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Document:	MICRO2 UsersGuide Jun79
Order Number:	AA-H531A-TE
Revision:	0
Pages:	94
Original Filename:	AA-H531A-TE_MICRO2_UsersGuide_Jun79.pdf

OCR Text

MICRO2

USER'S

REFERENCE

GUIDE

MANUAL

AA-H531A-TE

June

digital

1979

equipment corporation -

maynard,

massachusetts

First

The

information

and

should

Corporation.
for

any

The

software

and

this

construed

Digital

Equipment

that may

described

document

errors

may

not

used

subject

Corporation
in

document

this

to change

commitment

appear

this

copied

only

assumed

for

the

Printing,

assumes

June

1979

without
Digital

notice

Equipment

responsibility

document.

furnished

accordance with

under
the

license

terms of

such

license.

responsibility

equipment

that

not

The

postage

requests

preparing

future

The

(C)

prepaid

document

following

are

supplied

use or

DIGITAL

1979 by Digital

READER'S
the

CIOMMENTS

wuser's

reliability

its

Equipment

form on

<critical

the

last

evaluation

page
to

trademarks of

Digital

Equipment

Corporation:

DECsystem-10

MASSBUS

DECtape

OMN
I BUS

PDP

DIBOL

0s/8

DECUS

EDUSYSTEM

PHA

UNIBUS

FLIP CHIP

RSTS

FOCAL

RSX

INDAC

TYPESET-8

DDT

LAB-8

TYPESET-10

DECCOMM

DECsystem-20

TYPESET-11

ASSIST-11

RTS-8

ITPS-10

TMS-11

LABS

assist

documentation.

DEC

COMTEX

software or

Corporation

DIGITAL

COMPUTER

affiliated companies.

this
us

CONTENTS

¢«

PROGRAM STRUCTURE

IDENTIFYING

THE

RADIX

MEMORIES

Single Memory Program

Multiple-Memories

¢«

Mixing Memories

IDENTIFICATION

PROVIDING

A TITLE

FOR

YOUR

PAGING

ADDING
A TABLE

*»

ADDING A VERSION NUMBER
YOUR

O\N

[]

COMMENTS

DEFINING

NN
—

NAMES
.

Spaces
Upper

Length

o«

AND VALUES

FOR
¢

Lower

FIELDS
e

.«

Case

Limitation

Uniqueness of Names

The
ol

s
.

et ot
o

LUV N

.2
.3

cxample

Case

Simple Default

Case

Defaults

The

.ADDRESS

The

.FLOATOPARITY

The

.DEFAULT Qualnfuer
Ar

VALUE
—t

in Names
and

QUALIFIERS

MICROWORD NIDTH
.

FIELDS

DEFINING
NAMES

PROGRAM

CONTENTS

PROGRAM

SPECIFYING THE

and

.VALIDITY Qualifier

Counter

Values

Fnelds

Qualifiers

.FLOATEPARITY qualifiers

NAMES

0verlapp|ng

.NEXTADDRESS
.

¢«

o«

—

PROVIDINC

——

BIT NUHBERING

|I
T
R
R
R
I
|
UVVOInesssEWwWwNhD
-~

SPECIFYING THE

NN
—

—d
ot
oot road
et ot
ot
ot

NN DNDNDDNON

—t

CHAPTER

ADDRESS SELECTION

WWWwUWULWwWwiwwwwwilwwwiwww
.
.
.
s
o
o
o
o
e
o
o
o

CHAPTER

TRANSLATION

TO MICRO2

— et e\
D ONNNNORNNVEESTWN

INTRODUCTION

WWWWwWwwwwwiwwwwuwwww

1
oo\ EWN
—~

CHAPTER

|
L]

Ao WO
—

i
.

ol
ol

Expression
.

expressaon
.

Macro

Multiple

Use

Parameter

Designators

Macro-Calls

Too Many or

Defunlt on

Definitions

MACRO-CALL

Parameters

Desugnator

VM EswwwiNhnNn

MACRO-BODY

Field-Values

onUn

MACRO-NAME

\n\n\{\\n\n\n\n

MACROS

Nested Macro

W
N —

Value-Name

Continuing

Validity

THit

U \un

Names

THE

Indicators

Field
a

—
N

A Validity

DEFINING

CHAPTER

EXPRESSIONS

W th

With

WW NN
-

.
.

Symbol

Associating

CHAPTER

¢«

Examples

Associating

[]

Calls

Contents

VALIDITY

Predefined

.«

e
&
o

Field

Expression- Names
Value-names

¥l
i
|
L

CHECKING

£
|

Numbers

i
o
S

EXPRESSIONS

Function

~N O EWwWN
—~

ot oot et cod ol

EXPRESSIONS AND VALIDITY

£
!

CHAPTER L

Too few Parameters

MICROINSTRUCTIONS
THE

a Hucronnstructaon

Allocating

a Microinstruction

THE

CHAPTER

MICROINSTRUCTION

Continuing

¢«

.«

METHOD OF ALLOCATION
Allocation .
. e

can be 0 or

MICROWORD

Indicating

The

size of

a bit

that

the address

Constraints Within

MIXING

Constraint

Address

Boundaries

ALLOCATION MODES

.«

set

Constraints

Terminating a
Space

—
oW
OOV

Constraints

I
I
OO~

Random Allocation

SPACE

Sequential

ADDRESS

sOSISI
SIS SIS NI
N

v
¢«
=
o
o
e

NN
-

SPECIFYING THE

DEFINING THE

]

W INNNMMOMMOMNOMMOMDNONN
-~

ALLOCATION

BHAPTER 8

COMMUN ICATION
COMMUNICATION

PROGRAM COMMUNICATION

MICROPROGRAM

DATA

PATH

Excerpt

DEFINITIONS

Excerpt

DEFINITIONS

Program Diagram

Program

KEYWORDS

IDENTIFICATION
Program

FIELD

Program
MACRO

Program

\D\D\D\D\D\D\'D\D\D\D\D\D\D

OO
WN
S WWNN —

THE

Excerpt

SUBROUTINE
Program

Excerpt

ANOTHER SUBROUTINE
Excerpt

CONDITIONAL

CHAPTER

SAMPLE

WAW 00O~~~ OO

CHAPTER

& W
w —

MEMORY

ASSEMBLY

10. 1

THE

10-1

10. 2

CONDITIONAL ASSEMBLY BLOCKS

CONDITIONAL

10-2

10 -3

EXAMPLE

ASSEMBLY

10-2

10. A

ANOTHER EXAMPLE

10-3

10. 5

SETTING AND

MICRO2

11. 1

ASSEMBLER

CHANGING EXPRESSION-NAMES

LISTING

AND

INPUT

CONTROLS

11-1

1-1

Formatting The Microprogram

11-2

Preparing The

11. 1. 2

10-4

Input

11. 1. 1

LIST

11. 1. 2. 1

The General

11-2

ll 1. 2. 2

Microinstruction Format

11-2

THE

Format

OUTPUT LISTING

11-2

Contents

11-3

11-4

informaticn

11-4

11-5

Llstnng

.2. 1

The Table Of

.2. 2

Line Numbers

.2. 3

Page

Headings

.2. L

The

Microword

.2. 5

Error Messages

.2. 6

The

.2. 7

The Map Listing

11-6

The

11-7

ll 2. 8

Cross

Reference

¢«

o«

FILE

11-7

11 .3.1

The Header

1-7

11.3.2

The Code Section

.«

11-7

11.3.3

Field and

Defunutnons

1 -3

1 b

11.4.1

THE

Summary

11-5

ULD

Address

LIST CONTROLS
The

List

Control

11-8
11-8

Counters

11-9

CHAPTER

USING MICRO2

12.1

VAX/VMS

12.2

DEC

File

12.2.1
12.3

12-2

12-4
12-4

INTERFACE

MICRO2

LANGUAGE

MICRO2

SYNTACTIC

12-1

INTERFACE

Specifications

APPENDIX A

SYNTACTIC SUMMARY
SUMMARY

W
N

Restrictions
Examples

po—)

Examples

A-3

A-k

Part

A=k

A-5

. A-6
. A-8

A-9

Microinstructions

A-10

Examples

ELEMENTS

Keywords

Qualifiers

.
.

Separators

INPUT

THE

OUTPUT

ULD

OUTPUT

LISTING

A-12

LISTINGS

LISTING

SAMPLE

APPENDIX

ERROR MESSAGES

FILE

ERROR MESSAGES

WARNING MESSAGES
FATAL

A-11

ERROR MESSAGES

THE

B.2

AND

——t

Examples

B.1

(= I = B -

Macro Definitions

SAMPLE

W
N -

A-3

Expressions

A-3

.
.

Definition

APPENDIX

INDEX

(o Bl o B o

o
.

Examples

N =

Restrictions
The

[]

Defaults

-l

VWM EEWWNNN
— — - —

wnd

The Program

MICRO2
W
N —

ot od

s
o
&
e
e
e

ot ot ol o

35 2B _Jb _Jb _Jb BB _Jb B

b
e

ot ocnd ot vt

BB _Bb

APPENDIX

[]

p 2

_Jb 2

LINE

DEC

INTERFACE
COMMAND

PREFACE

Manual
This

Objectives
manual

introduces

appendixes
examples

provides
the

contain
of

MICR0O2

the

tutorial
language

reference

input

for
and

the

gives

section

and output

MICR02
examples

for

files,

and

the
a

assembler.
of

its

use.

MICRO2

It
The

language,

listing of

the error

messages produced by MICRO2.

intended Audience
This manual

intended

engineers.

The

reader

and

the

characteristics

microprograms

are

Structure of

this

This

manual

fields

process

assembly,

language programmers and

to be

the

hardware

familiar with microprogramming

architecture

for

which

the

MICRO2.

The

Document
the

language

constructs

are

and macros

output

assembly

assumed

to be written.

introduces

identification
efining

for

allocation

listings,

and

constructs

presented

discussed.

first.
Then

considered.

the use of MICRO2

Then

the

process of

microinstructions

rinally,

and

conditional

is described.

CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION

The

MICRO2

language
allows

you

names

The

assembler
to

to define

specifying

MICR02

address

converts

absolute

assembler

appropriate

set of

validity

checking.

you

lay out

1.1

TRANSLATION

branches

To construct

an objec:
written

appropriate bits
are

For

field-name ALU

bits,

two

and macros

logical

language

the

defined

bits

identify

the following

through

then

use

these

and

the microprogram.

translation

and

a microinstruction to

assembler

the

valuable

syntax

the assembler

helps

interprets

and uses

program.

a sequence of

source
MICRO2

an effective manner.

that defines

the microwords of

its
of

performs
in

language

functions:

names within

the assembler

microprogram,

example,
by

source

to be performed by

allocate storage

in a

written

The

In assigning addresses,

and

microprogram
field-names,

fields

translating

the

microword.

for

performs

and

the

code.

the actions

selection.

TO MICRO2

microprograms

object

names

are

names

Names,

source
to

bits within

associated

set

called
the

with

the

all

field-definition:

ALU/=<22:19>
Names,

called value-names,

the

possible

foilowing

connected

SUB,
field

AND,

field

OR,

ALU,

the

and

SuB=1
AND=2

OR=3
A=l

are

for

then defined

the

definition by

character

'"s='",

field.

series

For

A are associated with

foilows:

ALU/=<22:19>
ADD=0

values

represent

Value-names
name

example,

and

some

are

specified

value

pairs,

the value-names

the specified values

for

ADD,

the

INTRODUCTION TO MICRO2

Page

1-2

’hen the following field-setting sets bits 22 through 19 to the wvalue
L

ALU/A

addition

this

basic

symbolically,

macros

functions of

the

given.

For

POP

setting

1.2

and

fields and

thaz

specific

their

notation

values

in which

the

field-settings,

are

two

lets

types

you

microinstruction

shown

equivalent

the macro definition,

but

to
more

selection
of

allocation,

either

SEQUENTIAL or

RANDOM.

select an address

algorithm,

set

CLKT1/YES"

SELECTION

llocation
a

produce a

ALU/A,

within
fields

he address
among

refer
to

readable.

performs

Further,

not

"MEMFNC/STKRD,

three

ADDRESS

MICRO2

microword,

macro-call
the

convenient

example:

STACK

The above

ability

can be defined

for a microinstruction or leave
assembler.
|If you
are
wusing
a
RANDOM

the

you

addresses

can make assertions

and

M!CR0O2 will

about

select

the

relationships

appropriate

set

addresses.

1.3

PROGRAM STRUCTURE

The MICRO2
sequence
a

assembler

listing

input

file

MICRO2 accepts

and

line-oriented

an object

continuation

Expressions
Macro-bodies

(o)

Microinstructions

each

case

input

ogram

radix

the

line

to MICRO2
one

describe

the

processor,

MICR02

source

which

accepts

language and

produces

module.

lines

three cases:

continued

must

have

'","

its

last

character.

ontain

Then

written

o
(o)

nonblank

The

lines

the

source

program.

memories.

apply

the entire

way

which

fundamental

The

A MICR02

program.

The

the direction and

program unit,

source

program

bit-numbering direction

the memory,

following

radix

and

can
the

sections

are extablished.

considered.

INTRODUCTION TO MIiCRO2

Page

1.4

SPECIFYING THE

BIT NUMBERING

The

.LTOR and

keywords

.RTOL

numbered,

define

microword

are

whether

count

form of

the bit-numbering keyword

from

the

the way

that when you

left

end

the

line

in which
define

right

the

1-3

the

bits of

your

field

MICR0O2

knows

the word.

The

end of

keyword

itself,

namely:

.LTOR

.RTOL
The

.LTOR keyword directs MICRO2

numbered

consider

from

left

the bits

right.

numbered

from

consider
The

right

.RTOL

the bits of
keyword

the microword

directs

For

example,

suppose you have a

16 bit word and you refer

through

|If

you

the

bits

numbered

right

And

MICRO2

considers

bits

the

word.

However,

are

numbered

And

MICRO2

are

from

that

from

right

considers

word.
left

bits

through

you

left

specify

M!CR02

left.

the

.LTOR

to the

bits

keyword,

then

follows:

the

rightmost

four

bits

.RTOL

keyword,

then

the bits

follows:

through

leftmost

four

bits

.LTOR

assumed.

the

word.

no bit-numbering

MICRO2

uses

direction

the

keyword

first

which

bit-numbering keywords

given,

then

.LTOR or

.RTOL

keyword

the bits are numbered and
in

the

program.

finds

to establish

ignores

any

the

subsequent

INTRODLLTION TO

}.5
In

MICRO2

Page

1-4

the

IDENTIFYING THE RADIX
a

source program,

program

radix

MICRO2

considers

and

which

number
an

number

The

radix are

identified

simply

radix
The

that

the

itself,

point

depends

to
to be

to be

the

according
always

point

interpreted

following

numbers

decimal

are

set

form

the keyword

with

a decimal

values

some

other

interpreted

appears.

keywords.

interprets

considers

without

integer

The program

MICRO2

and

decimal.

decimal

number

integer.

context

The way

which

according

the

program

chapters.

either

the

.0OCTAL

follows:

the

and

.0CTAL

.HEXADECIMAL

keyword-line

.OCTAL

.HEXADECIMAL
If

you

include

interpreted

the

I'f

you

hexadecimal.

The

1.6

any

keyword,

any

value

the

program

radix

.HEXADECIMAL

keyword,

such

can be

radix

set

line

subsequent

only

once

finds

program

in a

the

values

lines

are

program.

to establish

radix

program

interpreted

the

that

octal.

interpreted

MICRO2

uses

the

program

radix

and

program.

MEMORIES

program

can be divided

memories.
be

the

program

.gnores

include

program radix

first

.0OCTAL

according

Except

specified

considered

only
to

address-space,

for

into

the

many

bit-numbering and

seven

once

program,

all

belong

memory.

Each

word-width,

field-

and

sub-programs,

program

radix,

other

which

constructs

memory

has

its

macro-definitions

can
are
own
and

microinstructions.

1.6.1
If

Single Memory Program

a program

contains only one sub-program

program and memory

can

(memory)

indistinguishable.

then

the notion of

INTRODUCTION

1.6.2

TO MICRO2

1-5

Multiple-Memories

associated with

program contains

separate

The

Page

than one

particuliar

sub-program,

memory.

You

can

memory

then

each

have

as many

sub-program
as

seven

sub-programs.

beginning

memory-indicator

section

keyword.

The

the

memory-indicator

specified

keywords

are

follows:

.UCoDt
.DCODE
.ECODE
. 1CODE

.0CODE
.CCODE

.MCODE

The

identification,

memory-indicator
memory-indicator

1.6.2.1

definitions,

and
are

associated with

Mixing Memories - You

memories

Yyour

program.

instruction decode memory

(1) .

the

You

symbolically

can
in

either
the

can
For

(D)

and

write

and

instructions

end

the

switch

I
I
|
1
+

.DCODE

(identification)

(definitions)

|
|

. 1CODE

(identification)
(definitions)

!
!
|
i
|
1
|
1
i
1

that

another

back

and

suppose

you

forth
have

amor.g
special

instruction

interpretation memory

program

two

following diagram:
+

following

program

specified memory.

example,

the

pieces as shown

INTRODUCTION TO MICRO2

'r you

can

instruction

group
as

the

Page

decode

represented

.DLODE

(identification)
(definitions)
.1CODE

(identification)

(definitions)
.DCODE

.DCODE

. 1CODE

the

and

interpretation

following

diagram:

parts

for

1-6

each

CHAPTER
PROVIDING

MICRO2

includes

access

and

directives

Using

title and

subtitle

for

create

table of

contents,

the

number

of bits

2.1

PROVIDING

The

.TITLE

the

heading

string

.TITLE
title

the

has

the

microprogram,

program

inciude

you

the

paging

and

add

comments

for

MICR0O2

FOR

YOUR

the

title

1listing.

keyword

first

line

following

easy

provide

the

number,

program,

the

define

program.

PROGRAM

supplies

.TITLE

can

version

specify

output

resulting
directives,

MICRO2
the

top of

the

use as

reproduces
each

page

heading.

part

the quoted
of
The

your
.TITLE

form:

"title-string"

example,

listing

the

part

.TITLE

The

the

these

the microword,

keyword-line

For

your

A TITLE

following

listing

IDENTIFICATION

that make

understand.

supppose

you

give

the

following

.TITLE

line:

"XYZ Machine'

that

appears

part of

the

heading

each

page

your

uses

the

text

discards

any

is:

XYZ Machine

title can

given

subsequent

be
the

specified only
first

.TITLE

once

.TITLE

keyword-lines

a memory.

keyword-line
in

the memory.

MICRO2
finds

and

PROVIDING

IDENTIFICATION

Page 2-2

’.2

ADDING A VERSION NUMBER

The

.VERSION

part

keyword-line

the
has

supplies

heading

the

following

a version

the

number

output

for

MICRO2

listing.

The

use

.VERSION

form:

.VERSION/'""version-no"
MICRO2
can

prints

interprets
output
For

the version-no as

any MICRO2

subtitie

part

the

version-no

radix

prints

program

line as

suppose you

number.

according to the

listing

example,

name

decimal

give the

subtitle.
and

The
a

version-no

number,

MICRO2

the

the version number

'8"

numbar.

following

.VERSION

line:

.VERSION/"10"

the program radix

the

2.3

ADDING

The

.TOC

Eable

A TABLE

supplies

contents.

MICRO2

ollowing

the

.TOC

keyword as

the output

Suppose you add
.TITLE

the

"XYZ

following

Machine

reproduces
listing

.TOC

keyword-line

- Version

that

the

create

an attractive

.TOC

lines

the

You can

sample

add blank

keywords

you add

the

.TOC

text
a

following

.TOC "Field

the

table of

line

the

in quotes

to your

page of

have a
.TOC

.TOC

the

page

program:

your

contents

format

null

.ToC "'
.TOC '*Macro Definitions"

for

the

indenting

topics

listing

is:

the

listing.
the

text

front

You

can

the

shown

the output

contents

including

in Appendix B.

your

table of

string as

keywords

Dafinitions"

keyword-lines

contents

subordinate

"introductory Remarks"

oc e

second

entry
given

1B"

program given

lines

that

from

table of

indicate

listing

the

text

Remarks

provide

adds

the

appears

MICRO2

and

part

the

subtitl~

subtitle

listing.

Remarks'

your

includes

reproduces

.TOC"Introductory

Introductory

.TOC

MICR0O2

CONTENTS

keyword-line

heading

Then

is octal,

subtitle.

to your

text.

For

program:

example,

suppose

PROVIDING

IDENTIFICATION

The

table of

null

strings

contents
as

in your

output

listing

Page

2-3

the

is double spaced

follows:

;

TABLE OF

CONTENTS

Iintroductory

Remarks

;6
37

Field

Definitions

Macro

Definitions

;24
12b

The

number

that appears

assigned

this

line

where

the

number,

you

referenced

can

PAGING YOUR PROGRAM

The

.PAGE

keyword-line
a

simply

any

text

table

indicate
string,

quickly

contents

line

locate

the

new

listing

entry

and

new page,

line

the output

the

listing.

place

the

page

and,

line
Using

listing

appears.

indicates

contents

table of
that

information

2.4

provides

each

MICR0O2

you

optionally,

subtitle.

include

the

.PAGE

keyword

without

follows:

.PAGE

MICRO2

starts

keyword

To start

you

.PAGE

and

You

add

starts

can

new

the

the output

add a
text

that

listing

page

subtitle,

and

following

and make

string

using

the

text

the

table

page,

string

that

the

.PAGE

places

the

.PAGE

heading.

the

table of

keyword-line,

entry

follows:

string
of

text-string

text

followed

string

given

the

subtitle

contents.

operationally

equivalent

.PAGE

keyword without

string.

use

many

that

easy

initially

read

.PAGE

microprogram
to

line

text

keyword with

text

page

'"text-string"

includes

.PAGE

.TOC

new
first

a new page,

contents,

MICRO2

the

paged
and

keywords

that

the

each

convenient

program

topic

appears

reference

you

wish.

new page

later

time.

PROVIDING IDENTIFICATION

Page 2-U4

'.5 SPECIFYING THE MICROWORD WIDTH
The .WIDTH keyword-line specifies the number of bits in the microword.
A
.WIDTH
keyword-line
consists of the keyword .WIDTH, followed by a
slash and the number of bits in the word, as follows:
WIDTH/number-of-bits

The number given for number-of-bits

decimal

bits,

you

number.

Thus

is always

interpreted by MICR02 as

define a microword that consists of 64

include the following

line

in your microprogram:

.WIDTH/6L

The maximum value that can be given for number-of-bits
MICR02 uses the first .WIDTH keyword-line it
width
of
the
microword for the memory and
WIDTH

keyword-lines

If you don't specify
field
definitions.

2.6

finds
to
establish
the
it rejects any subsequent

the memory.

the width, MICR0O2 deduces the word width from the
It assumes the width of the word to be the value

crmed by adding one to the
f

is 128.

largest bit position

specified

in the

set

field-definitions.

COMMENTS

Comments can be included anywhere in the program.
A
with a ":" character and ends at the end of the line.

comment

begins

You can enter full line comments by
starting
the
line
with
a
";"
character.
You
can
add
comments
to
lines
by following the last
character on the line by some spaces and the ";'" character.
For examples of

comments,

see

the sample program

in Chapter 9.

CHAPTER

DEFINING

The

set

can

bits within

can be defined
value-names

The

that

can

simplest

add

that

field

AND

set

VALUES

that make

name.

semantic meaning

be defined

form

FIELDS

the microword

associated with

the

up a

Further,

the

particular
a

set

field

and

for

field

qualifiers

set

field

field.

field-definition defines

name

follows:

ALPHA/=<6:0>
The above definition
though

The addition of
as

associates

the

field

name

ALPHA

with

bits

the microword.

referenced

value-definitions

symbolically.

For

permits

the field

to be

set

well

example:

ALPHA/=<6:0>
Al=]

A2=2

A3=3
The above dafinitions

associate

with

and make

and

A3 with

the value-name
the

following

with

the value

field-setting

possible:

ALPHA/A2
The above

field-setting

microword

The addition of
and

the

like.

field-names

sets

the value A2

qualifiers
The

the

field

(bits

through

O0)

the

(2).

permit default

following

and value-names.

sections

settings,

describe

the

parity adjustment,
process

defining

DEFINING FIELDS AND VALUES

Page

3-2

..1 DEFINING NAMES FOR FIELDS
A

field-definition consists

followed

the

with

the field name

form

is:

names

are

left-bit

and

beginning

followed by

list

left-bit:right-bit >

and

any valid MICRO2

given

the separator

the word

one

{

qualifier

3.2.

are

decimal

right-bit
end

bits

specitfied

right-to-left bit
than

left-to-right

the

Qualifiers

or
bit

the

'/='

associated

more qualifiers.

numbering,

the

then

the

The

...

The

}

rules

for

that

identify

numbers

field

numbering,

equal

name.

Section

greater

equal

name

’

The field-name can be

The

the

the biits within

foliowed

field-name /= <

MICRO2

position of

forming

the

microword.

then

the

left-bit

right-bit.
left-bit

must

you

less

the

you

must

specified
than

right-bit.

are described

Section

3.3.

'onsider the following field-definitions:
.RTOL
.0CTAL

A/=<]
: 4>
3/-(3:0)

C/=<T:3>

D/=<2>
E/=<1:0>

These definitions

identify the

fields of

the microword as

shown

the

following diagram:

e -+

B it
TETE PP
R+

dommmmcm e

As you see,

you

knows,

for

<ach bit of

status

(unset or set).

gtate of

v D B

can define cverlapning

a bit more

the microworc.

e -+

fields,

both

MICRO2 warns you

than once.

and

its value

(0 or

you

try

MICRO2

and

define

its

the

DEFINING FIELDS AND VALUES

3.2

Page 3-3

NAMES

MICRO2

allows

a name

to be made up of

characters

from

the

following

...Z

...

Upper

case

...

9 Numbers

Lower

letters

case

letters

AR
VA~

Exclamation mark
Hash mark

Right

=00 >»

set:

Asterisk

Ampersand

Left

parenthesis

Left

parenthesis
angle

plus

Right

minus

bracket

angle bracket
sign

sign

)

period
questior mark
Underscore

Space and

MICRO2

considers

all

tab

the following

to be valid

names:

A12

2+3%6
BxC?

name

can

program

vertion
names

begin

with

confusing

MICRO2 might

use

reserved.

You

your

version

MICRO2.

name

can

example,

with

character,
programmer

the name you
cannot

program would

begin

distinguish
For

period

another

are

therefore,

the

for

number

not

but
to

chose

use

function

all

valid

such

read.

names

make

Further,

keyword.

keyword

correctly

contains

under

the

future

Keyword
name

and,

the

new

characters within

radix

from a number.

the

following

are

names

the

program

octal:

12Q3

b2
51F

However,
names

but

the program radix

the

third

hexadecimal,

a hexadecimal

number.

the

first

two are

valid

DEF'NING FIELDS AND VALUES

'.2.1

Spaces in Names

In addition

to the

tabs within a

a concept
MICRO2

above characters,

name.

rather

than

considers

the

in each case

However,

symbol

the

which does

not

a particular

following

<=-

PC +

this

name

names

the

sequence of
to be

not

space within

it.

the

permits

use of

snaces

space within a microword
the

the

same

spaces

sample program giv-n

characters.

Thus,

although

space

same

different character

the effective
from

MICRO2

considers a

shown above

have

following macro

'he

MICR02

made up of

As an example of

Page 3-4

the

sequence.

the

names,

in chapter

symbol

AB,

consider

the

|
entered,

MICRO2

still

by mistake,

recognizes

with

two

the

spaces

between

same macro.

the

and

is,

the

Thus,

the

That

ollowing are the same:
Tl

PC +

< ==

PC +

and

]

3.2.2

\Upper

Lower

MICRO2

interprets upper and

following symbols are

(Case

all

lower

treated

case
as

letters as

the same

the same.

symbol.

ABC
ABc

abc

3.2.3

Length Limitation

RICRO2

imposes a limit of

Further,

because MICRO2

with the other

necessary

128 characters on

is a

the

length

line-oriented processor,

information,

on a

line.

name must

name.
fit,

DEFINING

FIELDS AND VALUES

3.2.4

Uniqueness of Names

MICR02

names

are

Page

classified

3-5

follows:

field-names
value-names
macro-names

expression-names

Field-names,
respect

macro-names,

to all

Value-names,

names

for

value

other

however,

the same

names

and exp: ession-names

names

the

same

need

unique

class

only with

field definition.

Ffor

must

for

unique

given

memory.

respect

example,

to other

the

with

value

following

set

valid:

A/=<]:
4>
A=0

B=1]
C=2

B/=<3:0>
A=2

B=l
C=6
Since

you

must

field-name,

MICRO2

interprets

label

Only
thus

always

MICRO2

can

A/B as

is a value-name

one
all

field
labels

qualify

value

easily distinguish

and

for

B/B

the

name

its

associated

the value-names.

That

field designated

the

address

in a memory can be designated as an address
in a

is,

field.

field and

given memory must be unique.

Communication between memories can be accomplished by value names.

discussion

Section 8.1.
more

than

value

The rule is that
one memory,

any memory are

field

field and

to have

known

then

all

the same name

names

in different memories

if the same field name

the value-names defined

Thus,

in several

separate memories,

those memories must be unique

labels

the

separate memories.

with

you define

respect

given

defined
that

memories.

labels

is
for

field

the

address

then all
all

the

other

DEFINING

’.3

FIELDS AND VALUES

Page

3-6

QUAL I F 1ERS

Qualifiers

are used

the

field

as one

that

can

contain

used

for

parity bit,

and

the

condition

are

given

to establish

the

other

a default

for

label,

associate

fields

following

within

field,

to designate a

identify

field

to be

field

with

the setting of

the microword.

The qualifiers

list:

.DEFAULT = default-expression

.ADDRESS
-NEXTADDRESS
.FLOATEPARITY
+FLOATOPARITY
.VALIDITY

The

following

3.3.1

The

= validity-expression

sections

.DEFAULT

consider

each of

these

qualifiers.

Qualifier

.DEFAULT qualifier

field when you do not

specifies
explicity

a value that
set

the

MICRO2

can

use

for

field.

.s you will see in Chapter 6, '"Microinstructions,"” MICRC2 forms a
microword

starting with

zero and

a status of

microinstruction

the

processes
changes

bit

if,

then

you

does

not

a field

set

bits

the bits

It
each

and

the

MICR02

uses

the default

for

is set as
that

a result
field

not

the bits

default-value

field.

status of

one

field and

The

bits

2ero or

is explicitly

given

When MICR0O2

to a

field and

status

the

a value of

the fields.

changes

for

ail

has

field-settings

that

the

each of which

transliates

s=t a

set

and

the

field

if,

and

set.

an overlapping

field

being

MICRO2

not applied.

indicate

default,

then

continue

to have

the value

zero

unset.

an expression.

expression

are

expression

is a number.

given

defaul t-values.
the

the field

the default

not

Then,

bit

each

to set.

no bit of

a bit of

set,

field-setting,

the value of

from unset

only

a word of

unset.

sample program

33ection

The rules

k.1,

The following

Chapter

for

forming

simplest

examples use only

The us2 of expressions
in

The

in defaults

MICRO2

form

numbers

for

illustrated

DEFINING

FIELDS

3.3.1.1

suppose

AND VALUES

Example
add

- To

Page

illustrate

some defaults

the use of

the

fields

the

3-7

.DEFAULT qualifier,

defined

Section

3.1

field

Then

follows:
.RTOL

.0CTAL
A/=<]:4>, .DEFAULT=1

B/=<2:0>, .DEFAULT=2
C/=<7:3>, .DEFAULT=3

D/=<2>
E/=<1:0>

Now consider

3.3.1.2

the cases

Case

given

the

following

sections.

Suppose we

set only

Simple Default

the microinstruction,

the

foliows:

A/2
MICRO2

first

sets

the bits

considers

the defaults

for

field

for

field

since

that

field

the order

the status

the

specified.

explicitly

every

bit

value
It

set.

that

ignores

the default

It uses the
default
field is unset.

76543210
10010001

R -+

After

MICR0O2

uses

set and MICRO2

3.3.1.3

Case

default

can

default

the default

does

set

the

not consider

any

‘“urther

Defaults

ied

specified

first

defaults.

Suppose we

in field
defaults.

and

Overlapping Fields

sequence of

bits,

all

bits

are

|f more
than
MICRO2 chooses

one
the

the microprogram.

the example given above,

have

bits

the

fields

set only

the D

and

C overlap and both

field,

fields

follows:

e/1
RICRO2 sets

default

through 4.

the bit

the

field

microprogram,

MICRO2

then

applies

the default value for

MICR02 does not use the default for

that
field is set (bit 2) or the default
k are set by the default value for A.

for

the

to set

because

because bits 7

first

bits

bit

through

DEFINING FIELDS AND VALUES

Page 3-8

‘.3.2 The .ADDRESS and .NEXTADDRESS Qualifiers
MICRO2

requires

.ADDRESS or
or

that

the

jump

field

.NEXTADDRESS qualifier.

.NEXTADDRESS qualifier

can be

set

identified

field defined with

the

value

any

either

the

.ADDRESS

label

the

field,

the

program.

In addition

to designating

.NEXTADDRESS

qualifier

value of

address

the

Since

the

that

associated with

the

.NEXTADDRESS
a

field,

field

you must

.NEXTADDRESS

qualifier
an

address

field by

the use of

illustrate

the

for

fields

X and

the

field as

the default
the

a jump
for

the

field

microinstruction

the

given

not use

serves
field

.DEFAULT

the

dual

and supplying
qualifier

purpose
the default

combination

either

in a memory

the

.ADDRESS

can be designated as
or

.NEXTADDRESS qualifier,
J

the

.DEFAULT qualifier,

field
as

the

.NEXTADDRESS

suppose we

definitions

given

add
for

follows:

.OCTAL

DEFAULT=]

B/=<3:0>, .DEFAULT=2
C/=<7:3>, .DEFAULT=3
D/=<2>

E/=<1:0>

X/=<15:8>
J/=<23:16>, .NEXTADDRESS

The definitions describe

with

the

the jump

qualifier.

definitions

the discussion

.RTOL

A/=<]:4>,

of
for

field.

One field and only one field

that

program.

identifying
a

the associated

specifies

following microword:

3210987654L32109876543210

DEFINING

FIELDS

Suppose the

AND VALUES

following

sequence of microinstructions

are

given

Page

3-9

for

the

above definitions:
0201:

L1:

A/1,B/1,J/L2

0203:

L2:
020i:

A/2,B/1

L3:

A/3,B/3

Lh:

A/4,B/L

0206:

The

field

the

value

which

has

0203.

MICRO2

the other

provides

the

microinstruction.

.NEXTADDRESS

value 0204.

to 0206

is set

fields

however,

label

the value

label

setting

Similarly,

the microinstruction

each

contain

can only

allocated

0212,

qualifier,

the

microinstructions,

qualifier,

field,

L2,
is

the

set

which
not

set

address

labelled

explicitly

L2,

the microinstruction

the

octal

and
of

thus

the

set

labelled

L3,

having

the

(octal).

and

.NEXTADDRESS

(L1)

default

the octal

The

the

first microinstruction

can

be
to

eight
be

set

bits.

set

field

the value of

a value.

the value 0212.

The

label;

the X

For example, suppose
the
We can set both X and J to

follows:

X/212,J4/L1
Or

can write:
X/212,4/212

But we

cannot

3.3.3

The

set

the

field

.FLOATOPARITY

and

to the

.FLOATEPARITY

The parity qualifiers,

.FLOATEPARITY

field

for

bit.

When

examines

MICRO2
you add
the

uses

from

left

to odd

the

and

find

qualifier

right,

all

.FLOATEPARITY,

not already
parity.

to
the

even;

Even

adjust

MICRO2

qualifiers

are

the parity

adjusts
that

parity means

designate

unset bit to use as a
a
field
definition,

finds

you specify

parity means

Odd

L1.

.FLOATOPARITY,

values

the first unset bit

an even number.

number
.

this

field after

applied and

specify

label

the

set

and

that

the cefaults
field,

even or

parity

are

searching

odd.

to even

parity
MICR02

I|f

parity

you

.FLOATOPARITY, MICRO2 adjusts
number of 1's in
the
word

the

that

the number of

1's

an odd

DEFINING

FIELDS

AND VALUES

Page

3-10

luppose we add the following field definition to the set we have been
developing:

P/=<23:0>, .FLOATOPARITY
The microword

now

looks

follows:

3210987654 32109876543210
et
T D TSP
i+

<==e-e-

<====

LAB3

LAB2:

field
in

====>

<--om

|
to

X mooo>

R, +

e :

the octal

value

a microinstruction as

Dy
E |

202,

and

the

follows:

E/1,X/202,J/LAB3

Assuming

LAB3

shown

the

-——rmmmmrrrrcrrrrr
e
e>

Suppose we set
value of

the

octal

value

following diagram

213,

before

the microword

contains

the parity

adjusted:

the

bits

321098765432109876543210
Rt
T RS +

'170001011'110000010!000
1!
e

the

field
set

above microword,

either

fields

set by default.
explicitly or

associated with

the

within

that

field

unset

bit

is bit

3 and

MICRO2

to odd

parity.

That

and

is,

all

default.

sets

starting from bit

the parity of
that

the word
bit

is
!

are

PR +

set

explicitly

bits except bits
The

field P causes MICRO2

(that

S S

'01!

not

and

.FLOATOPARITY

from

23)

odd.

The

turn

the parity

to right

the

first
of

zare

qualifier

left

find

and

first

unset
the

bit
word

DEFINING

FIELDS AND VALUES

Suppose we do not

LAB2:

set X.

Page

That

is,

3-11

we write:

E/1,J/LAB3

The microword

before

parity

is:

321098765432109876543210
e

11000101 1!

000
1!

01!

bbbttt
T+

When MICR0O2

bit
the

parity

3.3.4
The

searches

finds
to

The

odd

which

field

not

produces

.VALIDITY

subject,

from

Therefore,

left

VALUE

tit

the

first

unset

to adjust

lets

you make assertions
be

legally

satisfied

set.

with

when

the

about

The

field.
field

the

conditions

.VALIDITY

set

qualifier

the
in

wvalidity

a microword,

a warning message.

and

described

use of
in

the

detail

validity
in

expressions

Chapter

deep

NAMES

particular

name

asscciated

with

particular

value

field.

A value-name

definition.

A value-definition consists

the separator
the

defined

's'

two

separate

used

to set

can

field.

expression.

used

value-definition

the value
to

set

specify ore or

counters,

the

followed by

name

value-definition

.VALIDITY

right,

sets

can

expression

qualifier

which

A value-name

when

MICR02

parity.

a validity

expression
MICRO2

field

15.

.VALIDITY Qualifier

associates

3.4

the

bit

.VALIDITY qualifier

under

The

.TIME]l

and

following

the value-name

to be equated with
the

field.

two values,

.TIME2,

when

the

form

which
the

The value-definition can
Thus,

the

that

is:

value-name=value,tl-value,t2-value, .VALIDITY=exp

name

addition,

are

added

field value

also

field

followed by

have

name

its

into
is

own

DEFINING

FIELDS

AND VALUES

Page 3-12

'he ti-value, t2-value, and .VALIDITY expression are all optional.
the simplest case,

a value

name

associated with

a value

for

field

follows:

A/=<7:4>, .DEFAULT=]
AO=0

Al=1

AL=4

the above

namely

AO,

to set A as

than

value-names

are

defined

These names can be used

for

field

in a microinstruction

A/A1
field-names

the

excerpt

three

and Ak.

follows:

LAB:
Normally

example,

Al,

ones

from

and field-value names

given

above.

sample

program given

the

For

have more mnemonic

example,
in

consider

chapter

the

content
following

SETCC/=<15>, .defaul t=0

3.4.1
If

NOP

= 0

;Do nothing with

SET

;Set

condition codes according

;to

IR value and

the

counter

t2-value,
of

then

.TIMEl

Chapter
Fcr

status

ALU.

Counter Values

the value-definition

into

condition codes

into

.TIME2.

.TIME2

can

then

used

the use of

associate

that value
The

both

added
a

values

expressions.

in validity expressions.

ti-value with

and

includes

resulting

in validity

these counters

the value-name B1,

value-name AL,

then

field-value-definition

added

suppose we

with

tl-value,

the

and

example,

that value

4 describes

t2-value

includes

.TIME]l.

t]1

the value-name

and

Al,

t2-value with

the

follows:

= <7:L4>, .DEFAULT=1
AO = O

1,3

Ab = 4,2,6
B = <3.:0>, .DEFAULT=2

BO = O

Bl = 1,,8
If we use

the value-name

increased by

hen

.TIME]l

for

AL4)

and

counters

in a microinstruction,

the associated

tl-value,

increased by 2

(for

in validity

BI1).

AL)

Chapter

expressions.

and

the

counter

.TIME]

If we use both AL and

.TIME2

describes

increased

the use of

B1,

6
these

CHAPTER &
EXPRESSIONS

Validity

expressions

definition
invalid

When
a

allow

language

use

field

the

expression

the

value

message.

of
|n

the

addition

indicating

particular

microinstruction,

AND VALIDITY

name

has

an associated

evaluates

(true),

then MICRO2

expression

practice,

any vaiue

sections

consider

semantic

meaning

under

which

value name.

MICRO2

the

the conditions

field or

that

CHECKING

validity

the expression.

that

takes

no action.

(false),

MICR0O2

not

used

the value

However,

issues

a warning

considered

false value.

The

following

ways

in which

value

nara.

L.1
An
can

validity

general

and

associated

with

angle

brackets.

can

then
a

the

field

EXPRESSIONS
expression
be

any

MICRO2

the

enclosed

expression

following:

number

expression

function call

field value name

field contents

predefined

An expression

name

can occupy more

example

a continued

following

indicator

symbol

character

The

expressions

expression

each

line

sections

than

to be

expression,
consider

one

continued

line
is

see Section

each

these

zs
cooma

1long

the

character.

L4L.1.7.
cases

in detail.

last
For

EXPRESSIONS AND VALIDITY CHECKING

'.l.l

Page 4-2

Numbers

MICR02

recognizes

interpreted

integers

according

point

is always

interpreted as

radix

either

adding

program.

|If

you do

Some special

cases

the

not

decimal

numbers.

the program radix.
a decimal

.0CTAL

give a

number.

the

A number

You set

.HEXADECIMAL

program radix,

integer
with

a2 decimal

the

program

keyword

then an octal

your

radix

integers,

assumed.

occur

the

interpretation

fol lows:

If the program radix
a

digit,

then

is octal and an
the

number

integer contains an 8 or
intergreted

a decimal

number.

MICRO2

interprets

letter

and

the

write

first
the

character

Thus,

digit

integer

interpreted

L.1.2

a name.

number

with

name.

sequence

the program
is

initial

For

example:

F12

interpreted

OF12

interpreted

beginning

radix

letter,
zero

with

hexadecimal

then

you

must

prevent

its

being

follows:

SWITCHI.

You

name

integer

Expression-Names

! . expression-name

is defined by

the

.SET

keyword

.SET/expression-name = <expression>
For

example:

LSET/SWITCH1
MICR02

can

use

associates

the

= <1>
the value

expression-name

with

the expression-name

subsequent

expressions.

For

example:

.SET/SWITCH2 = <SWITCH1>

The

.SET keyword-line

conditional

described

assembly capability

detail

Section

10.2.

connection

with

EXPRESSIONS AND VALIDITY

L.1.3

Function Calls

MICRO2

provides

operations.

functions

Also,

and

select

The

functions

CHECKING

case

for

MICR0O2

from

are given

comparison,

provides

set of

Page 4-3

the

arithmetic,

and

Boolean

to detect

parity,

shift,

functions

choices.

folliowing

Function

table:

Value

Comparison

.EQL[opl,0p2,...]
.NEQ[op1l,0p2,...]
.GTR[op1,0p2,...]
.GEQ[Lopl,0p2,...]
.LSS[op1,0p2,.. .]
.LEQ[op1l,0p2,.. -]

opl=op2=...

opl<>op2

opl>op2>...

opl>=op2>=...

opl<op2<...

opl<=op2<=...

and

op2<>o0p3

and

...

Arithmetic

.MAX[opl,0p2,...]
.MIN[opl,0p2,...]
.SUM[op1,0p2,...]
.PROD[op1,0p2,...]
.DIFF[opl,0p2]
.QUOT [op1, 0p2]
.M0D[op1,0p2]

Value of largest operand
Value of smallest operand
opl+op2+...
opl*op2*...
cpl-op2
opl/op2 (truncated)
remainder of opl/op2

Boolean

.NOT [op]
.AND[op1,...]
.OR[op1,...]
.XOR[op1,...]
.NAND[op1,...]
.NOR[op1,...]
.EQV[op,...]

Boolean
Boolean
Bc
:an
Boolean
Boolean
Boolean
Boolean

complement of op
'and' of operands
'or' of operands
'xor' or operands
complement of the
complement of the
complement of the

'and'
‘or'
'xor'

Miscellaneous

.PARITY[opl,0p2,...]

| f operands contain an even

.SHIFT[opl,o0p2]

If op2

number
left

.CASE [op1]OF [op2, ...]

opl

The

op2

operands

construct

given

very

function

complex

in Section 4.'.7.

then

places

(opl-th + 1)
is,

used.

The

1's,

right op2

That

.SELECT[{op1,0p2,}...]

is positive,

else 0

else

shift

places

opl

then shift opl

operand of the list.
is

the

choices

first

op2

can be given.

The first op2 for which
opl

can

expressions.

true

expressions.
Some

examples

Thus,
of

you

expressions

can
are

Page L-L

EXPRESSIONS AND VALIDITY CHECKING

’.l.h

Value-names

Value-names are the names that you associate with a value for a
field, as described in Section 3.k.

given

Since a value-name is only derined for a specific field,
it must
be
qualified by
the field-name when you use
it in an expression as
follows:

field-name/value-name

For example, suppose we define the following field- and value-names:
4>
A/=<]:
AO=0
Al=]

Aly=L

the value-names can be used

Then,

in an expression as fol lows:

<.EQL[<A/A1>,<Xx>]>
The above expression

is equivalent

to:

<.EQL[1,<Xx>]>
In the above expressions,

4.1.5

Field Contents

is an expression name.

Indicators

giving
The contents of a fiela can be designated in an expression by
if the
out
find
to
example,
For
slash.
a
by
field-name followed
the
current contents of field B contains
the -ralue &,
you write
the
foliowing expression:

.EQL[,<k>]

For some uses of field contents indicators, see Section
.VALIDITY qualifier."

4.2

'"The

EXPRESSIONS AND VALIDITY

CHECKING

L.1.6

Names

Predefined Symbol

Three symbols

are predefined

Page L-5

in MICRO2,

Symbol

follows:

Meaning

The

address

the

current

microinstruction
.TIMED

The value of
with

.TIME2

The value of
with

The

.TIMEY

the counter

and

.TIME2

connection with

an example of

predefined

symbols

these

the counter

associated

t2-values.

the definition of

the use of

associated

tl-values.

are described

section

3.k

value-names.
symbols,

consider

the

following

example:

A/=<7:4>,

DEFAULT =2

AO=0,10,10
Al=1,10

Ab=4 10
B/=<3:0>, .DEFAULT =2

80=0,5,8
Bi=1,2,12

X/=<15:8>_ ADDRESS, .VALIDITY=< LSS[.TIME),1L]>
The definition of

microinstruction

adds

counter;

.TIME2

Now

specifies
10

the definition of

counter;

the

A/AO0,B/B0,X/L2

LAB2:

B/Bi1,X/L3

all

the

fields

the counter

contains

the value

for

the

field X,

and

thus

the

.TIME1l

wuse

specifies

counter
that

its

set
and

field
10

use adds

A
the

.TIME2
to

the

following microinstructions:

LABl1:

LAB1,

its

the

and so on.

suppose we have

After

that

are

set

.TIME]l

18.
it

the

contains

first

microinstruction,

the value

15 and

When MICR02 evaluates the validity

finds

expression

that

the value of

false.

set

MICRO2,

.TINE]l

labelled

the counter
is

greater

therefore,

.TIME2

expression
than

reports

1k
an

error.

After

all

contains
and

the fields

no error

are

and

.TIME2

reported.

the

contains

12.

second

microinstruction,

The validity expression

.TIME)

true

EXPRESSIONS AND VALIDITY CHECKING

’.1.7
Now

Page L-6

Examplies

let's

produce
field

consider

some examples

true

B both

result

equal

the

That

expressions.

contents

is,

the

Suppose we

field

following

and

the

want

contents

to
of

true:

<A/>==])

We use

the

.EQL

function a follows:

EQL[<A/>,,1]
To find out

contents

field C

and

functions

.AND

the contents
and
as

field

D do not

and

field B

equal

equal
use

the

and

.EQL,

the
.NEQ,

fol lows:

-AND[<.EQL[<A/>,,1])>,<.NEQ[<C/1>,1,<D/>]>]
To

perform the computation:
<A/>4++2%<C
/>

use

the

.ADD

and

.PROD

functions

follows:

.ADD[<A/>,,<.PROD[2,<C/>]>]

.o choose a value based on the value of the predefined name .TIME], we
use the

.CASE function as

follows:

.CASE[<.TIMnEV>]OF[10,2,6,21]
If

the value of

value

the value of
If

the

.TIMREl

_.TIRE]l

.TIME)!

length of

expression will
several
for

then

the

grcater

the

function value

than

an error

the expression exceeds

aid

its

readability,

line or

10.

And

the

so on.

|If

formatting

the

reported.
if

we can continue the expression on

lines.

example,

can write:

OPCODE/=<15:8>, .VALIDITY=<CASE [VAL]OF [ADD,
sus,

DIV])

h.2
he

VALIDITY EXPRESSIONS
.VALIDITY qualifier

lue-name.

The

.VALIDITY

form of

associates an
the

= expression

expression

.VALIDITY qualifier

with
is:

field-

EXPRESSIONS AND VALIDITY CHECKING

Page L-7

MICRO2 evaluates validity expressions after

all

given

and after

any defaults

true

then

in the microinstruction have been set

applied.

takes

action.

(0),

the value of

However,

the value of

(1),

explicitly

that expression

are

MICRO2
is

false

then MICRO2 prints a warning message.

hk.2.1

Associating A Validity Expression With A Field

Suppose we assign a
set

that expression

the fields

.VALIDITY qualifier

field definitions,

to field A,

the

following

follows:

.RTOL

.OCTAL

A/=<7:k>,

DEFAULT=1, .VALIDITY=<_EQL[,
3]>

B/=<3:0>, .DEFAULT=2
The validity
field

field A
is

to
is

expression
a

value

in
is

set when field

reported.

Let's

the

above

legal

only

B contains

consider

some

example
if

asserts

the value of

any other

vaiue,

setting
is

|If

an error message

cases:

Microinstruction

Microword

Comment

A/1,8/3

00010011

is explicitly

thus

that

field

00010010

setting

is set

thus
and

to 2

setting

set

to 3,

is valid.

by default
A

invalid

a warning message

reported.

A/1,B/2

00010010

is explicitly

thus setting
and

set
is

to 2,

invalid

a warning message

reported.

B/1

00010001

is not explicitly set,

thus
is

k.2.2

the validity expression

not

evaluated.

Associating a Validity expression with a Value-Name

A value-name definition can contain a validity

add a validity expression

to the

set of

A/=<];4>, .DEFAULT =2
A0=0,10,10

Al=1,0,10,.VALIDITY=<.EQL[B/,0]>
Ab=h, 12
B/=<3:0>, .DEFAULT =2

80=0,5,8
Bi=1,2,12

field

expression.

Suppose we

definitions giver above.

X/=<15:8>.ADDRESS,
.VALIDITY=< LSS[.TIMEY, 14]>
EXPRESSIONS

AND VALIDITY CHECKING

Page 4-8

’hen consider the following cases:
Microinstruction

Result

A/A1,B/BO

Validity expression associated with
value-name
field

A/A1

true because

B contains

Validity expression associated
with

A/AO,X/2

faise because field

contains

the default value 2.

Validity expression associated
with

field

because

which

A/AL,B/BO

name X

.TIME!

less

true

contains

than

10,

14.

Validity expression associated
with

.TIME!

false because

contains

17.

another example, suppose we add a validity
expression
field definition and a value name definition as follows:

both

A/=<7;4>, .DEFAULT =2, .VALIDITY=<.LSS[.TIMEY,.TIME2]>
AO=0, 10,10

Al=1,0,10,.VALIDITY=<.EQL[B/,0]>
Ab=bk, 10

B/=<3:0>, .DEFAULT =2
80=0,5,8
Bi=1,2,12
B2=2,20

X/=<15:8>.ADDR
.VALIDITY=< LSS[.TIMEY,
ESS,
14]>

Now

consider

the

following

cases:

Microinstruction

LABS:

A/A1,B/BO

Result

.TIME)

contains

Thus both

LAB6:

LAB7:

A/A1,B/BI

A/Al,B/B2

validity

and

.TIME2

checks

are

contains

The validity expression

associated

field

value

false;

error

name

18.

satisfied

with

therefore,

the
an

reported

Nei ther
therefore,

validity
two errors

check
are

is
reported

satisfied;

CHAPTER 5

The

macro

capability

representation

field-value
set

define

string

can

Once

that

higher

the fields

set

For

the

definition
level

your microword
fields

When

replaces

a macro definitior

are

followed

you use

the name

than

one

the basic

defined,

appropriately

macro-name

the macro-body.

then MICRO2

case of

groups of

you write

contains

any parameters.

for

certain

quoted

the macro-name

the macro-body.

that does

not

contain

example:

“A/AO,B/BO"

Writing

the

pair

field settings.

name M1

The following sections
macros.

the

a macro,

The simplest

L1:

permits

specified.

microinstruction,

MICRO2

microprogram

that

MACROS

pairs.

macros

operations

for

DEF INING

a microinstruction

That

Ll:

is,

equivalent

the following

to writing

the

are equivaient:

A/A0,B/BO

describe

the

process

defining

and

using

DEFINING MACROS

Page 5-2

.. 1 THE MACRO-~NAME
Macro-names

are

3.2.

bracket

pairs

and

formed

addition
and

position of

using

one

set of

in macro-names

the macro

parameters.

For

characters

characters,

commas

A macro with one parameter
macro-name.

the

these

each of

Section

recognizes

indicators

contains an empty

example,

given

MICR02

square

the

square bracket

iwumber

pair

the following macro-names

requires

parameter.

ABC[]
A[]sC
[1aBcC

A macro with
or

a cooma

two parameters

within a

single

contains

either

square bracket

two

square

bracket

pair,

follows:

parameters

a macro-name

pairs

asc10]

aB[Jc[]

[Jasc[]
aBc[,]

A[,]BC
[,]asC

The only
length

limitation on

the

one

line.

The

number

part

line.

and

the

position of

name.

different macros.
ABC[,] and so on.

5.2

THE

the

The macro-body

with

parameters

Thus

the

all

its

is,

the macro

consists

any

separated

commas.

given

ABC[J[]

the

arguments must fit on

a macro-name

macro-names

That

microinstruction,

MICRO2

associated

with

that

program

chapter

Pop Stack

riting

are an

above

not

integral

all

the

define

same

MACRO-BODY

macro-calls

Writing

number

The macro-call

the

replaces
name.

"MEMFNC/STKRD,

the macro-call

three

combination

Pop

When

the

Stack

field settingcs

field-settings

macro

macro-name

Consider

ALU/A,

of
a

used

the

a macro defined

and
in

macro-body
the sample

CLKT1/YES"
a

given

microword

equivalent

the macro-body.

Chapter

'. we will see how the definition of a macro language facilitates the
process of

writing and understanding a microprogram.

DEF INING MACROS

5.2.1

Page 5-3

Continuing a Macro

Macro definitions

can

non-blank

character

character,

MICRO2

For
as

example,

Definition
continued

assumes

the above

line

that

macro

the

could

line.

the macro-body
line

If
is

the
","

last

(comma)

continuation

have been defined

using

line.

three

lines

macro

follows:

Pop Stack '"MEMFNC/STKRD,

ALU/A,
CLKT1/YES"

5.2.2

Nested

Since

Macro Definitions

a macro-body

languages

can

contain

constructed,

start with

primitive

set of

primitive

definitions,

add

macros,

5.3

and

THE

macro-call,

one upon
macro

any

another.

number

You

definitions.

another,

can,
Then

for

example,

using

sophisticated,

these

level

so on.

MACRO-CALL

The macro-call
parameter

the macro-name with

actuals

filling

the

indicated

positions.

The macro-call

for

itself.

macro-call

The

macro

actuals within

the

MICRO2

replaces

first

without

for

square

brackets

contains

macro-calls,

continues

way

until

MICRO2

the

with

the

parameters

macro-name

includes

the

the macro name.

macro-call

macro-body

this

parameters

macro

the

macro-body.

replaces

those

microinstruction

calls.

contains

the

MICRO2

only

field-settings.

illustrate

define

the

the way

following

in which MICRO2

"A/AO,M2,B/BO"

'"C/Co,mM3"

Then we use the macro-name Ml

L1:
MICRO2

macro-calls,

suppose we

a microinstruction:

X/L2,M)

first

replaces

the

macro-name M1

follows:

L1:

replaces

three macros:

X/L2,A/A0,M2,8/BO

its

associated

macro-body,

DEFINING MACROS

Page 5-4

'hen MICRO2 replaces M2 by its associated macro-body:
Li:

X/L2,A/A0,C/CO,M3,B/BO

Then MICRO2

L1:

replaces

M3:

X/L2,A/A0,C/CO,D/DO,B/BO

The above microinstruction consists of only
further

5.3.1

replacement

and commas

character

followed

'"@"

indicates

the

character

pair

position of

decimal

position,

settings and

Parameters

Square brackets

The

field

can occur.

called

integer

numbering

you use only one

from

indicate parameters
by

decimal

the

integer

parameter

the macro-name.
in

the

The

macro-body

macro-body.

This

refers

the

a parameter-designator.
the

left

parameter-designator

to right,

parameter,

the parameter

then you designate

the name.

it by

'@1'

the

designate

the

leftmost

right of

that as

acro-body.

Suppose we define

M4[]

Then we

use

the

C/CO,MLTBO]

L2:

mMu(B1]

expands

followihg

the macro call

L1:

C/CO,A/AO0,B/BO

L2:

A/A0,B/B]

you

use

parameter

'@2',

"A/AO,B/@1"

L1:

MICR0O2

the following macro:

and

several

microinstructions:

parameters,

the macro-name as

follows:

then

'@1',

you

the one

so on.

Suppose we define a macro with four parameters:

ms(,Jas[]c[]

"a/@1,8/@2,C/@3,D/@b

the

DEFINING MACROS

Then we use

L1:

MICRO2

Page 5-5

M5[A1,B1]JAB[C23CLN3]

replaces

L1:

5.3.2

the macro by

Mul* _..e

can use a

For

example,

associated macro-body:

Use Of Parameter

parameter
to

specify a macro

SET ABC[]

its

A/A1,B/B),C/C2,D/D3

You

Then

fol lowr:

set

Designator

designator more

set

the

fields

that

has

that value

than once

and

the

same

macro
value,

body.
you can

parameter:

"a/@1,B/@1,C/@1"

all

the

fields

to zero.

you write:

SET ABC[O]

5.3.3

Parameter

Uesignators

Parameter-designators
field-values

field

then

macro

For

value,

can be

the

must

example,

within
the

corresponding
by

the

Macro-Calls

macro-body

parameter-designator
parameter

Similariy,

filled

consider

Field-Values

used

macro-calls.

field-value-name.
c2ll

as
is

that

value

used

must be either

parameter-designator

parameter

either

used

a
a

a macro-call.

the following macro-definition:

ms5[,] "a/@1,@2"
When

the

above macro

field-value-name
have

the

following

and

called,

the

first

parameter

second parameter

additional

must

macro-definitions:

M6 "B/B1"

m70J+0] “c/er,p/@2"
The

following
Call

calls on M5 produce

the

indicated

Expansion

M5[1,M6] A/A1,8/B]
ms[1,mM7[c1]+[D2]] A/A1,C/C1,R/D)

a macro-call.

results:

a value

Suppose we

DEF INING

'.3.h
As

MACROS

Page 5-6

Too Many or Too Few Parameters

described

number

too few

you

have

in Section 5.1,

the

parameters

arguments

defined

MICR0O2

part

considers

the

a macro-call,

another macro

the

name.

MICRO2

that,

|If

position
you

detects

and

supply

the error,

coincidence,

the

too many
unless

the macro-call

satisfies.

Suppose you define the following macro:

m2{,]

Then,

"A/@1,B/82,0/1"

you call

the valid

M2[A1,B1]

However,
as

it with

replacement,

the proper

is replaced by

suppose

number of

arguments

(2),

you

get

follows:

you mistakenly

A/A1,B/B1,D/1

call

the macro with

three

parameters,

follows:

M2[A1,B1,1]

'ICROZ does not recognize the above as a valid call and produces an
error

message.

However,

suppose

that

have:

you

m2(,,]

''A/@1,D/82,E/@3"

the

calls

you

following

three

parameters,

are valid:

Call

Expansion

M2[A1,B1]
M2[A1,1,2]

A/t1,B/B1,D/1
A/ 1,D/1,E/2

When you

macro with

'""A/@1,B/@2,D/1"

M2[,]

Ther,,

you define another

use

names

lose

the

therefore,

not

that

error

are

the

checking

recommended.

same

except for

performed by

the

number

MICR0O2.

Such

macros,

naming

is,

CHAPTER 6
MICROINSTRUCTIONS

The microinstructions
microprogram.
field

For

each

The fcllowing

to be performed
expressed

ir.

terms

the
the

sections

bits

MICRO2

and

consider

translates

creates

the

names

into

the

associated microword.

the microirstruction and

the

formation

the microword.

6.1

THE MICROINSTRUCTION

The microinstruction
bits

Both

the address and

contains

labels,

label

both.

field-settings

That

the

information MICR0O2

needs

to set

the

the microword.

can be omitted.

A microinstruction begins with
more

are

defined.

microinstruction,

sequence

the processi®ig

microinstructions

and macro-names

appropriate

describe

These

is,

the

and/or

form of

Following

absolute address
this

macro-calls

optional

given

the microinstruction

assignment,

information,

separated bhv

one

sequence

commas.

is:

address:

{

label:

}

{ field-setting }
{ macro-call
}

microinstruction

constructs

because

is
it

,...

different

can occupy

from

several

all
lines.

other

MICRO2

language

MICROINSTRUCTIONS

'.l.l
If

Page 6-2

Continuing a Microinstruction

a microinstruction occupies

character

','

must

except

last

line.

line

the
is

assumed

comment,
of

the actual

line means

When

MICRO2

continues

line.

the

finds

the

purposes

either

end

one

this

discussion,

the

';'

character,

Thus

the

last

non-blank

before

the

';'

comma

the

last

non-blank

microinstruction using

finds a

the

line,

li:....

line

that does

the microinstruction and

Suppose we write

than

following

the

separator

last non-blank character of

For

last

the

When MICRO2

concludes

the

non-blank
or

end of

character

with

lines

end of

which

the

begins

character
line

information

not end

produces

the

all

line,

the

comma,

the microword.

portion of

a microprogram:

microinstruction

~/AO,B/B1,
c/c2,
J/L1

MiCRO2

interprets

fields

However,

the

and

suppose we

above

single

that

sets

omit

the

terminating

commas:

A/AO,B/B?
c/C2
J/L1

MICRO2

interprets

microword

6.1.2
The

for

the above as

three microinstructions

and

produces

each.

Allocating a Microinstruction

following microinstruction

Q0
0O
ee o0 ON

labels

contains

address

(612)

and

two

word

612,

and

(R and Q):
12:

A/A1,B/B1

MICRO2 produces the microword and,
associates
and

the

specified

allocates

absolute octal

value 612 with the

labels R

MICROINSTRUCTIONS

Both

Page 6-3

the address and

label

are

optional.

Suppose you write:

the

microword

A/A1,B/B1

For

this

case,

allocation

When MICRO2

assigns
these

6.2

produces

the word

processes

activities

and

same

associates

that

to an

address.

The

but

chooses

address with

the microinstruction,

that microword

two

creates

following

the

label

a microword

sections

and

consider

in detail.

THE MICROWORD

MICRO2

creates

a microword

MICRO2

clears

word of

the

zero and

MICRO2

the

then

the

counters

specified
status

fills

following way:

in all

.TIMEl

length

and

.TIME2

in which

Then,

MICR02

that

Then,

Finally,

begins

with

has

value

bit

are

explicitly

unset.

the

fields

that

look at

sets

any

contain only

MICRO2

fields

that

unset

bits.

have

associated

set

default

evaluates any VALIDITY expressions.

MICR02

performs

the creation of

any

parity

a microword.

adjustment

First,

indicated.

consider

program:

.TITLE

and

each

the microinstruction.

and

Let's

MICR02

for

"TEST"

.OCTAL
-RTOL

WICTH/24L
.REGION/0200,0277

A/=<7:4>, .DEFAULT =2
A0=0, 10,10

Al=1,10, .VALIDITY=<.EQL[<.TIME1>,<.TIME2>]>
Ak=4,10
B/=<3:0>, .DEFAULT =2

B0=0,5,8
Bl=1,2,12

X/=<15:8>.ADDRESS,
.VALIDITY=<_ LSS[<.TIME>, 14]>

the

source

MICROINSTRUCT I ONS

Page 6-4

J/=<23:16>, .NEXTADDRESS
P/=<23:0>, .FLOATEPARITY

MI[]

"ai/@r

M2(J+[3 "a/e1,8/@2"
.TOC

A:
Now,

"MICROCODE"

m1[A1])

consider

labelled

MICRO2
with

the

creation of

the microword

for

the

microinstruction

MICRO2
of

initializes

a3 word

expands

fieid

the counters

consisting of

all

settings

macros until
and

then

the microinstruction

following

field

MICRO2

A1(1).

and

(zero)

the

.TIME2

and

begins

bits.

source consists of

sets those

Expanding

.TIME]l

24 unset

set

A above produces

the

fields.

labelled

setting:

A/A1
then

sets

the

field

(bits

through

the

The microword now contains the following values:

2222111113V

value

3210987653210 9876514 3210
R

e I -+

[]

]

10 0 0

1
]

§
|

]

]
1

]
[}

T . -+

/i
\
]
]

A
In

the

setting

field

counter

.TIME]l

.TIREl

and

.TIME2.

contains

contains O.

value:c

the value designated

associated

After

the

value

with

setting

10 and

field

Al,

MICR02

adds

into

the counters

Al,

the

the counter

counter

.TIME2

still

M1 CROINSTRUCT I ONS

Page 6-5

MICRO2

Field

applies defaults.

is explicitly

MICRO2 sets field B to
The

field,

explicitly

MICRO2

associate
X.

address

the value

next microinstruction

now contains

the

following bits:

set,

not

the

address

not

set

this

message

MICRO2

a'just:

this
to

bit,

which

even

parity.

The microword

value

the parity

fo:

point
right

bit

the

FLOATEPARITY.

adjusted

left

and

15.

«=ven

n...

cdd

the

HICR02

now contains

and

not

the

validity

satisfied

.TIME2

in any

Field

field

not evaluated.

because
of

FLOATOPARITY or

from

produced

Finally,

to be

the value-name Al
is

microinstruction,

expression associated with

for

The definitions

expressions with value-name

.TIMEl

The word

(2).

defaults.

the

field

the

sets

B have
field

Suppose

warning

and
of

evaluates validity expressions.

expressions
value

MICRO2

validity

Field X

validity

no bit

(octal).

The microword

Next,

Fields
but

its default value

designated

set,

microinstruction.

is 0212

set,

the

fields

since

designated

designated as

parity.
parity,
field

sets

that

the

MICR02

find

bit

the

searches

first

unset

to adjust

foilowing bits:

2222111111111

3210987654L321098765L4L3210
i Rt —+
[}

]

1000101

]

'0001!0010!

e e -+

Bits

14 through 8 contain the value 0

unset.

and

have

the

status

CHAPTER

ALLOCATION

The address
keyword

space

and

for

the

the microprogram

method of

established

allocation by

the

.RA' DOM and

.REGION

.SEQUENTIAL

keywords.

7.1
The

DEFINING THE
.REGION

ADDRESS

SPACE

keyword determines

followed by

one or

the address-space.

more pairs of

address

The

limits,

.REGION keyword

follows:

-REGION/low-bound, high-bound. ..

Low-bound and

according

For

example,

address

high-bound

radix.

your microprogram

you want

space

address

are expressions whose values

the program

0277,

that
you

begins

specify

with

the address

the following

are

interpreted

allocated

0200 and

ends with

the
the

region.

.REGION/0200,0277

you want

consists
limits

your

for

microprogram

set of

each

to be

disjoint

range.

For

allocated

address

ranges,

you

address

specify

space

that

the address

example:

.REGION/0302,0320/0400,0461/0200,0207

You can

specify

any

microinstructions

number

(or the end of memory)

you do not

assumes

highest

that

give a
the

available

following

.REGION
a

keywords.

.REGION

MICRO2

the

allocates

the

.REGION

keyword

memory,

MICRO2

in the specified address space.

.REGION
address

address

for

the beginning

space

the

begins

of
0

your
and

ends

given architecture.

MAXPC,

the

ALLOCATION

Consider

Page 7-2

the following program fragment:
e

ettt

'
;

LTITLE
..

b}
.

!
[

}

L -+

.REGION/0200,0277
.

e
et L DL T -+

.REGION/O400,0500

}

L T -+

The microprogram above has

point-of-view:

}

]

Part

three

resides

logical

B resides

in the range 0200-0277;

If MICRO2

uses all

this

Now

case use any

consider

parts

the address

part C

the available addresses
addresses

left

a microprogram

that

has

the

from

the

allocation

range 0000-MAXPC;

part

the range 0L00-0500.

in OLO0O-0500,

can not

range 0200-0277.

a3 single REGION

keyword:

T -+

LLTITLE

]
1

]
]

'
i

R -+

| \REGION/0200,0277/0400,0500

]

range

part C.

This microprogram
O0000-MAXPC

0200-0277.

}

0LO0-0500.
OLO0-0500

}
:
)

range

}

has
and

two

logical

Part

parts.

resides

Part

in address

resides
range

address

0200-0277 and

MICRO2 does not begin
allocating
in
the
address
range
wuntil
it has used all the available addresses in the range
In

the previous

OLOO-0500

when

example,

finds

MICRO2

starts

the REGION keyword

allocating

that begins

logical

the

ALLOCATION

Page 7-3

’ICR02 considers each range specified individually,
ranges

may

adjacent

define

the following address

overlapping.

For

even

example,

though

two

suppose

you

space:

.REGION/0100,0177/0200,0277
MICRO2

treats

sepacrate

two

7.2

the

random

7.-2.1
In

specifying

METHOD OF

specified address

sequential

address of

MICRO2

begins

that

consists

ALLOCATION
space,

you

MICRO2 allocates

allocating with

the

.REGION

can

select

either

range.

When

reaches

the

When MICRO2 uses

first

the

last

uses

word allocated

the

Suppose we use sequential

the

last

and

.REGION/0202,0207/0312,0316

L3:

Mi1[3]

Ls5:

Mi1[5]

Lh:

MIT4]

the

sequential

taking

address

space

incrementing until
or

the

that

for

end

the

address

for

the

incrementation.

address-range,

address-range
last

the

in the

uses

issues

legal

.OCTAL

Lt1:
MiI[A1]
L2:
Mi[B2)
0206:

allocation and

single absolute assignment

.SEQUENTIAL

MICR02

MICRO2 uses

the address 0000

following

address

the new base

instruction

After

adding

assignment

absolute address,

address

microinstruction.

first

address

associated microinstruction and as

a microinstruction

keyword and continues

an absolute

address

with a

space

Allccation

mode,

eaches either

range,

address

the previous microinstruction and

'efined

the

allocation.

Sequential

ranges.

SPECIFYING THE

Within
or

the above

address

chooses

for

the

an error message

for

next
last
each

allocation.

specify

follows:

the

address

space

The addresses are allocated

(0202)

and

starting at

the beginning

continuing sequentially until

the

region

the absolute assignment,

follows:
0202

0203

0204
0205
0206
0207

(unused)
(unused)
L3
LL

0312

0313

(unused)

0314k

(unused)

0315
0316

(unused)
(unused)

Observe that Addresses 0204 and 0205 will
force

the

7.2.2
In

allocator

random mode,

order

bit

not be allocated

unless

an absolute assignment.

you

can

specify

constraint

configuration.

selects

absolute

Constraints

set

address

assignments

addresses based on

are dcscribed

detail

and

the

low

the

section.

MICRO2
then

with

Random Allocation

constraints.
next

back

first

allocates

the

all

unallocated

address

sequentially

through

the

Suppose we

use

preceding

example

random
as

absolute assignments

remaining

the

first

allocation

follows:

.REGION/0202,0207/0312,0316
.RANDOM

L3:

mMmi[3]

L5:

Mi[5]

Lh:

MI[L]

instead

constraints

starting

address-range

unallocated addresses

.OCTAL

Li:
Mmi[a1]
L2:
Mi1[B2]
0206:

and

microinstructions

and

the

and
first

continuing

the address

space.

sequential

for

the

ALLOCATION

Page

7-5

‘ICROZ allocates the absolute address assignment first and then begins
at

the

space

first

address

to produce

7.-2.2.1

the

0202

0203

0204

0205

0206

0207

(unused)

0312
0313
0314

(unused)
(unused)
(unused)

0315

(unused)

0316

(unused)

Constraints

conditional

the address

following

constraint

the

ORing

some

logic

next microinstruction

capability

conditional

increments

through

- Many microprogrammable microprocessors

branching by

bit position of

space and

the

allocation:

for

function

into

address.

generating

the

perform
low order

MICR0O2 provides

set

addresses

a
for

branching.

. constraint consists of an "=' character followed by a constraint
string

composed of

constraint

consiraint
low order
bit

the

MICRO2

then

formed

For

specifies

bit

address

bits

secuence of

string,

those

set

MICR0O2

always

and

specified

ordered

characters.

addresses.

chooses

configuration
are

from

base address
by

the

right

response

that

constraint.
to

left.

satisfies

the

The bits

the

low order

right-most bit.

assigns

the

~ext

systematically
designated

example,

suppose

microinstructions

increasing

as O's

the constraint

the base address

string

the

addresses

counting

only

string.

is:

=0101
And

suppose MICRO2

representation

chooses
this

the

aduress

base address

0225

(octal).

The

binary

is:

1098726543210
000010010101

The

low order

the constraint

bit configuration of

(0101).

the chosen address

(0225)

satisfies

ALLOCATION

Page

MICRO2

systematically

and

increases

the

produce a

set of

0101

(base address)

base address

addresses

endirg

by counting

the

following

7-6

in bits

bits:

0111
1101
1111

Since we are assuming
then

the

following

that NICRO2

addresses

are

chose 0225

for

the

base

address,

the address

space

that

uses

the

assigned:

0225
0227
0235

0237

MICR0O2
the

can

available
MICRO2
address

formed

that
by

the

examplie,

use
that

the

for

which

constraint

that

the

MICR02

completely.

the

base

possibilities

can be 0 or

character
that

position

for

constraint 0101

configuration

must

specifies

the

that

constraint.

the constraint

address

oring

informs MICRO2

the

has
first

That

address
with

is,

and

the

the
base

available.

can

character

address

satisfies

first

|Indicating
a bit

you

aOor

available

specified

the

are all

7.2.2.2

1's,

bit

audress

wuses

addresses

For

choose any

low order

bit

'*'

can select
the

base

addition

in a constraint
an

address

to O's

string.

that

has

and

This
either

address.

specifies

that

the

whereas

1low

order

bit

constraint

the

string

0%0]

configuration can be either

0101

0001.

7.2.2.3

the

The

set,

string,

size of

the

address

is determined by

set

The

number

the

number

the

constraint

zeroes

microinstructions

the constraint

follows:

n=2%%X
Where

the number

For

example,

set

the

O's

constraint 0101

four microirstructions.

has

two

2eroes

string.
and

thus

determines

ALLOCATION

.2.2.4

Page 7-7

Constraints Within Constraints -

constraint

string

the block of
skips

proceeds
The

within

the set

MICRO2

addresses associated with an outer

the

according

purpose

address

to
the

the

satisfying

algorithm

nested

example,

suppose we

microinstructions

have

labelled

LO,

the
is

the

and

and so on,

string,

constraint
over

allocating

the outer

skip

outermost

constraint

L1,

encounters

constraint

inner

specified

constraint

that would ctherwise be allocated by

For

instructions

and

to
it

then

constraint.

some addresses

constraint.

sequence

eight

follows:

=000

LO:
L1:
L2:
L3:

Lb:
L5:

L6:
L7:

MICRO2 chooses

microinstruction
pn,

the

base

labelled

address

0200,

to 0200,

then

to 0201,

follows:

Microinstructions

Allocation

=000
LO

-=->

0200

-—=>

0201

L2
L3
L4

-———>
-——=>
-——->

0202
0203
0204

-==>

0205

———>

0206

Now

suppose we

-———>

insert

inner

0207

constraint

Microinstructions

follows:

Allocation

=000

LO:
Ly:

M1[0]
MiI[1]

-——=>
-——->

0200
0201

L2:
L3:

MI1[2]
MI1[3]

-———>
-—=>

0203
0204

L5:
L6:

Mi[5]
Mi1[o]

-———>
-——->

0206
0207

=011

Lh:

L7:

MI1[4]

M1[7]

-——->

0205

allocates

to 0202 and

the

ALLOCATION

The

inner

the

total

Page

constraint directs MICRO2

instruction
can

number

labelled

choose any

all

the

Now

suppose we

address

constrained

to skip

addresses within
is outside

for

L7,

the 0202

assignment.

the constraint
the

constraint.

allocates

after

Thus

seven and
Since

7-8

has

the

MICRO2

satisfied

addresses.

insert

another

inner

constraint:

Microinstructions

Allocation

=000

Lo:
Li:

M[0]
M[1]

-——>
-==>

0200
0201

M[2]
M[3]

-—->
-—=>

0203
Q204

Li:
L5:
L6:

ML)
M[5]
M[6]

-—=>
-—=>

0206
0207

L7:

M[7]

=011

L2:
L3:
=110

The microinstructions

labelled by

and

null

are

now

outside

the

constraint.

7.2.2.5
of

""=''"

Terminating
a Constraint

the constraint

character.

address

terminates

the

A constraint can also be

assignment;

constraint within

constraint.

however,

this

null

terminated
case,

MICRC2

the

constraint

scope
is

the

absolute

issues

a warning

message.

Suppose we want

to - istrain only

five addresses.

Microinstructions

Allocation

=000

Lo:
L1:
L2:
L3:

M[o]
M)
M[2]
M[3]

L5:

M[5]

L7:

M[7]

Lb:

L6:

The

null

ML)

0200
0201
0202
0203

-———>

0204

M[6]

constraint

microinstruction

-——=>
-——=>
-——->
-——->

terminates

labelled by L&.

the

constraint

after

the

ALLOCATM 0N

Page 7-9

..2.2.6 Address Space Boundaries - The set of
allocated

define

MICRO2

must

1lie within

the following address

constrained addresses

address-range.

Suppose you

space:

.REGION/0100,0177

And

suppose further,

0177

to satisfy

that MICR02 uses

a constraint.

|If

the addresses 0166,

you define

your

longer

used

0167,

0176,

space as:

.REGION/0100,0167/0170,0177
Then

that

set of

addresses

can

set

because

addresses 0166 and 0167 belong to one range whereas addresses 0i76 and
0177

belong

to another.

7-3

MIXING

ALLOCATION

You

can

shown

switch

the

between

following

MODES
the

two

program

allocation modes

your

program,

keywords

divide

the

fragment:

bt +

.TITLE

|
|

l}
|

:
:

)3
A
.

R+

.REGION

;

.SEQUENTIAL

:
!

}

ceee

e et +

!
:

.RANDOM
e

|3
}
1}

L L L+

.SEQUENTIAL
ceee

|
}
!}

et +

the

above

address

example,

space

into

the

.RANDOM

and

.SEQUENTIAL

sub-spaces,

according

the

method

allocation.

you do

the

not

give

2bove example,

allocation mode,

part

MICR02

allocated

assumes

the

.RANDOM.

Thus

random sequential.

CHAPTER 8
COMMUN
I CATION

This

chapter

among

considers

memories

two

the

forms

same

program

communication:
and

communication

among

separate

programs.

8.1

MEMORY COMMUNICATION

Each

memory

has

its

address-space.

However,

than

then

one memory,

own
if

definitions,
the

same

the value-names

known

feature

lets

you communicate between memories.

example,

suppose
as

one memory

the
the

other

you define
address

other

memories

for

are

field-name

all

defined

memory

For

that

two memories

field.

shown

You
the

identification;

field-name

can

defined

field

that

define

the

field.

and
more

any
This

and

designate

the

then

access

labels

following

the

same
of

example:

.OCTAL
.RTOL

.UCODE

A/=<12:10>

J/=<9:0:»,
. ADDRESS
L1:

A/1,J/L2

L2:

A/2,J4/L3

L3:

A/3,Jd/L4L
.DCODE

B/=<9:0>
J/=<16:10>, .ADDRESS
B/0,J/L1

Lk:
The

label

memory

specifying

name

You can

the

label

a value name
jump

L1.

from

the

for

the

DCODE

field

which

memory

the

defined

UCODE

memory

COMMUNICATION

Page 8-2

‘.2 PROGRAM COMMUNICAT|ON
You can assemble separate programs and load them together in a control
store by handling address space assignment and communication.
If, for
example, you wish to have n separate programs, you divide the
control
store

into

n+tl

logical

spaces,

Communication

Space for

Program

Space

for

Program 2

Space

for

program n

namely:

Space

Suppose you want to assemble two separate programs for a control store
of 2000 words.
You might reserve the first 10 words for communication
and then specify the address space for program ! as:
.REGION/11,1200

After
what

you successfully assemble that program, you
will
know
exactly
space
it
needs
and
you
can specify the space for program <.

Suppose the last word program
address

space

for

program 2

1 uses

1053.

You

can

specify

the

as:

.REGION/1054,1777

Or you can reserve a
1

and

specify

little extra space for

the address space for

prgram 2

later expansion of

program

.REGION/1100,1777

When both your
communication

programs

are

succeszfully assembled,

you

assemble

the

region:

.REGION/O,7
J.=<9:(-, .ADDRESS

J/1400

sTransfer

1:
2:

J/762
J/21

;Transfer to program 1
;Transfer to program 1

You can,

of course,

the transfers

to program 2

(1)
(2)

dispense with the communication space and perform

directly

by fixing

certain addresses

in each program.

CHAPTER
A

this

chapter

microprogram
values

that
stack

SAMPLE

define

and

one

MICROPROGRAM

performs

sample

two
use

machine

subroutines,
the

stack

and

one

then

to add

determine

give

top

two

the
the

program

control.

We begin by defining
the

the data

microinstruction

microprogram.
field

First,

definitions,

path

fields.

the model

Then,

consider

then

the

mach

discuss

ne and
the

identification

macro

language,

specifying

parts

part,

and

then

finally

the
the

the

two

given

subroutines.

The

input

and

Appendix

9.1

DATA

THE

The data

This

output

for

the

microprogram

are

PATH

path of

the

architecture,

machine,

listings

sample machine

while very

simple,

shown

has

the

Figure 9-1.

essential

features

namely:

ALU

An
A

arithmetic

logic

program counter,

unit
which

points

which

instruction

be execu
:d
o

instruction

instruction
4

A memory

internal

input

and

address

stack

Output

for
Buses

contains

the

current

A SAMPLE MICROPROGRAM

Page 9-2

PC
it +
1
I

1
1

f<-—+

+--1

ouUTBUS

\:/
e

L
L
N\
R
i
|

P
it

|
!

!
i

Rie

\!/

+ommrmrr

pmme>+
i

;

|
1
|

|
]
|

btk +

/ i\

!
1
i

|
|
!

ALU

Foommmmm

Ao
|

IR \!/

+om————— +

!
i

1
1

e —+

l
\i/

;

'
|

}

|
|
1

:
|

]
|

:
:
:

R
L+

1
i
|

|
|

STACK

e + CACHE

/i
:
:
|
1

Db bbb bbb bt +

|
|

ettt +

INBUS
i
1

- -+

]

MAIN MEMORY

{

#omomne :

]

)

1
§

———— -

Figure §-1.

Model

The fol'owir, sections specify

of the microword for
of
for

these fields,
this

the

Machine

progran aeve given

Path

identification,

this data path,

and uc= this

Data

define

develop a macro

language.

in Appendix

Tnhz
B.

the

language

input and output

fields

terms

listings

A SAMPLE MiLrOPROGRAM

9.2

Page 9-3

IDENTIFICATION

The

identification part of

the

bit-numbering as

mode as

9.2.1
Here

random,

and

Program
is

the

program for

right-to-left,

the

sample machine

the base as

the word width as

octal,

23.

Excerpt

identification

part of

the

program:

e it
e
+

.title "machine model"

.rtol

.octal

.random

-width/23

9.3
The

FIELD

DEFINITIONS

sample machine

has

the

following microword:

2221111111110

21056876543210987654L3210
e

]
I
1
|

[N I
I
I
| IR I
| AR R

T
I

!
|}
|
1

B
B
R
|

!
I
|
[

it
A

[ SO

it +

]

UBF

' J

CLKIR!

ALU|

1
|
1
!

SR
!

IMEMFNC

[
N
|
I
I |

CLKT1!
! ISELTIFC
]
1

SETCC!
Figure

9-2.

Model

Machine Microword

the

defines

allocation

A SAMPLE MICROPROGRAM

’.3.1
Here

Page 9-4

Program Excerpt
are

the

field

;

The

to make

not

definitions

following
sure

both

that

expression
that Tl

clocked

and

the

define

used

are

same

this

word:

time.

.SET/T1.PC=<.CASE[<CLKT1/>]0OF[1,0]
.~0oc

'""Field

.toc

Definitions"

ALU function

for

this

microcycle"

ALU/=<22:1
.defaul t=<ALU/Zero>
9>,
ADD

= O

sAddition

SuUB =

;Subtraction

AND =

;Logical

OR
A

=3
=

A OR B

through ALU

through

= 5

;Pass

= 6

;increment A
;Zero value

:Pass

A+1

.toc

A \ND

;Logical

Zero= 7

+ B

ALU

A +

Control'

CLKIR.defaul
/=<18
t=<CLKIR/NO>
>,
NO

= 0

;Do not

YES

;Load

.toc

clock

IR with data bus

Control"

CLKT1/=
.defaul<17>,
t=<CLKT1/NO>
NO

= 0

;0o not

YES

sLoad T1

.toc

OUTBUS

change T

with

ALU output

Control"

SELTIPC
.defaul
/=<16>,
t=<SELTIPC/TI>
Tl

;Tri-state T1

onto

OUTBUS

;Tri-state PC

onto

OUTBUS

SAMPLE MICROPROGRAM

'
i
i
i
|
|
I
i
!
I
[
I
]
i
I
|
i
i
I
i
|
|
i
I
|
|
i
1
i
i
|
I
|
|
'
i
i
I
|
I
1
|

.toc

Page 9-5

Condition Code

e
et
ittt
e D
bt

Control"

SETCC/=<15>,
.defaul t=<SETCC/NOP>
NOP

;00

SET

;Set condition codes according

nothing with

;to

.toc

Memory Request

IR value

condition

and

status of

codes

ALU.

Control'

MEMFNC/=<14:12>,
.defaul t=<MEMFNC/NOP>
NOP

= 0

;No

STKRD

;Read

operation.

STKWR

;Write data on OUTBUS

LOADMA

sLoad Memory

top of

stack

onto
to

INBUS.
stack.

Address with OUTBUS.

READ

= 4

;Read onto

WRITE

= §

;Write OUTBUS value using MA.

REAGPC

= 6

; INBUS gets PC.

I
i
!
I
|
!
i
|
|
i
|
i
i
!
I
I
!
t
I
!
|
]
i
1
I
!
]
I
I
]
i
]
]
1
I
i
]

WRITEPC

.toc

7, .VALIDITY=<T1.PC>

Branch

INBUS using MA.

;PC gets

OUTBUS.

Control®

UBF/=<11:10>,
.defaul t=<UBF /JUMP>
JUMP

;Use

address

ALU

]

sFour

way

branch

Less

;

Largest

negative

Greater

than 2zero.

Zero

INSTR

sinstruction

THREE

;Reserved.

.toc

Address

than

field unchanged.
zero.
number.

decode.

Field"

]
I

9.4

J/=<9:0>, .nextaddress

MACRO DEFINITIONS

The macros

that define

categories;
0O 0O0O0O0O0

five

Stack
Memory

the

language

namely:

interactions
interactions

Arithmetic actions

Branch tests
Miscellaneous

functions

for

the machine are

divided

intc

A SAMPLE MICROPROGRAM

’.h.l

Page 9-6

Program Excerpt

.toc

'"Macro Definitions"

|
|

.toc

Stack

Interactions'

|
|

! Pop Stack
| Push Stack
! Stack Plus TI
|
|

.toc

Memory

'""MEMFNC/STKRD, ALU/A,CLKT1/YES"
""MEMFNC/STKWR, SELTI1PC/T1"
CLKT1/YES"
/STKRD,
ALU/ADD,
'""MEMFNC
Interactions"

1
|

! MA <-- PC
! T1 <-- Memory Data
! IR <-- Memor;,; Data
|
|

.toc

Arithmetic Actions"

|
i

i Tl <== PC + 1
! PC <-= TI

:
l

!
|
|

|
!

.toc

"SELTIPC/PC,MEMFNC/LOADMA"
'""MEMFNC/READ,ALU/A,CLKT1/YES"
'""MEMFNC/READ,CLKIR/YES"

'""MEMFNC/READPC,ALU/A+1,CLKT1/YES"
"SELTIPC/T1,MEMFNC/WRITEPC"

Branch Tests"

ALUCC?
Instruction Decode

""UBF/ALU"
"UBF/ INST"

.tor

Miscellaneous Functions"

1
)

Set Condition Codes

USETCC/SET"

e e e

e ———————_—_—————————————
e —————————— e e = — — =

Here are the MICR02 macro definitions for the machine model:

A SAMPLE MICROPROGRAM

9.5
The

Page 9-7

SUBROUTINE

subroutine given below adds

replaces

these

values

with

the

top

the

two values

value of

their

on
sum,

the
as

stack

and

represented

below:
Fommmm—mmeem +

1
i

|
I

]
|

;

]

!
1

i
I

|
1

!
!

Fommmmmmmma +
1

mmmm e +

9.5.1
The

dommmmmm e +
|

Fommmmmm—
e+

|
]

X+
Y

mm e +

+ommmm e +

Program Diagram

program to accomplish

this

function

L LT +

Read Stack

value

to T1

L+

\}/
R
|
)

!
1
|

Clock

TIi

L+

ontc OUTBUS (B)
Read Stack (RA)

Add A+B

{

Push Sum

onto Stack

can

be diagrammed

follows:

SAMPLE MICROPROGRAM

b.5.2
Here

Page

9-8

Program Excerpt
is

the microprogram

.toc

"Functions"

Add Top

that

this

function:

Stack"

Two Values

accomplishes

(SP)

(SP-1)

ACD
This

basic arithmetic

;

the

stack

;

condition

and

codes

instruction

replaces

are

set

the

adds

result

according

the

top

two values

onto

the

stack.

the

result

The

the

addition.

ADDO1:

Pop Stack,J/ADDO2

;Read

stack

value

to T1.

ADDO2:

Stack

plus

T1,

Set condition

;Load T1
codes,J/ADDO3

with

(sp)

(sp-1)

and

;save conditicn codes.

ADDO3:

Push

stack,J/INSTFETCH

;Store

sum on stack

oL TSPy ey

9.6

ANOTHER SUBROUTINE

This

subroutine uses

determine where

the

to send

Suppo.e we have the

sign of

the value on

the

g By

top of

the

control.

following:
instr.

stream

stack

et +
|

X1
PC

-->

}

]

LT -+

]

Di+

X25

{

ek +

:
tm———

———— +

:
== +

stack

A SAMPLE

When
to

the
the

X25.

MICROPROGRAM

instruction
next

being

instruction X2,

the

sign

instruction

9.6.1

Page 9-9

X25.

the

|If

executed,

which

top of

not,

the program counter

contains

the

stack

control

the

address

negative,

continues with

points

instruction

control

sent

instruction X3.

Program Diagram

The program

tc accomplish

this

function

Test Top of
Move

can be diagranmed

follows:

Stack

to Memory

Data

R ee+

|
]

i
|

|
]
I
]

)
]

1
1

]
|
|
|

|
!
]
1

I
|
|
|

$ommm

e -+

|
]

|
|

Branch

Skip

address

<--

Mem

Data

instruction

<-=-

PC +

]
|

!
]

it +

|
\

PC <--

9.6.2

Program Excerpt

e
g iy
g+

Sign of Top of

Stack"

(SP)

and Branch

This

control

if Negative

TEST

instruction address stream contains
the next
causes

skipped and execution

instruction

the absolute

to be executed.

absolute address

continues

the

Any other

instructior

address
to

normally.

On entry

to this routine,

the PC points

the absolute

®e

value
stream

stack
the

R G

the

item on

next word

V¢

the

top

the

D G

the

then

zero

examines

than

I GED

less

instruction

the value

;
v

Branch on

address.

SAMPLE MICROPROGRAM

):
!
|

;
3

)
|

|
:

On exit, the PC contains the address of the next instruction
to be executed.
The top item on the stack has been removed.

TSTBNO1:
Pop Stack,J/TSTBNO2

!
1

Page

'
!

|
|
!
|

;Test

|
:

1
|

TSTBNO2:

9-10

MA <-- PC,

;Memory address of

absolute

ALUCC?,J/TSTBNO3

;address.
;Branch on conditior

SP.

:
:
|

|
]

|
|

P
!

TSTBNO3:

Negative Number

[

J/TSTBNOS

|
1

}

<-- Memory Data,

;T1

<--

Absolute address.

;

|
P

’

J/TSTBNOS

.
|
!

I
1

I
|

<=- Memory

Data,

;T1

<--

Absolute Address.

i
Greater

I
1

[

than zero

!
|

<-- PC + 1,J/TSTBNOS8

;Skip Absolute Address.

Zero

!
!

1,J/TSTBNOS8

;Skip Absolute Address.

i
|

PC <=~ T1,J/INSTFETCH

|
I
!

;Load

PC with

;address.

INSTFETCH:
J/INSTFETCH

!
!
1
!

| TSTBNOS:

:
:

| TSTBNOE:
!
T1 <-- PC +

TSTBNO5:

}

mTSTBNOL:
T1

|
|

Largest Negative Number

instruction

}

:
:
|

I
!

CHAPTER

The conditional
parts

suppressed

Suppose,
of

entry

for

common

point

package
with

CONDITIONAL

ASSEMBLY

capability

lets

program.

You

the appropriate

select

setting

example,

you

have a

structure

and

for

with

another

assembly

your

the

set

package.

one
set.

list
of

can

suppress

parts

the

your

processing package

Sometimes

accomplist

assembly
program

expression-names

subroutines.

set of entry points
You

you

the

you

(or

this

Each

want

functions)
by

using

that

consists

subroutine

assemble

this

and other

times

the

conditional

keywords.

10.1

THE

CCNDITIONAL

Three

keywords

are

ASSEMBLY

provided

KEY.JORDS

for

conditional

assembly

follows:

.|F/expression-name
.IFNOT/expression-name
.ENDIF
These

keywords divide

keywords

begin

your

associated with either
have

the

program

block.

into blocks.

They

true

include

(1)

false

TFr

and

exp: _=sion-name

(0)

value.

These

L.IFNOT
that

keywords

following meaning.
Keyword

Meaning

.|F/expression-name

expression-name

true

value

(1),

associated with

assemble the following

block.

.1 FNOT/expression-name

expression-name

false

value

(0),

associated with

assemble

the following

block.
In practice,

a value

espression-name

faise value.

has

any value

the

value

that

MICRO2

not

For

considers

example,

the

to represent a

CONDITIONAL

’0.2

ASSEMBLY

Page

10-2

.IFNOT

and

CONDITIONAL ASSEMBLY BLOCKS

A conditional
ends
.IFNOT

either

for

the same

For

example,

only

under

.ENDIF

for

have a

special

.IF or

same expression

keywords
Frrrr

portion

condition.

in a conditional

.ENDIF

the

another

.I|F

expression.

suppose you

some

the program
and

assembly block begins with either an

with

your program

You can

assembly block by

to be

included

enclose that portion of
branching

with

.IF

program

follows:

——— )

Crmecemce
e m
——
e — - -+

i
'

]
i

|
|

e el +

|
i
!

IF/A

.ENDIF/A

ee e

|
|

:
Part to be
!
l<--included only!
:
if
Ais true |
L L

Lt +

|
!

|
t

|
!

L L L

Parts

to be always
included

bty +

|
|

et
s+

10.3

_EXAMPLE

Suppose you

have a

sequence

divide your

program

into

the

conditional

e
e
T LT+

!
:

IF/A
..

!
1

}
A1}

lcmccmccrcccccce
e = I

}

!
!

.IF/B
e

:
!

.ENDIF /B
..

!
|
:

.ENDIF /A

}

}
A2 }
}

e
e
L LT +
e

;

L L

L L+

S ettt
E LT+
e

.IF/B

.ENDIF /B

|
!

}
}

} A

el
:
!
!

assembly directives,

following blocks:

which

CONDiTIONAL

ASSEMBLY

The block

within

block

Page

included

block

the

the value
Bl

true

included only

(1).

10-3

However,

the value of

also true.
The

portions

values

the

and

B Value

are

the

assembled

following

Program

A1,B1,A2,X,B2

Al,A2,X

X,B2

always

assembled

blocks.

Case

because

the conditional

block

assembly

1is

for

different

Assembled

(The entire program)

outside

not

block

the

table.

Portions

nested within

all

conditional

assembled because

controlled

ANOTHER EXAMPLE

Suppose you
and

that
in

A Value

assembly

10.4

shown

Case

Block

program

B are

then

have a
a

case

set of

expression-name

in which

one

out

accomplish

this

|
|

{

you want
two

pairs
binary

1
I

general

code

;

|
!

Rt
L L L L C L+

{

-IF/A

option

I
1

R+

.TENOT/A

option 2

;

AF/A

}

option

L Er +

R+

.1FNOT/A

;

option .

Rl
e
e LT P +

IF/p

option

i
1

{

e
e L L L e+

!
|

.IFNOT/A
option 2

{3
|

DL
L L
e L+

.ENDIF/A

to select
of

some genera!

options.

decision,

You

code

can use one

follows:

CONDITIONAL ASSEMBLY

Page

'e portions of the program

assembled

are

shown

the

10-4

following

able:

10.5

A Value

Program Portions

——

Case

X,K1,K3,K5

X,K2,KkL,K6

SETTING

AND

You define and

CHANGING

set

Assembled

EXPRESSION-NAMES

expression-name

with

the

.SET

keywourd

value

for

follows:

.SET/expression-name=expression
For

example,

conditional

set

the

expression-name

assembly purposes,

you use the following

true

.SET directive:

SET/A=1
Once

you

.CHANGE

'efining

have defined and
keyword

to change

true above,

.CHANGE/A=0

set

its

value.

expression-name,
Thus

you must write:

Yyou

change

must
to

use

false,

the
after

CHAPTER

MICRO2

This

chapter

listing
output

11.1

The

describes

controls

input

consists
prepared

the
a

any

output

discusses

listings

format

and

the

MICR02

and

the

content of

the

enter

lines

until

in preparing

limits,

on which

end

the

detects

response

microprogram.
or

the validity of

The

source

input

and

can

the microprogram.

input.

with

the

internal

the

input

any

available

have

first

file

the

editor.

you

edit

continues
convinced

input

your microprogram.

and

From

sequence

continuing

Within

those

structure.

described

the

until

that

file

encountered.

expected

errors,

details

run.

the microprogram consists

reports

are

is writing

familiar

program will

errors,

process
you

input

start

last

and

these

This
until

microprogram

MICRO2

language.

assembler

source using

the microprogram must

The assembler

present

the

point of view,

beginning

that

The

editor.

you must

the microprogram

the

written

|nput

step

the assembler's

microprogram.

an example of

microprogram,

the processor

lines,

rules

available

Preparing The

syntactic

The first

affect

input

use to modify

assembler

write

the
can

sequence

the

using

section

11.1.1

You

and

LIST CONTROLS

INPUT

conforming

AND

listings.

ASSEMBLER

This

you

LISTING

input

Appendix

to obtain

either

the messages

a valid

errors

produced do

are
not

MICRO2

LISTING AND

.1.1.2

Page

11-2

the

Formatting The Microprogram

Using a standard
microprogram.
developed

11.1.2.1

The

begins

formatting
A

and

General

with

scheme

standard

DIGITAL

the

definitions,
Tnen

LIST CONTROLS

increases

format

given

Format

for

here

the

for

your

a memory

has

identification

keywords

readability

microprograms

has been

information.

any

and

definitions,

continues with

field

followed by macro-definitions.

the action-part of

a microprogram

given.

consists

sequence of microinstructions.

11.1.2.2

Microinstruction

The

for

rules
1.

the microinstruction

address

the

information on
3.

formatting a microinstruction

Precede

Format

margin

and

general

and

comments.

address,

follows:

not

give

that

include any

other

line.

the microinstruction has a

left

any

summarized

has an explicit

left-margin

that

are

not

label,

include

any

give
other

that

the

information on

label

that

line.

Include as many
will

17)
5.

fit

instruction-parts,
the

and continuing

Place any

columns

separated

starting

the

second

commas,
tab

(column

to column 38.

line-specific

comments

allocation

mode

a branch

the

fifth

tab

(column

Ly).

the

instruction-part with

Sepa-atas each

microinstruction

mict oprogram by one or

11.2

THE

OUTPUT

The output
£xcept

that

from

more blank

conc lude

the

next-address.

the

remainder

the

lines.

LISTING

listing of
the

random
the

a microprogram corresponds

assembler

prints

some

additioral

the

input

information,

listing.
namely:

MiCRO2

LISTING AND

LIST CONTROLS

table of

.PAGE

contents,

line with

the output

Page headings at

Microword

line number

A map

()

An error

brief

table of
and

and

top of

each

giving

each

line.

page.

the memory,

address,

and

bits

the microprogram.

any errors

are detected.

listing

each

the

above

items

given

the

text

¢the

the

Contents

contents

.PAGE

placement of

the

.TOC

table

logical

section of

and

.TOC

lines

and

detail

11.2.2

Line

Chapter

Since blank

the

lines within

the

which

table of

good

table of

collecting

listing.

listing

Judicial

results

you can quickly reference any

the size

contents

the

table of

example of

microprogram

increases.

contents are described

the

contents

can

The

number

use of
found

.TOC

lines

the

sample

Numbers

numbers
starts

.PAGE

beginning

the construction of

comprehensive

the

the microprogram.

the value of

program

contents,

increases,

produce a

constructed

1lines

useful

MICRO2

1line

.TOC

the beginning of

summary and statistics report.

The Table O0f

.TOC

which

each

sections.

The

reference

description of

11.2.1

the

information,

Error messages,
cross

iisting

line number at

the beginning of

each microinstruction

following

formed by
assigned

11-3

listing.

for

its

Page

each

input

and

line.

continues,

lines and comments

unusual

for

However,

the

line

small
limit

are assigned

microprogram
of

line

increments

99999

is
1,

a decimal
through

line numbers,

to occupy

several

seldom exceeded.

number,
99999.

thousand

not

lines.

MICRO2 LISTING AND

'1.2.3

LIST CONTROLS

Page

11-4

Page Headings

The assembler divides

the

contains

line,

heading

microprogram.

The

output

1listing

into

pages.

tach

page

sub-heading

line,

and 54

lines of

the

i tems

page

heading

listing

file

gives

the

following

information:

The output

The

name and version

assembling

The

number

The

time and

The

program

The

page number.

date of
title,

contains

derived

The

subtitle derived

from

line

given,

the

are

assembler

used

Iin

not

from

the

.T!TLE

last

.TOC cr

line.

specification

given

left

subtitle part

Page headings

MICR0O2

the following:

input

heading

the

assembly.

The

.TITLE

file

the

the microprogram.

sub-heading

specification

the

the microprogram,

blank.

left

illustrated

Similarly,

keyword

then

line.

the

title part

.TOC or

lines

are

given

the

blank.

the

sample output

Llisting

Appendix B.

11.2.4

The Microword

information

The main-listing portion of

the microprogram file

page

left

into

program,

two

fields.

The

the

octal

microinstruction.
microprogrex,

The

tne

the program.

the

such a

case,

field

left

can give

right

the user

microword

the microprogram.

hexadecimal

prepared by

The width

You

field contains

field

Listing

.NOBIN

controls

the main-listing

input

determined by

listing corntrol

divided

representation

contains
as

the object part

the

'ny error messages placed there by MICRO2.

source part

the
the

the

to MICRO2.

the width of

suppress

are described

reproduces the

input

the

widest

the object

part of

in Section

11.3.

listing,

except

for

MICRO2 LISTING

AND

L!ST

The microword

informat

the microword object,

For

memory

address

example,

consider

Appendix

U
This

line

location

indicates

error

the

the memory,

following

digit

address,

and

bits

1listing

allocated

format:

...

microword

that

in memory

Error

on contains
n

11-5

line

from

the

output

1041,001%4

printed

easy

Page

13,

11.2.5

CONTROLS

the

octal

word

'10410014'

Messages

detected

microprogram

the assembler

find within
messages

the

preceding

listing

begin

with

all

the

because,

the

line,

that

string

then an error

line.

instead

Error
of

'?7?7?77',

message

messages
line

followed

are

number,
the

error

message.

Appendix

11.2.6

lists

reference

information
The cross

With

about

reference

the

error messages.

listing

following

field

macro

and value

the name

consists of

is defined

list of

lines

listing

rather

the

on which

for

its definition and any

following define all

the

cross

line numbers.

is followed by

the

The cross-reference
a numeric

the

program

and

gives

appears.
three

parts,

one

for

names

field-names,

ordered

indicate

number of

name
it

names

the exception of
an

in which

classes:

expression names

lists each

places

followed

with

listing

the

()

numbers

assembler

The Cross Reference Listing

The cross

each

'#'

character.

the name

field-name

references

the

The other

line

referenced.

contains

lines on which

than symbolic value.

the

reference gives the
name
The |ine number on which

The
field.

only
field was

set

the
line
referenced
value-names

MICRO2 LISTING

AND

LIST CONTROLS

Page

‘s an example of a cross reference
excerpt

from

the cross

ALU

1L#
20# 167

This

cross

reference

listing

11.2.7

The Map Listing

MICRO2

produces

shows

A map

and

listing

for

map

listing

shows

line

set of

number

contains

line

llocated

characters

the
an

address

This

line

'"="

the

defined

used
of

lines

used
the

the

microword

1location

identifies

plus

line

line 215,

an address with:n

corresponding

space

208.
and

a map

location was

neither of

according

which

the

is allocated,

and so on.

listing

Llocation Ol

listing

allocated

follows:

lowbound-highbound

line
by

these

its

starting

the

line on

in Appendix B.

allocated according

is allo.ated according to a

so on.

blank.

that have

the

identifies

in memory U

location 00

line

allocated

indicator

line shows

that

location

150 154

a '":'",

the
the

addresses.

the

line

address,

was

assignment.

the

starting

consists of

character.

U OO 208= 215= 221= 14k 147

number

followed by

chose

'":"

the map

lines

ALU

addresses

indicator

address

The

the following

constraint

those

the

name

memory

the

line from

message,

following

line 20 and used on

each

unconstrained

indicator

allocated.

constraint on

MICRO2

for

number

the starting address

Consider

field

memory-indicator,

"=",

absolute

present,

line
is

by
a

line

allocation algorithm

The first

the

indicators.

followed

onstraint.

which

address,

followed optionally

number

the

map
each

the

it.

listing

that

a
for

consider

Appendix

is defined on

The

microprogram and,

allocated

196 207

on
line 14,
The value name A
167, 196, and 207.

microprogram.

1listing,

reference given

11-6

Unused

not

allocated,

range of

MICR0O2

addresses

are

leaves

is blank,

indicated

the

then

MICRO2

LISTING AND

11.2.8

LIST CONTROLS

Page

11-7

The Summary

The summary contains
memory

usage

list of

breakdown,

all

and

the

count

errors
of

MICR02

the warning

detected,

and

total

error

messages.

For

each error cdetected,

MICR02 gives

the

line number

and

the

text

the message.

For

each memory,

MICR02

the highest address
The error

message count

how

error

many

messages
and

the

11.3
The

are

THE
ULD

ULD

file

down

into

the

object

address definitions

used

and

the

Finally,

number

and

were

issued

the warnings

symbol

lexical

and

and
error

processing

resolution.

followed

produced by MICRO2.

code

used

section,

consists

followed

the set

the program.

The Header

The header,

present,

the direction

The Code

contains

in which

loaded

into

information about

the bits

the

program

radix

are numbered.

Section

The code section contains
be

of microwords

how many warnings

issued.

file

field and

11.3.2

number

FILE

header

and

total

allocation

optional

11.3.1

the

indicates

messages were

broker

number

gives

allocated.

the

control

the

address and

store

the

content of

following

each microword

format:

[address] memory-id = contents
For

This
If

example,

consider

[11Ju =

16070012

line

indicates

the

following

that word

the memory-indicator

code-section

memory

not given,

has

line:

the

assumed

contents
to be U.

16070012.

MICRO2 LISTING AND

)1.3.3
In

Page

11-8

Field and Address Definitions

this section of

defined

A special
the

LIST CONTROLS

the

contro!

field

the ULD file,

U memory

and

are

.ALLMEMFIELDS
address

all

the

field

and

field-value

names

given.

names

provided

from

for

other

those who want to

memories

as well

see
the U

memory.

For

example,

under

the

consider

the

.ALLMEMFIELDS
FIELD

following

portion

ULD

file

produced

control:

D_FLD/=<0:2>

s MEMORY
/D

DVALI1=]
DVAL2=2

DVAL3=3

FIELD

UCODE_DATA_FLD/=<0:5>

; MEMORY
/U

UVA'.1=]

UVAL2=2

UVAL3=3

ADDRESS U_JMP/=<6:12>

s MEMORY
/U

UADDR1=122
UADDR2=222

ADDRESS VING/=<3:19>

s MEMORY
/D

D_ADDR=11

D_ADDR=12
D_ADDR=13
The above
if,

portion

however,

field

and

contains

you do

address

FIELD

not

names

field-names

give
from

the

from both

the

and

.ALLMEMFIELDS control,

the U memory

are

given,

memory.

then only

the

follows:

UCODE_DATA_FLD/=<0:5>

UVAL 1=
UVAL2=2

UVAL3=3

ADDRESS U_JMP/=<6:12>
UADDRI1=122

UADDR2=222

11.4
The

LIST CONTROLS
list

you want

For

controls
to

see

example,

definitions

let

suppose

must

microprogram.

you specify which portions of

reflected

But

you

this

have
the

first

set

the

to suppress

suppression by

.LIST after

listing

definitions.

successful

few assemblies,

want

the output

file.

long

for

therefore,

listing

the definitions and a

the output

present

after

ese definitions and,
an accomplish

assembly
you

their

inserting a

the definitions.

don't

These

listing.

.NOLIST

our

change

You

before

MICRO2

LISTING

AND LIST CONTROLS

MICRO2 determine:; whether
looking
MICRO2

contributes

negative number,
The

list

counter.
to

not

the

are as

Keyword

to make a

Iincrement

the

listing

counter

the

listing

counter

.CREF

Increment

the

cross

reference counter

-NOCREF

Decrement

the

cross

reference

.BIN

Increment

the object counter

.NOBIN

Decrement

the

beginning

List

control

suppresses

the

counter

object

with

.BIN

the

with

assembly,

the

.CREF

cross

and

after

.NOBIN

macros

each

listing.

counter

produced

the

last

line of

the

counter

listing.

has

the value O.

Counters
positive,

part cf

an output

and

expand

counter

(1eft field)

to the

instruction.
not

specified

not

counter

the field/value pairs

associated with

whether

part

The List Control

list

fiie

counter

Decrement

part

The

the

.NOLIST

specified

follows:

the

positive number,

LLIST

.NOEXPAND

11.4.1

file.

not contribute.

expanding macros

the

contains

11-9

Meaning

.EXPAND

contribution

the counter

associated

MICRO2 does

controls

Page

the

controls

listing

.NOCREF

reference map.

then

iist

MNICRG2

control

.NOLIST

produced.

control

The

counter

determines whether

creates

negative,

the

MICR0O2

listing.

.LIST and

listing

the

produced.

contrdols whethar

not

determines
associated

the object

The counter associated
not

names will

added

MICRO2

LISTING

AND

LIST

CONTROLS

Page

11-10

}uppose we 3add some list controls to a microprogram as follows:

Fommm e +

LTITLE

.NOLIST

|
|
|

|
|
1

LLIST

- -+

) C

ittt +

.NOCREF

|
]

i D
|
!

.CREF

S e+

}

.NOLIST

| F1)

el +

.NOBIN

!
!

.BIN

}

F2}

e
m
e -+

These

list

file

creation.

object

The fact
combine

controls

file

that

partition

The

file contains

reference

listing

the

}

the program

for

purpose

segments

F1,

segments

D,
C,

and

list controls operate with
and

the

file contains

segments

contains

programs

still

retain the same

and

F2.

and

The

output

The

cress

a counter

list

control

allows

you

structure.

MICRO2

LISTING

Consider

AND

LIST CONTROLS

Page

the following example:

PROGRAM

PROGRAM 2

ettt +

NOLIST

bt +

.NOLIST

Bl:

}

e bbbt +

LLIST

.LIST

|
|

| R

it +

T+

JNLIST

]
]

IS
1

bl
bbbl DL+

Lt
b T+

.NLIST

11-11

{

.LIST

i D

LLIST

TR +

€

I
1

]
}

If we assemble

these programs

separately,

get

1listing

files

follows:
Program

We can

logical

Listing

insert

program

result.

nonlisting segment),
insert

program

contrc
s within

program 2

was

the

listing
when

Cl1

file

Segments

and

program

insert

program

listing of
(that

is,

program 2

separate

any

place

program 2

within a
are

segment.

and

get

the

(that

is,

suppressed.

listing segment),

interpreted just as

correct

within

then

the

they were

CHAPTER

USING

use MICRO2,

command

1line

describes

you

invoke

chat

specifies

the

wuser

MICRO2

command

the output

interface

the

level
and

and

input

VAX,

then give
files.

DEC

10,

MICRO2

This

chapter

and

0NEC

environments.

12.1
In

VAX/VMS

INTERFACE

the VAX/VMS

environment,

you

call

MICR02

command

level

shown

'elow:

Format
e ettt
e
T TS+

!
!

MICRO2

input-file-spac

File Qualifiers

.......... P

/LIST[=file-spec]

|
!
H

/NOLIST
/ULD [=file-spec]
/NOULD

!
:
}
T T

Prompts

_file:

input-file-spec

File-Parameters
Input-file-spec

Specifies
specify

the names nf one or
more

to separate

than one

fiie-specs.

input

more files
file,

to be assembled.

you can use

|f you

the character

'+’

USING MICRO2

Page

12-2

Description
MICROZ
and

assembles

produces a

the

programs

listing

file

contained

and

object

the

input-file-spec

file.

File Qualifiers

/LIST

[=file-spec]
Specifies

that you

file-spec,

MICRO2

not

file-spec,
the first

include

want

the

name

files,

with

the default

listing

file

listing

produces

the

MICRO2
input

listing
uses

file

extension

described

file.

you

in that
name of

the

include

file.
|If you co
the
input-file,

the

case

.MCR

for

the

listing

Section

multiple

input

file.

The

11.2.

/NOLIST
Specifies

/ULD

that

you do not want

listing

file.

[=file-spec]
Specifies

that

file-spec,
do

not

the

you

MICRO2

include

name of

the

want

the default

file

MICR0O2

input

extension

described

object-file.

the object

file-spec,
first

with

produces

file

.ULD

Appendix

file

uses

for

the

If
in

you

that

name of

multiple

the object

include

file.
the

input

file.

input,
file

The

a
you
or

cape,

object

/NOULD
Specifies

that

you do not want

an object-file.

Examples
1.

AMICROZ

ALPHA

MICR0O2

assembles

produces

the

listing

program
file

the

ALPHA.MCR

file
and

ALPHA.MIC

and

object

file

the

ALPHA.ULD.

MICRO2/1'ST=BLTA
MiCRO2

sssembles

produces

the

ALPHA
the

program

1listing

file

the

BETA.MCR

file
and

ALPHA.MIC
the

obiect

and
file

ALPHA.ULL.

MITRO2/NCULD
MICRO2

ALPHA+GAMMA

assembles

ALPHA . MIC

and

the program formed
GAMMA.MIC

and

the

produces

concatenation
the

iisting

file

ALPHA.MIC

and

2.LPHA.MCR.

MICRO2/LIST=BETA/NOULD
MICR0O2

assembles

the

producee

the

an object

file because

listing

ALPHA
program
file

BETA.MCR.

the qualifier

the

file

MICR0O2 does

/NOULD

not

is given.

produce

USING MICRO2

Page

12-3

.i le-Specifications
MICR0O2

accepts

error

reporting,

name

the

and

processes
MICRO2

first

six

legal

VAX

filename.

abbreviates

any

long

filenames

characters

and

the extension

For
by

purposes

truncating

the

first

three

characters.

12.2

DEC

COMMAND

the

comna

for

information

the

command

information

followed

an "='"

you give

microprogram

fol

you

the

closed

and

the

second

input

file,

input

that

from file
not

one

type

one

the

can

locder.
produced.

produces

the

an
The

the

all

file

read,

followed

That

files

are

the

is
load

not

the

The

input

files.

listing-file.
the

end

this way,

such

the name of

the first

listing

object-file

file

specified,
is

the
file

file.

11.2.

input

module

indicating

rejects

name of

Section

the

that

processed.

MICR0O2 uses

for

then

continues

M!CR0O2

listing on

then

reads

given

Processing continues with

end-of-file,

numbers.

assembler

the order

load module on

the

file

Processing

given as

object-file
format

followed

the object

file-specifications.

is opened.

.MCR

described

MICR02

character.

files

input

the output

the extension

(*)

is:

file,

ready.

specified,

be subsequentiy
If

file

for

input

again until

line

not

invocation,

{input-file},...

first

until

The assembler

The

to file,

listing

the

input

contain any

produces

file and

the

information

specified

file,

listing-file

the

listing-file

second

The assembler

The output

consists of

object-file =

the

files must

given

an asterisk

than

from

not

owed by

assembly-command-line.

moving

the command

listing-file,

file

10,

information with

the fiie-specification

character

the form of

irput

the DEC

command-information

command

The command

MICRO2

prompts

's,

level

R MICR02

INTERFACE

invoke MICRO2 at command

following

iIf

LINE

and

that

for

the microprogram

1load

described

module

Appendix

is
C.

USING MICRO2

You

get

an object

include

the

",'

file,

character

you

specify

preceding

it.

object

file

consider

the

name or

Page

12-4

you

following MICRO2

calls:
Call
R MICRO2

Result
A,B=C

MICRO2

assembles

C.MIC

and

and
R

MICRO2

A,=C

the

produces

object

file

MICRO2

assembles

listing

file

program
the

the

file

listing

file

A.MCR

B.ULD

C.MIC

A.MCR

and

produces

the object

the
file

produces

the

C.ULD
R

12.2.1
A

File

file

MICRO2

,B=C

MiCRO2

assembles

object

file

C.MIC

and

B.ULD

Specifications

specification

has

the

following

form:

diskname:filename.ext
[PPN]
Diskname,

omitted,

12.3

ext,

the

DEC

and

You

invoke MICRO2

exception
level,

MICRO2

are

all

optional.

PPN

diskname

PPN

are

system,

the

assumed.

INTERFACE

only

command

PPN

user's defauli disk

the

that

you

simply

DEC-20

system just

instead

type MICR02,

typing
as

the

followed by MICRO2 .*

follows:

APPENDIX

MICRO2

LANGUAGE

This appendix provides a
First,
of

the

syntax of

the elements used

A.1

MICR02

SYNTACTIC

reference

language

SUMMARY

the

is given.

MICR0O2

language.

Then a summary

is given

to build a MICRO2 source program.

SYNTACTIC SUMMARY

The MICRO2

syntactic

defau!ts

for

'xamples

quick

the

summary
g¢gives
the
syntax,
MICRO2
language.
Following

restrictions,

and
information,

this

the syntax are given.

The syntax notation used

tc express

the MICR02

language

the syntax notation used in the BL!ISS Language Guide
detailed description of

the notation

is contained

the

same as

(AA-H275A-RK).

in Chapter 3 of

that

manual.

Briefly,

contains
contains

the syntactic name being defined.
the definition.

syntactic

Concatenation

rule

is given

is expressed

after another.

The above rule defines a
followed by
isiunction

the character
is

character

'}'

disjunction

the

the box

the terms

one

is:

field-name /

field-contents-indicator

to be

field-name

'/'.

possibilities

possible

either

or by giving them on separate

is:

The

a concatenation

expressed by enclosing the

distinguishing

left part of

The right side of

in the definition by writing

An example of

field-contents-indicator

in a box.

terms

in braces and

separating

lines.

them by the

example

MICRO2

LANGUAGE

SYNTACTIC SUMMARY

octal-digit

The atove
and

rule

{011121314]516)7}

defines

an octal

example of

a disjunctin

Omission

indicated by

a disjunction.

above

rule

left-bit

defines

followed by

first character.

'0'

'!'

'2'

rule defines

arguments

separated

the

valid definitions

°','
of

possibility

character
the

replication

,...

]

to be

followed by
'arg-part':

[ argument ]
[ argument, argument ]
[ argument, argument, argument ]

right-bit

separator,

'arg-part'

}

to be either

indicated by

right-bit }

'>'.

[ argument

The above

nothing

followed by

'nothing'

is:

{

followed by

example of

arg-part

term

{

field-spec

contains
An

the

omission

left-bit

':'

left-bit

replication

are all

including

followed

Finally,
the

is:

An example of

field-spec

‘<"

{ octal-number
}
{ decimal-number
}
{ hexadecimal-number }

number

The

digit

on.

Another

Page A-2

'<'

followed

follcwed

sequence

separator

'>'

by
or

'...'.

|If

appears as

the

is:

'['

']'.

followed by one or

That

is,

the following

MICRO2 LANGUAGE SYNTACTIC SUMMARY

'.l.l

Page A-3

The Program

program

{
{

.LTOR
|
.OCTAL !

memory

.RTOL | nothing
}
.HEXACECIMAL ! nothing }

...

identification-part
definition-part
microinstruction-part

identification-part

{
{
{
{
{
{
{

memory-indicator
! nothing }
.WiDTH/word-width | nothing }
.TITLE/"
" 1 nothing
}
.VERSION/"
" | nothing
}
.REGION {/low-address, high-address}
| nothing
.RANDOM ! .SEQUENTIAL | nothing }

memory-indicator

{ .UCODE !

word-width

decimal-integer

low-address

expression-subject-to-program-radix

{ .OCODE !

.DCODE

.CCODE

.ECODE

! .MCODE

.ICODE }

}

high-address

A.1.1.1

Defaults

memory-indicator
program-radix

.UCODE
.OCTAL

bit-order

.LTOR

allocation mode
word-width

-RANDOM
highest bit specified
field-definition
plus

A.1.1.2

Restrictions

0 < word-width <= 128

low-address < high-address

in a

... }
}

MICRO2 LANGUAGE

A.1.1.3

SYNTACTIC SUMMARY

Page

A-bL

Examples -

-RTOL
.OCTAL
.DCODE

-WIDTH/6k
-.REGION/0100,0177
-.RANDOM

A.1.2

The

Definition

definition-part

field-definition

Part

{ field-definition }
{ macro-definition }

...

field-name/=field-spec

{ , qualifier...
{ nothing

}
}

{ value-name = value-spec }...

{ : right-bit }

field-spec

< left-bit

qualifier

{ .DEFAULT = expression
{ .ADDRESS
{ .NEXTADDRESS
{ .VALIDITY = expression
{ .FLOATEPARITY

}
}
}

{ .FLOATOPARIYY

}

value-spec

field-name }

value

}

{ti-value}

{,t2-value}}

{ ,

{nothing }

{nothing

{ name-char

{ space

}

...}

{

{ nothing }

}

{ nothing

name

name-char

{

}

{

value-name }

name-char

{ nothing

letter

number

}

special-char }

{.VALIDITY}
{nothing

}

MICRO2 LANGUAGE

SYNTACTIC SUMMARY

Page A-5

letter

{Aa|B}b}

...

number

{ol1r1

191}

special-character

)

...

(V)

{<})>

}

space

{ space-character

space-character

{ blank

left-bit
}
right-bit }

decimal-integer

value

integer-subjecti-to-program-radix

A.1.2.1

Restrictions
1.

txamples

}

tao }

|If

.LTOR

right-bit

.RTOL

Either

specified,

then

left bit <=

.NEXTADDRESS or

once and only once

k.1.2.2

...

field-definition

CLKT1/= <17>, .default = <CLKTI1/NO>
YES =

;Do not clock

sLoac T1

ALU output

with

field-spec

.ADDRESS must

per memory.

NO = O

left-bit

right-bit

specified

Page A-6

MICRO2 LANGUAGE SYNTACTIC SUMMARY

number

expression-name

expression

field-conten

s-indicator

field-value-identifier
function-call

number

gt St

Expressions

gt Nt

A.1.3

octal-number
decimal -number

}
}

hexadecimal -number

}

octal-number

octal-digit

...

decimal-number

decimal-digit

hexadecimal-number

hex-digit

octal-digit

ol 1121314157671

...

decimal-point