
To
change
any
or
all
of
the
SET-UP
parameters
following simple procedure.
1.

Enter

Select
of the

SET-UP mode

pressing

the

two-character

the

SET-UP.

the SET-UP parameter you
four following methods.

Type

perform

want

change.

SET-UP

parameter

the

SET-UP

parameter

key

code

Use

one

the

keyboard.

Press

RETURN

until

on the screen.
by one.
c.

Press

Change

the

following
a.

€

Type

key

until

Each
one.

time

parameter

the

code

appears

code

advances

parameter
code
key is pressed,

SET-UP parameter

this

key

setting.

Use

appears

pressed,

one

the

code

the

four

methods.
the

single-digit

parameter

the parameter setting to
stepping through all the
b.

pressed,

Press
the
>
key
until
the
SET-UP
appears on the screen. Each time this
the code advances by one.

the screen.
advances by
3.

This

Press

the

SPACE

pressed

the

possible

value.

Press

the

parameter

BAR.

parameter

key.

setting.

This

changes

the
typed-in value
without
possible parameter settings.
Each

time

setting

the

SPACE

advances

BAR
the

Each time this key is pressed,
the
advances
to
the
next
possible

setting

value.
d.

Press

the

parameter
To

change

than

V¥

key.

Each

time

this

setting

goes

back

one

SET-UP

parameter,

key

the

just

pressed,

previous
repeat

the

setting.

steps

and

3 as often as needed. Pressing either the RETURN or » key advances
the terminal to the next parameter and displays the new parameter
and
its current
setting.
Pressing
the
€ key steps the terminal
back to the previous parameter and displays that parameter and its
setting.
The terminal always returns to the first parameter
(TS)
after

stepping

through

all

the

parameters.

the

operator

bell

sounds

appears

When

presses

parameter
on

all

and

the

code

the

any

keys

letter,

last

other

correct

than

SPACE,

parameter

RETURN,

value,

the

terminal

parameter

setting

screen.

pressing

the SET-UP parameters are set,
exit the
SET-UP once. The screen then scrolls back

position

and

the

normal

viewing

area

appears

SET-UP mode by
to its original

again.

3.5.3
Changing a SET-UP Parameter (Host Computer)
host computer can change all VK1@@ terminal SET-UP parameters.
It
has
this
capability
because
the
SET-UP
parameters
directly
affect how the terminal acts with specific programs. To change the

The

SET-UP

parameters,

terminal.
according

the

host

The

Device

the

specific

Control

Strings

escape

SET-UP parameters.

3.6

SET-UP
section

(DCS)

sequences

terminal

This

computer

The terminal then changes
to the new settings.

and

sends

the

escape

SET-UP

sequences

parameters

section

message

formats

Chapter

that

and

the

acts

describes
change

the

detail

and

PARAMETER DESCRIPTIONS

describes

each

SET-UP

parameter

explains
how
each
parameter
affects
the
terminal.
The
SET-UP
parameters are listed in the order they appear on the screen.
NOTE

Unless otherwise stated, entering SET-UP
mode
and
changing
parameters
does
not
result

the

loss

data

the

screen.

3.6.1

Transmit

Speed

(TS)

Set

transmit

speed

the

VK100

terminal

can

preselected speeds:
19,200 baud.

Transmit
transmit
Select

match

transmit

110,

300,

the

computer

receive

speed.

any

following

6060,

1,200,

one

2,400,

4,800,

speed is independent of receive speed;
data at one speed and receive data at a

the

speed
(RS)
settings.

default

value

parameter

with

both

the

this

same

and

SET-UP

NOTE

Setting

selects
settings

this

parameter

110

baud

two
stop
bits;
all
select one stop bit.

3-20

9,600,

The

and

the terminal can
different speed.

parameter

default

the

(TS#@)

other

the

receive

switch

pack

3.6.2
Set the
VK100

Receive Speed
receive speed

terminal

speeds:

11,

can

(RS)
to match

receive

300,

6006,

the

any

1,200,

computer

one

2,400,

the

transmit

following

4,800,

9,600

speed.

The

preselected
and

19,200

baud.

Receive
receive
Select
speed

speed is independent of transmit speed; the terminal can
data at one speed and transmit data at a different speed.
the
(TS)

default value of both this parameter and the transmit
parameter
with
the
same
default
SET-UP switch pack

settings.
3.6.3
Line/Local (LL)
The line/local parameter

allows

the

operator

enter

the

terminal

into
either
an
on-line
or
a
1local
(off-line)
mode.
When
the
terminal is on-line (the ON-LINE indicator lights), all characters
typed
on
the
keyboard
are
sent
directly
to
the
computer
and
messages from the
computer
appear
(the LOCAL indicator
1lights),
the

on
the
screen.
In
local
terminal is disconnected

the
computer;
messages
are
not
sent
to
computer. Characters typed on the keyboard
the

mode
from

or
received
from
the
are echoed directly to

screen.
NOTE

When the terminal is on-line (LL1l), the
data terminal ready (DTR) signal on the
EIA communications line
is asserted.
When
the
terminal
enters
local
mode
(LL8),
DTR is deasserted and the LOCAL
indicator lights.
3.6.4
BASIC
The BASIC mode

programming
off

(BA@),

parameter

the
When

(BA)
parameter

capability
the

(LL)

allows

terminal

determines

host

computer.

the

operator

the

selects

the operator
VK100 terminal.

operates
if

the

BASIC

normally.

terminal

local

to select the BASIC
If the BASIC mode is

The

on-line

(BAl),

the

1line/local
or

standard

programming capability of the terminal turns on and the
keyboard acts as the input device to BASIC. In this mode,
a

BASIC
program
into
the
terminal
type
it
BASIC indicator lights when the parameter is

the

set

local

BASIC

terminal
to enter

keyboard.
BAl.

The

When the operator selects BASIC host (BA2), the BASIC programming
capability of the terminal turns on and the host computer acts as
the input device to BASIC. In this mode the host computer normally
loads
a
BASIC
program
in
the
VK108
terminal
communications line. The BASIC indicator lights when

set

BA2.

through
the
the parameter

3.6.5
Parity Enable (PE)
The parity enable parameter defines the type of parity bit that
the VK100 terminal generates for transmitted characters and checks
for
received
characters.
All
characters
contain
eight
bits
-seven data bits and one parity bit. Select the parity bit from one

the

three

following

Space

parity,

received

Even

Odd

parity,

the

parity,

default

with

ignores

the

parity

bit

for

all

(PE@)

even

parity

checking

for

all

received

checking

for

all

received

(PEl)

characters
Select

which

characters

options.

with

odd

parity

(PE2)
value

switch pack settings.
set these switches.

this

Section

parameter

2.5

with

provides

the

default

information

SET-UP

how

3.6.6
XON/XOFF (XO)
The VK100 terminal can automatically generate the
synchronizing
codes XON
(DCl)
and XOFF (DC3). The synchronizing codes prevent
data loss when the host computer sends characters to the terminal

faster than the terminal can process them. The XOFF control code
stops data transmission from the host computer to the terminal;
the XON code signals the host computer to resume transmission.

When the parameter is on, and the receive buffer contains 100
unprocessed characters, the VK100 terminal automatically generates
the XOFF code. The receive buffer fills to that point when one of
the

following

events

occur.

The

operator

The operator enters

The

terminal

process

presses

SCROLL.

the SET-UP mode.

receives

faster

<characters

can

than

them.

The buffer empties only after the operator presses NO SCROLL again
or takes the terminal out of SET-UP mode. The terminal then takes
characters

When
the

XON

terminal.

out

the

resume

characters
code

buffer

remain

If the XON/XOFF parameter

and

the

processes

buffer,

transmission

from

them

the

one

terminal

the

time.

transmits

computer

the

is off, NO SCROLL is disabled.

If the host computer software does not support the XON/XOFF codes,

data sent during buffer-full conditions may be lost.

NOTE

stops
always
terminal
when
it receives an XOFF

VK100
The
transmission

(DC3)

receives

regardless
parameter

XON

the

(DC1)

code,

XON/XOFF

auto

setting.

(SM)

Scroll Mode

3.6.7

resumes transmission when

code and

Scrolling describes the movement of existing lines on the monitor
screen to make room for new
function has four possible
smooth

scroll,

wrap

lines on the screen. The scroll mode
settings:
scroll
off,
Jjump scroll,

scroll.

‘

In scroll off mode (SM@), the text cursor always remains on the
top or bottom line of the display. The display does not move up or
down. The terminal adds new lines to the screen by writing over
the top or bottom line.
In jump scroll
the next line.

up or

down

mode
(SM1l),
In this mode

to make

room

for

the
the

text cursor immediately moves to
existing lines on the screen move

new lines.

screen as fast as the computer
higher baud rates, the data is
rapid movement of the lines.

The new lines appear on

sends them to the
very difficult to

terminal.
read
due

At
to

the
the
the

NOTE

Jump

scroll

mode

allows

the

terminal

add a maximum of thirty lines per second
at the top or bottom of the screen. The
XON/XOFF parameter must be enabled and
supported by the host computer to make
sure

that

scroll
In

smooth

data

scroll

data

mode

limited

(SM2),

smooth,

steady

rate

the

data

not

1lost

when

Jjump

enabled.

speed.

operator

read

the

The
eight

terminal

movement

receives

new

1lines

occurs

1lines

per

appears

second,

the

lines

the

allowing

the

screen.

NOTE

Smooth

scroll

add

second

mode

allows

the

terminal

maximum
of
eight
1lines
per
the
top
or
bottom
of
the
screen.
The XON/XOFF parameter must be
enabled
and
supported
by
the
host

computer to make sure that data is not
lost when smooth scroll mode is enabled.
In

wrap

screen

the

end

scroll mode
(SM3),
writing over
the

the

screen,

the
o0ld

(bottom

moves to the beginning of the
lines
over
the
o0ld
lines
on
screen does not move.

terminal
adds
new
lines
When the operator

lines.

top)

the

cursor

the

reaches

automatically

screen, and the terminal writes
the
screen.
Existing
data
on

new
the

3.6.8
Reverse Video (RV)
The
reverse
video
parameter

allows

the

operator

background of the screen. In normal screen
contains light
(or colored)
characters on

reverse

screen

(or

light

3.6.9

mode

(RV1l),

colored)

Horizontal

the

screen

select

the

mode (RV@), the screen
a dark background.
In

contains

dark

characters

background.
Margins

(HM)

This parameter allows the operator to tailor the video output of
the VK100 terminal to the monitor.
If the monitor cannot display

84
characters
per
1line,
insert
margins
on
both
screen. The width of each margin is in characters.

sides

the

If the horizontal margin parameter is
display 84 characters on a line
(42

set for HM@, the monitor can
characters if the expansion

mode

the

parameter

one-character

set

margin

for

EM1l).

(HMl1),

both

the

one
character
wide.
This
setting
line (40 characters in EM1l).

The

maximum

margin

width

nine

right margins. This setting
line (24 characters in EM1).

3.6.190
This

Vertical

parameter

Margins

parameter

1left

allows

space

right

only

characters

provides

and

set

for

margins

are

characters

per

for

both

for

left

and

characters

the

per

(VM)

allows

the

operator

height

each

tailor

the

video

output

the VK100 terminal to the monitor. If the monitor cannot display
24 lines of data, insert vertical margins at the top and bottom of
the

screen.

The

margin

lines.

I1f
the vertical margin parameter
is set for VM@,
the terminal
sends 24 lines of data to the monitor before scrolling the screen.

If the parameter is set for VM1, both the top and bottom
are set for one line. This setting allows the terminal to
lines of data to the monitor before scrolling the screen.

margins
send 22

The maximum margin height is nine 1lines for both the top and
bottom margins. This setting allows the terminal to send six lines
of data

the monitor before

Expansion Mode

3.6.11

scrolling

the

screen.

(EM)

This parameter allows the operator to expand characters on the
(EM@),
In normal mode
screen to twice their normal width.
characters are seven pixels wide and are spaced two pixels apart.
In expanded mode (EM1l), characters are 14 pixels wide and are
spaced

pixels

apart.

The EM1 setting allows a maximum of 42 characters per line.
3.6.12

Horizontal Position

(HP)

This parameter allows the operator

to tailor

the video

output of

the VK108 terminal to the monitor. The horizontal position
parameter lets the operator center the entire display on the

3-24

screen.

The

normal

display

3.6.13

Overstrike

setting

for

this

parameter

HP5.

the

display is left of center,
increase the value of the parameter
setting.
This moves
the
entire display to the right.
If the

right of center,

This moves

the

entire

decrease

display

the

parameter

setting

left.

value.

(0S)

This parameter allows the operator to create special graphics on
the screen by typing over characters. If the overstrike parameter
is off (0S9), typing over a character replaces the o0ld character
with the new character. If the parameter is on (0Sl), typing over
a
character
places
the
new
character
over
the
o0ld
character
without destroying the old character. For example, this parameter
allows you to create the "not equal to" sign (#) by pressing the =
key,

BACKSPACE

key,

and

key.

3.6.14
Visual Cursor (VC)
This parameter allows the operator to change the visual cursor
displayed.
The
cursor
1is
the
wvisual
indicator
that
shows
the
active
position,
where
the
next
character
will
appear
on
the
screen. The text cursor is a solid block character
(m); it only
appears when the terminal is in text mode. The graphics cursor is
a diamond cross hair (¢®) at the current drawing position; it only
appears when the terminal
is in graphics mode.
Only one cursor
appears on the screen at any one time.
The
In
the

visual

cursor

VC@, neither
screen.

parameter

the

text

has

cursor

four

settings.

nor

the

graphics

text

In
VCl1l,
the
text
cursor
appears in graphics mode.

appears

mode,

VC2,

cursor

appears

graphics

mode.

VC3,

both

respective

the

text

and

graphics

mode,

but

the

and

appears

cursor

graphics

cursor

cursors

appear

sent

the

1in

their

modes.

3.6.15
Text Display (TD)
This parameter controls how
processed

text

cursor

the

normal

characters

display

are

terminal.

TD@,

processing

TDl,

all

characters

control

and

escape

both

appear

sequences.

text

as
No

and

ReGIS

graphics
normal

graphics

text,

occurs.

including

processing

all

these

characters
occurs,
except
for
1line
feed
(LF)
which
causes
a
next-line function.
The XON/XOFF codes are still interpreted for
synchronization, but also appear as graphics text.
Control codes
appear

the

proposed

ANSI

standard

two-character

mnemonics.

TD2,

normal

processing

occurs;

not
normally
processed
appear
escape and control sequences do

as
not

those

control

graphics
appear.

3.6.16
Graphics Display (GD)
This
Qarameter
controls
how characters
ReGIS

1interpreter

GD@,

normal

are

ReGIS

processing

GDl,

ReGIS

commands

When

the

message

"GON"

string

GD2

and

appear

operator

appears

sent

are

the

terminal's

occurs.

text,

and

enters

ReGIS

mode

the

which

Unrecognized

processed.

occurs.
ReGIS

codes

text.

screen,

and

graphics

while

"GOFF"

display

GDl,

the

appears

when

the

done.

GD3,

normal

processing

ReGIS

graphics

commands

occurs. The last line of the ReGIS commands appears as text on the
top display line
(GD2)
or bottom display line
(GD3).
This 1line
appears only when there are no more ReGIS commands to process, or
when

you

3.6.17

freeze

the

Graphics

display

Prefix

pressing

SCROLL.

(GP)

This
parameter
allows
the
terminal
to
enter
graphics
mode
by
receiving a single unique character from the host computer. When
the

graphics

prefix

character

parameter

off

(GP@),

graphics

prefix character operations can occur. When the parameter is on
(GP1),
the
1line
feed
(LF)
character
followed
by
the
graphics
prefix
character
enters
the
terminal
into
graphics
mode.
The
terminal
interprets
any
characters
received
after
the
prefix
character as graphics data. The next LF character received returns
the terminal to normal text mode. If the graphics prefix character

follows the second LF character, the terminal remains
mode for the next line. The terminal does not perform

in graphics
a line feed

Use

character.

function when
the

receives

following

Enter

the

procedure

SET-UP mode

parameter

set,

default

the

and

second

LF character.

set

graphics

the

place

screen.

prefix

the graphics

prefix

the

parameter

character

(!)

appears

has

character
not

the

been

prefix

character.
2.

Press

Press
the
key
for
the
prefix
character may be any one of 95
(space

the

thru

key.

character.
The
prefix
graphic text characters

7).

The graphics prefix character

is now set

in the terminal.

3.6.18

Single

Character

(SC)

When this parameter is on (SCl), the terminal sends a carriage
return (CR) character after each code or set of codes generated by
a single keystroke.

The CR character

is also

sent after a

terminal

report.

3.6.19

Local

Echo

(LE)

When this parameter is on (LEl), every character sent to the host
computer is automatically echoed on the screen. The host computer
does not have to transmit the character back to the terminal.

parameter
to

the

off,

since

the

host

computer

local

echo

characters

back

the

turn

screen,

the

appear

characters

double

echoing

terminal.

3.6.20
New Line (NL)
This parameter enables the RETURN key on the terminal to
like the RETURN key on an electric typewriter.
When the
parameter

return

(NL1l),

pressing

RETURN

(CR) and line feed (LF) codes.
it
interprets the code as

the

parameter

CR code;

off

code

(NL@),

causes

the

When the terminal receives a
a
carriage
return
and
line

LF code,
feed.
When

generates

function
new line
carriage

pressing

RETURN

terminal

generates

perform

only

line

feed

parameter

off

only.

If double line feeds occur consistently, turn this
since the computer is performing this function.
3.6.21
Auto Hardcopy (AH)
This parameter allows the operator

make

continuous

hardcopy

record
of
all
text
that
appears
on
the
screen.
When
the
auto
hardcopy parameter is on (AHl), the printer copies the screen:

Just

before

Each

time

the

screen

entire

cleared

display

new

lines

scrolls

onto

the

screen.

3.6.22
Auto Wraparound (AW)
This parameter determines where the next character will appear on
the screen after reaching the end of the current line. When the
auto wraparound parameter
is off
(AW@),
all
characters
received
after reaching the end of the line appear in the last character
position of
that
line.
For
example,
take
an 84-character
1line.
With the parameter off, the eighty-fifth text character received
appears

already

located

carriage

When

the

received

the

end

the

there.

return

current

This

line

and

continues

until

replaces

the

character

terminal

receives

character.

parameter

appears

the

(AWl),

first

the

eighty-fifth

character

position

text
the

character
next

line.

3.6.23
Key Repeat (KR)
This parameter allows a key

the

key

down

for

than

automatically

#.5

seconds.

to about 30 characters per second when
more than
1.5 seconds.
The key repeat

the

following

keyboard

The

repeat
repeat

when

you

rate

speeds

hold

you hold the key down
parameter affects all

up
for
but

keys.

BREAK

ESC
NO

SCROLL

SET-UP
RETURN

CTRL

PFl

and

any

other

key

PF4

SHIFT

3.6.24
The

Keyclick

keyclick

(KC)

tone

generated

every

time

the

operator

presses

key. The keyclick may be turned on or off to suit the operator's
needs.
However,
research and experience have shown that an
operator is more accurate when there is an audible feedback from
the

keyboard.

The

keyclick

3.6.25

volume

Margin Bell

not

adjustable.

(MB)

This parameter acts 1like the bell
in a
typewriter.
When the
margin bell parameter is on (MBl), the VK100 terminal sounds a
tone to alert the operator that the cursor is nine characters from
the end of the current line.
3.6.26

Terminal

The VK100

terminal

Mode

(TM)

follows

two

American

National

Standards

both ANSI

and

modes.

different

Institute

programming

(ANSI)

standards

VT52.

and

ANSI

mode (TM1), the VK1@@ terminal generates and responds to coded
sequences per ANSI standards X3.41-1974 and X3.64-1977. 1In VT52
mode (TM@), the VK100 terminal is compatible with previous DIGITAL
software used on the VT52 video terminal. Chapter 4 summarizes
VT52

Keypad Mode

3.6.27

(KP)

In normal (numeric) mode (KP@), the auxiliary keypad keys transmit
the ASCII codes for the characters engraved on the keycaps, (for
example @ to 9). The ENTER key acts like the RETURN key on the
main keyboard. In application mode (KP1l), these keys transmit
unique

escape

Chapter

sequences.

provides

the

exact

escape

sequences,

3.6.28

In normal

Cursor Key Mode

(cursor) mode

(CK)

(CK@), the four cursor keys send the ANSI

cursor movement escape sequences. In application mode (CKl), the
cursor keys transmit unique control sequences. Chapter 4 provides
the exact escape sequences. In VT52 mode (TM@), this parameter has
no

effect;

the

four

cursor

keys

send

3-28

the

codes

listed

Table

3.6.29

Programmed

Keypad

Mode

(PK)

The VK100 terminal can be programmed to send special sequences for
any or all of the auxiliary keypad keys. When the programmable
keypad parameter
is on
(PKl),
keys that are programmed to send
special code sequences send those sequences.
Keys not programmed

are not affected.
If
auxiliary keypad keys

the parameter is off
transmit their normal

parameters.

the

TM,

KP,

and

3.6.30
Tablet
This parameter

Locator Mode (TL)
defines how to move

the

(PK@), all cursor and
sequences as selected

1locator

mode

cross-hair

cursor.
When
the parameter
is off
(TL#),
move the cross-hair
cursor by pressing one of the four arrow keys on the keyboard. The
cross-hair cursor moves in the direction of the arrow on the key.
When this
positions
The

parameter is on (TLl),
the cross-hair cursor.

optional

tablet

connects

connector. When the tablet
connected to a printer.

optional

the

connected,

VK100

tablet

terminal

the

pen

the

terminal

cursor

Hardcopy

cannot

3.6.31
United Kingdom Character Set (UK)
The
VK100
terminal
contains
two
different
character
sets:
the
United
States ASCII
character
set
and
the UK
(United
Kingdom)
character
set.
The
difference
between
the
two
sets
1is
one
character, the # or & sign. When this parameter is on (UKl), the
UK pound

sign

appears

Setting

this

parameter

that appears on the
reset the terminal.

instead

the

sign.

does

not

immediately

screen.

obtain

the

change
desired

the

The
default
SET-UP
switch
pack
settings
determine
value
of
this
parameter.
Section
2.5
of
Chapter
information on how to set these switches.

3.6.32
Communications Interface (CI)
This parameter selects the communications

character

interface

the

default
provides

(EIA

set

current loop) used to connect the terminal to the host computer. A
parameter setting of CI@ selects EIA communications. CI1 selects
the 20 mA communications. This parameter must be set correctly for
the

VK100

terminal

The

default

SET-UP

communicate

switch

pack

with

the

settings

value
of
this
parameter.
Section
2.5
information on how to set these switches.

3.6.33

Hardcopy Speed

(HS)

Set

the

hardcopy

and

receive

hardcopy
119,

3¢90,

speed

speed.

printer
600,

match

The

VK100

any

one

1,200,

2,400,

host

the

4,880,

determine

can

the

default

provides

printer's

transmit

Chapter

hardcopy

terminal

computer.

transmit

data

following

preselected

9,600

19,200

and

baud.

the

speeds:

3.6.34

This

Power

Frequency

parameter

matches

(PF)

the

terminal's

video

output

signals

the

monitor
characteristics
affected
by
the
power
1line
frequency.
During the terminal installation, set this parameter for the power
line frequency, 50 or 6@ Hertz. In the US, the correct setting is
60

Hertz

(PF@).

The
default
SET-UP
switch
value
of
this
parameter.

information
3.6.35

how

Interlace

set

pack

settings
determine
Section
2.5
of
Chapter

these

the

default
provides

switches.

(IL)

Interlace
describes
a
method
of
displaying
characters
on
the
screen. When the interlace parameter is on, every other scan line
(row

horizontal

dots)

appears

the

screen. After a complete
start and scans the
is off,
every scan

scan of the screen,
the terminal returns to
lines that were skipped.
When the parameter
line appears on the screen in order.

Using the interlace parameter with a monitor that does not need an
interlaced video input causes the screen to flicker. When using
the Barco Model GD33 monitor
interlace parameter off (IL@).
3.6.36
Self-Test (ST)
This
parameter
selects
performs. The following
Clear

all

selected
test

External
Hardcopy

communications
communications

Display

the

VK1@#8

terminal,

the
internal
test
programs
programs are available.

test(s)

Power—-up

with

the

turn

the

terminal

(@)

(1)

pattern

test

test
test

(2)
(3)

(4)

Color bar test pattern (5)
Repeat the selected test(s)

until

failure

(9)

The self-test parameter allows the operator
one test program. To do this type the number
to be run. The terminal performs the test(s)
mode by pressing SET-UP.

to select more than
of each test program
after exiting SET-UP

CHAPTER
PROGRAMMING

4.1

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

This chapter
summarizes
the
programming
characteristics
VK100 terminal. The summary covers the following topics.
Codes

generated

Character

sets

Terminal

actions

the

and

VT52

the

VK100

keyboard

control

sequences

both

ANSI

modes
ReGIS

command

structure

BASIC

command

structure

4.2
KEYBOARD CODES
The following paragraphs
terminal keyboard.
4.2.1

The

Standard

VK100

Key

describe

the

codes

generated

Codes

terminal

resembles

typewriter.

standard

terminal

keys

has

commands.
the ASCII

keyboard
addition
to
the

generate

control

4.2.2
Cursor Control Key Codes
The VK100 terminal's main keyboard
Table

keys.

The

mode

(TM)

the

set

a
standard
office
typewriter
keys,
the

functions

Figure 4-1 shows the VK100 terminal
codes generated by each key.

keys.

4-1

1lists

operator

SET-UP

mode

(SM)

contains

all

the

possible

selects

the

ANSI/VT52

feature,
and

and

reset

the

mode

cursor
(RM)

four

codes

key

cursor

with

the

application
functions.

control

layout

generated

mode

control

and

keyboard

and

control
by

these

terminal

mode

with

OCTAL CODES GENERATED BY KEYBOARD

(SHIFTED CODES SHOWN ABOVE LEGENDS;

UNSHIFTED CODES SHOWN BELOW LEGENDS)

033 ][ 041

100 || 043 |] 044 || 045 || 136 || 046 || 052 |[ 050 ]| 051

137 || 153

176

g;g(

ESC

-—

\ ~

|lspace

6 A

7 &

8°

033 || 061 || 062 || 063 || 064 || 065 )| 066 || 067 || 070 || 071 || 060 || 055 || 075 || 140 }| 010
011

127 |[ 105

TAB

011

[ 122

[ 124 ][ 131

125 |[ 111

167 J| 145 {| 162 || 164 ]| 171

117

[ 1201173 1

165 || 151

[{

123 |[ 104 |{ 106 |f 107 |{ 110 {{ 112 |[ 113 |

141

163 || 144 || 146 || 147 || 150 || 152 || 153 || 154 || 073 || 047

]

177

DELETE

157 J| 160 |{ 133 ]| 135

101

175

132 |[ 130 ][ 103 [[ 126 ][ 102 |[ 116 |[ 115

114 || 072 ]f 042

177
015

174

015

134

RETURN

[ 074 1[ 076 |[ 077

012

172 |f 170 || 143 || 166 || 142 ]| 156 || 155 || 054 || 056 || 057

012

> |l 72

HINE

040
040
MA3386

Figure

Table

4-1

Keyboard-Generated

Cursor

Control

ASCII

Codes

Key Codes
ANSI

Cursor Key

Mode/Cursor

(Arrow)

VT52

Mode

ANSI Mode/Cursor

Key Mode Set

Up
Down
Right
Left

ESC A
ESC B
ESC C
ESC D

ESC
ESB
ESC
ESC

ESC
ESC
ESC
ESC

Key Mode Reset
[
[
[
[

A
B
C
D

(Application)
O
O
O
O

A
B
C
D

4.2.3

Auxiliary Keypad

The VK100

terminal

Codes

contains an auxiliary or numeric

keypad

the

right of the main keyboard. Table 4-2 shows all the possible codes
generated by the numeric keys. Table 4-3 shows all the possible
codes generated by the program function
(PF)
keys. The operator
selects
the ANSI/VT52 mode
with
the
terminal
feature, and the keypad applications mode with

and

reset mode

Table

4-2

(RM)

control

Auxiliary Keypad
Keypad

functions.

Numeric

mode
(TM)
SET-UP
the set mode (SM)

Key Codes

Numeric

Keypad

Application

Mode

Key

Mode

ANSI

VT52

g
1

)
1

ESC
ESC

O
0

p
¢gq

ESC
ESC

?
?

ESC

3
4

ESC
ESC

0O
O

s
t

ESC
ESC

?
?

s
t

5
6
7

ESC
ESC
ESC

O u
O v
O w

ESC
ESC
ESC

6
7

?
?

u
v
w

p
¢q

ESC

—

ESC

’

ESC

ENTER

Same

ESC

Table

4-3

Auxiliary

RETURN

Keypad

Key

Codes

Keypad

Numeric

Keypad

Application

Mode/

Key

ANSI

PF1/HARDCOPY

ESC

2?2

PF2/LOCTR

ESC

PF3/TEXT

ESC

PF4/RESET

ESC

VT52

Mode

4.2.4
Control Characters
The
VK100
terminal
generates
and
supports
certain
control
characters.
Figure 4-2 shows the control characters generated by
the
terminal
keyboard.
Table
4-4
1lists
the
control
characters
supported by the VK100 terminal, and the action the terminal takes

when
it
receives
each
control characters that

control
character.
The
it does not support.

terminal

ignores

OCTAL REPRESENTATION OF CODES
GENERATED BY KEYBOARD WITH CTRL
KEY HELD DOWN (MNEMONICS SHOWN
ABOVE LEGENDS; OCTAL CODES SHOWN

BELOW LEGENDS.)

ESC

EsC

V-

033

HT
TAB
011

036

XON
Q

ETB
il

ENQ
E

DC2
R

DC4
T

021

027

005

022

024

NAK
V)

Y
031

I
011

025

DLE
P

0
017

SOH || XOFF ]| EOT

ACK

BEL

001

006 || 007

010

012

013

014

023

004

SuUB || CAN

ETX

SYN

STX

032

030

|]-003

026

002

016

015

ESC

L
033

020

i
Us

DEL
DELETE
177

1}
035

010

{015

034

RETURN

FRE

037

012

NUL

000
MA3387

Figure

4-2

Keyboard-Generated

Control

Codes

Table

4-4 Terminal-Supported Control Character Functions

Control

Code

Octal

Code

Terminal

Action
terminal

BEL

Ring

010

Backspace
position;

no
HT

g11

the

bell.

the cursor
if at left

by one
margin,

then

operation.

Horizontal

tab;

move the cursor to
tab position (fixed at

fixed

eight character intervals). The
cursor will not move if at right
margin.
LF

912

Line
line

feed;
down.

move cursor to next
If at bottom margin,

the cursor position remains
unchanged. If new line mode is
enabled, perform carriage return
function.
FF

214

Form feed; clear screen
cursor to home position

left
CR

g15

216

and move
(upper

corner).

Carriage return;
left margin.

Shift

out;

move

cursor

character

invoke

set.

@17

Shift

in;

DC1 (XON)

P21

Allows

invoke

terminal

G@
to

character

set.

resume

transmitting.
DC3 (XOFF)

P23

Causes terminal to stop
transmitting all characters
XOFF

CAN

and

except

XON.

If sent during an escape sequence
the sequence is immediately
terminated
the

Causes

and not executed.
error character
(%)

displayed.

SUB

@32

Same

ESC

233

Subsequent

effect

interpreted
sequence.

CAN.

character(s)

part

are
an escape

4.3
The

CHARACTER

SETS

terminal

can

VK108

1.
2.

United
United

contain

five

character

sets.

Kingdom (UK)
States (USASCII)

Soft character

set

Soft

character

set

Soft

character

set

The

soft character sets 1 through 3 are the same character sets
referenced in the ReGIS mode of operation. The contents of these
character sets can be specified to meet specific requirements. The
character sets are loaded by using the ReGIS L command.
(See the
ReGIS

command

Using

multiple

two-step

select
From

five

character

operation.

one

the

summary

those

section

4.4.3.)

sets

the

Simply

sets

character

define

for

VK10@¢

the

terminal

active

character

simple,
sets

and

use.

sets

select

one

two

active

character

sets.
This is done with the select character set
(SCS)
control
sequence.
The SCS control sequence defines the active character
sets as G@ and Gl. Table 4-5 summarizes the SCS control sequences.
It lists the exact sequence needed to define any character set as
GO

Gl.

Table

4-5

Select

Character

UK
US ASCII
Soft Set
Soft Set
Soft Set

Set

1
2
3

Character
Go

ESC
ESC
ESC

ESC
ESC

Set

Sequences
Gl

(
(
(

A
B
0@
(1
( 2

ESC )
ESC )
ESC )
ESC )
ESC )

4-6

A
B
@
1
2

The shift in (SI) and shift out (S0) control characters select the
actual character set used. When the terminal receives the shift in
(SI, fl178) control character, the character set defined as G@# by
the
SCS “control
sequence becomes
the active character
set.
The
shift out (SO, @16,) control character activates the character set

defined as Gl by é%e SCS control sequence. The following examples
show

how

Example
You

the

multiple

character

sets

are

used.

want

use

the

United

States

character

set

and

soft

character

set 3 in the terminal.
To select these two character sets as the
active
character
sets,
the
host
computer
sends
the
following
control sequences to the terminal.
ESC

(

define

the

ESC

)

define

soft

The

shift

and

selection

the

character

set

wuse

United

States

character

shift

out

active

character

set

control

set

characters
then
sets.
Shift
in

character

selects the US character set and shift out (SO, 016 )

Example
You

G#@

control
the
(SI,
@17

selects so%t

want

soft

character

set

and

the

United

States

character set in the terminal. To define these two character
as
the
active
character
sets,
the
host
computer
sends
following control sequences to the terminal.
ESC

(

define

soft

ESC

)

define

the

The

shift

selection

character

set.

soft

As
and

character

the

two

any

set

either

set

2.5

control

and

any
set

used,

power-up

set

can

out

as
be

(SO,

then

defined

both

default

the

The

the

selecgs

cases
G#

and

the

selects

the

only

G@
one

Gl.

terminal
defines
the
default SET-UP switch

character

changing

control

can

defined

Gl.

#17,)

6168)

set

(SI,

those

and

set

reset,

specific

Shift

the

G¢@

Gl.

both

character

master

information

characters

set.

shift

show,

for

out

set

States

character

default character
pack
selects
the

section

United

shift

active

examples

other

character

and

the

character

sets

set.

default

See

Chapter

character

set.

4.4
CONTROL FUNCTIONS
The VK100 terminal is an upward and downward software compatible
terminal.
Previous
DIGITAL
terminals
have
DIGITAL
private
standards for control
sequences.
The American National
Standards

Institute

(ANSI)

terminals.

The

DIGITAL

has

VK10@

standards

since

terminal

and

current

standardized

control

with

compatible

ANSI

sequences

both

the

standards.

NOTE

The

ANSI

standards

allow

the

manufacturer flexibility in implementing
each function. This manual describes how
the
VK100
terminal
responds
to
the
implemented ANSI control functions.
Customers

may

VT52,
or
standards.
which
the

new
VK1@@
terminal
software
designed
to
meet
ANSI
The
VK100
terminal
has
a
"VT52
compatible"
mode
in
VK100
terminal
responds
to
control
sequences
like
a

VT52.

this

use

existing

mode,

the

DIGITAL

operator

software

cannot

designed

around

the

use

many

VK1@@

terminal

made

"VT52

mode"

features.
Throughout

this

chapter

references

are

"ANSI
mode".
These
two
terms
indicate
the
software compatibility. All new software should

the VK100 terminal's ANSI mode. The VT52 mode is included
provide continuity for existing operating systems support.

The

following

implemented

AA-K366A-TK,
sequences and
The following
terminal.

paragraphs

the

briefly

VK@@

summarize

terminal.

only

the

control

sequences

The

GIGI

ReGIS

Handbook,

contains
detailed
descriptions
the action they perform.
ANSI

VK100
terminal's
be designed around

the

control

standards

were

used

implementing

X3.16-1976

Character

Structure

and

Character

Parity Sense

X3.4-1977

USA

Information

Interchange

Standard

Code

for

the

VK100

(ASCII)

X3.41-1974

Code

X3.64-1977

Addition

The

VK10@

terminal

Extension Techniques

implements

Controls
a

subset

for
of

Use

for

Use with ASCII

with ASCII

these

standards.

In the list of control functions in this chapter, the characters
are shown using the ASCII character set. The case (upper or lower)
of the characters sent is significant and must be sent exactly as
documented. These characters are spaced apart for clarity only.

The

SPACE

character

(049_.)

never

appears

any

the

VK100

graphics

characters

shown

(Ps and

Pn)

terminal's recognizable cgntrol or escape sequences., The ESCAPE

character

(#33_,)

defined

ESC.

All

in bold are in@egral to the control or escape sequence. Characters

not

in bold

sequence

indicate variable parameters

indicated,

parameters

the

possible

(...).

Where

values

appear

wvariable

or a possible
parameter

immediately

after

1is

the

sequence.

4.4.1
ANSI Control Functions Summary
The following escape and control sequences are transmitted from
the host computer to the VK1@@ terminal unless otherwise noted.
The control sequences are listed according to the generic function
they perform.

4.4.1.1

Cursor

Movement

Commands

Sequence

Function

ESC

[

A¥*

Cursor

ESC

[

Cursor down

ESC
ESC

[
[

Pn
Pn

C*
D*

Cursor
Cursor

forward (right)
backward (left)

ESC
ESC

[
[

Pl
Pl

;
;

Direct

cursor

ESC

Index

ESC
ESC
ESC

E
M
7

New line
Reverse index
Save cursor and

ESC

Restore

Pc
Pc

H+
f

addressing

cursor

attributes
and

attributes

decimal number expressed as a string of ASCII digits.
parameters
are
separated
by
the
semicolon
character

Multiple

(073_.).

a parameter

default

parameter

is omitted or

specified as

the default

parafieter value is used. For the cursor movement commands, the

equals

the

line

value

number;

equals

4-9

the

column

number.

4.4.1.2
[ Ps

Character Attributes
; Ps; PS ;e..; Ps m

selective

ESC

the

semicolon

and have

the

following

Parameter

parameter.

character

parameters

are

parameters

execute

separated

Exit

graphic

(same

order

bright

4
5

Underscore
Blink on

Reverse

30
31

Black
Red

Green

Yellow

Blue

Magenta

36
37
40

Cyan
White
Black

41
42

Red
Green

Yellow

Blue

Magenta

Cyan

White
other

parameter
Erasing

mode

and

select

writing

color

SHIFT/PF3)

Half

(or

video

values

green)

writing

screen

are

colors

ignored.

Commands

Sequence

Function

ESC

[

From

ESC
ESC

[
[

@
1

K
K

From

ESC

[

ESC
ESC
ESC
ESC

[
[
[
[

J
6
1
2

or
J
g
J

cursor

end

beginning of line
Entire line containing

From

cursor

From beginning
Entire screen

end
of

line

to cursor
cursor

screen

4.4.1.4
ESC [ Ps

Programmable Indicators
; Ps ;...Ps q

selective

Multiple

parameters

are

the
and

semicolon character
(#73_,).
The
have the following functidns.

parameters

execute

Function

none

4.4.1.3

The

functidns.

Any

Multiple

(873,).

parameter.

4-10

cursor

separated
in

order

Parameter

Function

@
1
2

All indicators off
Indicator 1 on
Indicator 2 on

none

4.4.1.5

Select

Character

Set

Sets

Sequence
GO

UK
US

(SCS)

ASCII

ESC

(

ESC

)

ESC

(

ESC

)

Soft

set

ESC

(

ESC

)

Soft
Soft

set
set

2
3

ESC
ESC

(1
( 2

ESC
ESC

)
)

1
2

4.4.1.6

Enter

Graphics

Sequence
ESC

Function

Line

Mode

Feed

(LF)!

Enter

and

escape

Enter

and

next
4.4.1.7

Modes

SET-UP

parameters

are

line

affected

remain

remain
feed

graphics

mode

until

graphics

mode

until

sequence

character

these

GPl

selected

modes.

Set

Reset

SET-UP

Para

Mode

Name

Mode

Line

Feed/

New

Line

Sequence

Line

ESC

[

Cursor

Appl

ESC

ANSI/VT52

ANSI

n/a

Key

Mode

h
1

Line
h

Sequence

Feed

ESC

[

Cursor

ESC

[

VTS52

ESC

[

1%*

Scrolling

Smooth

Screen

Reverse

ESC
ESC

[
[

2
2

4 h
5h

JUMP
Normal

ESC
ESC

[
[

2?2
2

4
5

1*%*
1%*

Auto

around

ESC

[

Of f

ESC

[

Auto

ESC

[

Overstrike

ESC

[

Off

ESC

[

BA
BA

Local

ESC

[

BASIC

Host

ESC

[

BASIC

Programmed

Program-

ESC

[

Normal

med

Keypad
Auto

ESC

[

Appl

ESC

Wrap-

Repeat

BASIC

Hardcopy

KP
*

Keypad
The

last

character

the

sequence

ESC

[

Off

ESC

[

Off

ESC

[

ESC

[

2?2

Off

ESC

[

Numeric

ESC

lowercase

(1548).

4.4.1.8

There

Reports

are

control

Cursor

three

types

Position

reports

with

the

following

escape

equals

the

column number.

and

Report

Invoked by:
Response is:

equals

Status

Report

ESC
ESC

the

Invoked by:
Response is:
What

sequences.

Are

[
[

line

ESC
ESC

[
[

6 n
Pl ’;

number;

5
#

n
n

(terminal

ok)

You

Invoked by:
Response is:

Alternately

ESC

[ ¢ or ESC [ @ c
ESC [ 2 5 ; @ ¢ or
ESC [ 2 5 ¢
(Meaning:
I am GIGI

invoked

ESC

(not

terminal.)

recommended).

Response

the

same.

Reset

4.4.1.9
ESC

c¢

Reset

executes

program,
same

and

the

soft

pressing

4.4.1.10

reset

SHIFT and

sets

The

are

SET-UP

not

Print display image

SHIFT and

BASIC

1is

the

inclusive.

(same as pressing

PFl.)

Print partial

Pn is a numeric parameter;
line numbers

This

PF{4.

Function

ESC % 7

[ Pn ;

parameters,

destroyed.

Commands

Sequence

ESC

routine.

character

image

these parameters specify start and stop

4.4.1.11 Confidence Tests

Function

Sequence

ESC % 8
ESC

[

;

;...Y

Generate crosshatch pattern on display
Perform self-tests

selects

the

Test

test

performed

All

External communications
Hardcopy communications
Display pattern test
Color bar test

power-up

tests

test
test

Repeat selected tests until

4 .4.1.12

follows.

Selected

2
3
4
5

Device Control

failure

Strings

Sequence

Function

ESC

ReGIS data

P p (host to terminal)
ESC P r (host to terminal)
ESC P key ID code s
(host

ESC P q
ESC \

to follow
SET-UP data to follow
Auxiliary keypad data to

terminal)

(terminal

printer)

Hardcopy data to follow¥*
String terminator

This string is generated by the VK100 terminal and sent to
LA34VA graphics printer. The VK100 terminal does not process

the
the

string.

All
device
terminator.

4.4.2

control
strings
For example:

VT52

Control

must

Functions

terminated

with

Function

ESC

Cursor

up
down

ESC

Cursor

ESC

Cursor

right

ESC
ESC

D
F

Cursor
Select

left
soft

ESC

Select

ASCII

ESC

Cursor

ESC

Reverse

ESC

Erase

end

screen

ESC

Erase

end

line

ESC

Ylc*

Direct

character
character

set

home

line

cursor

feed

address

1 equals line number,
¢ equals column number.
numbers
for
direct
cursor
address
are
single
whose values equal the desired number plus 37_..

numbers start at 1.

string

Summary

Sequence

Line

and

columr

character
codes
Line and column

Sequence

Function

ESC

Identify

ESC

Enter

ESC
ESC
ESC

>
<
]

Exit alternate keypad
Enter ANSI mode
Dump hardcopy

ESC
ESC

Pp
\

Enter graphics mode
Exit graphics mode

Response
Are

You

4.4.3

ESC

report
ReGIS

ESC

ANSI

(ReGIS)

recommended;

use

What

ReGIS
commands
serves
as
the software documentation

a
quick
for more
command argument. Chapter 1 provides
documentation available along with

(graphics mode

only)

Command

S creen

not

mode

Summary

information on any command or
a
complete
1list of
all
the
ordering information.
Commands

keypad

mode.

The
following
summary
of
reference guide.
Refer to

ReGIS

This

alternate

Function

Screen

scroll

qguantified

[x,y]

Move

upper

[dx,dy]

offset,

[12,8].

this address
left

corner.

Scoll screen by this
amount.

Writing controls.
Clear data and set

)
(W
(E rase)

(A ddressing

[x1,yl]

[x2,y2])

foreground

color.

Compatibility with
other

ReGIS devices.

(A ddressing)

Restore native

(N egate 1)
(N egate @)

Reverse video,
Restore video to normal

addressing.

mode.

In 60ths

(T ime nnn)
(H ardcopy

[,Y¥Y1]

(I ntensity
@ to 7)
(D))

([,Y2])

(PFl)

(PF@)
a

Print hardcopy between

Y coordinates.

Screen background
intensity/color.

Dark to bright.

dark

(B
(R

lue))
ed))

reen))

(M agenta))
(C yan))

or 50@ths

second.

Red + blue.
Green + blue.

Function

Command
(Y ellow))
(W hite))

rite

green.

green +

@ to 360))
ightness

Angle

8 to 100))
aturation
g to 160))

Percentage.

Red

Writing

ntensity

Dark

@ to 7)
(D)) dark
(B lue))

(R ed))
(M

agenta))

reen))

(C yan))

(Y ellow))
(W hite))

(S
(s

color

Red

intensity/color

change

blue.

Green

Red

green.

blue.

Red

green

g to 100))
ightness

Angle

@ to 100))
aturation

Percentage.

1)
g)

hade
hade
hade

100))

colors.

bright.

g to
lternate

wheel.

Percentage.

null;

blue.

color

blue.
wheel.

Percentage.

Flashing
Flashing

on.
off.

from

[,Y])

Set

shading

axis.

with

"c")

Set

shading

character.

nnn)

Shade on, line pattern
shading.
Shade off.
Pixels per offset

1)
g)

ultiplier

egate

vector.

(C
(oV

omplement)
erlay)

Negative

rase)

eplace)

(invert

with bit map.
Logical OR pattern
with

(E
(R

writing

pattern bits).
Positive writing.
Exclusive OR pattern

bit

map.

Write "negate" setting.
Replace, ignore bit map
data.

Function

Command
(P

attern

bbbbbb)

(Md))

Binary bit pattern,
fills to 8 places.
Multiply each bit
pattern.

Solid line.
Digits 2--9

1)
pP)
P osition

(X,Y]
[dx,dy]

specify

standard

patterns.

Absolute

position.

Relative position,
d is offset vector,

g--7.

)

egin)

Temporary write
controls.
Begin position
sequence

save

position
(E

(up
End

nd)

to 7 levels).
and restore

starting
V

ector

[

position.

Write point at
current cursor position.

]

[X,Y]
[dx,dy]

Absolute
Relative

(We..)

g--7.
Temporary
controls.

Begin

egin)

position.
position,

offset

vector,

write

closed

polygon

sequence.

urve

Draw to starting
position.

nd)

Absolute
Relative

[X,Y]
[dx,dy]
d
(B
(S

egin)
tart)

nd)

coordinates
coordinates

Offset vectors, 0--7.
Begin closed curve.
Start

End

open

curve.

Temporary writing

Weoo)

controls.

ircle

ircumference)

Absolute coordinates.
Relative coordinates,
offset vectors, 0--7.
Position is on the

ngle

d = degrees

[X,Y]
[(dx,dy]

(Weoo

)

circumference.

resolution,

signed.

Temporary writing
controls.

Function

Command
T

ext

Display 'string'
(includes BS, CR,

'string’

LF,

TAB)
.

Display

"string"

(includes

BS,

CR,

LF,

TAB)
.

Offset text line
1/2 character, d

by
=

g--7.

Set

[dx,dy]
(A

spacing

between

characters.

lphabet
g to 3)

Select

egin)

to 3.
Begin

character
temporary

set

text

attributes

(saves

irection

nd)

eight
@ to

level).

d = 45 degrees
resolution, signed.
Restore

permanent

text

attributes.

Height times base
character size
(affects Ss{r,cl).

16)

talic
+

degrees)

Right

degrees)

degrees.,
Left slant,

slant,

no.
no.

of
of

degrees.

ultiplier

ize

ize
@

(W.e.o.
L.

oad

[r,c])

Dimensions of character
area.
[9,208] 1s standard
size.)

[r,c])

No slant.
No. of times to repeat
bits in character.
([1,2] used for standard
size.)

16)

Select one
predefined

sizes.
Temporary writing
controls.

)

lphabet
l to 3)

Select
to

'name')

<10

hex

character

set

l to 10 character name
for character set;
see

"c"

of 17
character

pairs

Load
with

R(L).

specific
pattern.

letter

Command

Function

'c!'
@

<10

hex

pairs

Load
with

letter

specific
pattern.

Invoke

letter

macrograph

"letter".
:l

etter

...

Load

macrograph

"letter".
.
R

eport

Clear
oaded)

all

macrographs.

Currently

loaded

character

set

name.

acrographs
(letter

,...

))

Report

contents

macrograph

"letter".

Report macrograph

(=))

space

usage.

(P osition)
Current

Enter

locator

Arrow

increments.

(letter))

Report

contents

(=))

macrograph 1.
Report macrograph

[+dx,+dy]))
(M

position.

interactive))
mode.

acrographs
of

space

usage.

Resynchronization
character.

Of fset

vectors

initialize

are:

ReGIS:

]

;S (I
6
M2)T (I

A W (VI
6AB8DG®S@S

AP SOAMI1INOPI]
1) P[o,0)]

BASIC
4.4.4
The
following

SUMMARY

summary of
the
BASIC
commands
serves
as
a
quick
reference guide.
Refer
to
the software documentation for more
information on any command or command argument. Chapter 1 provides
a
complete
list
of
all
the
documentation
available
along with

ordering

information.

4.4.4.1

Commands/Statements

AUTO

CLEAR

CONT

CTRLO

DATA

DEF

DIM

ECHO

EDIT

ERASE

ERL

ERR

ERROR

FOR...NEXT

GOSUB...RETURN

GOTO

HOST

CTRLC
FN

DELETE
END

IF...THEN[...ELSE]

IF...GOTO

INPUT

LET

LINPUT
NEXT

LIST

MID

NEW

ON...GOSUB

ON...GOTO

ECHO

OLD
OPTION

BASE

ERROR

OuT

RANDOMIZE

RCTRLC

RCTRL

READ

REM

RESTORE

RESUME

RUN

SAVE

STOP

SWAP

TRON/TROFF

WAIT

WHILE...WEND

WIDTH

4.4.4.2

Functions

ABS

ASC

ATN

CcoS

EXP

FRE

GONS

HEXS

INSTR

INT

INKEYS
LEFTS

LOG

MIDS

OCTS

RND

SGN

SPACES

SIN

SPC

SOR

STRINGS

STRS

TAB

TAN

RIGHTS

CHRS
GOFF$
INP
LEN

POS

CHAPTER
THEORY

5.1

OPERATION

INTRODUCTION

The
VK1@@
terminal
is
a
graphics
terminal
which
displays
information
from
the
keyboard
in
1local
mode
or
displays
information
from
the
host
computer
in
on-line
mode.
The
system

prints

the

display

writing

tablet

one

type

can

device

data

the

also

connected

may

line printer or
the
diagram of the VK100

Graphic

connected

writing

tablet.

Line

Printer

(LA34VA).

the

hardcopy

port.

to
the

hardcopy

Figure

5-1

port,

shows

system.

CPU

120/240 AC|

RAM

—

ROM

—

DISPLAY

POWER

SUPPLY

[

+5,+12
REGULATED
-12
—» -5V

SCREEN

20MA

RAM

PSUART

HOST
COMPUTER

EIA

PORT
HARD

GRAPHICS

COPY

LINE PRINTER

WRITING

| KEYBOARD INTERFACE |

TABLET

Z 40 PINS

KEYBOARD

MA-8150

Figure

5-1

VK108

(GIGI)

Block

Diagram

Only

graphics

the

block

5.2
This

TERMINAL CONTROLLER MODULE
chapter describes the functional

Terminal.

The

terminal

sections

(Figure

theory

module

the

VK180

divided

(GIGI)

1into

five

5-2):

1.
2.

CpU
Vector

3.
4.

I/0 Ports
Keyboard

Power

5.2.1
The
CPU

controller

Generator

Supply

Central Processing
is
an
8085
chip;

capable of

accessing

functional

block

diagram

The microprocessor

Clock generation
Interrupt priority

64K bytes

(8985A)

Unit (CPU)
8-bit general
the

purpose

of memory.

microprocessor

Figure

5-3 shows

CPU.

performs

the

following

functions.

selection

System bus control
Executing the instruction

The CPU transfers data on an 8-bit bidirectional
(AD@--AD7)
that
is
time multiplexed
to
transmit

ordered

address

capability to 16
bytes of memory.

bits.

bits,

The

CPU generates

the

following machine

Address

bits

allowing

signals

telling

the

A8--Al5
CPU

peripheral

Tri-State
the eight

Bus
1low

expand

the

address

devices

what

type

directly

access

64K

information is on the multiplexed address/data bus. Figure 5-4
shows the basic CPU blocks. The CPU is a single chip that performs
cycles.

Memory write
Memory

read

I/0 write

I/0 read
Opcode fetch
INT ACK (interrupt
Bus idle

acknowledge)

Table 5-1 shows the machine cycle status and control signals.

The execution of any CPU program is a sequence of read and write
operations. Each operation transfers a byte of data between the
CPU and a specific memory or

I/O address.

Each read or write operation is referred to as a machine cycle.
a sequence
The execution of each instruction by the CPU includes

of from one to five machine cycles. Each machine cycle contains a

minimum of from three to six clock cycles (also referred to as T
states). Figure 5-5 shows an instruction cycle for Store
Accumulator

Direct

(STA).

DATA BUS D0-07
d

——————

———

CEEENE

TVE CTOR GENERATOR

————

E—

MA11-MAQ

CRTC

oPU

[ ADR/DATA

.
A8-A15

‘

.
AO-A7

/G RD.

l:lj
X REGISTER

ADDRESS

X11-X0

MUX

ADR LATCH

500507

Lo vivo

A15-A13 | ROM

8202

[

SELECTOR

RtD

16K X 1 RAM

> 3‘3&” °

—

ROM-1

(0000-1FFF)

(8000-BFFF)

{
AT-AD ) :fi;EEN

AO-A12

o 4X4 FILE
Al

AO-AB

Y REGISTER

)

1/0 WRT.

‘DATA

8 BITS t
DATA "

CPU

LATCH

o 8-16K

(2000-3FFF)

LATCH

]

ROM-2
Lot

—_—e——

ROM

MODIFY SCREEN DATA
PATTERN

VECTOR
GEN

BDO

—

—J

o> CRT OUTPUT

DATA FOR HARDCOPY

PORT

CONTROL

-—
4

—

COMMUNICATION

8251.A

—

|| SOPS
|

MULTIPLIER

LD EXECUTE

| |paTTERN
e

BITOBIT3

INTERFACE

——

1/O PORT

| SELECTOR

SELECTION

SYSTAT
B

y 20mA
SOV
3
HARD COPY.

SYSTAT e oo

(4000-5F
FF)

BAUD RATE

GENERATOR

DIP

SWITCHES

16-24K

—

I
l

BDO-BD7

— e

24-28K

(6000-63FF)

KEYBOARD

l COLUMN
l

SELECTION

cween

—

]

oLoING

CONTROL &

CLICKER

7000-700F ) l

—

[keveoarD 1
MATRIX

(ADDRESSES

LED

]

DETECTS

SWITCH

st N INES |
feCAP tock T U

SWITCHES

DEPRESSED

LEDS

o[ cLicker ]

1Lz

h—_————

MA-8148

Figure

5-2

System

Overview

Block

Diagram

RST 6.5

RST 5.5

RST 7.5

INTERRUPT CONTROL

]

SERIAL /0 CONTROL

8-BIT INTERNAL DATA BUS

B
REG
ACCUMULATOR

(A REG.)

FLAG (5)

TEMP. REG.

(8)

FLIP-FLOPS

(8)

REG

(8)

REG

STACK POINTER

INSTRUCTION

REFISTER

PROGRAM COUNTER
8)

REG

)

ARRA

(16)

INCREMENTE R/DECREMENTE
R

ADDRESS LATCH

(16)

ARITHMETIC

LOGIC

UNIT

(ALUI

INSTRUCTION

(®)

DECODER

AND
MACHINE

CYCLE

ENCODING
POWER

| — 45V

ADDRESS BUFFER

(8)

(8
DATA/ADDRESS BUFFER

SUPPLY } —» GND

CLK

X, —

GEN

TIMING AND CONTROL

CONTROL

CLK OUT

RD WR

STATUS

ALE

S5,

READY

RESET

]

10/M

HLDA
HOLD

RESET OUT
RESET IN

v
Ay s

AD .,

ADDRESS/DATA BUS

ADDRESS/DATA BUS
MA-8149

Figure

5-3

CPU

Functional

Block

Diagram

XTAL

> ADDRESS BUS

|e|

INTR

CPU
8085

MULTIPLEXED
ADDRESS/DATA BUS

INTA +———————

+ RD

RESET
IN ———

—» WR

RESET OUT —m——

[

I/OM

.
MA-8147

Figure

Table

5-1

Machine

5-4

Basic

Cycle

CPU

Status

Block

and

Diagram

Control
Status

Machine

Control

I/JO M

(OF)

(MR)

Memory Write
I/0 Read

(MW)
(IOR)

@
1

INTR Acknowledge
Bus Idle*

(INA)
(BI) : DAD
INA (RSTS/TRAP)
HALT

Logic

Impedance

Cycle

Fetch

Memory

Read

I/0 Write

Bus

l.
2.

Logic
idle

"@",
(BI)

(I0W)

only

"1",

occurs

DAD instructions
During an acknowledge

High

response

RSTS,

WRT

INTA

@
1

1
Y

1
3

Y
1

1
1

1
@
1
TS

1
1
1
)]

1
Y
1
/]

1
1
1
TS

2
1
1
1

to:

TRAP,

HALT

instructions.

INSTRUCTION CYCLE

MACHINE
CYCLE

T STATE
CLK

TYPE OF
MACHINE CYCLE

MEMORY READ

MEMORY WRITE

THE ADDRESS (CONTENTS OF THE
PROGRAM COUNTER) POINTS TO
THE FIRST BYTE (OPCODE) OF THE

THE ADDRESS (PC + 1) POINTS
TO THE SECOND BYTE OF THE
INSTRUCTION

THE ADDRESS (PC + 2) POINTS
TO THE THIRD BYTE OF THE

THE ADDRESS IS THE DIRECT
ADDRESS ACCESSED IN M,

INSTRUCTION

AND Mg

DATA BUS

INSTRUCTION OPCODE (STA}

LOW ORDER BYTE OF THE
DIRECT ADDRESS

HIGH ORDER BYTE OF THE
DIRECT ADDRESS

CONTENTS OF THE
ACCUMULATOR

Figure 5-5

Instruction Cycle

ADDRESS BUS

INSTRUCTION

for

Store Accumulator

Direct

The
CPU can
address
up
to
256
different
I/O
addresses.
These
addresses have the same numerical values
(88 through FF Hex) as

the

first

the

256 memory addresses.

I/0

The

256

I/0O locations are selected

output.

The status signals, I/O M, S1, and S@, define what type of machine
cycle is about to occur. The I/O M signal identifies the machine
cycle as either a memory reference or input/output operation. The
S1 status signal identifies whether the cycle is a read or write
operation.
S@# and
S1 can be
used
together
(see
Table
5-1)
to
identify read, write, opcode fetch, or halt machine cycles. Figure
5-6 shows the timing and control for an opcode fetch.

5.2.1.1
Address -- When the CPU generates a 16 bit address,
lower byte is latched and the upper byte is held active by

CPU.

Bits A@--Al5

RAM

the

address

bits

following:

Memory

Ag--A7

A8--Al1l5
ROM

address

the
the

Row

Column

address

bits

Memory

Address

l,and

bits

ENA

Al3,

ROM

Al4,

and

Address

Al5

generate

ENA

ROM

bits

A@--Al2

address

the

and

generate

load

ENA

ROM

selected

ROM.

SIGNAL

address

|
10 M,

51 50

rTz

: X PCH
ouT

}

DD, (DCX)
|
1

—

;

.
I

| UNSPECIFIED

|
: —————————————
<

X Pcl y—o
S

ADgAD7 [

—

X10M—0:S1—1,SO—1:

Ag-A1s

ALE

map.

‘e

shows

.—-w\‘;_ i

5-2

Table

address

t
L

MA-8193

Figure

5-6

Opcode

Fetch

Machine

Cycle

pulses.

Table

5-2

Pin Name

8202

Description

No.

1I/0

Description

ALfl

Low-Order

ALl

inputs

AL2

Address

for

the

AL3

AL /OP

pulled

AL5

conflgures

6/OP3

/OP_

AL4

Address.

generate

These

Address

the ROW
Multiplexer.

+12V

itself

for

driven

with

througg a 5K) resistor, the 8202
is

RAMs.

TTL

levels,

thg 8202 configures itself for 16K
RAMs.

AHfl

High-Order

AHl

dress

AH2

Column

Address

for

the

8202

confiqgured

82802.

For

address

bit.

AHZ
AH5
AH6

1
39

ouT

OUT2

OUT?

I
I

Address.

inputs

These

generate
is

the

16K

RAM

Output

the

Multiplexer.

Dynamic

outputs drive the addresses

the

For

RAM

operation,

OUT4

drives

the

2104A

OUT5

(Note

that

OUT6

require

inverters

proper

operation.

Write
the

Column
put

RAM

the

Enable.

Write

Dynamic
27

operation,
A

CAS

for

becomes the most significant columg

Multiplexer.

RAMs, use AH_ as an active high
chip select %or memory controlled

OUT3

Ad-

the

RAM

Address

into

OUT6

input.

This

pins

drivers

output

inputs

not
for

drives

the

array.

Address

latches

array.

OUTQ_6

Enable

These

Strobe.

the

This

out-

Column

Dynamic

RAM

array.

RASQj
RASl

RAS2

21
22
23

0
o)
@)

RAS3

Row Address Strobe. These outputs
latch the ROW Address
into the bank of dynamic RAMs
selected

pins

(Bg,

the

8202

Bl/OPl).

Bank

Address

Table

5-2

8202

Pin Name

No.

1/0

Bank Address.
These inputs
select one of four banks of
dynamic RAM via the RAS
out-

Bl/OPl

Description

(Cont)

Description

puts. If the B,/OP inp853is pulled
to +12V througfi a 5K) resistor, the
8202 configures itself to the
vanced Read mode.
This mode

Ad-

changes the function of the 82092
RD/S.
and REFRQ/ALE inputs and

disables the RAS, and RAS, outputs.

RD/Sl

Read/Sl

read

input.

cycle.

This

input

normal

a low on this input
arbiter that a read
requested.
Mode, this

requests

operation,

informs the
cycle is

In the Advanced Read
input accepts the S

status signal from the 8@85A (%ully

decoded
edge
read
WR

for

Write

arbiter
33

read).

The

trailing

arbiter that a
by latching Sl'

Input.

cycle.

PCS

of ALE informs the
cycle is requested

This input requests a write
low on this input informs the

that

a write

cycle

is desired.

Protect ed Chip Select. A low on this
input enables the WR and RD/S,
in-

puts. PCS is protected agains% ter-

minating
REFRQ/

ALE

progress.

Refresh Request/Address Latch Enable.
During normal operation, a
high on this input indicates to the
arbiter that a refresh cycle is being
requested. In the Advanced Read
Mode, this input latches the
state

RD/S,

input.

the

time,

Read

this mode,
possible.
XACK

cycle

8#85

S.7is

Cycle

signal

transparent

high

into

the

this

requested.

1In

refresh

not

Transfer Acknowledge.
This output
is a strobe indicating valid data
during a read cycle or data written
during a write cycle.
XACK can
latch valid data from the RAM array.

Table

5-2

8282

Description

(Cont)

Pin Name

No.

1I/O

SACK

System Acknowledge.
This output
indicates the beginning of a memory

Description

access

cycle.

also

advanced transfer acknowledge to
eliminate wait states.
(Note: If

memory access request is made
during a refresh cycle, SACK is delayed until XACK occurs in the memory
access

Xl/CLfi

Crystal

—

xg/IO

cycle).

Inputs.

These

inputs

are

the frequency of
X /OP_
is pulled

the oscillator.
to +12V through

TTL

external

1KY rgsistor, X,/CLK becomes a
input

for

TNK

Tank.
This pin provides
circuit connection.

+5V +

Ground

5.2.1.2

de-

signed for a quartz crystal to control

clock.

tank

run

10%

—

ROMs -- Four

If
a

ROMs hold

the

firmware

the

system:

Three 8K by 8 ROMs
One 4K by 8 ROMs

This

means

uses

only

When

the

there

are

28K

firmware

space,

however,

out

address

the

system

26K.

CPU

reads

the

ROMs,

sends

(Al2--A@)

the ROM. Address bits Al3 and Al4 select one of the four ROMs. Al5S
is high for all memory addresses. The ROM addresses follow:
(ROM @)
(ROM 1)
(ROM 2)
(ROM 3)

go0@--1FFF
2000--3FFF
4000--5FFF
6000--63FF

The

CPU

signals

are

The data
to

the

out

the

active

low.

sends

from the

CPU.

control

E53
E52
E51
E50

signals

and

I/0 M.

Both

selected ROM is placed on the data bus and

these
sent

5.2.1.3

RAMs

System

Screen

RAM

the

System

any

CPU

two

CPU

stacks,

data

RAMs

and

the

described

paragraphs

memory

work

and

RAM

following
For

the

Stores

Screen

are

the

system:

areas

and

User's

RAM

Contains

The

-- There

attributes

Screen

RAM

both

the

describe

the

system

occur,

the

operation

displayed

are

Vector

programs

16K

Generator

the

CRT.

RAMs.

The

section.

The

RAM.

CPU

generates

the

following

actions.
Address

Control
Data

Figure

5-7

Address

shows

The

how

the

address

CPU

controls

range

the

System

memory

1is

RAM.
8000--BFFF.

address
bits,
A@--Al5 go
to
the
Dynamic
RAM
Controller
The address bits contain the following information:
1.

Row

2.
3.

Column Address (A7--Al5)
Row Address Selection (RAS@G--3)

Address

(A0--A6)

(Al4,

AlS).

B1-DIRECTIONAL
LATCH

DATA

LATCH

ADR RANGE

LATC

8000-BFFF

MUX

A8-A15

SOLONR

CPU
A4, A15

CONTROL

—

8202 (AO-A6
ROW) {;
(A7-A13 COLUMN)
D1

A0 - A07

————

—

b ______
>

I/OM, RD AND WR

0UT 0
OUT 6-0U

—

MEMORY

RAS 0 - RAS 3
PCAS

WRITE

16K X 1RAMS

()

)

CLK

22mHZ
MAB146

Figure

5-7

CPU

RAM

Memory

Block

Diagram

The

(8202).

Memory
This

addresses

within

the

combination

selects

RAS2.

8@@0¢--BFFF

range

have

Al5=1,

Al4=0.

Control -- The control signals are I/0 M, RD and WRT. When low the
I/0 M signal enables the 82082 to receive RD or WRT commands. If
high the I/0 M signal prevents the 8202 from starting a memory
cycle.

Data

The

address

The

data

this

path

time

and

I/O address.

from

the

memory

shown

Figure

5-6 .

Figure
5-8
shows
the
block
diagram
of
the
8282
and
its
pin
configuration. Refer to Table 5-2 for the 8202 pin description.

Data Bus -- The data bus

5.2.1.4
the

CPU

the

RAM

(memory)

is a Tri-State bus that connects

following.

ROM

I/0 Port
Keyboard

Figure

5-9

shows

the

data

bus.

The CPU time multiplexes the low byte of the Data/Address Buffer.
When the CPU reads a valid address, the data is gated onto the
Tri-State

the data

Bus.

Data

in the data
buffer.

Data/Address

determines

data

the

active,

When

latch.
When

direction

the

CPU

flow direction.

writes

1.
2.

two

The

WRT

functions

are

control

Control

address,

valid

CPU

5.2.1.5

into

allows

implies RD is high and

is gated on the Tri-State Data Bus.

divided

This

the data

Functions

signal

The CPU then loads the data into the

groups.

Memory control
Register control

Memory control generates memory reads, writes and opcode fetches.
Table 5-1 shows the memory control for these operations.

The

registers that the system uses as control

registers are

1/0

addresses.

This means the CPU generates the following sequence.
1.

Address

Data

Address

signals

(of

Control

I/O M H

WRT

bits

A@--A6

(Tables

5-3,

(The address is an I/0 Address)

generate

5-4

and

the

5-5).

5-12

appropriate

control

38 [ ] AHg

O
AH,

O
AL,
ouT,[]

ALy 12

FROM

PROCESSOR

AHos

w
H

8202

) REFRQ/ALE

] RD/S1
(] WR

1SACK
30 [
29 ] XACK
28

] WE

] CAS

N FAS,

ENCODED RAS ENABLES

TYPICALLY A, 4.A,s FROM{
PROCESSOR

READ AND WRITE

REQUESTS

PROTECTED CHIP SELECT{

AD——of

TIMING

WR——»

AND

PCS—»| ARBITER

EXTERNAL REFR { REFRO—
REQUEST

18,

AL6/0P3E 18

ouTg[] 19

NS,

[ 20
Vgg

N RS,

[ RAS,

TO DYNAMIC RAM
ADDRESS PINS

TIMER

CRYSTAL

CONTROL

L » WE

| WRITE ENABLE FOR DYNAMIC RAM

—» CAS

| COLUMN ADDRESS STROBE

RAS.

| ROW ADDRESS STROBES

TM RA5 | SELECTS ONE OF FOUR
> RASy | BANKS

— RAS3
REFRESH

25 18,/0P,

ouTg(] 17

MULTIPLEXED

OUTgg

COUNTER

] PCS
32

MULTIPLEXER

REFRESH

35 ] TNK

A4
ALg 16

Alos
| AL,/OP,

Ag-Ays

I x1/cLK

ouT,; 13

ouUT,[]15

TYPICALLY

36 ] Xo/OP,

N
0

AL O

ouTt,d

€T-S

[
ouTy

Al (]

P
O—

O
AHg

=
N

39 [] AHg

[
AH,

[
AH;

ADDRESSES

|RS2

RAM

O
AH4

— XACK | DATA TRANSFER COMPLETE
—= SACK F REQUESTS WAIT STATE WHEN
INTERNAL REFRESH OCCURS

Xg/OPy ——————

OR TTL CLOCK + ¥ /CLK ————» | OSCILLATOR
INPUTS

—

MA.-8144

Figure 5-8 8202 Block Diagram and Pin Description

G1G1-(VK100)
+5V

CPU

% DATA BUS DO-D7

DATA

LATCH

CPU
DIR
RD

TR1-STATE

BUS

RAM

DATA
LATCH

DRIVER
ROMS

1/0

(4)

PORTS

A-F

SHIFT

CAPS LOCK

RAM 16K
MEMORY

KEYBOARD
MA-8143

Figure

Table

5-3

I/0

Address

Bits

5-9

DATA

Bus

Addresses

Signals
12

]

I/0OM

RD WT

Address
40

DA A~ER R~

I/0

5-14

Function
LD

SR SR SES SRS IS IS SRS R R B B By
[SESESESESESESE
—~

Hex

r~ f

Table
CPU

5-4

Program

RAM Addresses

Address

Bits
15

13
2

Hex

8000
1

16K

Address

Space

FFF

Hex

000

Hex

16K

Address

Space

Hex

Address
Space

NOTE

CPU

Address

the

M82862

through
RAS

Table

5-5

Address

ROM

I/0

RAS

are

and

are

used

generate

inputs

RAS#H

RAS3

Bits

and

Enables

refresh

flip-flop

cleared
6

Not

Used

with

address

range

8000 Hex
RAS
3
1

to
1

BFFF Hex
-Used

with

address

range

C800

Hex

FFFF

ROM

Microcode

Hex

Address

Bits

169

]

)

]

Hex
Address

Range

g0g06

HEX

Address

Space

ROM

)

@1FF

HEX

)

2000

HEX

)

]

1
1

)
1

1
]

1
1}

1
g

1
¢

1
0

1
@

1
¢

1
0

1
@

1
0@

1
0

Address

Space

3FFF HEX
4008

")
7]
ROM

Space

HEX

Address

5 FFF HEX
60606 HEX
Address

Space

)

]

70@

1
16

ROM

and

Bit

equal

implies

Keyboard

address

Addresses

HEX

5.2.1.6

Memory

Refresh

Cycle

-- A

read

cycle

causes

refresh

occur. The memory refresh is controlled internally by the dynamic
RAM Controller (8202). Figure 5-8 shows the components used for
the
refresh
cycle.
128 memory
refresh logic has 2 sections.
1.

Arbitration -read, write or
cycle

active if
cycle. If
(Transfer
from

5.2.1.7

every

ms.

The

refreshed.

write

sources:

occurs

Internal Counter -- contains the RAS address used during
the
refresh.
The counter
is
1incremented
after
each
refresh resetting to zero after all RAS addresses have
been

refresh

the

timing and control 1logic allows either a
refresh cycle to occur. After any read or

request,

SACK

(System

Acknowledge)

cycle

requestor.

Interrupts -- Hardware

interrupts

(the vector generator and

I/0 port

are generated from two
(Figure 5-10).

CPU

INTERRUPT LOGIC

RST 5.5

RST 6.5

TX RDY (CPU SEND ME ANOTHER CHARACTER)

RX RDY (CPU | HAVE A CHARACTER COME AND GET IT)

RST 7.5 le (CPU ITS TIME TO SCAN THE KEYBOARD)
VSYNC

/0 PORT

VECTOR
GENERATOR

ADDRESS BRANCHED

NAME

PRIORITY | TO WHEN

TYPE TRIGGER

INTERRUP OCCURS

RST 7.5

3CH

RISING EDGE LATCH

RST 6.5

34H

HIGH LEVEL UNTIL SAMPLED

RST 5.5

2CH

HIGH LEVEL UNTIL SAMPLED
MA.8142

Figure

goes

the cycle was not requested during a refresh
it was requested SACK is delayed until XACK
requesting wait states
thereby
Acknowledge)

5-10

Interrupt Block Diagram

These

interrupts

change

the

flow

the

executing

program

(ROM

control).
The

interrupts

one cycle
input
1is

counter
Refer
The

are

sampled

before the
activated.

before

Table

5-6

vector

the

descending

edge

the

clock,

end of the instruction in which the interrupt
The
CPU
saves
the
contents
of
the
program

branches
for

generator

the

and

the

subroutine.

interrupt

I/0

port

priority

sections

structure.

describe

how

generates
the
interrupts.
The
software
controls
logic
by
wusing
the
RIM
(Read
Interrupt
Masks)
Interrupt Mask) instructions.

the
and

the

system

interrupt
SIM
(Set

5.2.1.8
CRT Sweep Overview
The CPU sets the horizontal and vertical timing registers in the
CRT
controller
to
control
the
horizontal
and
vertical
sweep
circuits.
The
horizontal
timing
registers
are
R@--R3
and
the
vertical timing registers are R4--R9. The register functions are
as

follows.

Horizontal

Total

Horizontal
register

Displayed

Horizontal

Sync

the

The

Table

Sync

5-6

with

8-bit

write-only

frequency

This

8-bit

displayed

Width

the

width

registers

respect

Interrupt

determines

the

Priority,
Address

Name

This

the

write-only

characters

per

(R2)

the

horizontal

(R3)

This
sync

8-bit

position

line.

determines

horizontal

units

(R1l)

number

Position

horizontal

Horizontal

the

line.

write-only
on

(RP)

horizontal

determines

horizontal

the

Priority

When

the

Address,

Branched

Interrupt

4-bit

horizontal

are programmed
reference.

Restart

This

write-only

sync

pulse.

"character

and

times"

Sensitivity

Occurs

Type

Trigger

RST

7.5

3CH

RST

Rising

6.5

34H

High

RST

5.5

2CH

High

edge

level

latch

until

sampled
level

sampled

5-17

until

Vertical
Total
Register
(R4)
and
Vertical
Total
Adjust
Register
(R5)
-- These two registers determine the vertical
frequency
of
vertical
sync.
The
calculated
number
of

character
get

line

exactly

number

times

character

usually

line

integer

plus

vertical

refresh

rate.

times

7-bit
write-only
vertical
programmed
in
the
5-bit
register

Vertical
register

Displayed
determines

the

CRT

number

screen

Vertical

Sync

and

the

reference.

Interlace

Mode

scan

(R7)

programmed

(CRR)

Hz
as

the

CPU

sync

7-bit
write-only
character rows on

character

This

7-bit

with

character

row

(R8)

row

times.

write-only

position

programmed

initializes

the

fraction
is
scan
adjust

This

respect

the

registers

the

times.

2-bit

write-only

integer

lines.

programmed

vertical

one

fraction
The

Position

determines

minus

total
write

the

CRT

zeros

controller

follows.

(horizontal

total)

8@0-1=79

Rl
R2

(horizontal
(horizontal

displayed)
sync position)

=
=

40
44

64
68

(horizontal

sync

R4
R5

(vertical
(vertical

total)
total adjust)

=
=

41
@

65 (value can be 68--69
ticks depending on HP)
66-1=65
2

R6
R7

(vertical

displayed)

(vertical

sync

=
=

3D
3E

(interlace

width)

position)

mode)

62
)

5.2.1.8.1
Horizontal Sweep -- The horizontal sweep time is 63.131
This
is the time needed
for
the beam to move from the left
side of the screen to the right side of the screen (display time)
and return to the left side (retrace time).
“s.

The

display

These

times

time
are

One tick value
twelve pixels.

50.505

converted

into

and

the

tick

values

retrace
for

time
the

CRTC

is the time needed for the horizontal
One tick occurs every 0.789144 ns.

2.
3.

HS pulse width

HF horizontal front porch
HB horizontal back porch

~s.

registers.

sweep

The horizontal
sync
pulse
triggers
the horizontal
horizontal sync pulse has three components.
1.

12.626

pass

sweep.

The

The HS pulse
command.
If

width is constant.
The HF can be changed by
the
HF
1is
increased
by
one
tick
then
the

the

decreased by one tick.
This action controls the horizontal sweep
start time,
which allows
for positioning of the display area
in

the

horizontal

direction

the

face

the

CRT.

5.2.1.8.2
Vertical Sweep -- The vertical sweep is 50 or 60 Hz.
The total vertical sweep is 16.666 ms. A horizontal sweep rate of
63.131
s
provides
264
available
scan
lines
of
which
244
scan
lines are used. The remaining 28 scan lines include retrace time
from the last active scan line.
The

vertical

used

are

(vertical

total)

R5
R6

(vertical
(vertical

total adjust)
displayed)

R7
R8

(vertical sync positive)
(interlace mode)

The

CPU

row

values.

loads

The

total

the

vertical

=
=

41
0

66-1=65
)

Character
Scan line

row

Character

row

Character

row

registers

with

scan

line

and

character

sweep
time
1is
66
characters.
A
character
row
by
is
four
scan
lines,
which means
there
are
264
scan
vertical sweep.

definition
lines in a
The

registers

display

blank

during

rows.

These

time

display
rows

character

time.

are

The

divided

rows

screen

The

time

screen

five

remains

character

into:

Vertical

sync

front

porch

one

Vertical

sync

pulse

width

four

Vertical

sync

back

porch

(@#--68).
blank

character

row

character

rows

zero

5.2.2
Vector Generator Overview
The
vector
generator
interfaces
the
VK@@
to
the
CRT
display
(Figure 5-11). The vector generator performs four functions.

The

Generates
Generates

a timing chain
display refresh

3.
4.

Generates
Generates

the hardcopy
status

vector

vectors

clock
the

(45.692

timing

5-12).

Time

vector

ROM.

The
the

generator,
the

CRT

Hz),

for

states

under

ROM

control,

display.

The

system,

synchronizes

the

sequence

output

vector
control

the

places
using

display

characters
crystal

sequence

generator

and

the

generator,

vector

the

CRT

and

system uses a crystal control clock (45.692 Hz) to
display
sequence
and
generate
the
timing
for

generator

and

the

CRT

monitor

(Figure

5-19

5-12).

generates

monitor
sync

and

control

ROM

(Figure
and

the

synchronize
the
vector

— DATA BUS

DO-D7

VECTOR

GENERATOR

CRT CONTROLLER
BDO-[BD7

12 BITS

X REGISTER

ADDRESS|

HIGH 1 LOW

MUX

12 BITS
TIME STATE

Y REGISTER

GENERATOR

HIGH 1 LOW

SYNC
ROM

MODIFY SECTION

VECTOR
ROM

8 BITS
PATTERN

ENABLE/

DISABLE

VECTOR |

GEN. GO

BDO

]
‘_L.

16 (16KX11)
SCREENIRAM
12 BITS OF | 4 ATTR

8 BITS

DATA

| BITS
Ll

|
‘

PATTERN

LD EXECUTE

MULTIPLIER

(2) 4X4 FILE REGS

DVM

DIRECTION
WOPS

128BITS

[ 12817 sHFR |
DATA ———

8 BITS

CRT OUTPUT

SCREEN

opTIONS (SOPHS)

CONTROL

SCREEN COLOR

7
DATA COLOR
MA-8157

Figure 5-11 Vector Generator Block Diagram

5=-20

18.750

M HERTZ
5.068

M HERTZ

8202

: 8085

456192 | (21.920ns)
M HERTZ

5016T BAUD GENERATOR

> 15.2064 M HERTZ (65.762ns)

<12

DOT CLOCK

1,267,200

_» CHAR CLOCK

(0.789141s)

TO 6845'S

s opa

o 08TE 60.00H2
2

+ 317

0.0111
}-——-—’2
O11Tms 49.97 Hz

16.

15,840 HORIZONTAL TOTAL

>
4,735us

X 6

———— HORIZONTAL SYNC

4,735us
p——— HORIZONTAL BACK PORCH

x6a

|PO20HS LORIZONTAL DISPLAY FOR

[ HORIZONTAL FRONT PORCH

505

768 DOTS

3.156us

MA-8152

Figure

5-12

System

Timing

The vector generator performs
1.

Modify

screen
CRT display

RAM

two

separate time shared operations.

data

A read modify write operation modifies the screen RAM. The
RAM
is
addressed
and
16
bits
are
read
(12
bits
of
data

attribute
at

bits).

time.

Only

Then

the

one

the

modified

twelve

data

bit

data
is

bits

written

can

into

screen
and
4

modified

the

screen

RAM.

The

CRT

refresh

holds

the CRT is not
then disappear.
The

CRT

the

display

refreshed

refresh

1is

the

for

contents

continuous

limited

the

action.

amount

time.

RAM

fade

and

screen

RAM

screen

The

addressed sequentially.
For each address twelve bits of data are
loaded into the shift register. Then the data is shifted one bit
at a time to the CRT display. The data that appears on the CRT is
an image of the data in the screen RAM.

5.2.2.1
Addressing the Screen RAM -- The screen RAM is addressed
through a two to one multiplexer
(Figure 5-16). When the modify
screen RAM function is taking place,
the address comes from the
X and Y register. The WRT/RD signal when high allows the contents
of the X and Y register to pass through the multiplexer to address
the

screen

RAM.

When

the CRT refresh function is taking place,
the address used
comes from the sequential counter (MA) of the CRT controller. The
low WRT/RD signal when low allows the contents of the MA register
to pass through the multiplexer to address the screen RAM.

bit

breakdown

outputs

The

address

the

address

the

RAS

and

CAS

bits.

The

RAS,

CAS

bits

used

shown

multiplexer

Figures

are

when modifying

5-13

divided

the

screen

and

5-14.

The

into

two

groups,

RAM

are

(Figure

5-15):

The

RAS

Y1,

CAS

Y8--Y2

RAS,

CAS

X9--X4

bits

RA@,

used

RAS

CAS

-- MAll--MA6,

when

doing

CRT

refresh

are:

MA5--MAJQ

RAl

The address bits X9--X2 go through a translator, which makes sure

that the output bits X3 and X2 are never equal to a binary three.

Bank three in the screen RAM does not exist

(Figure 5-16).

SHIFT REGISTi,——-& DATA TO CRT

LD/SHFR

4 128iTs

[*——RAS

SCREEN RAM
16K X 1

CAS
, 1 BIT OF DATA
7

SCREEN RAM

WRT/RD

ADDRESS MUX

_(MA) I
oW

lmy),

CoLUMN

Y REGISTER|Y REGISTER
ROW

CRT CONTROLLER

COLUMN

STROBE

DATA

VECTOR

SEQUENTIAL

COUNTER

MA-8156

Figure

5-13

Basic

Overview of

COLUMN
\

Address

and

Data

Path

ROW———»

MA10

MA11

SEQUENTIAL

COUNTER

MAS|MAB|MA7IMAB|
\_

6 RA1 RAD l MASl MA4[MA31MA21MA1 MAO
J

0 THRU 63
A

GROUP 0
0|

CHARACTER

SCAN

ROW

LINES

]
|

SELECTS GROUP

CHARACTER ROW

12 PIXELS

GROUP 1

GROUP 2

| 12 PIXELS | 12 PIXELS

GROUP 62

| GROUP 63

12 PIXELS | 12 PIXELS

e
|

‘/_\——-/-W\_/—\/

SCAN

LINES

2
3
MA-8156

Figure

5-14

Screen

Update,

Screen

RAM

Address

Breakdown

SELECTS WHICH OF
FOUR SCREEN BITS
ARE TO BE MODIFIED

BANK

SELECT

r———'COLUMN—-———H‘

lfl—————ROW _

|Y8] Y7 l Y6 [YS ] Y4 rY3 {Y2

ll1 IXQ’] X8’] X7'I X6’F5’LX4J X3’J XZ/L fl

—

WHAT GROUP

[

OF 64 PIXELS

CHARACTER

Row

;

CHARACTER

SCAN

ROW 0

LINES

GROUPO | GROUP1 | GROUP 2

GROUP 62 | GROUP 63

3
L

\—/\—W\

M\/—\

]

GROUPO

GROUP1

| GROUP 2

GROUP 62 | GROUP 63

CHARACTER

SCAN

ROW 59

LINES

)
3

YO= 0: EVEN ADDRESS

= 1: ODD ADDRESS
X’

MEANS ADDRESS BITS X9-X2
MA-8154

Figure 5-15

Modify Data,

Screen RAM Address Breakdown

5-24

WRITE L ——@

CRT

CONT.

-~
MAO-MA11

+ Y1, X9-X4

16K X 1

16Kk X1 | 16k x1 |

16K X1

RAS

SCREEN

RAMS

BANK 3

BANK2

ST-S

(Y1-Y8)

MUX

SCREEN

RAMS

BANK1

DATA BITS

+Y8-Y2

TRANS
ROM

12 BITS

(X9-X2)

[ATTRIBUTE
BITS

MA11-MAQG. RAT

]

12 BITS

BANK

RAO, MA5-MAO

RAO, RA1
ADR

>
3210

3210

]3210

(X3,X2)

————» (X1,X0)

WR/RD

BIT

SELECTION

MA-8163

Figure 5-16 Addressing the Screen RAM

5.2.2.2

Modification

Data

the

Screen
to

up
registers
in
the
vector
generator
vector
on
the
screen.
These
registers

written

into

Pattern

Write

the

screen

RAM.

multiplier

options

The

RAM -- The system sets
place
a
character
or

control

registers

are

how

the

follows.

update,

control

data

how

the

(WOPS)

These registers, and
data is modified.

the

bit

selected

The CPU decodes the
commands
into
the

following
pattern,

for

write commands and
then
pattern
multiplier
and

1loads the
the WOPS

Pattern

Write
Write
Write
Write

Multiplier
Negate

The
into

The

CPU
the

Complement
Intensity

loads

the

screen

contents

pattern

value

the

pattern

written

RAM.

the

pattern multiplier

the value) indicates how many times
used
before
allowing
the
pattern
default

with

the

pattern

(2's

complement

the pattern register output is
register
to
be
shifted.
The

multiplier

one.

the

default

value is loaded into the pattern multiplier, the pattern register
output is used once before shifting. If the pattern multiplier is

two

the pattern

The

CPU

loads

the

WOPS

into

Negate,

is used twice before shifting.
Complement

and

Intensity commands

The CPU loads the x and y registers with an address to modify data
in the screen RAM. This address accesses a location in the screen
RAM. The twelve bits of data are read and bits X3 and X2 select

four of the twelve bits. This is called bank selection. Bits X1
and X@ select which of the four bits is to be modified
(bit

selection)
(Figure
register and WOPS
modified

(Figure

5-17). At this time
determine how the

the contents of the pattern
selected data bit will be

5-18).

The following example
complement function.

shows

how the

selected

bit

is modified

for

GIVEN:

The output of screen RAM -- selected bank = @010 binary
The output of WOPS register - bits 2--¢ = 100 binary
The output of the pattern register = output bit = 1 binary

TRANSLATOR

INPUT (9-2)

OUTPUT BITS

1110

9876543210

1110

98765432

(000)

TA200

1000000000

[10101010|00

(001)

TA200

100000001
1

{(002)
(003)

TA200
TA200

1000000100
1000000111

(004)
(005)

TA201
TA201

1000001000
1000001011

(010) TA202

1000001000

(006)
(007)

TA201
TA201

(011)
(012)
(013)

TA202
TA202
TA202

{014)

TA203

(015)
(016)
(017)

1000001100]|
1000001111

TRASLATOR
R%T

[10101010]01

10101010110
1010101011

ACc
AC

[10101100] 00
|10101100101

[10101101 00

AD
AD
AD

1000001100 | OUTPUT

TA203
TA203
TA203

AA
AA

AC
AC

;:‘Jg_xz

1000001001
1000001010
1000001011

1000001101
1000001110
1000001111

AE
AE
AE

[10101100]10
(10101100 |11

1010110101
(10101101
|10
(10101101
|11

[10101110 |00
[10101110
[10101110
[10101110

COLUMN

ROW

lvsle Yslvslwlvs Y2
.

)

|01
|10
|11

SELECTS 1 OF 3 BANKS

}

[\m X9 X8 X7° X6 X5’ x4'fx3' xz'lx1 xfl

—~—

—~

CHARACTER ROW

EQUIVALENT

WHAT GROUP

NUMBER

OF WHAT

OF 64 PIXILS

)

CHARACTER.

ROW SCAN

SELECTS WHICH

(1 OF 4)

OF 4 SCREEN
RAM

YO-0DD

BITS ARE

TO BE MODIFIED.

EVEN
(X1000)=TRANSLATION ADR(TA)200

X MEANS ADDRESS BITS X9-X2 ARE TRANSLATED
Ma-8197

Figure

5-17

Translation

Bits

WOPS
07

[LL

LT
F

FO|
N

GREEN | BLUE

BLINK

RED

ENA
ATTR

CHANGE = 1

DATA INPUT (8 BITS)

PATTERN

REG

SHIFTS OUT 9 BITS
TEN TIMES FOR CHARACTERS

RB, RA=3

DU (o)

DVM

BIT

—

SELECTION

I DIRECTION

WOPS

F2
F1

SELECTION

{1 OF 4)

BIT3

REG. |:>
ADDRESS

1K X 4
ROM
BIT

SELECT

* WR DAT
3
» WR DAT 2

-» WR DAT 1
+ WR DAT
0

llel

SCREEN
RAM

:> BANK

28T

serection

REG

BIT2

BITO

xs —
X2
STROBE

MODIFY

DATA INPUT (ONE OF FOUR BITS)
MA-8176

Figure

5-18

Modify

Data

Bits

The output of the WOPS register equals 4 binary, a complement with
no negate function. Refer to the complement equation in Table 5-7.
Complement

Complement

Complement = 0010 +
Complement = 1 + 1

(P10
(1 is

is selected bank)
selected bit)

The complement bit zero is written into the selected bank of the
screen RAM.
Initially,
the value of the selected bank was @010
binary. After modification the value changes to @800 binary.

5.2.2.3
Refresh the CRT -- The display area of the video monitor
contains 240 scan lines (horizontal sweeps) with each sweep having
768
picture
elements
called
pixels.
A
pixel
1is
the
smallest
picture

element

that

can

display

data.

The

display

area

contains

total of 184,320 pixels.
The color of the characters or
represents
foreground
information.
The
color
of
the
represents background information.

vectors
screen

The characters,
vectors and
screen
can
be
different
shades
of
black and white or color. Two separate control circuits are used
for CRT color control.
1.

Foreground

control

Background

control

Table

5-7

WOPS

BITS

Screen RAM Write

Control

210

Function

Equation

O
O

O
I

N
N

Overlay
Replace

M=A+ (P+N)
M=P+N

Complement

M=A+ (P+N)

Erase

M=N

Legend

for

M
A

=
=

Data
Data

P
N

=
=

Output
Negate

XOR

Equations

to be written
now in memory

of pattern
bit

into

memory

5-29

Foreground Control -- The CPU loads the WOPS register with a value
that defines the color of the character or vector. The output of
the WOPS register bits F7
(blink), F6é
(green), F5
(red),
and F4
(blue) are inputs to the screen RAM attribute section. Every time
the screen RAM is modified, the contents of bits F7--F4 if enabled

are

written

When

the

into

the

screen

RAM

memory. Twelve bits
the four attribute

1is

RAM attribute

addressed,

section.

sixteen

bits

5-19). The data output of the shift register is
with bit @ of the screen option register (SOPS).
The

exclusive

the
bit

video
is
a

video

data

selects

the

foreground

control bit is 2zero
one,
the
attribute
color

are

exclusively

background

(normal video)
bits
from the

colors.

EXCLUSIVE

(DATA TO BE WRITTEN SHIFT DATA)

12-BITS

AS )]

—>

READ

SCREEN RAM (16)

GREEN

16KX1 RAMS

cAs

|12 DATA BITS 4 ATTRIBUTE |ERUE

BLINK |

COLOR

IS THE

S163

DATA

LATCH

Mux | VIDEO

DATA

g U]

ROW

COLUMN

ADDRESS MUX

la— DRAS

WR/RD
CRT

CONTROLLER

RAO,MAS5-

MA11-MAS,

MAOQ

RAT

BIT 0=0 NORMAL VIDEQ

1 REVERSE VIDEO

Pe)

WHAT COLOR IS THE SCREEN

BDO7

)

SOPS

HORIZONTAL SYNC | crT

—*] monITOR

LOAD SOPHS

VERTICAL

DATA

SYNC
MA-8177

Figure

from

5-19 Color Control

ORed

When

and the shifted data
latch determine
the

(foreground).

SHIFT

read

of data are loaded into the shift register and
bits
are
loaded
into
the
S163
1latch
(Figure

When

the

output

the

shift

1is

zero

and

the

wvideo

control bit is zero
(normal video), the attribute bits from
SOPS register determine the video data color (background).
When

the

SOPS

attribute

bits

are

bit

are

used

one

for

the

(reverse

the

video),

foreground

background

the

color

SOPS

and

color.

the

Background Control -- The ReGIS screen command, through the CPU,
loads
the
SOPS
register
with
a
value
that
determines
the

background color.

The SOPS

(blue),

and

(red).

that

bits.

The

SOPS

5.2.2.4

Modify

sync
ROM
Generator
the

video

zero

vector

before

These

color

the

normal

attribute

bit

background

condition

and

RAM

generator

and

addresses
which
(Figure 5-21)
and

repeating

screen

RAM

the

when

SOPS

CRT

(green),

the
of

Timing

Figure

The

5-20

sync

ROM
the

again.

The
If

WRT/RD

the

signal

WRT/RD

controls

signal

is low,
through
the

passes

If
the
WRT/RD
register passes

address

from
the
x
multiplexer.

The

WRT/RD

every

the

signal

WRT/RD

changes

time

high,

the

screen

levels

frame

shift

shows

counter

1is

color.

the

the
address
from
the
mA
sequential
screen RAM address multiplexer.

through

are
a
function
of
the
Time
State
other bits. Twelve addresses are used

multiplexer.

signal

bit

multiplexer

background

output

Refresh

the

continuously.

sequence

address

bit

inputs

furnishes

the

runs

are;

are

displayed

bit

Screen

bits

RAM

every

RAS

and

address
third
CAS

sync

ROM

signal

and

address.

are

For

generated.

Depending on the sync ROM address, a load shift register or strobe
pulse
occurs
(Figure
5-19).
Strobe
pulse
1loads
the
four-bit

holding

sequence

with

events

Data

While

the

loaded

the

data

selects

bits

into

data

the

into

from

memory

(X3,

X2).

The

following

shift

shifted

modified.

data

the

holding

the

another

modified

x,y

read
and

Only

address

cycle,

strobes

the

one

bit

reads

and

fours

modified.

While the data is shifted to the CRT, another RAS, CAS,
LOAD function
is performed.
At
the proper
time another
twelve bits are loaded in the shift register and shifted
to

data

occur.

the

CRT.

During

the

continuous

shifting

data

from

the

shift

register to the CRT,
the modified data is written into
the screen RAM.
The screen RAM data
is modified by the
execute
point,
erace
and
the
execute
vector
commands.

During
turns

sync
on

the

ROM

address

vector

ROM.

32,

the

This

activates

5-31

execute

vector

the

write

command
signal.

[32]31]30]35]34]23|22[21]20{25]24] 33{ 32| 31{30]35|34[23]22] 21| 20] 25| 24] 33| 32|

SYNC ROM ADR

WRT/RD

X,Y

¢ LDJR
¢ s|{R c LD[R

c W|/R

c D[R

RAS

CAS

LD SHFR

STROBE

WRITE

DATA SHIFTED
TO CRT

DATA

[DATA

DATA SHIFTED
TO CRT

DATA

{WRITE

DATA

|TOBE

|2ATAN

SHFR

[MODIFIED|

SHFR

|RAM

SHFR

4 BITS

1BIT

s|[rR c DR C w]

DATA SHIFTED | DATA
TO CRT
SHIFTED

[DATA

O BE

|MODIFIED|

DATA

|WRITE

SEREEN

SHFR

4 BITS

MODIFY

|RAM

1BIT
MODIFY

MA-8196

Figure 5-20¢ Screen RAM Data Timing

DOWN COUNTER

TIME

STATES

CHAR CLK

t[ik[olclela
slojof1]o]1

]
ENBP
+5V —

UP/DWN CLK

alolof1|o]o

——— A

13[1]ofo]1]1

12[1}lo0]o]1]o0

1ml110]ofo|fn

10l1|oofo}o

RIP

ENBT

LOAD OUT

15|1({0f1]0]

(Ej)

14[1{ol1]0]|0
|1
o3jclojof1

15V

o2lojofa]1]0
orlofo|ofo]1

00 olojolo|o

O}—

s|lojoj1]of1

MA-8151

Figure

5-21

Time

State Generator

5-32

5.2.2.5
Generation
both characters and

The

following

of
Vectors
-vectors. Section

paragraphs

describe

The
VK100
system
can
draw
5.2.2.5 describes characters.

vectors.

There

are

two

kinds

[X]=[Y]

vectors.

Basic

Arbitrary vectors

Basic

l.
2.

There
other
The
the
in:

vectors

If
If

vectors

fall

under

the

following

conditions:

coordinates X=@ and/or Y=0
the absolute value of x = absolute

are eight
conditions

value

basic directions for vectors
are arbitrary vectors.

(Figure

5-22).

All

terminal operator can type a character and rotate it in any of
basic directions (Figure 5-22). For example the operator types

"FORMAT"

"EXAMPLE"

TEXT

(DIRECTION)

T (D45)

"Character

Print"

"A"
NOTE

The
to

The

T (D45)

direction,

above

ReGIS

command

mode

work.

command

must

displays

direction.

the

This

character

3 (135°)

4 (180°)

2 (90°)

character

1 (45°)

—

5 (225°)

6 (270°)

0 (0°}

7 (315°)
MA-8198

Figure

5-22

Basic

along

Vectors

the

one

basic

basic vector.

The

CPU has

characters
that

are
X

and

set

registers

vectors on

the

the vector generator

CRT.

The

following

are

the

with

arbitrary vectors)

to display

registers

loaded.
Y

DU-Length of major
DVM-Length

axis

minor

axis

Pattern

multiplier

Direction
Write options (WOPS)
Screen options (SOPS)
Execute

Error

The

vector

function of

(only used

these

registers

follows.

X and Y -- These registers are loaded with the starting address of
the character or vector. The X and Y register contents address the
screen RAM when modifying data. The address control increments or
decrements the x and Y individually or both at the same time.

coordinate

The

through

X767.

the

direction

character or vector is ROM coordinate X@ through X767, X
positive. If the direction is from X767 to X8, X is negative.

the

|is

The Y coordinate is Y@ through Y24@¢. If the direction of the
character or vector is from coordinate Y@ to Y240, Y is positive.
If the direction is Y240 to Y0,

Y is negative.

If both X and Y = @ during a screen RAM modify,

the CRT displays

the data in the top left corner of the screen. This corner is the
first pixel of the CRT during display time.

DU -- The length of the major axis is loaded into this register.

For character displays, the width of a character
the

is loaded

into

DU.

For vectors, the firmware knows the vector starting point and how
far the vector moves in the X and Y position. The larger of the
two values is placed in the DU register.

DVM —- The length of the minor axis is loaded into this register.
For character displays, the width of a character is loaded into
the

DVM.

For vectors, the DVM receives the smaller of the X and Y values.

Pattern -- The pattern register is an eight-bit shift register
that is parallel loaded and shifted out one bit at a time to a 1K
by 4 PROM. This register controls the pattern of the data written
into

the

screen

RAM.

5-34

the

pattern

the

pass

data

modify

function

modified.

This

the

pattern

does

performed.

not

apply

replace

this

four

bit

mode.

Pattern

Multiplier

The

contents

can

increase the width of a character or vector by a factor of one to
sixteen.
If
the pattern multiplier
register
is
loaded
with
all
binary ones, the pattern register shifts every write time. If the
pattern
register

multiplier
is
loaded
with
shifts every two write times.

Direction

four bits
tells
if

are
the

equals

the

direction

used. Bits
wvector
is

zero,

vector

Write

The

vector

arbitrary

(WOPS)

binary,

eight

bit

the

basic

vector.

pattern

@--2 tell the vector direction
a
basic
or
arbitrary
vector.

the

Options

1110

bit

Only

and bit
If
bit

equals

3
3

one,

vector.

WOPS

eight-bit

Bit

blink control. Bits 6--4 tells the color of data (12 pixels) when
in normal video mode. Bit 3
(equal to a one)
enables attributes.
Enable attributes is an address bit to the WRT ROM.
This allows
the

contents

screen

WOPS

bits

7--4

written

into

the

RAM.

Bits 1 and 2 describe how the data being modified is controlled;
If it is overlayed,
replaced, complemented or erased. Bit @, the
negate bit, controls the output of the pattern register. If bit @
equals

Screen

one,

the

pattern

output

Options

(SOPS)

The

which

controls

the

following

Blink

Background

I1/0

port

SOPS

complemented.

1is

eight-bit

functions.

color

control

(EIA,

mA,

hardcopy

and

self-test)

LD Execute -- The execute instructions set the Go flip flop (GO F)
enables the vector ROM to run. This is necessary for writing
the modified data in the screen RAM and reading the file register

which

contents

(DU,

5.2.2.6

Writing

the

that

key

the

CRT

DVM,

the

character

the

WOPS).

events

the

writing

series

keyboard

and

Character
same

following

DIR,

Screen

Writing

vector.

The

main

parallel

vectors.

character

difference

When

you

press

occur:

occurrence

VSYNC

the

CPU

recognizes

the

interrupt.

response

the

interrupt,

scan

routine,

reads

was

pressed.

The

processor

into

location

code

keyboard

line.

the

keyboard

ASCII

CPU
and

then

code

enters

the

keyboard

determines

which

key

translates

the

key

and

stores

the

The

processor

line
4.

reads

determine

The

processor

dot

pattern.

look~-up

the

what

ASCII

translates
To

table

character

this,

located

place

the

ASCII

the

processor

RAM.

The

vectors

compose

the

character

the
on

CRT

keyboard

the

CRT.

code

reads

look-up
cell

screen.

the

character

of a series of character cells, one
code.
Each
character
cell
contains
written

These

into

character

table

consists

for each ASCII
patterns
to
be
pattern

vectors

screen.

NOTE

The look-up table is filled with the dot
patterns for each displayable character

during
the
ROM power-up
sequence.
The
look-up table can
also be
filled
from
the
host
computer
wusing
the
Load
Character

Cell

command

the

graphics

mode.

There

are

character

pattern

into

the

vectors

registers are initially
must occur 1@ times.
1.

The

for

each

RAM,

the

DU,

loaded.

The

following

screen

and

character
register.

character.

DVM,

registers

are

loaded.

1loaded

into

the

WOPS,

and

sequence

The

8-bit

write

direction
of

pattern

events

pattern

the

shift

The CPU issues the Execute Vector command.
The Execute
Vector command sets the GO bit enabling the vector ROM to
output. The address for Execute vector is 66. This means
address bits Al and A@ are equal to a binary two. These
address
bits,
Al
and
AP,
are
part
of
the
vector
ROM
address bits which allows the vector ROM sequence for the
Execute Vector command.

It takes three cycles (or
data in the screen RAM.
a.

time

states)

to modify

the

Read cycle -- The X and Y register contents read a
location of the screen RAM. The twelve bits of data

that

are

will

select

nine

Modify

WOPS,

read

logic.

strobed

cycle

from

Bits

and

into

The

holding

the

screen

RAM

the

holding

and

1logic

select

uses

the

which

the

four

pattern

determine

bank

bits

output

which

will be modified by addressing a 1K by 4 ROM.
address
of
the
1K by 4
ROM
is determined
by
following.

bit

The
the

Pattern register output bit -- (A9)
WOPS register output bits (F2,Fl1,F@g)

(A8--A6)

X register output bit (X1,X0) -- (A5--A4)
Holding register output bits (3,2,1,0) -c.

Write cycle -- When the write
of the bit select ROM (WR DAT

The

into

the

same

bank

the

down

counter

whose

value

pulse
3--WR

screen
is

occurs
DAT @)

(A3--AQ0)

the output
is written

RAM.

initially

nine

bits

gets

decremented
every
time
a
write
takes place.
The
1logic
checks
to
see
if
the
down
counter
equals
zero.
This
indicates
a
pattern
or
vector
has
been
stored
in
the
screen

RAM.,

The

the

contents

incremented

the

down

counter

through

five

are

down

counter

the

direction
is

not

decremented

according

zero,

steps

three

repeated.

equal

zero

pattern

(vector)

with nine bits is stored in the screen RAM. This resets
the Go flip-flop and disables the vector ROM outputs.
six

are

performed

character

Steps

one

appears

the

CRT

after

into

screen

RAM

and

the

Controller

5.2.2.7
and

through

Arbitrary

apart.

ten

locations

Vectors

vectors

Figure

Vectors

5-23.
drawn

-the

There
in

The

vector

VK100

The

Breshinham

that

allows

are

between

algorithm

the

arbitrary

ideal vector path.
vectors are drawn.

eight
the

basic

eight

series

vector

The

written

addressed

the

screen

when

calculation
requires
twelve
twelve time states are divided
repeated

until

the

time

(length

DVM

3.
4,

WOPS time
Direction

time

produces

basic

vector

basic

vectors

directions

vectors

calculations

light

vector

displaying
time
into

pixel

are

called

(Appendix

are

the

(length

time

drawn.

minor

major

arbitrary vectors.

states
(Figure
5-24).
These
four groups. The four groups
The

are:

The

CRT

A staircase effect takes place when arbitrary
This staircase effect can be seen by 1looking

are

pattern.

are

generator

system.

arbitrary vectors.

closely at

each

patterns

(CRR).

arbitrary

shown

those

for

the

access)

four

sequential

groups

lrf
VECTOR ROM ADDRESS

OuUTPUT

TWELVE TIME STATES
33

DVM

WOPS

CALCULATION

gn((:)RDEIEN

+
32

TWELVE TIME STATES
34

DIRECTION

DVM

WOPS

CALCULATION

QSRDE'E.:

=|l
32

DIRECTION

FILE REGISTER

CO (VECTOR ROM)

CALCULATION

ER+DVM—=(ER)

8eE—-S

BR+DU—ER

RDM

EFFECT X ARRAY

MAJOR & MINOR AXIS

CALCULATION

{ER +DVM +1-—+ER

RAM

EFFECT X ARRAY

MAJOR AXIS

ERROR

STROBE

ER+DU— ER

CARRY (1} H

PIXEL WRT

WRT L

V CLK

~ CLKS X & Y REGISTER

CLK MAJOR AXIS

CLKS DOWNCOUNTER
MA-8331

Figure

5-23

Arbitrary

Vector

Timing

X REGISTERJ:

| Y REGISTER

V CLK
DIRECTION ROM

+5V

D
E128

DIRECTION

ROM

I
|

CARRY-CLK MAJOR AXIS 1

) CARRY

D5 |PIXEL WRITE

D3| Y DIRECTION CONTROL

Fo—{a1

X (2
)
pif ENA ENAXI

ENA ERROR L

|
ADDER

D7p—

F2—d a3

f1— a2

MINOR AXIS

6€-S

D8|—

F3—{ A4 D4 X DIRECTION CONTROL

GO H

MAJOR AXIS

YO—{ A6

velk— ¢

CARRY-CLK BOTH

—————————————— —

UP [owN

pofENAY @)

Lp count 0

STROBE L

SYNC ROM OUTPUT

LS670

ERROR REGISTER

(8 BITS)

CLK

READ 2nd

1[DVM (MINOR AXIS)

2 |DIRECTION

BITS RB, RA

IR FILE

0[DU (MAJOR AXIS

= REGISTER

READ 3rd

3|WRITE OPTIONS (WOPS) e

ADDRESS

2% ] conTRoL

FILE REGISTER

VECTOR ROM

GENERATES 2

CLK ERROR PULSES

B!
ADDRESS BIT)
(c ARRYIS ANAN ADDRESS

022 —»
025

*1 vector

VECTOR ROM GENERATES | 022 —*
1 CLK ERROR PULSE

ROM

CLK ERROR
LD ERROR

125

MA8172

Figure 5-24 Carry Control

When

writing

DVM

the

value

the

vector,

with

Error

The

following

DVM

Time

carry in.
output of

Time

(Appendix

the

Rec

divided

length

are

The

the
B).

loaded

into

the

with

the

equals

the

following

registers:

minor

access.

For

example

use

major

access.

For

example

use

value

largest

loads

B).

(Appendix

length

by dividing

firmware

the

with

value

the

with

the

functions

error

the

For

remainder

that
is

that

value.

occur

added

firmware

example

(Appendix

each

group.

the

DVM

The

contents

the

error

are

value
B).

The error clock loads the sum into the error.
the add is strobed into the carry flip-flop.

obtains

the

added

The

plus
carry

the

register. If the carry flip-flop is reset,
the vector ROM allows
an error clock pulse which loads the result of the add into the

error register. If the carry flip-flop is set, the vector ROM does
not allow an error clock pulse to occur. The contents of the error
register remain unchanged.
WOPS Time -- The modified data bits are selected and written
the screen RAM location specified by the X and Y registers.

into

Direction
Time -- The
outputs
of
the
direction
register,
bits
F3--F@,
are
inputs
to
the
direction
ROM
(Figure
5-25).
An

arbitrary vector is drawn in direction three when the input bits
of the direction ROM equal "B" hex. The carry bit equal to a one
indicates
that
the
major
axis
register
1is
only
affected.
The
direction affected is determined by the direction ROM input bits
FPp--F2.,
major

Direction

access

three

negative

direction.

Therefore,

the

decrements.

If the carry bit equals zero, the major and minor axis registers
are
effected.
The
direction
effected
is
determined by the ROM

input

bits

the major
The

F@--F2.

Direction

sequence

terminates

and

vector

downcounter

minor

zero.

axis

three

registers

This

The direction ROM produces

when

resets

the

are

the

the Go

signal

negative

decremented.
V

clock

direction.

signal

Both

clocks

the

flip-flop.

pixel write.

The pixel

write

must be active to write data into the screen RAM. There are three
conditions that prevent a write operation from occurring.

Do not write if the direction is
even (Y@) and the last direction

5 or 7.
was 6.

The

scan

line

The

scan

line

odd

not write

not
and

in direction:

write

the

last

the

2
6

from an odd line.
from an even line.

direction

was

SCREEN RAM

ADDRESS MUX

ADDRESS

BITS(7)

I"v" REGISTER

X" REGISTEfl

CONTROL “Y"

le—— CONTROL “X"

® ENABLE Y

® DIRECTION CONTROL

® ENABLE X

V CLK

e DIRECTION CONTROL.

L-COUNT UP

H-COUNT DOWN

DIRECTION ROM

J'—' PIXEL WRITE

CARRY

CARRY CONTROL

CLK ERROR

l‘—STROBE—j

LD ERROR

VECTOR

ROM

ADDRESS

VECTOR

ROM

MA-8174

Figure

5-25

Direction

Control

5.2.3

I/0

Port

Overview

The
VK10@
interfaces
to
the
host
system
through
a
serial
data
port.
An 8251 programmable universal synchronous or asynchronous
receiver-transmitter drives the port.
This device translates
between parallel
and serial character
formats.
The 8251 adds or

removes

start

characters.,
parity bit,

The

VK100

and

stops

bits

needed.

Character
parity
may
if selected, takes the

I/0

system

can

connect

The

data

used

are

ASCII

be
enabled
or
disabled.
The
most significant bit position.

the

three

CPU

ports.

Port

block

diagram.

EIA

20 mA
Hardcopy

Figure
The

5-26

shows

communication

the

Basic

I/0O

the

I/0

section.
The baud
rate generator allows firmware control
baud rates to transfer data through the 8251A module.

interface

(8251A)

the

The I/0 port selection logic is
of the screen option register

the main

controlled by the SL1 and SL@ bits
(SOPS).
Different combinations of

SL1 and SL@ select the desired port or
The

self-test

value

diagnostic

sent

the

feature

I1I/0

control

the self-test feature.

firmware

interface.

The

controlled.

value

goes

known

through

the

8251A chip as
serial
transmit data,
to
the
I/0O port
selection
(self-test). Then the data is serially routed to the RXD input of
the 8251A chip. The chip assembles a data byte and sends the byte

parallel

value

the

form

received

the

CPU.

The

DATA
8085

compares

SERIAL

PARALLEL

CPU

the

transmitted

value.

COMMUNICATION

INTERFACE (8251-A)

SERIAL
DATA

RXD

EIA

[-.TXD

TX/RX

TXC

RXC

BAUD RATE

1/0

PORT
SELECTION

TX/RX

GENERATOR

HARD COPY

TX/RX

SLO

SL1

sops
MA-8191

Figure 5-26 Basic

I1/0 Port Block Diagram

following

performs the

5-27)

(8251A) -- This interface

Communication Interface

5.2.3.1

(Figure

three functions.

Modem Control
Data Control

Error

Reporting

Mode Instruction Register -- After an internal reset, the CPU
loads the mode instruction register. Then any control register
writes will load the data into the command instruction register.
To return the 8251A from command to mode instruction,
the internal reset bit of the command register.

The

mode

instruction

characteristics

paragraphs describe
Baud rate
Character

factor
length

Number

stop

Parity

control

defines

(Figure

8251A

the

the CPU sets

general

operating

following

The

5-28).

these characteristics.

bits

The Baud Rate Factor (X16) -- The baud rate selected is times 16
(X16)
because the TCLK and RCLK frequencies are 16 times the
selected
TCLK and

baud
RCLK

Character

Length

or 8

Number

above,

the

319,

the

Parity

rates. To obtain the
frequencies by 16.

Stop

The

character

are

zeros

rate,

divide

transmission

may

the

(Figure 5-29).

(1, 1-1/2, 2)
-- If the baud rate is 310 or
selects one stop bit.
If the baud rate is under

selects

Enable

length

The unused bits

baud

Bits

CPU

bits.

selected

two

When

stop

set

bits.

this

bit

enables

parity

generation

and

parity detection.

Parity Generation Bit -- When set this bit generates even parity
for data transmission. Even parity means the character bits plus
the parity bit have an even number of one bits. After receiving a

data character the 8251A parity check logic counts
one bits in the character plus the parity bit. An
one

bits

raises

the

parity

error

the
odd

number
number

of
of

flag.

When clear this bit generates odd parity for data transmission.
0dd parity means the character bits plus the parity bit have an
odd number of one bits. After receiving a data character,
the
8251A parity check 1logic counts the number of one bits in the
character plus the parity
the parity error flag.

bit.

odd

number

one

bits

raises

BUS
BUFFER

RESET ————»

CLK————={

READ/WRITE

C/D ————={
RD———»d
WR ————»d

CONTROL
LOGIC

DATA

D,-D,

TRANSMIT
BUFFER

—» TxD

(P-S)

> TxRDY

TRANSMIT

T<E

CONTROL

ba—— TxC

DSR—————a

MODEM

CONTROL

T8 ———=d

RECEIVE

DTRe———

BUFFER

ba—— RxD

(S-P)

RT3

RxRDY

RECEIVE
INTERNAL

DATA BUS

CONTROL

la—RxC

MA 8188

Figure

5-27

8251-A

Block

| eP

| PEN|

| L,

| B,

Diagram

MODE

INSTRUCTION FORMAT|

ASYNCHRONOUS MODE

BAUD RATE FACTOR
0

SYNC
MODE

(1X)

(16X)

(64X)

CHARACTER LENGTH
0

BITS

PARITY ENABLE

— 1=ENABLE

0=DISABLE

__ EVEN PARITY GENERATION

~ 1=EVEN

0=0DD

NUMBER OF STOP BITS

INVALID

BIT

1
1%

BITS

BITS
MA-8187

Figure

5-28

Mode

TRANSMITTER OUTPUT

TRANSMIT/RECEIVE

FORMAT

ASYNCHRONOUS MODE

TxD

START

MARKING | 1

DATA BITS

';’I"TR'TY :|TTOsP

RECEIVER INPUT

START
BIT

RxD

PARITY | sTOP
DATABITS | g7
BITS
)

3
@

TRANSMISSION FORMAT
CPU BYTE {6-8 BITS/CHAR)

DATA CHARACTER
J

ASSEMBLED SERIAL DATA OUTPUT (TxD)

START
BIT

DATA CHARACTER

PARITY | STOP
SIS

| L\

LN
<

RECEIVE FORMAT

SERIAL DATA INPUT (RxD}

START
BIT

DATA CHARACTER
3

PARITY
S}OP
BIT
BITS

CPU BYTE (5;8 BITS/CHAR)

DATA CHARACTER
>

NOTE

)

: IF CHARACTER LENGTH IS DEFINED AS 5,6, OR 7
BITS;

THE UNUSED BITS ARE SET TO “ZERO".
MA.-8178

Figure

5-29

Transmit/Receive

Asynchronous

5-45

Mode

Format

Command
Instruction
Register
instruction register defines the

(Figure
controls

the
8251A.
operation.

the

The

Transmit

following

are

5-30)
-The
command
used in the operation of

signals

that

control

this

Enable

Receive Enable
Data Terminal Ready
Request to Send
Error Reset

Internal

Reset
Break Character

Send
Enter

Hunt

Mode

Transmit

Enable

transmit

data.

Receive

Enable

-- When

Resetting

this

data.

When

the

Resetting

this

the

bit

CPU

bit

CPU

sets

prevents

this

inhibits
this

data

bit

data

bit

the

8251A

can

transmission.

the

8251A

can

receive

reception.

The Transmit Enable and Receive Enable are
system. This allows the 8251A to operate in

both set in the VK100
full duplex mode.

Data

this

Terminal

Ready

(DTR)

The

CPU

sets

send

signal

bit

for

loopback

test.

Request
modem

Send

The

request

normally

used

for

control.

Error
Reset -- When
the CPU sets
this bit all
error
flags are
reset.
Parity Error
(PE),
Overrun Error
(OE),
and Framing Error
(FE) are reset in the status register.
Internal

Reset

instruction
Send

Break

When

Mode

Character

Enter Hunt Mode -use the Hunt mode.

set

this

bit

returns

the

8251A

forces

TxD

from

Command

instruction.
—--

When

set

This

bit

this

bit

zero.

5-46

The

VK100

low.

system

does

not

D,
COMMAND INSTRUCTION
FORMAT

D¢

RTS

SBRK|

RxE

DTR

TxEN

uPD

TRANSMIT ENABLE
1=ENABLE

0=DISABLE

DATA TERMINAL

READY

“HIGH” WILL FORCE DTR
OQUTPUT TO ZERO

RECEIVE ENABLE
1=ENABLE

0=DISABLE

SEND BREAK
CHARACTER
1=FORCES TxD ""LOW"

0=NORMAL OPERATION

ERROR RESET

1=RESET ALL ERROR FLAGS
PE,OE, FE

REQUEST TO SEND

“HIGH” WILL FORCE RTS
OUTPUT TO ZERO

INTERNAL RESET
“HIGH” RETURNS 8251 TO
MODE INSTRUCTION FORMAT

ENTER HUNT MODE

1=ENABLE SEARCH FOR SYNC
CHARACTERS
MA-8180

Figure

5-3¢

Command

Instruction

Format

Status

the

active

status
(Figure

Data

device.

Transmitter

The

Ready

Communication

obtain

following

Systems

require

the

status,

the

are

the

that

the

status

the

CPU

status

reads

the
bits

(TxRDY)

Receiver Ready (RxRDY)
Transmitter Empty (TxE)

Parity

Error (PE)
Error
(OE)
Framing Error (FE)

Overrun
SYNDET
DSR

TXRDY

This

bit

signals

the

CPU

transmitter

ready

accept a data character. The CPU can use TxRDY for interrupt or
polled operations. In polled operations the CPU checks TxRDY using
a status read operation. TxRDY automatically resets when the CPU
loads a character.
RXRDY

ready
to
structure

the

This

bit

input
of the

condition

indicates

that

the

8251A

contains

to
the
CPU.
RxRDY connects
CPU or for polled operation.

RxRDY

automatically reset when

using
the

status

CPU

reads

read

to
The

character

the
CPU

interrupt
can check

operation.

RxRDY

the character.

TXE —-- When the 8251 has no characters to transmit, the TxE output
goes high. TxE automatically resets after receiving a character.

The

error

DSR

conditions

asynchronous data

The

usage of

CPU

this

transfer

uses

bit

(PE,

this

and

are

FE)

the

port.

The

there

are

two

CPU

sends

covered

section.

bit

covered

monitor

the

Hardcopy

hardcopy

section

(Paragraph

5.2.3.3).

Asynchronous Data
modes of data
1.
2.

Transfers --

the VK108

system

transfers:

Data transmissions (TxD)
Data receptions (RxD)

Asynchronous

Mode

Transmissions

character the 8251 does the following.
Adds a

start bit

Whenever

the

(low level)

Adds the required number of stop bits

Adds the correct parity bit if parity is enabled

5-48

D¢

STATUSREAD | hop | peT | FE | OE
FORMAT

PE | TTMXE | Rbv | RDY

/8D

L
SAME DEFINITIONS AS 1/0 PINS
PARITY ERROR
THE PE FLAG IS SET WHEN A PARITY

ERROR IS DETECTED.

IT IS RESET BY

THE ER BIT OF THE COMMAND
INSTRUCTION.

PE DOES NOT INHIBIT

OPERATION OF THE 8251A.

OVERRUN ERROR
THE OE FLAG IS SET WHEN THE CPU

DOES NOT READ A CHARACTER BEFORE
THE NEXT ONE BECOMES AVAILABLE.
IT IS RESET BY THE ER BIT OF THE
COMMAND INSTRUCTION.

OE DOES

NOT INHIBIT OPERATION OF THE 8251A;
HOWEVER, THE PREVIOUSLY OVERRUN
CHARACTER IS LOST:

FRAMING ERROR (ASYNC ONLY)

THE FE FLAG IS SET WHEN A VALID

STOP BIT IS NOT DETECTED AT THE
END OF EVERY CHARACTER.

IT IS RESET

BY THE ER BIT OF THE COMMAND
INSTRUCTION.

FE DOES NOT INHIBIT

THE OPERATION OF THE uPD8251 AND
uPD8251A.
NOTE:

TxRDY STATUS BIT IS NOT TOTALLY

EQUIVALENT TO THE TxRDY OUTPUT
PIN, THE RELATIONSHIP IS AS FOLLOWS:

TxRDY STATUS BIT

TxRDY (PIN 15)

BUFFER EMPTY

BUFFER EMPTY oCTS e TxEn
MA-8179

Figure

5-31

Status

5-49

The

character

TxD

output

trailing

then

(Figure

edge

transmitted

5-28).

The

serial

data

stream

shifted

out

the

TxC at a rate equal to 1/16 of the TxC as defined
by the Mode Instruction. Break characters can be continuously sent
to
TxD if
commanded
to do
so.
If no data characters are
1loaded
into
the
8251A
the
TxD output
remains
high
(marking)
unless
a

break

(continuously

low)

has

been

programmed.

Asynchronous

Mode Reception -- The RxD line is normally high. When
goes
low this triggers the beginning of the start bit.
The validity of the start bit is checked by strobing at the start
bits nominal center.
If a low is detected at the nominal center a

the

line

valid

start

counting.

The

bit

has

bit

counter

been

found.

locates

The
the

bit

counter

center

then

the

received

samples

the

receive

starts

bits,
the stop bits. The stop bits signal
the end of a received character. The character is then loaded into
the I/0 buffer of the 8251A and the logic
(RxRDY)
signals the CPU
that
data
1is
available.
The
8251A
checks
each
character
for
errors. There are three types of errors.

parity

bits

exists)

Parity
Framing

Error

Overrun

Error

Parity

Error

and

The

parity.

rising
a

Occurs

Overrun

Error

The

error

RxC

occurs,

the

parity

inputs

error

flag

set.

Error

edge

parity

Framing
bit.

the
the

and

Error

1.
2.

data
is

(if

low

level

1is

character

has

CPU, the present character
overrun flag is raised (the

replaces
previous

occurrence

errors

will

8251A.

the

any

these

detected

not

been

the

fetched

it in the.I/O buffer
character is lost).

not

stop

the

5-8

shows

the

Table

5-8

Addressing

addressing

the

8251-A

Address

Bits

Selection

)

8251A

>»

Data

]

Data

Bus

]

Status

1
X
X

1
X
1

]
X
1

)
1
@

Data

Bus

Control

Data

Bus

and

Directive

Bus

8251A

Data

Bus

State

and

operation

8251A.

Table

stop

5.2.3.2
is

Baud

controlled

Rate

Generator

The

baud

rate

for

VK1@@

system

by:

Default

set

SET-UP

mode

ReGIS

command

power

switch

(Refer

pack

(switches

Chapter

(Refer

the

S6--S8)

Chapter

4).

up,

reset,

pack

(S6--5S8)

load

This
four

value
selects the Tx clock and Rx clock frequency.
The low
bits of the byte value select the baud rate for the Rx clock

pulses

and

the

high

the

firmware

baud

four

rate

bits

clock. Both the Tx clock and
selected
baud
rate.
If
the
second the clock frequencies

uses

default

generator

select

the

with

baud

Rx clock frequencies
selected
baud
rate
are 4.8 kHz.

set-up

switch

wvalue.

byte

rate

are 16
is
300

The

baud rate generator sends the Tx clock or Rx clock
to the 8251A chip which divides the frequency by 16. The
the device baud
rate.
Figure
5-32 shows the baud rate
block diagram.

Table

5-9

shows

rates

used

for

how
the

CLK1

BD
4 10
AT

the

CPU

receive

selects one
and transmit

of the eight
frequencies.

the

times
bits

the
per

frequency

result

possible

(12)

1z
1A

(14)

BD6 5+1C

D-LATCH

BD 7 —={D

XTAL/EXT1

FREQUENCY

REPROGRAMABLE

DECODE AND

FREQUENCY SELECT

CONTROL

ROM

(17}

DIVIDER

[—TCLK

DIVIDER

—»R CLK

5
’_.

5.68MHz

(18) ] ©

oOw
»

XTALEXT2—»

D-LATCH

DECODE AND

CONTROL

(3)

FREQUENCY

PROGRAMABLE
|

generator

FREQUENCY SELECT
ROM

MA-8173

baud

Table

5-9

Baud

Rate

Selection

Transmit/Receive

Crystal

Frequency

5.0688

Theoretical

Actual

Address

Baud

Frequency

DCBA

Rate

CLOCK

Hertz

Divisor

110

1.76

g 101
2110

300

4.8

600

1056

9.6

111

9.6

1200

528

19.2

1010

264

2400
4800

38.4
76.8

132
66

111890

9600

153.6

1111

19,200

387.2

153.6
316.8

33
16

1100

5.2.3.3

Selection

Default
SET-UP

ReGIS

When

SET-UP
mode

SET-UP

I/0

switch

(Refer

commands

power

default

(Refer

reset

switch

Port

The

1.76

1I/0

ports

are

2880

selected

by:

pack
Chapter

4)
Chapter

operation

pack.

4).

The

performed,

condition

the

determines if the CPU is connected to the 20 mA or
is open, the 20 mA port is used.
If S2 is closed,

CPU

switch

reads

the

two

(S2)

EIA port. If
the EIA port

S2
is

used.

When

the

an I/0 port is selected the CPU modifies bits SL1 and SL@ of
screen option register (SOPS). The condition of these two bits

connect

this

the

CPU

the

selected

port

(5-33).

Table

5-10

also

shows

I/0
Port
-The
connect the CPU to

VK100

condition.

5.2.3.4

Transferring
Data
Through
the
system uses the following three ports to
devices,

other

20
EIA

Hardcopy

Port

includes

The

VK100

transmit

and

system

has

receiver

full-duplex

channel

5-52

(J1).

capabilities.

This

DATA BUS
]

|
I/0 INTERFA ce
|

—————

STATUS A REG.
HARD COPY
ROMS

CPU

DATA BITS

RAM

LOGIC BOARD

DATA

SOPS

ROW A-ROW F

O
coL

SHIFT

coL 15

1XC BAUD-RATE

8251A

KEYBOARD

RXC | GENERATOR

CONTROL

CAPS LOCK

PORT SELECTION

1
SL

KEYBOARD
MATRIX

c1=0

DEFAULT

SET-UP

SWITCH PACK | | =1

EIA PORT A

_SE_EETE? ]

MODEM

DATA &

20mA PORT

CONTROL

SELECTED

SIGNALS

HOST

COMPUTER

LINE

PRINTER

WRITING
TABLET

MA-8190

Figure

Table

5-33

5-18

I/0

Port

Selection

Port

Selection

SL@

Selection

MUX

Port

EIA

Hardcopy

Self-test

Level

SL1

182

Inputs

Note

Block

Diagram

Transmit

Channel

The

CPU

sends

the

data

the

8251A.

This

to
of

the
the

I/0

port

where
the
transmission
format
mode instruction register.
The

is put
together
according
data stream is shifted out

8251A

The

serially

selected

the

The

the

The

mA drive

(Figure

TxD

SOPS

line.

circuitry

data
bits

transmit

the

that

transferred

transistor.

When

the

out

photo

from

When

through

the

photo

and

Q8,

transistor

transistor
off Q8. The

the

data

current diode.
through the photo

Receiver

Channel

loop.

a mark

the

receiver

manner

(L,H)

host

selects

computer

The

diode

passes

goes

through

receives

the

cut off. This allows Q7 to
conduct.
When
Q7
and
Q8
current
(18--5¢
mA)
flows

receives

receiver

the

detects

5-35).

current

line

circuit

space

(start

This keeps a constant current
transistor out to pin 5.

is detected,

channel

(Figure

marking

photo

channel

receiver

monitors

channel

to
a binary one.
If
a space is detected,
changes the space to a binary zero.

The

the

SL@

bit),

turns on.
This action cuts off Q7, which
current that flows from pin 2 goes through

constant

goes

out

circuit

the photo
then cuts

The

through

and

transistor

mark bit, the photo cell transistor is
conduct
which
in
turn
causes
Q8
to
transistors
are
turned
on
the
source

that

goes
SL1

5-34).

data

photo

logic.

The

causes

mark

marking
the

and

state

photo

the

space

the

diode

current,

the

current

changes

the mark

receiver

the

initial

channel

following

condition.

conduct.

the

photo

When

the

transistor

turns on. The conduction of the photo transistor causes a positive
voltage drop that turns on Q6. When Q6 conducts, a mark condition
exists.
The output of Q6 is inverted.
The mark bit goes through

the

receiver

When

multiplexer

start

bit

inverted

(#).

Table

5-11

The
the

(@ to
which

space

RxD

shows

the

detected

from
(18 to 50 mA)
to
the
photo
transistor

multiplexer

input

(space)

the

8251A.

received

current

drops

2 mA).
The space condition cuts off
cuts
off
Q6.
The
output
of
Q6
1is

signal

input

the

RxD

the

goes

through

the

receiver

8251A.

transmitter

and

receives

1interface

specifications.
EIA

Port

The

the

EIA

drivers

show

the

block

data

transfer

the

receivers

are

same

selected.

diagrams.

5-54

the

Figures

port

5-36

except

and

5-37

CUT OFF FOR

AMARK

CONDUCTING

FOR A SPACE

)

—

-—r

SERIAL
DATA

| >° >

INPUT

a8
:

COMPUTER
HOST

CONSTANT

=2mA

SOURCE

‘

CURRENT

== - MARK CONDITION

DIODE

CURRENT
0-2mA = OFF =0
10 mA

18.50mA = ON = MARK = 1
* =

H: MARK

L: SPACE
MA-8175

Figure

5-34

20 mA Transmit

Loop

)
+5V

7
-

-—

SERIAL
RxD

R+

DATA

L]3

)

HOST

SPIKE

;

PROTECTION
A'A'A'

COMPUTER

R—

Figure

5-35

MA-8195

Receive

Loop

Table

5-11

Interface

Specifications

Transmitter

Min

Max

Units

voltage

5.0

Volts

Voltage

drop marking

8.0

2.0

Volts

Spacing

current

2.0

Marking

current

Min

Max

Units

2.3

Volts

Open

circuit

Receiver
Voltage

drop

marking

Spacing

current

3.0

Marking

current

CONTROL

MEMORY

ADR, CONTROL, DATA

A12-A8

12unes

A7-A0

}3LINES|

I/OM,WRT,RD—Z—*

*8 HINES

ADDRESS

CONTROL

LATCH

DATA
BUFFER

A6-AO

I/0

{704¢)

lloRD__
_!

WRT

fo WA

DECODER
DO-D7

UART

=
TxC
SAUD

RATE

csE
)

WRT.RD_|
()

COMMUNICATION

GENERATOR | RxC
_|

INTERFACE

8251A

STOP

TxD

START BIT

MARKINGl

PARITY
BIT

IDATAB'TSI

gfi’;/
I

BITS

—]

/0 PORT

SELECTOR

SL]:J

—7

EIA

ORIVER

ol 2|
|

> HOST
COMPUTOR

ISLO=L

SOPS
REGISTER

MA-8201

Figure

5-36

EIA Transmit

5-56

HERE IS DATA
FIRMWARE | CONTROL CPU

|cPU

ROM

ADR

A12-A8

12 LINES

AT-AD

RAM

CONTROLJDATA

DATA

MEMORY

BLINES

/O WRT,RD ——

ADDRESS

LATCH

A6-AO

DECODER

1= —l
ZQKERFXO%ER RxC

1/0 RD

C SEL

7O WRT

BUFFER

DATA

CONTROL

UART yafl

DO-D7

|- WRT
¥

COMMUNICATION

INTERFACE

8251A

RxD

START

PARITY

BIT

RxD|

|DATABITS|

STOP

BITS

—

RxD | 3

SELECTOR
SL1=L

HOST

SLO=L
SOPS

MA-8171

Figure

5-37

EIA

Receive

5.2.3.5

image

Hardcopy

Overview

information

The

hardcopy

hardcopy device

mode

(LA34-VA or

outputs

another

screen

future

compatible device) to obtain a permanent record on paper. Only the
information in the bit map memory is sent to the device. The video
attribute
1information
1is
1ignored.
The
four
ways
of
entering

are:

hardcopy mode
1.

Normal

Auto-Hardcopy

Screen

Dump

3.
4.

Partial-Hardcopy
Hardcopy Dump in Graphics

Mode.

Normal Screen Dump -- Once initiated the screen is frozen and the
entire image prints. Use SHIFT/PFl keys or DECHP escape sequence
(ESC #7) to enter this mode.

Auto

Hardcopy -- This

similar

the

normal

screen

is initiated automatically before the screen clears
entire display of new text lines onto the display.
Auto

Hardcopy

enabled

using

Set-Up

(AHl)

last

Partial

letter of

Hardcopy

[

the parameters
ESC

Pn;

the

sequence

This

prints

the

following

is a

lowercase

the number of

DEC

PDH escape

scrolls

escape

(ESC [ 2 24 h' ] ), and disabled by AH@ or ESC [ 2 24
hardcopy before completion, use the SHIFT/PFl keys.
* The

dump but

sequence

abort

(1548).

lines

specified

sequence

This escape sequence freezes the display and prints from the text
line specified by the first parameter to the line specified by the
second

parameter.

Hardcopy Dump
ReGIS

in Graphics Mode

-- Hardcopy can be

screen command with hardcopy option:
(H

only

defaults

Y11

one

parameter

using

Y2])

parameter

the

initiated

current

specified,

1is

specified,

graphics

the whole

cursor

screen

the

other

Y position.

is copied.

parameter

neither

Graphics Data Stream Format -- The LA34-VA graphic printer accepts
the hardcopy data from the VK100 in the following format:
CR SP SP
DCS Pn F

DCS

SP SP
. . .

SD
SD

.
.

ST
ST

PLO
PLO

Where:
CR
SP
DCS
Pn

=
=
=

Carriage Return
SPACE (ASCII 2/0)
Device Control String:

Parameter

value

for

This

for

horizontal
final

characters

ESC

horizontal

resolution

selection:

resolution

character

are

donates

encoded

the

raster

subsequent

data

printed.
SD

String

Data

String

Terminator:

returns

PLO

The

the

Partial

Line

graphic

data.

Line printer connected only to a single
5-38)
(Line printer dedicated to one terminal)

Line

5-38

connected

printer

shows

the

shared

cables

terminals

DCS.

two

with

(Figure

terminals)

both

systems.

MALE PLUG
FEMALE

UK100

CONNECTION

TERMINAL

ITxD

|3 ' 1
———tetot4

RxD

RTS

te ' 1

{OY' .\I, —

t-o+e+—1 LINE PRINTER

+otef——]

}ot-ot—o

LA3aVA

\_A_J

BC22A-XX
MA-8186

Figure

5-38

Line

Printer

Terminal

Connected

line

ways.

terminal

multi-terminals

by many

used

processing

the

moves

Figure

VK100

ESC

printer

Down:

Character

prior

line

(Line

connects

ESC\.

method

Single

(Figure

5-39)

>——— BC22A-XX OR EQUIVALENT CABLE

>————> BC22B-XX OR EQUIVALENT CABLE
)—Y—) BC22B-01 (Y-CABLE)

——————> MALE EIA CONNECTOR

———— FEMALE EIA CONNECTOR
MA-8203

Figure

5-39

Printer

Connection

Terminals

and

Multiple

Connector Names

Line Printer -- Connected
to Multi-terminals
-- The VK160
has
the ability to organize multi-terminal demands for the hardcopy

device.

When

the

other terminals in
be
served
depends
terminal,

entering

terminal

outputs

the

its relation to other terminals
order of the hardcopy requests.

general,

the

hardcopy

device,

all

the chain are locked out. The next terminal to
on:
the
position
of
the
currently printing

terminal

farthest

away

from

the

chain,

and

the

printer

has

the

higher priority and prints next. There is no limitation on the
number of VK100 terminals that can connect to the line printer as
long as the maximum distance between terminals is 58 feet. The
number of VK1@@s serviced is limited by the users response time.
When a VK100 is powered off, all upstream terminals (farthest away
from the hardcopy device) are broken off the chain. The upstream
terminals are reconnected to the printer by bypassing the Y cable
on the powered off terminal.

5.2.3.5.1
VK100 Daisy Chain Bus Control -- The daisy-chain bus
connecting
the VK1@@s
to
the
LA34-VA Graphic
Line
Printer
|is
divided into data and control lines.
Data

Lines
l.
Transmit

Receive

Control
1.

Lines
Request

Figure

Clear

5-4¢

shows

terminal

uses

the

(TxD)
(RxD)

Send

how
VK100

each

(RTS)

(CTS)

terminal

interactively

daisy-chain bus.

5-60

controls

which

x
=
=g
o

SERIALLY DATA

4{
e

CTS

TO STATUS “B” «—

{

ACTS

«—{ ACV

DCTS

RxD TO 8251A

521

TxD FROM 8251A—s{ XMIT L HARD COPY

RTS L

BCTS

o
UCTS

+12V

TO 8251A DSR INPUT @—«———————
MA-8183

Figure

The

signals

5-40

Logic

use

the

that

for

Hardcopy

hardcopy

daisy

Bus

Control

chain

are:

Upstream transmit data (UTxD)
Downstream transmit data (DTxD)
Upstream receive data (UPxD)
Downstream receive data (DRxD)
Upstream

clear

Downstream
Upstream

send

(UCTS)

clear

send

(DCTS)

request

send

(URTS)

Downstream

request

send

(DRTS)

Terminals in the daisy-chain bus use
that
allows
only one
terminal
at
a
following
BUS

NOT

paragraphs

describe

this

an interconnecting dialogue
time
to
use
the bus.
The

dialogue.

BUSY

When

the

URTS

high.

bus

UCTS

low

The

and

not

busy

logic

DRTS

high.

each

each
All

VK108

VK100

has

are

5-61

passes

enabled

inputs,

the
to

DCTS

output

transfer

low

and

signals,
data.

CPU

WANTS

CPU

that

1.
2.

USE

BUS

wants

Status
Status

The

transfer

ACTS

bit

bus

When
the

the
RTS

CPU

bit

following
1.

when

the

reflects

inverted

ACTS

the

bit=1

and

DSR

registers.

condition

DCTS

bit=1

and

ACTS

command

bit=g.

DSR
the

goes

name
from

becomes DCTS high
a one to a
zero.

and
The

equal

prevent

high

bit=@,
8251A.

it
RTS

then

clears

switches

the

2zero

the

upstream

terminal

this

signal

is inverted changing the
upstream terminals have

the

terminals

from

ACTS
ACTS

using

bus.

DRTS goes low -- in the downstream terminal this signal
name becomes URTS low and is inverted changing the DSR
bit from a zero to a one. The downstream terminals have

USING

DSR

bits

the

bus.

equal

one

NOT

prevent

the

terminals

from

control

the

bus

transfers

CPU finishes
the data
transfer
the
CPU
the UCTS and DRTS and the bus is no longer

switches

5.2.3.5.2

the

data

sets
RTS.
busy.

RTS

Hardcopy Data

the

following

Transfer

sequence

-- To

takes

transfer

data

the

SET-UP

2.
3.

The DVM register is loaded. Direction equals 2.
The direction register is loaded. Direction equals
The

5.
6.

The
The

Baud Rate Generator is loaded.
instruction format register is

For the

and

following
SYSTAT

(X0,

RAM,

bits

issuing
zero

loaded.

sequence of events refer to Figure 5-41.

screen

the

line

place.

using

BUSY

the

printer

BUS

The terminal after gaining
to the line printer (TxD).
BUS

the

UCTS

the

When

status

signals.

bits

CPU

two

bit=1). The DSR bit reflects the condition of
(DSR bit=@#). The only time a VK100 can use the

finds

reads

B (checks ACTS bit)
8251A (checks DSR bit)

low (ACTS
URTS high

data

the

in a

Y@)

(bits

Firmware

instruction

and

SYSTAT

it masks out bits

reads

When

2 and

in the CPU.

5-62

scan

bits

the

line

CPU

from

zero[

the

receives

3 and saves bit

SYSTAT
screen

issuing

-- Firmware reads 4 bits from the
(X@, Y2)
A
(bits @, 1, 2 and 3 of scan line two) by
RAM,
the

instruction

the four bits
zero

SYSTAT

it masks out bits

LSB

When

the

CPU

receives

and 3 and saves bit

position.

The
above sequence continues
until
six
reads are done
(X@, Y12). At this time six-bit position zeros are stored
in a register in the CPU.
The

firmware makes an ASCII character by adding 077 octal
to the contents of register X and sends the new value to
the 8251A transmit buffer.

The 8251A assembles the data into the correct
transfers the data to the line printer.

The

line printer

subtracts
256

When

@77

buffer.

its

buffer

from

and

stores

filled,

the

1line

XOFF
to
the
Receive
interrupts
the
CPU,
characters.
it

transmits

Starting
follows.
SCAN

six

When
XON
bit

LINE @--12
bit 767

SCAN LINE 12--26
six bit 767

and

receives and assembles the transmission,

octal

byte

format,

the
to

six

SCAN LINE 226--240
six bit 767

buffer

printer

transmits

position

the

zeros,

bit

six

able

receive

data

CPU.

bit

six

result

Data
buffer
in
the
8251A.
This
signalling
it
to
stop
sending

the

zero

the

zeros,

bit

5-63

data

transferred

six

bit

ones

six

bit

ones

zeros,

six

bit

ones

DATA

SCAN

ADD
MUX
u

SCR
RAM

12 8IT

LD SYSTAT A (6 TIMES)

BITS (X)

Yi}

1ST READ

2ND READ

BAN
4 BITS
|
LECT
SELEC

LINES

X=0,Y=0

X=0Y=4

o]l

e|el]e

w|le|le|lele

X=0Y=10

—— RESULT OF 1ST READ

X=0,Y=12

X=1Y=0

¥9-5

6 | s | a

CONSTANT

)

=Lr=
XIYyoe

® | &TH READ

[~DOES6EREADS

X-0 y-g

§=:,$=§

[DOESERE ADS

|l 31l

| secister incru

077 OCTAL

X=1Y=10
X=17Y=12

8251A TRANSMIT
BUFFER

SERIAL DATA STREAM

LINE PRINTER
BUFFER

256 BYTE
BUFFER
MA-8170

Figure 5-41 Hardcopy Data Transfer

5.2.4

Keyboard

keyboard

logic

The

keyboard

the

user's

divided

Keyboard

device

sections.

Keyboard

The

on
the
terminal
controller
keys have been pressed.

any

keys

have

been

pressed.

The

array

selector

section

The keyboard array
matrix.
There
are

consists

switch

column

CPU

terminal.

is a firmware scanned key array, mapped into memory
The CPU reads the keyboard array 16 times every 6@th

Array column
Indicators

has

the

indicators.

of
a
second
to
find
out
keyboard logic consists of:

Audible

switches are arranged like a typewriter with
keypad.
The keyboard matrix also provides

Keyboard Interface
The
keyboard
interface
1is
module and determines which

The keyboard
space
(RAM).

The

two

Matric

The keyboard
a numerical
light

input

into

its

own

selects

of
columns

the

and

column

switches

(1--15)

arranged

and

row position

read

in a column,
row
rows
(A--F).
Each

(Figure

using

5-42).

address

bits

A@--A3.

When column one is selected, a ground (low)
is present on one side
of the following switches: SET-UP, ESC, TAB, ENTER and PFl. If one
or more of the switches is pressed, the lows will be felt on the
corresponding
Figure

5-43

row

shows

bits.

Then

column

two

the

CPU

does

addressed

with

keyboard
the

read

switch

(KBRD).
pressed.

The A switch pressed means the row C output is low and when the
KBRD is active D2 goes low. All other bits are high. The code sent
to RAM memory for an A is 111119011.
The

keyboard
write
register
controls
the
audible
and
indicator
logic.
Bits 1--6 control the indicators.
Bit six output has two
destinations:

The

ON-LINE

Inverted

following

are

LGD

bit

six

LOCAL

the

indicators.

indicator

Ll
HARDCOPY

BASIC
NO

SCROLL

ON-LINE

LOCAL

Bit

six

controls

the

ON-LINE/LOCAL

5-65

signal.

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MATRIX

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coumn 2 |

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COLUMN 7

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ROW B

ROW C

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ROW D

ROW E

ROW F

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LED 8

ARE EQUALTO (2) 0010
TO SELECT COLUMN 2

(4]

LED 6

ADDRESS BITS A3, A2, A1, AO

came

R SHIFT

KBD R
MA-8182

Figure

5-43

Keyboard

Road

5-67

with

"A"TM

Switch

Pressed

Write

emitted

from

bits

the

and

1loudspeaker:

control
the

the

two

audible

sounds

keyclick

and

beeper

(Figure

5-44).
A

one-shot

output
The

multivibrator

is high

beeper

for

signal

1.5 ms
is

high

5.2.5

Power

Supply

delivers

three

regulated

determines

the

keyclick

and

low for

30.2 ms.

for

17.2

and

low

for

signal.

16.5

the

ms.

The VK10@
is driven by a
free running,
flyback mode,
off-line
switching power supply. It accepts either 115 or 238 Vac input and
dc

outputs:

VvV,

+12

-5

LED CONTROL

8]7]els]a]a]2]1]o
0

BDO —»

BD1—»

BD2

BD4 —sl

BD5 —»

01010100

HARD COPY

NO-SCROLL (=
ON LINE

FO*%V

@___

P L ocaL
0

0 BD6—»
1

| fe-1.5mS

—-Do—{KEY CLICKER}

BD7 —»

{"BLEEPER

30.2mS

16.5mS

]

_}=

JL
AS

«47.2mSP—

KBDW

(ADR=68)

Figure

5-44

MA-8299

LED

(Indicator)

Bleeper

Block

Keyclicks and

Diagram

The

power

supply has

the

following

protection.

Overcurrent Protection -- No
result from a short circuit
output
of the

terminals. Normal
short circuit.

Overvoltage
to

protect

protection
the

load

to the power supply
duration across the

operation

from

damage
of any

resumes

crowbar

damage.

upon

removal

provided

circuit

The

if
between 13.86 V and 15.0
supply
results
from

the +12 V output voltage range is
Vdc.
No
damage
to
the
power

crowbar

activates

activation of the crowbar
for any duration
and
ambient temperature within specification limits.
Tolerance

Output

Current

Voltage
Figure

5-45

Band

+12

11.4

-12

-11.4

+12

0.2

B.9A

-12

6.2

08.075A

adjustments

shows

the

power

12.6

any

-12.6

none.
supply

schematic.

The

explanation

(Tl,

Cl,

follows.

The

mains

C3)

rectified

are

capacitive

limited
and

applied

linear

and

filter

is
delivered
capacitive input

IC3

from

C6,

compares

filter,

C8,

and

308

Current

are
Q2,

suppressed by VD1
this
voltage
is

windings

smoothing

through

filters

the

rectifiers,

frequency

output

voltage

varies
level

with

line

and
of

load.

base

sufficient

SCRI

also
R12

turned

causing

used

overvoltage.

outputs.

the

can

surge

1is
done
by
Rl.
Thereafter
this
task
is
feedback winding
on
T2
driving
through
R4
and
initiates turn-on during the ring down following

operating
the

secondary

and

across

and

across

C9.

voltage created by L4 and R15 combination
Q3, T3 terminates Q2's drive..
Q2

C2,

Vdc

by the
winding
The

C7,

EMI

approximately

transient voltages
power
transistor

the

filters

turn-on

flyback.

deliver

the primary of T2, charging its inductance with a
ramp. When Q2 is turned off, the energy stored in

performed
Cl@. This

through

Rl and R2 and
By
turning
on

across
current

Initial

BDl1

input

VD2.

brought

off

when

turn

crowbar

sufficient

voltage

Q3.

When

turn

the

developed

on.

designed

protect

against

output

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Figure 5-45 Power Supply Schematic

CHAPTER
TESTING

AND TROUBLESHOOTING

6.1
INTRODUCTION
The VK1@# terminal contains a complete set of hardware self-test
programs
that
check
all
of
the
major
terminal
functions.
The
self-test
is.

indicates

Self-test

mode

tests

has

problem

exists

two

tests
the

condition

turned

on.

Diagnostic

power

outputs.

Diagnostic

self-test

check

automatically

terminal

The

that

tests

functions

power-up

require

the

and
of

are

where

the

diagnostic.

the

terminal

tests

optional

VK108

and

check

test

problem

Power-up

every

the

time

terminal

connectors.

invoked

one

three

ways:

Automatic

Tests

Escape

Sequences

SET-UP

Mode

(PUPTST)
(CSITST)

(SETST)

6.1.1
Automatic Tests
(PUPTST)
-- The user has no control of
the
automatic
confidence
tests
invoked
when
the
terminal
1is
powered on.
The
same tests may be
invoked
by doing
a
terminal
reset
(using SHIFT "-" key). These tests may also be called as a
group through the various methods listed below.
6.1.2

Escape

Sequences

(CSITST)

Test

escape sequence: ESC [3;Pn;Pn;...y]
be performed as follows:

All power-up tests
External communication

Any
are

set of
always

-- All
where

tests
Pn

are

invoked

selects

the

test

Selected

Hardcopy communication
Display pattern test
Color bar test
Repeat selected
these tests
executed in

tests

test
test

until

failure

may be selected in
numerical order.

any

order;

however,

they

The test select data is stored in a single byte (TSTSEL), with one
bit
for
each
test/option
selected.
While
the
CPU,
ROM and
RAM
tests are running,
these select bits are stored in register E,
preserving

6.1.3

this

SET-UP

Mode

(SETST)

When

the

terminal

SET-UP

mode,
setting
the
ST mode
to
any number
has exactly
the
same
effect
as
specifying
the
same
parameter
in
the
above
escape
sequence.
The selected tests are executed when ST@
is set.
Thus
typing
ST190
selects
all
the
power-up
tests
and
repeats
these
tests
until
failure.
Every
time
the
ST
parameter
set
routine

(STPPST)

6.1.4

Error

Reporting

reported

l.
2.

called,

one

two

accumulates

the

Errors

test

select

occurring

data

during

(TSTSEL).

any

test

are

ways:

Fatal errors
Non-fatal errors

6.1.4.1
Fatal Errors
(TSTERROR)
-- A fatal error
(which causes
the
terminal
to
be
useless)
displays
an
error
code
1in
the
indicators with the LOCAL indicator, alternating with a possible
data item with the Line
indicator,
each for about 1/2 second.
Table

6-1

shows

the

possible

Table

6-1

Possible

Error

Codes

Basic

Copy

)

CPU Register

)

ROM Error

Data=Bits 14,13,12 of

RAM Error

Data=Bit Number of RAM

Video Bit Map Error

Data=Bit Number of

Vector Generator

Error

error

codes.

Codes
Data

Hard

Error

Data=1111

ROM Address

CRT Controller
Register

Error

Screen

RAM

Data=1111

Error

Data=1111

Error

6.1.4.2
the
the

The

Non-Fatal

Errors

which

some

ERR

Keyboard

error

ERR

Internal

communication

test

error

ERR

External

communication

test

error

ERR

Hardcopy

test

portion

center

two-byte

mnemonic

for

the

error

stored

completion of terminal initialization is
of the screen. The terminal always comes
any

allow

terminal to be useful display an error code in the
screen. The following are the possible error codes.

non-fatal

errors

6.2

POWER-UP

Power-up

self-tests

are

detected

(only

(TSTERM)

displayed
up in the

LOCAL

and

upon

in the center
local mode if

indicator

lit).

SELF-TEST
check

the

following

terminal

circuits.

Microprocessor

Visual

and

audible

indicators

Read only memory (ROM)
Random access memory (RAM)
CRT

controller

CRT

timing

Vector timing
Video bit map
Vector

generator
Keyboard

Communications
The

The

power-up

(internal)

self-test

can

Turn

Reset

the

terminal

keypad

PF4

keys

Select

the

set-up

Receive

command

power-up

running,

the

terminal

self-test

the

monitor

power

from

takes

appears
ON-LINE

in
the
upper
1left
indicator is turned

normal.

either

the

about

displays
Once

the

feature

host
15

the

ways.

position.

shift

and

auxiliary

mode.
(ST1l).

computer.

seconds.

patterns

test
of
the

different

the

SET-UP

various

corner
on.
If

keyboard

four

pressing

self-test

This

shows

switch

together

sense.

started

While

the

that

complete

test

not

the

make

cursor

the
monitor
and
only
the
self-test finds an error,

monitor.

6.2.1
8085 CPU Test (CPUTST)
The microprocessor test checks

the

following

two

patterns

two

The

and

patterns

writing

the

registers.

210106101
101010610

test

as
>

follows:
A

>»

The
pattern
is
loaded
in
the
accumulator
(A
register)
shifted to the B register ... shifted to the SP.

which

Firmware

SP.

clears

registers

The

end

and

with

then
the

does

210101061

010¢10101

compares

the

The

error

The

data

After

the

code
code

first

tested

=
=

add

with

the

The

contents
If

the

either

and

test

finds

with

difference,

@000
1111

pattern

the

double

following.

the contents of the A register.
an error code is generated.

and

firmware

C,
The

are:

PATTERN

registers:

same

checked,

the

second

pattern

loaded

manner.

6.2.2
Visual and Audible Indicators
The
firmware
when
testing
the
indicators
and
bleeper
circuits
loads the accumulator with a value
(0101914).
This turns on the
ON-LINE, NO SCROLL, HARDCOPY and L2 indicators and the bleeper for
approximately
6.2.3

The
the

ROM

1/4

second

Test

(ROM

(Figure

5-4).

TST)

ROM test verifies the addressability,
order and data of all
ROMs present in the VK1@4@. Only the CPU (8685A) and the ROMs

are used
in this test.
There are four ROMs
there is an error, the indicators blink.

that

are

tested.

with code
with data

equal
equal

to
to

copy

6-4

Hard

Basic

ROM failure
address of ROM

in error

start

the

ROM

Each

test

ROM

the

has

following

check

and

function

Set

initial

Rotate

Exclusive-0OR current

value

current

value
indicates

6.2.4
Program
The program RAM

steps.

byte

the

ROM

high

stored

byte

check value

somewhere

address.

ROM

left

one

value

with

this

ROM

1is

1is
zero,
an error.

each

address

ROM

bit.
ROM byte.

correct.

Any

other

wvalue

_
bit can be written with
and zeros and that every address is correct. This test uses
the 8885 CPU and the RAMs. The following patterns are written
the RAMs.

ones
only
into

RAM Test (RAM TST)
checks to see if every

11111111

210101061
10101010
00000000

The

ROM

start

firmware

writes

the

all

the

RAM

test

perform

Read

the

first

byte

the

pattern

ones

pattern

the

following

into

the

steps

RAM

for

memory.
each

RAM

old

pattern

(all

error

occurs.

byte.
1.

ones).

error

byte
3.

location

the

error

bit

and

found,

and

compare

write

continue

indicators

number

RAM

with

different,
new

this

blink

bits

pattern

sequence

with

simple

(including
CPU,

bit

ROM,

map
1.

vector
the

attribute

Program

RAM
Set

pattern

test

RAM

pattern

written

memory)

and

perform

is
the

the

01010101

Set

vertical

position

(,),

for

then

the

first

done.

0010,

read/write

throughout
read

the

back.

generator.

following

blue.
2.

and

vector

code

into

until

the

data

error.

6.2.5
Video Bit Map RAM Test (VBMTST)
This test checks the entire video bit map
l.

the
an

entire
The

start

and

memory

test

uses

the

video

green

algorithm:
blink

zero.

off,

color

256

Set

Write

six

times:

horizontal
128

dot

position
vector

=zero.

horizontal

the

right.

Repeat

color

times.

Cc.

Increment

vertical

For

pattern

the

following.

Set

position

10101016(,),

blink

on,

red;

pattern = flflflflfiflflfl(z), bl?nk = off, color = dark; perform
vertical

256

Set

position

zero.

times:
horizontal
64

position

Do 3
Read

times
4 horizontal

Advance

horizontal

Compare

bits

zero.

just

Read 4 attribute bits
at current position.

4.,

Compare

bits

pattern

different

Decrement

Write

just

horizontal

dot

vertical

current

position

pattern

Increment

times:

written. If
indicated.

vector

read
is

read

with

last

different,

(blink,

position

green,

with

last

pattern
error

red,

indicated.

position

12.

position

the
by

blue)

pattern.

error

right.

If error indicators blink with code = @011, then the data = the
bit number of data in error (bits @#--11 are bit map bits, 13--16
are

attribute

bits).

Vector Generator Test (VGNTST)
6.2.6
The vector generator test writes a series

vectors

from a

single

point and comparises a small portion of the resultant bit map with
an expected result. This test uses the 8085, ROM, Program RAM, and

video

bit map RAM.

6-6

the

start

vector

generator

Clear

video

Write

the

bit

following

Read

compare

and

the

following

steps:

sequence

vectors

(Figure

6-1)

(-1,0)

(9,7),(7,7)

(0,0)

perform

map

starting

test

the

with

00100000

the

dot

sample

following

from

(0,9),(7,0)

pattern:

(7,0)

00100000
00100001

10100000
00100000
021000080
00100000
(60,7)

000100006

pattern

(7,7)

not

error

following

identical

occurs

the

error

occurs.

1indicators

will

blink

patterns.

Code=0101
Data=1111

Vector

Seauence

Generator

Vector

Test

(to

write

seauence

vector)

(8)

DU
76543210

DUM
76543210

DIR
76543210

PMUL

61000

11111010

00001111

01001

11111011

co0111

11111100

Figure

6-1

Vector

PAT

WOPS

1111

10011100

01111000

00001101

1110

10101000

01111001

00001010

1101

11100000

01111010

Generator

Sequence

the

6.2.7

CRT

This

test

Controller

makes

sure

Test

that

(CRTST)

the

CRT

controller

and written. Only one register of the CRT
register,
is
read/write.
This
test
uses
patterns

are

used

this

0101@161(2),

read

lfll@lfllfi(z)

Write the cursor low
it with the pattern.

Read

can

test.

the

registers

controller,
the cursor
the
CPU
and
ROM.
Two

(register

15)

and

the cursor low register and compare with
pattern is different or an error occurs.

If
an
error
occurs
following patterns.

the

indicators

compare

pattern.

blink

the

will

Code=0101

Data=1111

6.2.8

CRT Timing

Firmware

routine

checks

controller.
If V SYNC
error is generated.

for

the

not

Code

0100100

(Local

Data

1¢@¢1111

(On-Line,

and

SYNC

received

DIAGNOSTIC

purposes
terminal

and for error
isolation
contains five diagnostic

Hardcopy,

TESTS

These tests are not normally executed by
initiated via setup or escape sequences.

External

communications

test

Hardcopy

communications

test

following

6.3.1

ms,

from

the

CRT

timing

L1,

L2)

the terminal. They can be
They exist for diagnostic

in repair
tests.

operations.

The

VK1@#@

test

Color bar test
Screen alignment

The

Hardcopy)

Basic,

6.3

Display

signal

within

pattern

paragraphs

External

describe

Each

test.

Communications Test

This test is an extension of the internal communications test in
the power-up test.
In
the
external
communications
test
the
transmit and receive lines are connected through a special
loopback
connector.
A
predefined
set
of
characters
are
then
transmitted.

The

terminal

receives

indicated.

This

them to the characters transmitted.

error

1is

communications

This

test

the

characters

test

1is

performed

speeds.

requires

an optional

and

compares

If the characters do not match

loopback connector.

for

all

following

test perform the

the

external

communications

Turn

terminal

power

Disconnect the communications cable from

start

steps:

off.

rear

the

terminal.

communications output connector. Loopback connector part
number 12-13336-¢0 is for EIA communications; part number
70-13503-00 is for 20 mA current loop communications.

Turn

terminal

Place

the

Verify

Set

Exit

the

terminal

the

connector

loopback

optional

the

Install

error

monitor.

power

terminal
SET-UP

SET-UP mode.

feature

self-test

SET-UP

on.

(CI@=EIA;

CIl=20

SET-UP feature

for

mode

SET-UP

the

mA).

selection

pressing

the

test

cursor

key.

(ST2).

This

starts

test.

found

Paragraph

6.4

lists

the

displayed

error

displayed

codes

and

the

their

meanings.
6.3.2

Hardcopy

Communications

Test

This test is similar to the external communications test described
above.
In
the
hardcopy
communications
test,
the
transmit
and
receive
hardcopy output
lines
are
connected
through
an EIA
loopback connector.
A predefined
set
of
characters
is
then
transmitted.
The
terminal
receives
the
characters
and
compares
them to the characters transmitted. If the characters do not match
an error is indicated.
This

test

start

requires

optional

loopback

the

hardcopy

communications

Turn

terminal

power

Disconnect

connector.

test

perform

the

following

steps:

the

off.

hardcopy

printer

cable

from

the

rear

terminal.

Install the optional 1loopback connector on the terminal
hardcopy connector. The loopback connector is part number
12-13336-00.

Turn

Place

terminal

the

power

terminal

on.

SET-UP mode.

6-9

Set

Exit
the

error

the

self-test

SET-UP

set-up

mode

feature

for

pressing

the

test

the

cursor

lists

the

displayed

selection

SET-UP

key.

(ST3).

This

starts

test.

found

monitor.
Paragraph
meanings.

6.4

displayed

error

codes

and

the

their

6.3.3
Display Test
This
test
displays
a
full
screen
of
blue,
red,
green,
white,
black,
and
a
crosshatch
pattern.
Each display screen
lasts
for
approximately one-half second and the crosshatch pattern remains
on the screen at the end of the test. On a black and white monitor
the

test

start

displays
the

full

display

Place

Set

Exit
the

the

screens

test

perform

terminal

self-test

SET-UP mode

increasing
the

following

SET-UP

set-up

intensity.
steps.

mode.

feature

pressing

for

the

selection

SET-UP

key.

(ST4).

This

starts

test.

An error in this test occurs if one of the display
shown. If this happens the monitor attached to the
may have failed. Proceed with the color bar test.
To clear the monitor screen reset
SHIFT and PF4/RESET keys together.

the

terminal

screens is not
VK10@ terminal

pressing

the

6.3.4
Color Bar Test
This test displays a color bar/grey scale pattern on the monitor.
The color bar/grey scale pattern consists of eight equally spaced

vertical
order

bars.

from

right:

left

color

Black

Green

Blue

Red

Cyan
Yellow

Magenta

White

monochrome

(black

monitor

and

the

white)

bars

are

monitor

the

following

bars

show

different shades of grey. The bars start as black on the left and
increase in intensity to a white bar on the right of the display.
To

start

the

color

Place

Set

Exit
the

the

bar

test

terminal

self-test

SET-UP mode
test.

perform
in

following

steps:

SET-UP mode.

set-up
by

the

feature

pressing

the

for

selection

SET-UP

key.

(ST5).

This

starts

error

not

this

displayed

error condition
the video cable
has

failed.

test

occurs

portion

the

color

the

bar/grey

pattern

scale

missing.

pattern

Either

indicates that the attached monitor has failed,
is not connected properly, or the VK1@@ terminal
you

suspect

that

the

terminal

has

failed,

connect

it to a different monitor and perform both the display and color
bar/grey scale tests. If the same symptoms are present the second
time the terminal has probably failed.
To

clear
the
monitor
screen
reset
SHIFT and PF4/RESET keys together.

the

6.3.5
Screen Alignment Pattern
This
test
fills
the
screen
with
a
crosshatch pattern adjusts the display
VK100 terminal.
To

place

perform

the

screen

following

crosshatch
monitor

pattern

pressing

the

pattern.

The

connected

the

monitor

the

screen

steps:

Place

Set

Exit SET-UP mode by pressing the SET-UP key. This starts
the
display
test.
At
the
end
of
the
display
test
the
screen alignment pattern remains on the screen.

clear

SHIFT
6.4

the

and

the

alignment

terminal

self-test

monitor

PF4/RESET

set-up

screen

keys

SET-UP

mode.

feature

reset

the

for

selection

terminal

(ST4).

pressing

the

together.

ERROR CODES

There

are

errors

cause

two