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Document:	04 1973AsmRef link-10
Order Number:	XX-68BD8-BC
Revision:	0
Pages:	220
Original Filename:	04_1973AsmRef_link-10.pdf

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~643-

DEC-10-ULKMA=-A-D

DECsystem=-10

LINK=10

PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE MANUAL

This document reflects

the software as

of Version 1.

-644-

LINK~10

1st Printing May 1973

The material in this document is for
informational purposes and is subject to
change without notice.

software
the
Actual distribution of
in tliis specification will be
described
to be
subject to terms and conditions
announced at some future date by Digital
Equipment Corporation.

DEC assumes no

responsibility

for

the

reliability of its software on
use or
equipment which is not supplied by DEC.

The software described in this manual is
furnished to purchaser under a license
and
for use on a single computer system

can

copied (with inclusion of DEC's

LINK-10

~b645LINK=10

TABLE

HE e
® [ ] [ J [] [ ] [ [ ] [ ] *
VU
RWN
R

Chapter

INTRODUCTION

e
.

N =

Input

Chapter

CONTENTS

LINK-10

LINK-1l0

651
651
652
653
654
655
656
656
657

Relocatable Code
Symbols and Libraries
Output From LINK=10
Overlay Facility

Miscellaneous Features
Initialization of LINK=10
Using LINK-=10 Automatically
Using LINK-10 Directly

AUTOMATIC

USE

General

Command

COMPIL

Switches

Specifying
SAVE

and

LINK-10

Format

Disk Areas

SSAVE

Other Than SYS

System Commands

COMPIL Examples
Summary

o
o
o
o
o

Chapter

USING

LINK-10

Command

Strings

Changing Defaults
AW

o
&
0
s
@
&
¢
&
O
e

BWWWwWwWwwwNn

WLOWWWWwwwwww

Chapter

LINK-10 Switch Algorithms

Device Switches
File Dependent Switches

Output Switches
Immediate Action Switces
Delayed Action Switches

Switches
LINK-~10

661
662
667
668
669
673

that Create Implicit File Specifications

Switches

LINK-194

676
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
684
685

SWITCHES

/BACKSPACE

691
692

/COMMON
/CONTENTS
/CORE
/COUNTER
/CPU
/DEBUG
/DEFAULT

697
698
700
701
703
705
707

/DEFINE

/ENTRY

iii

LINK-10

-646-

LINK-10

/ERRORLEVEL
/ESTIMATE
/EXCLUDE

/EXECUTE

/FOROTS
/FORSE
/FRECOR
/GO

/HASHSIZE
/INCLUDE
/LOCALS

/1LOG

/LOGLEVEL
/MAP
/MAXCOR
/MPSORT
/MTAPE -

/NOINITIAL
/NOLOCAL
/NOSEARCH

/NOSTART

/NOSYMBOL
/NOSYSLIB
/0TS

/PATCHSIZE
/REQUIRE

/REWIND
/RUNCOR
/RUNAME
/SAVE
/SEARCH
/SEGMENT
/SET

/SEVERITY

/SKIP
/SSAVE
/START

/SYMBOL

/SYMSEG
/SYSLIB"
/SYSORT
/TEST

/UNDEFINED
/UNLOAD
/VALUE

/VERBOSITY
/XPN
/ZERO

774

-647-

LINK-10

LINK=10

Chapter

LINK-10 MESSAGES

775

Chapter

LINK-10 EXAMPLES

803

S dde

LW N

Appendix A

Link Item Types 0-37 .
|
Link Item Type 400 FORTRAN
Link Item Type 401 FORTRAN
Link Item Types 1000~1777

Appendix B

GLOSSARY

LINK ITEM TYPES

LOADER AND LINK-10 DIFFERENCES

816
828
829
829

843

849

-649-

LINK-10

FOREWORD

Thié manual is the reference document

the

Linking‘

aimed

programmer

and

Loadef,

intermediaté-ievel

LINK-10.

applications

DECsystem-10

the

contains

cémplete aocumentation on LINK-10, including descriptions of
the

LINK

Item

Types

generated

the

DECsystem-10

Translators.

Chapter 1 is an introduction to LINK-10 and describes the
two

methodé

discusses

fhe

of initializing the Linking—Lbader.

automatic use .of

COMPIL-class - commands,

and

LINK~=10

Chaptet 2

through

the

Chapter 3 diScuéses the direct

use of LINK-10 through the R LINK system comniand.

LINK=-10

sWitcfies are described in alphabetical order in Chapter 4.
LINK~-10 messages and examples appear in Chapters

respectively.
supplementary

The

Appendices

and

Giossary

and

contain

information.

A beginning user of LINK-10 can benefit from this manual

reading

_6,

Chapters 1 and 2, whereas an advanced user would be

more intérested in Chapters 3 and 4.
eniploying the LOADER program will

A user

has

been

find Appendix B a valuable

aid in the transition to the LINK—lO program.

vii

who

-651-

LINK-10

LINK~10
Input

LINK-1g

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION TO

LINK-lO, the

pfogram

DECsystem-10

that merges

Linking

this

input

Loader,

the

system

independently—translated modules

program into a sindle'module,

iink

LINK=-10

Its main function

utility

a user's

prepare

and

with other modules reéuired by the user into a form

that can be executed by the operatind system.,
l.1

INPUT TO LINK-10

LINK-lO accepts’as its primary input the output from the
translators

order

to produce an executable version of the user's

program.

This output, known as object modules,

binary

files

which

cohtain

the

user's

information generated by the transiators.

is in

the

form

programs

and

additional

for generating

l.1.1

auxilary output

This additional information

is necessary for linking separately-translated modules,
and

DECsystem~10

such as map,

log,

for debugging,

and

save

files.

the

module's

Relocatable Code

Most object modules contain relecatable
position

code

in core can be determined by LINK-10.

that

Relocatable code is a

benefit to both the user and the system. ‘The user benefits because he
is

able

to code al; of his modules without regard to where

be located in core.

He need not be concerned with the iocation

one module ends and another one begins.,

When moving

the

relocatable

1-1

where

The system benefits because a

module wriffien in relocatable code can be placed anywhere
memory.

they will

object

modules

into

the

in core
areas

-652-

LINK-10
LINK-10

Input to LINK-1¢

core mernory at which
relocatable

addresses

they

will

executed,

adjusts

LINK-10

all

the modules into actual machine locations.

In reality, LINK-10 places the modules in a user virtual address space

to the Glossary) and the operating system, as it schedules the

(refer

usage of the system, transfers thé modules to and from core memorye.

However, for simplicity, the user virtual address space is referred to
as core memory in the remainder of the manual.
1.1.2

Symbols and Libraries

In addition to relocating

LINK-10

also

and

responsible

modules required for execution.
through the use of symbols.

for

the

linking

wuser's

object modules,

these modules with other
are

Linkages among modules

provided

By including symbols in his programs, the

user is delaying the assignment of

actual

values

until

time.

load

This.method of assigning values is advantageous because:
.

It allows the user to change only the definition

the

symbol instead of changing every occurrence of the value,

and

Only the module containing the definition of

must be retranslated when a change occurs.
l to it at
are bound
modules using the symbo
they do not have to be retranslated.

Although a user can define and use a symbol entirely within
module,

usually

other modules.
program

for

Since other
load time,

single

refers to additional symbols that are defined in

It is these modules that must be linked to the
execution.

most

wuser's

cases, these required modules are

contained in a library of relocatable binary programs.
a

the symbdl

Modules within

library can either be created and translated previously by the user

-653-

LINK-10

LINK-10
Output

from LINK-1¢

or be part of the system's repertoire of programs.
higher-level
commonly-used

routines.

For instance, most

languages have associated with them a library
containing
mathematical,

The

user

input/output,

refers

to modules

and

in the

data

library via

his program and these symbols are then linked
to the

the

1library

modules

themselves.

conversion

symbols

proper

1location

1linking these symbols and

loading the required modules, LINK-10 provides

communication

between

independently-translated modules and
library routines.

Ih order

satisfy

any

undefined

symbols,

the

required

system

libraries are usually searched after'all loading
specified by the user

has-been performed.
searched

the

particular

appropriate

Chapter

However, the uSer can indicate that libraries

switch

4).

When

point

LINK-10

the

loading procedure

(refer

processes

/SEARCH

the

and

switch,

specifying

/SYSLIB

the

does

the

has

the option of

not want)

loaded

specifying by name which modules

from a

library or of

inhibifiing

indicated

libraries are séarched and the required modules are loaded.
also

The

user

he wants

(or

the

library altogether.

1.2 OUTPUT FROM LINK-10
When LINK-10 has
modules

performed

core,

the

bringing

tasks

and

linking

the

any other modules

for execution, and adjusting all the addresses, there
is
executable

version

the

output

primary

reflects

the

state

the

user's

LINK-10.
of

program.

Since

the user's

the

wuser's

This

loaded

core memory,

executable

object
required

core

version

program at this
it

point

usually referred

~654-

LINK-10
LINK-10
Overlay Facility

to as his core image.

Having arrived at

this

state,

the

can

user

request LINK-10 to either:

immediate
for
Transfer control to the core image
execution (using the EXECUTE or START system commands, or

the /DEBUG, /EXECUTE, or /TEST switches in LINK-10), or

Output the core image to a device for storage (using the
SAVE or SSAVE system commands, or the /SAVE or /SSAVE
switches in LINK-10) in order to avoid the loading

procedure in the future.

If the complete, loaded program is saved on a
the GET and RUN system commands).

since

repeated

the

contained in the core image.
the

image

core

it can be brought into core and executed at a later time (using

form,
to

device

modules

that

made

wup

The loading process does

results

of all of LINK-10's actions are

However, if the user
his

core

have

not

wishes

revise

image, he must once again use

LINK-10.

While the primary output of LINK-10 is the executable version

user's

program,

the

the user can request auxilary output from LINK-10 in

the form of map, log, save, symbol, and expanded core image files (XPN
This additional output is not automatically generated by
files).
LINK-10 and the user must include the appropriate switches
this

output

(refer

obtain

to Chapter 4 for a description of the switches).

This output is for the user's convenience when debugging his program.
1.3

OVERLAY FACILITY

LINK-10 will have an overlay facility to be used when the
required

program

total

core

is more than the core available to the user.

The user then organizes his program so that only

some

parts

the

LINK-10

_655LINK-10

Miscellaneous Features

program are required ih core at any one time and the remaining parts
are transferred in and out of core.

During execution,

these

t;ansferred parts are brought into core as required. The part brought
Because these
into core overlays the part currently in that area.

pérts

the program reside

in the same area of core at different

times, the amount of core required for the entire program is reduced.
1.4

MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES

LINK~10 has a large number of options in order that the user can gain
precise control over the loading process. The user can set various

lpadihg parameters and can control the loading of symbols and modules.
By -éetting sWitches jin his input command strings to LINK-10, he can

speéify the core size of LINK-10 modules, the start address of
modfileé, the siée of the symbol table, the messages that he will see
on his terminal or in
verbosity

log

his

the messages.

file,

and

the

severity

level

and

He can control the loading of modules by

épecifying the modules that should be loaded and the files that should

for symbol definitions. He has control over the number of
be searched

Segments to be allowed and tfie éegment into which the symbol table

will be placed.

The user has control over file specifications that LINK-10 examines to
He can accept the LINK-10
determine device names and filenames.

defaults for components in a file specification or he can set his own
defaults WHich will be uséd automatically when he omits a component
ffdm his command string;
and

assign

DECtapes.

protections

He can also position devices, allocate space
to

output

files,

and clear directories of

LINK-10

_656-

LINK-10

Initialization of LINK-1g /

Some

options

producing

available

core

symbols defined
ask

for

the

image,

user

LINK-10

in other modules

list of

undefined

has

opportunity

then

1.5

INITIALIZATION OF LINK-10

LINK=10

initialized

the

1.5.1

through

the

user

all

without

the

process

requests

for

interactively
procedure.

The

reloading.

two ways:

use

the

This

the most

LOAD,

EXECUTE,

common

usage

Using LINK-10 Automatically

system

commands

automatically
LOAD,

COMPIL~-class

commands

the

actions
accept

construct

including

the
and

the

LINK-10.

EXECUTE,

because

new

translators
to

the

does
LINK~10

not

they

typed

command

user

issues

one

the

DEBUG.

These

commands

are

known

use

COMPIL program

since

the

and

strings

command

interactively

processes

the

and LINK-10.

user

Once

the

translators

string

pass

to LINK-10.

wuser

initiated when

DECsystem-10

command

convenience

strings
the

one

satisfy

the

them

Directly through the use of the R
LINK
system
command.
This is recommended for very large and relativ
ely complex
loading procedures.

commands.

system

allows

define

user

during

DEBUG

LINK-10

and

Automatically
LINK-10.

interactive.

attempts

symbols

user

the

are

user,
to

This

saves

LINK-10.

system

job

it,

from

typing

to COMPIL

command

the

and

command

processed,

translators

strings

programs,

action taken by COMPIL

communicate with

appropriate

COMPIL's

interpret

various

him

string

control

passed

or
to

-657-

LINK-10

LINK-10
Initialization of LINK-10

by COMPIL and supplies intelligent defaults for ahy paramet
ers not

specified by the user.

terminates

the

if_LINK—lO

obtéihs

error

condition,

loedz and returns control to the oberating system for

further instructions.

OtherWise, it ieads the program and,

cbmmand,useé; either exits or sterts the loaded

the

COMPIL~-class

program.

Refer to Chapter 2 for

the

descriptiOns

and

depending

use

the

In general, the extremely fine control of the loading
process that

COMPIL-class commands .,

provided

manually running LINK-10

user because

1.5.2

the

COMPIL

supplies

for

reasonable

the average

defaults

Using LINK-10 Directiy

Direct use of LINK-10

complex

program

is not required

programs,

is useful for those who are developing large
and

loadiné from devices other than disk, manipulating

symbol tables for cdmplex debugging situations, and perform
ing segment
manipulations.

The user runs LINK=-10 directly by using the
LINK-10

responds

with

asterisk which

system

command

indicates

that

1loading

process.

the exit condition;

LINK=-10

accepts

at which point

input until

it finishes

the user

all of

LINK.

the user

type his input as a seriee of specifications which are
to be
the

its

wused

can

specifies

tasks

and

its

full

eXits or begins the program, as specified by the
user.
This method of running LINK-10 gives
capability.

The

user

does

not

the
have

user
to

access

accept LINK-10's default

LINK-10

-658-

LINK-10

Initialization of LINK-1§

conditions,

but

can

supply

his

own

set

defaults.

can

interactively monitor the loading process by setting internal
parameters, requesting values of particular items, specifying modules
and files to be 1loaded, and controlling the format and contents of
output files. Refer to Chapter 3 for the description of the LINK=-10
command string, and Chapter 4 for the switches used when directly
running LINK-10.

LINK-10

~659LINK=-10

Automatic Use of LINK-1¢

CHAPTER 2
AUTOMATIC USE OF LINK-10

The user causes tINK-lO to be rufi automaticaily whenever he types the
LOAD,

EXECUTE,

and

system commands.

DEBUG

These commands accept a

simple command string format and are converted internally to a

series

of more complex command strings that are directly processed by various
systen programs,‘including
aforementioned

commands

language
are

translators

used +to

compile,

LINK-10. . The

and

load,

and

execute

prograns, to obtain output in the form of maps, to search files in
library search mode, and to invoke the various debugging aids. The
following paragraphs describe each of these system commands.

‘NOTE
The information in this chapter is a subset of the
‘material available on the LOAD, EXECUTE, and DEBUG
commands. The subset presented here assumes that the
source files have previously been translated, and thus
only the switches directly applicable to loading the
reference
. Complete
listed.
are
‘£iles
binary

documentation on the COMPIL-class commands, their valid
command formats, and all available switches can be
obtained from the appropriate command descriptions in
DECsystem=10 OPERATING SYSTEM COMMANDS, DEC-10-MRDC-D,

located in the DECsystem-10 SOFTWARE NOTEBOOKS

the DECsystem-10 USERS HANDBOOK, DEC-10-NGZB~D.

The LOAD command translates
relocatable object modules
modules to form a‘coré image.

and

the user-specified source files into
(if necessary) and loads these object
This command does not

cause

execution

of .the rgsulting core'image. After completion of this command, the

user can either execute his program (START system command) or save the
core image (SAVE or SSAVE system command) for future execution.

LINK-10

-660-

LINK~-10

Automatic

The:

Use

EXECUTE

the

LINK-1f

commmand

necessary),

addition,

loads

translates
the

object

begins execution of
same as

the user-specified

that of

modules

into

the program.

source
core

files

image,

The action of

(if

and,

this

command

the LOAD command followed by the START

system

command
.

The DEBUG command
necessary),

translates

loads

the

user-specified

object modules

for debugging by additionally

1loading

Usually

this

program

and

the

COBOL
Upon

debugging

locations.
program

out

This

However,

his

than

core

system
first,

the

loading,

followed

debugging

loaded

control

the user's

program by examining

begins

and

during

and

program.
the user's

are being

(e.g.,

loaded,

the

user's

transferred

and modifying

the

that

the

contents

occur
if

(if

prepares

program

after

program,

execution

files

debugging

examination and modification can

execution

image,

when COBOL programs

program)

completion

rather

loaded

required

debugging

program,

-check

program

information

table).

(the

program,

can

other

symbol

COBDDT

debugging

into

source

the

both
user

wuser
of

before

specifies

breakpoints in the program
at which execution is to be'suspended.
The debugging program can be COBDDT,

MANTIS,

first source file in the command string.

DDT,

depending on

the

If the first file is a COBOL

file,

COBDDT

file

is a FORTRAN source file, MANTIS (the FORTRAN debugging program)

is loaded.

(the COBOL debugging program)

(Note that MANTIS

is under

the

copditional switch which is normally off.
must

turn

this

assembly

switch

for

2-2

the

loaded.

control

the

first

assembly

Therefore, the installation
loading

of MANTIS.)

the

-661~

LINK-10

General Command Format

first file is any other file, DDT (the Dynamic Debugging Technique) is
loaded. When the first file has previously been compiled (i.e., the

file has 'afi extension of .REL, meaning relocatable binary object
module), COMPIL does not determine the type of source file from which

came so DDT is loaded with the binary files. In this case, if the
user desires COBDDT or MANTIS, he must explicitly specify this
it

debugging

program via the appropriate switch (refer to the /COBOL and

.
/MANTIS switches in DECSystém-lO OPERATING SYSTEM COMMANDS)
2.1

GENERAL COMMAND FORMAT

The LOAD, EXECUTE, and DEBUG system commands
command format.

the

have

general

same

They all accept a list of file specifications.

LOAD output file spec = concatenated input file specs

EXECUTE output file spec = concatenated input file specs
DEBUG output file spec = concatenated input file specs

An input or output file specification consists of

filename

with or

without

enclosed in square brackets.

extension,

filename

Only one output file

device

and

name,

a directory

specification

can

be given on the left of each equaiS'sign, but any number of input file
specifications can occur on the right. Input file épecifications are
separated

from

each

other

commas or plus signs.

If commas are

used, ,the translator produces separate felocatable object modules for
each

output

file.

If plus signs are used, the input files separated

by plus signs will be translated
module.

Plus

signs

into

single

relocatable

object

must be used when a collection of files must be

LINK-10

-662-

LINK=-10
COMPIL

Switches

concatenated

produce

The

"output

file

sequence

given repeatedly

acceptable

spec =

command

module

input

concatenated

string

input

translator.

file specs"

separating

each

can

sequence

with a comma.

The

output

file

which case
on

the

the object module

disk with

-.REL.

name

file,

input

the
has

input

file

output

commas,

than

from

the

file.

input

the
the

2.2

COMPIL SWITCHES

file

Switches can be
strings

user
name

the

sign

can

the user's
source

file

the user

given

the name of

file

and

included on

listings,

obtain

be either
file

loader

temporary

omitted,

default directory
and

the

has

the

only

input

files

extension

are

one.

file.

input
If

the

separated

LOAD,

EXECUTE,

its

preceding

switch

applies

subsequent

switch.

5pace

comma.

all
It

processing.

libraries,

Each

the

file

the

immediately
separate

the output

separating

separated

create

maps.

signs

files

permanent.

cannot

plus

commas)

has

given

series

to direct LINK-10

generate

specifications.

one

input

the

equals

is Placed

derived

file

last

and

the

the name of each output file is the name of the corrésp
onding

specifications,

and

The filename given to the output file dépends upon the form
of

the user's

user

specification

switch

it.

preceded

the

following

separated

from

and

the

name

switches

are used

libraries,

slash and

(including

switch.

the

command

switch applies

file

signs.,

user

wuntil

file

DEBUG

Characters
and

the

plus

These

A temporary

filename

files

the

A‘

can

only

spaces

permanent

modified

precedes

LINK-10

-663LINK-10

COMPIL Switches

Chapter

described

switches

LINK-10

the

passed

can

COMPIL-class command strings by preceding the switch épecification
with a 8 character

instead

character.

Following

the

character is the LINK-10 switch specification preceded and followed by

must

meaning to the COMPIL program,

For example, the @ character indicates

file, and the semicolon causes the remainder of

command

indirect

The recommended

the line to be treated as a comment and thus ignored.

delimiter

The beginning and

single or double quote character.

ending delimiter

user

the

that the character he uses does not have a specific

careful

_be

however,

The delimiter can be any character;

a delimiter.

must

the

character.

same

LINK~-10

switch

specification consists of the switch name and optionally a keyword and

a value.
(Réfer

The items in the
to

Chapter

spécifidation vare

for

the

formats

switches.) Note that LOADER switches

separated by colons.
individual LINK-10

the

(those beginning

with

but

without enclosing delimiters) are'il;egal when passed to LINK-10. As
if
an aid to users, a warning message is printed

the

delimiter

one

that

could be

Since the first function

of each

interpreted

these

three

LINK-10 switch
a

LOADER switch

commands

determine if +the source files need translating'(i.e., compiling or

assembling), there are many switches that pertain to the translating

process.

The purpose of this manual is to describe the use of LINK-10

and switches pertaining to the translation of the source file are

not

LINK-10

-664-

LINK=10

COMPIL

Switches

included.

All

described

switches

that

DECsystem=10

can be

OPERATING

placed on

the

command

string

SYSTEM COMMANDS.

NOTE

Since currently
DECsystem=10,

there are
the

when using

the LOAD,
time,
the

present

two

user must

linking-loaders

indicate

the

EXECUTE, or DEBUG
LOADER program is

the user must include the /LINK switch
that he wishes to use the LINK-10 program.
of the
LOADER
program
as
the
default
that

installations.)
standard

can

In the

COMPIL

Switches

Loads

first

file

setting
system

individual

become

Pertaining

Loads

object

the

files

object

applies
of

This
to

the

all

its

position

new

FORTRAN

string.

system)

switch affects

string.

regardless

(the

instead of FORSE.
files

file with FORSE

time

extension

file with FOROTS

time

the

that

switch affects FORTRAN

Loads

in the command

the

2-1

switch

subsequent

/FORSE

indicate

(The
is
a

LINK=10 will

DDT regardless

permanent

/FOROTS

default.

Table

/DDT

changed

future,

the

loader

command.
At
the
the default case,

and

parameter

desired

only.

(the

o0ld

FORTRAN

instead of FOROTS.

FORTRAN files

This

only.

This

are

-665-

LINK=-10

Table
COMPIL

/LIBRARY

Switches

The

1is

The

use

recommended

complement

identical

switch.

switch

(Cont)

Pertaining

action

/SEARCH

/LINK

2-1

LINK-10

that

the

since

/SEARCH

the

/NOSEARCH.

Causes the files to be loaded by the

p;ogfam

the

instead

LINK-10

the LOADER program.

used, this switch must be piaced before any
file

specifications

explicit)
to

/LMAP

Produces a

local

/LOADER

implied

since the COMPIL program

generate

process

.(either

load=-control

1loader

(same

have

switches.

map during

action

may

/MAP)

the

containing

the

symbols,

Causes the file to be loaded by

program

the LOADER

instead of the LINK-10 program.

Since this is- £he current default action,
this

switch

installation'has

needed

specified

default linking-loader.

LINK~10 will become

/MAP

Produces

process.

symbols.
. loader

load
The

map

When this
map

LINK-10

1In a

future

the

release,

the standard default.

map

during

does

not

the

contain

local

switch
is encountered,

requested

2=7

only

from LINK-10.

After

LINK-10

-666-

LINK-10

(Cont)

Table 2-1

COMPIL Switches Pertaining to Loading

the iibrary

libraries,

the

system

default

map is written in the user's
the

disk area with the filename specified by

user

(e.g., /MAP:dev:file.ext[directory]) or

last

seen

program

(where

nnnLNK.MAP

number)

switch

a start address or

with

Jjob

wuser's

the

nnn

the

(e.g., the name

the default filename

This

there is no such program).
exception

the

permanent

switch rule in that it causes only one map to
as

appear

be produced even though iF may

permanent switch.

/NOSEARCH

file

Loads all routines of the

routines

is the default action, this
only

turn

off

(/LIBRARY or /SEARCH).
to

equivalent

Since this

referenced or not.

are

the

used

mode

not

switch

1library

This

the

whether

switch

/NOSYSLIB

LINK-10, which does not search any libraries,
including

the default system libraries.

/NOSEARCH default is to

the

The

default

system libraries.

/SEARCH

Loads the files in library search mode.
mode

causes

module

This

in a special library

file to be loaded only if one or more of

its

_667-

LINK-10

LINK=-10

Specifying Disk Areas

Other Than SYS
Table

2-1

(Cont)

COMPIL Switches Pertaining to Loading
declared

global
are

entry

symbols

request.

always

satisfies

an undefined

The default system

searched

regardless

libraries

the

state

of this switch.
2.3

SPECIFYING DISK AREAS

When translating

his

OTHER THAN SYS

source

selecting

the

obtained.

The disk areas are

NEW,

the

and

disk

area

user's

files,

from

the

which

[1,3]

the

for OoLD,

the user

has

the

1language

[1l,4]

option

translator

for sys,

{1,5]

for

area for DSK and are specified by the switches

/OLD, /SYS, /NEw; and /SELF, respecti#ely.
described

user

(These fdur

switches

are

in DECsystem-10 OPERATING SYSTEM COMMANDS.) For example, if
is

the

translating his

OLD

disk

source

area

files with a FORTRAN compiler

[1,3],

that

he gives the following command

string:

COMPILE/OLD FILEA.F4,FILEB.F4,FILEC.F4
The FORTRAN compiler

The

first disk area

seen

then obtained

from area

in the command

&hich LINK-10 is obtained.

string

[1,3].

is also the

area

from

Thus, in'the command string:

LOAD /LINK /OLD FILEA.F4,FILEB.F4,FILEC.F4

not only is the FORTRAN cofipiler obtained

from

LINK-10

not

area,

first

1linking=-loader,

then

disk

switch),

may

the

LINK-10

SYS disk area of

area

seen

only the

areas

include

user

[1,4]

is
is

library

(LIB),

2=9

also

However,

the

specified
if

the

(as indicated by the /SELF

the user's

are

but

found on the

searched.

is the user's area
specified

OLD,

job

searched.

The

list,

which

searching does

LINK-10

-668-

LINK=10

SAVE

and

SSAVE

System Commands

not continue onto the NEW,
using

a copy of a translator

copy of
For

OLD,

LINK-10

and SYS areas.

in his

Thus,

user

disk area but who does

in that area must use

two

disk

area

who

not have

specifications.

example,

LOAD /LINK /SYS /SELF FILEA.FOR,FILEB.FOR,FILEC.FOR
LINK~10
from

is obtained

the user's

all disk

from the SYS disk area and

disk area.

specifications

other

disk areas only when he is

2.4

SAVE AND

After

SSAVE

output

device

onto

command

is used,

loaded

into

(if

any)

the

specified

loaded

device

needs

from his

for

compiler
LINK-10

specify two

area.

program may be written

When the

format of

one or

two

nonsharable

SSAVE command

files.
when

is used,

two commands

outpuf: the core
If
it

the

the SAVE
is

the high

be sharable when the program
the

onto

future date without

system commands

the program will be

command

the user

translator

The SAVE and SSAVE

core,

SAVE

searched

it can be executed at some

the program will

The general

SELF,

FORTRAN

SYSTEM COMMANDS

so that

the

than

using

completed,

rerunning LINK-10.
image

Since SYS will

the

later
segment

loaded.

same:

dev:file.ext|[directory]core

SSAVE

dev:file.ext[directory]core

where

dev: is the name of the device on which to write
If omitted, DSK: is assumed.

file is

the name of

current

name

SAVE,

SSAVE

the

used.

system

saved
This

file.

name

command,

the

2-10

set by
last

the

saved

file.

the

job's

omitted,
the

last

command

RUN,

which

GET,

ran

-669-

LINK-10

COMPIL Examples

program

(e.g.,

DIRECT),

the

last SETNAM UUO.

.ext is the extension of the low segment file.

following extensions are assigned:

If the program

has

assigned.,

one

segment,

If the program has two segments,
the
extension
.LOW,
and .the

extension

.HGH when
a SAVE

extension

command

is used and

extension

omitted,

is the area in which to save the file.

core is the amount of core in which
to
save
omitted, the minimum required is assigned.

DECsystem-l0

OPERATING

the

the user's default directory is used.

Refer

.SAV

the

the low
segment
file
has
high
segment
file has the

«.SHR when a SSAVE command is used.
{directory]

the

omitted,

SYSTEM

the

COMMANDS

program,

for

complete

descriptions on the SAVE and SSAVE commands.

2.5
In

COMPIL Examples
the

following

example,

executing a MACRO program,

the

user

translating,

1loading,

The /LINK switdh requests that the LINK~10

linking loader be used instead of the LOADER.

EXECUTE /L INK

MACRO$

SIMPLE

LINKY

SIMPLE,MAC

CEXECUTION]
.
THIS IS A VERY SIMPLE

EXIT

and

)

TWOeSEGMENY

MACRO

PROGRAM,

-670-

LINK-10
LINK-10
COMPIL Examples

In the example below, the user is compiling,
three

COBOL

generation of

programs,
a map

The

loading,

/MAP:PROGMP.MAP

and

switch

executing

requests

the

file with the name PROGMP.MAP.

JEXECYTE /L
INK /MAPIPRQGMP FILA
F[ B F.C D
COBOLt
CBS@BA
EEILA-CEHJ
coBoOL!
CBS@AB
C([FILB,CBL]
coBOLt
CBS@PAC
L[FILC,CBLJI

LINK}

EEXECUT]IONI

RUNNING CBS@8A

RUNNING

CBS@8B

RUNNING

€BS@8C

EXIT

The map file is now on the user's disk area.
with the

following

He can

command:

APRINT PRQGMP ,MAP )

YOTAL OF 3 BLOCKS IN LPT REQUEST
The following is a

listing of the map file generated.

2-12

the

file

m8PNHWVOOogTy"ads8II6NN7331WW499133%SSs-0SSL£iMedYv@Li2iS§'e4t21L3yy73yAMIspN6m3€2%}S8IOON0NN1333OLdvL3LV¥V)A34B8gvs0Yae182lv0HMiI"OON3NONy33YT£L%ud¥9Yg*52ytLYJ“vUaTdvBo4E)df0yu)Siene2ut((CMIyvwwiloadzand))

§106H
a«mgOn<:Lyun%pIN<TkmLa4ASSIV40mu4

dio0y4d

bob1 AHIN3 IN1Od V0 3 398Y

DNRERGBR . tt#ttt#

Lev2ti2949y

COMPIL

30ve

0mOM IN3WM0o'9OW4N3Y3W3i9GszLnDIN0!vNH5iLH1ISIduKN¥@OAILs33RTS$sS3Iu2N34w01IVNa;sYv0m%yO«N".Wa1Esm0pT18tWNi-AOvtSgISpHJ§g9NOYIzONWAtW3-24(G90UA2DtV8i)SvO3N0N37O93L9NV2I£4EHx%«iHIxO4@EuNV2o3SRmYZTLMVvAeONs§O3eTTYspI2GpZI®e8Ag2203C"W(WIVD430AY)»o6(IYW1030)
velsa)dWo¥3Y14t 03.1v3u2A@1080NO dY®2Z£H Lyg0(y2is
-671-

2-13

LINK-10

Examples

XTY)132 #RUOREARIRBLG

8gns8d

Examples
COMPIL

-672LINK-10

LINK-10

ABigeie Lv £4%wd¥"2 ND 0800 AB Q34V3HD

EGEZ'42393y DT1divs0 Wo¥s O82843

2-14

-673-

LINK-10

LINK=-10
Summary

2.6

SUMMARY

The LOAD,

EXECUTE,

described

and DEBUG

in Table 2-1,

programs.

The

user

debugging programs,

are

can

system commands,

sufficient for

'load

obtain

mode, and execute the program.

switches

and executing most

separately-compi;ed

maps,

the

| programs

and

files in a 1ibrary search
his

core

user can employ the system commands SAVE and SSAVE.

image,

the

complex

as described

along with

procedures

in Chapter

To produce a saved file

can be performed by directly using

LINK-10,

_675-

LINK-10

LINK-10
Using LINK-1¢

CHAPTER 3
USING LINK-10

The user runs LINK-10 directly by issuing the system command

R LINK

LiNK-lO responds with an asterisk at which point the user types in his
command

stringé.

typed by

the user up to the end of

string

The .LINK-10

program
the

interprets all of the input
command

command

defined as a series of characters terminated by a carriage

retfirn—line feed.,

user depresses

A carriage return~line feed is generated

the .RETURN key on his termihal.

represented in this manual by the Symbol J.
continue

string.

command

when

the

The RETURN key is

the

usér

needs

string on another line, he can place a hfphen as

the last non-blahk, non-comment character .before the carriage
return~line feed. Confiinuation lines afe considered part of the
current command string,
terminated

until a

preceding hyphen;
'commenfi

with

and

the

carriage

current
return-line

string

not

considered

feed

seen

without a

Comments may bé édded to any line by preceding the

a semicolon.

Trailing spaces and tabs (including those

before comments) are always ignored.
When the command string

the

command

string

is terminated,

LINK-10 processes the

by pefforming the actions specified by the user.

This usually entails setting relevant internal conditions and

information

data

fof later use.

stqring

Each command string is completely scanned

and processéd before LINK-10 accepts a new one.

After

scanning

and

LINK-10

-676-

LINK-10
Command

Strings

processing

the

current

asterisk signifying
accepts

command

command string,

its readiness

string

LINK-10 returns with another

to accept more

input until

the user

input.

gives

the

switch (/GO) indicating that LINK-10 is to finish all
At

this

given

point

control

the

1loaded

preceding command

3.1

LINK-10

Command

either returned

program

for

The

exit condition

the operating

execution,

program

depending

tasks.

system or

upon

the

strings.

COMMAND STRINGS

strings

to LINK-10

contain a

series

input

and/or

output

file specifications and non-conflicting'switChes to direct the loading
process.

The

general

*output

Any

number of

command

string

format

follows:

specifications=input specifications

specifications

can

included

the

command

string

separating each specification fiom other specifications with a comma.

Aithough the equals sign is not required, it is recommended thatr the
user

include

from his

input ones.

must use a

comma

specifications
with the
(e.g.,

it so that he can distinguish his output specifications

are

the user does

separate

and

input specifications

switches

the

specifications.

specifications

specification consists of

the form

after

an equals
The

type of

can precede output

appearing before and/or

specification

include

then distinguished by the

specification,

An input or output

the

not

the file

input

sign,
and

output

switch associated

can appear

in any order

specifications).

file

specification

specification.

and

A file

-677-

LINK-10

Command

Strings

dev:file.ext[directory]
and

the

individual

described

When

in Chapter

items

initial

in a file

values

default values
as

switches

that can

be used

the

command

string

are

specification

are missing,

to be used as defaults.
assumed

LINK=10 has

set

On input specifications, the

for missing items

in a

file

specification

are

follows:

Device
Filename
Extension
Directory

On output

DSK:
A blank filename
«REL
The user's default directory

specifications,

the

default values

are

follows:

Device

DSK:

Filename

Name of the last program containing
a
address.
If there is no program with a
address,

user's
Extension.

the

Dependent
on
requested via

Log file

Map file
Saved file
Symbol file
Expanded save
file

directory

to be used by issuing a command string such as

% BIN[10,7] DSKB:FILl,DSKC:FIL2.REL[10,20],DSKA:FIL3 J
extension

.BIN

and

the

directory

for

any

specifications

that

not

include an extension or directory.

The

[10,7]

are

used

above command string is equivalent to

*DSKB:FILl.BIN[lO,?],DSKC:FILZ.REL[IO,ZO],DSKA:FIL3.REL[10,7] P

3.2

CHANGING DEFAULTS

The /DEFAULT switch is used to change

assumed

when

the

user

does

not

the

initial

include

values

component

that

are

a file

specification in his command string. The values specified with this

LINK-10

-679LINK-10
Switch Algorithms

switch

remain in effect for the entire load unless changed by another

/DEFAULT switch.

The form of the /DEFAULT switch is as follows:

components of file specification /DEFAULT : keyword
where

components of file specification are

the

components

the user wants as his default components.

which

keyword is either INPUT or OUTPUT to change the default
components for the input or output speciflcatlons,
respectively. If this argument is omitted, INPUT is
assumed.

For example, the following specification
DSKB:

.BIN[10,20]/DEFAULT

changes the values to be used as defaults for the input specifications
to be DSKB: for the device, .BIN for the extension, and [10,20] for
the directory.

NOTE

Because the extensions for output files depend
upon. the types of file being requested, the user
cannot change the output extenSLOns. Any attempt
to do so is 'ignored.

3.3

LINK-10 SWITCH ALGORITHMS

LINK-lO allows.the user to request various loading parameters via
switches in the command string. Switches afe used to specify output

files, to set defaults, to control the loading of programs, to} set

valués,

to format maps and symbol tables,

to request values of

syfibdls, and to positibn devices. Some switches merely change the
status of LINK-10 by setting ‘internal values; others request immediate

LINK-10

-680-

LINK=-10
. Switch Algorithms

action

to be

taken.,

LINK-10

has

several

for

the handling

File Dependent

Output

Immediate Action

Delayed

Action

Switches

that

Device

within
after

before

the

or
is

after

current

Switches

create

implicit

and

(e.g.,

output

the

file

specifications

input

/SKIP,

the

/REWIND)

specification.

after

Switches

output

the

action

the

file

taken

category apply only

and do not carry over

the

again unless

either

switch appears

taken before

in this

once

device

its position,

filename,

specification

In other words,
not performed

the

The switch is in effect

read or written.

it appears

affect

depending on

appropriate action

is processed.

subsequent devices.
performed,

are:

Switches

initialized and,

filename,

file

Category

number
If

representing
omitted,

n=1l

the
is

Switch

Device Switch

(refer to Paragraph 3.3.1)

,MTAO:/BACK:
3,
Backspace MTAO by three files.

number

assumed.

files

-692-

LINK-10

LINK=-10

Switches

/COMMON

Function

The /COMMON switch is used to allocate an area of storage of

specified size before loading any more code.

the

An array of storage

(a COMMON area) is reserved into which data can be placéd in

order

that

be shared by several programs and routines.

may

Because the FORTRAN language contains a statement

that

reserves

space for a COMMON area, this switch is used to reserve COMMON

arrays

when

different

area

size

than

given

programs

allocate

via the COMMON statement in a

However, if this switch is used to

FORTRAN program.
larger

non-FORTRAN

allocate

of the same name as that given in the FORTRAN

area

before

the

The name of each labeled area of COMMON storage is defined as

program, the

switch

specification

must

given

FORTRAN program is loaded.

whose value is the address of the first word of

symbol

internal

the COMMON area.
external

These symbols may be used by other prcgrams

the

symbols,

Switch Format

: name:n
/COMMON

Name is the symbolic name of up to six SIXBIT characters
COMMON

area.

".COMM.".

Blank COMMON is designated with the symbolic name

LINK-10

-693LINK=-10

Switches

n is a decimal number representing the size of the area in words.
Restrictions

Although various modules may redefine COMMON areas

name,

the

size

area

Therefore, the largest definition

must

be loaded first.

size of a COMMON area by redefinition
error.

This

the

same

of a COMMON area cannot be increased during the

loading process.

" COMMON

applies

given -

Any attempt to increase the

will

result

fatal

to both modules defining COMMON areas and

the /COMMON switch.

Category of Switch
Immediate Action Switch

(refer to Paragraph 3.3.4)

Examples

/COMMON:
, COMM. 31000

Allocate blank COMMON to be 1000 words.

LINK-10

~694-

LINK-10

Switches

/CONTENTS

Function

The /CONTENTS
the

map

switch gives

file

be included

by allowing

in the file.

the user control over the contents

him

Each symbol

the

translator

that processed

Some

symbols

may

be both

global

specify

than

symbol

and

the module
one

both

/CONTENTS

BEach

the

GLOBAL

type.

cleared

‘clear

set
by

symbols

its

type by

containing

the

symbol.

For

relocatable

the

example,

symbol.

file,

the

symbol

insure

user

RELOCA?ABLE keywords

the

second

keyword

the

/CONTENTS

must
in

the

cumulative;

first specification are not automatically
specification.

set

switch

the

wuser

desires

specification,

explicitly specify its complement.
NOTE

This

switch.

specification

keywords

and

types

is marked as

the inclusion of such a symbol in the map
specify

the

switch does not produce a map file.

must
specify
the
/MAP
switch
on
an
specification in order to obtain the file.

The user
'output
Unless

the
/MAP
is
given,
the /CONTENTS switch has
meaning and is ignored.
'
:
5

Switch Format

/CONTENTS
: keyword

/CONTENT
: (keyword,.
S

keyword)

must

LINK-10

-695-

LINK~10

Switches

Keywords

are as

ABSOLUTE

follows:

include all
absolute
accumulators,
and
NOABSOLUTE.

ALL
'

COMMON
DEFAULT

(usually
flags,
Complement
of

symbols

masks) .

include all symbols.

Complement of NONE.

include

_ symbols.

NOCOMMON.

all COMMON
:

Complement

lnclude the symbols accordlng to LINK-=10's default
setting, that is: COMMON, GLOBAL, ENTRY, ABSOLUTE,

RELOCATABLE, NOLOCAL, and NOZERO.
This keyword is
used to reset the /CONTENTS switch to the original
default setting. :

ENTRY
GLOBAL -

include all entry

name

include all global

gymbols

NOENTRY. '

ENTRY'
with -

symbols.

Complement
_

’

including

COMMON

of
and

symbols unless these symbols are suppressed
the
NOCOMMON
and
NOENTRY
keywords.

Complement of NOGLOBAL.

LOCALS

‘lnclude all local symbols.

NOABSOLUTE

do not include absolute symbols

the

Complement of NOLOCAL.
(i.e.,

turn

off

Complement

condition corresponding to absolute symbols).

Complement
of ABSOLUTE.

NOCOMMON

do not

NOENTRY

do not 1nclude entry name symbols.

COMMON.

include

ENTRY.

NOGLOBAL
’

COMMON

symbols.

‘

do not include global symbols including COMMON and
ENTRY
symbols
unless these symbols are requested
with the COMMON and ENTRY keywords.
Complement of
GLOBAL.

NOLOCAL

NONE

do not include any symbols of any kind.

NORELOCATABLE

not

LOCALS.

header

include
-

local

information

Complement of ALL.

’

is
°

symbols.,
o

still
:

However,

output in the map.

do not lnclude relocatable symbols.
RELOCATABLE.

Complement

Complement of

LINK-10

-696-

LINK=-10

Switches

NOZERO

not

include

Complement of
RELOCATABLE

include

symbols

addresses).
ZERO

include

symbols

that

from

files).,

the /CONTENTS

COMMON ,

When

added

the

For

example,

condition

ENTRY,

the user

default
if

for

the

RELOCATABLE,

specifies

setting
user

symbols

However,

reset

setting

the default

Category

issues

default setting.

length

programs.

relocatable

length modules

zero

but

switch is not specified,

GLOBAL,

NOZERO.

are

zero

which
defines
symbols
Complement of NOZERO.

zero

(usually

Complement of NORELOCATABLE.

symbols

parameter

from

ZERO.

deleted
the

zero

ABSOLUTE,

from

the

their

one

code.

setting

keyword

the default

length programs

NOLOCAL,

/CONTENTS:ZERO

the keywords ALL,
to

generates

the default

keyword,

(usually

length module

and

either

setting.

switch,

the

added

the

NONE,

and

DEFAULT

respective meanings.

Switch

/CON
ZERO,
TENT
/CON : LOCAL,
:

Include

the map

1local

symbols

and

symbols

from

the

types of

symbols

length
modules,
in
addition
LINK-10's default setting.

zero

-697-

LINK-10

LINK=-10

Switches

/CORE

Function

The /CORE
low

switch is used to specify

segment,

MAXCOR

Generally,

(the maximum

specified

the

will be assigned.

core,

this

size of

/CORE

size

LINK-10's

switch

However,

the initial
is
low

size of LINK-10's

1less

than

segment).

or
If

is greater than MAXCOR,

the next time LINK-10 needs

equal
the

size

the core

to expand

the size will be reduced to MAXCOR.

Switch Format

/CORE:n
n is a decimal number

'core

size for LINK-10.

it with a number sign
or

that représents

512

words

respectively.

Category

(a
If

initial

1low

segment

An octal value can be given
by preceding

(#).

N is expressed in units of 1024 words

page)
K or

the

by
is

following

omitted,

the

(1024

numbex with K or
words)

assumed.

Switch

Immediate Action

Switch

(refer

Paragraph

3.3.4)

Examples

/CORE: 17K
Specify
segment,

17K words

the

initial

size

LINK-10's

low

~698-

LINK-10

LINK~10

Switches

/COUNTER

Function

output

the

undefined counters, the length of code depending on them.

counter

relocation

depending

counter

the

that

1loading

can

resolved.

counter is stored on the disk until the

is defined.

Although LINK-10 is designed to handle an
counters

relocation

low

segment

counter

(.LOW.)

number

relocation

counters,

and the high segment counter

(.HIGH.). These counters are listed in a
initial and

indefinite

provide efficient program construction,

the first release of LINK-10 only uses two
the

When a

not known, a count of the amount of core

used by the counter is kept so
Code

the

terminal

initial and current values, and for

their

counters,

relocation

used

The /COUNTER switch

map

file

with

final values.

Switch Format

/COUNTER
Category of Switch

Immediate Action Typeout Switch (refer to Paragraph 3.3.4)

their

-699-

LINK=-10

Switches

Examples

/COUNTER
RELOCATION

COUNTER

+HIGH.

INITIAL VALUE

400000

CURRENT VALUE

400010_

LINK-10

-700-

LINK-10
LINK-10

Switches

/CPU
Function

processor on
The /CPU switch is used to indicate the central
which the program will run once it has been loaded.
Switch Format

/CPU: keyword

KAlO
Keyword is either KAl0 or KI1l0. If the keyword is omitted,
is assumed. If the /CPU switch is omitted, the machine on which
the program is loaded is assumed.
category of Switch

Delayed Action Switch (refer to Paragraph 3.3.5)
Examples

/CPU:KI10

Run the program on the KI1l0 processor.

4-10

=701~

LINK-10

LINK=-10

Switches

/DEBUG

Function

The /DEBUG switch is used to

load

debugging

program

and

specify that execution of the loaa will begin at the normal start
address of the aebugging program instead of the
The

debugging

programs

available

are DDT,

user's

MANTIS,

program.

and COBDDT.

This switch does notlcause terminagion of the loading procedure,
the /GO switch is needed for
not used

for

execution when the /DEBUG

The /DEBUG switch
causes

be in effect

string

Note

file dependent,

in which

that

the use of

the /LOCALS

local

symbols

for the remainder of
switch.

However,

and

local

switch is

is given.

the

since

symbols mode

mode

and

load unless

the /NOLOCALS

it is cleared at the end of

it appears

the /LOCALS

The /EXECUTE

switch

turns on the load with

overridden by the /NOLOCALS

switch is

termination.

the command

reinstated.

switch is also file dependent;

therefore,

switch and the implicit use of

the /LOCALS

switch in the /DEBUG switch context have different results

(i.e.,

the /LOCALS

string

switch is cleared at the end of

the

command

and the loadlwith local symbols mode implied by‘the /DEBUG switch
is not).
The /DEBUG switch
debugging

/LOCALS

program

switch.

does
to

not

cause

be loaded,

the

1local

regardless of

symbols
the

state of

the
the

LINK-10

-702-

LINK~10

Switches

_Switch Format

/DEBU
: keyword
G
Keyword

is one of

the following:

MACRO,

MANTIS.

When

COBDDT,

a compiler or

the debugging aid associated with that

example,

MACRO

COBOL,

the assembler

translator

FORTRAN,
specified,

used.

For

is specified, the loading of DDT is implied.

If the keyword is omitted, DDT is assumed.
Category of

DDT,

Switch

Creates
an implicit file

specification

»/DEBUG:DDT DTA3:FILEA.MAC,

4-12

(refer

to Paragraph

3.3.6)

-703-

LINK-10

Switches

/DEFAULT

Function

The /DEFAULT switch is used to change LINK-10's initially-assumed
values

for

compoments

specificatxon

miss;ng

the

form

in a file specificatxon.

A file

dev:file. ext[directory].

The

1nitia1 defaults for input speclfications are
DSK:.REL

{user's default directory)

and for output specifications are
DSK:name of main program.ext dependent on

output file
Thus,
any

[user's default di:edtory].

the user cannot change

attempt

Values specified via

entire

type of

the extensions of output files,

and

ignored.

the /DEFAULT switch are

loading process or until the user

effect

for

the

issues another /DEFAULT

switch.

Switch Format

/DEFAULT: keyword
Keyword

for

input

either

and

INPUT or OUTPUT

output

specify

specificatiops,

keyword argument is omitted;

default

respectively.

INPUT is assumed.

Category of Switch
Immediate Action Switch

(refer to Paragraph 3.3.4)

4-13

conditions

the

-704-

LINK-10
LINK=10

Switches

DSK:MAIN,/DEFAULT .BIN([10,7],

Load the file MAIN,REL from the user's default directory of
the disk and then change the input defaults to load .BIN
files from the

[10,7]

area of the disk.

-705-

LINK-10

LINK=10
Switches

/DEFINE
Function

n
The /DEFINE switch is used interactively by the user to assig
global
values to undefined global symbols in order to satisfy
ined
requests before LINK-10 terminates the 1load with undef
list
syhbols. The user can employ the /UNDEF switch to obtain a
h to
of the undefined symbols and then use the /DEFINE switc
satisfy the requests for these symbols.
Switch Formats

/DEFINE:symbolsvalue

/DEPINE: (symbol:value, . . . ,Symbol:value)

Symbol is the name of the symbol to be defined.

If the name

given 1is one of an alreadyfdefined symbol; the user receives an
error message.

l. An
value is the decimal number to be associated with the symbo
octal value can be given by preceding it with a number sign (#).

LINK-10

-706-

LINK~10

Switches

Category

Switch

Immediate Action

Switch

Examples

*/UNDEF
)
1 UNDEFINED SYMBOL
NOW

400123

*/DEFINE:NOW:897 )
*/DEFINE:OCT: #1234

(refer

Paragraph

3.3.4)

_707-

LINK-10

Switches

/ENTRY

Function

The /ENTRY switch is used to type out ail library search
(i.e.,

entry

points)

switch is given.

conditioh

set

that processed

that

symbols

have been loaded up to the time the

These symbols

are

recognized

specific

in the first word of the symbol by the translator
the

module

containing

the

symbol.

The

user

defines symbols as library search symbols with an ENTRY statement

in a fiACRO-lO or BLISS~10 module, with a SUBROUTINE, FUNCTION, or
ENTRY

statement

This

switch

FORTRAN

module,

with

a SUBROUTINE

a COBOL module.

is useful

for

the future overlay facility of

LINK-10.

Switch Format

/ENTRY

Category of Switch
-

Immediate'Action_Typeout Switch

Examples

* /ENTRY
J)
Library Search Symbols

SQRT.

3456

(refer

to Paragraph

3.3.4)

-708-

LINK-10

Switches

/ERRORLEVEL
Function

The /ERRORLEVEL switch is used to

messages
to the user's terminal.

selectively

suppress

Associated with each message

a decimal number from 0 to 31 called the message level.
switch,

the

user

Via this

can decide that messages with a message level

less than or equal to a specific number are not to be

his terminal.

LINK-10

output

A user would normally want to suppress informative

messages rather than error

messages.

level,

the more serious the message.

message

level

The

higher

the

message

Refer to Chapter 5 for the

each LINK-10 message.

Switch Format

/ERRORLEVEL:
n

n is a decimal number from 0 to

30.

Messages

with

message

level less than or equal to n will not be output to the terminal.
Note that a message with a level of 31 cannot be suppressed.

this

switch, or the value of the switch,

messages

are

is omitted,

suppressed.

Category of Switch

Delayed Action Switch

/ERRORLEVEL:
10

(refer to Paragraph 3.3.5)

informative

-709-

LINK-10

The /ESTIMATE switch is uséd to reserve disk space for an

output

LINK-10

Switches

/ESTIMATE

Function

file

and

must

associated

with

output

Because each occurkence of the switch allocates
one

specification.

space

for

only

file,. the user must issue an /ESTIMATE switch for each file

that needs space reserved.
This

switch is not required for space allocation

file,

but

its

use can both help the user

for

output

stay within his quota

allotment and reduce the number of (RIB) pointers associated with
the

file.

Switch Format

/ESTIMATE:n

n is a decimal number representing the estimated number of blocks
of

128

words of the output file.

A warning message is given if

LINK=10 fails to éllocate the requested size,
If

this

given,

switch

space

omitted,

insufficient

is allocated automatically as needed.

4-19

estimate

-710-

LINK-10
LINK-10

Switches

Category of

Switch

Output Switch

(refer

to Paragraph 3.3.3)

DSKC:OUTPUT/MAP/ESTIMATE:
50, /SAVE/ESTIMATE: 200,

Allocate 50 blocks for the map file and 200 blocks
save file.

4-20

for

the

-711-

LINK-10

LINR-10
Switches

/EXCLUDE

Function

The /EXCLUDE switch is used to inhibit

modules

file

when

idading

(either search or nonsearch mode).

the

certain

the file in the current mode
This switch

useful

when

the user is searching a library file and definitely knows he does

not want certan modules, even thouéh his

the nafies of these modules.

program

may

reference

For example, if a library file has

Several modules with the same library search symbols (e.g., as in
dummy routifies)

and the user wants to load a module other than

the first ohe, he can use this switch to prevent the loading of
the_

modules

not desired.

Another use of

the /EXCLUDE

switch

to satisfy global symbol definitions during library searching

excluding the modules that would éause multiply-defined symbols.

Switch Formats
/EXCLUDE
: symbol

/EXCLUDE: (symbol,

. .

., Symbol)

Symbol is the name of the module.

LINK-10

_712-

LINK-10

Switches

Category of Switch

»/SEARCH LIBFIL.REL/EXCLUDE: (MOD1,MOD2),

Search the file LIBFIL as a library
from +the
modules MOD1 and MOD2
referenced.

the
1load
but do not
even if they are
file,

LINK-10

-713LINK=10
switches

/EXECUTE
Function

The /EXECUTE switch is used to specify that the loaded program is

.fio be staffiéd at the ndrfiél entry §oint.(1.e.; the start address)
upon completién'bf'lbadifig.f

This SWitcfi doés not cause the

términatién of loadifig; the /GO switch is needed to terminate
loading.

The /EXECUTE and /DEBfiG switches cannot be ised together because

one switch spédifies execution of the useér's program (/EXECUTE)
and the other switch épecifies execution of the debugging program
(/DEBUG).

Switch Format
/ExECUTE

Category of Switch

Delayed Action Switch (refer to Paragraph 3.3.5)

Examples

/EXE

4-23

LINK-10

-714-

LINK=10

Switches

/FOROTS

Function

The /FOROTS
FOROTS,

switch is used to

instead

is then loaded,
system

FORSE,

for

specify

the = object

time

system

use with FORTRAN programs.

FOROTS

if required, when LINK-10

searches

the

default

libraries.

Switch Format

/FOROTS

Category

Creates

Switch

implicit

file

»/FOROTS DSK:MAIN,SUB1,

specification

(refer

Paragraph

3.3.6)

-715-

LINK-10

SWitches

/FORSE

Function

The /FORSE

FORSE,

switch
is used

instead

is thep loaded,

of FOROTS,

specify

the

object

time

system

for use with FORTRAN programs.

FORSE

if required, when LINK-10

searches

the

default

systém libraries.
Switch Format
/FORSE

Category of Switch

Creates an impiicit file specification (refer to Parégraph 3.3.6)
Examples

+DSK:MAIN.F4/FORSE,

-716-

LINK-10

LINK~10

Switches

/FRECOR

Function

The /FRECOR switch guarantees
core

will

segment.
users

remain after LINK-10 expands

not

need

However,

when

monitor

modules),

areas

around

During

the

this

the modules

switch

being

larger

loaded

process because

core

the global
boundary,

and

the

loading
to

tries

less

table

for

maintain

will

not

low

2K,

modules.

have

(LS),

(GS).
and

between

(e.g.,
in a

than MAXCOR

the

move

size

expanded
the

area

Each

area

has

actual

the

times.

and

area

(FX),
a

upper

and

lower

boundary.

actual upper boundary
However,

sum of

expand

the

size of

specified

mnaximum

for

to an amount

the

limit)

free

upper

expansion

1large
the

the
area

amount of

the

required

(the user

code

fixup

can

the user's

the

boundary
the

that

segment

LINK-10 may have

input.

core

five areas

high

boundary at all

areas minus

FRECOR.

becomes greater

area

actual upper

than FRECOR,

its

large

These areas are:

space

upper

the user's

all

quite

sizes.

boundary,

procedure progresses,

the

most

has

area

to maintain

maximum

between

boundary

table

a maximum upper

accomodate

core

symbol

core

LINK-10

(LC), the user's

symbol

free

often.

loading procedure,

local

free

of FRECOR will result

LINK=-1l0

low segment code area
the

are

amount

initial

LINK~10

specific areas

when

expanded beyond their

(HC),

specified amount

Since LINK-10's default amount

faster

that the

enough

low segment
or

CORMAX

-717-

LINK-10

Switches

(the

system limit)

allows,

core is obtained from
areas.

When all

the

no further expansion is attempted and

free

space

space
has

recovered
been

obtained,

some

of the above-mentioned areas must overflow

that

overflow to

free

core

not maintained when areas

the

Shfiffling

disk.

all

Note

the disk.

Switch Format

/FRECOR:n
n is a decimal number representing the number of

core

rounded

the value of

to the next 128-word multiple.
this

switch,

is omitted,

2K words

/FRECOR:
3K

4-27

free

If this switch, or
is

Delayed Action Switch (refer'to Paragraph 3.3.5)
Examples

words

assumed.

LINK-10

-718-

LINK-10

Switches

/Go

Function

The /GO switch is used to terminate the loading

the only terminatioh switch available.
/GO

switch,

searches

finishes

default

libraries

suppressed with the /NOSYSLIB
output

files,

and

(if

process

and

When LINK-10 executes the

the

current

this

action

has

not

produées

the

requested

switch),

specification,
been

either exits to the monitor or runs the core

image produced depending upon the switches appearing in the input

command

strings.

the

/DEBUG

switch

has

execution begins at the normal start address of
debugging

program.

specified,

execution begins at the normal start

user's program.
LINK~10 exits

the

/EXECUTE

been specified,
the

appropriate

or /TEST switch has been
addpess

the

If one of these switches has not been specified,

to the monitor.

Switch Format

/GO

’

Category of Switch

Immediate Action Switch

(refer to Paragraph 3.3.4)

-719-

LINK-10

Switches

/HASHSIZE

Function

The /HASHSIZE switch is used to Specify the initial size

giobal symbol table.

fhe hashsize for the symbol table.
by a user who knows before loading
used

the

LINK-10 uses the lowest prime number in its

internal list that is greater than or equal

symbols

his

program

to the given value as

This switch can be employed
that

thé

going

number
be

quite

global

large.

séttinq the hashsize of the symbol table to a larger number,
user

can

expanding

save

pINK-lO

the hash table.

REHASHING

GLOBAL

indication that

SYMBOL

LINK-10 Design

and

When the

TABLE

should

beginning of subsequent

symbol

time

Specification

for

user

use

loads of

space

the

that would

receives

load,

/HASHSIZE

used

the

switch

same programs.

the

hashing

as an
at

Refer

technique

message

serves

the

used

the

tables.

Switch Format

/HASHSIZE:n
n is

a decimal

global
larger
default

symbol
than
size

the

number representing
table.

total

number

(initially

127)

the estimated hashsize

recommended
of

global

hashsize
symbols

the

assembly parameter.

number
load.

1/3
The

-720-

LINK-10
LINK=-10

Switches

Category of

Switch

Delayed Action Switch

(refer to Paragraph 3.3.5)

Examples

/HAS:1000

LINK-10 uses the prime number

1021.

-721-

LINK-10

LINK~-10

Switches

/INCLUDE

Funtction

The /iNCLUDE Switch ié used, when IOading a file in search mode,
to force thé 1oadih§ of spééified modules in that file whetlier or

not the user's pfogrém references fihem.
doeé

not

For example, if the user

have a giobal request for a desired module, he can use

this switch to cause that module to be loaded.

Alfihough the /INCLUDE switch is implemented
primary

use

for

the

overlay

facility

Version

its

in order to call a

module.
Switch Format

/INCLUDE: symbol

/INCLUDE: (symbol,

symbol)

Symbol is the module name of the desiréed module.

Category of Switch

File Dependent Switch

(refer

to Paragraph

3.3.2)

Examples

»SYS:LIB40/INCLUDE: (SIN,COS,TAN),

Search the library LiBéO, but always load the

C0s,

and TAN.

modules
'

SIN,

LINK-10

-722-

LINK-10

Sswitches

/LOCALS

Function

1is

The /LOCALS switch
specified

programs.

1load

used

1local

with

symbols

the

Local symbols are not processed by LINK-10,

but are useful to the user when debugging.

This switch does not cause local symbols to be saved as

part

requested

the /SAVE or /SSAVE switch.

/SYMSEG switch or an entry

the

core

image

JOBDAT

1location

The

.JBDDT

MYSUB,

and

required if local symbols are to remain in core.
Switch Format

/LOCALS

Category of Switch

(MYFILE,/LOCAL MYDATA,MYSUB,MYLIB,

Load local symbols with

MYLIB.

the

programs

MYDATA,

~793%

LINK-10

The /LOG switch is used to specify an output log file into

which

LINK-10

Switches

/LOG

Function

LINK=-10 plaées information that is useful for the user when he is

debugging his program.
progress

This file is a report of LINK-10's

the user's

bymLiNK-lo are shown.
place are also

This

program because

indicated.

device

the

device.

file

to running

the

user

recofded

file

this
the

In this case, the /LOG switch merely causes

to be renamed

the user does

file

The file is named nnnLNK.LOG where nnn is

user's‘job number.
the

log

logical name LOG before running LINK=-10,

Then all log information will be
assigned

taken

The times at which these actions took

switch is not required
to obtain a

assigné

the actions

to the user's

specifications.

not assign a device the

LINK-10, (he must use

logical name

LOG

prior

the /LOG switch in order to

obtain a log filé. 'However, any times ahd messages output before
the
the

/LOG switéh;is seen in the command string will not appear in
log

file.

Switch Format

file specification/LOG
File specification
specify

the

device

the

form

dev:file.,ext[directory]

and name associated with the

log

file.

to
The

-/24-

LINK-10
LINK-10

Switches

default

file

specification

[user's default directory].
as

the

DSK:name

main

The user's terminal may be specified

log device.

Category of Switch

Output'Switch

LOG
program.

(refer to Paragraph 3.3.3)

DSKB :MYLOG/LOG

Create a log file on DSKB: with the name MYLOG.

-725-

LINK-10

Switches

/LOGLEVEL

Function

The /LOGLEVEL switch is used to suppress LINK-10 messages

user's

log

file.

of messages

This switch permits

that are to appear

in the

the

the user to set the level

log

file.

Refer

the

1log

messages 'output

are

/ERRORLEVEL switch and Chapter 5.

the log

device

file

determined by

/ERRORLEVEL

is output

the

user's

the

and

1lower

the user's

terminal),
of

the

with

low

number

allows

because
him

the

arguments

/LOGLEVEL switches.

the log device as the terminal

terminal

(i.e.,

specified

the

The user would rarely set
the

/ERRORLEVEL

switch

obtain all messages on the

terminal.

Switch Format

/LOGLEVEL:fi
n is a decimal number from 0 to

30;

Messages with a message

levei less than or equal to n will not be output to the log file.
The user cannot suppress messages with a level of
switch, or the value of the switch is omitted,
0

is assumed

(i.e.,

31l.

this

a message level of

all messages are output to the log

4-35

If
file).

LINK-10

-726-

LINK-10

Switches

Category of

Switch

Delayed Action

Switch

(refer

Paragraph

3.3.5)

to the log

file

Examples

/LOGLEVEL:
5

Do not output any message
level

less

than or

equal

with

message

_797-

LINK-10 -

LINK-10
Switches

/MAP

Function

The /MAP switch is used to
consists

the types of

/CONTENTS switch.,

debugging

his

program along

specify

output

map

£file

which

symbols requested by the user with the

The map file is useful to the user when he

program
with

because it lists the symbols used by his

their

values.

relocation counters with their
also included

Header

lengths and

information

(e.g.,

starting addresses)

in the map.

Switch Format

file specification/MAP:keyword
File specification is

in the

specifies

and name associated with the map

the device

default specification

form

dev:file.ext

DSK:name

main

[directory]
file.

and
The

program.MAP [user's

default directory].
Keyword is one of the following:

END to produce a map file at the end of loading.
ERROR to produce a map. file of the
error

occurs

({i.e.,an

error

code
from

1loaded
which

LINK-1l0

fatal
cannot

recover).

NOW to produce a map file at the time this
keyword
is
seen.
The
map
contains
all of the information up to and including
the last file loaded.
Default libraries will not be
searched
unless
specified.
This
keyword
1is
normally
used
during
debugging to determine how the load is progressing.

If the /MAP

switch is not

issued by the user,

no map file will be

LINK-10

~728-

LINK-10

Switches

generated.
the

keyword

Category of

If
END

the switch
is

is given,

but the keyword

is omitted,

assumed.

Switch

Output Switch.

Also,

/MAP:NOW is

immediate

action

Examples

DSKB :MYMAP/MAP

Specify a map

file on

DSKB:

with

the

name

MYMAP.

switch.

-7/29-

LINK-10

Switches

/MAXCOR

Function

The /EAXCOR switch is used to spegify the maximum amount of

core

LINK-~1l0

will

may

use

its

low

segment while

expand to this size if required and then
disk,
core

rather
size

writes

than expanding

allowed.

out

part

in core,

will

when

overflow

it reaches

When LINK-10 must overflow to

all of

the

LINK=-10

symbol area,

the

the maximum

the

disk,

low code

area,

and/of the high core area in order that loading can continue.
the

current

amount

specified by the user,

core

used

greafier

than

the size

the next time LINK-10 requests more

core,

the sizé will decrease to the amount specified by the user and
the remaining code will overflow to
specified by the user
LINK-10,

he receives

required.

is
a

should

less

disk.

the

amount

than the minimum amount required by

warning
then

the

message

respecify

indicating
the

the

amount

switch with a

larger

argument.

Switch Format

/MAXCOR:n
n

is a

decimal

number

core size for LINK-~10.
it with a number

sign

512

words

;espéctively.

that represents

the

maximum

low

segment

An octal value can be given by preceeding
(#).

page)

N is expressed in units of
by

following

the

1024 words

number witb

If XK or P is omitted, K (1024 words)

Kor

assumed.

LINK-10

-730-

LINK~10

Switches

?he

default

size

is dependent upon

Category

all

available

the code already

user

core.

The minimum size

loaded.

Switch

Delayed Action

Switch

(refer

Paragraph

3.3.5)

Examples
i

e e

/MAXCOR:
30K

Allow LINK-10 to
expand
overflowing to the disk.

its

low

segment

30K

before

LINK-10

-731LINK-10
Switches

/MPSORT

Function

The /MPSORT switch is used to arrange the symbol table

for output

to the map file in the order most convenient to the user,

Switch Format

/MPSORT;keywordv

)

Keyword is one
of the following:

UNSORTED to print the symbols in the order in which they are
placed
in the symbol table.

This keyword is the default.

ALPHABETICAL to arrange the

symbol

order

for

each module

table

for

each

alphabetical
block

block~structured module.

NUMERICAL to arrange the symbol
table
in
numerical
order
according to the values of the symbols for each module.
NOTE

"For
the
first
—release'
of
LINK=10,
UNSORTED is the only
keyword
— implemented.
The

other
keywords listed
above
are
1ignored
and
a
warning

message

is output.

Category of Switch

Delayed A¢tion Switch_(refér to Paragraph 3.3.5)
Examples

MYMAP/MAP/MPSORT : UNSORTED

Specify a map file with the name MYMAP and print the symbols
in the order

in which they appear

in the

symbol

table.

LINK-10

-/32-

LINK-10

Switches

/MTAPE

Function

The

/MTAPE

functions

given

switch

allows

such as

rewind,

input

However,

specification,

the action
has

wuser

backspace,

and

specification,

immediately.

output device

the

been

when

the

perform
skip.

the

action

magnetic
this

switch

performed

switch

not

performed

and

I/0

requested

tape
is

part of an output
until

the

initialized.

Switch Format

/MTAPE: keyword
Keyword

one of

the

following:

MTWAT

to wait

for

MTREW

MTEOF

to write

MTSKR

skip

MTBSR

backspace

MTEOT

space

MTUNL

to rewind and unload

the

MTBLK

to write

blank

MTSKF

skip one

file.

MTBSF

backspace

one

MTDEC

rewind

spacing

the
an

load point.

record.

one
the

record,
logical

inches

initialize

ape.

finish,

EOF,

one

tape

end-~of-tape.

tape.
tape.

file.

for

Digital-compatible

9-=channel

~-733-

LINK-10

LINK-~10

Switches

MTIND

initialize

for

tape.

Category

Device

industry-compatible

9-channel

Switch

(refer

to Paragraph

3.3.1)

Examples

MTA@: /MTAPE : MTEOT/MAP

Output
of

tape

the map file to MTA@: after spacing
to
(i.e., to the first'frge block) .

the

logical end

734~

LINK-10
LINK=10
Switches

/NOINITIAL

Function

The /NOINITIAL switch is used to clear LINK-10's initial global
This initial global symbol table consists of the
symbol table.

.JBxxx symbols in JOBDAT.

(Refer to DECsystem~10 Monitor Calls

of JOBDAT.) This switch is normally employed
when the user is loading LINK-10 itself (in order to get the
for

description

when the user wants to load a private
copy of JOBDAT in order to use new values, or when the user is
latest

copy

JOBDAT),

loading a program (for the purpose of creating a core image file)
that will eventually run as an exec mode program (e.g., the
This switch must
monitor, diagnostics, a bootstrap loader) .

appear before the first file specification in the command string
or else the initial LINK-10 global symbol table (JOBDAT) will be
loaded. If the /NOINITIAL switch is specified, JOBDAT will be
searched when the default system libraries are searched.

Switch Format

/NOINITIAL

If this switch is omitted, LINK-10's internal JOBDAT area symbols
are used as the initial global symbol table.

-735-

LINK-10

Switches

Category

Switch

Immediate Action

Switch

(refer to Paragraph

3.3.4)

Examples:

/NOINITIAL,COMMON,COMDEV,COMMQD,TOPSlO/SEARCH/GO

Load

the monitor without
table.

LINK-10's

initial

global
.

symbol

Load the exec mode program without LINK-10's initial

global

/NOINITIAL, DTBOOT,EDDT/GO

symbol table.

LINK-10

-736-

LINK-10

Switches

/NOLOCAL
Function

The /NOLOCAL switch
local

symbols.

is used to

This

load the

programs

without

their

is the default action.

Switch Format

/NOLOCAL

Category of Switch

File Dependent Switch

(refer to Paragraph

3.3.2)

/LOCAL FIRST,SECOND,THIRD,FOURTH/NOLOCAL

Load the programs FIRST,
symbole
and
load
the
symbols.

SECOND, and THIRD with their
program
FOURTH
without
its
'

1local
local

_737-

LINK-10

Switches

/NOSEARCH

FunctionThe /NOSEARCH switch is used to

(i.e.,

turn

off

library

mode

to always load the.entire indicated file or files whether

or not the files are required).

detérmine if they are needed.,

a /SEARCH switch has

The files are

not

searched

This switch is normally used after

éet' libraxy

mode.

This

the

default action.

Switch Format

/NOSEARCH

Category of Switch
File Dependent Switch

(refer to Paragraph

3.3.2)

PARTA,/SEARCH LIBMAC,LIBCBL,LIBFOR,/NOSEARCH PARTB,PARTC
The

files

LIBMAC,

LIBCBL,

libraries.
The files PARTA,
their entirety.

4-47

and

LIBFOR

PARTB,

are

searched

and PARTC are

loaded
‘

-738-

LINK-10
LINK-10

Switches

/NOSTART

Function

The /NOSTART switch indicates to

addresses

the

LINK-10

binary input programs.

ignore

all

start

The start address for

the current program is not changed.
Switch Format

/NOSTART

If this switch is omitted and more

than

one

start

address

encountered, the last one seen is used.

Category of Switch

File Dependent Switch (refer to Paragraph 3.3.2)
Examples

MAIN1,/NOSTART MAIN2,MAIN3

Start addresses are ignored in files MAIN2 and MAIN3.

739-

LINK-10

Switches

/NOSYMBOIL,

Functioh

The /NOSfMBOL switch Signals LINK-10 not to construct a table of
thé

symbols used by:the user‘s program.

This switch affects the

speed of‘loéding_in that_LINK-lO'is nofi required to spend time in
generating a symbol table for the user.

If this switch is givén,

the user is not able té obtain output symbol files or output

map

files

contaihing

symbol

1istings.

map

obtained,fiowever, with header information only.
Switch Format

/NOSYMBOL

Category of Switch

Immediate Action Switch (refer to Paragraph 3.3.4)

Examples
/NOSYM

4-49

file

can

~740-

LINK-10
LINK-10

Switches

/NOSYSLIB

Function

The /NOSYSLIB switch is used to inhibit the searching of

the

system

upon

libraries

one

completion of the loading

process.

The system libraries required by the loaded modules are

usually

searched

the

undefined global requests.
modules,

FORLIB

for

end

the load in order to satisfy

These libraries are LIBOL

£for

COBOL

FORTRAN-10 modules, LIB40 for F40 modules,

and ALGLIB for ALGOL modules.

Switch Format

/NOSYSLIB:keyword

/NOSYSLIB:(keyQord, « « oskeyword)
Keyword is one or more of the following:
ALGOL
BCPL
‘

COBOL
FORTRAN
F40

NELIAC

,
to suppress the searching of ALGLIB.
to suppress the searching of BCPLIB (not supported
by DEC).

to suppress the searching of LIBOL.
to suppress the searching of FORLIB.
to suppress the searching of LIB40.

to suppress the searching of LIBNEL (not supported

by DEC).

If the keyword is omitted, the searching of all system
is

suppressed.

libraries

_711LINK-10

Switches

Category of Switch

Delayed Action Switch (refer to Paragraph 3.3.5)
Exifples

/NOSYSLIB:ALGOL/NOSYSLIB:COBOL
Do not search ALGLIB and LIBOL.
/NOSYSLIB

Do not search any system libraries.

LINK-10

-742-

LINK-10

Switches

/0TS

Function

The /OTS

switch

appropriate

used

object

time

system

indicate
is

the

segment

to be

loaded.

into

which

the

Switch Format
/0TS :keyword
Keyword

one

DEFAULT

of
to

specified
the

high

load

following:
the

segment.

This

after

HIGH

LOW

keywords,

LOW

load

this

switch,

default

action

segment

unless

the

load

object

the

set,

The

user

has

two

cases,

Segment,

load

into

the

segment

time

used

a /OTS

system

time

the object

reset

normal

switch with either

into

system

this

the

into

the

switch,

time

low

segment.

high

system

the

segment.,

omitted,
into

the

the
high

either:

not

these

keyword

object

system

FORTRAN, NELIAC, and ALGOL specify

the value of

1is

time

specifying

Code already exists

object

its code.

conditions

HIGH

the

high

segment

and /SEGMENT:HIGH

specified
the

the

object

/SEGMENT:LOW switch.
time

system

loaded

into

the

low

~743-

LINK-10

LINK=10
Switches

Category of switch

Delayed Action Switch (fefer to Paragraph 3.3.5)
Examples
FILA,REL/SYSLIB/OTS :HIGH

Load the required object time system into the high segment.

-744-

LINK-10
LINK-10
Switches

/PATCHSIZE

Function

The /PATCHSIZE switch is used to allocate space between

the

1loaded

code

and

the

the bottom of the symbol table.

space is then used for new symbols defined by the user
and/or

for

patching.

Note

with DDT, each symbol
allocated

will

The

words.

The

DDT

symbols

space

either the high or low segment, depending upon the

placement of the symbol
switch.

two

This

with

that when the user defines

occupy

top

default

table
1s

specified

with

the

/SYMSEG

place the symbol table in the low

segment.

Switch Format

/PATCHSIZE:n
n is a decimal number representing the
allocated

patching

space.

preceding it with a number sign

(#).

number

words

octal value can be given by

A global symbol,

PAT..,

defined to be equal to the first location in the patching system.

If this switch,

or the value of

default allocation is

this

(decimal)

switch,
100

1is

(octal)

omitted,
words.

the

~7U5-

LINK-10

LINK=-10
Switches

Category of Switch

Delayed Action Switch (refer to Paragraph 3.3.5)
Examples

/SYMSEG : HIGH/PATCHSIZE:
200

Load the symbol table ifit0~the high segment and allocate 200
words betwéen the loaded code dnd the symbol table.

LINK-10

-7l6-

LINK-10

Switches

/REQUIRE

Function

The /REQUIRE switch is used to generate global réquests
indicated
modules

symbols.

out of

Thus,

their

loading of modules

this

normal

switch can be used

sequence

for

load

the

library

force

the

for overlays.

The /REQUIRE switch is used to load a module by specifyiné one or
more

/INCLUDE
Thus,

its

library

symbols

(entry points),

whereas

switch is used to load a module by specifying

the

/REQUIRE

function he wants
of

the module

switch

loaded

(e.g.,

useful

SQRT),

when the

user

its

the

name.

knows

the

but does not know the name

containing
. that function.

Switch Format

/REQUIRE :symbol
/REQUIRE: (symbol,
the

SIXBIT

.,symbol)

Symbol

global

request generated.

Immediate Action

symbol

Switch

name

(refer

request

for

which

Paragraph

the

wuser

wants

3.3.4)

Examples

/REQUIRE
: NAME

Generate

global

the

symbol

called NAME,

LINK-10

The /REWIND switch is used to rewind the currenf input or

output

LINK-10

Switches

/REWIND

Function

device.

The device associated with this switch must be a DECtape

_or.fiagnetic tape.

If tfie device ié ndt a tape device, the switch

is ignored.

Switch Format
/REWIND

Category of Switch

Device Switch (refer
to Paragraph 3.3.1)
Examples

¢/REWIND MTAO:,

LINK-10

-748-

LINK=-10

Switches

/RUNCOR

Function

The /RUNCOR switch
assigned
The

the

effect of

program
given

1is

core

is
low

this

used to

segment of

switch

run

specify the

amount of

the program when

identical

core
is

executed.

that produced when

the

the system run commands (R or.RUN) with the

argument.

Switch Format

/RUNCOR:n
n is

a decimal

used

the

GET

the

number

initial

system

that represents
core

size

command.

for

the

octal

preceeding it with a number sign

(#).

1024

words

512

words

respectively.

assumed.

(a page)

omitted

or
is

the

amount of

program when obtained

wvalue

can

be
with

be. given

N is expressed in units of

following

the number

P is omitted, K
less

core

than

the

with

(1024 words)

amount

required,

the number of blocks required by the core image area is assumed.

Category of

Switch

Delayed Action Switch

Examples

/RUNCOR:
50P

(refer to Paragraph 3.3.5)

LINK-10

~749LINK-10

Switches

/RUNAME

Function

The /RUNAME

switch is used to assign the name to the program that

to be used while the program is running.

in a job-associated table
SYSTAT

program

and

the

in the

Monitor

VERSION

This name is_stored

and

system

used

command.

the

This switch

affects high segment programs only.
Switch Format

/RUN
: AME
symbol
Symbol

six

the name

characters

be assigned

specified

are used.

the program.

this

name

used

If
is

there
nnnLNK,

no module

where

nnn

first

switch is omitted,

the default name is the name of the module with
address.

Only the

the

containing

the user's

job

start

last

start

address,

the

number.

Categofy of Switch

/RU
: PRIV,
NAM
MYPROG/SSA
E
VE

Save the file with the name MYPROG (i.e.,
the program is run with the name PRIV.

MYPROG.SHR),

but

-750-

LINK-10

LINK- 10

Switches

/SAVE

Function

The /SAVE switch is used to define an output save file which will

contain the core image generated by LINK-iO; The core image is
saved as one or two files: a
segment

file.

After

the

low

£file

segment

and/or

core image is saved on the specified

output device, it can later be brought into core and executed
a

high

non-sharable program (by using the RUN or GET system commands)

without rerunning LINK-10.

Before writing low segment files

.SAV

(i.e.,

files

with ' extensions

.LOW), LINK-10 compresses the core image by eliminating

all zero blocks.

High segment files are

This

compressed.

not

action is known as zero-éompression and is used to save space on
the storage device.
essence,

identical

The resulting zero-compressed
to

the

one

produced

the

form

file

is,

the SAVE system

command.

Switch Format

file specification/SAVE:n

File

specification

1is

dev:file[directory]

specifies the device and name associated with the save file.
default specification is:

DSK:name of main program. [user's default directory]

and

The

_751-

LINK-10

Switches

User-supplied extensions are ignored and the extension

the

file

depends

on the number of segments saved.

only one éegfient, the extension .SAV is used.

given

If there is

If there are

two

segmehts, the exfiensidn «LOW is used for the low segment and .HGH
for the high segment.

N is a decimal number that fepresents the amount of core (sum of

high

and

low segmehts) in which the éfogram is later to be run.

An octal value can'be given by preceding it with

number

sign

(#) . fi is expressed in unité of 1024 words or 512 words (a page)
by following the nfimber with K or P respectively.
omitted, K (1024 words)
If

the /SAVE

If Kor

is not used,

required

Category

Output

is assumed.
a

save

file will

not be

generated.

the switch is given but the core argument is omitted,
core

the core

image

the minimum

used.

Switch

(refer

Paragraph 3.3.3)

Examples

DTA3 :MYPROG/SAVE
: 4K=
Define
a save file on

program will

run

DTA3:
4K.

with

the

name

MYPROG,

The

-752-

LINK-10
LINK=-10
Switches

/SEARCH

Function

The /SEARCH switch is used to turn on library search mode
to

(i.e.,

search specified files in order to load only those modules of

the file that are required to satisfy undefined global requests).

The user gives this switch to search either library files that he
may have created or ones that are not part of the required system

/NOSEARCH

switch

wused to turn off library

libraries.

The

search mode.

The required system libraries

unless

the

are

still

searched

has inhibited the searching with the /NOSYSLIB

user

switch.

Switch Format

/SEARCH

Category of Switch

File Dependent Switch (refer to Paragraph 3.3.2)
Examples

PARTA,/SEARCH LIBMAC,LIBCBL,LIBFOR,/NOSEARCH PARTB,PARTC

The

files

libraries.

LIBMAC,

LIBCBL,

and

LIBFOR

are

searched

The files PARTA, PARTB, and PARTC are loaded in

their entirety.

753

LINK-10

LINK=10
Switches

/SEGMENT
Function

The /SEGMENT switch is used to indicate to

LINK-10

the

segment

into which to load the input modules.

Switch Format
/SEGM
: keyword
ENT

Keyword is one of the'follOWing:

DEFAULT to follow the specifications
in
typical

case

to load pure code

impure code into the low segment.

reset

normal

conditions

the

program.

into the high

This keyword is

after

specifying

switch with either the HIGH or LOW keywords.

The

segment and

used

/SEGMENT

LOW to load code into the low segment.

HIGH to load code into the high segment, even if the code is
impure.

If this switch, or the value of

the

switch,

omitted,

high

segment code is loaded into the high segment and low segment code
into the low segnient.
Category of Switch
File Dependent Switch

(refer to Paragraph 3.3.2)

/SEGMENT:LOW TESTPRG ,ANSWER; ROUTIN/SEGMENT :HIGH,
Load the modules TESTPRG and ANSWER
into the
the module ROUTIN into the high segmen
t.
\

low segment and

-754-

LINK-10
LINK~-10
Switches

/SET

Function

The /SET switch is used to set the value of a relocation

to a specified number.

counter

Although LINK-10 will handle many

relocation counters, in the first

release

only

two

relocation

counters are implemented: the counter for the low segment (.LOW.)
and

which begins at zero,

the

counter

for

the

high

segment

at location 400000 or the end of the low
segment, whichever is greater. Other counters can be set, but
(.HIGH.)

which

begins

they are currently not used by LINK-10.
Switch Format

/SET:symbol:n

Symbol is the name of the relocation counter.,

n is an octal number representing the value of the counter.
the

first

release

For

of LINK-10, only two relocation counters can

usefully be given, .LOW.

and .HIGH.

Category of Switch

Immediate Action Switch (refer to Paragraph 3.3.4)

~755-

LINK-10

Switches

/SEVERITY

Function

LINK-10

Thé /SEVERITY switch specifies to

messages. are to be considered fatal.

the

level

which

Associated with each

messaQe“is.é decimal number from 0 to 31 calied the severity

level. With this switch, the user can specify that messages with
a Severity.level less than or equal to a specific number are not
to; cause his job to be terminated.

Any message with a severity

level above the specified number will cause his job to abort.
Switch Format

Y
/SEVERIT:n

n_is/a decimal number from 0 to 30.
severity level

LINK-10 messages with a

above 'n will cause a user's job to be aborted.

Even though the highest severity level is

user

the

31,

cannot

indicate that a Amessage with this severity level. is to be

considered non-fatal.

switch,

omitted,

this

switch,

the

value

the

a fatal error for a timesharing job is one

whose seve;ity level is greater than

(decimal),

and

batch job, one whose level is greater than 16 (decimal).
Category of Switch

Delayed Action Switch (refer to Paragraph 3.3.5)
Examples

/SEVERITY:30

4-65

for

LINK-10

-/56-

LINK-10

Switches

/SKIP

Function

The /SKIP

number
magnetic

switch

is used to

space

of input or output files.
tape only and

ignored

forward

over

the

specified

This switch is implemented for
if

given

for

any

other

skip

device,

Switch Format

/SKIP:n
n is a decimal number representing the number of
over,

Category of

Switch

Device Switch

Examples

/SKIP:4 MTA3:

(refer to Paragraph

3.3.1)

files

-757-

LINK-10

LINK-10
Switches

/SSAVE
Function

The /SSAVE switch is used to define an

output

save

will contain the core image produced by LINK-10.,

which

file

It is similar

to the /SAVE switch except that the high segment will be sharable
when it is brought into core and executed. The saved file
produced by this switch is the same as the one
SSAVE system command.

produced

the

for

the

Refer to the /SAVE switch.

Switch Format

file specification/SSAVE:n

Arguments are the same as for the /SAVE

switch

except

following difference: when there are two segments, the extension

.LOW is assumed for

the

low

segment

and

.SHR

for the

high

segment,

Category of Switch

output Switch (refer to Paragraph 3.3.3)
Examples

DTA: SHRPRG/SSAVE,

Define a sharable save file with the name SHRPRG on the
user's DECtape. The minimum core required by the core image
is

assigned.

LINK-10

-758-

LINK-10

Switches

/START

Function

The /START
loaded

switch

program

used

address.

When a

addresses

are

specify the

allow a Program to

start address

ignored.

start

This

specified,

address

specify its own
all

the

start

subsequent

start

the default action.

Switch Format

/START:n

n is either of the followingz
an

octal

the
a

number

starting

SIXBIT

global

The global

but

modules

(i.e.,

symbol

is omitted,

address

preceded

address

number

whose

value

specified must

LINK-10

will

the program,

the action

does

not

all

start

sign

(#)

the

start

be defined.

change

the

addresses

turn

representing

off

from

address.

current
the

start

following

/NOSTART

switch

setting),

Category

Swit:ch

File Dependent

Switch

(refer to Paragraph

3,3.2)

Examples

+MAINPG/START, /NOSTART

Use

the

addresses

start

PROG1,PROG2,

address

PROG1

and

in MAINPG

PROG2.

and

ignore

the

start

LINK-10

~759LINK=-10

Switches

/SYMBOL

Function

The /SYMBOL swifich is used to specify an output syhbol file which
consist of local symbols (if loaded), information stored in

will

names

the local symbol table, such as module
global

symbols

and

lengths,

sorted for DDT.

Via keywords, the user can specify that the symbol file is to
either

representation or in triplet format.

radix-50

These

two éymboi table formats can be distinguished from each other

several ways:

1.,

The first word of the radix-50 symbol

negative.
always

always

table

The first word of the triplet symbol table is

zero.

The listing
of each radix-50 symbol requires two

the

first

word

the

symbol

name

words;

radix-50

representation, and the second word is the value.
3.

The listing of each triplet symbol requires three words;
the

first

one contains flags,

the second is the symbol

name in SIXBIT, and the third is the value.

This switch is useful wheh DDT is

not

1loaded

with

the

wuser's

program because it guatantees that the symbols will be available.
Note that if the user issues the /NOSYMBOL switch in the

string, he is not able to obtain the output symbol file.

command

LINK-10

-760-

LINK-10

Switches

Switch Format

file
File

specification/SYMBOL:keyword
specification

specifies
The

the

default

device

the

specification

job number,

Keyword

one

RADIX=-50
TRIPLET

the

.SYM[user's

default directory]

the filename nnnINK,

will

where

nnn

used.

obtain

the
the

symbols
symbols

in
in

radix-50
triplet

be generated.

If the keyword

representation.

format.

the /SYMBOL switch is not issued by the user,

file

file.

following:

to obtain
to

symbol

and

is no main program,

the user's

dev:file[directory]

and name associated with the

DSK:name of main program

If there

form

no output symbol

is omitted,

RADIX-50

assumed.

Category

Switch

Output Switch

(refer

to Paragraph

3.3.3)

DSKB:SYMFIL[20,235)/SYMBOL,

Define
area

format.

symbol
DSKB:.

file

with

The

symbols

the

name

will

SYMFIL on

the

outpuin
t

the RADIX~50

[20,235]

=761~

LINK-10

Switches

/SYMSEG

Function

The /SYMSEG switch causes symbols to be loaded with the program
énd

indicates

placed,
loaded

the

segment into which the symbol table is to be

With this switch, the user insufes that his program when
with DDT will

overwriting

run in as much core as

the symbol table.

is available without

Loading DDT or

setting

the

JOBDAT

locétion «JBDDT to a non-zero value also causes the symbols to be
loaded.

Switch Format

/SYMSEG: keyword
Keyword

one of the

following:

DEFAULT
at
the

to move the symbol table from its
current
position
top
of
core
to the first free location after the
patching space.
The JOBDAT location .JBFF, which points
to
the
first
free location, is adjusted to point to the first
free location after the symbol table.
This keyword is
used
to

reset'

'the

normal

action after

invoking

the

/SYMSEG

switch with either the HIGH or LOW keywords.
HIGH

to place

LOW to place

the
the

symbol
symbol

table
table

into
into

the high
the

segment.

low segment.

If the switch, or the valfie of the switch, is omitted, the symbol
table is moved' from ifs current position in the segment to the
first free

determined

location in that

after

64 decimal or

symbol,

segment.

the allocation of

100 octal words)

PAT.., is

The

space

first free

location

(default allocation

for patching of

symbols.

A global

defined to be equal to the first location in

4-71

LINK-10

-762-

LINK=-10
Switches

the patching

space.

Category of Switch

Delayed Action 8witch

(refer to Paragraph

Examples

/SYMSEG:HIGH

4-72

3.3.5)

-763-

LINK-10

Switches

/SYSLIB

Function

The /SYSLIB switch forces the system libraries to be searched
order to satisfy any undefined global requests.
the main program first

searches

the

and,

appropriate

depending

1library

causes ALGLIB to be loaded).
programs and

system

searches

library

(e.g.,

LINK-10 examines

the

compiler

used,

an ALGOL main program

Then LINK-10 looks at any remaining

the relevant libraries.

not

automatically

searched

unless

corresponding compiler-produced code has been loaded.

its

This means

that a user must explicitly request a system library when

not loading. the corresponding compiler-produced code for that
library.

For example,

the

programs and he wants the LIB40
it in the switch
unless

F40

format;

code has

user

library

LIB40

the

end

switch without any keywords
at

the

time

the switch,
end

the

searched,

not

only

MACRO-10

he must

specify

automatically

causes

the searcing of the
1loading

the loading procedure;
the

the switch is given.

with no arguments,

searched

been loaded.

The normal action taken by LINK=-10
libraries

libraries

If keywords are

all

required

however,
be

this

searched

specified on

indicated libraries occurs at the

procedure or

subsequent /SYSLIB

whichever occurs first.

4-~73

switch

LINK-10

~764-

LINK=-10
Switches

Switch Format

/SYSLIB:keyword
/SYSLIB: (keyword,

.,keyword)

Keyword

the

following:

one of

ALGOL
BCPL

to
to

search ALGLIB
search BCPLIB

COBOL

search LIBOL

FORTRAN

search FORLIB

F40

depends

given,
NELIAC

the

supported

FORLIB.

The

/FOROTS

DEC)

library

searched

/FORSE sw1tch,

if neither switch is given.

(not

or on .the default FORTRAN llbrary, which is

normally FORLIB,

keyword

corresponding

LIB40

upon

(not

LIBNEL

omitted,

supported by

only

compiler-produced

code

the

1libraries

has

been

‘

DEC)

for

which

loaded will

searched.

Category of

Switch

Createsan;implicit

file

specifiqation

Examples

/SYSLIB

4-74

(refer

to Paragraph

3.3.6)

-7€5-

LINK-10

LINK~10

Switches

/SYSORT

Function

The /SYSORT switch is used to arrange the symbol table for output

to the symbol file into the order most convenient to the user.
Switch Format

/SYSORT:keyword

Keyword is one of the following:

UNSORTED to leave the symbols in the order in which they are
This is the default.
placed in the symbol table.

ALPHABETICAL to arrange the
module
each
for
order
block=structured module.

symbol table in
each
for
or

alphabetical
block in a

NUMERICAL to arrange the symbol table in numerical order for
each module according to the values of the symbols.
NOTE

LINK-10,
For the first release of
keyword
only
the
is
UNSORTED
keywords
other
The
implemented.
accepted but
are
above
described
as
same
the
is
LINK-10's action
the UNSORTED
with
taken
that
keyword.

Category of Switch

Delayed Action Switch (refer to Paragraph 3.3.5)
Examples

RT
: UNSORTED
/SYSO

LINK-10

-766-

LINK-10

Switches

/TEST
Function

The /TEST switch is used to
specify

load

debugging

execution of the user's program.

the /DEBUG switch except

that

user's

program

instead

to terminate

Thus,

specifies

it is

the

loading;

and

the

similar to

execution

the debugging program.

does not cause termination of

required

program

This

/GO

the

switch

laoding.

Switch Format

/TEST:keyword
Keyword

is one of

the following:

MACRO,

MANTIS.

When

the debugging

Creates

compiler

aid associated with

if MACRO is specified,

Category of

COBDDT,
or

that

the

COBOL,

DDT,

assembler

translator

the debugging program DDT is

FORTRAN,
specified,

used

(e.g.,

loaded).,

Switch

implicit

file

specification

+MAIN1,/TEST:COBOL DATPRG,DATA,TEST,

4-76

(refer

to Paragraph

3.3.6)

-767-

LINK-10

Switches

/UNDEF INED

Function

The /UNDEfINED switch is wused to type all undefined global‘
~requests on the fisér's termihal.

The user can employ this switch

to determine the undefined 'symbols

and

then

use

switch to satiéfy the requests for these symbols.

the

/DEFINE

Thus, the user

éan interactively satisfy reéuegts before LINK-10 terminates

the

load with undefined symbols.
Switch Format

/UNDEF INED

Category of Switch

Immediate Action Switch

(refer to Paragraph

3.3.4)

Examples

* /UNDEF )
1 UNDEFINED SYMBOL
NAME

400100

is a word

in the chain of

symbol.

4-77

fixups

depending

the

LINK-10

~/68-

LINK=-10

Switches

/UNLOAD

Function

The /UNLOAD switch is used to rewind and unload the current input
or output device.

The device associated with this switch must be

a DECtape or a magnetic tape;

the switch is ignored for

non-tape

devices.

Switch Format

/UNLOAD

Category of Switch

Device Switch; however, the
action
of
this
switch
is
always
performed
after the file is processed regardless of its position
in the specification (refer to Paragraph 3.3.1)
Examples

+/REWIND DTA3:FILNAM/UNLOAD,

-769-

LINK-10

LINK=-10

Switches

/VALUE

Function

The /VALUE switch allows the user to interactively

type

names

their

current

values.

global

symbols

order

£find out

The output giveh to the user consigts of' the

symbol, its current Qalqe, and its status.
of:

DEFINED

UNKNOWN

(i.e.,
in the symbol table

with

the

requested

The status can be one
its

final

value),

(i.e., not in the.symbél table), UNDEFINED (i.e., in the

symbol table'as undefinedf, COMMON (i.e., in thé symbol table and
defined as COMMON).

Switch Format

/VALUE
: symbol

/VALUE: (symbol,
Symbol

« s 8ymbol)

is the name of the symbol

Category of

in ASCII.

Switch

Immediate Action Switch

(refer to Paragraph 3.3.4)

Examples

*/VALUE: (TAG1,START) J)
TAGl

400010

START

DEFINED
UNDEFINED

The symbol TAGl is defined
symbol START is undefined.

to be the value

4-79

400010,

and

the

-770-

LINK-10
LINK=-10
Switches

/VERBOSITY

Function

The /VERBOSITY switch gives the user control over the
text

transmitted

verbosity

message.

consists

only

indicating

verbosity

Associated with each message

the amount of text contained in the
SHORT

of a 3-letter code

indicates

that

(e.g., STC).

explains

the

code

(e.g.,

message

and

one

line

STC Symbol Table Completed).

message with a verbosity of LONG consists of the

the

A message with a

verbosity of MEDIUM consists of the 3-letter code
that

to both his terminal and his log file whenever

he receives a message from LINK-10.

amount

3-letter

code,

one line of explanation, plus a more detailed explanation of

the message.

Thus, the user can

specify

via

this

switch

the

amount of explanation output to his terminal and log file,

LINK=-10 has the fblléwing feature to aid users receiving fatal
messages

(i.e.,

ones

preceded

?).

fatal message but has not indicated that

detailed explanations

(i.e.,

If the user receives a
he

wants

types

out

the

see

the

verbosity LONG),'he can give the

CONTINUE system command after he receives the

then

to-

remainder of the message

information available) on the user's terminal.

message.

LINK=~10

(if there is more
This

additional

information is not included in the user's log file nor is the job
continuable after the message is output.

771-

LINK-10

LINK=-10

Switches

Switch Format

/VERBOSITY
: keyword
Keyword

is one of

SHORT

MEDIUM

LONG

the

following:

3=letter

code only.

3-letter

code

3=-letter

and

code,

a one-line

one-line

this

switch,

detailed explanation.
The default value

is MEDIUM if

explanation.

explanation,

and

or the keyword to the

switch,
is omitted.

If the user specifies a verbosity greater than the one
for

the

message

the

message,

the

specified

and only the available

wuser

text

keyword

output.

ignored

For

available
for

example,

that

specifies MEDIUM as the verbosity but the message only

has a 3-letter code available

(i.e., SHORT),

only

the

3=letter

code “will be output because there is no additional information
available for

that message.

Category of Switch

Delayed Action Switch

Examples

/VER: SHORT

(refer to Paragraph

3.3.5)

LINK-10

-772-

LINK=10

Switches

/XPN

Function

The /XPN switch is used
core

expanded

create

the

save

disk

the

file (XPN file) of the low segment. If the

image

program has not been loaded onto the disk, this switch causes the

If the

file to be Created with the name specified by the user.

program has been 1oadéd onto the disk, the file already exists,
but with the name nhnLLC.TMP where nnn is the user's job number.
Since this extension indicates a

processing.

upon

Thus, in.this case,

the

expanded

the

completion

LINK=-10's

the /XPN switch is wused to

file with the .XPN extension, so that it will not be

the

rename

deleted

normally

file

file,

temporary

deleted.

Switch Format

‘

file specification /XPN
File

specification

specifies

the

form

dev:file[directory]

and

the device and name to be associated with the expanded

core image file.

The default specification is

DSK:name of main program.XPN{user's default directory]

If there is no main program, the filename nnnLNK,
the user's job number,

is used.

where

nnn

1is

~773-

LINK-10

Switches

Category of Switch

Output Switch (refer to Paragraph 3.3.3)
Example

DSKC:XPNFIL[20,270]/XPN

Save the expanded core image file on the [20,270] area of
DSKC:

and with the name XPNFIL.

4-83

LINK-10

-774-

LINK- 10

Switches

/ZERO

Function

The /ZERO switch is used to clear the directory of the éssociated
DECtape.

The

directory

writéen, regarcless of
specification.

This

the

always

switch's

switch

cleared

before

position

ignored

for

devices.

Switch Format
file

specification/ZERO

File specification

is an output

specification.

Category of Switch
Output Switch

(refer

Examples

DTA3 :MYPROG/SAVE/ZERO

Paragraph

3.3.3)

all

the

file

current

non-DECtape

~775-

LINK-10

LINK-10
Messages

CHAPTER 5

LINK~10 MESSAGES
The following table of LIfiK-lO

CODE,

LVL,

SEV,

messages

four

columns:

and MESSAGE;. The leffimost column (CODE) contains a

3-letter code, which represents

message.

consists

teise,

abbreviated

form

the

The user can indicate, via the /VERBOSITY:SHORT switch, that

he desires only this code to be output whenever he receives a

message.

Refer

LINK-10

to the /VERBOSITY switch in Chapter 4 for additional

information.,:

The second column of each.message (LVL) indicates
assoc1ated, with

that

message.

are

suppressed.

message

Normally,

can

override

switches.

‘LINK-lO

this

action

with

These switches accept a

that

specified

informative

to the user's terminal and all messages are

output to the log file;/if the user has designated one.
user

level

The message level is the factor that

defiermines if the message is to be output.
messages

the

However,

the

the /ERRORLEVEL and /LOGLEVEL

decimal

number

and

indicate

messages with a message level less than or equal to the

number

are

not

output

(/ERRORLEVEL; or to his log file (/LOGLEVEL);
level greater than the specified

number

will

the

user's

terminal

Messages with a message
be

output.

The

two

switches are independent if the user's log file is not being output to

his terminal.
terminal

That is, he can h&ve one set of messages printed on his

and another

set listed

in his

the log file is the user's fierminal,
output.

This

log

only

file.

one

When the device

set

messages

set is the one generated by the lower argument

for

in either

LINK-10

-776-

LINK-10
Messages

the /ERRORLEVEL or /LOGLEVEL switch.

There are

currently representations

message level 1 Xinformative)

message

level

(warning)

message

level

(fatal)

Refer to

the /ERRORLEVEL and

additional

third column

each

message.,

considers
load) .

(SEV)
The

severity

a message to be fatal
The

predefined

number

indicates

and

than or

equal

Messages

number will
severity

switches

with

level

levels:

level

1is

the

Chapter

for

(i.e.,

one which

severity

switch.

This

severity level of

with

terminate

the

levels can be overridden by
switch

accepts

decimal

severity
be

level

considered

1level greater than the specified

to be terminated.
always

fatal

(Note that messages with
and

override the action taken with these messages.)
give a /SEVERITY switch,

will

that messages with a

severity

are

associated

point at which LINK=-10

specified number are not

load

severity

1level

to LINK~10
the

cause the

the

LINK-10

the /SEVERITY

/LOGLEVEL

contains

the user via

fatal.,

three message

information.

The

less

for

that

the

If the user

user

cannot

does

not

or does not give an argument to the switch,
considered fatal

severity level of 16 is considered

fatal

for a timesharing job
for a batch job.

and

a
a

-777-

LINK-10

Messages

for the Séverity levels are as follows:
Currently £he representations
%I séfiérity level 1. The message ié. enclosed in square brackets
(informative) .

éd by a percent sign
W seVefity level 10. The messag_ e is precéd
.
(wa:ning).

élié preceded by a percent sign
$E severity level 30. The meSsag
requesting the user to re-edit the
and followed by a line
if he wishes.
current file specification,

This option

available only to a time-sliaring user (editing).

F éeverity,level 31. The message is préceded by a gquestion
mark

(fatal).

Refer to the /SEVERITY switch in Chapter 4 for additional information.
The rightmost_colfimn (MESSAGE) contains a more detailed explanation of
the méséaqe than the one éppeafing in the CODE column. This message,
élong with the thrée-létfier code; is normally output. However, the

user can .ovérride iiis éction with the /VERBOSITY switch. Refer to
the /VERBOSITY switch in Chapter 4 for further information.

LINK-10

-778-

LINK-~10

Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

ADDRESS

NOT

LINK-10

expected

CORE
a

(1)
particular

user

be
in
core, but it is not there.
LINK=-10 internal error.
AZW

ALLOCATING

LINK-10's
request

error

CEF

CORE

ZERO WORDS

address

This

(1)

space allocator was called

for

zero words.

This

in LINK-10,

with

internal

EXPANSION FAILED

(1)

All attempts to obtain more
core,
including
writing files onto disk, have failed.
CLF

CLOSING

LOG
FILE,
specification]

CONTINUING

[file

This message occurs when the user changes the
device
on
which
the
1log
file
is
being
written.
The log file is closed on the first
device
and
the
remainder
of
the
file is
written on the second device.

§F

COBOL MODULE MUST BE

The COBOL-produced

file

loaded

COBDDT,

when

LOADED FIRST

file

must

1loading

COBOL

the

the COBOL debugging program,
modules,
such
as
a
MACRO
cannot be
the
first
file
in
the

other

string.

first

modules.

or
any
routine,
command

The user should begin loading again

and place the COBOL main program
or
routine
as the first file in the command string.

(1)

This message

your
to

Software

DEC,

not expected to occur.

Specialist

send

Software

it does,

Performance

please notify
Report

(SPR)

-779-

LINK-10

LINK-10
Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

CNW

CODE

CSF

NOT YET WRITTEN AT

([label]

The user attempted a

feature

implemented.
LINK=10.

1is

- CREATING

This

(1)

that

not

yet

an internal error

‘

SAV FILE

LINK-10 is generating the requested save file
by
running
the
core
image
through a zero
compressor

routine

in order

produce

SAV

/REWIND

format file.

DNS

DEVICE NOT SPECIFIED FOR /switch

device

/BACKSPACE,

switch,

has

such

been given,

but there is no

device to be associated with it.,
The
switch
is
ignored.
This occurs when the user does
not give a device name in
the
specification
containing
the switch or has not specified a
device name in the current
1line.
(Remember
that
devices
are
cleared at the end of the
line.) LINK-10's default device DSK does
not
apply
to
device
switches nor does a device
specified
in a /DEFAULT
switch
apply.
The
user

should

respecify

the command line

include the appropriate device name with
switch,
'

(1)

This message is not expected to occur.

your
Software
to DEC.

Specialist or

send a

Software

If it does,
Performance

and

the

please notify
Report

(SPR)

-/80-

LINK-10
LINK-10
Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

DRC

DECREASING RELOCATION COUNTER
[value] TO

[value]

[symbol]

FRCOM

The user is reducing the size of ‘an already
relocation counter via the /SET
defined
switch. The new value is accepted. The user
should be extremely careful when he does this
because code previously loaded under the old
relocation counter may be.overwritten. This
is dangerous
practice of reducing counters
unless the user knows exactly where modules
are

DSO

loaded.

DATA STATEMENT OVERFLOW

(1)

Incorrect code has been generated by the

F40

DECREASING UNDEFINED SYMBOL COUNT BELOW

ZERO

compiler.

DUZ

§F

(1)

On an internal check of the counter for
LINK-10 determined that
undefined symbols,
an
is
This
the counter was negative.
internal error.

EID

ERROR ON INPUT

DEVICE

[file specification]

STATUS

(xxxxxx)

FOR

input
A read error has occurred on the
Use of the device is terminated and
device.
is
status
The
1is released.
the file
represented by the right half of the file
Refer to DECsystem-10 Monitor
status word.
for the explanation of the file status
Calls
bits.

(1)

your
to

If it does, please notify
This message is not expected to occur.
Specialist or send a Software Performance Report (SPR)
Software

DEC.

-781-

LINK-10

LINK=-10
Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

ELC

EHC

ELS

EFX

ERROR CREATING

OVERFLOW FILE

FOR AREA

{

| EGS

LINK=10

could

not make

the

named

file

the

disk
(LC=user's
low segment code, HC=user's
high segment.
code,
LS=local
symbol
table,
FX=fixup
area,
and GS=global symbol table).

The user could be over
quota,
could be full or have errors.

EMS

the

disk

END OF MAP SEGMENT
Notification that the LINK-10
module
LNKMAP
has
completed
the
writing of the map file.

The map

ESN

EXTENDED

now closed.

SYMBOL

NOT

EXPECTED

(1)

The code to handle symbols
longer
characters has not been completed.

will be available

EXP

EXPANDING
LINK=10

the
same

LOW

needs

specified
programs,

core

amount.
the

six
code

in a future release.

SEGMENT TO
more

than
This

user

[n]

and

future

can

run

expanding

loads
LINK=10

the
more

efficiently by requesting this amount of core
at the beginning of the load with
the
/CORE
switch.

(1)
your
to

This message is not expected to occur.
Software

DEC.

Specialist or

send a

5=~7

If it does, please notify

Software Performance

Report

(SPR)

-/82-

LINK-10
LINK=-10
Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

EXS

EXIT

SEGMENT

LINK-10 is entering the completion stages of
These stages include
1loading process.
the
the creation of save and symbol files and, if
required,

FCD

the execution of the core image.

FORTRAN CONFUSED ABOUT DATA STATEMENTS

(1)

F40
the
by
generated
code was
Incorrect
compiler for a data statement in the form
DATA A(I),I=1,4/1,2,3,4/
as opposed to a data statement in the form
DATA (A(I),I=1,4)/1,2,3,4/
FCF

FINAL

CODE

FIXUPS

LINK=-10 is now reading the

1low

and/or

high

segment
overflow files backwards in order to
do all remaining code fixups.
This
process
may
cause
considerable disk overhead.
Note
that the message occurs only if the load
was
too large to fit entirely in core.

FIA

CANNOT MIX KI10 AND KAl0 FORTRAN-10
CODE

COMPILED
.

The FORTRAN-10 compiler
generates
different
output
for
the KAl0 and the KI1l(Q processors
(e.g., double precision code)
and
the
user
cannot
load
this mixture.
He should decide
which processor he
wants
to
use
and
then
recompile the appropriate programs.

(1)
your
to

This message is not expected to occur.
If it does, please notify
Software "Specialist or send a Software Performance Report (SPR)

DEC.

LINK-10

-785~LINK=-10
Messages

CODE

LVL,

FIN

SEV

MESSAGE

LINK-10

FINISHED

LINK-~10 has completed
its task of

user's

program

loading the

and other required programs.

Control is either returned to the monitor
given to the user's program for execution.

FON

CANNOT MIX F40 AND FORTRAN-10 COMPILED CODE
Output from the F40 and FORTRAN~-10

cannot

used

together

compilers

in the same load.

The user
should
decide
which
compiler
he
wants
and
then
recompile
the. appropriate
program with that compiler.

(FEE'

FRE

(ENTER
RENAME

ERROR

(0)

[file

specification]

ILLEGAL FILENAME

FOR

One of the following conditions occurred:
l.

The

filename given was

When updating a

given

file,

illegal.
the

filename

did not match the file to be

updated.

(FLE)
GSE

<LOOKUP"
GETSEG

The RENAME UUO following
Uuo failed.

ERROR

(0)

FILE

WAS

LOOKUP

NOT FOUND

The file requested by the user was not found.
The
user
should
respecify
the
correct
filename.

-/84-

LINK-10
LINK=~10
Messages

CODE

MESSAGE

SEV

FEE

ENTER

LOOKUP
RENAME
GETSEG

$E
FRE

GSE

ERROR (1) NO DIRECTORY FOR
PROJECT-PROGRAMMER NUMBER FOR
specification]

([file

The UFD does not
exist
on
the
named
file
structure,
or
the project-programmer number
given was

FEE

incorrect.

ENTER

FLE

LOOKUP
RENAME

.GSE

ERROR (2) PROTECTION FAILURE FOR
[file specification]

GETSEG

The user does not have the correct privileges
to access

FRE

the named file.

ENTER ERROR

(2)

DIRECTORY FULL

The directory on the DECtape has no room
the

ENTER
LOOKUP \ ERROR

FEE
FLE

\\RENAME

GSE

for

file.

GETSEG

(3)

FILE WAS BEING MODIFIED

FOR [file specification]

Another user is currently modifying the named
file.
The user should try accessing the file
later.

FEE \

ENTER

FLE

§F

FRE

GSE

‘

LOOKUP
RENAME
GETSEG

ERROR (4) RENAME FILENAME
ALREADY EXISTS FOR ([file
specification] (1)

The specified filename already exists,
or
a
different filename was given on the ENTER UUO
following

(1)
your

LOOKUP

UUO.

This message is not expected
to occur.
If it does, please notify
Software
Specialist or send a Software Performance Report (SPR)

DEC,

5-10

- -785-

LINK-10

LINK-10
Messages

CODE

LVL

FEE
FLE

SEV

‘

FRE
GSE

MESSAGE

CENTER )
LOQKUP

FLE

GETSEG

FRE
.GSE

(5)

;

ILLEGAL SEQUENCE OF

(1)

"RENAME ( UUOS FOR [file specification]
:

Theifiéer sbedified

an illegal

a preceding LOOKUP
after an ENTER).

monitor

FEE

ERROR

ENTER '

calls,

UUOs,

ENTER,

ERROR

RENAME (
GETSEG.

FOR

(6)

[file
.

BAD

LOOKUP

sequence

(e.g.,
a RENAME without

UFD OR BAD

RIB

specification]
'

(1)

One of the following conditions occurred:
1.

Transmission, device, or data

occurred

while

the UFD or

attempting

error

to read

RIB.

A hardware-detected device

data

error was detected while reading the
UFD RIB or UFD data block.

3.
|

(FEE

FLE
FRE

GSE..

software-detected

- inconsistency
error
while reading the UFD

was
RIB

detected
or
file

RIB.

ENTER

LOOKUP
RENAME

GETSEG

ERROR (7) NOT A SAV FILE
[file specification]
(1)

FOR

The named file is
not
a
core
image
file.
This
message can never occur and is included

only

for completeness

the

LOOKUP,

ENTER,

and RENAME error codes.

(1)

your
to

This message is not expected to occur.
Software

DEC.

Specialist or

send a

1If it does, please notify

Software Performance

Report

(SPR)

-786-

LINK-10
LINK-10
Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

FEE
FLE

.
$F

ENTER

GSE

LOOKUP
RENAME

ERROR (10) NOT ENOUGH CORE FOR
[file specification] (1)

GETSEG

The system cannot supply enough core

use

as buffers or to read in a program. This
message can never occur and is included only
for completeness of the LOOKUP, ENTER, and
RENAME error codes.

ENTER

FLE

FRE

LOOKUP
RENAME

ERROR (11) DEVICE NOT AVAILABLE FOR
[file specification] (1)

GETSEG

GSE

The device indicated by the user is currently

not

available.

This message can never occur

and is included only for completeness of
LOOKUP, ENTER and RENAME error codes.

ENTER

LOOKUP
RENAME

FRE

the

ERROR (12) NO SUCH DEVICE FOR
[file specification] (1)

GETSEG

GSE

The device specified by the user does not
This message can never occur and is
exist.
included only for completeness of the LOOKUP,
ENTER, and RENAME error codes.

(1)

your
to

notify
This message is not expected to occur. If ifi does, please
Report (SPR)
Software

Specialist or send a Software Performance

DEC.

5=12

-787-

LINK-10

LINK=10

Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

-$F

FEE

MESSAGE

ENTER

FLE

GSE

LOOKUP
RENAME [

ERROR (13) NOT TWO RELOC REG
CAPABILITY FOR [file specification]

GETSEG

(1)

The machine
does
not
have
a
two-register
relocation
capability.
This
message
can
pever
occur
and
is
included
only
for
completeness
error. codes.

FEE

the LOOKUP,

ENTER and

RENAME

ENTER

FLE

§F

GSE

LOOKUP

RENAME [

ERROR

(14)

NO ROOM OR QUOTA

EXCEEDED FOR

[file specification]

GETSEG

There is no room on the
file
structure
for
the
named
file,
or the user's quota on the
file structure would be exceeded if the
file
were placed on the structure.

FEE

ENTER

FLE

GSE

LOOKUP
RENAME

ERROR (15) WRITE LOCK ERROR
FOR [file specification]

GETSEG

The user cannot write on the
because it is write-locked.

EE
FLE
FRE
GSE

specified device

ENTER

LOOKUP
RENAME

ERROR (16) NOT ENOUGH MONITOR
TABLE SPACE FOR [file specification]

GETSEG

There
is
not
enough
table
space
in
the
monitor's
(FILSER)
4=-word
blocks
for
the
specified file.
The user should try
running
the job at a later time.,

(1)
This message is not expected to occur.
If it does, please notify
your
Software Specialist or send a Software Performance Report (SPR)
to

DEC,

5-13

LINK-10

-788-

LINK-10
Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

FEE

MESSAGE

ENTER

FLE

LOOKUP

FRE |
GSE

ERROR

(17)

RENAME ( ONLY FOR
GETSEG ./
Because
space

of
on

the
the

PARTIAL ALLOCATION

[file

user's

specification]

quota

device,

the

available

total

number

blocks requested could not be allocated and a
partial allocation was given.

FEE

ENTER

FLE

FRE
GSE

LOOKUP

ERROR

RENAME [
GETSEG.)

ALLOCATION FOR
(1)

The

block

available

occur
completeness

error codes.

¥F

LOOKUP

FRE

LINK-10

not

This message can

and
is
included
of the LOOKUP, ENTER,

only

for
and RENAME

’

GETSEG./

specification]

The user

attempted

directory.
is

This message
Software

DEC.

only

ENTER,

and

send

supersede

for

existing

completeness

RENAME

not expected to occur.

Specialist

(1)

This message can never occur and

included

LOOKUP,

allocation.

specification]

ERROR (21) CAN'T SUPERSEDE (ENTER)
AN EXISTING DIRECTORY FOR [file

RENAME

GSE

(1)

NOT FREE

[file

ENTER

FLE

your

BLOCK

required

for

never

FEE

(20)

Software

error

it does,

Performance
'

5-~14

the

codes.

please notify
Report

(SPR)

-789-

LINK-10

LINK-10
Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

(FEE

ENTER

FLE

FRE

GSE

LOOKUP
RENAME

ERROR (22) CAN'T DELETE (RENAME)
A NON-EMPTY DIRECTORY FOR [file

GETSEG

specification]

(1)

The user attempted to delete a directory that
was

not

and is
LOOKUP,

EE
FLE\

empty.

This message can never occur

included only for completeness of
ENTER,

the

and RENAME error codes.

ENTER
SF

LOOKUP
RENAME

GSE

\ ERROR (23) SFD NOT FOUND FOR
[file specification]

GETSEG

The required
sub=-file
directory
specified path was not found.

FEE

the

ENTER

FLE

LOOKUP
RENAME

GSE

ERROR (24) SEARCH LIST EMPTY FOR
[file specification]

GETSEG

A LOOKUP

and

generic

device

ENTER
DSK

UUO
and

was
performed
on
the search list is

empty.

'ENTER

EE
FLE

LOOKUP

ERROR (25) SFD NEST LEVEL TOO

RENAME

GSE

An attempt

was

directory

nested

level

and

[file specification]

(1)

ENTER,

create
than

the

subfile

maximum

and RENAME error codes.,

This message is not expected to occur.

your Software

deeper

allowed.
This message can never
occur
is included only for completeness of the

LOOKUP,

(1)

DEEP FOR

GETSEG

If it does, please notify
Specialist or send a Software Performance Report (SPR)

5-~15

LINK-10

-790-

LINK-10

Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

ENTER
LOOKUP

FEE

FLE

FRE

ERROR

RENAME

GSE

(26)

NO-CREATE

SEARCH LIST FOR

ON FOR ALL

[file specification]

GETSE

No file
has

structure in the
job's
search
1list
both the no-create bit and the write=lock

bit equal to zero and
has
the
UFD
or
SFD
specified by the default or explicit path.,

FEE

FLE

FRE
GSE

ENTER
LOOKUP

ERROR

(27)

RENAME

SPACE

FOR

GETSEG

:
SEGMENT NOT ON SWAP
[file specificatio(1)
n]

’

A GETSEG UUO was issued
from
a
locked
1low
segment
to
a
high
segment
which is not a
dormant,
active,
or
idle
segment.
This

message

can never

occur and

for completeness of
RENAME

FEE
FLE

error

LOOKUP

RENAME

included

only

ENTER,

and

codes,

ERROR

(nn) UNKNOWN
CAUSE FOR [file specification]

GETSE

RENAME

number than

This message
Software

indicates

error

send a

the errors

Software

5~16

that a LOOKUP,

occurred which was

is not expected to occur.

Specialist or

(1)

This message
or

(1)

LOOKUP,

ENTER
3F

FRE
GSE

your

the

LINK=-10

knows

If it does,
Performance

ENTER,

larger
in

about.

please notify
Report

(SPR)

-791-

LINK-10

LINK-lO
Messages

CODE

LVL

HSL

MESSAGE

ATTEMPT TO SET HIGH SEGMENT ORIGIN TOO LOW

The user is trying to set

the

beginning

the
high
segment below 400,000 or below the
end of the low segment, whichever is
larger.
This
can
be
the
result
of
a /SET:.HIGH.
switch with a value less
than
400,000,
If
this
is
the case, the switch is ignored and
the user should again specify the /SET:.HIGH.
switch
with
a valid argument.
This message
can
also
occur
when
greater
than
400,000
loaded is
requesting

the
1low
segment
is
and
a
module
being
the
high
segment
to

start
at

user

400,000,

The

can

either

give

/SET switch or retranslate the module.
HSO

ATTEMPT

[value]

TO [value]

CHANGE

HIGH

SEGMENT

ORIGIN

FROM

The user is attempting to change the starting
address
of
the high segment.
The specified
value is ignored.
The cause may be that the
user
gave
a /SET:.HIGH.,: value switch which
does not agree with the LINK item type 3,
or
that
two
LINK
item type 3's have different

origins.,

The

incorrect files.

HTL

SYMBOL

HASH

user

TABLE

should

TOO LARGE

in the maximum hash table
can generate.

increase
hash

(1)

This message

your

Software

. the

(1)

symbols

Software

DEC.

5=17

1If

it does,

Performance

can

fit

25K in size)
action

allowable

table.

send

than

(about

Possible

maximum

not expected to occur.

Specialist or

the

‘

The user has more global
LINK-10

recompile

size

the

please notify
Report

(SPR)

-792-

LINK-10
LINK-10
Messages

CODE

(

I4DY
I4s
I4T

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

ILLEGAL F40

Incorrect

compiler.

IBC

DATA CODE

SUB=~BLOCK

(xxxxxx)

(1)

TABLE ENTRY

code

was

produced

the

F40

ATTEMPT TO INCREASE SIZE OF BLANK COMMON

the blank
to expand
An attempt was made
Once a COMMON area is defined,
COMMON area.
The user should
the size cannot be expanded.

load the module with the largest blank COMMON

1larger area with
area first or specify the
either
loading
switch before
the /COMMON
module.

ICI

INSUFFICIENT CORE TO INITIALIZE LINK-10
There is not enough core

the

system

initialize LINK-10.

IDM

ILLEGAL DATA MODE FOR DEVICE

is
a device
specified for
The data mode
such as dump mode for the terminal
illegal,
The user should respecify
(ee.g., TTY:/SAVE).
the correct device.

IFD

§F

INIT FAILURE FOR DEVICE

[dev]

The OPEN or INIT UUO failed for the specified
by
wuse
in
be
could
device
The
device.
another

user.

(1)
This message is not expected to occur.
If it does, please notify
your
Software
Specialist or send a Software Performance Report (SPR)
to

DEC.

5~18

~793-

LINK-10

LINK=-10
Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

ILC

IHC
ILS

IFX

HC
ERROR

INPUTTING

AREA

IGS

( LS

) =

STATUS

(XXXXXX)

An error

area

occurred while

(LC=user's

reading

the

low segment code,

high segment
code,
LS=local
symbol
FX=fixup= area, = and GS=global symbol

The status is represented by the

the

file

DECsystem-10

explanation of

ILI

SF-

status

the

status bits.

The

was

input

file

translator

(e.g.,

either

that

LINK-10

SAV file).
$I

generated
does

(e.g.,

not

This message
Software

to DEC.

not

is an ASCII

INCREMENT
MAPS
AL NOT YET AVAILABLE

I/0 DATA BLOCK NOT SET UP
LINK-10

(1)

recognize

attempted

to do

/MAP
switch
is ignored.

(1)
I/O

(LOOKUP,

UUOs) for a channel that has not been
This is an internal LINK-10 error.

your

the

The INCREMENTAL keyword for the
is not implemented.
The switch

INS

for

a non=-supported translator)

in proper binary format

IMA

Calls

(xxxxxx)

[file specification]

half

Refer

ILLEGAL LINK ITEM TYPE

table,
table).

right

word.

Monitor

file

named

HC=user's

is not expected to occur.

Specialist

send

Software

5-19

it does,

Performance

ENTER

set up.

please notify
Report

(SPR)

-794-

LINK-10
LINK-10
Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

IPO

INVALID POLISH OPERATOR

(1)

An incorrect link

type

This

ISD

item

is an internal LINK-10 error,

was

INCONSISTENT SYMBOL DEFINITION FOR

seen.

[symbol]

An already-defined symbol has
been
given
a
second "partialTM definition.
The user should
examine the usage of the named symbol.

ISO

INCORRECT STORE OPERATOR (1)
An incorrect link

item

type

was

seen.

This is an internal LINK=10 error.

Isp

INCORRECT SYMBOL POINTER

(1)

The current symbol pointer does not point
to
a valid symbol triplet.
This can occur if an
extended symbol does not terminate
properly.
This is an internal LINK-10 error.

IST

§F

INCONSISTENCY IN SWITCH TABLE

(1)

An internal

error

occurred

the

tables built by the SCAN module.

IVC

INDEX VALIDATION CHECK
(1)

The

range

checking

FAILED

LINK=-10's

switch

[address]

internal

tables and arrays failed.
The address output
is
the
point
in
the
appropriate
LINK-10
segment at which this occurred.

(1)
This message is not expected to occur.
If it does, please notify
your
Software
Specialist or send a Software Performance Report (SPR)
to

DEC.

5=20

-795-

LINK-10

LINK-10
Message

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

LDS

LOAD

SEGMENT

Indication that the LINK-10 module LNKLOD has

LIM

LIT

started

its

LINK-10

INITIALIZATION

processing.

LINK-10

has

user's

input,

LINK

begun

ITEM TYPE

its

(xxxxxx)

specification]
An error occurred in
This
could
result
generated

is
seen
required).

SHORT

FOR

the

[file

the
named
1link
item.
from
incorrect
output

translator

MODULE

[name]

LINK-10

the

(e.g.,

argument:

process

1loading

MULTIPLY-DEFINED GLOBAL
SYMBOL
[name]
DEFINED VALUE =
VALUE = ([value]

{[value],

named module.

MDs

TOO

on
an
END
block
when
one
is
The user should
retranslate
the

module.

processing

MODULE

[symbol]

the

THIS

The user has given an existing global
symbol
a value different from its original one.
The
second occurrence

the

global

symbol

the
named
module.
The
currently
defined
value is used. The user should
change
the
name
of
the symbol or reassemble one of the

files with the correct parameters.

MAP

SORTING

NOT

YET

IMPLEMENTED

Alphabetic and numeric
file

not

appear

in the

symbol

yet

the order

5-21

table.

sorting

implemented.

in which

The

the

they were

map

symbols

placed

-796-

LINK-10

LINK=10
Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

MOV

MOVING LOW SEGMENT TO EXPAND AREA[area]
This message indicates that LINK-10 is making
In future loads of
inefficient use of core.
the same programs, the user should allocate
more core to LINK-10 at the beglnnlng of the

followxng.
the
of
Area 1s one
load.
LC=user's low segment code, HC=user's high
segment code, LS=local symbol table, FX=fixup

area, and GS=global symbol table.
MPS

MAP

SEGMENT

Indication that the LINK=10 module LNKMAP has
begun to write a map file.
MSS

MAXCOR SET TOO SMALL,

INCREASING TO nK

The current value of MAXCOR is too small for
In future loads of this
LINK-10 to operate.
program, the user can save LINK-10 tlme by
setting

MAXCOR

to this new expanded size at

the beginning of the load.

MTS

MAXCOR TOO SMALL, AT LEAST nK IS REQUIRED

The user specified the /MAXCOR switch with an
argument that is below the minimum size

LINK=-10 requires as

its

1low

segment.

The

[file

The minimum size is
switch 1is ignored.
The
dependent upén the code already loaded.
user should respecify the switch.
NCL

NOT ENOUGH CORE TO LOAD JOB, SAVED
specification]

The user's program was too large to load into
Thus, LINK-10 created a saved file on
core.
The

disk and cleared user

core.

to load it into core.

If the core

user

can

image

perform a GET or RUN operation on the program
too big, the user can either employ a
still
bigger machine or’ obtain a larger core ‘llmlt
(e.g.,

increase CORMAX).

5=22

~797-

LINK-10

LINK=-10
Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

NCX

NOT ENOUGH CORE TO LOAD AND EXECUTE
RUN FROM [file specification]

JOB,

WILL

The user's program was too large to load into
core

and

LINK-1l0

created

saved

file

disk.
It automatically executes the
program
by
performing a RUN UUO.
However, the saved
file remains on disk and the user must delete
it, if he wishes.

NED

NON=-EXISTENT

DEVICE

The user

specified a device

has

exist
in
the
the input files
type

NYI

NOT

The

control-C

YET

that does

not

system.
The user can re-edit
to correct the device name or

abort

IMPLEMENTEDN

user

[dev]:

issued

the

load.

/switch

switch

that

implemented in this version of LINK-10.

not

oLC
OHC
OLS
OFX

ERROR OUTPUTTING AREA ¢ LS

=STATUS

(xxxxxx)

0GS
An

error occurred while writing out the named
area
(LC=user's
low segment code, HC=user's

high segment
code,
LS=local
symbol table ,
FX=fixup
area,
and GS=global symbol table).

The
of

status

the

is represented by the
file
status
word.

DECsystem=10

Monitor

explanation of

the

5~23

file

Calls

status

right

Refer
for

bits.

half

to
the

LINK-10

-798-

LINK-10
Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

OEL

LOG

OEM

MAP

OES

OEX

OUTPUT ERROR ON
JOB
CLOSED.
FILE

SYMBOL

FILE.
XPN
CONTINUING

STATUS

[xxxxxx]

An error has occurred on the output file.
The output file is closed at the end of the
The
last data that was successfully output.
status 1is represented by the right half of

DECsystem=10
Refer to
the file status word.
Monitor Calls for the explanation of the file
status bits.

OFN

OLD FORTRAN

(F40)

MODULE NOT AVAILABLE

The standard released version of LINK-10
includes the LNKF40 module that loads F40
However, the installation has removed
code.
loading a dummy version of LNKF40 and
it by
thus LINK=-10 is unable to handle F40 compiler
request his
should
user
- The
output.
LINK-10
installation to load a version of
with the real LNKF40 module.

OMN

OBSOLETE MONITOR WILL NOT SUPPORT LINK=10
the

LINK-10 requires a monitor that contains
PDEVSIZ

UUO.

PLC
PHC

PLS

AREA(

OVERFLOWING TO DSK

PFX

PGS

The job is too large to fit into the allowed
the named area is being moved to
and
core
disk (LC=user low segment code, HC=user high
segment code, LS=local symbol table, FX=fixup
area,

and GS=global symbol table).

5-24

LINK-10

-799LINK-10
Messages

CODE

'LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

PSF

POLISH SYMBOL FIXUPS NOT YET IMPLEMENTED

The requested feature is not yet available.
3F

RCF

'RELOCATION COUNTER TABLE FULL
The

relocation

counter

table

fixed

length and cannot be expanded in the current
This restriction will be
version of LINK-10.
eliminated in a future release.

" REDUCING LOW SEGMENT TO

[n]

been deleted
LINK=10's internal tables have
This message
been reclaimed.
has
core
and
occurs near the end of loading.
%I

RGS

REHASHING GLOBAL SYMBOL TABLE FROM [old size]

[new size]

table
LINK-10 is expanding the global symbol
either +to the next prime number as requested
next
its
to
by the user (via /HASHSIZE) or
In future loads of
expansion of abpout 50%.
time
this program, the user can save LINK-10
new
this
to
table
hash
the
setting
by
expanded size at the beginning of the load.

SIF

SYMBOL INSERT FAILURE,

NON-ZERO

HOLE

FOUND

(1)

LINK-10's hashing
An internal LINK=10 error.
algorithm failed. . A symbol already exists in
the location in which LINK-10 needs to
place
The error may disappear if
symbol.
the new
different
in a
files
the
loads
the user
order.

(1) This message is not expected to occur.

your
to

Software

If it does, please

Specialist or send a Software Performance Report

DEC.

5-25

notify
(SPR)

LINK-10

-800-

LINK=-10
Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

SFU

SYMBOL

TABLE

FOULED

An internal LINK-10
cannot
store

The

locate
the

lengths

1loading

requested

SNC

the

(1)

inconsistency.
TITLE

the

process

the

lengths

SYMBOL

[symbol]

the

triplets

LINK=10

control

will

control

not

sections.

continues.

user

order

Any

maps

contain

the

sections.

ALREADY

DEFINED,

BUT

COMMON

NOT

The user has defined a non-COMMON symbol with
.
the
same
name as a COMMON symbol.
The user
should
decide
which
symbol
definition
he

SNL

L P!

wants.

COMMON

area

uses

should

the

COMMON
loaded

definition,

the

first.

SCANNING NEW COMMAND LINE

LINK~10
has
completed
the
scanning
and
processing of the current command line and is
ready to accept the input on the next line.

SOE

SAVE
An

FILE

error

file

OUTPUT ERROR =~
has

1is

that was
status

word.

Calls

for

bits.

SYMBOL

the

Refer

output.

SORTING

not

yet

appear

in the

the

order

symbol

table.

5-26

save

file.

the
The

half

NOT

YET

the

The

last data
status

the

DECsystem=10

the explanation of

TABLE

the

right

Alphabetic and numeric
table

(XXXXXX)

at the end of

successfully

represented

SSN

occurred

closed

STATUS

file

is
file

Monitor

status

IMPLEMENTED

sorting of

implemented.

the

symbol

The

symbols

in which

were

placed

they

-801-

LINK-10

LINK-10
Messages

‘CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

SST

- SORTING

LINK=10

SYMBOL TABLE

arranging

the

symbol

table

the

order
specified
by the user via the /SYSORT
switch, and if required,
is
converting
the

symbols * from

the

new

indicated on the /SYMSEG,
switch

STC

SYMBOL TABLE

The

symbol

old

format

/SYMBOL,

sorted

and

COMPLETED

table

has

bee“

‘according

the

user's

LVAR

13)

CODE NOT

request

/SYMSEG, /SYMBOL, or /DEBUG switch.

T13

¥F

(TYPE

/DEBUG

moved

via

the

IMPLEMENTED

LINK item type 13 (LVAR) is
not
implemented
in
LINK-10 hor supported by DEC.
The TWOSEG
pseudo-op in the MACRO-10 language should
be
used.

TOO LATE

DELETE

The
/NOINITIAL
command
string

INITIAL

SYMBOLS

switch
was
placed
in
the
after
the
first
file

specification.‘ Because this switch
was
not
first
in
the command string,
LINK=1l0's
initial symbol table was loaded.

TEC

TRYING
An

EXPAND

attempt was

COMMON

made

expand

COMMON

area.

The
largest occurrence of the COMMON area of
a given name
must
be
1linked
first.
Once

defined,

the size cannot be expanded although

new COMMON

areas

defined.

The

different

user

should

occurrence first.

5=27

names

load

the

can

largest

-802-

LINK-10

LINK=-10
Messages

CODE

LVL

SEV

MESSAGE

TSO

CANNOT

ILOAD

TWO

SEGMENT

MODULE

SEGMENT

INTO

ONE
’

The user attempted to force two segments into
one
segment
via
the
/SEGMENT
switch.
However, the binary file does not contain the
necessary
information
(i.e.,
the
the high segment) in LINK item type

situation
is
usually
compiler (e.g.,ALGOL).

URC

UNKNOWN

RADIX~50

caused

length of
3.
This

by a one-pass

SYMBOL CODE

Bita 0-3 of the first word of the
1link
item
contain
an
unknown symbol code.
Either the
translator is generating
incorrect
code
or
the
binary
file
is
bad.
The user should

UsSA

recompile

the

file.

UNDEFINED

STARTING ADDRESS

The user has given a
global
symbol
as
the
start
address
and
the
symbol is currently
undefined.
The user should load
the
module
that defines the symbol.

-803~

LINK-10

Examples

CHAPTER 6

LINK-10 EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1

Loading and Executing COBOL Programs

The following files are on the user's disk areas

' DIRECT )

FILA

r};a

FILC

2R 6LNK

SIMPLE

cel.

LOG

cBl.
MAC

6eFEB®Y3

<P55>

ce,

P55

62FEB=73

<@P55>

2BuFEHAY3

282FEH=Y3

<P55>

£27,232)

6aFEHnD3

P55>

oSkBy

TOTAL OF & BLOCKS IN 5 FILES ON DSKBY [27,235]

automatically
In the command string shown below, the user is
and executing the programs and generating a map.
loading,
compiling,

The /CONT:ZERO switch is passed to LINK,

VEXECYUTE /ZLINK/MAP FILA,FILE,FILCX!CONTIZERO! )

COBOL}

CESABA

(F1LA,CBL]

COBOL {

C8Sgac

[FILC,CBL)

COBOL}
LINK?

cespsB

LEXECUTION]

RUNNING
KRUNNING

CBSQ@BA

HUNNING

CBS@B8C

CFILB,'CBL ]

‘

CBSg8B

EXIT

In the followng command sequences the user is compiling the files

then directly loading and executing them through LINK=10.

and

LINK-10

-804-

LINK-10
Examples

1COM FILA,FILB,FILC )
c080L 1
cBSE8A
[FiLa,cBLI
CoBOL|
COBQL}

cBS@Es
CBS@8G

[FILB,CBL)
CFILC,CBLY

EXIT

1ROLINK )
“FILA FILB,FILC,/MAP/CONT{ZERO/EXECUTEAGO
)
LEXECUTIONY

RUNNING

CBS28A

KUNNING

CBS@8B

RUNNING

CBS@8C

EXIT

EXAMPLE

The

and

Executing

user assembles

the

following MACRO program:

MACRO

Program

tCOMPILE SIMPLE,MAC J

MACRD|

SIMPLE

EXIT

the

following

interactively
search

command

requests

symbols,

and

sequences,

the

user

loads

the MACRO

listing of the relocation counters,

undefined

global

symbols,

and

then

GURREgT

VALUE

program,

program.,

LINK )

*SIMPLE J

o/CQUNTER )

RELOCATION
{1

INIT]AL

GH’

»/ENTRY J)

COUNTER

LIBRARY

420000

SYMBOLS

#«/UNDEF INE )
NO

YALUE

UNDEFINED

GLOBAL

#«/EXECUTE/GO
)

(ENTRY

SYMBOLS

400025

POINTS)

library

executes

(QCTAL)

the

LINK-10

-805LINK-10

Examples

LEXECUTION]
THIS IS A VERY

SIMPLE

TWO=SEGMENT

'
MACRO

PROGRAM,

EX17

EXAMPLE 3

Loading COBOL Programs and Creating a Saved File

In the following example, the user is individually loading
each
file
and
requesting
a listing of undefined global symbols after each file

is loaded.
libraries.
saved

He also
After

is requesting the searching of the default
system
searching
has
been performed, the user creates a

file and executes

the core

ROLINK D
sFILAZY )
6

UNDEFINED

BTRAC,

TRACE,
TRPD,

TRPOP,

CBSPBE

CBODnT,

«F ILB/Y )

SYMBOLS

1277

1214

1213

1327

1260

6 UNDEFINED

BTRAC,

TRACE ,
TRPD,

CBSVEC

TRROFP,

CBDOT,

GLOBAL

1212

)
#FILC/V

GLOBAL SYMBOLS

1367

1473

1371

1615

1370
1454

% UNDEFINED GLOBAL SYMBOLS

BTRAC,

2052

TRPD,
TRPOP,

2054
2953

TRAGE),

CBDDT,

2147

2130

)
#/SYSL1B/U

NO UNDEFINED GLOBAL SYMBOLS

image.

LINK-10

-806-

LINK-~10

Examples
*FIL2/SAV/

LEXECUTIONY
MUNNING

RUNNING
HUNNING

EXECUTE/GO
)

CBS@B8A

CBSQ8B
CBS@8¢

EXIT

FILE

SAY

<K@55>

23«APR=7S

D3KC1

[27,235]

Example

LINK-10

The Command File

/NOINITIAL /LOGLEVELSY OSK|LINK/MAP /GCONTINOABS s/RUNAMEILINKe
/HASHSLZE | 120Q0/TESTIDDT/SYMSEGIH ,LNKEXO,SCAN,HELPER=
s LNKINI, /NOSTART LNKSCN,LNKWLD,LNKF]O,LNKLOD,
LNKOLD, NKNEW, | NKF4On
1 LNKCST, LNKGOR,, LNKLOG , LNKERR , |LNKMAP , _NKX] T, LNKSUB/SEARCH/GO

Running

8198111

8158146

8158J46

LINK-10 With the Terminal as

LINK=40 LOG f1le
1

1 L] M LINKei@

area

low segment to
Load|ing modyl|e LNKEXQ
Expanding |ow segment

expand

area

1
1
4
1

8188147
8158147

1
1

4
1

MOV
LMN
EXP

8158148
8158148

1
4

31
41

LMN
LMN

Loading
Loading

BISBJ47

8158148

low

|ow Segmgnt ta 14P
eypand

1
1
4
4
1

23nApprw73

3158136
BI5BJ46
B158147
8158147
8198117

UMN
MOV
EXP
MOV

Log Device

Injtiallzetion

1 EXP Expanding
MOV Moying

the

sagment

Loading modyle UDDT
Moving |ow ssgment to expand area GS
Expandinmng |ow segment ta 18P
Moving |ow segment to eypand area |C
Moving

22P

low ssgment

1 MOV MoyIng
4

MOV

MovYng

|ow segment to eypand area HC
|ow

sagment

tQo

expand

area

MOY

Moving

|ow

seagment

exband

area HWC

EXP

Expand|mg

modyle
modyle

SCNDCL
,SCAN

1 MOV Moving
1

MOV

Moying

|ow Segment to eypand area LS

8158118

LMN

module

low

Segment

TOUTS

6-4

8158118

segment

expand area LC

BI5B)18

81561348

|ow

41 MOV Moving

24P

expang

area (3

-807LINK-10

8158120
8156121

8158121

81584214

8158121

8158121
8198123

81%8]21

8158122
8158122

R e o ol ol L} 7Y LY T PR

8158120

8158)2p
8158120
815820

8158119

8198139

8158149
8158119

e ot oy

8158119
o158}149
8158149

Moving Tow ssgment %o exhand
WLMN Loading modyle ,CNTOT
EXP Expanding ([ow segment te 3oP
MOY

MOV

Ll e o e e

B4R A A 55 FAFS 50 10 18 10 JA A BA SR 0 4 5D 18 A b8 3 A 44 4B 4R 36 ga

8158118

B158)48
6158118
BiI58)48
8158148
815818
8158119

VTN

Examples

LMN
LMN
LMN

MOV
EXP

area

expand

Area

low segment to axpand
Expanding |ow segment te 3J4P

area

Moving low segment %o

Loading modyle ,SAVE
Loead|ng modyle MELPER

Loading modyie | INK

Moving

MoyTng low segment %o expand area L3
Loading modyle L NKSCN
MOV MevIing |ow Seagment %o exhang ares HC
LMN Loading modyle LNKWLD
MOy Moving |ow Segment to expand area HEC
MOY

LMN

EXP Expancding

MOV
MOV

|ew sagment to 38P

Moving Jow Segmant ¢o expand
Moving |ow Ssegment to expand

Area

area

L1¢

area

EXP Expanding |ow sSegment ta 42P
MOV Moving [ow Segment to expang apea LS
LMN Loading modyle |LNKF]O
MOV MoyTng Jow Segment to expangd area LS

MOV
EXP
MOV
MOY
LMN

Area
area

]

A 3

81586129

g158)28

A 4R

8158}28

8158128

Ares |S overfiowinmg to (iSK

Meving

|ow Segmant ¢o eypand area LS

LMN

Lead|ng mogyl|e l,NKMAP
Leading modyle WNKX]T
Loading mogyle b NKPRM

LMN

8158129

A 5B

MOV
LMN
LMN

8158|3p
8158|3p

8158129
815868429

PLS

, INSUB
LMN Leading modyle JOBDAT
MPS MAP segment

8158329

8158134

8158)36

ZHAES

S A 3

8158132
815832
8158133
8158134
8158}34

L TSUBS.

WMN

lL.eading modyle
Leading modyle

MOV

Moving low Segment to expand area LS

EMS End of MAP seamantEXS EX]T segment
SST Sorting symbo| tabje

EXP Expandimg |oOw segment
MOY MovTng low segment to
ST¢

Symmbo|

te 67P
expand area HC

table completed

FIN LINKe12 finlshed
F LOG FILE]

gb92v_ane_a geWibue|cTb¥"(ie300)L3502zClew[vep)

UMBO|YHWJjuJWuoeugw¢BBeeesssS6641iJe€3y8s64e8 21022708gpluwegolAg9|SopquueAs38 #l4eaedojoey
o0QGuuiAdss ||

0QuAs | LY LIV

|||6o00QdQQUuWuAAAAssss|

Examples

YTXY}

400

ON340 ges

gesg is Wg

6-6

TICLET

X(2222

22.2 X -2

/4Y=3eB2u%eg|

WNIT wedBodd M| peluwoc| ‘gbacdd s

Tadnt 7 spue 3V
3J83S 680XdYp YeY
LINK-10
-808-

LINK~-10

The Map File

[ 14

)

LINK-10

-809LINK=-10
Examples

sbuy

L £

ouey
2’

YOINNT

A14v0,

%NTY

|9 |86

NIGNIS

208%E0y

26720y

¥NEY

Faasiy

SCT IE

6|QuAS

Spue

|CQuAs6|QuwAs |6QuAs

| SQwAS

SAR 484807 [{pO0uuQQAueuAAs4s|Q %

d{qequsdjoy

9|qesed|oy

s|yeyudojey

o-y§|[Qused

OX3IN Y

LINK-10

-810-

LINK-~10
Examples

Example

the

Monitor

'~ The Command File

/NOINITIAL

/LOGLEVELIL

/HAGH!I70R0

TO0Pgs10/5AVEe

» TOPS18/MAP 2 /L0OCALS /MAXCOR 200K
COMMON, ¢OMDEV, COMMODe
+ TOPS12/SEARCH /NOSYSL}BRAR
Y /GO

The
A

LINK=12 LOQG

] (e

Log
S

File
S

23epppa73

104142
JIB4119
Y104149
PI04119

1
1
1
1

P104119

1 EXP Expand|mg |ow segment ta 28p

IP4119

104139
7104119

104149
71paje9

104120
71g4]20

Yi04J20
Jig4l2p

1p4l20

104120
vigaj2a
P104j2%

1
1

1
1
1

"1
1

Yio4122

Fi04122

Yip4j22

1
4

Yip4)22° 1
104122
1

91pa123

Y1p4123
YIPA123
7104123

194123
2ip4f23
FIp4123

1
1

| INKe1@ injtiallzatlon
Expanding |ow Segment ta 14P
Moving |ow segment to expaAng area DY
Loading mody|e COMMON

MOV Moving

3
1
1

4
1
¢

|ow Segment

EXP Expanding low segment
MOV Moylng |ow segment
to

4
4 MOV Moying
1. 4 MOV MovIing

Y104121
Yig4j21

Yig4aj22

| IM
EXP
MOV
LMN

expand area | C

ta 3Z2P
expand area

|ow segment to expand area |C
|ow Segment to expand area (€

4 EXP Expanding |ow segment
te 3I6P
1 MOV Meving |ow segment to
expeand area |5

4 EXP Expand|mg |ow sagment to 4pp
4 MOV MayIng |ow sagment to expand
area | S
3 EXP Expa
ndimg

|ow

segment

44pP

1 MOV Meving |ow Segment t0 expangd area
LS
3 EXP Expanding |ew segmenmt ta 48P
1 MOV MoyIng |ow segment to expand area S

4 EXP Expand|mg |ow segmenmt ts 52P
1 MOV Moving Jow Segment Yo expand area
(S

MOV MoyTng

EXP Expanding

low

Segment

1 LMN LoadIing moegy|e COMD
EV

MOV

Meving

1 MOV Moving
1 MOV Moving

1 EXP

low

|ew segmemt
Segment

expand

area LS

Sep

expand

area

|ow msegment to expand area |C
|ow segment to expang area |C

Expand|mg

|ow

segment

4gP

3 MOV Moying |ow segment %o
expand area |$
3 MOV MoyTng |ow Segmeént to
expand ares (S
1 LMN Loading modyle coMMOD

1 EXP Expand|mg |ow segmenmt to
6P
1 MOV MeyIng )ow segment
to expang area (¢
4 EXP EXpanding |ow segment
ta #2P

-811-

LINK-10

R FA LS $a g

91p4)23
V104123
Yipal2s
Y104}23

0 3D fA4S SR

Y104]24
910424

9104)24
9104124
9104)24
918424

5 43 58 1A FA RS B

PR S

Pipa124
91pat24
Yiv4a)24
710424
Yipal24
9104125
Yipal27
9ipaj27
91g4j27
Yip4ap27

A FE A

vyigaya7

Yipa)27

FAGA I

Yiga27
91p4)28
Yip4)28
9104128

FPRPPPRBPPRBPBREBHPB
B SBRR R Rp pss

Examples

MOV

EXP
MOV

MOV
MOV

MovyTing |ow Segment %o

gxpanding |ow segmenrt
Moving |ow segment to
Moving low segment to
Moving low segment to

MOV Moeving
MoV MoyTng

sxpang

to 43P
expand
expand
expand

|ow Segment %o expand
|ow sSegment to expand

area
area
apen

area

area
area

MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV

Moving low Segmant %0 expgngd area
MovIng |ow segment to eypand gpea
Moving Jow segment Yo expand ares
MevIing |ow Segment %0 expand araa
MeyTng |ow segment %o expand area
MovTing |ow segment to ekpand area
MovTing low segmsant to expand area

MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV

MovIing

PLS Area LS overfjlowing to QSK
MoV MovIng jow segment to expand

|ow sagment %0
|ow Seament to
Moving |ow Segment to
LMN Leading modyle EJBDAT
MOV Moving |ow Segmeant to
LMN Loading modyie FILFND
MOV Moving low Segment %o
MOV
MOV

Moying
Meving

low segment to eypand

eypsnd
expand

ares
area

area
area

expang

area

expand

area

ekpand
Moving |ow Seqgment to expand

araa

Moving

low segmaent %0 expand

grea
area

@
@

A R G
ZHAA

9105135
9195137
105151

S FA PR A

A4S 50

v
e

b,
]

$A TR 50 A pA LS g

Fags

1
1
i
1
1
i
1
1
i

1
1
i
1
1

MOV
MOV
MOY
LMN

MOV
MOY

MOY
MOV
MOY
MOV

[ow Segment to expang aresa

MovIng |ow Segment to expand
Movina |ow Ssegment to expand
Leading modyle QONCE

area

MeyTng loew segment t0 expand
Meving |ow segment to expand

area

MovIing |ow segment to
Moving low Segment %0

MeyTng |ow
MeyIng low
MOV Moving lew
MOY Moving low
FCF Fina| core
MPS MAP
MOV
EMS

i
i EXS
1 SST
b STC
i CSF
1 FIN
‘
0F

Moving

segment

Moving
Eng

Segment to
segment
to
segment to
segment to
f|xyps

eypand
expand
ekxpand
expand

area
arse

area

Rrea

ares

sggment

EX]IT segment
Sopting

symbol

symmbo|

table

tab|e
completed

Creating SAV ¢{]le

LINKe12 finished

LOG F1LE]

expand area
expand area

oW segment %o eypand

MAF

area

araea

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LINK-10
-812-

LINK=10
Examples

The Map File

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-813-

LINK-10

LINK-10
Examples

¢l

WHISAS

L) 84 L9 49 L9L9 11

HIdVd

-815-

LINK-10

LINK~10
Item

Types

APPENDIX A
LINK

Input to LINK=10
Each

link

.REL

file

the

form of

composed of

relocatable
link

specific type of

these

an octal code
number

item contains

first word of
half,

Item Types

for

words

binary

items of varying

information

for

(.REL)
lengths.

Each

LINK-10.

The

items is a header word containifig, in the left
the

item type

in the

item.

and,
For

in the right half,

item types

0-37,

(i.e.,

item

include these words.

1000-1777,

the count does

the remaining words depends upon the

link items are as

1link

for

The format
item.

The

Use

0-37

Reserved

‘

for

DEC

Reserved for customers

100-377
400

words);

follows:

Link Item Type

40-77

relocation

individual

usually

the count of

words does not include overhead words
types

files.

Reéerved for DEC
:

FORTRAN-IV (F40) marker block

401

FORTRAN-IV (F40) with MANTIS information

402-777

Reserved

1000-1777

Reserved

2000-3777

Reserved

for

4000-777777

ies:rved

for customers

for DEC (not used
release of LINK=-10)

the

first

with

ASCII

customers
avoid

conflict

LINK-10

-816~-

LINK-10
Item

Types

A.l

Link Item Types

@-37

Link items

have

word,

contains

words

this

range

identical

the

right

and

the

type

18
or

the

count

word

the

header

follow.

data

relocation

are

O
O+
N
w

Meaning

left

Relocate

both halves

not relocate

the relocation word are up
more

header

The relocation bits

Relocate

are

the

all

specify the relocation bits

Relocate right half of word

relocation bytes

than

for

the

words

to
the

18 words.

half

of word
of

word

words

item,

there

the

item.

another word

The relocation words

are

If
of

not

in the count of data words appearihg in the left half of the

header word.
as

the

and

Following

included

left

half

item,

and

following meanings:

Byte Value

there

the

2-bit bytes which
that

types

first word of

Following

1less

have

LOADER program block

The

half.

words

left=justified

are

format.

item

word containing up
for

0=37

follows:

Thus,

item with a

word

count of

decimal

would

-817-

LINK-10

LINK=-10

Item Types

@-37

word 18—

~word 1

—

word 17——+——;1:
[ 111

l g——word 2
L 1]

link item type code ,, 23

18 relocation bytes

18 words

—word 1

I_::ggfflgfg E Fyord 5

5 relocation bytes

5 erds

A.l.1

Link Item Type 0

This item type is ignored by LINK=-10 and

therefore

store

Totally null words look like

information

not

required by it.

carn

used

this item type.

A.l.2

Link Item Type 1 CODE

. This item type contains code and data.

the

beginning

address

remaining words of the

starting

at that address.

specifies

the

item

is to be loaded.

loaded

into

contiguous

into which
item are

The first data word

The

locations

All words, includiné the load address, are

relocated as specified by the relocation bytes.
If bit 0 of the first data word is 1, the word

Radix=50

symbol.

plus the next word.

The

assumed

load addiess is then the value of this symbol

Thus, in this case, there is one less actual data

word than is indicated by the count in the header word.

LINK-10

-818-

LINK-10
Item Types

A.l.3

This

@§-37

Link Item Type 2
item type

words.

The

0-3)

and

The

consists of
first

bits

symbols,

word of

the

second word

The code bits

SYMBOLS

are as

each

with

each

symbol

symbol contains

Radix-50 representation of
is

the value of

the

This

symbol

a global definition.

other

programs.
but different values

This

symbol

user

the

cause

Its value

symbols

with

available
same

name

unless.

the

error message.

local

not loaded
symbols.

Local

different

modules

though

the

values

symbcl

user

requests

Same

a block name and

structured.

code

04,

cocde

10,

contains

the

is used by translators

symbol

local

without

different.

not

loaded

that

unless

the

symbols.

addition

that

the

global

addition

that

the

local

symbol

the

symbol

typeout.

a global request.

If bit 0 of the
18=35
contain
for
second

This

may

symbols

typeout.

with

DDT

requests

with

DDT

symbol

The chain

(bits

the

occur

block

word

global

can

Same as

(bits

entered
into
the
not an item type 2.

even

This

the

Two

local symbol and is
the

error,

are

This

symbol

same name

suppressed

the

code

suppressed

is a

requests

causng

follows:

This symbol is a program name.
It
1is
symbol
table
by
a
1link
item type 6,
(This code should never happen.)

bits

two

symbol.

occupying

second word in the
pair
is
0,
then
bits
the
address of the first word in a chain of

the global.
1In each request,
word
contains the address of

terminated when

the

the right half

right half of
next request.

the

second

zero.

If bit 0 of the second word in the pair
involves
additive
global
processing.

1,
the
request
When bit 2 of this

word is 0, bits 18-~35 contain an address of a word of
code.
The right half of the value of the symbol requested is added
to the left or right half of this word of code according
to
the following rule:
If bit 1 of the second word in the pair is 1,
the
add

-819-

LINK-10

Item Types @-37

is to

the

left half.

If bit 1 of the second word is 0, the

add

the

right half.

The result is stored back into the word of code.
(Note that
there
is no full word add; that result must be accomplished
by a left and a right add.)

3-35 contain the
When bit 2 of the second word is 1, bits
Radix-50
representation
of
a
second
symbol, whose value
symbol
The second
depends upon the global being requested.

nmust be the last symbol defined before the global request or

else it will be treated as a local symbol and no action will

occur, unless
local
symbols are
being loaded.
When the
value of the requested global is determined, it is added
to
the right half of the value of the second symbol if bit 1 of

the second word is 0, or to the left half if bit "1
is
1.
Since the actual value of the symbol is not determined until
the definition of the global upon which it depends, the code
bits
of
the
symbol
indicate that the value of the symbol
will change and cannot be used to satisfy requests until the
symbol

A.l.4

is fully defined.

Link Item Type 3

HISEG

This item type indicates to LINK-10 that code is to be loaded into the
high

segment.

This item type has either one or two data words.

The

right.half of the first data word is the initial address in the high
segment

(usually

400000).

When

the

left half of the data word is

zero, subsequent CODE items are assuméd to have been produced by
HISEG

pseudo-op

MACRO-10.

This

means

that

the

the addresses are

relative to zero but are to be placed into the high segment.

When the

left half of the first data word is negative (i.e., gfeater than the
right half) , subsequent CODE items have been generated by the TWOSEG
pseudo=-op

in MACRO-10.

This requires that addresses greater than the

right half be placed into the high segment and addresses less than the

right

half

be . placed

into

the

1low

interpreted as the high segment break

segment.

(i.e.,

The

the first

left
free

half is
1location

LINK-10

-820-

LINK=-10
Item

Types

after

#-37

the

high

segment)

being the difference
One-pass

should

between

translators

set the

with

the

that

left half

the maximum

determine

half

A.l.5

the

the data word equal

If there is a second data word (e.g., as
half

the high

left and right halves

cannot

length of

high

segment

the

word.

segment

break

the right half.

FORTRAN-10),

the

right

tfiis word is the low segment origin (usually 0) and the left
the

low segment program break.

Link Item Type

ENTRY

This item type is the entry item and must be the first item in a
file

the

«REL

file

1loaded in a

consists of a list of Radix=50 symbols which are
words

relocation

search mode,

word

zeroes.

global

symbol

the

requests

for

each

undefined global
the

following module

ignoreq.

entry

are

loaded.

If LINK~10

undefined global

The

items

ignored.

A.1.6

LINK

This

item type

the

When

LINK-10

checked

list

load.

separated

If a match does

not performed.

are

stored.

the module

the

loaded,

the entry

turned

symbol

Item Type

every

library

against

not occur,

not in library search mode,

module

search.

the

If one or more matches occur,

requests

again and the entry point bit
symbol

the

library

.REL

not

for

this checking

loaded,

these

items

the

the module

are

items

scanned

corresponding

table.

the end

END

item and is

the

last

link item in

the

.REL

LINK-10

-821LINK-10

Item Types

@-37

file. It contains two wordé whose meanings depend on whether the file
contains two segments or one.

is the high segment break and the second word is the low segment

word

first

If the file has only one segment, the first word is the

break.

free

If the file has two segments, the first

the program‘(this word is relocatable) and the

location above

second word is the highest

absolute

address

higher

seen,

than

location 137.

A.l.7

Link Item Type

NAME

This item is the name item and must appear before any type 2 link item

The

(SYMBOL),

item has one or two data words.

program name in Radix-50 symboi format.

The first word is the

The second word, if it

appears, contains in bits 6-17 a code for the translator that produced
the binary file, and in the right half the

(FORTRAN

programs

use both named and blank COMMON.

COMMON to indicate the length

length

has

(bits 6-17)
Octal

Code

meaning

Translator

UNKNOWN

NELIAC

SAIL

static

COMMON.

COBOL uses blank
area.

for the various translators are as follows:

F40
COBOL
ALGOL-~60

10
11

LIBOL's

blank

Thus,

the

for FORTRAN and COBOL programs.) The octal codes

1l
2
3

5
6

length

PL/1
BLISS~-10
FORTRAN=10

MACRO
FAIL

LINK-10

-822-

LINK-10
Item

Types

Bits

0-5

@-37

program

the

will

second

word

execute.

indicate
the

value

will execute on either processor;
execute

onlym

will execute
reserved

A.l.8

This
at

for

Link

the

KAl0

only

the

the
of

Item Type

which execution of

the value

processor;

and

the

processor.

KI10

one

used,

user via

in the right half of
the program

1last link item of

unless

this

A.1.9

Link

This

item type

internal
consists

the

type

the

program

the program

value

the

Remaining

to begin.

are

series

will

program

values

are

data

last request

means

not

specify

for

relocation

(indicated

for

one-pass

before

the

has

start

the

address,

translators

they are defined.
where

value

chain of

language

each
the

requests

word

right

for

that

similar

to the global requests which have

second word

pair

equal

each location

zero

(i.e.,

The

the

the chain).

represents
and

value

symbols

value

when

The item type

half

in a manner

the right half of

the

addresses

Each quantity may be relocatable.

each

start address

included.

data words

word

The

the address

INTERNAL REQUEST

used

start

the program is

the data word

left half.

(0,

type encountered by LINK-10

ignoring

is provided

Each

this

should be

Item Type

symbols

request.

LINK-10

switches).

item of

the

bits

which

START ADDRESS

a relocatable program may be relocafied
The

these

future.

item type contains

bits.

processor

bit
is

However,

are

one

pointer

the

chained

the

substituted

data

-823-

LINK-10

LINK=-10
Item

Types

word

@-37

-1,

then the next data word

indicates a chained request to

the

left half of the word specified rather than the right half,
A.1.10

This

Link Item Type 11

POLISH

item type is provided for Polish fixups

logical

operations

are

The

data

are

each

The

operators

and

follows:

0
1
2

The next half word is an operand.
The next two half-words form a 36-bit operand.
The next two half-words form a Radix-50 symbol which is

3
4
5

global,
Add.
Subtract.
Multiply.

request,

The

operand

is the value of

the

Logical AND.

10
11

Logical OR.
Left shift.

12
13

Logical XOR.
One's complement
Two's complement

store

global

Divide.

The

words

a series 6f half-wordé consisting of operators and operands

followed by store operators and Stqre addresses.
operands

and

telocatable or externally-defined quantities,

Each item contains only one Polish string.

item

involving arithmetic

operators

are

(not).
(negative).

follows:

18 bit value

-1
-2
-3

Right half chained fixup (777777).
Left half chained fixup (777776).
Full word chained
fixup
(777775).

The

entire

word

pointed to is replaqed-and‘the old right half points
the

full word.

The half word following‘the store operator is used as the
the

first element

in the chain.

address

-824-

LINK-10
LINK~10

Item Types §-37

A.l.11

LINK

Link Item Type 12

The first

Data words in this item type occur in pairs.

word

When LINK-10 is initialized, the

(octal) links numbered from 1 to 20.

Each time a specific link is seen,

value of each link is set to zero.

the current value of the link is stored in the

address

link.

the new value of the

number

the

loading, the current value for each link

the

stored

seen

1link

the

negative, the address is saved as the end of the link .
indicated

specified

of the word pair, and the specified address becomes

word

second

the

There are 20

pair is a link number and the second word is an address.

the

At the end of
the

address

If the end of the link is 0, no

end of each link.

storing is done.

LVAR

Link Item Type 13

A.l.12

This item type is used in LVAR fixups and is not currently handled

supported by DEC and is not needed because the

not

LINK-10.

TWOSEG pseudo-op is superior.

The first data word is the location

the

1low

segment.

length of the area needed.

The

low

variable

incremented

area

the area needed.

words occur in pairs.

then

the

second

word

area

use

The second data word is the

segment

relocation

counter

Data words after the first two data

If bit 2 of the first word of the pair is zero,

in its left half, the address of a

contains,

fixup chain, and in the right
variable

half,

the

for this fixup.

relative

the

The chaining occurs with the

right half of the words if bit 0 of the first word
chaining occurs with the left half of the words.

A-10

location

otherwise,

-825-

LINK-10

LINK=-10

Item Types g-37

If bit

to make

of
a

the

first word of

symbol

table

value of the fixup.
for

the

A.l.13

the pair is one,

fixup.

The right

The second word is

Link Item Type 14

index

library

half

the

Radix-50

the

first word

The

created

divided into
include

the

library.

1list

.of

all

index

200

to identify an index to

entry poihts

the

to the

contain

sub~items of
relocation

the

LINK-10.

(Link item type 4)

beginning

the

individual

remainder

various
word

the

entries.

1lengths.

normally

The

found

item types 14
Each

sub-items
entry

half and thé link item type 4 in the left half.

header

list of

there

library file.

the

module,

the

start of

contains a -1

Radix-50
a

entry

pointer

The right half of

symbols.
the

After

index

not

items of a

Each sub-item has a header word with the word count
the

in a

octai words long and if there are more

right

the

Following this
the

1list

individual module within

the

the pointer is the

block

number

and the left half is the word count within the block for
the module.
in the

the block number

is not

representation

entries in the library fihan will fit in 200 words, other

entries,

used

INDEX

.REL file with pointers

modules.

are

symbol.

This item type is produced by FUDGE2

The

then the pair

in library

The

left half
the next

last

word

signal

index

item

search mode,

the

the end of
in

the

index
the

A-11

index

right half.

index items are ignored.

item

type

item and
LINK-10

-826-

LINK-10
LINK=-10

Item Types @-37

A.l.14

Link Item Type 15

ALGOL

This item type is the special ALGOL OWN item.
the

1length

The first data word

The

the OWN area to be allocated in the low segment.

remaining words are chained with the right half of the OWN fixups.
A.l.1l5

Link Item Type

REQUEST LOAD

This item type is produced by the SAIL compiler and is used to request

the

loading of programs.

simple.

keeping

thereby

1loaded,

other files to be

LINK-10

Thus, a .REL file can request libraries and

relocatable

standard

When a new file is requested by link item

files to be loaded.

verify

type 16 or 17, LINK-10 searches the appropriate table to
the

file

has

LINK-10 maintains a table for the names of libraries

to be loaded and another table for the names of

binary

string

command

the

not

already

been

specified.

specified, an entry is made in the appropriate table.

not been

has

that

After all files

in the LINK-10 command string have been loaded, the files specified in
the two tables are loaded.
first;

the libraries

The relocatable binary

loaded

are

files

are loaded last.

first

The data words in this link item type appear in triplets.

The

word

of .REL is

contains

assumed).

the

filename

SIXBIT

(the

extension

The second word is the UFD number in binary, and the

third

word is the SIXBIT name of the device containing the file.
A.l1.16

Link Item Type 17

REQUEST LIBRARY

This item type is the same as item type 16 except that

A-12

the

specified

-827-

LINK-10

Item Types @-37

files

are

loaded only if they are needed to satisfy global requests.

That is, the files are loaded in library search mode.

The data

words

are identical to those in item type 1l6.

A.l.17

Link Item Type 20

COMMON ALLOCATION

This item type is used to allocate named COMMON areas. The relocation
word must be presént, but the bits should be zero. The data words are
grouped in pairs, where the first word contains
for

the

name

the

COMMON

the

Radix-50

symbol

area and the second word contains the

length of the area required by this program.,

This item type causes LINK-10 to éearch for the specified COMMON area
to

determine if it has been previously loaded.

given in this item type must be less
already allocated.

than

If it has, the length

or equal

can

expand

the

length

Thus, the first program that defines a COMMON area

also defines the maximum size of that COMMON aréa.
program

thié

particular

No subsequent

area, although COMMON areas of

different names can be defined.

If the specified COMMON area has not been loaded, the symbol
given

name

the current low segment relocation value, and the length of the

area is added to the low segment relocation counter.
A.l.18

Link Item Type 21

SPARSE DATA

This item type is used to load data into arrays when link item type
is

inefficient

for

this

purpose.

The

data

words are grouped in

sub-items and each sub~item is treated in the same manner as link item

A-13

LINK-10

-828-

LINK~10
Item

Type

type

400

The

first word

count of

the

half

beginning address

the

number

The remaining words

If bit

assumed

the

each

data words

each

Radix-50

the

sub-item,

the

left

and

the

into which the data words
sub-item are

first word of a
a

sub-item contains

sub-item

symbol.

The

are

left

the

half

first

the

the count of data words and the right half contains

A.l.19

Item Types

These

Link

then

item types

are

the value of

the

right

loaded.

the data words.

load address

to be

half

symbol

plus

word

second

word

offset.

The

the offset.

22-36

not yet defined and

return an

error

message

used.

A.1.20

This

Link

Item Type

item type

COBOL

the data

data

from

DEBUG

is used for

debugging

mode,

program).

from this

1link

the debugging

item

type

symbol

debugging

type

local

loaded

table

for COBDDT

requested

local

(the
symbol

the

same manner

symbols

are

not required,

the

this

item type is ignored.

A.2

Link Item Type

This

item type

(F40).
words.

400

is output

does

It contains

FORTRAN

the

(F40)

o0ld

one-pass

not contain a word count,
only

the one word

A-14

FORTRAN-IV

relocation words,

indicating

the

item type

complier
or data
code.

-829-

LINK-10

LINK-10
Item Type

401

A.3

Link Item Type

This

item type

401

FORTRAN

(F40)

is similar to link item type 400

and

indicates that the file contains MANTIS debugging
A.4

Link

Item Types

Link items

general
type

number

the

left

unlike

1000-1777

is a count of

information.

formats.

There

half

and

word

count

the

right

half.

1link item types 0-37, the word count of item types

words).

all

The

followinyg words

structure

including

overhead

words

the relocation words depends

upon the link item; there may be any nufiber of relocation bits from

in tha£ the first word of each item contains an item

However;

(relocation

addition

1000-1777

in this range do not have identical

pattern

per half or full word.‘ Link items that do not need relocation

do not have relocation words.

These item fypes are nbt

used

the

first release of LINK-10,

A.4.1

This

Link Item Type

item type is

1000

ignored by LINK-10 and thus can

used

store

information not required by it.

A.4.2

This

Link Item Type 1001
item type

SIXBIT

symbols.

ENTRY

the simple entry item and
Each

data

word

contains

which éan be almaximum of six characters
relocation words,
However,

the

two

thus
item

distinguishing
types

are

used

consists

this
in

A-15

the

one

same

1list

left-adjusted

length.

item

type

There
from item

manner.

symbol

are

type

-830-

LINK-10
LINK-10
Item

Types

A.,4.3

1000-1777

Link Item Type

1002

LONG ENTRY

This item type contains one extended symbol (i.e., the symbol contains

six characters) in SIXBIT, which is tested to determine if

than

it is required as an entry point.
same manner as

A.4.4

link

item type

Link Item Type 1003

This link item type is used in

1001.

NAME

This item type contains information about the file and the
that

produced

it.

The

the

information

translator

this item is stored in the

symbol table and can be output on a map listing.

T'he data words occur in triplets.

The left half of the first word

each triplet contains flag bits for that triplet and the right half is
unused.

program name in SIXBIT in the second word.

This program name is taken

from the TITLE statement in a MACRO-10 program.

If the

program name

longer than six characters, one or more triplets follow containing
Triplets following the

the remaining characters of the name.

name

the

The first triplet of data (the primary triplet) contains

identified

are

triplet.

the

flag

bits

program

the first word of each

The triplet after the name triplets contains the low segment

relocation

counter in the second word and the high segment relocation

counter in the third word.

The next triplet has, in the second

word,

the SIXBIT name of the translator that produced the filé and in the
third word,

taken

the version number of the translator.

from

location

137.

The

following

This version number

triplet contains the

compilation date and time obtained from the LOOKUP UUO

A~-16

block

the

-831-

LINK-10

Item Types

second

used,

1000-1777

word,

and

the

in case LINK~10

third

could

word,

not

default

determine

code

the

for

the

translator

from

the

information in the previous triplet. The default translator codes are
listed in Paragraph A.1,7.
word,

the

name

the device

in the third word, the
information

The next triplet contains

the

on which

SIXBIT
next

the

filename

triplet is

the

source

the

source

file

source

the

second

stored,

and

file.

The

filename extension

the second word and the name of the UFD containing the sburce file

the

third

wqrd.

The

triplet .contains

sdb-file

directory

information.

The folldwing triplefi contains the version number of the

source

file

obtained

the

translator

that processed

the

The information in the last triplet is interpreted as ASCII
is

stored in the

several

must be

the

link item may be seen per module for programs

source

same

text

and

format in which it is given,

More than one NAME
from

file.

files.

the

The program and compiler name

the NAME

link

items,

but

the

source

made

triplets
filename

and any remaining triplets can be different.
A.4.5

Link

Item Type

1004

RELOCATION

This item type consists of groups of words (usuélly pairs) without any
relocation words.,
The first data word of the item type contains the
total number of relocation groups

space can be allocated.
relocation

level

in the

in the item in order that sfifficient

The firstvword of each relocation group has a
left half-and

in the relocation counter name

the count of

in the right half.

in each group are the relocation counters.

A=17

The

the number of words
The remaining words

relocation

1level

-832-

LINK-10
LINK-10
Item Types

the

1000-1777

the table of relocation counters, such that for any

position

word needing relocation, the value of the relocation byte will receive
the correct constant for addition.

not

yet

defined

resolved),

must

If a relocation counter is
expression

not

yet

complex

(or

be placed in the undefined

table, and its slot in the relocation tables is marked

All

code

referring

undefined.

the undefined counter is stored in the fixup
code

In other words, if the location into which

area or on the disk.

Polish

to be loaded is not yet defined, all the code under the relocation

type

1004

can

appear

relocation counter is used.

relocation

counter

counter is .HIGH..

and

anywhere

must

The standard name

.LOW.

used

for

item

Link

counter must be placed in the fixup table or on the disk.

whenever a new

the

low

segment

and the standard for the high segment

These counters normally occupy positions 1

and

in the table of relocation counters.

A.4.6

Link Item Type

1005

This item type is undefined and reserved for future definition.
A.4.7

Link Item Type 1006

START

This item type contains the

start

addresses

relocation

word

with

consists

relocation, followed by the list of
order

of their use.

for

4-bit

relocatable

the

bytes

start

program.

full

word

for

addresses

These addresses are used or ignored depending on

the switches given by the user.

Currently, only one start address per

program is recognized.

A-18

-833-

LINK-10

Item

Types

1000-1777

A.4.8

Link

This

item type

symbolic

Item Type

1007

START

is used for

start

additional

addresses.

The

words for each start address.
flag bits

bit

follows.
A.4.9

1link

addresses

item is

divided

The first word of each

external

into groups of

éroup

contains

in the left half and the count of the number of words

group in the right half.
this

start

Currently, bit 0 is fihe only flag

Polish
. expression follows;

it is

bit.
0,

symbol

This item type does not inclfide relocation words.

Link

Item Types

1010-1017

CODE

The link items in the range 1010-1017 are similar except for the
of

the

relocation byte.

The most general

word, but this method consumes too much
Item

type

1010

relocation

right

the

has

counters

half

byte

size of

and absolute code.

case uses

spaée
2

bits,

for

bits

simple

thereby

the word and is positive;

per half

programs.

allowing

Relocation occurs

size

three

only on

the

the left half is considered

absolute.

Since

in most programs

the

half

(op-codeé, in&exes, ACs) and relocatable addresses or

1left

constants

the

right

most

programs.

Item

type

1011

also

half

well

three relocation

has

half,

this

the code consists

item

2-bit bytes

but

the right half of

counters plus

type

should be

has relocation

the word.

absolute code.

used mainly for table generatioh.

A-19

This

constants

sufficient

for

the

for

left

item type allows

Link item type

1011

-834-

LINK-10
LINK-10

Item Types

1000-1777

item

(similar

1010)

type

word

the

Item type 1012 allows relocation only for the right half of

but has a byte size of 4 bits, giving

allowances for 15 relocation counters.

Item type 1013 allows relocation for both the left and right halves of
the word (similar to item type 101l) but uses a 4-bit byte size.
Item types 1014-1016 are reserved for future use.

Item type 1017 has 18 bits of relocation per half word.
A.4.10

Link Item Types

1020~1027

All symbols are in triplet

1020-1027

differ

SYMBOL

The

format.

symbol

word

symbol value).

each

relocation

CODE

corresponding

range

This byte
For

item.

type 1020 and code type 1010 use 2-bit bytes, symbol

type 1022 and code type 1012 use

relocation

the

items

only in the size of the relocation b-te.

is the same as the byte size for the

example,

1link

applies

only

4-bit

bytes,

The

forth.

and

to the third word of the triplet (the
symbol

Thus, for example, in the case of

type

1020,

word is followed by up to 18 triplets rather than 18

words.

A.4.11

Link Item Type 1030

POLISH

This item type is provided for Polish fixups and consists of operators

and

operands,

pre-fixup form.

including

store

operators

store

and

Each item contains only one Polish

operands

string,

but

in
may

contain many different store pointers. Operators aré stored one per
half word, and symbols are stored in

A-20

contiguous

half

words.

Store

LINK-10

-835-

LINK-10

Item Types

1000-1777

are in the form of either an address in a halfword or a byte
pointer in a full word. Associated with store pointers are store

pointers

shift

the

wvalue

the

correct

field

and store

operators

that

operator.

The store operator may also point to a symbol that is to be

stored in the symbol table,

[-3

N
O

The operators and operands are as follows:
The next half word is an operand.

The next two half words form a 36-bit operand.

The next two half words form a

36-bit

symbol which is

global request. The operand is the value of the global.
The next half word is the count of half words in an extended symbol. The subsequent half words are the symbol.
The next half word is a numeric relocation counter for the

program.

The next two half words are a symbolic relocation counter.

words in
The next half word is a count of the number of half followin
g
The
counter.
on
relocati
an extended symbolic
halfwords are the relocation counter.

10-77
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
110
111
112
113

The next two half words are a byte pointer to

code

already

byte

pointer

loaded.

Reserved for future use.
Add
Subtract

Multiply
Divide
Logical AND
Logical OR

Left Sshift

Logical XOR

(LSH)

One's complement (not)
Two's complement (negate)
Get contents (MOVE)
Reserved for future use

The store operators are as follows:
18 Bit Value

-1
-2
-3
-4

Right half chained fixup (777777).
Left half chained fixup (777776).
Full word chained fixup (777775).
The next two half words are a

A-21

LINK-10

-836-

LINK~-10

Item Types

1000-1777

(777774)
.

-5

The next two half words are an instruction plus an
address (ANDM,XORM)
(777773).
The next two half words are a symbol and the value

-6
‘

-7

stored

=10

(777770)
.

-11
-12

two

(777767).

The

=13

store operators
is

usually

Addresses

fixups,

can be

the

address

A.4.12

Link

This

the

words

are

(777772).

The

following

half

obtain

arguments

their

value

other

1031

similar

post-fixup

the

preceding

element

Item Type

and

using

word

first

symbolic

half word is a count
words
in
an
extended

future use.

built

half

(777766)
.
Reserved for

the

half

item type

notation

half

counter

counter.

word

the

The next

half

The

The next half word is the count of the
number
of
half
words in an extended symbol.
The half words
following are the extended symbol and the value is
stored in these half words (777771).
The next half word is a numeric relocation counter

the

the
symbolic

words

from

second

Polish

the

are

stack;

relocation
number
of
relocation
the

the

the memory

operators.,

store operator

counter

first

address.

For

chained

is used as

the

chain,

POLISH

form

item
is

type

used.

The

1030

except

operators

that

Polish

and operands

are

same,

A.4.13

Link

These item

A.4.14

There

types

Link

are

Item Types

are

reserved

Item Types

three

kinds

1032-1033

for

future

1034-1037

use.

CONDITIONAL

conditonal

A=-22

item

types:

the

Begin

-837-

LINK-10

LINK-10
Item Types

1000-1777

conditional,

the End conditional,

and the Else conditional.

The Begin

conditiqnal has a unique number assigned
by the translator 'which is
matched

with

the unique

number

the End and Else conditionals.

also contains a conditional operand and operator.. The End conditional
cancels

the conditional

generates

the

explicitly

conditional

three kinds_of

has

that

relocation

conditional.number.
LINK-~10 matches

that level.,
left half

that

code

is loaded

items

the relocation counters,

relocation

inverse of

The Begin Conditional

four

updates

the

condition

relocation counters.

the

implicit

defined by the user,

The Else conditional

A.4.14.1

loading,

counter,

the
if

condition

the condition

not

loaded.

the

Begin

false.

The

can be nested.

- Link

Item Type

1034

- This

bits per half word thereby allowing

Thé first data word

contains

item type

possible

the

unique

If a number is not specified, zero islassumed and

the Begin with the

first End or

Else

conditional

The second data word contains the conditional operator in
and

The conditional

the conditional operand

operators

are coded as

follows:

null
if zero
if greater than zero
if greater than or equal to zero
if less than zero
if less than or equal to zero

if not equal

7
10
11
12

following code can be

+the

remaining words contain the rest of the operand.

0
1
2
3
4

and

to zero

if defined
if not defined
if global
if local

A-23

right

half.

The

-838-

LINK-10
LINK=-10

Item Types

1000-1777

The operand

cannot

evaluated, the words are stored on the disk.

either

symbol

a Polish expression.

the operand

The operands

are:

100

101

The next two half words coritain a SIXBIT symbol;

102

The next half word is a count
of
+the
number
of
half
words
in an exterided symbol.
The following
words contain the SIXBIT symbol.
'
A pre-fixup Polish expression
follows
(refer
to

103

A post-fixup Polish expression

Paragraph A.4.11).

follows

(refer

If the condition is met, all code up to an End or Else conditional

Paragraph A.4.12).

loaded.

When the condition

is not met,

A.4.14.2

The Begin Conditional

type

similar

+to Link

- Link

the code

Item

Item Type 1034

Type

except

not

loaded.

1035
that

This

it has

item

half word

relocation per half word.

A.4.14.3

The Else Conditional

contains no relocation words

number matching
the

Begin

conditional
Else

the one

conditional

= Link Item Typé 1036 = This item type

and has one data word

in the Begin conditional.
is

true,

the

code

its matching End conditional or to

conditional

1is

ignored.

the

condition is

containing

a unique

the condition in

the

current

the
not

Else

matching

true,

the

code

loaded.

A.4.14.4
also

has no

matching
Begin

The End Conditional
relocation words.

the one

- Link Item Type
The

first data word

in the Begin conditional.

conditional

1037

the

This

a unigque

condition

false and no Else conditional

A-24

item

seen,

type
number

the

the End

LINK-10

-839LINK=10

Item Types 1000-1777

conditional is ignored.

conditional is read.

However, if code was loaded, the End

The item type cbntains one data word for each

relocation counter used in the same order as specified ih the last
relocation setting link item. The data words are the highest value of

These
the relocation counter used in the conditionally-loaded code.
values are added to the current values, and to the accumulation of
such values, until the final END item type of the REL file.

A.4.15 .Link Item Type 1040

END

This link item marks the end of a link module.

It does not contain

counters
relocation words but does contain a list of all relocation

d
used and their final values. Any conditional code that was loade
the
plus other overhead items, such as the ALGOL item, are added to

final values. The resulfiing values are Ehen added to the current

next
values of the relocation counters to obtain the value for the

module. The beginning and ending addresses are stored in the symbol

table in order that DDT has the range of the program and tha£ they can

be output in a map listing.

A.4.16

Link Item Type 1041

Special FORTRAN-10 Block

This 1ink item defines a call to a special once-only routine that is
to be executed by LINK-10 after all code has been loaded.

A.4.17

Link Item Type 1042

Program Request

This link item requests the loading of .REL files required for this
program.

It is

similar to 1ink item type 16; however, there are no

A-25

LINK-10

-840-

LINK=10
Item Types

1000~1777

relocation words.
and

1is

wuseful

specifies

when

filenames

The data appears
the

This

item replaces
loading

rather

in groups

real

and

than modules

need

for

dummy

library

routines

Name

the

device

Name

the

file

the

UFD

because

names.

four or more words.

the

directory

Each group contains

file.

SIXBIT

the left

half,

and

the

number

Link

sub~file

the end of

1libraries

and

requested

files

requested,

1043

Library

can

Item Type

directory

libraries

names

and are
(link

SIXBIT.

loaded

item

for

all

unresolved

entries

1043),

Request

for

particular modules.

identical to that in item
type 1042,

A.4.19

These

Link

item

Item Types

types

are

1044-1047

reserved

for

before

type

This item type requests the searching
of libraries, either
mode

length

in octal.

default

A.4.18

the

the right half,

The requests are stored until
the

containing

SIXBIT.

file

SIXBIT

Remaining word
in the
s group are

searches

following words:

Extension of

Any

the

future

A-26

use.

The data

LINK-10

-841LINK-10

Item Types

A.4.20

1000-1777

Link Item Type 1050

Global Data

This item type contains data that is common to

many

programs

(i.e.,

constanfis, argumént‘iisté; literals in MARCO-lO 1angdage). _The global
data item_consists of two other link
item

(type

1004)

and

code

items:

item (types 1010-1017).

glbbal data item has no relocation words.
header

the

the rélocationr setting
The initial

The first data word is

the

relocation item and only the relocation actually used

should appear in this word; all other entires

should

=zero.

The

next data words are fihévdata for the relocation item. Following these
data words is a codé‘item with reiocation bits and data which may be
feldcatablelor absoque. LINK~-10 collects all the global data blocks,
compares them, and keeps.dnly one copy of those with the same data and
relocation.

The global data items are lo&deé,at the end of loading or

immediétely after a /DATA switdh is seen.

Tfiese items

should

reduce

the size of loaded programé be¢au$e of pooling of literals.

A.4.21

Link Item Types Greater Than 3777

ASCII

These items are recogniéed by the ' first

seven

(i.e.,

ASCII

character).,

Termination of the item occurs
generated

ASCII

being

non-zero

no word count in the

at a null byte.

These

item.

items are

translators and contain ASCII commands similar to those

tjped on the user's terminal.
file.

There

bits

Thus they are similar

items allow the overlay structure to be

embedded in the

file to simplify the maintaining of large overlay programs.

A=27

indirect

LINK-10

-8u3LINK=-10
LOADER and LINK-10 Differences

APPENDIX B

LOADER AND LINK-10 DIFFERENCES

This appendix is intended as an aid for users wfio have been employing
the

LOADER program and who are now converting to the LINK~10 program.

Both programs are linking loaders.

Both have the same basic functions

of loading and relocating user's object code modules and résolving
references among the modules.
version

LOADER.

flexible

piece

But LINK-10

not

just

updated

It is a completely new, more sophisticated, and

software.

This

appendix

itemizes

the

differences between the two programs in order to facilitate conversion
to LINK-10,

LINK=10

LOADER

The default output device is

The default name of the MAP
file is MAP.MAP.
-

The default name of the MAP
the last
file is the name of
start address.
a
program with
program with a
If there is no

TTY.

DSK.

address, the default name
start
is nnnINK.MAP, where nnn is

the user's

job number.

Command f£iles are specified

Command files are specified

Input and output specifications
are separated by a back-arrow
(+). Thus, an output. file
is defined as being on the

Input and output specifications
may be separated by an equals
sign (=), but this is not
required. An output file is

in the form
* file @
The default extension of
the command file is .TMP.

in the form
* @ file
The default extension of
the command file is .CCL.

=844~

LINK-10

LOADER and LINK-10 Differences

left

side

the back=-arrow.

specified by giving
a file

specification
output switch.

The

only output

produced

a map

to produce map,

file.

symbol,

line

are

feed>)

treated in the same way
as commas (i.e., they terminate
specification). File dependent

or until

the

in effect until
subsequent

the end of

the

switch

until a new device

load

FILEl

then

local

load DDT,

sequence

symbols

FILE2
could

end of

the

line

they belong.

to which

specified source device

for

the
commands
for
loading
a
program
on
a
single
1line.
A
hyphen
is
wused
as
the
line
continuation character.

To load local symbols for
FILEl and FILE2 and then

to load DDT,
sequence

used:

*/S

the following
used:

*/LOCALS FILEl,FILE2,
* /TEST /GO

*FILEl1,FILE2
*/W/D$

Note that if the /LOCALS

had
appeared
on
a
itself, it
would
have
effect.

search FILEA and

library search mode,

FILEB

the

switch

line
had

search FILEA and FILEB

in library search mode,
sequence is:

the

* /SEARCH FILEA,FILEB

*/L

* FILEA,FILEB

remains

the default until a new device

beginning of each line.
1In
general, it is best to place all

the following

sequence:

The most recently

specified

and
be

LINK-10 has a line oriented
scanner.
All file-dependent
switches are turned off at the

is specified or until the end
of a line is reached.
Standard
defaults are restored at the

the end of the load.
carry across lines.

and

log,

load.

The most recently specified
source device remains the default

or until
Defaults

save,

and XPN files.

/GO.

Line terminators
(e.g.
<carriage return,

remain

The only exit condition is

Exit conditions are /G,
altmode, and 4Z.

switches

LINK-10 can be instructed

file

LOADER is

overridden by

followed

The

sequence

-8145-

LINK-10

LOADER and LINK-10Q0 Differences

* /SEARCH

could be used.

*FILEA,FILEB

and

does not cause FILEA

FILEB

Instead, they
searched.
be
to
are loaded in their entirety.

When performing a search of
the default libraries at the
end of the load, LOADER
makes one pass through all

required libraries.
1In
addition, LIB40 is always

LINK-10 performs multiple passes
through all required libraries
until no undefined symbols
remain or until no additional
1In
routines have been loaded.
addition, LIB40 is not

automatically searched unless it

searched.

is required by an

program.

F40

MACRO
loading
when
Thus,
routines
programs which utilize

must
user
the
LIB40,
in
explicitly request that LIB40 be
JOBDAT.REL is
Also,
searched.
the
unless
searched
not
used.
is
switch
/NOINITIAL
automatically
LINK=-10
symbol
global
its
initializes
table to include JOBDAT symbols.

The /D and /T switches
load with local symbols.
This mode remains in effect
until it is turned off with
the /W switch, and remains
off until another switch
which loads local symbols
is

given.

The /TEST and /DEBUG switches
instruct LINK-10 to load all
subsequent files with their
The /NOLOCAL
local symbols.
switch can be used to

The following
which

table

performs

lists

suppress

the loading of local symbols.
However, since the /NOLOCAL
is
switch is file dependent, it
the end of the line
at
cleared
and load with local symbols mode
reinstated.

each LOADER switch and

the nearest equivalent action.

the
Note

LINK-10
that

switch

there

is not

always a one-to-one correspondence between the action performed by the
LOADER

switch

and

by the LINK-=10

switch.

Refer

Chapter

the

LINK-10 Programmer's Reference Manual for the complete descriptions of
the LINK-10 switches.

LINK-10

-846-

LINK-10

LOADER and LINK-10

Differences

LINK-10

/CONTENT
: ZERO

/SYMSEG:
LOW

/1B

/SYMSEG:HIGH

/nnnnB

/PATCHSIZE:nnnn

No equivalent
not

support

switch.

the

old

LINK-10

CHAIN

/TEST:DDT or /TEST:MACRO

/EXECUTE

/SYSLIB

/1F

/FORSE

/2F

/FOROTS

/GO

/nnnG

/START:nnn

/SEGMENT
: LOW

/1H

/SEGMENT
: HIGH

/nnnnH

/SET: .HIGH, :nnnn

/-H

/SEGMENT
: DEFAULT

/NOSTART

/START

/nK

/RUNCOR:n

/=K

No equivalent

/SEARCH

/MAP
: END

/1M

/MAP : END/CONT
: LOCALS
ENT

does

facility.

switch.

Use /RUNCOR,

-847-

LINK-10

LINK=10

LOADER and LINK-10 Differences

/NOSEARCH

/nnno

/SET:.LOW. :nnn

/NOSYSLIB

end

the

command

/SYSLIB at the

does
LINK=10
No equivalent switch.
not support the old CHAIN facility.

/s
/T

string.

/LOCALS

\
4

/DEBUG:DDT or /DEBUG:MACRO

/UNDEFINED

/OTS:HIGH

/=v

: LOW
/OTS

/NOLOCALS

/CONTENT
: NOZERO

/REWIND

: LINK
/RUN

LINK-10

-849LINK-10
Glossary

GLOSSARY

Absolute Address

A fixed location in user virtual éddtess épace which cannot be
reiocated. For example, the high-speed accumulators on the
DECsystem-10 occupy locations 0 through 17 (octal) in the
virtuai

address

space.

All

modules

that

accumulators must reference these locations.
0 through 17

(octal)

user's

reference

the

Thus the

addresses

absolute

addresses

are absolute addresses.

Absolute Module

A module whose

location counters are

set

only.

Address Binding
The assignment of virtual address space to the
space

in computer memory.

DECsystem=10

monitor

and

This

physical

address

automatically performed by the

completely

invisible

user

programs.,

Assemble

To prepare a machine-language

module

actual numeric operation codes for

substituting

the

from

symbolic operation codes, énd absolute or
for symbolic addresses.

Glossary-1

symbolic-language

relocatable

addresses

LINK-10

-850-

LINK-10

Glossary

Assembler

A program which accepts symbolic assembly code and translates
into

machine

instructions.

MACRO-10

the standard assembler

supplied by DEC.

Base

Address

An address used as a basis
address.

for computing the value of

This computation is usually of

final

address

base

address

some

other

the form
=)

offset.

Clear

To erase

the contents

with blanks

COMMON

location

replacing

the

contents

zeroes.

Area

A section in a program's
common

address

use by many modules.

written

the

space which

COMMON

FORTRAN

is usually

language.

independently-compiled modules

Control

to share

set

for

set up by modules

the

aside

used

same data

locations.

Section

A unit of code
entity

and

destroying
from

one

positions

(instructions

and/or data)

that can be relocated
the

logic of

Control

in user virtual

another

address

Glossary-2

c¢onsidered

separately at load time without

the program.

Section

that

Control

regardless

space.

passed
of

properly

their relative

Control

Section

-85] -

LINK-10

LINK-~10

Glossary

identified
of code

by a relocation counter and thus

that can be relocated

is the

smallest unit

separately.

Default Directory

The directory

which

specification has
the

it may

Monitor

searches

not been given by the user.

UFD corresponding

number but

the

another

user's

UFD or

directory

Typically,

logged=-in

a SFD

this

project-programmer

(sub-file directory).

directory

existing

The SFD is

SFD.

The

The SFDs

files
files.

UFD

directory
exist as

The

the

given
pointed

files

under

the UFD.

External

Symbol

A global

symbol

another

module.

declare a
CALL

symbol

statement

which
The

referenced
EXTERN

external.
in

in one module

statement

A subroutine

FORTRAN

module

external.

Glossary-3

in MACRO-10

name
is

but defined
is

referenced

used

automatically declared

LINK-10

-852-

LINK-10

Glossary

File

ordered

collection

instructions

and/or data.

disk or magnetic

the

available

tape,

space

36-bit
A file

words
is

and can be of

comprising

computer

stored on a device,

any length,

such

limited only

on the device and.the user's maximum space

allotment on that device.

File Specification

A list of
A complete

identifiers which uniquely
file

specification consists of:

on which the file

extension,

specify a

and

stored,

the

name

the name of

particular

the name of

the file

the directory

file.

the device

including

its

in which the file

contained.

FUDGE2

A system utility program used to update libraries containing

one

or more modules and to manipulate modules within these

libraries.

To transfer a saved program from a file on

into

GET

memory using

a bootstrap program or

places a program into memory.

operation

and,

operation differs

addition,

The

device

the Monitor.

from the LOAD operation

the

core

The GET command

RUN command performs

starts

Glossary-4

program.

the

The

(refer to LOAD).

same

GET

_853-

LINK-10

LINK-10
Glossary

GLOB

system utility

program used

an - alphabetical
When

communicate

via

'global

modules

Global

read

cross-referenced

encountered.

alphabetical

program

list of

in which

are

list

composed

symbols,

all global

they

libraries

all

and

the

generate

global

symbols

many

wuseful

have

the

names

the

symbols with

defined

and

modules

which

referenced.

Request

A request

Global

Symbol

symbol

which

LINK-10

that

link

accessible

is defined.

LINK-10's global
symbol

symbol

definition

global

symbol

to modules

other

The value of

a global

table

the

when

a module.

than

the

one

symbol

placed

module

containing

the

loaded.

High Segment

That portion
relative
code

that

the

location
can

write-protected

user's

400000,
shared

addressing

space,

which generally

by other

order

users.

is
This

presérve

usually

beginning

used

contain pure

segment

the data.

usually

The user can

élace information into a high segment with the TWOSEG pseudo-op
in
also

MACRO-~10.
have

Higher-level

provisions

for

language,

pure

Glossary-5

such as COBOL and FORTRN,

code

the

high

segment.

-854-

|.INK-10
LINK-10
Glossary

Initialize

To set counters, switches, or addresses to zero oOr other starting
values at prescribed points in the execution of a computer
routine.

Internal

Symbol

A global symbol located in the module in which it is defined.

a MACRO-10 program, a symbol is declared internal with the INTERN

definition

which

pseqdo-ops

the

names

generate

global

is used to satisfy all global requests for the

In FORTRAN programs, internal symbols are

symbol.
match

These

pseudo-op.

ENTRY

SUBROUTINEs,

FUNTIONs,

internal symbol is similar to a library search

and

generated

ENTRYs,

syfibol; - however,

it will not cause a module to be linked in search mode.
Job Data Area

(JOBDAT)

The first 140 octal locations of a user's
area

provides

Monitor and

the

storage

wuser's

for

address

space.

This

certain data items used by both the

program.

Refer

the

DECsystem~10

Monitor Calls Manual.

Label

A symbolic name used to identify a location in a program.

Glossary-6

-855-

LINK-10

LINK-10
Glossary

Library

A relocatable binary file containing one or
may be loaded in Library Search Mode.

modules

edit

a‘ collection

binary modules into a library file.

for editing

PIP can also be

used to merge relocatable binary modules into a library,
has no facilities

which

FUDGE2 is a system utility

program which enables users
to merge and
relocatable

but

libraries.

Library Search Mode
The mode in which a module

only

one

(one of many in a library)

loaded

its declared entry points satiéfy an

unreéolved global request..
Library Search Symbol

(Entry Symbol)

A list of symbols that are matéhed against unresolved symbols
order to load the apérop;iate modules.

This list is used only in

library»search mode. A library search symbol is defined by an
ENTRY statement

in MACRO-10 and BLISS-lO

and ‘a.SUBROUTINE,

FUNCTION, or ENTRY statement in FORTRAN.
Linker

A program that combines many

input modules into a

for

Thus,

compilations

purposes.
of

modules.

references and may

Typically,

combine control

Glossary-—-7

allows
it

sections.

single
for

module

independent

satisfies

global

LINK-10

-856-

LINK=-10
Glossary

Link

combine

which

independently-translated modules

all

relocation

that module
resolved

and

based

all
on

addresses

external

the

has

one

been performed

references

definition

into

symbols

internal

symbols.

module

relative

have

been

relocation,

and

Linking Loader

program

linking

that

provides

compiler

automatic

loading,

and assembler generated object modules.

Load

produce

core

image

relocatable

binary

addresses

absolute

confused

with

from a saved

Local

the

file

and/or

files

saved

(REL files)

addresses.

file

This

GET

operation,

(refer

to GET).

from

transforming

operation

which

one

relocatable

1is

not

initializes

core

image

Symbol

symbol

Because

known only

accessible

not

the

name with different values
These

modules

conflict.
modules;

can

Local
symbol

by mechanisms

module

8ymbols
conflicts

are

which

to other modules,

can appear

1loaded

and

in more

primarily

the

than

executed
used

program.

Glossary=-8

defined.

same

symbol

one

module.

together

without

when

between different modules

the debugging

are

debugging
resolved

-857-

LINK-10

Glossary

Low

Segment

The segment of user virtual address space beginning at zero.
length of

the low segment

Data Area.

When writing

-Place data

locations

and

stored

in location

.JBREL of

two~-segment

programs,
it is

impure code

the

The

the Job

advisable

low segment.

Main Program

The

module

execution

containing

normally

the

address

which

object

program

begins.

Module

The

smallest

composed

code

entity

between

statement

collection

the

FORTRAN,
is

IDENTIFICATION

that

TITLE

and

can

control

END

code

between

module.

LINK=-10,

sections.

statements

the

DIVISION

loaded

MACRO-10,

the

represents

module.

the first statement and the END
COBOL,

statement

the

and

code

the

between

last

statement

the

modu;e.

Module Origin

ihe first location in user virtual address space of the module.
Object Module

The

primary output of

linked

program.

with

other

an assembler

object

This output is

modules

composed

Glossary-9

compiler,

and

the

loaded

which

can

into a runnable

relocatable

machine

-858-

LINK-10
LINK=-10
Glossary

code

language

relocation

the

for

information,

module

translated

and

the

(i.e., link items),

corresponding

table

symbol

listing the definition and use of symbols within the module.
Object Time System

The collection of modules that supports the compiled code

particular

This

language.

for

collection usually includes I/0 and

trap~handling routines.
Offset

The number of locations relative to zero that a

Control

Section

must be moved before it can be executed.
Operating System

The collection of modules that automatically

job

processing

user

and

system

scheduling
programs,

continuous

permits

and controlling the operation of

performing

1I/0,

allocating

and

resources for efficient use of the hardware.
Physical Address

Space

A set of memory

locations

where

information can

actually

stored (i.e., core memory) for the purpose of program execution.
Program

A collection of routines which have been

produce

saved file or a core image.

Glossary-10

1linked

and

loaded

These routines typically

LINK-10

~850LINK=-10
Glossary

consist of a main program and a set of subroutine which may

have

come from a library.

Pure Code

Code which

never

modified

the

process

execution.

Therefore,

is possible to let many users share the same copy

of a program.

REL File

1link

items

as an
An address within a module which is specified

offset

from

One or more relocatable object modules

composed

(refer to Appendix A).

Relocatable Address

the first location in that module.

Relocatable Control Section

A control section whos.addressés have been specified relative
zero.

Thus,

the control section can be placed into any area of

core memory for execution.
" Relocation Counter

The number assigned by LINK-10 as

Control Section.

the

beginning

address

This number is assigned in the process of

Glossary-1l1

LINK-10

-860-

LINK-10
Glossary

image

specific Control Sections

and

absolute

41is

transformed

into a saved

from

file

relocatable

core

quantity to an

quantity.

Relocation Factor

The contents of

This

number

Control

The relocation

base

address

and the actual

which the module

for

control

section.

added to every relocatable reference within the

Section.

relocatable
400000)

the relocation counter

for

address

factor

the control

determined

section

in user virtual

from

(usually

address

the

0 and

space

is being loaded.

Routine

A set of

specific

instructions

and

data

for

performing

one

functions.

Segment

An absolute

Source

Control

Section.

Language Program

The original,

untranslated version of

higher~level

language

programs,

primary

when

translated,

output.

object module,

(e.g.,

program

FORTAN,
produce

may

and a runnable core

Glossary-12

program

COBOL,
object

written

MACRO).
modules

Source
as

their

exist as a source program,
image.

LINK-10

-861LINK-10

Glossary

Symbol

Any identifier (composed of SIXBIT charactérs) used to
a

represent

value that may or may not be known at the time of its original

use in a source language program.
language

statements

Symbols can appear

labels,

addresses,

source

operators,

and

operands.
Symbol Binding

To resolve references in one module to symbols which are

defined

(i.e., are assigned a value) in another module.
Symbol Table

A table containing entrie for each symbol defined or used

within

a module.

Translate

To compile or assemble a source program into a

machine

program,

object module.

usually in the form of a

User Virtual Address

(relocatable)

language

Space

A set of memory addresses within the range of 0

256K

words.

These addresses are mapped intd physica; core addresses by the
paging or relocation—protection haidware when a program is
executed.

On a KAlO0 processor, the range of addresses is limited

by the amount of physical core available to a given user.

Glossary-13

LINK-10

-862-

LINK-10

Glossary

User's Program

All of

the code

virtual address

Zero

running uder

control of

the

Monitor

user

space of its own.

Length Module

A module containing

symbol definitions

words

(e.g.,

JOBDAT).

context

refers

the

Note

program

that

but no

the

length of

Glossary-14

instruction or

word

"lengthTM

the module

after

data

this