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OCR Text

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digital equupment corporation

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I.
O.

DEC-OS-ODSMA-A-D

4K DISK MONITOR
SYSTEM‘

Order

additional copies as directed on the Software
at the back of this document.

Information page

digital equipment corporation

mognard.~mos$ochusetts

2nd

The
and

Printing

February 1974

(Rev)

information in this document is subject to change without notice
should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment

Corporation.
for any

Digital Equipment Corporation

errors

assumes

that may appear in this manual.

responsibility

The software described in this document is furnished to
under a license for use on a single computer system and

the
can

purchaser
copied

be
in

(with inclusion of DIGITAL's copyright notice) only for use
such
system, except as may otherwise be provided in writing by DIGITAL.

Digital Equipment Corporation
or

reliability of

its

DIGITAL.

<:)

1973,

1974

no responsibility for the use
equipment that is not supplied by

assumes

software

by Digital Equipment Corporation

The HOW TO OBTAIN SOFTWARE INFORMATION page,
this document, explains the various services

software

users.

The postage prepaid READER'S COMMENTS
document requests the user's critical
preparing future documentation.

The

following

CDP
COMPUTER LAB
COMSYST
COMTEX
DDT

DEC
DECCOMM
DECTAPE
DIBOL

located at the back of
available to DIGITAL

are

trademarks

form on the last page of this
evaluation to assist us in

Digital Equipment Corporation:

DIGITAL

INDAC

PS/8

DNC

KAlO
LAB-8

RAD-8

LAB-B/e

RSTS

LAB-K

RSX

EDGRIN
EDUSYSTEM
FLIP CHIP

QUICKPOINT

FOCAL
GLC-8
IDAC

OMNIBUS

RTM

OS/8

RT-ll

PDP

SABR

IDACS

PHA

TYPESET
UNIBUS

PREFACE

Manual
of the 4K Disk Monitor System Reference
updates
and
and
Manual (DEC—D8-SDAB—D)
Disk Monitor
Reference
System
8
of
to
and
Introduction
1970,
Change
Programming
incorporates Chapter

This

printing

the

Notice

(DEC-DB—SDAB-DN).

iii

CONTENTS

Page
CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

1
I-‘

CHAPTER

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

MONITOR OPERATION

MN Heap NH
O

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Monitor Residence

2 1
2-1

System Modes

BOOTSTRAPPING

I»

STARTING THE MONITOR

THE MONITOR

2-2

COMMAND

NNNN hi>hn§lsfifl>
o

1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2

STRINGS
Command String Format
Device Names

Filenames
Punctuation
Special Characters
Examples of Command Strings
LOADING PROGRAMS-DISK

N N 01mln NH
N N . axmtn Mia

SYSTEM BINARY LOADER

Binary Loader Operating Procedures
Binary Loader Error Messages

SAVING
SAVE

PROGRAMS

(SAVE COMMAND)

Command Format

SAVE Command

CHAPTER

1-1

Processing

CALLING A PROGRAM

MONITOR

SYSTEM ERROR MESSAGES

(CALL COMMAND)

START CONDITION

NNNN \lmO‘U'IU'Ib-h
I

NIFDN I—Ioo
NIT,” FJF‘H hJF'o

2-14

2-14
2-15

SYSTEM PROGRAM LIBRARY
PIP

wwww not-0|. HHHH caucus wNMNH
a

W W N N NH
n

.0. UNF“

Loading and Saving
Operating Procedures
L and D Options
M and P Options
A, B, F, U and S Options
Using PIP in an RF08 System

.EDITOR
Loading and Saving
Operating Procedures

Wuwww HO‘MUNN
I

wtrw I-‘I—‘Hmac

.3
.3.1
3.2

4K PAL-DISK ASSEMBLER

Loading and Saving
Operating Procedures
FORTRAN-D

wwwwuww Abnhubuh-li-b-h-bnb-h MNNl-‘I—‘HI-‘H
n

1
2
3
4

Operating System

ww
APPENDIX

1
2

1
2
3

the

FORTRAN

DDT-D

Loading and Saving
Operating Procedures
DISK MONITOR SYSTEM RESTORE
Assemble and Save RESTORE
Operating Procedures

SYSTEM GENERATION

Bootstrap Sequence

TOGGLING IN THE RIM LOADER
LOADING THE BIN LOADER
LOADING AND EXECUTING DISK SYSTEM BUILDER
LOADING AND SAVING SYSTEM PROGRAMS

3
4
B

SYSTEM

FORMATS.

SYSTEM DEVICE

APPENDIX

Operating System

Operating Procedures
Operating System Diagnostics
Examples

6
6.1
.6.2
6.3

l
2

APPENDIX

Compiler
Loading the FORTRAN Compiler
Operating Procedures
Compiler Diagnostics
Debugging Aid (Symbolprint)

wwmwwm htuhoh)k)N}4F‘H
0

()0 NH

Blocks

Storage Allocation Map
DATA

wNI—I

LAYOUTS

Directory Name (DN)

(SAM)

Blocks

STRUCTURE

File (ASCII) Data Structure
File (BINARY, FTC BIN) Data Structure
Saved File (SYS, USER) Data Structure
Source

Binary

PIP DIRECTORY LISTING
MONITOR CORE USAGE DIAGRAMS

COMMAND

DECODER

LOCATIONS
INPUT AND

wwwmwmw HW‘DOKDQU‘IH

USED BY COMMAND DECODER
OUTPUT REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMAND

DECODER
APPENDIX

APPENDIX

SYSTEM PROGRAMS

UU mid

LOADING PARAMETERS
SAVE STATISTICS

I321

I/O

ramp: uimld

FOR

SYSTEM PROGRAMS

PROGRAMMING

GENERAL
CALLING FOR BASIC

GENERALIZED

I/O ROUTINE
DISK/DECTAPE I/O ROUTINE

wrara

(JON

Page

I/O DEVICES

APPENDIX

VALID

APPENDIX

PERMANENT SYMBOL TABLES
INSTRUCTION CODES
PSEUDO-OPERATORS

TABLES

Number

System

Error

Messages

Special Key Functions

Ilil

Summary of Editor Commands
PAL—D

W”:W(lwtnu)?I»uiwtnu2wluWIOFJHFJK)m~dO\UIALJL)H}A

Pseudo-Operators

PAL-D

Error Messages
Summary of FORTRAN Statements
Compiler Systems Diagnostics

Compiler Compilation Diagnostics
Operating System Diagnostics
DDT-D Commands

System Device and Core Capacities
Page 0 Locations Used by Command Decoder
Valid In/Out Devices For PAL-D,
Valid FORTRAN-D Input/Output
Valid I/O Devices for PIP

EDIT

ILLUSTRATIONS

Number

Disk Loader/Paper Tape Flowchart
Disk Storage Layout

A-l
3-1

DECtape Storage Layout
Directory Name (DN) Block Format
Storage Allocation Map (SAM) Block Format

Contiguous-Page Save File Format
Noncontiguous-Page Save File Format
Sample PIP Directory Listing

m()0(30(30(1()?tflwtflwlflwtflmtfiwwawwNHHmqmaw
II

vs User—Time Core Usage
Usage During SAVE Command Execution
Core Usage During CALL Command Execution
Monitor Flow Chart (Part 1)
Monitor Flow Chart (Part 2)
Output List Produced by Command Decoder
Command Decoder Core Usage
Command Decoder Flow Chart (Part 1)
Command Decoder Flow Chart (Part 2)
Command Decoder Flow Chart (Part 3)
Command Decoder Flow Chart (Part 4)
Command Decoder Flow Chart (Part 5)
Command Decoder Flow Chart (Part 6)
Calling Sequence of System Routine

Monitor—Time
Core

vii

N
U‘l

wv¢9090°NI—‘I—‘W‘DQO‘
I

I-‘O

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

Disk/DECtape Monitor System is designed for any PDP-8
This system
having at least one DECdisk or one DECtape.
flow
of
the
consists of a keyboard-oriented Monitor, which controls
a comprehensive software package,
and
PDP-8,
programs
through the
which includes a FORTRAN Compiler, Program Assembly Language
(PAL-D),
Edit
(PIP), and
(Editor),
Interchange
Program
Peripheral
program
a
Also
(DDT—D)
provided is
program.
Dynamic Debugging Technique
program (Builder) for generating a customized monitor according to the
number
of
of
user's particular machine configuration (amount
core,
The

PDP-8

computer

disks

DECtapes, etc.).

system is modular and open ended, permitting the user to construct
the
software required in his environment, and allowing full access to
for storage
the disk (or DECtape)
referred to as the SYSTEM DEVICE
and
retrieval
of
By
typing appropriate commands to the
programs.
Monitor, the user can LOAD a program (construct it from one or more
units of binary coding previously punched out on paper tape or written
it
and assign it core), SAVE it
on the disk by the Assembler,
(write
with
an
out,
assigned starting address, on the system device), and
for
from
the
later CALL it (read it back into core
device)
system
The

execution.

1. 1

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

The minimum

System

A basic

equipment requirements
as

are

PDP-8, PDP-8/S, PDP-B/I,
4K of

of the

Disk/DECtape

PDP-8

Monitor

follows.

8L, also

runs

8/E, 8/F, 8/M.

core

Teletype (Teletype is
Corporation)
3-Cycle

Data

Break

registered

trademark

Teletype

(Option required with PDP-8/S)

one
least one DF32 Random Access DECdisk File or at least
Random
Access DECdisk File or a TCOl Automatic Control
The DECtape must have
with a T055 or T056 DECtape transport.
timing and mark tracks written on it prior to use.

RF08

NOTE
to
core,
up
system recognizes up to 32K of
disks
(one Type DF32 and three Type D832 or
one Type RFO8 and three Type
to
R808)
up
eight
(TCOl's only) and a high-speed papertape
DECtapes

The

four

reader.

1-1

CHAPTER

MONITOR OPERATION

This

chapter contains a discussion of the operation of the Monitor.
chapters contain descriptions and operating procedures for

Succeeding
the

system programs.

2.1

GENERAL

DESCRIPTION

The 4K Disk Monitor System permits the user to
control
the
of
flow
programs through his computer and takes full advantage of the extended
In addition to
the
memory capabilities of disk or DECtape.
Monitor,
the system also contains a library of system programs.
Together, they
provide the user with the capabilities of compiling,
assembling,
editing, loading, saving, calling, and debugging his own programs.

2.1.1

Monitor Residence

Monitor,

well as
and
user
is
and
stored
on
system
programs,
from
the
SYSTEM DEVICE.
To obtain a working Monitor, the.
user must first build his own customized version, via the
easy-to-use
dialogue technique of the System Builder program and store this
version on the system device.
the
Following this,
System
Program
Both of these procedures are
Library is created on the system device.
described in Appendix A.
as

retrieved

In core, the resident part of Monitor (called HEAD OF MONITOR) resides
in the top page (locations 7600 through 7777) of field 0. The starting
address of Monitor is 7600; 7642 is entry address to
the
I/o
system
which
routine,
performs all reading and writing on the system device
such
as
(see Appendix F). Nonresident
those
portions of Monitor,
routines which perform SAVEs and CALLS, are automatically called in as
location
7000
needed, and in core, they share the area from
through
7577.
(These
portions disappear after use, leaving this area for the

user.)

Specific diagrams showing
system device and in core,

the
are

allocation of the

given

Appendix

system,
B.

both

the

2.1.2

System Modes

any point in time, the system is
MONITOR MODE or USER MODE.

Monitor mode is entered

(1)

running

whenever

the

one

Monitor

modes:

two

started

(see

point,

any

Paragraph 2.2) or (2) when a CTRL/C is typed (this is accomplished by
holding down the CTRL key while typing C)
while
running any system
Monitor
mode
is signalled by the Monitor
program.
typeout of a dot
(.). At both Monitor and system program time, Monitor is able to sense
a
CTRL/C causing the system to enter Monitor mode, return to Monitor

at location 7600, and respond with a
dot
At
(.).
this
Monitor command can be issued via the
Teletype keyboard.
User mode

program.

System
(*).

asterisk

2.2
The

present whenever the system is executing
programs

user

mode

system

user‘

by responding with

BOOTSTRAPPING THE MONITOR

following discussion

assumes

built

and
stored
on
the
described in Appendix A.

The

signal

bootstrapping

that

customized

system device,

of Monitor into

core

Monitor

according

has

the

been

procedure

only

when
the
been cleared
or its
contents
otherwise
leaves
destroyed.
the
System Builder
resident
portion of Monitor in core
after building.
the
Turning
computer off and subsequently turning it on again
does
not
normally
destroy the contents of core.

resident

The
and

Monitor

(locations

area

bootstrap procedure

RF08.

Toggle in
upon

the

of the

one

7600

follows,

necessary

through 7777)

and

the

same

Contents

Symbolic
*200

0200

0201
0202
0203
0204
7750
7751

for

following bootstrap routines,

type of system device.

Disk
Location

has

6603
6622
5201
5604
7600

DMAR
DFSC
JMP .-l
JMPI .+1
7600

7576
7576

*7750
7576
7576

both

DF32

depending

DECtape
Location

Contents

0200

7600

0201
0202
0203
0204
0205
0206
0207
0210
0211
0212
0213
0214
0215
0216

1216
4210
1217

’

0217

7577

0220
0221

7755
7754
0220

*200
7600

BEG,

TAD MVB

JMS

STARTING THE

TAD

JMS

JMP

BEG

0000

DO,

DTXA

DTCA

DCA I
DTSF

JMP

.-1

JMP I
0600

MVB,
M201, -201
7755
CA,
7754
WC,
0220
RF,

After toggling in one of the above
switches
the
to
200
and
press
Monitor should respond with a
dot
brought into core.

TAD M201
DCA I CA

3620
1222
4210
5600
0000
6766
3621
6771
5213
5610
0600

0222

2.3

Symbolic

bootstrap

routines,

LOAD ADDress

(.)

after

set

and
START.
has
been
it

MONITOR

Monitor START is at location 7600. A jump to this location can be made
by either (1) stopping the machine, setting the switches to 7600, and
pressing LOAD ADDress and START, or (2) typing CTRL/C when in Monitor
mode
has

when

coding

been
also

errors

system

program

(or any

user

program which includes

after
CTRL/C) is running.
Jumping to 7600
loading
performed generates a START instruction (ST=7600). Certain

sense

cause

jump

Monitor START performs

this

the

location.

following actions.

Saves the coding from location 7200 through
two scratch blocks on the system device.

Reads blocks 1 and 2 (containing the rest
the system device into these locations.

Transfers control to Monitor,
return, line feed, and a dot.

The Monitor can be
restart
performs

restarted

the

by typing

which

the

7577

Monitor)

responds with

RUBOUT

in the first

key.

from

carriage

Monitor

actions as described above except for step
1. A common use for RUBOUT is to terminate a
command
string when a
mistake
is made.
The command string is ignored, and Monitor responds
as described in step 3.
The user core image on the
device
is
system
not changed by RUBOUT (it is changed, however, by tC).
same

2.4

COMMAND

STRINGS

Commands are typed in the
form
of
command
to
direct
the
strings
Monitor, or a system program, to perform some action.
Command strings
are simple in format and afford an
of
easy means
communicating with

the

system.

Monitor indicates its readiness to accept a command
string
dot, and at this point, some Monitor command, such as CALL

by typing
or

SAVE

can

typed.

System programs indicate their readiness
either

typing

asterisk

query.

follows.
*OUT-

*IN-

by
as

In
the
case
Requests one output device name.
of
disk
or
the
filename to be assigned to the output data must
DECtape
also be specified (see Paragraph 2.4.1).

Requests
disk

or more
device
(up to five) input
filenames
of
files
DECtape,
input
(see Paragraph 2.4.1).

one

and

specified
*OPT-

to
receive
information
The most common queries are

Request

one

alphanumeric

option

character;

in each system program.

For

names.

must

also be

entered
as
a
switch,
single
Chapter 3 for options available

see

This

communication between the system and the user
is
handled
a
by
of Monitor known as the Command Decoder.
The Command Decoder
is a system program (.CD.) which is saved on the
system at build time.
Command
Decoder
is
called
into
core by the system when needed and
occupies any four contiguous pages of core.
A description of its core

portion

allocation
and
a
flow chart, is given in
calling procedure,
plus
Appendix C. Error messages produced by Command Decoder are
listed
in
Paragraph 2.8. Messages unique to individual system programs are given
in Chapter 3.

2.4.1

Command

strings

String
are

Format

composed

certain rules of punctuation.

Each

Device

Filenames

Punctuation

Special characters

of these

a
few
basic
elements
Their basic elements are as

and

names

elements

is described in the

follows.

following paragraphs.

Device Names
follows.

2.4.1.1
as

Device

in command

permitted

names

DECtape unit, if both disk and DECtape
unit number, 0 through 7)
(n

Dn:

system

strings

are

the

present

are

DECtape unit 0)

System device

SO:

System Device in RF08 System (lower half of Disk 0)

Sn:

Additional
through 7.

High-speed paper tape equipment (reader or punch)

Low—speed paper tape equipment of
punch)

2.4.1.2

Filenames

(disk

128K segments of
RFOB
disk
number
1
(n = unit
Unit 1 is the upper half of disk 0,; unit 2 is the
lower half of disk 1; etc.)

Filenames

the

limited

are

(reader

characters

Teletype

four

composed of any combination of alphanumeric
characters
or
with
the
characters
special
following exceptions.
both
and
Although
printed
nonprinted keyboard characters. are
allowable, printed characters are recommended.
and

length

can

Imbedded

cannot
in
a
are
filename
spaces
appear
(they
It
should be noted here that the Monitor is given
the filename EX C. One reason for this unconventional use
of
an
blank is to protect the Monitor from accidental
imbedded
destruction (e.g., deletion via PIP).

ignored).

file

name

the
the

described in

(n)

SYS
USER

filenames

(n)

Appendix

under

user

Saved system program
Saved

user

I'DATA Structure".
in

file

program file

BINARY

Binary

program file

FTC

Interpretive binary file

Source

core

language program file
Compiler).

BIN

the

specified by

symbols.

FORTRAN

ASCII

following words

are

automatically

system.
They are used internally by the system and
be referred to or modified.
The data structure of these
files

appended
cannot

of the

one

SAVE

CALL

Extensions

cannot

bank

are:

(input

(output from

The extensions

PAL-D

(output from

PAL-D

Assembler

Assembler).
FORTRAN

Compiler).

Filenames (and extensions) are meaningful
for
file
structured
only
devices
and DECtape). If they are specified for other devices,
(disk
Both the filename
extension
on
and
name
they are ignored.
appear
(AF below
directory listings produced by the list feature in PIP.
means version AF.)

Example:

NAME

TYPE

BLK

PIP

.SYS(0)

0015

SRC1.ASCII

[0007

BIN

2.4.1.3
follows.

.BINARY

0001

SRC1.USER(0)

0001

Punctuation

within

command

strings

Used to separate device names, when more than one is
given in
a
command
The comma is also used to separate core
string.
references in a SAVE
command
when
more
than
one
string,
continguous area of core is specified.
Precedes

the

Terminates

entry point specification in
each

following

device
filename in

file

saved

the
to be

name.

SAVE

user

SAVE

The
colon
is
also
used
command to indicate that the

program.

‘Separates the beginning and ending addresses of
core

specification in

area

Follows the
saved

2.4.1.4
below.

filename in

SAVE

contiguous

command.

command when

file

system program.

Special Characters

CTRL/C

command.

Special characters

used

described

given while the system is in Monitor mode

are

running,

system

control is returned to Monitor start
(location 7600).
Monitor
with
a
dot.
responds
Type
down the CTRL key and striking C. 1C
CTRL/C by holding
does not echo (does not print).
program

CTRL/P

Typed in response

typeout.

Instructs

the

with
the
next
down the CTRL key and

proceed

system

operation.
Type CTRL/P by
holding
fP
does
not
striking P.
echo
not
(does
also
be
print).
used to
CTRL/P can
prematurely terminate certain
while
in
operations
progress (e.g., the typing out of a file directory by the
list

RETURN

key

option in PIP).

Carriage

terminates current command string
input.
in
to
a system
response
query, it
indicates that the user does not desire
to
specify the
item
device
(e.g.,
name)
RETURN does not
requested.
echo.
When

RUBOUT

key

Causes

return

typed

alone,

the

current command string to be ignored, and
the
returns to the beginning of
the command string and
ready to receive a new command.
RUBOUT does not echo.

system
is

2-6

2.4.2

Examples

of Command

Strings

rules
and
explained above.
examples illustrate the elements
commands are
and
commands
Monitor
both
of
program
system
Samples
is
For all the examples below, the system response
(typeout)
given.
underlined for clarity.
These

Monitor Commands:
.CALL
—

.SAVE

Call the user program
file,
PRGl,
device into core
the
from
system
for execution.

PRGl)

PALD!O~7577;

—

a program,
previously
by Loader into locations 0
7577 of core, on the system

6200)

Save

loaded

through
device

system program (I). Assign
and
6200
of
starting address
filename, PALD.
a

a
a

System Program Commands:
*IN-S:PRO2

PROZ
on
the
the file
system
The "8:"
device as the input file.
DF32
or
for
a
used
is
DECtape
RF08
for
is
used
"Sn:"
system,
system, see Table B1, Appendix B.

*IN-SO:PR02‘)

Use

*IN-S:TST1,Rg)or *IN—SB:TST1,R:)

Use

the

TSTl

file

the

one

*OUT-DS:SPEC)

on
file
Write the output
and
unit
No. 5
assign
filename SPEC.

*OUT-T:)

Punch

Select

option

carriage

Spaces in command strings
and

are

perform

:SAVE

PALD

same

An
occurs

the

automatic
after

10-7577;

6200)

:SAVEPALD10-7577; 6200)

user

Opt-request.

Thus, both examples below
function.

ignored.

the

return

response to

correct

DECtape
it

on
the
the output
Teletype
(low-speed) paper tape punch.

*OPT-M

equally

system

the
from
file
the
as
reader
high-speed paper tape
input files.
or
for
DF32
"8:" is used
(Note:
RF08
for
"Sn:"
DECtape
system,
system, see Table Bl, Appendix B.)
and

device

are

2.5
The

LOADING PROGRAMS

Disk

produced

System

DISK

SYSTEM BINARY LOADER

Binary

the

Loader
takes
as
PAL-D Assembler and loads

input

the

binary

coding

it into core in executable
form.
This loader is a system program saved on disk
at
build
time.
It is called by the user in the same manner as
It
any system program.
occupies locations 6200-7577 and has a starting address of 6200.
When
Loader
loading is completed,
"disappears" after first entering the
loaded program at the starting address
typed by the user just prior to
(see
loading
Paragraph
2.5.1). Loader accepts input from the system
device or paper tape.
In
8K
and
Loader
sets
larger systems
up
locations 7574 through 7577 to perform a start in fields other
than 0.
It is the user's
responsibility to protect these locations if he wants
to start in a field other than 0.

2.5.1

Binary

Loader

.LOAD,)

*IN-

Operating

Procedures

Direct Monitor to

bring

system device into

core

Binary

Loader

from

the

for execution.

Loader requests source of input(s).
one
or
Type
device
names,
If an
separated by commas.
input device is a file-structured device,
include

filename(s).

five files can be
An
specified.
message (see Table 2-1) may appear
the entry of an IN command.

error

following

Examples

*IN-R:)

Input

one

from

tape

the

high-speed

paper

tape

tapes from the high-speed

paper

tape

reader.

*IN-R:,R:,R:)

Input three
reader.

*IN-S:INPT)

Input the file

*IN—S:BIN2,R:)

Input the file BIN2 from the system device and
tape from the high-speed paper tape reader.

*IN-S:BIN1,S:BIN2)

Input the files BINl
device.

device(s)

INPT

are

actually

found
responds with one
*ST=

from the

and

system device.

BIN2

from

system

valid and filenames (if any)
are
on
the
Loader
system
device,
asterisk for each correct input.

Loader requests
the
starting address
control
is
to
be
transferred
when
The address is typed in the
completed.

fnnnn

the

one

which
is

loading
form

where
start
this forces Loader to
f=field number;
the
into
specified‘ field until a

loading
"field

setting”

found in the

input

file

(omitted if field 0),

tape
and

nnnn=location within

field

Examples
*s'r= )

Load into

*ST=7600)
*sr=0)

Return

*ST=30225)

Load into

*sr=1oooo)

field 3.
location 225,

Jump

Load

into

Loader

field

field 1.
Monitor after

Return

time,

field 0.
Monitor after

loading into field 1.

prints a series
explained below.

now
as

each

Following

required

First up—arrow:
paper

one

Loader

input,

tape

put

of up—arrows,

typeout,

up-arrow

perform

3, after loading.

the

one

user

actions.

is
ready
the
tape

If
load.
in the reader.
to

Type CTRL/P.
Second up-arrow:
CTRL/P
Type
Loading Computer.
to
bring in data temporarily stored on the
the
disk by the Loader and transfer to
specified

again

address.
is used,
the reader.

starting

equipment

if Teletype paper tape
(Note:
turning on
type CTRL/P before

Multiple Input Files
An

up-arrow

input

file

insert the

is typed out as the processing of each
If paper tape input,
is
completed.
and
the
file
in
next
reader
type

CTRL/P.
Repeat

the

response

files
all
above step until
given in
the *IN— request have been processed.

to
After all files have been entered, type CTRL/P
jump to the previously specified starting address.

NOTE

After each

input

paper tape is read, the
paper tape version of Loader
the
user
to
types
CTRL/P
continue.
However, the low-speed paper
tape version HALTS.
when
Thus,
using
the
Teletype paper
for

high-speed
loops until

input,
PRESS

CONT

need not type CTRL/P but
the console and START the

this

point, Binary Loader disappears and
previously specified starting address.

the

2.5.2
An

user

tape reader.

paper
At

tape equipment

the

Binary

illegal

control

tranferred

Loader Error Messages

checksum

error

condition

causes

Loader

type

3
and

return

to Monitor

illegal filenames

2.6
The

SAVING

PROGRAMS

after a CTRL/P or
CTRL/C.
devices are as specified in

Error

messages

for

Paragraph 2.9.

(SAVE COMMAND)

SAVE command enables

the user to write core images
of
or
system
programs from core onto his system device for
call-in
subsequent
(CALL) and execution.
For example, a program which has been loaded
by
the
Binary Loader can be stored on the system device by the SAVE
or a
command;
previously saved program which has been called in and
modified
by DDT can be stored in its updated version on the system
device, overlaying the old version if desired.
user

Core images can be saved in units of one
or
occupying one block on the system device.

(see below)

written out.

though it

pages,
a

core

addresses only

were

For

each

page

specification

a portion of a
the
entire
page,
is
page
example, the core specification 45-150 is treated as

0-177.

Core

areas

to be

saved

contiguous or
core
32(10)
specifications, in
monotonically
increasing
single-page or multiple-page requests, can be entered in a single SAVE
command.
when the system device is
an
RF08
all
SAVE's
disk,
are

noncontiguous

executed

SO.

only by using PIP.

desired
the
by
combination
of
any

System and

user

files

N ,10
I

user.

can

may

stored

51, 52, etc.,

2.6.1
.SAVE

SAVE

Command Format

filename

SAVE

{E}

core-specifications,...; entry-point
Directs

Monitor to call

the

nonresident

SAVE

routine.
filename

(program name) to be assigned to the
This name will be
device.
the
systems
used to call the file later when the user wants to
Restrictions on
read
in and execute the program.
in
found
be
can
filenames
of
the
formation
saved
2.4.1.2.
program
Any
previously
Paragraph
filename

The

file

and
"filename"
same
with the
having the
extension will be automatically overwritten.

same

of
a
filename
the
is typed immediately after
user desires to save it as a system
the
file
if
in
saved
this
A
PIP).
program
program (e.g.,
can

manner

by simply typing its

called

name

(the word CALL is not required).

Monitor

;filename)
An

of
name
.SYS
extension
to the filename.

automatically

appended

a
of
filename
after
the
to save it as a user
desires
be
can
manner
A program saved in this
program.
called in and executed later via the CALL command.

: is
file

typed immediately
if

the

user

LCALL filename)
An

extension

appended

name

.USER

automatically

filename.

the

core-specifications Up to 32 core specifications can be entered in a
Each core specification is
SAVE
command.
single
The
separated from the following one by a comma.
last
core specification in the series is followed
Addresses are expressed in octal.
by a semicolon.
SINGLE-PAGE

CORE

SPECIFICATION

fnnnn
where

f=fie1d number

(can be omitted if field

0).
nnnn=any
user

location within the page which the
desires to save.

Examples
0

Saves

177)
3570

locations
field 0.

Saves

of
30100

Saves

177)
MULTIPLE-PAGE

When

user

page 0 (locations
of field 0.

CORE

wishes

3400

through

page 0 (locations
of field 3.

3577

through

several

SPECIFICATION
to

contiguous pages, he
specification in the

save
can

core

type

area

multiple-page

core

format

fnnnn(l)—nnnn(2)
where

f=field number

(can be omitted if field 0%

nnnn(l)=any location within the first page of
the
series
of
contiguous pages to be
saved.

nnnn(2)=any

location within the
last
of
page
series
of
contiguous pages to be
saved.
the

The

following

The

rules

beginning

apply.
address
be

request

must

address

(nnnn(l)

of
smaller

must

multiple-page
ending

than
the
be
smaller

than

nnnn(2)).
b.

Both

The field number (f) must be within the
range
of
no check for the
your
system;
however,
validity of this number is performed at SAVE

time

addresses must be in the

same

field.

Examples
0-7577

10000-7777

Saves

this

all of

field 0.

all of
field
is the same as

Note

that

typing

10000-17777
the following
for
explanation
how
the
field
number
(5th
significant digit to the left of
See

the decimal

2—12

point) is "remembered."

30425-745

400
locations
through
3 and 4) of field 3.

Saves

(pages

777

NOTE

Only

field

ONE

can

saved, a separate
given for each.
The entry
format

entry-point
“

point

annn
An

CALL

nonzero

remembered

and

(Remember:

only

Example:

The
SAVE
SAVE
SAVE
SAVE

time
was

saved

the

program,

the

(see explanation above)

entry point of 0

program

'The LAST

be saved by each SAVE
fields are to be
be
must
SAVE command

multiple

command.

causes

regardless

at
to Monitor
field into which the

return

of the

saved.

is
number encountered in a SAVE command string
to all other addresses in the command string.
field can be referred to in each command string.)

field

prefixed
one

following entries

are

identical in meaning.

PRGA:
PRGA:

10000-10777, 11400, 1600-17777; 10200
30000-777, 51400, 26000-7777; 10200

PRGA:

10000-777,1400,6000-7777;

PRGA:

each of these
because
the

0-777, 1400,

6000-7777;

200

10200

examples, all addresses are treated as being in field
last S-digit entry seen contained a most significant

digit 1.

2.6.2

SAVE

Command

Processing

list of the required pages is constructed from the information typed
a
block
Typing the terminating
and
requirement count is kept.
a
initiates
start
the
SAVE
to
directory name
return
carriage
()),
If a file having the same name as the
the
on
search
system device.
now
filename in the SAVE command is found, it is replaced by the file
a new file is created.
Next,
is
no such
file
If
found,
saved.
being
available
of
finds a sufficient number
a storage availability search
the
on
blocks
system device to satisfy the block requirement count.
corresponding block
(See above.) These block numbers are stored in a
the blocks are then filled with the contents of the pages to be
A

list;

When the SAVE process is completed, control returns to Monitor
saved.
(7600).

NOTE

The Monitor head

contains
a
HLT
instruction
at
location 7606. This can be used as a start address
for a SAVEd program when it is
desirable
not
to
have the program start automatically;

2.7

CALLING A

PROGRAM

(CALL COMMAND)

file has been loaded and saved, It can be called into
core
as
There are two types of CALL command strings:
one for system
programs and the other for user programs.

Once

desired.

The
a

command string format
command string in which

for system programs (programs saved
by
filename was followed by a !) is

CALL

SAVE

the

lfilename)
where
which
The

filename is
it.

the

same

the

one

used

in the

SAVE

command

string

saved

command string format for user programs (programs saved by
command string in which the filename was followed by a :) if

CALL

SAVE

:CALL
When

filename )

program is

the
called, a directory name search is performed on
Associated with the directory entry is the entry point
of the program and information concerning file protection
and
memory
If
the appropriate directory name entry is found and the
extension.
file has the proper extension (.SYS or .USER), calling
If
proceeds.
the
not,
calling process is terminated, ? is printed and control is
returned to Monitor.
When the system device is an RF08
disk,
system
and user files can be called into core only if they reside on 50.
a

system device.

2.8

MONITOR START

CONDITION

When

CTRL/C or

three

of old core
follow these steps:

core

start

pages

not

type

7000-7577

7600 has just occurred,
the
Monitor
saves
the disk scratch blocks.
To recover this

second

CTRL/C,

the

user

core

(the locations removed from core)

memory

are

still

from
the

disk.
2.

is
the
Type SAVE SCRATCH:
7000-7577; n) (n
to
which
control
system
program
returns,
FOCAL).

Type

CALL

SCRATCH.

This

restarts with

core

point
e.g.,

intact.

in
200

the

for

SYSTEM ERROR MESSAGES

2.9
As

input command string is

Monitor

syntax
responds with

Error messages

When

carriage

any
recognizes
is typed,

return

invalid input.

indicate

Monitor

typed,

being

and remembers it.

incorrect

output by Command Decoder

in Table

given

are

2-1.

Table 2-1
Error

System

Meaning

Message

Local

miscellaneous

‘0

Illegal syntax

Directory

Too

System I/O failure

errors

Messages

many

such

the

inputs

error

condition

systems device is full
or

outputs

were

entered

inputs

in each system program

are

given in Chapter

Persistence
Monitor time read or write errors cause a HALT to occur.
hardware failure, as the system I/o
a
indicates
condition
of
this
routine attempts to read or write three times before halting.

CHAPTER
SYSTEM

Monitor

The

System's library

PROGRAM LIBRARY

of programs

presently

consists

the

Disk System Editor (Editor),
(PIP),
Interchange
Program
Peripheral
and Dynamic
PAL-D Disk Assembler (PAL-D), 4K Disk FORTRAN (FORTRAN-D),
have the
All
Disk
programs
for
(DDT-D).
library
Debugging Technique
in
or
unit
DECtape
than
0;
capability of accessing disk units other
PIP is the
the
is
device,
disk
Where
unit.
system
systems any DECtape
Builder must be used to record
only program which can access DECtape.
A
it can be accessed by PIP.
before
the
on
a system directory
DECtape
section of this chapter is devoted to each program in the library.
makes
the Loader
program using the Monitor System,
the
are
The
be
queries
typed.
queries to which a reply must
will
however,
depending
The
all programs.
vary,
replies
of the program being loaded.
To

load

certain
same

for

the

particulars
When

Monitor
see
whether
program into core, first check to
CTRL
down
the
key
done
(hold
is
This
by typing CTRL/C

in
is
core.
echo
not
(print on the
CTRL/C does
while typing the C key). The
it
in
responds by printing a dot (.)
core,
teleprinter). If Monitor is
If a dot is not typed in
at the left margin of the teleprinter paper.
Refer to Chapter 2 for
Monitor is not in core.
to
CTRL/C,
response
into
core.
it
and
Monitor
information on building
putting

library system includes the Disk System Binary Loader
automatically saved on the disk at build time.
operating procedures see Paragraph 2.5.)
The
is

(LOAD) which
(For Loader

with
SAVE
command,
the disk may be saved by typing a
of
the
the
of
name
type
four-character
a
program,
word
the
SAVE;
and
a one or more
save,
it's
whether
page
or
(user
system),
program
the location of its starting address in response to the Monitor's dot,
as described in Paragragh 2.6.

Any program

called
be
it
may
saved on the system device,
the disk into core) merely by responding to
from
transferred
of
Monitor (to a dot) with the four characters designated as the name
that program, as explained in Paragraph 2.7.

After each program is

(i.e.,

3.1

PIP

Peripheral
Interchange
(PIP)
Program
performs
general
utility
such
as
operations,
listing the contents of specified directories,
deleting unwanted files from the system device,
files
transferring
between devices, and copying specified files.
is

PIP

designed

for the PDP-S/I, -8/L, and -8 computers only
and
can
Before PIP can copy onto a
any RFOB disk unit or DECtape unit.
DECtape, the Disk/DECtape System Builder must be used to build Monitor
on the DECtape
(see Section A.3).
access

3.1.1

PIP

and

starting

and

Saving

loaded into core as indicated in Appendix D. Core
requirements
address of the Loader are also found in Appendix D.

load

PIP

into core,

system responses

Call LOAD, using
Monitor,
explained in Chapter 2.

and

the

When

in core, PIP may be saved
on
the
as
a
system 'device
system
program
by Monitor, as indicated in Appendix D. (See Paragraph 2.6.1
for a detailed description of the SAVE format.)
When

PIP

is
.

loaded and

LOAD

saved, the printout resembles:

)

TIN—12:)
1'.

*Smg)
1?

(type CTRL/P)

zSAVE

3.1.2

PIP

Operating

o-5177;1ooo)

Procedures

Once

PIP has been loaded into
disk
it
can
be
core and saved on the
called in response to the Monitor dot.
If a dot is not present as the
last system response, type CTRL/C. The
printout appears as follows:

zPIP)
which

transfers

PIP

from the disk

into

core.

*OPT-

gand waits

for

one

the

following options.

PIP

responds with

MEANING

OPTION

List entire directory of

device

specified
Delete

area

of disk

0-176

blocks

Protect

specified

write-locked
to
copy of directory
of disk, as explained below

Move

to be

file

A or

RETURN

Copy

origin(s)

binary
to
origin(s)

and

(destination

file

ASCII

key

specified)
and
(destination
PIP
copies
specified).

file
be

relocatable binary-coded tapes (8K
Assembler output) to and from paper

SABR

tape

only.

origin(s)

and

to be

(destination

specified)
structured

user file
(file
and destination to be

Copy

origin

specified).

structured
file
(file
be
to
destination
and
origin(s)
specified). The U and S commands may not
destination
as
the
have
tape
paper
and
core
because the files are
images

Copy

have

carriage
RETURN

system

defined paper tape

format.

Monitor responds automatically with a
The *OPT line is not terminated with

Type only the option character;
the

file

binary

Copy FORTRAN

and line feed.
return
key because it is a meaningful

option.

listed
of
those
one
It is illegal to type any character other than
PIP
above.
ignores the request, types ? (question mark), and asks
For example,
for another option character.
G is

*OPT-G

not

legal option

character
.

T'r'op'rRefer

Appendix

for

table of valid

I/O devices for PIP.

option lists the entire directory of
or DECtape on which a directory exists, providing
the
system device
For example,
and a report on each file.
blocks
unused
of
the number
3.1.2.1

and

Options

The

LPIP )

User calls

list

*IN-Sz)

system device directory
PIP types number of free

FB=126

option

remaining
NAME

TYPE

.SYS
0)
EDIT
.SYS
0)
LOAD
.SYS
(0)
.CD.
0
.SYS
0
.SYS
Egg
DDT
.ASCII
FOO
.USER (0)
BAR
(.SYS
(0)

binary,
program,

(unused)

blocks

specified device

represents the version
number of the Monitor system
being used, followed by
filename and description;
e.g., PAL-D is a system
program in field 0 and
occupies 37(8) blocks of

0037
0016
0011
0007

00g;
0052
0001
0037

specifies

user

*FILE TYPE
where A,

the

PKLD

the

13g

When
with

PIP

*OPT-L

storage

the

(delete

file)

option,

PIP

responds

(A,B,F,U,S)U, and

S
are
the
legal
options
indicating ASCII,
binary
(compiler output), user program, and system
The option letter
be
respectively.
PIP
may
typed before

FORTRAN

completes the file type printout.
If the reply
replies:

(indicating

system file)

follows

the

option,

PIP

REALLY?
PIP will

delete

not
Y

system file unless

(meaning yes)

typed in

repeat the FILE TYPE request.

answer

the

question.

Any reply other than Y causes PIP
typed, PIP responds with

When Y is

*INand waits for the device
and
filename
deleted.
The printout would appear as:

the

system

file

*OPT-D

delete option speci(A,B,F,U,S)-S
fying system file,
:PILE
REALLY?N
user must reply with Y,
*FILE TYPE (A,B,F,U,S)-S PIP repeats request,
REALLY?Y
user replied
correctly,
PIP needs device and filename,
*IN-S:BAR‘)
TYPE

*OPT-

file is deleted and PIP
for the next option.

asks

When the
ask
for

file has been properly identified and deleted, PIP returns to
another
If filename BAR, in the example above, had
option.
not been on the specified device, PIP would have
ignored the
and

printed

? before

asking

for another

request

option.

For

example,

*INr;S:BAR)

BAR is

the

not

3
*OPTv

name

specified

file on the
device
NOTE

delete

the

is other

than

to
should not try
or LOAD.
files
.CD.
system

the

When

reply
*

and waits

printout

The

user

*FILE

(A,B,F,U,S)-

TYPE

PIP

asks

IN—

filename of the

for the device and
would appear as:

delete

*OPT—D
*FILE TYPE

(A,B,F,U,S)—B

The

file to be deleted.

option specifying

binary file;

device and file names:
file is deleted, PIP asks
for the next option.

*IN-SzBAfi)’
*OPT-

response
If the wrong option is specified, type the RETURN key in
PIP
for
data.
PIP's
ignores the request, prints a ?,
request
Example:
requests another option.
*OPT-L
*IN—

typed

user

and

by mistake

)

?
*OPT-

specify another option

now

and P Options
Options M and P, in conjunction with the
write-lock
switch, are used to protect the lower 16K of the
a
or
Either the system device
disk while using the system software.
is
Since
be
input
0-7
can
only
unit
numbered
specified.
DECtape
on
requested, the action Specified by the option is performed solely
M
use
the
to
it
not
is
For instance,
possible
the
device

3.1.2.2

hardware

specified.

option
The

option

25(10)
the

move

same

system directory

the

moves

filenames),
device.

also

allocation
block,
map)
For example, to
device.
printout is:

177, of
moves

block
move

the
copy

200, of

(the

block

directory

copy of the

system file directory,

the

option specifying

move

*INf53)

the

system device

PIP

asks

for another

option
not

directory which is moved should be one which does
likely to be deleted from the working directory after

files

first

device specified to block 3 of
SAM
the
first
(storage
of
that device to block 4 of that

*OPT-M
*OPTThe

first

copy of the

block

another device.

the

contain
move.

The

P option searches the first SAM
block
for
free
or
block,
200,
unused
blocks in the lower half of the first disk.
All unused blocks
are marked as being used
by Monitor, thus the lower half of the disk
to
have
no
unused
The write-lock
appears
space-~it is protected.
switch on the disk control unit can be activated and Monitor will
not
If all blocks in the lower
attempt to write on the protected portion.
half of the first disk are already used, the P
option does

This option
the

of
The

nothing.

functions

independently

copy of

protect option specifying
the system device

*OPTFiles

PIP

asks

for another

option

.SYM and .DDT should g9; be in the protected area of
the
disk.
scratch files used by DDT-D and PAL-D during their operation

are

require
typical
a.

to
the
PAL-D
disk.
(See
Section 3.5.1 of this manual.)

output

DEC-DB—ASAB-D,
Some

Unless

directory has been previously moved, there is no way
(short
to recover the space used by the P option.
rebuilding the disk)
printout would look as follows:

*IN-S:)

and

the M option.

true

*OPT-P

They

and

uses

for the M and P

save

and P,

options

specific disk

ASSEMBLER,

are:

(or DECtape)

set write-lock

DISK

switch

status.

and to operate

protected.

3.1.2.3
A, B, F, U, and S Options
Options A, B, F,
U,
used to transfer (copy) files from one device to another.
these five options is requested PIP responds with
-

and

When

any

are

*OUTand waits for input of the destination
(output file or
the
destination
is
disk
or DECtape,
the name of

device),
the

file.

and,
For

example,
*OPT-A

copy

*OUT-S;ASCI)

specifying
file

ASCII

For

file

destination

and

name

if more
Only one destination is legal;
ignores the response, prints the error
to Monitor.

the

than

one

message E,

is
PIP
specified,
and returns control

example,

*OPT-A

copy

*OUT-S:ASCI,§

PIP recognizes the comma, which is
used
to
file
and
device ‘names,
separate
control returns to Monitor

ASCII

file

NOTE

The L and

PIP's

return

options

(*OPT-) when an illegal
option request
other
all
and
is
entered,
response

options

return

control

Monitor.

destination
*,
by \responding with
for
the
waits
and
and
input
*IN—,
feed,
return/line
carriage
An
to
is
originate.
that is, from where the input
specification;
to specify more than one input to any but the A option causes
attempt
return
and
error
the
E,
the response, type
message
PIP to

PIP

indicates

acceptance of the

ignore

control to Monitor.

example

For

file

FORTRAN

*OPT-F

copy

*0UT-S:FORT)

specifying system device

PIP

*IN-S:,§

input

and

filename

destination

accepts
to system device,

used to
control

separate device
to

returns

comma

names

Monitor

found
not
specified to any option is
input file
the * and
of
in
I
an
PIP
place
device,
prints
specified
For example:
control to Monitor.

If the

*IN-S:FIL2)

the

copying begins

the

*IN-s;FIL3)

file

does

exist;

when

the

returns

CTRL/P is typed,

file does not exist
control returns to Monitor

input is from DECtape there is a noticeable pause between the
the input device is specified and the time t is printed-~Monitor
time
1
before
for
the
is searching the DECtape directory.
Always wait
PIP returns to the
is
If
CTRL/P
typed
prematurely,
CTRL/P.
typing
option mode and ignores the current request.

When

If the

specified
prints an
the

file

option

specified (copy
as

appears
and control
directory for file
I

binary file),

but

the

ASCII file, it is not acceptable;
Use the L option
returns to Monitor.
an

filename
and PIP
check

type.

files Ito
allows any combination of up to 11 ASCII input
the
the
order
in
file
input
one
by
into
specified
output
merged
do
Generalized subroutines can be written as separate files to
list.
each
these
with
combined
and
often
specialized
repeated operations
such
to
rewrite
program BEFORE assembly thereby eliminating the need
PIP acknowledges each legal input file
each program.
for

The
be

option

operations
by printing

file
or
disk
DECtape
tape file should not be merged with a
is going onto disk or DECtape--an illegal character
output
tape
Instead, copy each paper
may be inserted between the two files.
and THEN merge the disk or DECtape files
or DECtape,
disk
onto
file
of
end
at
PIP merges ASCII files only (see examples
into one file.
this Section).

A paper

when

the

The

F, U, and S options are all formatted
the
destination
and origin
requires
The following example copies the system file
3, using filename PIPX.
B,

each

in the
of the

same

fashion,

file

from disk to

PIP

and

copied.
DECtape

*OPT-S
*OUT-D3 :PIPX)

PIP acknowledges each legal file by
printing an * for each file

*IN—S:PIP)

User

*OPT-

types CTRL/P after every

copies only one segment (a section of paper tape delimited by
leader/trailer code) of a binary paper tape onto disk or DECtape.
If
a multi-section
binary tape is copied onto the disk using PIP,
only
the
first
section
of the tape is read onto the disk even though the
entire tape passes through the reader.
all
of
a
Therefore, to copy
PIP

multi-section
be

copied

binary tape
a

separate

tape after each section

PIP, however, copies
punch.
'

the disk or DECtape, each section must
for example, by physically cutting
the
and then copying each section separately.
onto

file;

multi-section

summary of the

copy

binary tape

the

paper

tape

features

presented below.

Number of
High Speed
Option Input Files Disk DECtape Reader/Punch Teletype
ASCII

Binary

11
1

Yes

Yes
Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes

FORTRAN

Binary

1
1
1

User

System

Yes

No
No

Examples:

;PIP)

User calls

PIP
and requests the list option
of the system device directory

*OPT-L

*IN-S:)

PIP

FB=0121
NAME

TYPE

LOAD

.CD.
PIP
DDT

.SYS
.SYS
.SYS
.SYS
.SYS

remaining

(unused)

specified

device

PALD
EDIT

types number of free

blocks

0
0

(0}
0!
02

=ASCII

0037
0010
0011
0007
0025
0052

F00

,USER‘O! 0091

BAR

.SYS

0037

followed by filename and description;

'e.g.,vPAL-D IS

in field 0 and
of storage

occupies 37(8)

SYSTEM PROGRAM

blocks

User

*OPT-D

requests the delete option

REALLY?!

and specifies type of file, U(user)
file
and
device
and
filename;
deleted
User requests the delete option
and specifies type of file, S
(system) (PIP double checks); Y is

*IN-S:BAR.)

only meaningful answer
User specifes file and filename;

*FILE TYPE

(A B,F,U,S)-U

*IN-SzFfifi)
*OPT-D
*FILE TYPE(A,B,F,U,s)-S

the
file

is deleted

request list option

*OPT-L

User

*IN-S:)

and system device directory,
Note increase of 40(8) free blocks

FB=0161

(see

above)

*OPT-D
*FILE TYPE

User

(A,B,F,U,S)-S

EEZLLY?N
*FILE

TYRE

(A,B,F,U,S)-S
(A,B,F,U,S)-S

request
Even if user responds to REALLY?
with Y, PIP does not delete the
Monitor file

*IN-S:EX(:)
3_
*OPT-D
*FILE TYPE

*IN—S:fi5NES

(A,B,F,U,S)-U

knows NONE is not an existing
filename on the system device
and responds with ?
User requests ASCII file option
PIP also knows when the filename
EDIT is
and file type don't match;
PIP

‘

user

*OPT-D
*FILE TYPE

*Ifi-SzEDIT)

(A B,F

S)-A
"

*OPT-D
*FILE TYPE
?

is only response for deletion of
other responses
system file;
cause PIP repeat the file type
Y

fiEKEEY7W
*FILE TYPE
REALLY?Y

requests delete option

system program

(A‘BgFIUlS)-B

IN-S:EDIT)

*OPTfrom
Merge into an ASCII paper tape on the high speed punch, one tape
the reader, one tape from the Teletype, one file from disk called SRC,
and one file from DECtape 7 called SRCl.

*OPT-A

*OUT—R:)

*l* IN-R:,T:,S:SRC,D7:SRC1)

Hslflx
&

1???

(TYPE CTRL/P after each file)

O m '1‘—

Copy the system file PIP from disk

DECtape using filename PIPX.

*OPT-S
OUT-D33PIPX )
*

;IN-S:PIP)
:_

(TYPE CTRL/P)

*OPT-

3.1.3
With

Using

PIP

RF08

disk

in
as

RF08

System

system device,

inputs

and

outputs

specified

are

by SO:,Sl:,etc.
Examples:
*OPT-S

*OUT-51:LLDR)
*
*IN-SO :LLDR)

3.2

EDITOR

Editor

(Disk System Editor)

enables

the

user

symbolic

on-line
from the Teletype
programs
program may be either printed on the Teletype,
using the high- or low-speed punch, or stored
an

ASCII

the

file.

Editor operates either in command
typed
input is
interpreted as

or
a

text

mode.

command

In
to

and

generate

keyboard.
punched on

The

paper
tape
system device as

command

perform

mode, each
a

certain

In text mode, all typed input is interpreted
operation.
as
text
replace, to be inserted into, or to be appended to the contents of

text

The
the

with

edit

symbolic

the

buffer.

command

language

of the

Disk System Editor is identical to that of
5 of Introduction to Programming)

PDP-8
Symbolic Editor (Chapter
the following exceptions.

CTRL

Commands:

Always

CTRL/C

progress
command mode.

returns

control

and

stops

During output,

CTRL/P

Monitor.

Commands:

Output entire contents of the buffer followed
by a form feed and return to command mode.

followed
n,
command mode.

Output line

return

Output lines
feed, return

m,nP

form

n, followed by
command mode.

through

feed,

form

Illegal command
file
entire
(perform enough NEXT
transfer the remaining input to
to
end—of-file
an
create
output file) and

Process

commands
the

only

indicator
(legal
system device).

These

Certain keys have special operating functions.
associated

functions

are

listed

output

their

and

keys

the

3-1.

in Table

Table

for

3-1

Special Key Functions

Key
(RETURN)

Text

Command
RUBOUT

Functions

Mode

Text

text buffer.

Enter the line in the
Execute the command.

one
to
left
from
Delete
right
character for each rubout typed (is
a
READ
effect
in
not
during

command).

FORM FEED

CTRL/U

(period)

command.

Delete

Text

Command

return
End of
input,
mode.
List the next line.

Text

Deletes

the

entire

line

command

text

and
entered
being
a
return/line
carriage
Line counter is unchanged.
feed.
commands
Cancels
typed and
just
a
return/line
carriage
performs
*
is displayed.
feed.

currently
performs
Command

entire

Command

aras
used
line counter
with
combination
or
in
alone
gument
+ or
and a number.

Current
-

3-11

(Continued

page)

Table

3-1

(Cont.)

Special Key
Mode

Key

Functions

(slash)

Functions

Command

Value

equal

number

in buffer and used
LINE

FEED

Text

line

argument.

return/line

Command

combination
into
the
searched.
List the next line.

Command

List the next line.

feed

line

being

(left angle bracket)
Command

last

in SEARCH command to insert

Used

carriage

ESCape

List the previous

line.

(right angle bracket)

(equal sign)
:(colon)

Command

List the next

Command

Used in conjunction with
and /
obtain their value (.=0027).

Command

Lower
as

CTRL/TAB

Table

3—2

Text

case

line.

character,

same

function

is
output,
interpreted
tab/rubout combination.

summary of

Editor commands.

Table

3—2

Summary of Editor
Command

Format(s)

READ

Commands

Meaning
Read incoming text
buffer
until
a

and

append

form
feed
is
encountered.
If
the
low-speed
reader
is used, Editor pauses when
a form feed is encountered
so
the
reader can be turned off.
Type any
'character
to
return
to
command

mode.
APPEND

A )

Append incoming text from Teletype
to
any already in the buffer until
a

LIST

L)
nL)
m,nL)

form feed

encountered.

List the entire buffer.
List the line n.
List lines m through n.

(Continued

page)

Table

3-2

(Cont.)

Summary of Editor Commands

Command

Format(s)

OUTPUT

(PUNCH)

Meaning
Output the entire contents of the
and
followed by a form feed

buffer

When input
to command mode.
and
reader
the
from
is
low-speed
a
output is to the low-speed punch,
to
Editor
causes
pause,
P command
to allow time to turn on the punch.
return

Any character may be typed

begin

the
When
specified
punching.
amount has been punched, the Editor
the punch can be turned
so
pauses
return
character to
off.
any
Type
a P and
mode.
Using
command
to
in
K
a
then an E, without typing
be
to
buffer
the
causes
between,

written

twice.
followed by

nP)

Output line

m,nP)

Output lines m through
by a form feed.

TRAILER

'1')

Punch

form

feed.

four

followed

inches of trailer.

form
Punch the entire buffer and a
read
and
buffer
the
kill
feed;
from
When the input is
next page.
Editor
pauses
the low-speed reader,
that
at the end of an N command so

Type
reader may be turned off.
command
to return to
character
any
If
text in the buffer.
with
mode
N
the
before
out
runs
the tape
the

Editor prints
mode
command
?
The
buffer.
an
with
empty
indicates that Editor tried to read
the physical end of the input
past
the
to
is
When
output
tape.
command
N
an
punch,‘
low-speed
the
before
causes Editor to pause
If the
first punch operation only.
the
before
N command is completed
is
entire
processed, the
tape

command is
a

and

completed,

returns

the
specified
Editor pauses after
of N's have been processed.
number
and
At this point, both the reader
Type
the punch should be shut off.
command
to
any character to return

nN)
KILL

mode.

Repeat the above sequence

times.

Kill the buffer.
3_13

(Continued

page)

Table

Summary
Command

Format(s)

DELETE

nD)

3-2

(Cont.)

Editor Commands

Meaning
Delete line n. Editor does not
use
the
core
locations made available

m,nD)
INSERT

by line deletion until
command is given.
Delete lines In through

before line 1 all text until
form feed is encountered.
Insert before line n until
a
form
feed is encountered.
Insert

nI)
CHANGE

rut)

Delete

line n and replace
number
of
lines
a
form
keyboard until
any

m,nC)

MOVE

m,n$kbl)

GET

(E)
IK;)

it
with
from
the
feed
is

encountered.
Delete lines m through
n,
replace
from
keyboard as above until form
feed is encountered.
Move and inSert lines
before line k.
Get

and

list

the

through

line

list the
next
line
with
a
Start
tag.
line n.

which
search

tag.

and

begins
with
SEARCH

8‘)

nS)
m,nS)

beginning with
Get

Search the entire
buffer
for
the
character
not
specified
(but
echoed) after the carriage
return;
allow modification when found.
Search

line

above,

allow

modification.
Search

lines

through

allow

modification.
END FILE

El)

Process the
entire
file
(perform
NEXT
commands
to pass the
enough
remaining input to the output file)
then
two
form-feed
output
characters
end-of
signifying an
file;
legal only for output to the
If
the
system device.
low-speed
reader
is
the
E
command
used,
causes Editor to
until
the
pause
reader
is
turned
low-speed
on.
After
the
is
read
and
tape
the
Editor
processed
closes
the
file
and
returns
to
Monitor
control.
If there is no additional
tape to be
read,
typing
any

character

causes

closed normally.
3-14

the

file

to be

NOTE

of
reader
runs
out
speed
the
reader is turned off
if
the
Editor
before a form feed is read,
a ? and returns to command mode.
prints
contains
material
buffer
The
already
Text entries should be terminated
read.
If

the

tape,

low

text
The
with the FORM FEED character.
buffer
has
capacity for 50 to 60 lines
and
the
of text or 3,600
characters;
should be limited to this number
source
This
ensures
characters.
of lines or
that no buffer overflow will occur.

to
taken
with
If a tape is prepared off-line, care must be
respect
If input is from the low-speed reader, the Editor ignores
form feeds.
For this reason, AT LEAST one
the next character after the form feed.
should be punched after a form feed in an off-line tape.
blank
space
(Using Editor prepared tapes eliminates this problem.)

whenever
Editor prints an error message consisting of a question mark
information
is requested or an inconsistent or incorrect
nonexistent
a
The question mark is followed by
format is used to type a command.
carriage return/line feed and the command is ignored.

of data when
The
available.
to
indicate
failsafe technique causes the message FULL to be printed
The failsafe operation continues as follows:
the buffer is filled.
Editor performs
of
the
output

The

failsafe

text

and

either is
2.

operation
the

commands

the

disabled.

are

the

preclude

disk exceeds

loss

space

printed

when

attempted.

the
text
by
no
If
there
is
and a P command is issued the Editor
loops,
waiting for the high-speed punch flag. At this point the
at
location
restarted
0177,
program should be stopped and
putting Editor into command mode with the buffer still
L
command
The buffer can be recovered by using the
intact.
A

P command

causes

punching it on
high-speed punch

with

the

Editor to attempt

the

high-speed

low-speed punch

save

punch.

turned on.
NOTE

Before the punched
is
reloaded
output
into
the
the
first
and last
buffer,
lines of the buffer should be inspected.
If
the
punch was turned on beforehand,
the first line
is
and
the
L.RETURN;
last
line
is * because Editor returned
These lines should
be
to command mode.

deleted.

standard
functions
All
editing
failsafe technique has occurred.

3—15

are

available

after

the

If the

computer halts

while

reading from
of

cause

Editor is
Loader.

Appendix
To

and

paper

the

tape

occupies locations

Binary
shown

into core,

core,

call

explained

LOAD,
at

the

using Monitor, and reply to the
beginning of this chapter and in

Editor may be saved on the system
as indicated in Appendix D.

device

system

by Monitor

program

(See

from
punched
in
it
core,
‘

load Editor

Saving

loaded into core
Editor
is
When

responses
system
Paragraph 2.5.
When

location 2330, a system
error
has
occurred
Run disk maintenance tests to determine
disk.

error.

3.2.1

the

Paragraph 2.6.1

for

detailed

description of

the

SAVE

format.)

sample printout for loading and saving Editor is:

;LOAD)

*IN-R:)
*

;ST=7600)
.3 1
AVE

"ml
3.2.2

EDIT!0-3377;2600)(See Appendix D.)

Procedures

Operating

Editor is

transferred

from the

system device

into

core

by Monitor

when

EDIT)
is

typed.

Editor is

now

core

and

responds by typing

*OUT-

devices:
for
(T:)
following output
low-speed
for high-speed reader/punch;
(S:name) for output
to the system device on a file called NAME immediately after OUT-.
(E
be
must
typed to properly close the output file.) If the specified
when
not
declared
device is not valid, that is,
building Monitor,
with
an
Editor
error
2.9) and returns
(see
message
Paragraph
responds
a
table
of
valid
control to Monitor.
Refer to Appendix F for
I/O

Type

one

reader/punch;

devices

the

(R:)

for EDIT.

it
responds
recognizes a valid device,
carriage return/line feed and *IN-, as shown below.

When Editor

with

asterisk,

*
*

IN—

Specify the input device by typing T: , R:
as when replying to
*OUT-, above.

S:name

the

same

manner

The

responds with

Editor

*OPT-

Specify
B

one

of the

Preserve

(spaces)
space
D

following options.
Editor normally
blanks.
with
tabs,
resulting
the system device.

replaces
in

multiple blanks
saving of

considerable

from
the
is
system
input
if
desired.
for
(File
output
allowing
space
device,
the
name remains on
directory but without any assigned
Enter

dynamic

deletion mode if

thus

blocks.)
functions of B and D

Combine the

RETURN

None of the above options;
blanks to tabs, and not D.

Editor

responds
feed
return/line

and

options.

assume

conversion of two

a
of
the
above
carriage
options with
The entire printout might appear as
asterisk.

one

follows.

indicates
the
above
The appearance of the last asterisk in
example
the
user's
on
and
to
is
that
Editor
symbolic
operate
accept
ready
program.

The

symbolic

typed into

program can now be read into core with
with the A command (see Table 3-2).

the

command

core

Examples:

4LOAD )

Call Loader using Monitor
Input to be from high-speed reader
Input device valid
Return to Monitor after loading
Editor is loaded
and saved on the system device
Call Editor using Monitor

*IN-R:)
t

TST= )
11

:sAVE EDIT!0-3377;2600)
;EDIT )

*OUT- SzSRCl)

Output

system

device,

file

nmwdsml
*

:IN-R:)

Input to be from high-speed reader
Input device valid
No blanks, no dynamic deletion mode

709T*R

Read

incoming

text

entire file
Call Editor using Monitor
Process

sln IN-S:SRC1)
5" wa
o

Disk

deletion

lost.)

name

valid

incoming

text

/STARTING

ADDRESS

/GET LOEER

LIMIT

PROGRAM

l(IOaIEClgls

example,

dynamic

use

option desired

Read

Cmx

The

file will

List the entire buffer

9| LOCK

hlflflt

Input from filename SRCl
File

wltln:I*RIoO"\’

(Don't

output,

mode

(G ET

(CTRL

UPPER LIMIT
P was typed

(CTRL/C
Editor does not always
when

creating

here,

was

stopped listing of buffer)

typed here)

require specific input

file

from

the

keyboard

valid :

LEDIT)

*OUT-S:FILE )

int)
*

:OPT- )
*Au)

—TEXT

MAY

KEYED-IN

KEYBOARD......

DIRECTLY

FROM

THE

the

output.

For

following is

not
counter
is
are deleted the value of the current line
The counter is
the number of the line preceding the deletion.
of
the
case
in
set to the number of the line deleted, or
multiple
deletion, it is set to the number of the line first deleted.

When

lines

set

Example:

m.)

TAD(-l

:.=0024
*.D

1.=0024

:2,5L)

TAD

S-Z

DCA CNT
TAD TEMP
JMP

.-1

:2,50)
*.=0002

3.3

PAL-D

DISK

ASSEMBLER

is
the
(PAL-D),
grogram Assembly Language for the Qisk system
symbolic assembly program designed primarily for the 4K PUP-8 family
The

of
of

computers with disk

DECtape.

(8K

PAL-D

expanded

version

4K PAL-D and both binary tape and documentation are available from
DECUS (Digital Equipment Corporation User's Society) upon request.)
/

compatible with PAL III except in the way it recognizes
MACRO-8 in respect to the
and
with
Reference
Instructions,
Boolean operators, linkage generation,
literals,
following features:
It does not have user-defined macros, floating
and
a
text facility.
The
reader
should
point constants, or double precision numbers.
review the 4K ASSEMBLER MANUAL (DEC-08-LAS4A-A-D) before proceeding.
PAL-D

Memory

The

performs many useful functions, making machine
Basically,
programmming easier, faster, and more efficient.

4K PAL-D Assembler

language

the
user's
the Assembler
processes
translating mnemonic operation codes

statements
by
program
into the binary codes needed in
numeric
machine instructions, relating symbols to
values,
assigning
and
and
instructions
for
absolute
core
addresses
data,
program
preparing an output listing of the program which includes notification
of any errors detected during the assembly process.
source

(pseudo-ops) may be used to direct PAL-D to perform
certain
tasks
or to interpret subsequent coding in a certain manner.
or
Instead of generating instructions
data,
pseudo-ops direct the
with
the
to
Assembler
on
how
Pseudo-ops are
assembly.
proceed
maintained in the Assembler's permanent symbol table.
Pseudo-operators

The

following is

summary of PAL-D's

pseudo-ops.

Table
PAL-D

3-3

Pseudo-Operators

Pseudo-

Explanation

Operator

PAGE

Set

current

location

counter

first

location

counter

first

location

page

page.
PAGE

Set

current

FIELD

Punch all

literals (a FIELD mark is punched followed by
at
To
location
code
at
assemble
200).
400 in field 1 write:

origin

location

FIELD

*400
DECIMAL

Interpret subsequent integers

decimal.

OCTAL

Interpret subsequent integers

octal.

XLIST

Data

TEXT

Input

End of

PAUSE

End-of-file or paper tape,
to next file or paper tape

text

Erase

FIXTAB

Append

before

the

strings in

Indirect

Page

van

line

SYMBl

program,

code

listing.

trimmed to six bits.

terminate

current

pass.

suspend processing,
proceed
resume processing.

and

symbols

defined

reference.

REFERENCE

such

SYMBZ

all

Addressing.

zero

MEMORY

of code

ASCII

third pass

FIXTAB.

Disk Assembler uses
reference instructions

appear

permanent symbol table

PAL-D

nory

permanent symbol table, except pseudo~ops.

is not

symbolic

EXPUNGE

COGNITION
3

enclosed

as:

INSTRUCTIONS

a different
criterion
than does PAL III.

for

recognizing

will
PAL-D
neither SYMBl nor SYMBZ is an assembler
pseudo-op,
is a
if
SYMBl
instruction
reference
as
a
line
this
treat
only
memory
the
that
Note
a permanent symbol.
SYMBZ
is
not
and
permanent symbol
category
"permanent symbol" includes user-defined symbols that have
FIXTAB
via
the
table
PAL-D
the
to
been added
symbol
permanent

where

pseudo-op.
for
and
symbols
All other combinations of
non-permanent
permanent
a
as
be
treated
line
to
the
will
cause
SYMBZ
and
SYMBl
be
The values of SYMBl and SYMBZ will
microinstruction.
inclusively
ORed
together and this resultant value will be generated as code for
be
cautious
Because of these considerations, users should
the line.
in their use of FIXTAB pseudo-op.

especially

Note

that,

(FADD, FSUB...... FPUT)
and must be followed by

floating

the

must be

defined

pseudo-op,

FIXTAB

complete list of

the
as

instructions
point
beginning of a program
follows:

FADD=1000
FSUB=2000

FPUT=6000
FIXTAB

Refer to Appendix G
contained in PAL-D.

for

all

the

permanent

symbols

4K PAL-D PROGRAM PREPARATION AND ASSEMBLER OUTPUT
on PAL III Program Preparation and Assembler
PAL-D with the following exceptions:

information

The

applicable

Output

and
preceded
listing and is
symbol table is punched after the
The symbol
a small amount of leader/trailer
followed
(200) code.
by
and
table tape will be punched whether or not a listing is requested,
or
the
on
the
terminal
on
either
will
punch
high-speed
punch
appear
output, depending upon the device being used.
The

It is
next

of
the
to terminate any pass
assembly by typing a
the console terminal.
CTRL/P causes PAL-D to go on to the
of the assembly.
by
Assembly can be terminated at any time

possible

CTRL/P

pass

typing

CTRL/C.

will
remain
lines
During the listing pass note that blank
is
character
feed
the
form
and
ASCII)
(214
ignored.
listing
The
8

4K PAL-D
pages

the

symbol table has room for 161 symbols in core (about 6 to
That number can be expanded as explained in
an average).

paragraph 3.3.1.
pass 2, the binary output
Disk Monitor System Binary Loader.

Following

can

loaded

into

core

the

3.3.1

Saving

loaded into

is
Loader.
in core.
PAL-D

and

Appendix

the
-from
punched paper tape by
Binary
illustrates the locations occupied when PAL-D is

core

load PAL-D into core,

system responses
When

the

core,

system

PAL-D may

device

D.
(See Paragraph
format.)

Appendix
SAVE

2 :ample

using Monitor
beginning of

call LOAD

explained

the

to
and
reply
this chapter.

the

disk or DECtape.
Saving PAL-D on
Monitor
is described in
by
program
system
detailed
2.6.1 for a
description of the
saved

printout for loading

and

saving

PAL-D'

is:

(see

Paragraph

.LOAD)

:IN-R:
*

sT=7500)
3"
.SAVE

user's
user-defined

PALD10-757736200)

resident
can
hold
160(decimal)
symbol table
This may be
under
the
Disk
Monitor
symbols
System.
.SYM
which
expanded by saving on the system device a user file named
can be
Each user-defined symbol
used by PAL-D to store extra symbols.
The symbol table can be expanded by 128(decimal)
occupies four words.
'or
locations
core
(one
200(octal)
page) by saving a file with the
following statement.
The

core

_._SAVE .sm:o—177;o)
If

larger symbol table

where
For
symbols.

each

pages,

is
saved

area

page

(192

needed,

provides

simply

will

save

specify

storage

for

symbols)
additional
additional

example:

;SAVE .SYM:O-377;0)
will

user

two core

(224

user

symbols)

(416

user

symbols)

pages, and

;SAVE

.SYM:0-l777;0)

eight

core

pages

for

symbol

storage.

3.3.2

Operating

Procedures

used to transfer

Monitor is

PAL-D

from

the

device

‘system

core.

Begin by typing

.PALD)
PAL-D

responds

with

request for the output device

*ou'r-)
Select

the output

device by

one

of the

following.

)

for the

low-speed reader/punch

R:)

for the

high-speed reader/punch

for output

S:name)
Refer to

specifying

Appendix

the

system device

file

called

NAME
F

for

table of valid

I/O devices.

responds with:

PAL-D then
*

IN—

five
and waits for specification of the input device(s). Up to
T:
be
devices
),
T:,
R:,
R:,
(for
R:,
example,
specified
may
this example input from the high-speed reader was selected.

input
but

R:)
If

the

devices in the parenthetical example above had been
specified,
have typed an asterisk for each input device that it found

PAL-D would

valid.
the
valid
device
ris
When PAL-D is satisfied that the input
(i.e.,
is
exist
or
the
file
device
does
present on the file-structured
device), it requests the third-pass listing option by printing
*OPT-

Type

one

of the

following.

meaning listing and symbols
produced on the terminal

are

meaning listing and symbols are
produced on the high-speed punch

symbols

are

RETURN

key

any other character

meaning
printed
means

no
on

third pass
desired,
the terminal

third pass desired.
3-23

that blank

lines remain in the listing and that
form-feed
(214)
could
not
be
treated
because of limited core, is
properly,
ignored in the present version.

Note

which

The

entire printout
.

might

appear

follows.

PALD )

*OUT-T: )
*

*IN-Rz)
*

*OPT-T )

the high-speed
is
selected
as
a
punch
listing
alphabetic symbol table produced at the end of pass 3 is
on the high-speed punch.
When

the
device,
produced

also

is now ready to proceed with the
assembly,
pausing only when
intervention
is required (i.e., placing a new paper tape in the
reader, turning off the punch, etc.). On these occasions, PAL-D prints
an
on
the terminal and waits for a CTRL/P to continue
(f)
up-arrow
with the assembly.
When using the low-speed
reader
on
input i.e.,
PAL-D

user

(IN-T:),

terminates
does

not

CTRL/P

any

pass

must be

and

typed BEFORE turning the reader on.
automatically begins the next one.

CTRL/P
(CTRL/P

echo.)

When using the disk as an output device, the
to be loaded for execution following pass 2.

compiled binary

ready

The symbol table will be output at the end of pass 2 if the third
pass
has not been requested.
If pass 3 is requested, PAL-D will follow the
in
assembly listing with the user's symbol table
order
alphabetical
(in addition to the assembled binary output).

Type CTRL/C

to terminate assembly and return control to Monitor at
any
The
Symbol Table is punched after the listing and is preceded
and followed by 38 frames of leader/trailer (200)
The
code.
symbol
is
tape
punched whether or not a listing is requested, and appears
either
on
the
terminal
or
When
is
high-speed punch.
assembly
complete, control is automatically returned to Monitor.

time.

PAL-D
makes
error
checks
as
it
source
many
processes
When
statements.
an error is detected the Assembler
prints
The format of the error messages is
message.
nn

where

language
an

error

xxxx

is a two-letter code which specifies the type of
and
error,
is either the absolute octal address where the error occurred or
the address of the error
relative to the last symbolic tag (if there
was one)
on the current page.
nn

xxxx

PAL-D's

error

messages

are

listed and
3-24

explained in Table

3-4.

Table

3-4

PAL-D Error

Explanation

Error Code

Messages

Two

PAL—D internal

situation

tables

have

This

overlapped.

usually be corrected by decreasing
the level of literal
nesting or the number of
current
page literals used prior to this point on
the
DE

can

page.

System device

trying

three
failures,
Monitor.
DF

when
detected
An error was
after
write the system device;
to
the
is
returned
control

error.

read

the
The capacity
of
system
System device full.
device
has been exceeded;
assembly is terminated
and control is returned to the Monitor.

Illegal

character.

illegal

character

was

encountered other than in a comment or TEXT field;
the
the
and
character
is
ignored
assembly

continues.

ID,

Illegal redefinition of
made
value

by means

symbol
IE

give

to
was

not

symbol.

attempt

was
a

new

the

redefined.

Illegal equal sign.
wrong

previously defined symbol
other
than
an
equal
sign;
a

equal sign

was

used in

the

sign

context.

Examples:
TAD A+=B
A+B=C

The
not

expression to the
a single symbol.

left of the

equal

Illegal indirect address.
was

the

An
reference
off-page
link could not be generated because
indirect bit was already set.

made;

Example:
*200
TAD

IPAGE
7240

(Continued

page)

Table

3—4

(Cont.)
Messages

PAL-D Error

Error Code

Explanation
The program

terminator, $, is missing

(with

TSS/8

only).
PE

Current nonzero

exceeded.

page

attempt

made to:

Override

can

Decreasing

the number

the

literals

the

number

instructions

page.

missing

misplaced.

control

returned

Symbol table
control
is
table may be

is terminated
the Monitor.

Assembly

exceeded.

Undefined

symbol.

during

pass

of pass

that

the Monitor;
contain up to

symbol

was

zero
exceeded.
reference to page 0.

Page

and

Assembly is terminated

returned

expanded to
by saving a file named .SYM
(Disk Monitor System only.)

device.

this

literal;

Phase error.
PAL-D has received input files in an
incorrect order;
program terminator ($) is either

symbols

Decreasing
the

instruction,

instruction with

corrected

page,

literal with

was

not

Same

and
the symbol
1184
user
the system

has
been
processed
defined before the end

except

with

this

Examples:
The

following

example

shows

the

entire

section.

process

.LOAD)

Call Loader

*IN-R:)

Input

Loader

found

Return

to Monitor after

*ST= )

from

covered

high-speed

input

reader

device valid

PAL-D is

loaded

_._SAVE PALD10-757776200)

PAL-D is

saved

_._PALD)

Call PAL-D

*o_U'r-_S:BIN )

Output

Filename

filename
and

(see Appendix D)

disk

BIN

system

system device
valid

device

for

output

*IN-R:)

Input from high-speed reader

Reader is

*OPT-R

Output listing and symbols

valid

input

device
on

high-speed

punch
11

be typed
after
for
in
reader
input and output are

source

tape

(If both
device, no f's

;LOAD )

inserting

CTRL/P should

Monitor;

user

pass.

system

typed.)

are

Assembly is finished;
to

each

called

*IN-S :BIN )

Input from filename

Filename and

BIN

system

control
returns
the Loader.
on

system device

device

valid

for

the

input

*s-r=7606)
_1_1_

to
the
Transfer control
Monitor after loading the

CTRL/P typed
each

two times

HALT
user

program

response

User program is
loaded;
halts with user program in

the
core

computer

3.4

FORTRAN-D

is
FORmula TRANslation for the Disk System
(FORTRAN-D),
of PDP-8 4K FORTRAN designed for PEP-8 computers
DECtape units and 4K words of core memory.

version

a
modified
with disk or

FORTRAN-D contains a compiler and an operating
The
FORTRAN
system.
compiler is used to convert a source program into an object program.
The FORTRAN operating system is used to execute the object program.

version
communication.

FORTRAN
is
facilitate
designed to
commands
can
be
Appropriate
typed at
need .to
keyboard, eliminating the
toggle
input using
registers.

This

FORTRAN

user/system
the
the

terminal
switch

specify the computations required to carry out the
of the FORTRAN program.
There are four types of statements
for by the FORTRAN language:

statements

processes

provided

Arithmetic statements

Control

statements

define numerical

determine

the

calculations.

sequence

operation in

the

program.

Specification statements define the properties
and arrays appearing in the source
functions,
also enable the

Input-output
between

For

detailed

the

control

statements

are

variables,
They

program.

storage allocation.

used

transmit

information

computer and related input-output devices.

information

document 4K FORTRAN,
A

user

FORTRAN-D

refer

DEC—OS-AFDO-D.

summary of the FORTRAN statements

given in

Table

3-5.

DEC

Library

3-5

Table

Summary of FORTRAN Statements

Statement

Explanation

and Form

Arithmetic Statements
is

v=e

variable
(possibly
e is an expression.

subscripted):
Control

Statements
n

GO TO

(n(1),n(2),...,n(n)),i

statement

n(l),...,n(n))
numbers;

integer
IF

(e)n(1),n(2),n(3)

number.

n(l)

statement

are

is
1
variable.

nonsubscripted

expression;

[11(3)

.n(2)

statement

are

numbers.
DO

n. i=k<1),k(2),k(3)

variable;

integers

i
or

number

statement

the

CONTINUE;

are
k(l),k(2),k(3)
nonsubscripted integer

omitted

variables.
K(3)
assumed to be 1.
CONTINUE

Proceed.

PAUSE

Temporarily suspend execution.

PAUSE

integer

subroutine
is a decimal address;
the
at
commence
will
execution

octal

equivalent

STOP

Terminate execution.

END

Terminate
statement

Specification
DIMENSION

last

compilation;
in program.

statements

v(1)(n(1)).v(2)(n(2 ))....,v(n)(n(n))
v(1),...,v(n) are variable
n(l),...,n(n) are integers.

DEFINE

device

Device is
device.

FORMAT

(s(1),s(2),...,s(n))

(I,

DISK

data

F
E,
FORTRAN-D.)

TAPE,

field
A
and

names;

system

I/O

specification.
accepted by

are

(Continued

page)

Table 3-5 (Cont.)
Summary of FORTRAN Statements

Statement

and

Form

Explanation

COMMENT

Designated by
on

Input-Output
ACCEPT

TYPE

first

character

Statements

f,list

u,f,1ist

READ

line.

f is
a
list is

FORMAT

device
read.

statement

number;

list of variables.

integer,

representing

from
which
data
f
is
a
FORMAT
list
is
a

number;

list of variables.

statement

list

variables.
WRITE

u,f,list

is
device

integer,

onto

written.

which

f is a
list

number;

representing
data

FORMAT

will

statement

list

variables.

The

following functions

are

allowed:

Format

Meaning

SQTF(x)

square

root

SINF(x)

sine of

COSF(x)

cosine of

ATNF(x)

arctangent of

EXPF(x)

exponential

LOGF(X)

logarithm

ABSF(x)

absolute

The

READ

and WRITE

output either
2.

(in radians)

value of

Certain input-output statements have
with disk or DECtape units.

special characteristics

statements

paper tape

A
DEFINE
statement

perform
on

the

sequential

when

used

input

and

system device.

statement
must
first
executable
precede 'the
in any program using the system device to
input or
output data.
3-30

the
or
input
output
Operating system is called,
be specified by using the 5 option if data is
filename
must
to be read from or written on the system device.
when the

with
the
used
When
a
READ
statement
terminal,
differs from the ACCEPT statement in that the
statement
being read is not echoed on the printer.

the
data

differs
WRITE statement used with the teleprinter
statement
in
that
terminates by
TYPE
it
always

from

typing

carriage return-line feed.
The
the

READ

and WRITE

teleprinter,

input and output data on either
high-speed reader/punch, or the system

statements

the

device.
statement
When the ACCEPT
deletes
the
preceding input

the
shown

used,
as

rubout

the

character

following

examples.
Read

and Corrected

Typed

Integer Numbers:

128R1028
128R-28
-128R128

'R'

indicates

+1028
-28
+128

rubout.

Floating-point

numbers:

+42.0
+42.0

2R42

+2.R42
-2.0R2.0
42R-42.2
20E6R5

When

the

+2.0
-42.2
+2.0 x 10(6)
+2.0 x 10(5)

READ statement

the

rubout

character

completely ignored.
device

The

statements

assignments

FORTRAN-D

are:

Device
Code

1
2
3

Device
Terminal

High-speed reader/punch
System device

READ

and

WRITE

For

example:
READ

reads
The
used
the

2,f,1ist

from the

high-speed reader.

following examples show how the READ and WRITE statements might be
in
a
typical FORTRAN program.
(The example programs which use
system file

Example

4,
data file.)

must

section

EXAMPLE

FROM

THE

SYSTEM

assembled

3.4.2.2.

PROGRAM TO
TELETYPE

then

run

Specify

with

FOSCL

input

data

the

file

shown
in
and output

READ

AND

COORDINATE PAIRS
STORE THEM ON

DEVICE

DEFINE DISK
TYPE 100

100
10

FORMAT("ENTER
10,N
FORMAT(I)

102

FORMAT("NOW

THE

NUMBER OF COORDINATE

PAIRS"/)

TYPE
DO

102
ENTER

THE

COORDINATES"/)

I=1,N
ACCEPT 30,x,y
WRITE 3,3o,x,y
20

CONTINUE

FORMAT
END

STOP

Several

(E,E)

and WRITE statements may occur within a
single
refer
to
different
The data is written
devices.
format
of
the
device
used.
The
regardless
following
demonstrates
how
information
previously stored on the disk
and

READ

may

read, processed, and punched using the high-speed punch.
C

FORTRAN EXAMPLE
DEFINE DISK
DIMENSION

X(100),Y(100)

READ

FROM

IDEV=3
SUMX=0

DATA

PROGRAM

THE

DISK

DEVICE

SUMY=0
DO 10 I=l,100
READ

WRITE

IDEV,20,X(I),Y(I)
2,20,X(I),Y(I)

SUMX=SUMX+X(I)
SUMY=SUMY+Y(I)
10

CONTINUE
TYPE 30,SUMX,SUMY
ACCEPT

12
20
30

IF (J)
STOP
FORMAT

40,J
12,12,6

(3,3)

FORMAT("SUM

1//"TYPE
FORMAT (I)

END

VALUES

STOP,

",E,”SUM
CONTINUE")

VALUES

=",E,

loop

in ASCII
program
be

might

Compiler

3.4.1

compiler consists of a loader (FORT) and the main portion of the
This version of the compiler differs from the PDP-8
(.FT.).
compiler
4K FORTRAN compiler in the following ways.

The

1.
2.

disk

the

DECtape unit during its operation.

uses

compiles programs which

devices

stored
have been
programs which have been prepared

the

system

punched

paper

tape.
3.

Input and output devices
Decoder.
It is

the

READ

and

determined

are

to terminate compilation at
returning control to Monitor.

thus

using

the

Command

any

time by

typing

a
Within certain restrictions, a program compiled on
system
be
executed
device
immediately by typing CTRL/P after
may

statement

unless
9.

employed with

possible

compilation
8.

have been

the

Statements.

CTRL/C,
7.

Significant improvements
WRITE

either

binary output Vfile
punched paper tape.

FORTRAN

It generates a
system devices

the

of the program.
not
be
delimited
number need
wishes it to be employed for

user

Statements without

space,

tab,

preceding numbers

must be

semicolon,

appearance.

preceded

semicolon.

FORTRAN
The
compiler loader
3.4.1.1
Loading the FORTRAN Compiler
in
one pass
core
from
is
loaded
into
through
(FORT)
punched paper tape
-

FORT
the Binary Loader.
described in Appendix D.

may

saved

the

system

device

core
into
loaded
The main portion of the FORTRAN compiler (.FT.) is
device
be
saved
on
the
Loader.
.FT.
with
the
by
system
may
Binary
is
and
‘When the compiler (both FORT
.FT.)
the same method as FORT.
entire
the
and
saved
on
the
loaded
procedure generates
system device,
the following printout:

3ST=7600)
LSAVE’FORTlo-l777: 200) (See Appendix D.)

.LoAD)

;SAVE.FT.!200-7377; 0) (See Appendix D.)
3-33

The

loader occupies core locations 0-1777 with a
at
starting address
The
200.
compiler occupies core locations
200-7377, its starting
address is not specified since the loader (not the
calls
user)
.FT.
when needed.
V

3.4.1.2
from the

Operating

Procedures

system device into

core

The FORTRAN
when

compiler

transferred

4FORT)
is

typed in.

the

response,

Command

Decoder then

prints

*OUTand waits

for

of the

following

to be

Output

low-speed

Rz)

Output

high-speed punch

Szname)

Output

system device and assign

RETURN

one

T:)

Refer to
Command

device,

Appendix

for

and waits

punch/printer,

name

output desired

table

Decoder responds with
and then prints
*

of valid

when

I/O devices for FORTRAN-D.
it

recognizes

valid

output

IN—

for

of the

one

following:

T:)

Input

from

low-speed

R:)

Input

to be

from

high-speed

S:name‘)

Input

to be

from system device

Command Decoder
The

specified:

compiler

now

prints

assumes

when

recognizes

reader
reader

valid

file named

input device.

control, and if the program to be compiled is
prints 1 when it is ready to receive the

paper
tape, the compiler
tape for compilation.

Type CTRL/P,

initiate

compiler
prints
any
return/line feed, and 1.

At the
compilation.
error
diagnostics

end of

compilation

necessary,

the

carriage

The process

described above

the

produces

following printout.

JORT)
*ou'r-R:)
*
EN-R: )

lehd

(CTRL/C typed here; compilation finished)

Certain errors can make it
impossible
Compiler Diagnostics
These are referred
compiler to proceed in the normal manner.
to as system errors.
loading the
They may be caused by improperly
compiler, by not having an END statement on a source file, by a
machine malfunction, or various other reasons.
3.4.1.3
the
for

occur
the
those which
before
core, and those which occur after the
the
In the first case,
compiler
compiler has been loaded into core.
In
prints a four-digit error code and returns control to the Monitor.
SYS
followed
the second case, the compiler prints
four-digit
by a

There

are

compiler

error

types of system

two
has

code.

been

Type CTRL/C

complete list of

shown

loaded

in Table

the

errors:

into

return

system

control

error

messages

Table

3-6

the

Monitor.

and their

explanations

3-6.

Compiler Systems Diagnostics
Error

Explanation

Code
0227

Could not

0231

Same

0326

Could not

0330

Same

1425

READ

error

find Command Decoder

system device

above

find

.FT.

system device

above

during directory

SAM block

(Continued

search
on

page)

Table

3-6

(Cont.)

Compiler Systems Diagnostics

Error

Explanation

Code
1521

Same

above

1626

Same

above

1726

WRITE

3100

Illegal

SAM block

during

error

operator

stack

compiler

machine

malfunction.
3417

Pre-precedence

(Compiler

error.

error

malfunction.)
device

invalid

input

device

specified

4737

6141

Attempt to execute
system device

6145

error
the
if
Could not find FOSL on system
device;
occurs, it may be necessary to reload FORT and FOSL.

6207

READ

6211

input

error

while

Error while

program

not

compiled

onto

loading FOSL
SAM block

doing

manipulation

machine

malfunction.
6223

Error while

6226

Same

above

6257

Same

above

6407

Illegal overlay request

6416

Same

6467

System device

6724

6746

Same

7114

Same as above

7136

READ error

7150

System device full

7173

WRITE

.FT.

machine malfunction.

above
READ

statement

END

error

source

device

above

error

the

system device

source

file

system device output file

The

example below illustrates the appearance of the

:FORT)

Command

0227

Decoder not

codes.

error

system device

VIN-Szname)
SYS
Error

messages
out

typed

are

referred to

CTRL/C typed;

6141

output file specified

which occur during compilation of
These
completion of the compilation.
the
form:
and
take
compilation errofis
for

errors

upon

program

errors

are

LThe

I
The
For

error

code

The number of statements since the
of last numbered statement (octal)

statement number of the

example, during compilation of the

last numbered

appearance

statement

statements

A=I(J+1)
B=A*(B+SINF(THTA))

the

XXXX

message
11

that an error exists in a statement which
after the appearance of statement 10. The
left
of
code 11 shows that the number
to
error
message corresponding
The statement is
and right parentheses in the statement is not equal.
examined and corrected, then compilation is resumed.

printed, indicating

would be
occurs

Table

3-7

statement

lists

explanations.

(octal)

the

compilations

error

messages

and

their

3-7

Table

Compiler Compilation Diagnostics
Error

Explanation

Code
00

Mixed mode arithmetic

Missing variable

Comma

Too many

operators in this expression

Function

argument is in fixed-point mode

Floating-point

Too

Program

Unbalanced

Illegal

Compiler

too

right

one

subscript

this

program

left

parentheses

found in this

statement

identify this

could not

expression

storage exceeded

core

and

character

than

names

large,

arithmetic

arithmetic expression

variable used

variable

many

constant

found in

was

expression

statement with

Subscripted variable did

statement

same

not

statement number

appear

DIMENSION

statement

Statement too

Floating-point operand

Undefined

Too many

numbered

Too

parentheses in this

Too many

many

long

statement

process
been

fixed-point

number

statements

have

should

have

in this

program

statement

been

referenced

before

they

appear in the program
25

DEFINE

statement

was

preceded

some

executable

statement

Statement

number

does

not

begin

with

space,

tab,

Symbolprint is a program which
Debugging Aid (Symbolprint)
It helps create and debug user
the FORTRAN compiler.
the
about
certain
information
FORTRAN
by providing
programs
Symbolprint may be used only
compiler-generated interpretive code.
the
has
been
a
after
using
by
compiled
program
immediately
FORTRAN
compiler.
Disk/DECtape
3.4.1.4

used with

may be

following information:

Symbolprint provides

the

The

of the

limits

code.

interpretive

list of variable

their

and

names

corresponding

locations

(the symbol table).
3.

and

list of statement numbers

their corresponding locations

(the statement number table}.

Symbolprint
saved

the

loaded into

core

from

punched

system device approximately

be
and
may
tape
paper
shown below (see Paragraph

2.5).

I§AVE STBL!600-777;600)

occupies locations

in core, Symbolprint
address at location 600.

When

Symbolprint is

Monitor.

the

600-777 with

execute

user

program

following example, a program named SRC
Symbolprint is then used as
*ou'r- )
*

7IN-s :SRC
1,—-

(CTRL/C typed here)

OH."

\I U1 a‘ U!
H U1 .5;
\l U! \l O'\
\l U1 \1 U1
‘1 01 ‘1 [.\l 01 Ch as
0‘ O u: U)
O HOO
DO HO
O O 0‘ O
O HON
0" O 0‘ m
0ONO
0‘ H .5 U!
0o w0
m g... A \l

Ir<l><IHIz

(Symbol Table)

I».

(Statement Number Table)

(CTRL/C typed here.}

3-39

CTRL/C

is
compiled
shown above.

JORT )

starting

code
into core, it prints the interpretive
number table, carriage return/line
statement

output specified.

I->|3w

its

called

limits,
symbol table,
feed, and 1. Type CTRL/P
to

(See Appendix D.)

return

with

the

example above, location 6154 is

statement

location

3.4.2

in the

appears
5200.

highest location

the

used
for
lowest location used for
between
6145
and
7565
is
600
location
if
a
DEFINE
the
code
starts
at
otherwise,

interpretive code and location 7565 is
data, indicating that the part of core
at
unused.
Interpretive code starts
program;

the

Operating System

The FORTRAN

operating system consists

interpreter
FOSL differs

of
a
loader
and
the
(FOSL)
subroutine package (.08.). This version of
FORTRAN
tape
operating system in the

and arithmetic
from the paper

following ways.
1.

It loads and executes programs which have been
and
compiled
saved
on
the
device
or
which have been
system
programs
compiled on paper tape.

been

referred
3.

FOSL

write

called directly by the compiler when
a
compiled and saved on the system device.
to as compile-and-go mode.

FOSL may

has

recognizes
data

READ and

in ASCII

reader/punch,

the

WRITE

format

high-speed

statements

either the

which may

program
This is

read

and

low-speed paper tape

tape reader/punch,

the

program may be interrupted
control returns to Monitor.

any

paper

system device.
4.

The execution

time by

FORTRAN

typing CTRL/C;

The FORTRAN
3.4.2.1
Loading the FORTRAN Operating System
Operating
It may be saved
System Loader (FOSL) is loaded into core in one pass.
on the system device as described under SAVE Command Format.
-

The

is
(.05.)
operating system interpretive and arithmetic package
core in one pass through the Loader.
into
.05.
may be saved
When
the
FORTRAN
system device by the same methods as FOSL.
and
is loaded and saved on the
(both
FOSL,
.OS.)
operating system
the
entire
system device,
procedure will generate the
following
printout:
4LOAD .9

loaded
on the

*IN-R:)
*

*s'r= )

11
_._SAVE FOSL10-17777200)

(See Appendix D.)

LLOAD)
*IN-R:)
‘—
:ST= )
11

SAVE.OS.!0-5177;0)

(See Appendix D.)

occupies

Loader
The
200.

The

locations

core

arithmetic

0-5177; its starting
the user) calls .OS.

0-1777 with its

starting

address at

subroutine package occupies core locations
and
Loader
the
(not
address is not specified since
needed.
when

The FORTRAN operating
system may be
two ways:
of
one
in
core
by
into
device
the system
from
transferred
the
onto
a FORTRAN program
after
compiling
immediately
typing CTRL/P
a
or
by typing FOSL immediately after Monitor prints
device,

Operating Procedures

3.4.2.2

system
dot.

_._FOSL )
If the

operating system
typing

from Monitor,

called

the

specify

desired

input device by

T:)

for
>

FOSL

prints

low-speed reader

high-speed reader
for system device input
for

R:)
Szname)

when

recognizes

valid

input device and prints

*OPTIf

input

output is

character
if the S

other

However,

indicates

that

used,

option

Any
from the system device, type S.
the system device is not to be used.
FOSL

prints

*OUT-

the desired output filename (if any)
of the file). FOSL again prints

Specify
is

the

(name

IN—

Respond with S:name)(where
the RETURN key.
FORTRAN program is

If the

ready

by typing Sgname)

name

begin loading.

When the

FORTRAN program

name

is the

filename of the data

paper tape, Loader prints ?
Type CTRL/P and the tape loads.

when

file

loaded,

FOSL

file), and
it

prints

*READY
Place data

executing

CTRL/P to begin
tapes in the appropriate reader and type
is used, turn the
reader
the
the
(If
low-speed
program.

reader ON AFTER
When

read

STOP

returns

typing CTRL/P.)

END

statement

the system device,
to the Monitor.

is executed, or when
the operating system

is
and control

end-of—file

prints

The

following examples

show how the FORTRAN

used.

Example

operating

AFOSL )

*IN-S :FBIN,)

Top'ra )
*READY
1

Example

(Program execution

occurs

here)

_’

:FOSL )

*IN-R: ,R: )
*

BPT- )
*

fl
ERROR 01

*READY
f

(CTRL/P typed here)

(Program execution begins here)

Example

_.FORT )
*ou'r-‘s : SMSQ)
*

I-

Compile
IN-S :SMSQ )

and

l»|»

[-9

(Program execution begins here)

é UN

Example 4

_.FOSL )

*IN-S :BIN )

(Program execution begins here)

system

may

a checksum error was detected on the second
input tape.
will
always occur when a PAL routine is assembled with a
to
to
decided
In this case the
FORTRAN program.
attempt
operator
execute the program in spite of the checksum error.

Example

This

error

following methpd for saving

The
user

his

call

program

FORTRAN—D

object

with the FORTRAN-D

programs

the

enables

operating system

Monitor system program.
the

Compile

Load and

When

FORTRAN-D source

the

run

program

compiler output'under

usual.
FOSL.

to
the
return
the end of a successful run, control will
FOSL
to reload the
call
The
user
should
then
Monitor.
compiler output as if to run the program again.

loaded the program

FOSL has

(and subroutines,

any)

types
READY

Type CTRL/C
5.

disk

Note

image

core

return

the Monitor.

of the user's

program in FOSL may

now

saved

system program by typing

SAVE

NAME!0-7577;5043)

that

the

When the

starting

Monitor has

must be

address

the
core
control to the user,
On
time as a system program.

returned

image may be called at
starting, the program types

5043.

any

READY

When execution is
CTRL/P initiates execution.
program types ”I" and returns to the Monitor.

complete

the

method
FORTRAN-D with binary subroutines will find this
Execution times of tested FORTRAN programs
time
saving.
from 4664 to 7000.
be increased by changing location 212 of .OS.

Users who

run

especially
can

3.4.2.3
program

When an
occurs
error
during
Operating System Diagnostics
the
execution,
operating system prints ERROR followed by a
-

the
of
error.
code number which indicates the cause
the nature of the error, it may be possible to continue
program execution by typing CTRL/P or it may be necessary to return to
the Monitor by typing CTRL/C.

two-digit

error

Depending

Table

3-8

indicates

lists the
.08.

operating system error
system device read error.

messages.

The

message

Table

3-8

Operating System Diagnostics
Error

Code

Explanation

Checksum

error

FORTRAN

Illegal origin

data address

System device input-output

High-speed

Illegal

Zero

Floating-point input

Illegal op

System device input-output

Non-FORMAT

Illegal

Floating-point

Square

Exponential negative

Logarithm of

Illegal device code

System

reader

FORTRAN

divide

binary input
FORTRAN

error

binary input

machine malfunction

error

binary input

device

error

data

conversion

error

code

used

statement

FORMAT

root

error

machine malfunction

FORMAT

specification
number larger than

device

number

negative

number

2048

less

used

full,

than

READ

could

equal

not

WRITE

zero

statement

complete

WRITE

statement

Stack

Stack overflow

underflow

Errors

and

error;

error

77 may be
to

caused

correct

do the

source

program

following

(Continued

page)

Table

3-8

(Cont.)

Operating System Diagnostics
Error

Explanation

Code
a.

Use

Diagnose

determine

where

the

error

occurred.
b.

Recompile

Examine the source program (in particular
arithmetic and subscripted variables).

When an error occurs, execution
for a CTRL/P or CTRL/C.

the

source

program

stops and the operating

system

the

waits

Debugging Aid (Diagnose)
Diagnose is a basic system program
is
to
be used in
It
intended
debug FORTRAN programs.
conjunction with the PDP-8 4K FORTRAN Operating System and revised
FORTRAN Symbolprint.
Diagnose provides the following information.
3.4.2.4

used

If stack overflow

message
indicating
the error.

it
prints a
stacks caused

It prints a message indicating the contents
location counter (CLC).

If the counter stack
that stack.

of
If location zero is nonzero, it prints the contents
that
location
(minus
one),
indicating the point at which some
FORTRAN systems error occurred.

Diagnose is loaded into
on

has
underflow
occurred,
which of the five run-time

the

system device

core

shown

is nonempty,

it prints the

the

current

contents

saved
from punched paper tape and may be
in Appendix D. A sample printout is:

4LOAD)

*IN-R:)

3%)
11
LSAVE DIAG!200-ll77;200)
When in
address

locations

core, Diagnose occupies
at location 200.

Diagnose is
Monitor's

called

dot.

by typing
It

may

(See Appendix D.)

200-1177 with

its

starting

to
letters
DIAG
in
the
response
used
any time the FORTRAN 4K Operating

the

(If it is called any other time,
system is in core.
printed is meaningless.)
3—45

the

information

of
the
of Diagnose is demonstrated by the example
following
program which contains a large amount of arithmetic calculations.
(In”programs l and 2, examples of system output are not underlined.)

The

use

test

Program 1:

FORTST

PDP-8 ADVANCED SOFTWARE
FORTRAN TEST 1/2/68
DIMENSION ADIFE(6),AFAC(3),APIPE(6),IMRCD(3),PP(27),ACPRI(3)
TYPE 1
FORMAT ("PDP-B 4-K FORTRAN TEST"/)
-

ASPVA=.60

APIPE(1)=12.09
APIPE(3)=6.66
APIPE(4)=5.
APIPE(5)=5.0
IMRCD ( 1) =30

IMRCD(2)=30
ADIFE(1)=47.
ADIFE(2)=47.

ADIFE(4)=508.
ADIFE(5)=3857048.
AF=37.96
SC=3.1416
AMEAS=9.02
FSUBB=10.0
ASUVA=100.98
DO

200

READ

1:1,27
2,199,PP(I)

199

FORMAT(E)

200

CONTINUE

AGAST=38
INORU=2
25

BSPVA=(1./ASPVA)**.5
DO 550 JCB=1,INORU
AVEDE=IMRCD(JCB)

BE=APIPE(JCB+3)/APIPE(JCB)
IF(BE—.75)471,472,472
,

472

AK=.731

471

AG=.075

DO 100 IE=1,27
AG=AG+.025

IF(AG-BE)100,100,110
100
110

CONTINUE

991

FORMAT(/"1",E,E,E,E/" ',E,I)

120

AK=TOTA
GO TO 16

130

AK=TOTB+(SC*(TOTA—TOTB))/.025

TOTA=FF(IE)
TOTB=PP(IE-l)
SC=.025-(AG-BE)
WRITE 2,991,TOTA,TOTB,SC,AG,BE,IE

IF(TOTA-TOTB)120,120,130

FRD=830.-5000.*BE+9000.*BE**2-4200.*BE**3+(530./APIPE(JCB)**.5)
BMEAS=AMEAS+14.4

FR=1.+((FRD/(12835.*AK))/((BMEAS*AVEDE)**.S))
XSUBZ=AVEDE/(27.7*BMEAS)
YTTA=(XSUB2+1.)**.5
YTTB=.35*BE**4.+41.

YTTC=XSUB2/(l.3*YTTA)
YSUBZ=YTTA-YTTB*YTTC

ACPRI(JCB)=YSUBZ*FR*1. 0177*FSUBB
AFAC(JCB)=ADIFE(JCB)*BSPVA
WRITE 2, 992 ,AK, FRD, AMEAs, BMEAS, FR, XSUBZ, YTTA ,YTTB,‘
992
550

l,'YTTC, YSUBZ ,ACPRI(JCB), JCB
FORMAT(/"2",E,E,E,E)
CONTINUE

AFTF=(520./(460.+AGAST))**.5
AFPV=(1.+(ASUVA*AMEAS)/((AGAST+460.)**3.825))**.5
FLOW=0
RATE=0
DO 38 I=1,INORU

AMWP=(ADIFE(1)*AMEAS)**.5/1000.
RATE=RATE+ACPRI(I)
FLOW=FLOW+AFTF*(AFAC(I)*AFPV*AMWP)
38

CONTINUE
WRITE 2,993,AFTF,AFPV,AMWP,FLOW,RATE
TYPE 14,FLOW,RATE

FORMAT(E,E/)

993

FORMAT(/E,E,E,E)

STOP
END

.STBL

6360
ADIF

AFAC
APIP

IMRC
ACPR
ASPV
SC

AMEA
FSUB
ASUV
AGAS

INOR
BSPV
JCB
AVED
BE

AK
AG
TOTA

6756

7555
7544
7522
7517
7376
7365
7362
7310
7302
7274
7266
7260
7254
7246
7244
7240
7231
7225
7222
7213
7205
7201
7171

Symbol Table

7166
7153
7124
7116

XSUB

7102

YTTA
YTTB

7074
7063

YTTC

7047

YSUB

7041
7032
7016
6777

TOTE
FRD
.

BMEA

AFTF

AFPV
FLOW

6773
6766

RATE
AMWP

0001
0199
0200
0025

5203
5411
5414
5426

0472

5507

0471
0100

5515
5547
5550

0110
0991
0120
0130
0016
0992
0550
0038
0014
0993

Symbol

Statement Number Table

Table

(Cont d.)

5615
5650
5656
5676

6147

6162
6323
6342
6350

EXAMPLE

1 A

f
*READY
f

4‘K FORTRAN

PUP-8

0.255323E+1
1
.DIAG
CURRENT
EXAMPLE

TEST

-0.825572E+l

LOCATION COUNTER AT 6247

.FOSL

*IN-S:BIN
*

*OPT*READY
?
'

4-K FORTRAN TEST
ERROR 05
(CTRL/C typed here)
.DIAG
CURRENT LOCATION COUNTER AT 5407
PDP-B

3-48

EXAMPLE

1(C)

.FOSL
*IN-S:BIN
*

*OPT*READY

?
PDP-8

4-K FORTRAN TEST

(CTRL/C typed here)

.DIAG
CURRENT LOCATION COUNTER AT 4404
COUNTER STACK...
4733
4716
4673
6024
the
In example 1(a),
called.
Diagnose was

which
after
to
run
completion
indicated that the current location
table
Refer to the statement number
(top of
that
the CLC was pointing to an address just

program

was

Diagnose

contained 6347.
note
and
3—29),
page
993
statement
above
(address
6350),
terminated normally at that point.
counter

verifying

that

the

program

program execution was attempted without paper tape in
error diagnostic 05,
the
After
reader.
observing
statement
Refer
to the
CLC=5407.
that
was
called,
indicating
Diagnose
table
number
again and note that the address 5407 must refer to a
READ
the
indeed
statement just before statement number 199 which is
statement at which the error occurred.
In example 1(b),
the
high-speed

In
was

example 1(c), program execution was arbitrarily stopped when CTRL/C
It should be noted that in this case the CLC contained a
typed.

In
such
is outside the user's
interpretive code area.
the counter stack in order to
to
refer
to
is
necessary
address
The
laSt
determine where the program interruption occurred.
the
counter stack points to location 6024. Refer to the statement
on
some
number table and note that the program was interrupted at
point
between statements 16 and 992.

4404 which
it

cases

on
program in which a missing operator appears
When program execution is attempted a stack overflow
(error 77) occurs.
Diagnose indicates that the operand stack has
some
which
noncompiler detected error in the
overflowed,
suggests
is
which
number
the
statement
shown
in
As
source program.
table,
CLC
the
points
just before statement 10, which
afterwards,

Program 2 is

the

6th

typed
happens

FORTRAN

line.

It
the source of the error.
should be pointed out,
underflow
overflow
or
that
when
stack
however,
occurs the CLC will not
to
be
It
necessary
may
always point to the source of the error.
examine the entire program for errors of this type.
to be

Program 2:

.EDIT

*OUT-S:SRC
*
*

IN-

*OPT-B
*1
c

FORTRAN TEST
B=l
c=2
D=3

I=1,160

A=B(C+D)
10

CONTINUE
TYPE 20,A

FORMAT(E)
STOP

END

*E
.FORT

*OUT-S:BIN
*

*IN-S:SRC
*

*READY
f
ERROR

(CTRL/C typed here)
.DIAG
OPERAND

STACK OVERFLOW
CURRENT LOCATION COUNTER AT
.FORT

5231

*OUT*

*IN-S:SRC
*

(CTRL/C typed here)

‘

.STBL
5251

7555
7574
7570
7564

C
D

7562
7555

I
A

0010

0020
i

5237
5244

When

Diagnose finishes

returns

the

typing

Monitor

since

the

program execution.

3-50

appropriate
is

information

impossible

resume

control
FORTRAN

Examples

3.4.3

LLOAD )
*IN-R: )

*sr=
1t

)

3m: FORT!0-l777;200)
__._LOAD )

Call Loader
Input to be from high-speed reader
Input device is valid
Return to Monitor after loading
Loader-driver is loaded
and saved on the system device
Call

Loader

:IN- R: )

Input to be from high-speed reader
Input device is valid

Compiler

Monitor after loading
is loaded
and saved on the system device
Call Loader
Input to be from high-speed reader
Return

'Tszws .FT.1200-7377;0)

:LOAD )
*IN-R:)
*

Input device is valid

?ST= )

Monitor after loading
loader is loaded
and saved on the system device
Call Loader
Input to be from high-speed reader
Input device is valid
Return to Monitor after loading
Interpretive and arithmetic package
Return

Operating system

f 1

_._SAVE FOSL!0-l777;200)

loaded
and saved on the system device
Call Loader
Input to be from high-speed reader
Input device is valid
Return to Monitor after loading
Symbolprint is loaded
and saved on the system device
4

_,_LOAD

*IN-R:)
*
*s'r=

)

n
.gSAVE STBL!600-777;600)
_._EDIT )

*ou'r-swon'r)
*

3110-11: .>
7_

*OPT-B

_=FORT)

*ou'r-smon'r )

Call Editor
Output to be on system device
Output device is valid
Input to be from high-speed reader
Input device is valid
Leave blanks (spaces) unchanged
Write the program on the
system device
then write an end-of-file
Call FORTRAN compiler
be
on
FORTRAN binary output to
system

device

Output device is valid

TIN-s :FORT )

ASCII

input

to be

from system device

Input device is valid

:1:

Compilation
CTRL/C was
typed.
finished, return to Monitor

4STBL)

Call FORTRAN

6177

7565

7576

A
B

7573

ANS

7565

0001

5200

7570

Core

Symbolprint

between 6200

Symbol table

and 7564

unused

(typed by Symbolprint)

0002
0003

5257
S413
5570
5717
5754
5760
5763
5766

0004
0005

0006
0009
0100
0200

number

Statement

table

(typed

Symbolprint)
0300
0400

5771
5774

0500
1000
2000
3000

5777
6027
6040
6051
6062
6071
6077
6123

4000
1500
0008
0007

Symbolprint is finished, load operating
system and interpretive code
code
Operating system and interpretive

l
*READY

)

are

THIS
THIS

loaded
the program

Execute

IS A DEMONSTRATION OF PDP FORTRAN,
PROGRAM WAS COMPILED IN ONE PASS (CTRL/C

_._F0$L )
*IN-S_:FORT )
*

7OPT- )

typed here)

Call operating system and loader
FORTRAN binary input is on system device
Input device is valid

input or output to be done on system
during program execution
Operating system and interpretive code
No

device
*READY )

have

THIS

been

loaded

Begin program execution

l
IS A DEMONSTRATION

4mm )

*OUT-S :FORT )
I'

7IN-s :FORT )
t

i
*READY

)

OF PDP

FORT

(CTRL/C typed here)

Call FORTRAN compiler
Output to be on the system device
Output device is valid
Input to be from the system device
Input device is valid
is
Compilation
finished,
loading
operating system and interpretive code
Operating system and interpretive code

are‘loaded

Begin

1
THIS

DEMONSTRATION

program execution

(CTRL/C typed here)

3.5

DDT-D

(DDT-D)
the
for
Disk/DECtape
System
Dynamic Debugging Technique
testing, and altering of object programs
provides on-line checking,
On-line
program
debugging allows
terminal
keyboard.
through the
and insertion
checking at the computer, control of program execution,
of corrections or changes while the program is running.
is important to have a listing of the program and
be updated as corrections and changes are made
can
which
its
symbols
to
be
referred
by their
Variables and
to the program.
tags
may
values.
symbolic names or by their octal

When

using DDT-D, it

DDT-D can

DDT

considered

slightly

occupies

and the

three

DDT

above

two-page

version,

modified

(Low),

Resident in

Driver

three sections.

being in
A

Proper

information

for

Programming

Refer to Chapter 5 of Introduction to
the operation of DDT-D.

location

core

locations.

breakpoint

proper
program

(above 4577);

plus

‘program,
once-only
breakpoint insertion

set

origin

its

with

core

DDT-8
of
200-4577

it is

one-page

contains
it
and
and removal
logic,

overlay routines, continuation iteration
count and control, and breakpoint list.

Core

User

Image File

Occupies
and
the

is
user

storage

same

used

for

DDT proper
proper and
from the
system

area

swapping

program to and

DDT

device.
DDT-D

expanded

following exceptions.

version of DDT-8 with the

DDT-8)

(as opposed to only

one

punching (program may be output on

the

system device)

switch

No halts

Three

breakpoints

Options

(user direction is via keyboard)

(continues when

Variations in commands

user

types CTRL/P)

from DDT-8 follow.

([ represents the

ALT

MODE

modifications
are
constants;

their

character)

[0,

[S,

(Y,

[L,

Are

temporary

respective

every entrance

CTRL/P

CTRL/C

DDT-D

from

reset

Continue (DDT prints 1 to indicate
it is waiting for CTRL/P)
Restore

Monitor

user

image

core
*

and

return

that

where n
is
[B

breakpoint;

Set

n[Bk

the
break,
command, and k is l, 2,

address

the

breakpoint

the
or 3

NOTE

user

address,

n[BI

[TI anIPI

The

have been

following subroutines

same

typed

and

occurs.

independent

switch

two

the

removed

been

Have

action

set

tries

breakpoints

added.

Finds word to be examined and puts it in WORD
remembers if last virtual word referenced
2;
word
virtual
was in same buffer as
present
if
and reads only
required.

ADDCHK

virtual

ADDMOD

Updates real

DDTB

Updates symbol table pointer, gets

its

and
breakpoint
breakpoint number
and
breakpoint,
and
0.

nothing
number
STOSYM

READS

Updates

DDT

must be

core.

and

goes

value

contents,
(—)
hyphen

TRAP

goes

START

prints
if

prints
breakpoint
or

‘

symbol

proper

(DDT

area

proper

unprotected disk).

in
a failure
Input-output routines for disk;
of
DDT.
start
to
and
S
goes
prints

and SYMIO

either
The

following subroutines
REDTAB

have

been

Assumes

user

table;

modified
to

wants

indicated.

add

existing

typed

clear the

must

symbol
symbol

table.
not

halt,

instead,

FINIS

Does

CHANGE

Allows lookup of values
and search mask.

TODDT

‘

Handles

it waits
to

for

CTRL/P.

change limit of

breakpoint insertion;

transferred to

driver.
TRAP

Breakpoint handler;

transferred to DDT driver.

DDT

The

following

subroutines have been removed.

PUNWOR
FSTPUN

FUN
PUNCHK
PUNLDR
WH I CH
CHKS UM

From the

stopped
may be

terminal keyboard,

at up to
set before

the
user
can
be
program
automatically
three strategic points by setting breakpoints, which
the debugging
run
is
started
or
during another

To
set a breakpoint, Type the absolute address or
breakpoint stop.
symbolic tag of the location where the program is
to
the
ALT
stop,
MODE key, the B key, and then the breakpoint number.
For example,

3400[Bl

(absolute address, ALTMODE, B,1)

HERE[BZ

(symbolic tag, ALTMODE, B, 2)

Locations

3, 4, and

locations.

The

certain
represent
registers
available to the user by typing:

used
as
the
breakpoint
be
reset
to
any three
contiguous locations on page zero by reassembly of the furnished DDT
Driver
source
Changing the breakpoint locations is done by setting
BRKCEL=n, where n is the lowest of the three locations desired.
on

breakpoint

page

zero

locations

are

can

following symbols'

contents

Table

3-9

are

Accumulator storage

Link storage

Mask used

Lower

Upper limit of search

lists

the

(at breakpoints)

in search

limit of search

DDT—D commands.

DDT-D

whose

Table

3-9

DDT-D Commands

Character

Action

(space)

Separation character.

Arithmetic plus.
Arithmetic minus.

Location
examination
when
it
character;
follows
the address of a location, it causes
the contents of that location to be printed.

RETURN
LINE

Make

key

FEED

key

modifications, if

Make modifications, if
and
any,
print
contents of the next sequential location.

Print last

(period)
T

(left

arroW)

any.

octal

integer.

location.

Current

Delete

quantity

the

line currently

being typed.

type out in symbolic mode.

Set

DDT-D to

Sets

DDT-D

n[W

Word search for all occurrences
C([M) of the expression n.

k[Bn

Insert

out

type

breakpoint

in octal mode.

[Bn

Remove

location k

n[C

Continue

breakpoint n(n=1, 2,

absent,
Go to

Append

with

masked

3).

k[G

the

(n=1, 2,

3).

n
times
automatically;
it is assumed to be 1.

location k.

symbol

table

Clear

symbol table.

define

symbols

into
on

external

line.

symbol

Loading and Saving

3.5.1

The tape is in two
loaded into core from punched paper tape.
The
section contains DDT proper which loads in one
first
pass, occupies core locations 200-4577 (See Appendix D) and uses three
The binary tape of
for the breakpoint locations.
on page 0
locations
.the DDT driver uses locations 3, 4, 5 and 7200-7577. After loading DDT
proper, reserve on the system device a user core image file name .SYM,
also
PAL—D
which should also be assigned to core locations 200-4577.
uses
SYM to store additional symbol table entries.
DDT-D is

sections.

section of DDT (the driver) loads in two passes and
occupies
pages in core with its origin anywhere above DDT proper, that is,
For
in
resident
core.
anywhere above location 4577. The driver is
one for once-only code plus four for
it uses five more pages:
setup,
Command Decoder.
Command Decoder expects two inputs to be assigned as
These files are assigned only once
be
used by the driver.
to
files
which
case
two
these
unless the system is changed or destroyed, in
The

two

files must be
The

reassigned.

sections of DDT

are

loaded and

&LOAD)
*IN-R:)

saved

described below.

using Monitor
from high-speed reader
found input device valid
to Monitor after loading

Call Loader
to be

Input

Loader

*ST= )

Return

DDT proper

loaded

Saved

user

_;SAVE .DDT:200-4577;0)
;SAVE .SYM:200-4577;0)

(See

program

Appendix D.)
User
a

core

user

image file

program.

ALOAD )

Call Loader

*IN-R:)

Input

Loader

*ST=7000)

Transfer to

to be

found

also saved

(See

Appendix D.)

using Monitor
from

high-speed

reader

input device valid
once-only

code

after

Driver is

§;<.DDT),S:<.USER>

DDT

loader

Loader expects names of 2 input
files saved above for use by driver

(See Appendix D.)

*IN-S:.DDT,S:.SYM.)

Inputs
user

I:-

to be

core

from

DDT

proper

and

image files

found input files valid
(an
asterisk
is printed for each valid
file (device))
Loader

:fiAVE DDT!7200-7577;7200)

Saved

system

(See

program

Appendix D.)

The

is printed whenever an
message DDT?
error
is
encountered
DDT-D. Errors may be caused by the following.

error

while

loading
1.

User

System device read

file

too

Command

large
error

Decoder found

Operating Procedures

3.5.2
DDT-D

core

the

now

saved

program

the
be

The
system device.
This
debugged.

must

user

done

now
as

load

into

described

response

Paragraph 2.5.
When the

Monitor's

program to be debugged
dot as shown below.

core

DDT

type

LDDT
DDT-D

and

can

now

making

Introduction to
A brief

used

debugging

modifications

the

directing

program,
above

described

and

Programming.

example of using

execution

Chapter

follows:

DDTeD

Example:

;LOAD)
*IN-Rz)

Call Loader
Input to be from high-speed reader
Loader found input device valid
Return to Monitor after loading

:_
ST=

)

13_
;SAVE

DDT

.DDT:200-4577;0)

4SAVE .SYM:200-4577;0)

proper is

DDT proper
'

loaded
saved

disk

(See

Appendix D.)
User code

image

file also

_._LOAD)

Call Loader

*IN-Rz)

Input

Loader found

input

ST=7000)

Transfer to

once-only

to be

Driver is

I§i<.DDT>,S:<.SYM>

DDT

from

saved

high-speed

reader

device valid
code

after

loaded

Loader expects names of 2 input
files saved above for use by driver

3-58

DISK MONITOR SYSTEM RESTORE

3.6

This program restores a protected
has been destroyed, or
it
after
programs from the disk.

portion
removes

Monitor
of the Disk
System
all but a protected group of

DF32
or
RESTORE may be used only in a DISK MONITOR SYSTEM built on a
with Disk Monitor version "AF". The program is supplied as
RF08
Disk
be
assembled
must
and
using PAL-D.
an ASCII source on paper tape,
a version of the program
it
is
as
source
of
the
yields
Assembly
the
to
suitable for a single 32K disk unit.
By making minor changes
or
4-disk
unit
or
a
for
suitable
version
configuration,
3,
2,
source,a
for the RF08/R508 with 1 to 4 disk units can be created.

repacking of system tables on INDAC system do
RESTORE or option M of PIP on INDAC systems.

Due

not

use

run

RESTORE

fresh

image of

the Monitor into

7600-7777.

reads

first
and
storage
recreates the first Directory Name block
Allocation Map block by using the DN and SAM Backup blocks.

clears

all other DN and

existing

core

SAM blocks.

If RESTORE has been saved on the disk before a crash occurs, it can be
into
core and executed by a simple bootstrap which can easily
called
For this purpose RESTORE needs to be saved on the disk
be toggled in.
in a known block;
preferably, it should be saved as the first program
on the disk
(after the Monitor, Loader, and Command Decoder). Normally
RESTORE is used in conjunction with the P (Protect) and M (MOVE DN and
SAM to Backup blocks) options of PIP, and with the write—lock switches

of the unit.
or 4 unit DF32 disk he should
edit,
using the
in
order to
which
is
source
the
RESTORE
supplied
tape
Editor,
The
configuration.
produce a version of the source suitable to his
original version is suitable only for the user having a single unit
The editing required consists of removing slashes which precede
disk.
The
certain additional lines of code which are already in the source.

If the

user

has

2, 3,

PUP-8

lines which should be edited
itself.
3.6.1

Assemble

and Save

are

clearly

indicated

the

Disk Monitor

Now

load the

Save

RESTORE

RESTORE
on

SAVE

System Builder build

binary paper tape into

the disk

the

source

RESTORE

Assemble the proper version of the RESTORE source tape
Assembler to produce a binary paper tape of RESTORE.

Using

REST!200;200

follows:

using

the

PAL-D

new system on disk.

core

in the usual

fashion.

*IN-S:.DDT,S: .SYM )

from

Inputs
code

image

DDT

and

proper

user

file

In
*

Loader

_._SAVE DDT17200-7577;7200)

.LDDT‘)
3400/AND
3401/AND

found both
is

Driver

me)
3400)

JMP

3400 [6)

Start

1-340010000

Location 3400

IC)

Continue

1-340020001

Location

700 (c)

Pass
through
times
Location 3400

execution

3400

No.

contains

now

Symbol Table extends from location
1574. This gives a total of 160
decimal symbols and may
be
cleared
by
User

400

typing IX.

0001

3400

contains

NOTE

3400

0000

contains

location
now

location

CTRL/C was typed here

(See

Examine contents of
location 3400 and 3401
Set breakpoint
3400

—.

disk

using Monitor

3400 [31)

1-34OOQO701

Appendix D.)
Call DDT

0007

saved

input files valid

0701

700

Procedures

Operating

3.6.2

in the usual

Load and

save

PIP

Load and

save

in
the
other programs to be placed
protected system.
should
not
require a total of more than 123 (octal)
This keeps all programs to be
protected in the lower

These

manner.

programs

disk blocks.
half of disk unit 0.

directory with

the

Duplicate

the

M-option of

PIP

follows:

*OPT-M
*IN-S )
This

copies

existing

the

state

of the

first

Directory

Name

and

block

block into the DN and SAM backup
Allocation- MAP
At
this
This backup area is in the lower half of disk unit 0.
area.
blocks
additional
2
3
and
blocks
and
Name
existing
any
Directory
point
are still clear.
the

first

Protect

Storage

the monitor with

the

P-option

(see section 3.1.2)

PIP

follows:

This marks

all

restricted,

half
unused blocks in the lower
this area may be write locked.

disk

unit

in
shown
the M and P options are generally used together as
above
example, either may be used separately or they may be used
in reverse order.
The important facts to remember are:

Although
the

lthe

RESTORE

The

run

must always be executed before the disk
with the lower 16K of the disk write-locked.

monitor

can

option

must

always

run.

option

That portion of the
M

P
the
reserved by
option can
the RESTORE program and only when
executed before the P option.

disk

only by using

option was
user

DDT

Write-lock the lower half of disk unit 0 by
ON and the Lower 16K write-lock switch ON.
is
any future time when the system
except the protected programs and data

typing

the

file .SYM is to be used by the PAL-D assembler or
with the lower 16K of the disk write-locked, it must
P
be created (with the SAVE command) after
the
option has
been executed.
If the

before

can

The M

recovered

executed

program

putting Disk

still
can

Switch

all
programs
from the disk by

running,
deleted

Unit 0

;REST
When the Monitor responds with a carriage
return/line
(.), the protected system has been restored.

3.6.3

feed

and

dot

Bootstrap Sequence

DN
and
any time the unlocked portion of the disk including the
the
blocks
is
protected system may be restored by
destroyed,
toggling in the following bootstrap:

If at

SAM

0171/5427

will
the first program saved after the
The formula is BLKNO*201(8)+1)

(Disk address of disk block 26 where RESTORE
if it is
system is built.
reside

0172/1171

(TAD disk address)

0173/6603

(DMAR disk read)

0174/6622

(DFSC skip

0175/5174

(JMP .-1)

0176/6621

(DFSE skip if

0177/7402

(HLT

7750/7600

(Data Break Word Count)

7751/0177

(Data Break Current Address)

completion)

error)

START the bootstrap at 0172. This
and automatically executes it.

bootstrap reads

NOTE
RESTORE halts

any

disk

error.

RESTORE

into

core

APPENDIX A
SYSTEM GENERATION

This appendix describes the creation of
and system programs) on an empty disk.
The

steps involved in system generation

A.l

Toggling

Loading the Binary

and

executing

and

saving

THE

RIM LOADER

TOGGLING

in the Readin Mode

(BIN)

Disk

are

System

(Disk

Monitor

follows.

(RIM) Loader.

Loader.

Disk System Builder to create Monitor.

any system programs.

The Readin Mode (RIM) Loader
is
a
short
which
loads
program
any
in
RIM
format
on
program
paper
tape into core.
Although the RIM
Loader has various uses, its
sole
in
the
purpose
System
Building
process is to load the Binary Loader.’
There

are

from

the

two

versions of the

RIM

high-speed paper tape
Teletype paper tape reader.

High-Speed Reader

Loader,
reader and

for
loading programs
the other for loading from

one

Teletype

Reader

Lgcatigg

Instrustign

Lesatign

Instrugtignv

7756
7757
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
77674
7770
7771

6014
6011
5357
6016
7106
7006
7510
5374~
7006
6011
5367
6016

7756
7757
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767
7770
7771

6032
6031
5357
6036
7106
7006
7510
5357
7006
6031
5367
6034

7772
7773
7774
7775
7776

7420
3776
3376
5357
0000

7772
7773

3776

7774
7775
7776

3376
5356
0000

A detailed

RIM

Loader

description
can

Programing.

7420

of the toggling and checking procedures for the
found in Chapter 6 and Appendix E-l of Introduction

A.2

The
the

(BIN)

Binary

tape into
Disk

THE

BIN

LOADER

Loader

loads any program in binary
format
on
paper
purpose in the System Building process is to load
The procedure for loading BIN is as follows.
Builder.
Its

core.

System

Check that the

RIM

Place

tape containing BIN in the paper tape
Teletype, according to version of RIM).

the

paper

(high—speed
3.

Place

Loader is

Teletype reader is
the

address

7756

in core.

used,

into the

turn

SWITCH

reader

on.

and

press

LOAD ADD.

Press START.
it
does
(if
Tape should begin
reading
not,
check
that
the SING INST and SING STEP switches are off and
that the reader is on line). (Note:
The Teletype
reader
is
on
If
the
to print, flip
line.)
always
Teletype begins
Teletype switch from LOCAL to LINE and back up the tape to
the leader/trailer.

After paper tape reads in,
Loader will be in core.

A detailed

BIN

its

and

LOADING AND EXECUTING'DISK

the Disk
loaded
by

Next,
is

use

STOP

can

console and

found in

the

Appendix

BIN

3-1

Introduction to Programming.

A.3

description

Press

System Builder program, in binary format on paper tape,
the
Binary Loader.
System Builder (DEC-D8-SBAF) is

compatible only with versions
Peripheral Interchange Program.
1.

SYSTEM BUILDER

Place the address
SWITCH REGISTER.

DEC-DS-PDAD

and

DEC-D8-PDZE

Loading procedures

7777

(starting

Press

LOAD ADD.

address

are

follows.

BIN)

into

the

the high-speed paper tape reader is to be used,
down
put
set to 0) bit 0 of the SWITCH REGISTER, place the System
(or
Builder tape in the reader.
If the
SWITCH

reader is to be used, leave up bit 0
of
the
REGISTER, place the System Builder tape in the reader,

Teletype

put the Teletype
3.

Press

When

START

the

line,

and set

console.

reader to START.

Tape should read in.

contain
all
tape has been read, the accumulator should
the program has loaded incorrectly;
(if
not,
begin
the loading procedure from the beginning).
zeroes

off WRITE PROTECT on the disk (if
present).
Otherwise,
a
reel on one of your DECtape units, set the
DECtape
unit selector to 8, and set the WRITE switch to WRITE and the
REMOTE switch to REMOTE.
Turn

mount

A-2

NOTE
To

rebuild

the

monitor
without
stored programs on
make
the
following

destroying previously
the

system

device

patch.
L99

9L9

HEW

375

0400

7600

0200
address
place the
begin System Builder execution,
into the SWITCH REGISTER, press LOAD ADD, and then START.

the

according
BUILDER

following

questions are typed
configuration.

answer

them

Explanation

Dialogue

*SIZE 92 9933 8

size

User enters

(4,8,12,16,20,24,28,
*HIGH SPEED PAEEB IAREZ

*RF082

out,

to your machine

User

answers

Y(yes)

of
or

core

32).

N(no).

User answers Y(yes) or N(no). vaY,
question is omitted.

*DF332 Y

If N,
the
Builder
a
wishes
to
build
this
case
DECtape system on unit 0. In
the next 2 questions are omitted.
User answers
assumes

Y or N.

the

user

types number of physical disk units
his machine 1,2,3 or 4 in addition to
256K
disk.
Multiples of 32K for DF32,
for RF08 units.

*NUMBER OF DISK UNITS? 2

User

*DECTAPE?

if
he
has
(in
DECtape,
types Y
his
otherwise
addition
to
N.
disk)
the
Monitor
creation
is
completed,
is
to
the
resident
moved
portion

‘

User

area
(7600
through
appropriate core
and the nonresident portions are
7777),

written

the

system device.

NOTE
If

specified

automatically
device;
selected.

disk
is
the
the
system
8
is
unit
DECtape

present,
selected

not,

Monitor is
If the

loaded and

ready.

response
WRITE

ERROR

occurs 3

disk,

A.2;

start

there

over

may

Paragraph
hardware

problem.
2.

DECtape, try a new DECtape and
at Paragraph A.2. or, rewrite
the
timing and mark tracks and
start

start

A.4

at Paragraph A.2.

LOADING AND SAVING SYSTEM PROGRAMS

Binary Loader is one of the nonresident portions of Monitor and is
used
to
load
and
user
into
system
It is fully
core.
programs
described in Chapter 2.
the
Figure A-l illustrates
Binary Loader
with
the
low
procedures
An example of the saving
speed reader.
procedure follows:
-

zLOAD)

Calls

*IN-R:)

device.
device
Input

Binary

(high-speed
present

from

the

system

is
reader
paper
tape
reader
if
as
specified
Builder
System
time;

otherwise Teletype reader).
Device is valid.
Return to Monitor after loading.
After each up-arrow typeout, user
types
'CTRL/P to continue
(also must
press
CONTinue on console if
reader
Teletype
is being used).

*§T=7600)
11

;SAVE PIP10-5177;

Loader

1000)

Save

program

(in

this

case,

PIP)

Note
device.
that
a
!
must
name of system program.
The SAVE
command
is
explained in Chapter 2. The
SAVE
command
is
in
program
given

system
follow

Appendix

Repeat the procedure above for each system program

to be

saved.

Binary Loader Procedures (Low Speed,

ASR,

With Monitor In

@—~.{

Interpret,

correct

go to

Queries

Responses
Acceptable

®_p[

Operation

Type _._LOAD

Answer Loader

error;

Reader)

arrow

typed

Put

LSR Switch

Put

Binary Tape in LSR

at FREE

Jr
With Leader Code
Over

Read Head

J,
Type CTRL/P

Jr
Position LSR Switch
at START

L
Tape Reads in;
Computer Halts

Position LSR Switch
at STOP/FREE; press
Console CONTinue Switch

Jr
Up

Type CTRL/P
Return

arrow

is typed

to Monitor

Figure A-l

Disk

Loader/Paper Tape Flowchart
A—5

APPENDIX B
SYSTEM FORMATS

This

appendix
1.

contains

the

following information.

System Device Layouts
Disk Storage Layout

DECtape Storage Layout

Directory

Block Format

(DN)

Name

Storage Allocation Map
of

Table

B.1

and

Source

File

(ASCII)

Binary

File

(BINARY,

FTC

PIP

Monitor Core Usage Diagrams

Monitor Flow Chart

Listing

SYSTEM DEVICE

8-1

Core

Capacities

BIN)

(SYS, USER)

disk

Block Format

Structure

Saved Files

Figures
both

Data

System Device

(SAM)

System Device Map

(for Disk)

(Figure B-ll)

LAYOUTS

and B-2 illustrate the layout of
the
device
for
system
and
Note
that, although the layouts differ in
DECtape.

arrangement, they

logically equivalent.

are

words
RF/RSOB disk unit contains 256K 13-bit (12 bits-plus-parity)
Each physical unit is divided into two "logical
storage capacity.
disk
Table
3-1
units.
units", each equal in size to four DF/DS32

lists

the

capacities

of the

various

devices which may be part of the

system.
A

relatively sophisticated

retrieval

required:

structure

used

for

all

automatic

Two special types of blocks are
storage by the system.
and
Blocks,
Directory Name (DN)
Storage Allocation
Map

(SAM)

Blocks.

three

Directory

blocks.

file

Each
Name

logical
(DN)

blocks

unit
has its own directory, utilizing
and four Storage Allocation Map (SAM)

INTERNAL

BLOCK

FILE

#
FIRST

,
.

a
g
5
a

$1 MONITOR
Fl MONITOR
fll MONITOR
Fl DN, BACKUP
fll SAM, BACKUP

MONITOR

a1
a1
a1
$1
¢4

MONITOR

lfl

MONITOR

11
12

g4
F4
as
¢5

LOADER

.CD.

16
17

52 :gg:

-CD.

.CD.

LQQQZZZZLLLLLL“

W i};
In

a /
g

Bl SAM3

¢1
1

g1 SAM4

////////// 1371

/////////

Figure

FIRST

WORDS

LOCATIONS

BLOCK

774

BLOCK

1372

THIRD

DISK

UNUSED

FOURTH

V
{

(OPTIONAL)

375

376

B—l

1767

FIRST

DISK

BLOCK

14¢1

WORDS

FIRST WORD
OF

////////// 773

373
374

SCRATCH
SCRATCH

FIRST

1¢¢1

JQZZALLLLL

2 Fl SCRATCH
D

1372

2¢l
2fl2

BI DN3

FOR

STORAGE

‘

\SECOND DISK

HI DN

USER

774

13
14
15

.CD.

AVAILABLE

NOT USED

3
4

MONITOR

LOADER

LOCATION

1
2

MONITOR

LOADER

DISK

Disk Storage Layout in the Disk Monitor

System

DISK/

NOTE

The odd accumulations at the end of each disk
are
due
the
fact
that
to
dividing the disk into
129-word blocks leaves a remainder of
two
words.
the
On
first
disk
the first location is
only,
This allows the write
unused.
lock
to
boundary
fall between two blocks.

Blocks 1770-1777 do not exist.
use them.
In

attempt

systems with less than four

entries
set

Do not

corresponding
01

SAM
block
disks,
nonexistent blocks are

(the Monitor file number).

All blocks which

given

are available but unassigned
internal file number of 0.

There may be

system.

60(decimal)

user

files

the

are

total

BLOCK
MONITOR
MONITOR

HEAD

(lST PAGE OF SAVE)

MONITOR

SAM

(START)

(BACKUP)

SAM

(BACKUP)

SCRATCH

Directory

SCRATCH BLOCK
SCRATCH

Block

Storage Allocation
Map B lock

BLOCK

Name

AREA AVAILABLE

FOR

SAVING

BLOCK

MONITOR

(2ND

PAGE

CALL)

MONITOR

(3RD

PAGE

SAVE)

MONITOR

(2ND PAGE OF SAVE)

MONITOR

(lST

PAGE

CALL)

MONITOR

(4TH PAGE

SAVE)

BLOCK

7
fl

LOADER

177

DNl

(USER)

LOADER

Zfifl

SAMl

(USER)

2fl

COMMAND

DECODER

2¢1

DN2

COMMAND

DECODER

2g2

SAM2 (USER)

COMMAND DECODER

2¢3

SAM3 (USER)

COMMAND

DECODER

2¢4

SAM4

(USER)

COMMAND

DECODER

2¢5

SAM5

(USER)

COMMAND

DECODER

2¢6

SAM6

(USER)

COMMAND

DECODER

2¢7

DN3

(USER)

LOADER

3fi

LOADER

SCRATCH

BLOCK

LOADER

SCRATCH

BLOCK

LOADER SCRATCH

BLOCK

LOADER

BLOCK

SCRATCH

27¢l8

’///////////////////////////////
Figure

3—2

CORE

IMAGES

DECtape Storage Layout
B-4

(Revised)

Table B-1

System Device and

Unit

Core

Capacities

Highest Page (Block)
(lst Page
0)

Number

Words

l DISK(DF32)

32,768

(375(8))

DISKS(DF32)

65,536

(773(8))

DISKS(DF32)

93,303

(1371(8))

DISKS(DF32)

131,072

(1767(8))

DECTAPE

190,146

(2701(8))

RF08

DISK

262,144

80:1767(8)

S1:1767(8)

RF08

DISKS

524,288

SZ:1767(8)

S3:1767(8)

RFO8

DISKS

786,432

S4:1767(8)

85:1767(8)

RF08

DISKS

1,048,432

SG:1767(8)

S7:l767(8)

NOTE

disk is divided into two
128K
Each
unit
is
logical
structured as if it were four DF32's.
Each RF08

units,

logical

3.1.1

Directory

The format of a
Each
file
has

Name

Directory
an

Blocks

(DN)

Name

entry in

is
of the

Block
one

illustrated
in
three DN blocks

3-3.
the system

Figure
on

device.
DNl

DN2

Contains

entries

through

and

file
numbers
link to DN2.

31(octal)(25(decima1))

for

Contains

internal
numbers
file
and a link to DN3.

through

entries

for

62(octa1)(50(decimal))
DN3

Contains

entries

for

77(octa1)(63(decima1))
Thus, the system device
contains
the filename,

internal
a

internal
file
numbers
63
through
an end-of-chain link of 0.

and

contain up to

Each
file
entry
63 files.
address, entry point address, file type,
and an internal file number (1 through 77(octal)). When a file
is
to
be added on the system device, an entry for the file is created in the
first open entry slot found in the DN blocks.
When a file is deleted,
DN entry is cleared and the slot is made available for some other
its

file.

can

start

BLOCK

NUMBER OF

(DISK

FIRST

SCRATCH

0373; DECTAPE

2-DIGIT VERSION NUMBER
BLOCK NUMBER OF
DN

FIRST

ENTRY

FOR

(INTERNAL FILE
DN

ENTRY

BLOCK

FIRST

FILE

SECOND

1°

ENTRY

FOR

THIRD

BLOCK
BLOCKS

ONLY;
CONTAIN

ZEROES

(files

018+318[25101)

(0200)

THESE

WORDS

01)

02)

FILE

(INTERNAL FILE NUMBER

ENTRIES

FILE

(INTERNAL FILE NUMBER
25

lST

OTHER

(AF)

SAM

NUMBER

FOR

BLOCK

0005)

03)

PER DN

ENTRY

FOR

(INTERNAL

TWENTY-FIFTH

FILE

NUMBER

FILE

318)

to DNZ
(files 328
+_._{Link
through 628)
638 through
FIRST DIRECTORY NAME (DN) BLOCK
{DN377 8(files
[6310])

LINK

Link of H

(end—of—

chain).

4-CHARACTER
FILENAME

LOW

DN
ENTRY

CORE ADDRESS

ENTRY

FORMAT

INTERNAL

EXTENDED

BITS

INSTR.

ASCII

FTC

BIN

BINARY

SYS

OR USER

Name

(DN)

8-3

Directory

ADDRESS
NON-

OBEYED

ON CALLING

SYSTEM

PROGRAM TYPE

Figure

CORE
IF

~‘--\\ADDRESS OF lST

FILE

NUMBER

MEMORY

-1

CONTIGUOUS

POINT

LOWEST
OR

SAVE

FILE

Block Format

PROGRAM

8.1.2

Storage Allocation Map

(SAM)

Blocks

contain a record of which files are occupying which

SAM blocks

contains

Each
SAM
block
system device.
(See Figure 8-4.)
377(octa1)-block area.

the

the map

for blocks

contains the map
link to SAM(3).

for blocks

400

contains the map
link to SAM(4).

for blocks

1000

SAM(l)

contains

record

blocks
of a

through 377(octal)

and

link to SAM(2).

SAM(2)
a

SAM(3)
and

through 777(octal)

through

contains the map for blocks 1400
through
either and end-of—chain link of 0 (if disk)

SAM(4)
and

SAM(5)
The

and

1377(octal)

1777(octal)
or

link to

(if DECtape).

two

SAM blocks

are

present only if

DECtape is

the

system device.
SAM(S)
and

SAM(6)
and

contains the map for blocks
link to SAM(6).

2000

through

2377(octa1)

contains the map for blocks 2400
end-of-chain link of 0.

through

2701(octa1)

each
is present for
disk
unit
four
(up to
SAM block resides on the disk which it maps (SAM(1)
on the first disk,
SAM(2) on the second disk, etc.). When a file is to
be
a
search
SAM blocks for an entry
is
made
added,
through the
containing 0 (block is unoccupied), the internal file number of the
file
is placed in that entry (and in as many other unoccupied entries
as are needed
for
the
and
the
block
is
file),
storage
linking
When
a
file is deleted, all SAM block entries containing
adjusted.
the file's internal file number are set to 0. The block number of
the
beginning block of the SAM chain (200) is stored in the third word of
On an RF08 disk each pseudo-unit (SO-S7) has
the first DN block.
its
own set of three DN blocks
and four SAM blocks.
0n

disk,

allowed)

one

SAM block

and each

SPECIAL

INTERNAL

FILE

NUMBERS:

ALL

MONITOR,

DN,

AND

SCRATCH

BLOCKS

SAM,

BLOCKS

LOADER

COMMAND

DECODER

BLOCKS

WORD
WORD

COxlONmubLDNI—‘O

WORD

WORD
WORD

WORD
WORD
WORD
WORD

WORD

122

WORD

123

WORD

124

WORD

125

WORD

126

WORD

127

WORD

128

internal file
of file

nnn

number

occupying
block

LINK

ALLOCATION MAP

(SAM)

BLOCKS

O, 1, 2

BLOCKS

5, 6', 11

FILE#4-BLOCK10

FILE#13-BLOCK8201,
202,206,207

0°

FILE #3

FILE#15-BLOCKSZOO,
203, 205, 210
UNUSED

BLOCKS

204,

3, 4, 7,

211

Figure

8-4

SAM2

(BLOCKS 400-777)

STORAGE

unoccupied)

EXAMPLE
FILE #1

nnn

Storage Allocation Map

(SAM)

Block Format

B.2
The

DATA

data

STRUCTURE

of each type of program

structure

file

described

the

following paragraphs.

8.2.1

Source

File

(ASCII)

Data Structure

All characters are stored in 6-bit ASCII code as two words
three
per
All nonprinting characters (200
paper tape frames as described below.
through 237 and 340 through 377) have their two most significant bits
(The one exception to this rule is
dropped and a 77 prefixed to them.
which
is
A11
are
nonexistent.)
RUBOUT, 377,
printing characters
trimmed to six bits, except for ? (277), which is packed as 7777.

B.2.2
All

Binary

File

(BINARY,

FTC

BIN)

Data

Structure

and FORTRAN binary (FTC BIN) files are
stored
as
three paper tape frames.
Frame 1 is contained within
within
the
contained
eight bits of word 1, frame 2 is

binary (BINARY)

two
the

words

per

rightmost
rightmost eight

bits
of word 2, and frame 3 is contained within the
leftmost four bits of words 1 and 2
most
(the
significant bits of
frame 3 are those of word 2).

Example:
4

Meaning

Disk(0ctal)

200

Leader

102
033

ORG
Second half
of ORG word

5600
0502

Paper tape

This

8.2.3

procedure is repeated until

Saved File

(SYS,USBR)

Data

Disk(Bina£y)
1011
0001

trailer code

10000000
01000010

found.

Structure

of
number
files are stored on the system device as an integral
'and
each
Storage
occupies one disk or DECtape block.
page
conventions differ between saved files of contiguous pages of core and
those of noncontiguous pages.
Saved

pages

Contiguous Pages
The
Start
All system device blocks contain core images (Figure B-S).
Address
word
in the Directory Name (DN) entry for the file is set to
the starting page address.
SAVE

FILC:200-600;433

Contains core
image of Iocations

Block 1

Filenome

200 through 377

Start Address

Entry Point
File Type/File Number
DIRECTORY NAME ENTRY

Contains core
Block 2

image of locations
‘

Block 3

400 through 577

Contains core

image of locations

600 through 777

Figure 3-5
Contiguous-Page Save File

Format

Noncontiguous Pages
The

first

system

noncontiguous

pages

device
of

block
of
contains

core

saved

list of
subsequent blocks.
a

file

composed

page assignments
The
last
in
entry
Start Address word in the
core

and the core images stored in
this
list
is set to 7777 (Figure 3-6). The
Name
Directory
entry for the file is set to 7777 to indicate that the
first
block
does
not
contain
a
core
image but a page assignment
'

listing.
SAVE

FILN:

0,400,1000;433

Block

End of

Filename

List of

0000
0400

page

1000
7777

ments

assign—
Start Address

List

Entry Point
File

Type/File

Number
DIRECTORY NAME ENTRY

Contains

image
Block

core

locations

through 177
Contains
Block

image

core

locations

400

through 577
Contains
Block 4

image

core

locations 1000

through 1177
SYSTEM DEVICE

BLOCKS

Figure

B-6
Save Format

Noncontiguous-Page

3.3
A

PIP DIRECTORY LISTING

directory listing of the system device can be obtained
(Figure B-7). A sample output is given below.

PIP

LPIP)
*opT-L)
*IN-s:)
FB=0121

121

PALD.SYS
EDIT.SYS
LOAD.SYS
.CD..SYS
PIP .SYS
FORT.SYS

(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)

0011
0007
0025
0010

.FT..SYS
.OS..SYS
FOSL.SYS
STBL.SYS
.DDT.USER
.USR.USER
DDT .SYS
\cJ

(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)

0035
“0024
0006
0001
0022
0023
0002

\TJ

free blocks

remain

0030
0016

\‘v=i———————Number of blocks used

-—-——————————Field number

Extension

name

Filename

Sample

Figure 8-7
Directory Listing

PIP

running

B.4

MONITOR CORE

USAGE

DIAGRAMS

The following illustrations
through 7777 at

Monitor

show

usage

Monitor Time and User Time

SAVE

Command

Processing (Figure 8-9)

CALL

Command

Processing

locations

(Figure 8-8)

(Figure 3-10)
7777

7777

SYSTEMS

I/O ROUTINE
MONITOR HEAD

SYSTEMS

I/O

MONITOR

ROUTINE
HEAD

7600

7600
MONITOR
SERVICE

USER AREA

TELETYPE

7400

7400
SAVE

COMMAND

DECODER
USER AREA

AND

PAGE

STACK BUILDER

7200

USER AREA

7000

(a)

(b)

Monitor-Time Core Usage

Figure

B-8

Monitor-Time

User—Time Core Usage

User-Time Core Usage

7000

.SAVE

filename:core-specifications,...:entry—point

7777
SYSTEMS

I/O

SYSTEMS

I/O

MONITOR

HEAD

MONITOR

HEAD

STACK

BUILT

7600
PAGE

HERE

MONITOR AND

‘

ROUTINES

TTY

NOW DESTROYED;
STATUS REGISTERS ARE

VARIOUS

HELD
PAGE

DIRECTORYNAMEENTRYBUIDTHERE

SERVICE

ARE

HERE.

STACK MOVED

HERE

7400
SAVE

COMMAND DECODER
AND

PAGE

BUFFER FOR

STACK BUILDER

7200
CODE

HERE

SYSTEM

SWAPPED

DEVICE

OUT

SCRATCH

BLOCK SEARCH AND
ROUTINE LOADED HERE

BLOCK;

UPDATE

7000

(a)

"SAVE

filename:"

Processing

(b)

"Core—specifications,..;entrypoint" Processing

7777
SYSTEMS

I/O

SYSTEMS

MONITOR

HEAD

MONITOR HEAD

I/O

7600
BLOCK

STACK

BLOCK

STACK

PAGE

STACK

PAGE

STACK

7500

7400
SAM BLOCK

SEARCH AND UPDATE
LOADED HERE
(CREATE BLOCK STACK)

ACTUAL

ROUTINES

SAVE

(RETURNS

ROUTINE
TO

LOADED

MONITOR

HERE

START

7600-WHEN FINISHED)

7200
SAM

BUFFER

SWAPPED-OUT CODE

BROUGHT

7000

(c)

SAM

Figure

8-9

(d)

Core

Usage During

Actual

SAVE

Save

Time

Command Execution

BACK

.CALL

filename)

.filename)

7777

SYSTEMS

I /o

MONITOR HEAD
7600
BUFFER FOR DN AND

SAM

BLOCKS

7400
DN AND

CALL:

SAM

ROUTINES

(LOCATE FILE AND DEFINE RANGE OF CALL)
7200
X

7000

(a)

"CALL

filename"

Processing

7777
SYSTEMS

I/O

MONITOR HEAD

7600
READ

ROUTINE

(PERFORMS ACTUAL CALLING IN OF FILE;
CAN DISAPPEAR AT USER TIME)
7400

CONTIGUOUS-PAGE PROGRAM:
AREA IS NOT TOUCHED.

THIS

NONCONTIGUOUS-PAGE PROGRAM:
SCATTER—GET READS CORE
ALLOCATION (BLK 1) INTO HERE
7200
X

7000

(b)

Figure

B-lo

Core

Actual CALL Time

Usage During CALL Command Execution

MONITOR START

SWAP OUT CORE

(7200-7577) AND
READ MONITOR

SAVE

YES

WHOLE

CORE
NO

EXPLICIT
CALL ?

YES

SET NONSYSTEMPROGRAM

SYSTEM
PROG

MOOEIND

YES

SET

MODE

SYSTEM

INDICATOR

CONSTRUCT
PAGE

LIST

CONSTRUCT
ENTRY POINT

ADDRESS
YES

PROPER
moo:

?
YES

EXTRACT
DN ENTRY

READ SAM
BLOCK

YES

F
NO

Figure 8-”

Monitor Flow Chart (Part I)

B-16

[READ

YES

BLOCKI
FOR

FILENAME
1
RE AD 100‘
(CORE ALLOC. LIST)
INTO 7200

READ BLOCK 0F
SAVE FILE mm
PAGE
man

semen

FOR

AN OLD VERSION
0‘ "'5 F'LE
EXISTS AND IS

EMPTY

SLOT

BEING OVER—
WRITTEN av
A NEW VERSION

TYPE “Fuui'

ENTRY

JUMP

POINT

ADDRESS

WRITE

our

READ IN SAM

Figure 8-”

UPDATED.

BLOCK

Monitor Flow Chart (Part 2)

EXTRACT A
SAM

ENTRY

BLOC K
REQUIREMENTS

TYPE

'FULL'

SATIgFIED
YES

E NTRY
CONTAIN O
7

YES

DOES
ENTRY CONTAIN
FILE NO. OF FILE

PICK UP
PAGE FROM
PAGE LIST

7777

YES

SET LINK

WORD TO 0

BEING OVERWRITTEN
?

WRITE BLOCK
YES
PICK UP BLOCK
NUMBER FROM
BLOCK LIST

PLACE FILE NUMKR
OF FILE BEING SAVED
INTO SAM ENTRY

WRITE PAGE

CONTENTS
INTO BLOCK

IF AN OLD FILE IS

BEING OVERWRITTEN
CONTINUE SEARCHING
SAMS FOR OLD FILE
NUMBER AND CHANGE
TO 0

YES

Figure 8-”

Monitor Flow Chart (Part 3)

APPENDIX C

COMMAND DECODER

Command Decoder is
to
read
programs

all
system
entered via the
stored
on
the

used
program
command
and
strings
interpret
and
Command Decoder is generated
Teletype keyboard.
system device by System Builder.

general-purpose

Command Decoder user four pages of
in by a system program as follows.

core

file number of Command

The

block of the Command Decoder

starting

and is

(see Figure C-1)

internal
is obtained.

The

Decoder

called

(filename=.CD.)

(05)
file

obtained.

20-DECtape

lS-Disk,
3.

to
This block is then read into the second of the four pages
Command
Command
is
used
Decoder
Decoder.
by
position-independent and can be read into any four contiguous
pages of core between locations 200 and 7577 inclusive.

C.l

Command Decoder is then entered
by
jumping
location of page 2 (the first location is an

LOCATIONS

Locations

167

USED

the

second

return).

DECODER

through 177, page 0,

Page

Location

BY COMMAND

to
error

are

used

shown

in Table C-l.

Table C-l
Locations Used by Command Decoder

Purpose

167

Preloaded with 7777 if input
and
extension names are different.

170

Scratch

location.

171

Scratch

location.

172

Points to the first block of Command Decoder.

173

Scratch

174

Points
device

175

Contains the
its original

output

filenames

and

location.
the output list.
Information
concerning each
request is placed in this list by Command Decoder.

This location is not
left
exit from Command Decoder.

option bits.
state

upon

176

Scratch

177

Contains the address of the return from Command Decoder.

location.

PAGE

* IN

’

PAGE 2

COMMAND

___________

TYPE

__________

DECODER INIT

TYPE OUT

VALID

READROUTINE

___________

FOR PAGES

CHARACTER

FETCH AND

AND 4

ERROR ROUTINE
__________

TYPE OUT

RTE

*"""“‘

"READ—BITOCK-E~
_I_N_T9 SEE}...
_

0N CHECK

""""""""

DISPATCH
_________

PAGE 4

AND VALIDITY CK

__________

ROUTINE

DEVICE LOOKUP

OUT

TYPEOUTS

TIME

PAGE

I/O DEVICE
CHECK ROUTINE
_________

""""“‘

COMMA, CARRIAGE
RETURN HANDLER

ROTATE

_R‘E“_D_]3_L.OC_K_E_

DECTAPE

1/0

ERROR DISPATCH

BLOCK 2

BLOCK 1

BLOCK 3

BLOCK 4

CHECK FOR

TIME 2

DEVICE

BUFFER

As ABOVE

ABOVE

VALIDITY

BLOCK 3A

BLOCK 3

BLOCK 4

ABOVE

As ABOVE

BLOCK 3

BLOCK 4

As ABOVE

BLOCK 3

BLOCK 4

DN SEARCH

ROUTINE
""""""""

TIME 3

BUFFER

DIRECTORY
UPDATE

BLOCK 5

SAM BLOCK

SEARCH ROUTINE

(INPUT ONLY)
READ IN BLOCK
TIME 4

BUFFER

INTO PAGE

(OUTPUT ONLY)
OPT

READ IN

OPTION CHAR
EXIT To USER

BLOCK 6

Figure

C-l

Command Decoder Core Usage

C-2

(Revised)

FOR COMMAND

INPUT AND OUTPUT REQUIREMENTS

C.2

DECODER

Location 174 (CDPTRP), the output list pointer, must point to a
block
of
the
code,
length of which must be 3*n+l, where n is the total
number of device requests expected.
For example, a program
with
one
file
(Refer to
output
plus three input files requires 13 locations.

Figure C-Z.)
The

option bit location (175) is
Bits

and l

constructed

follows:

Contain output file extension code
output is requested).

(or

input,

Bits

and

Contain the

input

file extension.

Bit 4

Output file is expected (Command Decoder
type *OUT- query (in addition to *IN-)).

Bit 5

Saved output file is a system program
of word 4 in DN entry is set to 1).

Bit 6

Option is available

will

(bit

(Command Decoder will type

*0PT-).
Bit

Bits

Saved input file is a system program (bit 5
word 4 in DN entry is checked for a 1).

(Total number of input files allowed)-l.

8-11

(Number of input files)—1

System/user inputz
‘—

OPT

option

-—-—System/user output2
Output option
Input extension1
Output extension1

1Extension codes:

00
01
10
11

System,

User

ASCII

BINARY

FIC

BIN
Saved file

(USER,SYS)

This option word must be
Command Decoder.

set

the system program

before

calling

first block of the Command Decoder is read into the second of
the
blocks
into
which
it
is
to run.
In the following examples,
assume Command Decoder is to be run in locations 2000-2777;
that
you
have
already loaded FBLK with the first block number of the Command
Decoder;
output list is in 3000; return is at 203 and you are looking
for
user
file
file input, no *OPT- is desired, and
output,
system
three input files are allowed.
The

four

(Example

*1700
TAD

(203

DCA

177

TAD

(7622

DCA
TAD
DCA
TAD

175

FBLK,

174
FBLK

/POINTER

LIST

172

/BLOCK

.CD.

(7642

/READ
/BLOCK 1 OF COMMAND
/INTO LOCATION 2200
/LINK
/BAD READ

0
HLT

DECODER

.+1

2201

Example

(DISK)

167
I

0
2200

JMP

/RETURN
/111 110 010 010=BITS

(3000

DCA
CMA
DCA
JMS
3

/ENTER

.CD.

*2200
TAD

(203

DCA

177

TAD
DCA

(7622

/RETURN
/111 110 010 010=BITs

175

TAD

(3000

DCA

174
FBLK
172

TAD
DCA

/POINTER To

LIST

/BLOCK

.CD.

1 OF

CMA
DCA
JMS

FBLK,

1003
0
2200
‘
0
2200

167
I

(7642

/READ AND RETURN THRU
/ADDRESS IN ERROR RETURN
/IF ERROR, OR ERROR RETURN
/+1 IF CORRECT RETURN
/NOTE

THIS

CODE

OVER-WRITTEN

FOR DISK OR DECTAPE:
OUTPUT

WORD A

(OR INPUT I
IF NO OUTPUT)

WORD B

DEVICE
CODE

INPUT I

WORD A

L-

(OR INPUT 2
IF NO OUTPUT)

WORD B

INTERNAL FILE

UNIT

NUMBER

NUMBER
0-7

6 = System Device

Not System Device

FOR TELETYPE OR HIGH SPEED READER:
O

DEVICE

CODE

Teletype
High Speed Reader
NuII Device

END OF LIST

7777

OPTION

ASCII

DISK OR DECTAPE (INPUT):

CHARACTER
START BLOCK NUMBER
DISK OR DECTAPE (OUTPUT):
0

PAPER TA PE:
0

Figure

C—2

Output List Produced by Command Decoder

PAGE 2 (BLOCK 1)

PAGE 2

(BLOCK I)

(COMMA FOUND IN
INPUT STRING)

READ BLK 2
INTO PAGEI

STORE LAST
DEVICE/
NAME VALUE

READ BLK 3
INTO PAGE 3

RELOCATE INDIRECT
REFERENCES ON
PAGES 1. 3, 4

PLACE

PAGE

PAGE I

ERROR

(PAGE 4)

(BLOCK 2)

TYPEX
TYPE Mom»u

GET CHARACTER

TYPE CHARACTER

WAIT

FOR

COMMA

OR CARRIAGE

RETURN

Figure C-3

Command Decoder Flow Chart (Part I)

PAGE \

(READ A CHARACTER FROM THE TELETYPE KEYBOARD)

(BLOCK 2)

SET U P
COUNTERS
AND POINTERS

READ ONE

CHARACTER

CONTROL
CHARACTER

PAGE ‘

(BLOCK 2)

PAGE 2
(BLOCK ‘)

CONVERT TO
G-BlT

FORMAT

(CARRIAGE
~°

K"?
?

253:3"

“WC" 2’

IN INPUT

STRING)
vzs

STORE LAST
DEVICE/NAME
VALUE

Figure C-3

Command Decoder Flow Chart (Part 2)

PAGE 3

(BLOCK 3)

READ BLOCK 5
INTO PAGE
2

CDPHA 2

DEVICE

"WE?“L'D

pLAcE '7"

ERROR

m AC

(PAGE 4)

YES

SET UP FILE
NAME AND

EXTENSION

(DNSRCH)

on BLOCK SEARCH
(PAGE 2
BLOCK 5)

(CDNODN)
no

”3"”

ATTEMPT To MAKE
NEW on ENTRY

DIRECTORY
FULL

YES
'

(PAGE 2, BLOCK 5)

YES

PLACE IID'
IN AC

TYPE

I?"

ERROR

(PAGE 4)

YES

READ BLOCK 6

INTO PAGE
2

PAGE 2

(BLOCK 6)

Figure C-3

Command Decoder Flow Chart (Part 3)

(DN BLOCK SEARCH)

INITIALIZE
AND

POINTERS

COUNTERS

(COIOX)
READ DN BLOCK
(PG 4 BLK 4)
.

SET INTERN

NUMBER IN

FILE
AC

Figure C-3 Command Decoder Flow Chart (Part 4)

PAGE 2

(BLOCK 6)

INITIAL|ZE

CLEABRYOUTPUT
LOCATION
I

115

ms: 2
“9'4”” "

vzs

SET UP TO READ
BLOCK I

(CDIOX)
READ SAM BLOCK
lNTO PAGE 1
a

FILE
NUMBER MATCH

PUT START
BLOCK NUMBER

m AC

END
or LIST

?
vas

OPTION
FLAG SET

YES

TYPE
-

*OPT¢'

GET OPTION
CHARACTER

FLIP

SAMEuAsx

RESET
COUNTER

EXI T
TO USER

l
Figure C-3

TYPE

n?-

Command Decoder Flow Chart (Part 5)

PAGE 4

(BLOCK 4)

PAGE 2

@
DEPOSIT
CHARACTER

FROM

TYPE
ROUTINE

(BLOCK 5)

CDNODN

(MAKE DN ENTRY IF
OUTPUT FILE)

GET CHARACTER

AC
\
\
\

\
TYPE
CARRIAGE LINE
RETURN
FEED

CREATE

TYPE
CHARACTER

NEW

(DIRECTORY FULL)

ENTRY IN SLOT

WRITE OUT
ON
BLOCK
PAGE 4

(BLOCK 4)

GET INTERN,
FILE NUMBER

DECTAPE

SIMULATE JMS

DECTAPE

SYSTEM

I/O

DEVICE

SIMULATE
JMS SYSIO

Figure C-3

Command Decoder Flow Chart (Parf 6)

APPENDIX D
SYSTEM PROGRAMS

D.l

LOADING PARAMETERS

Core

Name

FOR SYSTEM PROGRAMS

Limits

Entgx Point

PIP

0-5177

1000

EDIT

0-3377

2600

PALD

0-7577

6200

FORT

0-1777

200

.FT.

200-7377

STBL

600-777

FOSL

0-1777

.OS.

-0-5177

DIAG

200-1177

.DDT

200-4577

.SYM

200-4577

DDT

7200-7577

7200

REST

200-377

200

SAVE

STATISTICS

Name

Save

Command

PIP

SAVE

PIP10-5177;1000

EDIT

SAVE

EDIT10—337732600

PALD

SAVE

PALD!0-7577;6200

FORT

SAVE

FORT!0-l777;200.

.FT.

SAVE

.FT.!200-7377;0

STBL

SAVE

STBL!600;600

String

Eggg

Save Command

FOSL

SAVE

FOSLIO-l777;200

.os.

SAVE

.OS.!0-5177;0

DIAG

SAVE

DIAGIZOO-11773200

REST

SAVE

REST1200-3777200

.DDT

SAVE

.DDT1200-457770

.SYM

SAVE

.SYM!200-4577;0

DDT

SAVE

DDTI7200-7577;0

String

(User may assemble anywhere above location 4577)

APPENDIX E

1/0

3.1

PROGRAMMING

GENERAL

The modular concept of input/output (I/O) handling of the disk
system
The system device 1/0
for easy maintenance and programming.
provides
be
in
field
is found in the following places (all I/O routines must

0).
routine
Top page of field 0 (location 7642) which is the I/O
used
all
by
system programs for normal 1/0. A copy of this
Block
0
of
each
page is on block 0 of the system device.
DECtape is the DECtape I/O routine.

Interrupt versions of disk and DECtape routines

are

found

PIP.

E.2

by individual programs.

Paper tape 1/0 is handled

CALLING SEQUENCE

FOR BASIC

I/O

ROUTINE

called
as
shown
in
I/O routine (see Paragraph E.1.1.) is
two
as
determined
bit
2
It
is
called
in
of
the
E—l.
ways,
Figure
by
function word.
The basic

Normal

The

(error).

1/0 routine

For

example,

returns

the

JMS+6

following

(normal)
routine

would

JMS+5
read

the
The
consecutive blocks from a file on
system device.
is
initialized by putting the first block number of
routine
the desired file into location LINK.
If an attempt
is
made
read past the last block of the file,
routine called ENDFIL.

exit is

made

GETBLK, o
TAD LINK
SNA
JMP

(ENDFIL

/GET LINK FROM LAST READ
/IS THIS END OF FILE?
/YES

DCA BLOK

JMS
3

BLOK,

(7642

ROUTINE

/BUFFER ADDRESS

BUFFAD

LINK,

/CALL DISK I/O
/FUNCTION=READ

o
JMP

(ERROR

JMP

GETBLK

/ERROR RETURN

address
The 1/0 routine returns to the 12-bit
Indirect
the error return word+1 (normal) or the 12-bit address in
-

(ERROR).

in
the

Calling Sequence
JMS

Explanation
Location SYSIO

SYSIO

BLOCK

Block to be accessed

CORE

Low-order

LINK

Filled by READ,

ERROR

Error return

RETURN

Normal return

*Function word:

Bits 0-1
Bit 2

Bits 3-5
Bits 6-8
Bits 9-11

Figure

E.3
The

GENERALIZED
user

points

E-l

I/O

address

core

used

WRITE

here
here

unused
0, normal return
a
indirect
return
at
end
of
1,
to
in error
address+l
read/write
return
unit no.
if DECtape or RF08 disk
=

field
READ
function:

memory

WRITE

Calling Sequence of System Routine

DISK/DECTAPE I/O

system programs may

ROUTINE

use

The calling sequence
Appendix C.
used by
the
basic
I/O routine,
explained below.

the
to

I/O
generalized
routine is the

this

except

for

certain

in
that
restrictions

routine

same

The Command Decoder must be called as shown in Examples
1
and
2
in
Section
The
C.2.
entry point for the generalized I/O routine is the
first location of the Command Decoder plus 603(octal) locations, i.e.,
in
the
previously mentioned examples the entry point would be at
location 2603.
The generalized I/O routine uses location 0171
on
This
zero.
page
location must contain the address which points to the I/O list created
If
the
JMS
instruction
which
calls
the
by the Command Decoder.

routine
is
at an even numbered location, location 0171 must point to
Word B (refer to Appendix C) of a Command Decoder list entry.
If
the
JMS is at an odd numbered location, location 0171 must point to word A
of a Command
Decoder
list
The
contents
of
Word
A
then
entry.
determines whether the DECtape

system device will be used.

The contents of the function word in the
‘calling sequence determine
be
read from or written on the selected
is
to
whether
information
device and DECtape unit (if applicable) as shown in Figure E-l.
The

following examples illustrate

the

use

the

I/O

generalized

It is assumed that the Command Decoder was called and placed
routine.
in locations 2000-2777, and that its list begins at location 3000.

4312
0000
6007
0065
7777
0215

3000

3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
300

301
302
303
304
305
171
377
The
160

(Word A)
(Word B)

Output device

(Word A)

Input

(Word B)

file

Option

carriage

internal
-

file

DECtape #3,

#12

system device, internal

#7, starting
return

was

JMS

2603

ENTRY

4777
0003
0065

7200
0000
7402

3002
2603

block6

typed

(2603

4777
0305
0160
7000
0161
7402
3001

FUNCTION WORD
BLOCK NR
BUFFER ADDRESS
LINK NR
ERROR HALT
POINT

above code writes the contents of locations 7000-7177
of DECtape unit 3 and writes link word of 161.
501
502
503
504
505
506
171
577

JMS

onto

block

(2603)

FUNCTION
BLOCK NR
BUFFER ADDRESS
NR

LINK

ERROR HALT

EN#RY

POINT

of
the
above code reads the contents of block 65
system device
into locations 7200-7377 and places the link to the next block of this
file in location 505.

The

NOTE

of
disk
the
two
versions
There
are
Monitor head (Block 0) for the DF32. One
non-S/S
(Version A) is used for all 4K,
the
and
other (Version B) for
systems
The
distinguishing
everything else.
between
the two is the fact
difference

read
disk
that version A does only one
one
for
block gtransfer (i.e.,
every
disk revolution), compared with two disk
reads
block with Version B (one to
per
the
fetch
link
read the block, one to
This
is
word
into
field
0).
memory
used
necessary because of the technique
in Version A
word
to
fetch
the
link
on
the
(switching DATA-BREAK pointers
-

fly)

which would not be used in Version

(the PDP-8/S is too slow and
altering
the
extended memory register on the fly
in
8K
an
machine
lead
to
may
transmission errors)
B

E-3

APPENDIX F

VALID

the
the valid I/O Device Combinations for
RFO8 Disk, and the DECtape Systems).

The Table below illustrates
three

system devices

I/O DEVICES

(DF32 Disk,

Table F-l

Valid

IN/OUT Devices

(Star

for

indicates valid

EDIT

PAL-D,
device

designation)

0
0

I/O

‘1’

,1;

DEV
SYS
DEVIC

DF32

RF08

S:name

5
c

N/A

Same
as

DECTAPE

Sfl

Same
as

D”

F—2

Table
Valid FORTRAN-D

INPUT/OUTPUT

“f

‘3‘

é:

DF32

N/A

RF08

N/A

TAPE

N/A

Table F-3
VALID

I/o
EV

I/O

“sf

SYS

FOR PIP

DEVICES

DEV

t”:

DF32

N/A

RFflS

DECTAPE

N/A

1The designation "3:" may not be used in place of "S¢:" when
deleting
files and listing directories.
This is a‘temporary restriction.

APPENDIX
PERMANENT

The

following

instruction

the

are

most

SYMBOL TABLES

commonly

that

For

set.

used

they

reason

elements
of
PDP-8
the
found in the permanent

are

These
instructions
are
symbol table within the assemblers.
already
defined
within
the
additional information on these
For
computer.
and
for
a
instructions
used
when
description of the symbols

programming
HANDBOOK,
Times

G.l

shown below

INSTRUCTION

Mnemonic

I/O

optional,

other,

available

devices,

from the DEC Software

representative

are

the

see

SMALL

COMPUTER

Distribution Center.

of the

PDP-8/E.

CODES

Code

Time

Operation

(usec.)

Memory Reference Instructions
AND
TAD

0000
1000

DCA

2000
3000

JMS

4000

JMP

5000

Mnemonic

Code

152

Logical AND
Two's complement add
Increment and skip if
Deposit and clear AC
Jump to subroutine
Jump

Operation

Group 1 Operate Microinstructions
microseconds.)
OPR
NOP
IAC

RAL
RTL
RAR
RTR
CML
CMA
CLL
CLA

zero

7000

Same

7000
7001
7004
7006
7010
7012
7020
7040
7100
7200

(1 cycle)

Seguence
(1 cycle is equal

NOP

operation

Increment
Rotate AC
Rotate AC
Rotate AC

and link left one
and link left two
and link right one
Rotate AC and link right two
Complemented link

Complement
Clear link
Clear AC

2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
1.2

—

3
4
4
4
4
2
2

1
1

1.2

Mnemonic

Code

Operation

Group 2 Operate Microinstructions
7402
7404
7410
7420
7430
7440
7450
7500
7510

HLT

OSR
SKP
SNL

SZL
SZA
SNA

SMA
SPA

Seguence
(1 cycle)

Halts the computer
Inclusive 0R SR with AC

HHHwa

Skip unconditionally
Skip on nonzero link
Skip on zero link
Skip on zero AC
Skip on nonzero AC
Skip on minus AC
Skip on positive AC
(zero is positive)

Combined Operate Microinstructions
CIA
STL
GLK
STA

ms
Internal

7041
7120
7204

Complement

7240

Set AC

7604

Load AC with

IOT

ION
IOF

and increment AC
link to 1
Get link (put link in AC, bit 11)
Set

1
SR

NHI-‘N

usu th
w

Microinstructions

6000
6001
6002

Turn

interrupt processor on
interrupt processor

Disable

Keyboard/Reader (1 cycle)
KSF

6031

Skip

KRB

6036

Clear AC,

TSF

6044

TLS

6046

High Speed

Reader

RSF

RFC

6011
6012
6014

High Speed

Punch

PSF
PCP
PPC

6021
6022
6024

RRB

PLS

(l cycle)

6041
6042

TPC

6026

keyboard/reader flag

read keyboard buffer
(dynamic), clear keyboard flags

Teleprinter/Punch
TCF

Skip on teleprinter/punch flag
teleprinter/punch flag
Load teleprinter/punch and print
Load teleprinter/punch, print, and clear
teleprinter/punch flag
Clear

Type PR8/E

(1 cycle)

Skip on

reader flag
Read reader buffer and clear reader flag
Clear flag and buffer and fetch character

Type PPB/E

(1 cycle)

Skip on punch flag
Clear flag and buffer
Load punch buffer and

punch

character
Clear flag and buffer, load
buffer and punch character

G-2

Mnemonic

Code

Time

Operation

(usec.)

DECtape Transport Type TUS and DECtape Control Type TC08
DTRA

6761

DTCA

6762

DTXA
DTSF

6764
6771

DTRB

6772

2.6
2.6
2.6

error flag is l or
if DECtape control flag is l
Read status register B
Load status register B

2.6
2.6
2.6

Skip if
,

DTLB

Read status register A
Clear status register A
Load status register A

6774

Disk File and Control,
DCMA

6601

DMAR

6603

DMAW

6605

DCEA

6611

DSAC‘
DEAL

6612
6615

DEAC

6616

DFSE

6621

DFSC

6622
6626

DMAC

Type DF32D

Clear disk memory address reg2.6
ister, and interrupt flags
Load disk memory address reg3.6
ister and read
Load disk memory address reg3.6
ister and write
Clear disk extended address reg- 2.6
ister and memory address extension
2.6
Skip on address confirmed flag
Load disk extended address and
3.6
memory address extension
Read disk extended address reg3.6
ister
2.6
Skip on zero error flag
2.6
Skip on data completion flag
Read disk memory address reg3.6
ister

Memory Extension Control, Type MC8/E

(1 cycle)

field N
instruction field N
Read data field
data

RDF

62N1
62N2
6214

RIF

6224

Read

RIB
RMF

6234
6244

Read interrupt buffer
Restore memory field

6.2

PSEUDO-OPERATORS

CDF
CIF

Change
Change

to
to

instruction

field

The
following is a list of the 4K PAL-D assembler pseudo-ops.
section consists of those pseudo-ops which have counterparts in
first
the other assemblers.
The

DECIMAL
OCTAL
FIELD
PAUSE
I
Z

$
EXPUNGE

FIXTAB
PAGE
*

XLIST
TEXT
G-3

INDEX
ACCEPT

(FORTRAN),
3-12
(<>),

3-6

option, PIP,

APPEND
ASCII

Device assignments FORTRAN D,
Device layouts,
B-l
DeVice names,
2+5
3-45, 3—46
Diagnose program,

3-31

statement

Angle brackets

3-12
command,
B-9
code,

Assemble

and

Assembler,
8K SABR,
PAL-D,
Asterisk

Binary

B—6

format,
3-3
3-19

(*)

Disk/DECtape I/O routines,
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk

2-2

usage,

Binary file data structure,
2-8
Binary Loader,
error

3-35
Diagnostics, FORTRAN compiler,
B—5
Directory Name (DN) blocks,

3-60

Restore,

save

B—9

multisection,

E-2

monitor head,

storage

E-3
B-2
layout,

2—8
system binary loader,
A-Z
System Builder program,
3-20
(dollar sign),

2—10

messages,
tape copy,

3-31

loops, FORTRAN D,
option, PIP,
3-4,

3-32
3-7

3-8

Editor program,
3-10
command summary,
3-12

B-3

Blocks,

Bootstrapping
Monitor,

2-2

Restore

program,

8K SABR assembler,
3-3
Entry point of saved program,
3—12
Equal sign (=),

3-62

3-6
option, PIP,
3-53, 3-55
Breakpoints,
B

Equipment requirements,

2-13

l-l

Error messages,

2-14
CALL command,
2—6
Characters, special control,
Colon (z) usage,
2-6, 2-11, 3-12
Command Decoder program (.CD),
2-4,
C—1, C—2, E-2
Commands,
3-56
DDT-D,
3-12
Editor,
strings,
2—7
examples,
2-4
format,

3-46
Example programs, FORTRAN,
through 3—52
Examples, FORTRAN operating

FORTRAN

3-34
2—12

specifications,

2-11,
B-13, B—l4, B-lS
2-6
characters,

structure

Debugging

usage,

files,

FORTRAN

B-9

3-15

pseudo-op,

(DDT—D),

3-20

DECtape storage layout,
DEFINE

statement

Deletion mode,

summary,

3-29

(FORTRAN Operating System

Loader),

3-40

Functions,

3-19
Assembler,
3-30
FORTRAN,

Hardware,

l-l

B-4

(FORTRAN),

Editor,

3-17

3-21

3-28

statement
FOSL

programs

A-2

3-20

4K PAL—D Disk
DECIMAL

2-6,

binary files data structure, B-9
3-38
compilation diagnostics,
compiler system diagnostics, 3-35
3-30
functions,
3-42
operating system examples,

3-56

commands,

pseudo—op,

FORTRAN

2-2
CTRL/C,
3-12
CTRL/TAB,
3-11
CTRL/U,
Data

(1)

File merging,
3-7
Filenames,
2-5, 2-11
FIXTAB pseudo—op,
3-20
Floating point instructions,
F option, PIP,
3-6
Form feed,
3-11

usage,

DDT-D

3—42

Failsafe operation,
FIELD

B—lO
2-6
Control characters,
Core capacities,
B-5

CTRL

2-15

Executing Disk System Builder,
EXPUNGE pseudo-op,
3-20
Extensions to filenames,
2-5

Comma (,)
3-33
Compiler, FORTRAN-D,
3-38
compilation diagnostics,
3-35
system diagnostics,
Contiguous-page save file format,

Core

3-12

3-27

3-26,

2—11

2-6
2-6
usage,

Core

Escape,

system,

punctuation,

locations,

Errors,

3-25,
system,

Exclamation point

Command

Core

2-10

Binary Loader,
PAL-D,

3-30

Hardware write

INDEX-l

lock,

3-5

Header of

Hyphen

(-)

2-1

Monitor,
usage,

Options,
Editor,

2-6

3-17

3-61
program,
OUTPUT command,
3-13
Restore

Input/Output,
Command Decoder requirements, C-3
Command Decoder system routine,
E-2
F-l
devices,
E-2
disk/DECtape routines,
FORTRAN statements,
3-30
PAL-D devices,
3-23
E-l
programming,
I
3-20
(pseudo-op),

Key functions, Editor,
Line Feed,

3-11

compatability,
error

3-12
3-12

directory listing,

FORTRAN
FORTRAN

in RF08

program,
3-2

2-8
programs,
system programs,
Loading and saving,
3-57
DDT-D,

Editor,
PAL-D,

A-2

3-33
compiler,
Operating System,

library

3-40

Pseudo-operators, PAL-D,

A-4

3-20

3-7
B-13

Relocatable
3-3

3~60

RF08

system using PIP,
loader, A-l
RUBOUT key,
2—3, 2-6,

3-10

RIM

specification,

binary tape

copy,

3—11
used in FORTRAN ACCEPT statement,
3-31

3-8

of files,
2-5
3-13
command,

Noncontiguous

pages,

SABR

assembler,

SAM£(Storage
B-lO, B-ll
SAVE
Save

entries,
FORTRAN-D

object

DDT-D,

3-43

Saving system

programs,

Semicolon

usage,

compiler,

3-34

Operating system (FORTRAN),
3—43, 3-44
diagnostics,
2-1
Operation of monitor,

3-40

blocks,

B-3

Editor,

3-23
PAL-D,
3-61
Restore,

Map)

command.
2-10, 2-13,
files data structure,

Saving

3-58
3-16
3-41
FORTRAN,

3-3

Allocation

B-7

block
3-20
(pseudo-op).
3-2
Operating PIP,
Operating procedures,
OCTAL

FORTRAN

1-1

equipment,

Restore program,
RETURN key,
2-6

2-12

3-30

binary-coded tapes,

Requirements,

2-1

2-4

3-12
2-15

statement (FORTRAN),
A-3
Rebuilding monitor,
3-55
Registers in DDT-D,

Memory reference instructions,

Multi—section

strings,

READ

3-3, 3-7
3-15
speed reader,

core

command,

Read errors,

D-l

Monitor core usage,
Monitor mode,
2-2
Monitor operation,
M option, PIP,
3—5

3—20

Queries from system programs,
READ

Merging of files,

3-5
3-1

Punched output,
3—15
Punctuation in command
2—6

option, PIP,

Multiple—page

3-3
options,
option, PIP,

3-1

3—16
3-22

programs,

B-12
3-10

system,

Program library,

Loading parameters for system

Names

3-2

PIP,

A-2
loader,
Disk System Builder,

Low

3-26,

3-20
pseudo-operators,
PAUSE (pseudo-op),
3-20
PDP-8 instruction set,
G-l
Period (.),
3-11

BIN

3-25,

messages,

3-27

Loading,

PIP,

3-20
3-19
3-19

Peripheral Interchange Program
see PIP
(PIP),
Permanent symbol tables,
G-l

command,

LIST

PAGE (pseudo-op),
PAL-D Assembler,

(7)

3-1
B—9

programs,
A-4

2-6

Single-page core specification,
Slash (/),
3-12
1—1
Software,
S option, PIP,
3-6, 3-7
Source File data

INDEX-2

structure,

B-9

2-11

Spaces
2-7

in command strings,
2—5
in filename,

2-6
Special characters,
2—14
Start condition,
2—3
Starting Monitor,
2-1
Storage,
Storage allocation map blocks,

Symbol table, PAL—D,
2-2
System Builder,

B-5
2-15
3-35
D,

capabilities,

device

messages,
errors, FORTRAN
error

B-l

formats,

A—l

generation,
load and

save

programs,

D—l

system restore,

3-60

3-17
Tabs,
Tape preparation,

3-15

3-20

TEXT,
TRAILER

A-4

2-2

modes,

B-7

3-39
3-24

Symbolprint program,

3-13

command,

3-6
option, PIP,
2-6,
usage,
(Up-arrow)
core

User

symbol table,

usage,
2-2
User mode,

Write errors,

3-24

B-l3

User

3-59

2-15
3-6
PIP,
3-30
(FORTRAN),

Write-lock switch,
WRITE

Statement

XLIST

(pseudo-op),

(pseudo-op):

3-20

INDEX-3

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