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Document:	VK100 Technical Manual
Order Number:	EK-VK100-TM
Revision:	001
Pages:	236
Original Filename:

OCR Text

NKI100
TECHNICAL MANUAL

dlijgliltiall

\KI100
TECHNICAL MANUAL

dlilgliltiall

lst

1982

All

This

document

Basic-80.

Digital
Rights

1includes

rights

reserved.

PpBarco

Model

trademark

GD33

the

Equipment

April

Corporation

Reserved

material

from

1979

Microsoft.

monitor

Barco

Edition,

1is

Microsoft
All

registered

Corporation.

The
reproduction
of
this
material,
1in
part
or
whole,
is
strictly
prohibited.
For
copy
information, contact the Educational Services
Department,
Digital
Equipment
Corporation,

Maynard,
The

information

change

@1754.

Massachusetts

without

this

document

1is

Digital

notice.

subject

Corporation
assumes
no
responsibility
errors that may appear in this document.

Printed

Equipment
for

any

U.S.A.

The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment
Corporation,

Maynard,

Massachusetts.

DEC

DECnet

OMNIBUS

DECUS

DECsystem-10

0S/8

DIGITAL
Digital
PDP

UNIBUS
VA X

Logo

DECSYSTEM-290
DECwriter
DIBOL

EduSystem
IAS

MASSBUS

4/82-14

PDT
RSTS
RSX

VMS
VT

1982

CONTENTS

Adding
String

N
N+
—

W
w

(NS
R

o
o

Model

GD33

Black

and

from
6

Terminal

Monitor

a
&

from

Multiterminal
&

w N

2-18
2-19

Information

2-19
2-19
2-19

Format

Interface

2-19

Physical

2-19

Interface
Electrical Characteristics

EIA
mA

Interface

Current

Multiterminal

Interface

Rate

Character

Information

Communications

Electrical

| ]

Barco

Typical

Terminal

Interface
Baud

EIA

Removing
String

General

[ J

the

Connecting to the LA34VA Graphics Printer
Connecting Directly to the LA34VA
Graphics Printer

Hardware
WWWNDNONDDND

o)l e)We)Wo) o) We)Wor o) Ner W) o)

Connecting to
White Monitor
®

o
|

Installation
Connecting

2.5.3.3

W, WAl

INSTALLATION

Introduction

[ 4

GOt
W
-

Orders

|
o) WX W) NU, IE, T,

o
o
o

Toll-Free Telephone
Direct Mail Orders

2.5.3.2

DN NDNDNDNDNDDDNDDNDNDDNDDN

Keyboard Overlays
VK100 Cables and Connectors
Ordering Accessories and Supplies

Site Considerations
Unpacking and Inspection
Repacking .....

(G20

o
o
o
o

DD
NN

o
o
[}

INTRODUCTION

Introduction
General Description
Accessories and Supplies
VK100 Carrying Cases

CHAPTER

w N+

o
o

W WwWwNH
D

o
e

e
e e

CHAPTER

Cables

Loop

Interface

Characteristics

Interface

iii

Cables

2-21
2-22
2-22
2-23

2-23

wND DN
W
N -

o
o

o
o
o

DWW N
=
N

o
o

SET-UP

..c.cce.. cecessesessccecscc
e ceee

KeyS

.cceeececcesccoccscaes ceceocccans
e .o

Function
Mode

Locator

KeysS

KeyS

Mode

ceeeceeeo ceesccscscscesccse

ceeeeeeeo cecccsceecesene coeen

KeYS

.teeeecccccccccnse ceecccccscnsns

Visual and Audible InNdicatorsS .ccecececeecsccccoceoes oo
Visual InNdicatorS .ceeececcecescscsccccccccccsca c e
Audible Indicators .cececececeeees cecoessececcscccee
SET-UP Mode Description

whe=

Set-Up

Parameter

Changing
Changing

WNhHQOWOJOUdWwh
T

o
o
o
o
©®
8

Controls

Special

[

oo koo Koo Xao Ko Ko KA e Ne) le) Je)

o
o

e e X

6
e
©6

e e

INFORMATION

Standard

NNMNMNNNHEFREFEEFEFEFRFRFHEEFERFRERFRFOOIOOIDD
WNE

oo
o
o
o
o
o

OPERATING

Keyboard

Introduction ceeceeceecececcses ceoceessecsscccccsc
s cooe
ConNtrolsS ceceececcsocccoccccccscses cececccces

o
o
©
6
o
e
e
o

Interface

Composite Video Port
Color Monitor Port
Composite Sync Waveform Timing
Monitor Selection
Video Interface Cables
Hardcopy Interface
Physical Interface
Electrical Interface
Hardcopy Interface Cables
Hardcopy Device Sharing

Terminal

s bhbhwWwWWWwWND
o) Jro)) cmoumoons

CHAPTER

wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww WWwWWwwuwwwwwuwwwuwww

Overflow

Display

aoooanoautununuon
0 U b

L J

NN NN

AN
O OO

Buffer

a
a

Summary

SET-UP
SET-UP

Parameter
Parameter

(Operator)
(Host

Computer)

SET-UP Parameter Descriptions
Transmit Speed (TS)
Receive

Speed

Line/Local

(RS)
(LL)

Basic (BA)
Parity Enable

(PE)

XON/XOFF (X0O)
.
Scroll Mode (SM)
..
Reverse Video (RV)
Horizontal Margins (HM)
Vertical Margins (VM)

Expansion

Horizontal

Mode

(EM)

Position

(HP)

@ & © O & O & O 6 & & & 6 0 6 &6 6 & O 0 O 0 0
©
©
©
©
®© ©
®
Overstrike (0S)
Visual Cursor (VC)
Text Display (TD)
Graphics Display (CD)

Graphics Prefix (GP)
Single Character (5C)
Local Echo (LE)
New Line (NL)
Auto Hardcopy

(AH)

Auto Wraparound
Key Repeat (KR)

(AW)

®©

Terminal Mode (TM) ccecececceccsccscscsscscscscscscs
Keypad Mode (KP) ccecececeocccscsccsscscscccccccss
Cursor Key Mode (CK) eeeeeocscscssccscsccscascs
Programmed Keypad Mode (PK) .ceeeeescssccscseses
Tablet Locator Mode (TL) ececeececcccscsccsccccce
United Kingdom Character Set (UK) ..cceceeceeeces

3—28
3—28
3—28
3—29
3—29
3-29

ceccecesosccsscccscsccccsccsses

3—28

Communications Interface (CI)
ececcececccscoces
Hardcopy Speed (HS)
cceeceececcccccccascs cesssse
Power Frequency (PF)
..... cecccscsscsscsscsses
Interlace (IL)
cceeceoccececcccssccccsscscsscsssscse

3—29
3—29
3—30
3—30

Self-Test

3-30

PROGRAMMING

..eeeececeecceccccccccccscscccccccscaes

SO SO

Keyboard CodeS ceeeeececoecscccsccsosssccssccccccscscsscse
Standard Key Codes .ceceeee cecescescscccccacc
e

Cursor Control Key CodeS .ceeececccccccccccscoos
Auxiliary Keypad CodeS ..ceeeececcccccccccccss
Control CharactersS seeeceeccccsccccsoscscccsnccoes

W N
D

o
o
e

DDWNDNDNDDNDND

Character SetS .c.cececececvcccccccscscssssccoscnsssscsscsscs
Control FUNCLIONS teveeevceccccocccsccoscccccscccccsse

Select

Character

Mode

(SCS)

G
Y

i |

4-10

ceceeeeccecssees

4-11

.ceceeceeccccss cessesss

4-11

MOAES

ceeeeeeeccocscscscscosccscscosscsscccscscccscscs

4-11

Reset

...eeecee cceccecceccoc
e .

(ceeececee N

Print CommandsS ..ccececcecccccccoces cecesses
Confidence TeStS teeeeccececcocscocccccnces

4-12
4=12

Device

Sets

.(ceceececececcceccocos oo

Graphics

Reports

Control

Strings

Functions

ecc.cececececcecceccess

SUMMArY

4-13

eeccecescecscses

4-13

ReGIS

SUMMArY

ceeeeeeccococscsccsccccscsasnssssscces

4-13

Basic

SUMMArY

eeeeececccccccaes cecccsssssnne ceo

4-19

Commands/Statements ..ceceececees
Functions ..ceecececeese cecccessesccccccccse .o

4-19

THEORY

OPERATION

5-1

5-2
5-2

W+

..cceeceecececcccccocccocscooeo

Terminal Controller Module ...ceeeoeoeo
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
.cceeeecccocccccas
AdAreSS

ceeeecccccscscscscscssscsscssssscssscss

HO—7

.ieeecececccccscs cececccesecs cecssecesse

H—10

RAMS

. cecececeecccccccccccscsocccscscsscscscccoccsccce

D—10

oUbd

Attributes

ececcececececococcccaes

.ceecececcececscccccscs

Enter

VT52

= =
=

SUMMAry

CommandS

Erasing CommandsS «eceeeececcsccscscscscscsoces
Programmable LEDS .cceeeeccoccccoccacsccscas

Introduction

[

NN
N NN -

[

Functions

Movement

Character

CHAPTER
oot
ot
o 0

Control
Cursor

HFHEEFOOJO
WL &WN -

[]

ANSI

®
o

[]

DD B DRSS D NSRBI

BB WNHEFHFEFERFRRFRFRFRFF
- -

[]

S~
TG
e g A

ceecees cecocecceccscssccsoecee cecece .

SUMMARY

Introduction

N~ S =

(ST)

N .S
I

CHAPTER

(MB)

WH H K+
QTM O OO0

DD
oY
N o>

O 00

o
*

°
o
o

oo
o
o

3—28

(KC)

Margin Bell

WWwwwwww
o n D> wWw N [\

wwww
o
°

o
o
°

o
o
e

WWwWwuwwwwww

o)W e)We)WerWeo)We
W e) o) Ne) W e)We)Ne) We)

ceeeeeccsccsesacccccocccssscsaes

Keyclick

Data

BUS

5-12

ROMS

cececeeccocaes ceocc o ceecececcoec
e e

5.2.1.6
5.2.1.7
5.2.1.8
5.2.2

Memory Refresh Cycle ....... cececcssseccssses
Interrupts ceeceececececceccceeos cececcscssscsee
CRT Sweep OVerView ..ceeeceococcccccs ceceee
Vector Generation Overview ..... ceeesc e ceese

5.2.2.1

Addressing

...ceccecccecseces

H5—22

5.2.2.2
5.2.2.3
5.2.2.4
5.2.2.5
5.2.2.6

Modification of Data in the Screen RAM ...
Refresh the CRT cecececececceaeoe cececsssccccses
Modify Screen ROM and CRT Refresh Timing .
Generation of VeCctorsS ..ceeecceccoccccscs eees
Writing a Character on the Screen ........

Arbitrary Vectors .c.cececeeccecces cesccnn ees
Port OVErVIEeW cceesecccsccccccccoos ceessseee
Communication Interface (8251A) ..... ceeee

5-26
5-29
5-31
5-33
5-35
5-37
5=42
5=43

Selection 0f

eceeceeceeceee coeeseess

H=H2

Keyboard ...... ceevecsccccssssssscneec
e s ceesssee
Power SUPPLlY ceeeeccccccccoccccscsaccccss ceesees

D—65
5—68

5.2.2.7
5.2.3
5.2.3.1

I/0

5.2.3.2

Baud

5.2.3.3

5.2.4
5.2.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.4.1

6.1.4.2
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.5
6.2.6
6.2.7
6.2.8
6.3

6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5
6.4
6.5

6.6

6.7
6.7.1
6.7.2
6.7.3

6.7.4
6.7.5
6.7.6

Screen

Generator

I/0

RAM

.e.cccecececcececeses ceesssses

POrt

Transferring Data Through the I/0 Port ...
Hardcopy Overview ..c.ceeceecoseo cececoosesee

5.2.3.4
5.2.3.5

CHAPTER

Rate

the

D5-16
D—16
D5=17
5—-18

D—=51

5-52
5-58

TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING

INtrodUCLEION teeeceececcocossoscscscccscscscocscsssccecsscss
Automatic Tests (PUPTST) ccceececcccccece cececesss
Escape Sequences (CSITST) eceeeeccecccecss cesees
SET-UP Mode (SETST) cececececccococoesces cececssscss
Error Reporting .cecececeeccececccoccccscsos ceoc o
Fatal Errors (TST ERROR) cccececsccccecsces

Non-Fatal Errors ...¢... cecessecccce ceceee
Power-Up Self-Test ..... cecccesssssccccs cecesesee
8085 CPU Test (CPUTST) ececceceocccccsse ceccccsses
Visual and Audible Indicators .c.cecceececcccscee
ROM Test (ROM TesSt) eceecececocces cececccne co s o
Program RAM Test (RAMTST) «cccec..o ceeccceeseses
Video Bit Map RAM Test (VBMTST) .cceceecee N
Vector Generator Test (VGNTST) .ceececesee ceeecess
CRT Controller Test (CRTST) cccecceeceo cecececcsces
e ceoeoe ce.
CRT Timing ceeeececececes ceecccecccsc
s cecsceesss
Diagnostic TesStS .ceceeececes cesecseccc

6-1
©0-1
bO-1
0O=2
6-2
0=2

0-3
6-3
04
6-4
6-4
0O=5

6—6
6—-8
6-8
0-8

External Communlcatlons TESt ceeeeececccces ce.
Hardcopy Communications Test ...ccecccccens eeo
e
Display Test .ccececececeeccn ceoccecoccccscenssscssccs
cses
ccccccccc
Color Bar TesSt ..ececececeese cececcccc
Screen Alignment Pattern ...c.ccecececccccccen eeo
e e .o
oo cecoceeccsscccces
Error CodesS .eceeoeeeoe coceons
c..
ceecceanne
s
Troubleshooting .ceeececececcces cececcen

6-8
6-9
6-10
6-10
0-11
6-11
6-16

Removal and Replacement ..... cesssccecccse ceceee ..
e e.
Top Cover Removal ........ cevseccecescssns
eoe
cce
Keyboard Assembly Removal ...ccceccccccccc
.
concsse
.
Power Supply Assembly Removal .......

6-24
6-25
6-26
6-27

Adjustments ...ceeccccessccccccne ceossccesssansace . 6-24

Power Supply Regulator Board Removal ......... 6-28
Power Supply Fan Assembly Removal ...ceccccecess 6-29
Terminal Logic Board Removal ....... cecscsscss 0-30
vi

TERMINAL SPECIFICATIONS

APPENDIX

VK100

APPENDIX

CALCULATION

Mode

Graphics
BASIC

Mode

VK100

(GIGI)

Operation

LocationsS

Default

...... ceessssscsscssscscssseceae

Terminal

DimensSioNS

.ceeeececcocccocscscos

Shipping Container
Switch and Cable

Terminal
Terminal

(GIGI)
(GIGI)

VK10@
VK100

..ceeeeecececcos cececccssessccs
Operation .ccceceececccececcccscccscscs

Operation

Text Mode

........

..eecececcecses cececcccsccsscsescccsceccc
e e

SET-UP

Switch

Pack

Location

.eececececcececccs

Removing
Terminal

SET-UP

KeyS

(Rear

View)

Multiterminal

.ceeececeeoe

String

.....

Mode

KeYS

KevS

Keyboard

ceeeeescsaes cecseccccccsccce

Function

Locator

a Terminal from a Multiterminal String
Controls ..eceeee cecsccessscceses

Standard

Special

Printer

Terminal

KeyS

ceeecececoccocens

ceceeeecescccccsccsccoscscscocsccccscscaos

.eeceeececee cececseesssssessesss
e
a0

Indicators

Keyboard-Generated

ec.ceeececececcoccesn
ASCII

Code€S

ceeoeeo cececccnans

Keyboard-Generated Control Codes ..ccececcccces .
VK100
(GIGI) Block Diagram eceececeececececcococsccosccccscse
System Overview Block Diagram .ccecececececeocscos
CPU Functional Block Diagram
Basic CPU Block Diagram ...

.......

Instruction Cycle to Store Accumulator Direct ...
Opcode Fetch Machine CyCle .iceeeecccccccccacs
CPU to RAM Memory Block Diagram .cececeeeess
8202 Block Diagram and Pin Description
DATA

BUS

.tcecceeeeccccccoscoccccssccscaes cecesessocn
e

Interrupt
Vector

Block

Diagram

Generator

Block

.eceeceecoceccoes
Diagram

5-20

System TIMING ceceeceoscesosocscscsscscaccsscsse
Basic Overview of Addrpss and Data Path
Screen

Update

Modify

Data,

Screen

Addressing

the

Translation

Modify

Bit

Data

RAM

Screen
X

Address

oo
ds b | Wwww
|
N
O
B
B
N O
WHE BN
O
W
oD
W

Graphics

LA34VA

Adding

S NG NENC,

oot
ds dwwwwww
|
N
T
I
I
|
HHOOJOUIBdWNHFDNREFEOOMPWN
K

Default SET-UP Switch Pack Setting .ecccececcccces
EIA Communications Cable ConnecCtor ..ceeececoscess
BARCO Model GD33 Monitor ConnectionNS ..ceeececesse
Multiterminal String with Terminal Turned Off ...
Single VK100 (GIGI) Terminal to LA34VA
Graphics Printer Selection .ceceeeeececccocccccsccc

Breakdown

RAM

Bits

ceeeeeeeeccecccecccccccccccccocses

5-21
5-23

5-23
5-24
5-25

5-27
5-28

Color Control .teeeeeeeccece
Screen RAM Data Timing

5-30

Time

5-32

Basic

State

Generator

Vectors

5-32
5-32
5-38

vii

5-24

Carry

O " > 0 0o 0o o

5-39

5-25
5-26
5-27

Direction Control ..c.ecceecceccccscccscscccccsconsss
Basic I/0 Port Block Diagram ..cceceecececccecscceces
8251~A Block Diagram .ccececccosceccsccsccscccccccocss

b5H=41
5H—42
5H—44

5-28

Mode

5-44

5-29

Transmit/Receive

........

5-45

5-30
5-31
5-32
5-33
5-34
5-35

Command Instruction Format ..ccceececcccccccccscocs
Status Register ...ceeeececcoccccscscscscscsccecss
Baud Rate Generator ...ceceeeceecccocccscncssccsss
Port Selection Block Diagram ...ceccceceeeeocesesss
20 MA Transmit LOOP ececececccccocscsccccscscnssssss
20 mMA Receive LOOP ccecececccccscccscsnscsncssssses

5H—47
DH—47
5O—51
5=53
5H—55
5D—55

5-36

EIA Transmit

D—56

5-37

EIA

5-38

Line

5-39

RegisSter

RECE1lVEe

® ® &6 © & 6 & & &6 0 O O 6 &6 O & O O O o O O O o O O O

..eeecececccscesscsossosscsscsacscss cees

Format Asychronous

Mode

ceececececcceccccccscsosscsscssscsscsscsse
teeececcoccacs -

Printer

Printer
and

5-490
5-41

ContrOl

Connected

Connection

Connector

NaAmMeS

5-59

.c.cceeesceccccscscscsscsscscsscse

H—60

Logic for Hardcopy Bus
Hardcopy Data Transfer

Multiple

Terminal

Terminals

Control ...cccecececececceces
..ccecececccecccccccncccass

5H—-61
5H—64

Keyboard

..ceeeececececccscccescsscscscsscscsce

H=66

5-43
5-44

Keyboard Read with "A" Switch Pressed .cccceceeee
LED (Indicator) Keyclicks and Bleeper Block
Diagram .ceceeeececcccscsscossccscsscsoccsosnscscsscssccs

5-67

-45

Power

.c.ceceeccecceccscccccsccncece

5H=70

Vector Generator Test SeqUENCEe .ceeeeeccccccccecoe
Module Removal SeqUEeNCEe .ceceececcoscsscoccsccscces
VK100 Terminal (Bottom View)
.cceccececceccccccccceces
Keyboard Assembly Removal ..cccececccccccccscss ces
VK100 Terminal (Rear VieW)
.ccecceccccccccscccccccece
Power Supply Assembly Removal ....ccccececccccces

6-1
6-24
0—25
6-26
0—27
027

(solle)WerWerWorWe)
R e) AR IO

5-42

oo ~NouUd
W
B

MatriX

Single

.......

Supply

SchematicC

Power Supply Fan Assembly Removal ....cccccceeeee
Terminal Logic Board Removal ...cceeeccccccccccess
CAalculationNS

ceeeeoscecccccoscsccscocscosccscccsccscccscaes

viii

5D—68

6-29
0-30
B-1

TABLES
1-1

VK100

Cables

and

.ceceecececcccccccsccccscse

1-6

1-2
2-1

Related DIGITAL Documentation eccceceecceccccccoccaes
EIA Connector SignalsS .ceccecececcsccocccccscscsccecs

1-8
220

2-2

EIA

.cceeceeocecccccoccccccnsccnsece

222

2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9
3-1

20 mA Current Loop Specifications ..ccceceececececeece
20 mA Interface CablesS ceceececcceccccccccossonscece
Terminal Receive Speed LimitsS .ecceeeecccecccccees
Fill Character RequirementsS .cceececececcecocccccosee
Video Interface Cables .c.ccecececcccccccccsccnseas
Hardcopy Interface Pin AssignmentsS .cceccecceecceee
Hardcopy Interface Cables .cccececceccccscs ceeceses
SET-UP Parameter SUMMArY ..cececccocccccss ceecses

2-22
2—23
2-25
2—25
2-29
2—29
2-31
3-14

4-1
4-2

Cursor Control Key COAeS
Auxiliary Keypad Numeric

.eeeecccocccscccccccccscscs
Key Code€S .ceeecceccccaes

4-2
4-3

4-3
4-4

Auxiliary Keypad PF Key CodeS ceeeeececccccccocscaos
Terminal-Supported Control Character Function ...

4-3
4-5

4-5

Select

4-6

5-1

Machine

5-2

8202

5-3
5-4

Interface

ConnNeCtoOrS

CablesS

Character

Cycle

Set

SEeqUENCE

5-5

ceeeeecececccscscccscscssscea

I/0 Register AdAreSSEeS ceceeececcccescscscsscassscsess
Program RAM AddreSSeS ..ceececcecscccssccssccscscess

5-8
5H=14
5H=-15

5-5

I/0

ceeeeccccccocses ceessses

5-15

5-6

Interrupt Priority, Restart Address, and
SensSitivity ceeceecececcccccccccsccscsocsccsccsocscnsnes

5H=17

RAM

DeSCriptioN

Microcode

RAM

and

.teeeceeececccoccccas

..ceceeceeccccccses

Status

Control

AdAreSS

5-7

Screen

..ccececceccecccccacs cee

5-29

5-8
5-9

Addressing the 825]1A ...cceeececcccocaos cecescens .
Baud Rate SeleCtion c.ceeececcecceccsscscsosscsses

5-50
5H=52

5-10

I/0

..... ceeseccee ceceeccecsccc
e e«

5-53

5-11
6-1

Interface Specifications .ceeeeeececcoecceccncccsscs
Possible Error CodeS cceeeeececcecscccccsccsccccccsas

5-56
6-2

6-2

Possible

Fatal

6-—12

6-3

Possible

Nonfatal

eeeeeeeeecceces cecoae

6-13

6-4
6-5

Fatal Error CodesS .eeeceececccccoccocccesse ceeesses
Nonfatal Error Codes ..eeeeeo cececsscccc
s ceeceeces

6-16
6-17

6-6
6-7

VK100 TroubleshootiNg .ceececeececcccscccccccccccsecs
On-Site Recommended SPAreS ...eeeeecscsccscscssnee

6—18
6=22

6-8

DIGITAL

6-23

Port

Write'Control

Selection

Error

CodeS

Error

Servicenter

.ceeceeeccsccccccccceess

CodeS

Recommended

Spares

..ieceeeeee.

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

1.1

INTRODUCTION

The VK100 terminal
is an
interactive
for use with a user supplied monitor.
either
an
on-line
or
off-line
mode
written

GIGI

This

chapter

The

following

BASIC.

provides

VK100

designed

general

chapters

operation,
programming
maintenance procedures
1.2
The

overview

describe

and

terminal

the

subsystem

Generator

that

VK1@@

summarize

characteristics,
theory
for the VK100 terminal.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
or GIGI
(General
Imaging

graphics terminal designed
The terminal can operate in
and
can
execute
programs

and

connects

terminal.

installation,
operation,

and

Interpreter)

1is

host

computer.

The
VK100
provides
1local
(in
terminal)
processing
using
a
microprocessor.
The microprocessor
supports
two
interpreters;
a
ReGIS
graphics
interpreter
and
the
GIGI
BASIC
1language
interpreter. ReGIS (Remote Graphics Instruction Set) is a graphics
language;
GIGI BASIC is a
BASIC
language
that
uses VK100
unique
graphics

capabilities.

The VK1@@
is a
separate
keyboard which
requires a
monitor
for displaying screen
images.
Either black

user-supplied

and

white

color
(RGB)
monitors
can
be
used.
Also,
the
VK1@@#
can
display
images
on
an
optional
LA34VA
Graphics
Printer
which
attaches

directly
The

VK100

terminal.

the

terminal.

can
The

used

VK100

text

terminal's

terminal

basic

mode

and

text
terminal.
In
this
mode
the
terminal
acts
as
between
the
operator
and
the
host
computer.
When
types

message

immediately
message

command

the

host

command

and

acknowledgement

command

was

received

acknowledgement

and

shows

diagram

mode.

simple

the

computer.
executes

the

and

the

The

computer

it.

Then

terminal,

executed.

displays

keyboard,

the

host

the

VK1@@

the

operation

a
translator
the
operator

terminal

host

graphics

sends

receives

computer

the

sends

indicating

The

the
message
or
terminal
receives
the

monitor

terminal

screen.

Figure

operating

1-1

text

SR
USER SUPPLIED
MONITOR

y
BLACK & WHITE
OR

COLOR VIDEO OUTPUT

P ROCESSO R

KEYBOARD

GIGI

—F

RECEIVER

/ TERMINAL

e ANSVITTER

)

HOST

COMPUTER

COMMUNICATIONS

TERMINAL

LINE (20 mA OR EIA)
MA-6768

Figure

The

VK100

1-1

terminal

Text

Mode

always

Operation

enters

text

mode

when

powered

reset.

The
VK100
(GIGI)
graphics terminal.
General

Imaging

terminal's
primary
operating
mode
1is
as
The name GIGI derives from this capability as

Generator

and

a
a

Interpreter.

Generally, the host computer places the terminal in graphics mode.
In this mode the terminal interprets all data received from the
host computer or the terminal keyboard as graphics commands and
data. The interpreter and image generator translates the commands

and
1-2

data into the images displayed on the
shows a simple diagram of the VK100

The
set

commands to the interpreter come from a new graphics
called ReGIS
(Remote Graphics Instruction Set). ReGIS

set

consists

graphics

Within

mode.

the

few simple

graphics

mode

instructions
a

locator

monitor screen. Figure
terminal operating
in

and

mode.

command
command

options.
This

mode

helps

the

operator locate a point on the screen and report that point to the
host computer. The VK100 terminal enters locator mode through the
keyboard or a command from the host computer.
When the
terminal
enters
locator
mode,
a
1large
cross-hair
cursor
appears
ont
he
screen. The point where the two lines cross is the point reported
to the host computer.

N
USER SUPPLIED
MONITOR

\—

BLACK & WHITE

OR
LOLOR VIDEO OUTPUT

/ INTERPRETER
GRAPHIC

RECEIVER

& GENERATOR

KEYBOARD

— —

o TRANSMITTER

N —

HOST

COMPUTER

COMMUNICATIONS

GIGI TERMINAL

LINE (20 mA OR EIA)

MA-6767

Figure

The

operator

When

The

VK100

This

can

text

commands

1-2

return

mode,

text

terminal

The

BASIC

program

the

host

SET-UP

Chapter

The

parameter.
types

the

memory.

When

monitor

screen.

program

loads

into

the

only

contains

the

BASIC

terminal
BASIC

mode

command

lanqguage

run

from

the

interpreter.

BASIC

through

the

keyboard

BASIC

program

directly

program

the
the

the

program
Figure

1-3

operating

cases.

both

to the text mode at any time.
interprets all graphics data and
and not as graphics.

the

host

language

SET-UP

mode

computer.

from one of two places,
the keyboard or
operator selects the program source with a

computer.

When

terminal

enters

Operation

comes

computer.

operator

When

also

allows

(described

Mode

terminal

characters

interpreter
The

the

terminal

programs.

Graphics

runs,

host
the
a

program

output

computer

terminal

shows

the

memory

into

normally

the

program

from

output

normally

simple

diagram

source,
the

the

goes

the

source,

the

host

returns
of

the

terminal

VK100

computer.

the

host

terminal

the terminal enters the BASIC mode, the BASIC indicator above
the keyboard lights. The operator can return the terminal to
text
mode at any time, either through the keyboard or the
SET-UP mode.
When the terminal is in text mode, it interprets all data as
text
only and not as BASIC language commands.

)

i
USER SUPPLIED
MONITOR

—

BLACK & WHITE

COLOR VIDEO OQUTPUT

BASIC

RECEIVER

INTERPRETER

& MEMORY

KEYBOARD

TRANSMITTER

—

HOST

COMPUTER

COMMUNICATIONS

GIGI TERMINAL

LINES

(20 mA OR EIA)
KEYBOARD AS THE BASIC PROGRAM SOURCE

TM)
USER SUPPLIED
MONITOR

BASIC

RECEIVER

—

INTERPRETER

& MEMORY

KEYBOARD

TRANSMITTER

HOST
COMPUTER

COMMUNICATIONS

GIGI TERMINAL

LINES

(20 mA OR EIA)
HOST COMPUTER AS THE BASIC PROGRAM SOURCE
MA-6769

Figure

1-3

BASIC

Mode

Operation

The VK180 terminal hardware is contained in a light weight plastic
case. The terminal contains three major assemblies; the keyboard,
the processor board, and the power supply, a color or monochrome
(black and white) monitor is supplied by the customer.
1.3

ACCESSORIES

AND

DIGITAL

offers

following

VK108

the

SUPPLIES

accessories

and

supplies

for

the

terminal.

l.3.1
VK100 (GIGI) Carrying Cases (VK1@K-CA)
These cases are specially designed to hold the VK108 terminal and
all
associated
cables.
They
are
constructed
of
high-density,
charcoal

brown,
textured
with locks.

latches
1.3.2
Two

VK100
types

preprinted

plastic

Keyboard

Overlays

overlays

are

keypad

easy-to-install,
terminal's special

and

include

available

keypad

plastic
function

and

with

overlays.

overlays cover VK1@@0's auxiliary
following software packages.

CAI

Primer

Graphics
ReGIS

Text

Set

Editor

Keyboard

overlays

cover

including

the

auxiliary

Preprinted

1.3.3
Table

terminal:

overlays

are

keypad

and

are

used

with

(VK1@K-AB)

Illustrated

keyboard

VK@@

These

(VK1@K-AA)

Editor

Character

the

chrome-plated

key
covers
representing
the
VK100
keys or user-defined character sets.

Keypad

the

two

APL

Editor

the

VK1@@

keypad,

and

character

overlays

(VK1@K-AC)

(VK18K-AD)

for

set

terminal's

include

overlays

user-defined

VK10@ Cables and Connectors
1-1 describes
the cables and

the

entire

(VK1@K-BB)

character

connectors

keyboard,

following.

sets

used

Blank,

full

(VK1@K-BA)

the

VK100

terminal.
In

the

nearest

future,

additional

DIGITAL

Sales

options

Office

for

will

further

available.

information.

Contact

the

Table

1-1

VK100

Cables

and

Connectors

Cable

Description

BC26M-@5

RGB

cable

with

BNC

connectors

for

user-supplied

monitor
BC26B-01

Y-cable

for

printer

to multiple

P/N

7015503-00

P/N

1215336-00

EIA

BC22B-25

daisy-chaining

loopback

VK100

BC@A5F-15

connecting VK10@

directly,

BC22A-10

graphics

terminals

connector

BC@S5F-50,A0

LA34VA

connector

EIA extension to second
Y-cable (BC26B-01)
mA cable

the

with

directly to

BC22A-25

cable)

BC22B-140

EIA extension

Mate-N-Lok

terminal

line

EIA null modem;

VK1@@

unit

terminal

connectors

(with

from

for

20 mA option)

connects VK1@@ terminal

line

unit

to modem

conductor

(14

conductor

cable)

BC22B-25

Table

DOCUMENTATION

1-2

DIGITAL's

lists

information,

1.4

You

the

Accessory
see

the

and
end

documentation

Supplies
of

this

either

l.4.1

order

by mail

accessories
or

Toll-Free

phone.

and

Telephone

specific

available

from

ordering

(including

documentation)

Orders
from

States

New Hampshire, Alaska,
1-603-884-6660

1is

For

SUPPLIES

supplies

Call DIGITAL Direct Catalog Sales
one of the following numbers.
Continental United
1-80@0-258-1710

that

chapter.

ORDERING ACCESSORIES AND

can

Group.

and

Hawail

8:30

a.m.

5:00

p.m.

Canada

1-800-267-6146
Northern

California

1-408-984-0200

Chicago
1-312-640-5612

Outside

North

America

contact

your

local

DIGITAL

sales

office.

The

following

Minimum

information

order

American

Maximum
Phone

order

Mail

business

telephone

orders.

charged

Card,

current

list

unless

all

representative

Master

1local

Visa,

$5,000.

are

accepted

are

accepted

per

DIGITAL

price

only.

standard

terms

and

only.

Direct

all

$35

applies

orders

conditions
l1.4. 2

Express.

orders

Phone

Mail

purchase

Orders

orders

directly

one

the

following

addresses.
For

U.S.

Digital

Customers

Equipment

ATT:

A&SG

P.0O.

Box

Nashua,

For

Corporation

CS2008

New

Hampshire

International
Equipment

Customers
Customers

Digital

A&SG Business
c/o DIGITAL's
The

following
Minimum

credit
No

order

maximum

Manager
local subsidiary

information

card

03061

$35

(Visa,
order

applies

unless

paid

Master

value.

Card,

all

direct

mail

check,

American

orders.

money

Express

order,

accepted).

Table

1-2

DIGITAL

Documentation

Title

Document

GIGI Terminal
Installation and

EK-VK100-IN

Owner's

No.

Description
This

VK100

manual

describes

the

(GIGI)

terminal. It
provides information on
installing the terminal and

Manual

connecting

the

peripheral
performing

devices,
terminal

proper terminal
specifications,
procedures.

provides

optional

SET-UP,

operating
and repair
also

full

specifications for all
terminal outputs. A copy

this
each
GIGI

Programmihg

Reference

EK-@GIGI-RC

Card

manual is shipped
VK1@@0 terminal.

with

This pocket size reference
card summarizes the
programmable features of
the VK100 (GIGI) terminal.
It includes a summary of
both the ReGIS and BASIC
command
shipped

sets. A copy is
with each VK100

terminal.
GIGI

Terminal

SET-UP

EK-VK100-RC

Reference

Card

This
card

pocket size reference
summarizes the VK100

(GIGI) terminal
parameters. The

SET-UP
card also

contains the default SET-UP
switch pack settings. A
copy is shipped with each
terminal.
VK100

Pocket

Service

Guide

EK-VK100-PS

This manual is a
module-level repair manual.
It provides troubleshooting
information, testing
information, and removal
and replacement information
for the VK100 terminal.

Table

1-2

Title

VK100

DIGITAL

Documentation

Document

Technical

EK-VK100-TM

Manual

(Cont)
Description

This manual provides a
detailed block-diagramlevel discussion of the
VK10@ terminal. It also
provides information on
troubleshooting the
terminal.
not

The

contain

schematic

manual
set

does

drawings.

These

drawings are a part of the
VK100 print set, which must
be
VK100

Illustrated

Parts

Breakdown

EK-VK100-IP

ordered

This

separately.

manual

provides

detailed parts breakdown of
the terminal. It does not
provide part numbers for
printed circuit board

(IPB)

components.

That
information is contained in
the VK100 print set, which

VK100

Set

MP-00893-00

must

ordered

This

document

complete

set

separately.

provides
of

electrical

and mechanical schematic
diagrams for the VK100
terminal.
GIGI/ReGIS
Handbook

AA-K336A-TK

This

book

provides

user

information to program the
VK100 (GIGI) terminal,
including system-dependent
information. It provides
comprehensive descriptions
of ReGIS commands,
organized alphabetically
for easy reference.
Extensive examples of

VK100 graphics
capabilities are

the

used

throughout. A copy of this
book is shipped with each

VK100

terminal.

Table

1-2

DIGITAL

Documentation

Title

Document

GIGI

AA-K335A-TK

BASIC

(Cont)

Description

No.

This

Manual

manual

BASIC

for

the

language
VK100

terminal. It provides
comprehensive descriptions
of the GIGI BASIC commands
and functions, organized
alphabetically for easy
reference. A copy of this

manual is shipped
VK100 terminal.

GIGI

Graphics

Editor

This

AA-J942A-TK

manual

with

describes

each

the

Graphics Editor software
package within the entire
VK100 package. The manual

Manual

also includes descriptions
of each Graphics Editor
command. A copy of this
manual is shipped with the
GIGI Graphics Editor
software package.

GIGI Data Plotting
Package Manual

This manual describes the
GIGI Data Plotting software
package: the functional

AA-J956A-TK

modes, the steps to create
a table, defining and

displaying

plots from that
table, and performing
statistical analysis. It
also describes each of the
plot commands and file
structures

for

the

table

data and statistical
results. A copy of this
manual is shipped with the
GIGI Data Plotting software
package.

GIGI Slide
Projector Manual

This manual describes
GIGI Slide Projector

AA-J943A-TK

software

describes

package.

the

file

the

formats

and the use of the
automatic and manual

modes.

It also describes each
command and provides syntax
and usage information. A

1-10

Table

1-2

Title

DIGITAL

Documentation

Document

No.

(Cont)
Description

copy

this

manual

shipped with the GIGI Slide
Projector software package.
GIGI Character Set
Editor User Guide

AA-K337A-TK

This
GIGI

manual describes the
Character Set Editor.

describes each command
provides syntax and
usage information. A copy

and

of this manual is shipped
with the GIGI Character Set
Editor software package.
GIGI

ReGIS

AA-J944A-TK

Illustrated
Technical

This

manual

describes

GIGI

ReGIS

Illustrated

Technical

Manual

Manual software
describes the

package.
ReGIS

the

Illustrated

Technical

Manual

its editing and
graphics capabilities,

the

use

also

keypad

this
the

describes

Primers

CAI

SDC

AA-K329A-TE

Student

manual
GIGI

This
any

Guide

A copy of
shipped with

ReGIS Illustrated
Manual software

manual
of

the

commands.

Technical
package.
GIGI/ReGIS

and
files.

picture

the

used

with

GIGI/ReGIS

Primers. It provides
overall introduction

CAI

an
to

the

primers,

including their
objectives and recommended

VAX/VMS
CAI

GIGI/ReGIS

Primers

SDC

BE-K391A-BC

(TUS8)
SDC

AS-K327A-BE

(Floppy)

course of
tells new

study. It
users how

start

course.

This

the

also
to

computer-assisted

instruction (CAI) course
runs on VAX/VMS.
It helps
new

VK100

using
ReGIS.

the

users

terminal

begin

and

Table

1-2

DIGITAL

Title
VAX/VMS

Documentation

Document

GIGI/ReGIS

SDC

No.

AA-K328A-TE

CAI Primers Course
Administrator Guide

(Cont)

Description
This

manual

provides

overview of the
administrator's
describes

how

course
role and
install

and maintain the CATI
software on VAX/VMS.
RSTS/E GIGI/ReGIS
CAI Primers

SDC

BC-K346A-BC

(RL@Z2)

SDC AP-K392A-BC
(Magtape

9-track 800
bits/in)

This computer-assisted
instruction (CAI) course
runs on RSTS/E. It helps
new VK100 users to begin
using the terminal and
ReGIS.

SDC BB-K393A-BC
(Magtape 9-track

RSTS/E GIGI/ReGIS
CAI Primers Course
Administrator
Guide

1600

bits/in)

SDC

AA-K347A-TC

This manual provides an
overview of the course
administrator's role and
describes how to install
and maintain the CAI
software

RSTS/E.

CHAPTER

INSTALLATION

2.1

This

INTRODUCTION

chapter

contains

the

following

information.

Site considerations
Unpacking and inspection
Repacking
Installation

Interface

information

Included
1in
the
considerations to
2.2

SITE

interface
information
are
special
programming
observe for effective use of the interface.

CONSIDERATIONS

The VK100 terminal is a
on
a desk
or
tabletop.
terminal.

lightweight, single-piece unit that fits
Figure 2-1 shows the dimensions of the

493.20 mm

(19.40in)

uzmmk\\s//.

MA-6726

Figure

2-1

VK100

(GIGI)

Terminal

Dimensions

The VK100
(display)

and
the

terminal
usually connects
to
a
user-supplied monitor
device.
The monitor always operates with the terminal

should be located close to the terminal. Be sure
monitor's
size
and
weight
when
planning
the

to consider
terminal's

location.
The VK100 terminal places few limits on the operating environment.
Avoid areas that have extremes in temperature and humidity or are

subject

high

fan

describes
the
specifications.
small

1levels

industrial

guaranteed

the

VK1@#@

operating

terminal

cools

contaminates.

conditions

the

terminal's

components.
Keep all ventilation slots and an
inches around the terminal clear. Do not place
materials

The

terminal

top

controls

under

and

the

cable

Appendix

and

terminal

electronic

area of about six
papers or similar

terminal.

connections

terminal. When installing the terminal,
access the rear of the terminal.

are

allow

on
an

the

rear

adequate

the

area

NOTE

When

installing

power

and

2.3

carton

UNPACKING AND

terminal

contains

the

terminal,
keep all
cables
free
from

signal

obstructions,

The VK108

the

sharp

bends,

stress.

INSPECTION

packed

following

VK108 terminal
VK10@ terminal power cord
VK10@ terminal wvideo cable
GIGI Terminal Installation

reinforced

shipping

carton.

The

items.

and

Owner's

GIGI/ReGIS

Handbook

GIGI

BASIC

Manual

GIGI
GIGI

Terminal SET-UP Reference Card
Programming Reference Card

GIGI

and

Manual

Installation Card

Figure 2-2 shows the packaging used with the VK100 terminal. Use
the following procedure to unpack the terminal from the shipping
carton.

MA-6723

Figure

2-2

VK100

Carefully

cut

carton

pulling

the

(GIGI)

shipping
out

the

Terminal

tape

front

Shipping

and

open

flap

and

Container

the

lifting

shipping
the

top

carton.

Remove
the
power
cord,
video
from the packing material.

cable,

and

documentation

Lift out
terminal
material
terminal
fails.

the top piece of packing material and remove the
from
the
shipping
carton.
Save
the
packing
and shipping carton. They are needed to ship the
back to the repair center if the terminal ever

Visually
terminal

inspect the terminal for physical
1is
damaged,
notify
your
1local

damage. If the
DIGITAL
Sales

Office.
Install

the

section

terminal

this

chapter.

described

the

1Installation

2.4

Use

REPACKING

the

following

shipment.

Figure
the

procedure

when

2-3

shows

all

power

switch

repacking

the

switch

VK100

and

terminal

cable

Turn

Disconnect

Locate
the
original
packing
material.
materials
are
not
available,
they can

If
be

DIGITAL.

information.

Repack

all

Refer

the

Include

cables

power

off.

from

Chapter

terminal

the

for

locations.

the

rear

for

the

ordering

the

shipping

cord

and

video

terminal.

carton

cable

the
original
ordered
from

(Figure

the

2-2).

shipping

carton.

Seal

the

shipping

carton

with

reinforced

tape.

AC POWER

AC FUSE

MONOCHROME

RED, GREEN

(BLACK & WHITE)

AND BLUE

CONNECTOR

CONNECTORS

VIDEO OUTPUT

HARDCOPY

CONNECTOR

EIA

CONNECTOR

SWITCH

20 mA

CONNECTOR

AC POWER

RECEPTACLE
MA-6717

Figure

2-3 VK1@@

(GIGI)

Terminal

Switch

and

Cable

Locations

2.5

INSTALLATION

The VK100 terminal
is
a
flat
blade
install

the

is very easy to install. The only tool required
screwdriver.
Use
the
following
procedure
to

terminal.

Remove the terminal from the shipping carton or optional
carrying case and place in the desired work area.

Locate

the

access

opening

the

rear

(Figure
2-4).
The eight-position default
pack will be visible in the opening.

[

the

terminal

SET-UP

switch

©© @ @ F=Svl[ct—Te1
4

MA-6718

Figure

2-4

Default

SET-UP

Switch

Pack

Location

Note

the

settings

switch

are

positions

correct

for

and

the

determine

host

computer

the

switch

system.

Figure

2-5 shows all the switch settings and what they mean to
the
host
computer.
Chapter
3
provides
more
detailed
information on the SET-UP parameters.

SET-UP FEATURE DEFAULT SETTINGS FOR BOTH TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE
SPEEDS (TS AND RS) CONT.

(SWITCHES 6, 7, & 8)

TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SPEED
FEATURES DEFAULT SET FOR

600 (RS2 AND TS2)

1200 (RS3 AND TS3)

TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SPEED
FEATURES DEFAULT SET FOR
2400 (RS4 AND TS4)

TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SPEED
FEATURES DEFAULT SET FOR
4800 (RS5 AND TS5)

TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SPEED
FEATURES DEFAULT SET FOR
9600 (RS6 AND TS6)

TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SPEED
FEATURES DEFAULT SET FOR
19,200 (RS7 AND TS7)
MA-6722

Figure

2-5

Default
Settings

SET-UP
(Sheet

Switch
1

Pack
3)

SET-UP FEATURE DEFAULT SETTINGS FOR PARITY ENABLE (PE)

(SWITCHES 4 & 5)

PARITY ENABLE FEATURE

DEFAULT SET FOR OFF (PEO)

'DEFAULT SET FOR EVEN (PE1)

PARITY ENABLE FEATURE

DEFAULT SET FOR ODD (PE2)
SET-UP FEATURE DEFAULT SETTINGS FOR BOTH TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE

SPEEDS (TS AND RS)

(SWITCHES 6, 7, & 8)

TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SPEED
FEATURES DEFAULT SET FOR
110 (RSO AND TS0)

TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SPEED
FEATURES DEFAULT SET FOR
300 (RS1 AND TS1)
MA-6721

Figure

2-5

Default
Settings

SET-UP
(Sheet

Switch
2

Pack
3)

SET-UP FEATURE DEFAULT SETTINGS FOR POWER FREQUENCY (PF)
(SWITCH 1)

POWER FREQUENCY FEATURE

DEFAULT SET FOR 60 Hz
(PFO)

POWER FREQUENCY FEATURE

DEFAULT SET FOR 50 Hz
(PF1)

SET-UP FEATURE DEFAULT SETTINGS FOR COMMUNICATIONS INTERFACE (CI)
(SWITCH 2)

COMMUNICATIONS INTERFACE

EIA (CI0)

20mA (CI1)

FEATURE DEFAULT SET FOR

SET-UP FEATURE DEFAULT SETTINGS FOR UK CHARACTER SET (UK)
(SWITCH 3)

UK CHARACTER SET FEATURE
DEFAULT SET FOR US (UKO)

UK CHARACTER SET FEATURE
DEFAULT SET FOR UK (UK1)
MA-6720

Figure

2-5

Default

Settings

SET-UP

(Sheet

Switch

Pack

for

the

default

the

SET-UP switch

computer,

host

settings

with

settings

are

wrong,

switches

are

communicate

pencil

set,

with

the

verify
the

host

pack

settings

similar

the

new

terminal

are

change

carefully

incorrect

object.

settings.

may

not

switch

the

Once

the

able

the
to

computer.

Remove the user-supplied monitor from its shipping carton
and
place
in
the
desired
work
area.
Perform
the
installation

instructions packed with

the monitor.

Connect the VK100 terminal to the user-supplied monitor.
(The
next
section
of
this
chapter
provides
specific
instructions

for

<connecting

the

Barco

Model

GD33

monitor.)

Connect the communications cable to the appropriate
communications
connector.
I1f
you
select
EIA
communications, connect the ground wire to the terminal
communications
connector with

connector.
Figure
2-6
shows
the ground wire connected.

GREEN GROUND

the

<cable

SCREW

WIRE

MA-6730

Figure

2-6

EIA

Communications

Cable

Connector

Connect

10.

the

VK100

terminal

the

graphics printer. There
2.5.3 provides detailed

are two methods
instructions.

Connect

the

power

the

rear

cord

into

Turn

the

monitor

two

cord

terminal.

nearby

minutes

the

Plug

wall

outlet.

power

switch

warm

power

optional

LA34VA

for

Section

cord

this.

receptacle

the

other

end

on.

Allow

the

before

the

monitor

performing

the

power

one

step.

11.

Turn
the
terminal
power
switch
on.
The
terminal
automatically performs the power-up self-test.
Once the
power—-up self-test is successfully completed, the ON LINE
indicator

above

the

keyboard

lights

and

the

cursor

appears in the upper left corner of the monitor screen.
If
any other
indications
are
present,
the
terminal
self-test may have found a fault in the terminal. Chapter
6 outlines the procedures to follow if this occurs.
NOTE

On
some
monhitors
the
cursor
does
not
appear immediately because of a monitor
condition called overscan. To eliminate
the overscan,
set the HP or HM SET-UP
parameters.
Chapter
3
describes
these
parameters.

12.

Select

the

terminal

SET-UP

parameters.

Chapter

describes the SET-UP parameters and how to select them.
13.

After selecting the SET-UP parameters, record their
settings
and
keep
them with
the
terminal
for
future
reference.

14.

Fill out the GIGI 1Installation Card and return
DIGITAL. Postage is prepaid if mailed within the
States.

it to
United

2.5.1

This

Connecting

section

provides

the Barco Model GD33 Monitor

specific

instructions

for

cable.

connecting

the

VK108 terminal to the Barco Model GD33 monitor. This monitor 1is
not supplied by DIGITAL. The monitor must be purchased separately
from a local Barco distributor. Monitor operating instructions are
packaged
l.

with

Locate
three

the

monitor.

the

VK100

connectors

Connect

the

video
on

each

color-keyed

red,

green,

connectors to the RED, GREEN, and
on the rear of the VK100 terminal.

Connect

the

single

cable

with

end.

color-keyed

red,

connectors to the RED, GREEN,
on the rear of the Barco Model

and

BLUE

output

green,

and

blue

cable

connectors

blue

cable

and BLUE input connectors
GD33 monitor (Figure 2-7).

Locate the white switches on the
rear of
the monitor
above the input connectors.
Slide the white switches to
the
75
position.
This
switches
in
a
75-ohm
cable
impedance and provides the best possible monitor display.

Locate the G/X switch on the rear
the G/X switch to the G position.
synchronization
Connect

the

for

green

signal

monitor

power

cord.

of the monitor. Slide
This sets the monitor

sync.

AC POWER

cc°l

NOT USED

‘
LOAD SWITCH \

SYNC INPUT

SYNC SOURCE —]/E:—»O75
SELECT

G |x

SWITCH

~~ CONNECTOR

BLUE INPUT

GREEN INPUT

RED INPUT

LOAD SWITCH

oo ¢
[—-. 75J

[—> 75]

[—-.' 75J

—»754]

e
© 6

EXTERNAL SYNC

BLUE INPUTS

GREEN INPUTS

RED INPUTS

INPUTS

(NOT USED)
MA6770

Figure 2-7 Barco Model GD33 Monitor Connections

2.5.2

Connecting

Typical

Black

and

White

Monitor

The VK1@@ terminal can connect to a black and white
(monochrome)
monitor.
DIGITAL does not supply a black and white monitor.
Any
black

and

Use

the

white

monitor

must

following

Specific

are

the

with

obtained

general

interconnection.

packaged

Connect
output

the
3.

Locate

one

the

instructions

three

the

connector

the

suppliers.
perform

for

the

video

cable

rear

color

input

single

cable

with

the

MONO

terminal.

Note

connectors

key

the

(red,

connector

VK1@@

green,

the

blue).

black

and

monitor. This connector should be a BNC-type
If not, put a BNC adaptor on the connector.
4,

Connect

the

2.5.3

Connecting

that

The VK1@@ terminal
of two ways.

video

monitor.

connector

the

monitor

monitor.

connector

cable

local

1instructions

operating

Locate the VK100 video cable.
three connectors on each end.

from

cable

sure

was

the

connects

The

terminal

The

terminal

used

the

use

video

the

LA34VA

connector

color-keyed

terminal

directly

added

input

same

LA34VA Graphics

connects
is

white

connector.

end

the

cable
cable.

Printer
graphics

the

printer

one

printer.

the

end

the

printer,

multiterminal

string.

the

terminal

dedicated
available

connects

that

the

directly

terminal.

the

printer

request

tells

the

use

waiting

when

using

the

than

one

printer,

printer
is

always

terminal
press

the

tries

SHIFT

and

together.
The
terminal
1looks
to
see
if
the
If
the
printer
is
not
busy
the
terminal
its

1is

data

the

currently

printer.

printing

and

waits

until

the

all

other

VK1@@

terminals

printer.

terminal

the

printer

two or more VK1@@ terminals connect to
terminal
contains
a
hardcopy
protocol.
This

keys
busy.
sends

the

string,

protocol prevents problems
use the printer. To request

immediately

means

terminal.

In a multiterminal
one
printer.
Each

PF1/HARDCOPY
printer
is

This

then

When

the

sends

its

the

printer

data

terminal

that

terminal

completes

the

generates

available.

printer.

the

The
is

waiting

copy

the

When

internal

than

one

sequence

terminal

system

determines
which
terminal
system continues in effect
used the printer.

1is

waiting

takes

uses
until

multiterminal

effect.

use

The

the

printer

sequence

system

the
printer
next.
The
sequence
all of the waiting terminals have

When

using

must
that

be powered on.
If any terminal in the
terminal and all terminals after it in

string,

all

terminals

the

string

string is turned off,
the string cannot use

the printer.
Figure 2-8 shows this point.
Terminal
3 1is turned
off, so terminal 4 cannot use the printer. Disconnect any terminal
that 1is turned off in a multiterminal string from the string.
Paragraph 2.5.3.2 provides a disconnection procedure.

The following paragraphs provide the two procedures for connecting
the VK100 terminal to the LA34VA graphics printer.

LA34VA

GIGI TERMINAL

#4 - CANNOT
USE LA34VA

GIGI TERMINAL
#3-POWER OFF

Figure 2-8 Multiterminal

GIGI TERMINAL
#2
MA-6725

String with Terminal Turned Off

2.5.3.1
Connecting Directly to the LA34VA Graphics Printer -- Use
the following procedure for connecting a single VK1@@ terminal to
the
LA34VA graphics
printer.
Maximum
cable
length
1is
50
feet.
Figure 2-9 shows a simple block diagram of this configuration.
To

perform the procedure use a flat blade screwdriver,
interface cable, and one 8-32 X 5/8 inch screw.
1.

Locate

and

connect

the

connector

the

rear

connector

can

only

plug

BC22A
of

cable

the

one

VK1@@

way.

BC22A-xXx

the

HARDCOPY

terminal.

Connect

the

wire
to
the
HARDCOPY
connector.
Figure
2-6
shows
cable connector with the ground wire connected.
2.

Plug
on

the
the

connector

GIGI

TERMINAL

other

cable

rear

the

LA34VA

can

only

plug

HARDCOPY

one

into

the

graphics

way

EIA

connector

printer.

(Figure

the

This

2-10).

LA34VA

BC22A-XX

EIA

CONNECTOR

connector

The

ground

GRAPHICS

PRINTER

CONNECTOR

MA-6719

Figure

2-9

Single

VK100

(GIGI)

Terminal

LA34VA

Graphics

Connection

EIA
CONNECTOR

/e
@
GROUND

AC POWER CORD-/
RECEPTACLE

POINT

po®
ON/OFF
SWITCH

JACK

Figure

2-10

LA34VA

Graphics

Printer

FUSE

PAPER LOW

MA.2633A

(Rear

View)

Printer

Push

the

8-32

end

5/8

the

inch

screw

through

the

ring

ground

wire

coming

out

terminal

the

cable

connector.
Locate the grounding screw hole on the LA34VA
graphics printer
(about 3 inches to the right of the EIA
connector).

Attach

graphics

printer

Perform

the

cable

grounding

installation

in
the
DECwriter
(EK-L34RO-UG)
.
Apply

power

verify

the

both

ground

wire

the

and
IV

SET-UP

Graphics

procedures
Printer

and

Guide

connection,

place

terminals.

LA34VA

graphics

SET-UP

printer

2.5.3.2

Adding

keys

Terminal

screen.
SET-UP,

again.

Print the screen alignment
graphics
printer.
Do
this

PF1/HARDCOPY

outlined

User

the screen alignment video pattern on the monitor
Do this by pressing the following keys in order:

LA34VA

point.

video pattern on
by
pressing
the

the
LA34VA
SHIFT
and

together.

Multitermimal

String

Use

the

following procedure if one or more VK1@@ terminals are connected
to the LA34VA graphics printer. Figure 2-11 shows a simple diagram
of this configuration.

BC22A-XX

BC22B-XX
—

HARDCOPY

[~ ] CONN.

OLD
STRING

GlG!

TERMINAL

EIA

CONN,

CONN.

GRAPHICS
PRINTER

GIGI
TERMINAL

LA34VA

BC268-01

BC22B-XX(NEW)

BC22A-XX

HARDCOPY

NEW

STRING

NEW GIGI

TERMINAL

HARDCOPY

GIGI

TERMINAL

EIA

CONN.

GIGI

TERMINAL

LA34VA

GRAPHICS

MA-6729

Figure 2-11 Adding a Terminal to a Multiterminal String

perform

interface

procedure

and

use

Locate the last VK100
the
LA34VA
graphic

connected
terminal.

flat

BC26B-f1

the

screwdriver,

cable.

terminal

printer.

HARDCOPY

Locate
and
connect
HARDCOPY
connector

blade

Y-type

the
on

the string
Disconnect

connector

BC26B-fl1
last

the

VK1@8@8

BC22B-xx

attached

to
cable

the

rear

cable

the

terminal.

The

Y-type

the

this

connector can only plug in one way. Connect the ground
wire
to
the
HARDCOPY
connector.
Figure
2-6
shows
the
cable connector with the ground wire connected.
Connect

the

Locate

cable

female
the

connector
connector

disconnected

connector

new

BC22B

into
the
can only

the

from

the

terminal

BC26B-gl1

cable.

male
plug

Plug

one

type

Plug

the

other

connector

BC22B
the

step

cable.

BC22B

cable

BC26B-01
cable
connector.
The
in one way.
Connect
the ground

wire
between
the
two
connectors.
Figure
2-6
shows
cable connector with the ground wire connected.
cable

VK100

connector

terminal

into

being

the

HARDCOPY

added

the

string. The connector can only plug in one way. Connect
the
ground
wire
to
the
HARDCOPY
connector.
Figure
2-6
shows the cable connector with the ground wire connected.
Apply

power

both

terminals.

To verify the LA34VA graphics printer connection,
place
the screen alignment video pattern on the monitor screen.
Do this by pressing the following keys in order: SET-UP,
S,

and

SET-UP

again.

Print
the screen alignment
graphics
printer.
Do
this

PF1/HARDCOPY

keys

together.

the

cable,

video
by

pattern

pressing

the

LA34VA

SHIFT

and

2.5.3.3

Removing

Terminal

the
following
procedure
connected
to
the
LA34VA

simple

diagram

the

from

1if
two
graphics

Multiterminal

String

Use

VK@@
terminals
are
Figure
2-12
shows
a

procedure.

Locate

VK108

terminal

Locate

the
BC26B-g1
Y-type
cable
connected
to
the
HARDCOPY
connector
on
the
rear
of
this
terminal.
Disconnect
the
two
cables
connected
to
the
BC26B-@1
Y-type cable.

Connect

the

BC26B-@1

Y-type

two

cables
cable.

ground

the
The

or
more
printer.

terminal

wires between
cable connectors

you

want

that
Be

were

sure

removed

from

connect

the

the
cable

the two connectors. Figure 2-6 shows
with the ground wire connected.

now disconnected

from

BC22B-XX

{ I |BC268-01| l } BC22A-XX

{ ! l

disconnect.

BC22B-XX

the

multiterminal

string.

BC26B-01

HARDCOPY

[ ] CONN.

HARDCOPY

CONN.

HARDCOPY

[~ ] CONN.

EIA

[~ ] CONN.
LA34VA

GIGI

DISCONNECTED

GIGI

GRAPHICS

TERMINAL

GIGI TERMINAL

TERMINAL

PRINTER

MA-6716

Figure

2-12 Removing

a Terminal

from a Multiterminal

String

2.6

HARDWARE

2.6.1

General

INTERFACE

INFORMATION

Communications

Interface

Information

The terminal operates on full-duplex, asynchronous communications
lines. The physical interfaces are implemented using a 25-pin EIA
connector

and

loop

2.6.1.1
Baud
Rate
-programmed
through
the

connector.

Transmit
and
keyboard
using

receive
baud
rates
the SET-UP commands.

transmit and receive baud rates can be set independently
300, 6060, 1,200, 2,400, 4,800, 9,008, or 19,200 baud.
The terminal (set
up
to
308
baud
synchronization.
2.6.1.2

bit

seven data bits
optional parity

Format

serial,

The

parity

bit

(MARK equals
bit, and one

can

format

consisting

binary
or two

data
bits
are
ASCII
coded,
and
transmitted or received first.
The

to:

114,

up for jump scroll) supports text writing speeds
without
wusing
the
XON/XOFF
characters
for

Character

character

are
Both

programmed

the

bit

asynchronous

(always

SPACE),

1, SPACE equals binary @)
an
stop bits
(always MARK). The

the

for

start

1least

significant

parity.

odd

even

bit

1is

parity

is disabled, the eighth bit is set to SPACE and no parity checking
occurs
on
input.
If
parity
1is
enabled
and
parity
errors
are
detected, the error character is displayed.
All

baud

rates

have

119

baud

which

has

two

The

communication

data

SET-UP

one

stop

bit

per

transmitted

bits

per

character.

format

outlined

here

character,

except

programmed

using

commands.

2.6.2

EIA

Interface

2.6.2.1
Physical Interface -- The basic VK108 terminal
on
full-duplex,
asynchronous
communication
1lines.
The

operates
terminal

interfaces

the

line

with

25-pin

connector

mounted

back

of the terminal. This connector meets the requirements of EIA Std
RS-232-C.
Table
2-1
summarizes
the
EIA
connector
signals.
The
following
paragraphs
explain
how
the
basic
VK108
terminal
uses

each

signal.

Protective
terminal

for

Ground

system

reference

Transmitted
terminal

ground

potential

Data

transmits

(from

via

-a

This

jumper.

conductor
The

connects

conductor

cannot

the

used

purposes.

VK100

serially

terminal)

encoded

characters

2
and

The

break

VK100
signals

on this circuit. The circuit is held in the mark state when
terminal is not transmitting characters or break signals.

the

Table

2-1

EIA

Connector

Signals

Description

EIA/CCITT
Circuit

1
2

Protective ground
Transmitted data

AA/101
BA/103

Received

BB/1d4

Request

(not

used)

Data

set

Signal

(not

used)

9
10

(not
(not

used)
used)

(not

used)

(not

used)

—-—

(not

used)

-—

14
15

(not
(not

used)
used)

-—
-

16
17

(not
(not

used)
used)

(not

used)

(not

used)

Data

terminal

21
22
23

(not
(not
(not

used)
used)
used)

-—
--

24
25

(not
(not

used)
used)

—-=

Common

return

data
to

send

CA/105
-

ready

CC/1@7

ground*

AB/102

-—

ready

CD/108.2

Received
receives

Data
(to VK108 terminal) -- Pin 3 -- The VK@@ terminal
serially
encoded
characters
generated
by
the
user's

equipment on this circuit. The terminal is always ready to
and interpret data after power-up, except in local mode.

(from VK100 terminal)

Request To Send
always

asserted

on-line mode.

the

state)

this signal,

when the

but the signal

terminal

-- Pin

terminal)

(from VK190

Clear To Send
for

(SPACE

1is

-- Pin 4 -= This signal
is powered

up and

5 -- A circuit

exists

ignored at all

times.

Data Set Ready (to VK1@# terminal) -- Pin 6 -- A receiver
for this signal, but the signal is ignored at all times.

exists

Signal

Ground

common

ground

reference

connects

the

VK1@@

Data Terminal Ready
terminal ready (DTR)
following

This

potential

for

terminal

conductor

all

establishes

voltages

system

ground.

the

interface.

(from VK100 terminal) -- Pin 20 -- The data
signal 1is always asserted, except under the

conditions.

When

the

terminal

not

When

the

terminal

During
SHIFT

the

3.5

and

second

powered

local

mode

interval

following

the

pressing

BREAK.
NOTE

This
use of data
terminal
ready
(DTR)
signal disconnects local and remote data
sets when you press SHIFT and BREAK. It
also
prevents
automatic
the terminal is in local

answering
when
mode or powered

off.
This
use
of
DTR
also
causes
the
line
to
disconnect
when
the
VK100
terminal switches from on-line to local
mode.

2.6.2.2

Electrical

following
terminal,
or

Characteristics
characteristics.
On
all

The

EIA

signals

interface

generated

has
by

the mark or unasserted state is -6 V to =12 V; the
state
1is +6 V to +12 V.
On signals received by

asserted

terminal,
mark
space

+0.75
state;

allowed.

CCITT

unasserted

-25

asserted

These

levels

open

circuit

interpreted

+25

+2.25

interpreted

are

V.28.

space
VK100

and

state.

Recommendation

the

VK100

Voltages

greater

compatible

with

than

EIA

+25

Std

are

RS-232-C

not

and

2.6.2.3

EIA

Interface

communication

cables

Table

Interface

2-2

EIA

Cables

for

use with

Table

the

2-2

EIA

lists

the

recommended

interface.

Cables

Cable

Part

Number

Cable

BC22A-10

EIA

Function

null

directly
cable)
BC22A-25

modem;

connects

line

unit

VK100

terminal

conductor

EIA null modem; connects VK1@@0 terminal
directly to a line unit (6 conductor

cable)
BC22B-10

EIA

extension

modem

(14

conductor

modem

(14

conductor

cable)
BC22B-25

EIA

extension

cable)

2.6.3

mA Current

Loop

Interface

The
VK100
terminal
<current
1loop
configuration,
that
1is,
current must
terminal.

The

transmitter

and

receiver

optically isolated;
the transmitter
power is turned off. Table 2-3 lists
loop characteristics.

Table

2-3

2@0mA Current

Condition

Open circuit voltage
Voltage drop marking
Spacing current
Marking current

1interface
1s
a
passive
be
supplied
to
the
VK100
are

both

passive

goes to the mark state when
the recommended 20 mA current

Loop Characteristics
Transmitter

Min

Max

Receiver

Min

Max

5V
AY
.

S50V
4v
2mA

N/A
.
L

N/A
2.3V
3mA

20mA 50mA

2=-22

and

15mA 5@mA

2.6.3.1
Electrical
Characteristics
-The
20
mA
current
interface has the following electrical characteristics.
2.6.3.2
20 mA Interface Cables -- Table 2-4 lists the
communication cables for use with the 20 mA interface.

2.6.4
Buffer Overflow Prevention
The VK100 terminal can operate at transmission

speeds

loop

recommended

up to

19,200

baud.
However,
the terminal may not be able to keep up with
incoming
data.
The
terminal
stores
1incoming
characters
1in
a
253-character buffer and processes them on a first-in, first-out
basis.

When

terminal

contents of

XOFF

transmitting,

the

computer

stops

the

transmits
should

stop

the

(@823,

buffer

transmitting

terminal

reaches

DC3).
to

the

100

this

characters,

signal

terminal.

eventually

depletes

the

host

buffer.

When 50 characters remain in the buffer, the terminal transmits
XON
(021
or
DCl)
to
signal
the
host
that
it
may
resume
transmission.
If the host fails to respond promptly to the XOFF

signal, the buffer continues to fill. When the buffer exceeds its
253-character capacity, a buffer overflow occurs. When the buffer
overflows, the VK1@@ terminal ignores any incoming characters.

Table

2-4

20mA

Interface

Cables

Cable

Part Number

Function

BC@5F-15

20 mA cable with Mate-N-Lok connectors
for connecting VK100 terminal directly

BC@5F-50

line

for
a
BC@5F-AQ

with

connecting

line

unit.

mA cable

for
a

cable with Mate-N-Lok connectors
connecting VK100 terminal directly

line

unit.

Mate-N-Lok

VK100

connectors

terminal

directly

The

only

indication

buffer

overflow

the

loss

data

the
monitor
screen.
The
terminal
does
not
display
characters
on
the
screen
to
1indicate
this
condition.
following formula to determine a possible buffer.

special
Use
the

Response

time

153

rec

speed

(trans

bits

trans

speed)

where:
Rec

speed

Trans

bits

Trans

speed

VK10@

terminal

10,
=

except

VK100

receive

110

terminal

speed

baud

where

transmit

bits/second

speed

is
in

(baud).

11.
bits/second

(baud).

NOTE

The
response time
is less
when
the
receive
speed
1is

than @6
19,200

and
the
transmit
speed
1is
Never
use
this
combination
and
Example

transmit

only
baud

110
baud.
of
receive

speeds.

The VK100 terminal is transmitting at 1200 baud and receiving at
1200 baud. The terminal sends an XOFF signal which the host must

respond

to within

Response
Example

time

1.25 seconds to avoid

153

(10/1200)

the buffer overflow.
(18/1200)

1.25

seconds

The VK100 terminal is transmitting at 300 baud and receiving at
1200 baud. The terminal sends an XOFF signal which the host must
respond to within 1.175 seconds to avoid a buffer overflow.
Response

The

time

153

XON/XOFF

(10/1200)

synchronization

(10/308)

scheme

has

1.175

requiring the host to insert delays or filler
data stream.
Requiring a minimum of software

makes

second

advantage

over

characters in its
support,
XON/XOFF

sure
that
every character
or
command
sent
to
the VK100
terminal
is
processed
in
correct
order.
This
scheme
frees
interface
programs
from all
timing
considerations
and produces

reliable

Software

terminal

that

can

operation.

does

still

To do so limit
scroll mode, or

not

use

support

the

XON/XOFF

terminal

signals

text

from

the

interactive

VK100

mode.

the terminal receive speed to 300 baud in Jjump
488@ baud in wrap scroll or scroll off modes. Set

the receive higher only if the average line length of the data is
known. Table 2-5 shows the maximum speeds (baud rates) for each
scroll mode

selection at different

line

lengths.

Table

2-5

Terminal

Scroll

Receive

Average

Speed

Line

Length

XON/XOFF

Support)

in Characters

)

Smooth

600

1200

2400

Jump

300

1200

2400

Speeds
If

4800

are

4800

expressed

XON/XOFF

(No

Mode

Wrap/Off

Limits

cannot

4800

baud

rates.

used,

use

4800

fill

4800

characters

4800

after

certain

characters or character strings are sent to the VK100 terminal.
Table 2-6 shows the number of fill characters required for these
functions.
Use
either
the NUL
(6@08)
or the DEL
(1778)
as fill
characters.

XON/XOFF
support
following modes.
Auto

Hardcopy

Graphics

mode

the

host
after

varying

sequence

Fill

the

terminal

1is

the

BA2)

computer

pauses

data

does

will

transmission

execution

Character

not

probably
do

not

support
be

lost.

prevent

XON/XOFF
Fill

data

buffer

characters

loss

due

and

the

times.

Requirements

Character
or

whenever

(AH1)

(BAl

synchronization,

2-6

required

mode

BASIC

Table

1is

Receive

Speed

Sequence

Received

110

300

600

1200

2400

4800

9600

19200

TAB

-—

Text

-—

—=

-—

(char)

-—

~—

-—

DECALN

CAN

(full)

159

189

381

175

353

709

Two

terminal

functions,

reset

erase

buffer.

terminal

and

after

the

commands

being

processed.

the

perform

To compensate for this,
two following ways.

the

and

these

host

Thus

not

will

reinitialize

characters

functions

computer

sending
may act

host

means

two

Immediately
after
commands
the
host

the

self-test,

This

may

are

act

the
terminal
as
1if
it had

send

additional

lost

the

received
without

one

the

one
of
received

these
XOFF.

characters

until

it receives XON. The terminal transmits XON only after it
completes
the
specified
operation
and
the
XON/XOFF
feature

When

the

enabled.

first

method

cannot

implemented,

use
a
delay
of
no
1less
than
terminal
time
to complete
the

invoked

function

detects

against

loss

data.

however,
period.

future

This

options may

host

may

10
seconds
to
allow
invoked
function.
If

the
the

error,
delay

there
1is

require

the

guarantee

currently

adequate,

change

the

delay

The
VK100
terminal
always
recognizes
received
XOFF
and
XON
signals.
Receipt
of
XOFF
inhibits
the
VK100
terminal
from
transmitting any codes except XOFF and XON.
Up to 253 keystrokes
are stored in a keyboard buffer
(some keys transmit two or three

codes,

e.g.,

keyclicks

cursor

stop.

controls).

Transmission

the

resumes

Entering and exiting SET-UP clears
and the keyboard locked condition.
2.6.5

Display

keyboard

upon

all

buffer

receipt

stored

overflows,

XON.

keyboard

characters

Interface

The display interface provides the circuitry needed to drive one
black and white monitor and one red, green, and blue (RGB) color

monitor at the same time. Four separate BNC connectors are located
on the rear of the terminal and are labeled as follows.
MONO
RED

GREEN
BLUE

These

connectors

and white

2.6.5.1

and

provide

the

signals

needed

drive

both

black

color monitors.

Composite

drives an external

Port

Video

(MONO)

black and white

This

monitor.

interface

connector

The output conforms

to EIA RS-330 and has the following nominal characteristics.
Output impedance
Sync level
Black level
White

level

75 ohms,
Y .0 V to

+/- 10% when terminated with 75 ohms
g V +/- 10% when terminated with 75 ohms

@ .3V

dc coupled
8.1 V

2-26

2.6.5.2 Color Monitor Port (RED, GREEN, BLUE) -- These interface
connectors drive an external RGB color monitor. The RED, GREEN,
and BLUE outputs have the following nominal characteristics.
Output
Red

impedance

and

blue

Signal

Green

signal

coupled

outputs

level

signal

ohms,

1.0

V +/-

10%

outputs

Signal level
sync level
Black level

1.0 V +/- 10%
.0 V to 8.1 V
.3 V +/- 10%

2.6.5.3
Composite
Sync Waveform
waveform conforms to EIA RS-330
characteristics.

Timing -- The composite sync
and has the following nominal

Horizontal

period

63.131

Horizontal

sync

4.735

g.789

Front

width

porch

(15.840

7.891

depends

SET-UP

feature

to HPS5
3.945 ~s.

Back porch
Active
Frame

7.891

video

time

~s.

timing

set

The

wupon

exact

the

setting.

When

front porch

time

the

“s minus

KHz)

front

porch

50.505

60.00

(PF@)

49.97

(PF@)

24.95

rate

Noninterlaced

(IL@)

(PF1l)

Interlaced

(IL1)

29.94
(PF1l)

Vertical

sync

Serration

width

during

189.394

vertical

“s

none

sync

Vertical

blank

Horizontal

scans

1.262

per

frame

2-27

ms minimum

(PFQ)

4.609 ms minimum

(PF1)

264

(PF@

and

ILQ)

317
529

(PF1l
(PF@

and
and

IL®)
IL1)

635

(PF1l

and

IL1)

2.6.5.4

Monitor

Selection

The

display

interfaces

drive

number of commercially standard monitors.
Monitors conhected
the VK100 terminal should have the following capabilities.
Video

bandwidth

Horizontal

Vertical

Line

flyback

time

minimum

maximum

4.3

(625-1ine

monitor)

ratio

restoration

present

the

maximum

monitor)

15.840

rate

Aspect

MHz

1.0

rate

Frame

possible

display,

(525-1ine
ms

maximum

KHz
or

adjustable

best

the

1:1.6

VK1@@

terminal

contains

a number of SET-UP selectable features to tailor the video output
of the terminal to the monitor. These features are as follows.
Feature

Function

PFQ

For

Hz,

525-l1line

PF1

For

Hz,

625-1line monitors

HP@

HPO

For

horizontal

HM@

HMO

horizontally

for

monitors

vertically

VM@

to VMO

monitors

centering

with

monitors

1limit

the

text

display

area

overscan

limit

the

overscan

40 characters per

text

display

area

for

line display text on

low

EM1

For

ILO

For a noninterlaced display to reduce flicker

IL1

For an interlaced display on a monitor
slow phospher, or for taking monitor

resolution

monitors

with a
screen

photographs

2.6.5.5 Video Interface Cables -- Table 2-7 lists the recommended
communication cables for use with the video interfaces.

2-28

Table

2-7

Video

Interface

Cables

Cable

Part Number

Function

BC26M-05

RGB cable with BNC connectors
user-supplied monitor

2.6.6
Hardcopy
The
terminal
has

LA34VA

for

Interface

graphics

serial

interface

printer;

this

port

allows

for

interfacing

dumping

bit

map

information to obtain a hardcopy. A series-chaining scheme allows
more than one VK100 terminal to share a single graphics printer.

2.6.6.1
hardcopy

Physical
Interface
-The
interface
to
an
external
device
uses
a
standard
25-pin
female
EIA
connector.

Table

2-8

Table

2-8 Hardcopy

lists

the

Signal

assignments.

Interface

Assignments

Name

Protective

Ground

Downstream

Transmitted

Downstream

Received

Downstream

Request

Downstream

Data

Data
To

(DTXD)

(DRXD)

Send

(DRTS)

7
13

Clear to Send
(DCTS)
Signal Ground
Upstream Clear To Send (UCTS)

Upstream

Transmitted

Upstream

Received

Upstream

Request

Data (DTXD)
Data (DRXD)

Send

(URTS)

2.6.6.2
Electrical Interface -- The electrical characteristics of
the hardcopy interface are as follows. On signals generated by the
VK100 terminal, the mark or unasserted state is -6 V to -12 V; the
space
or
asserted
compatible with EIA

state
Std

RS-232-C

the

signals

open

received

circuit

interpreted

and

CCITT

terminal,

mark

+2.25
V
1is
interpreted
as
a
greater
than +25
V are
not

2.6.6.3

with

EIA

Hardcopy

recommended
interface.

Std

RS-232-C

Interface

communication

and

These

1levels

-25

+0.75

state,

and

space

CCITT

for

+25

asserted
state.
1levels
are

Table

use

These

Recommendation

are

V.28.

unasserted

allowed.

Cables

cables

Recommendation

VK100

Voltages

compatible

+12

2-9

with

V.28.

1lists

the

hardcopy

2.6.6.4
Hardcopy Device Sharing -- The VK1@@ terminal
contains
the necessary logic for series-chaining to another VK100 terminal
to time share a single hardcopy device. For every series-chained
VK10@ terminal, a Y-cable
(BC26B-@l)
and a modem cable
(BC22B-x)
are needed.
terminal in

Chapter 5 provides
a series chain.

There

limitation

hardcopy

the

device

the

long

instructions

number
as

the

VK1@@

maximum

how

connect

terminals

cable

length

the

chained
between

adjacent
terminals
1is
5@
ft.
The
5@
ft
maximum
cable
1length
conforms to RS-232-C/CCITT V.28 interface specifications.
1In
practice the number of VK1@0 terminals served by a single printer
is limited by the maximum response time users will accept.
When

VK100

terminal

1is

powered

off,

all

upstream

terminals

(those farther away from the hardcopy device)
are broken off the
chain.
The cabling system allows downstream terminals
to bypass
the Y-cable on the powered-off terminal and remain in the chain.
As a general practice disconnect
the
chain.
This
eliminates
the
pulses

the

chain,

which

may

all
powered-off
possibility
of

cause

erroneous

terminals
from
1inducing
noise
printout.

Table

2-9

Hardcopy

Interface

Cables

Cable

Part Number

Function

BC26B-01

Y-cable for daisy-chaining the LA34VA
printer to multiple VK100 terminals

BC22B-25

EIA

extension

second

VK1@0@

terminal

graphics

from

Y-cable

(BC26B-01)

BC22A-10

EIA

a
BC22A-25

null modem; connects VK10@
line unit
(6 conductor cable)

EIA

null

line

modem;

unit

connects

VK10@

conductor

cable)

terminal

directly

terminal

directly

3.3
The

KEYBOARD CONTROLS
VK100 terminal has two

keypads.

The

main

arrangement
and
sculpturing
styled
1like
typewriter. The auxiliary or numeric keypad
numeric data in a calculator-like fashion.
The

following

keyboard

paragraphs

control

Standard

Special
SET-UP

Special

groups

keys
function

mode

describe

and

their

the

keypad

has

Kkey

a
standard
office
allows you to enter

different

VK100

terminal

functions.

keys

Standard Keys
3.3.1
Figure
3-2
identifies
the
VK1@@#
terminal
keyboard
keys
usually
operate
like
standard
typewriter
and
calculator

These

keys

generate

ASCII

codes

which

the

terminal

that
keys.
transmits to

the host computer. The minus, comma, period, and numeric keys of
the auxiliary keypad normally generate the same codes as the
corresponding unshifted keys of the main keypad. The SHIFT key on
the main

the

keypad

auxiliary

does

not

affect

the codes generated

by the

keys

keypad.

The auxiliary keypad has two alternate modes of operation: keypad
application mode
and
programmed
keypad mode.
The terminal
can
enter either mode through the SET-UP parameters or a command from
the host computer.
In both modes the auxiliary keypad generates
control functions.

ON LINE

seroe

LOCAL NO SCROLL BASIC HARDCOPY

.....

.........................

.....

O
004 5 RRA0

IISNS

....

RIS

WAL 1

......

.......

..
..
AVAOOHS
¥ JISRIRRNA ¢ INSQOLAND
| RRERRIRR
.....

....

......................

....

..............

...

........
.......
........

DELETE

.......
......

CTRL

NN HNI IO OOORIRY X 3%

Q0C & 29

MHNK ¢ I

3¥:

SCROLL | |

Jeren ° E

'''' ERERS '-EE

RN .:5 X BAXT

NN §

NSRRI

:
...........

......

MA-6727A

Figure

3-2

Standard

Keys

CAPS

LOCK

CAPS

LOCK

This key enables the uppercase function of.alphabetic keys
All numeric and special symbol keys remain in lowercase.

only.

SHIFT

This

key

not

have

enables
an

the

uppercase

uppercase
function,

function
the

all

SHIFT

key

keys.
has

key

effect.

does

ON LINE

#e||

Q@
2

con ||

LOCAL NO SCROLL BASIC

HARDCOPY

~ | &

» || (

(13(|lafs|el|7|8laeo

lQ||W[E|RI|T|Y|uU|]T1]o

Figure

|[A|S|IDF[®RYIH]|I]|

3-3

3.3.2

Special

Figure

3-3

Function

1identifies

terminal
keyboard.
description.

III%HHHIII

Keys

the

The

Keys

special

function

keys

following

paragraphs

provide

the

terminal

enter

the

VK100

general

SET-UP

Pressing

this

Terminal

parameters

key

causes

such

VK100

scrolling

can

changed

SET-UP

mode.

this mode.

Arrows

Each

these

keys

causes

the

VK100

terminal

transmit

control

function code to the host computer. Usually the control functions
are interpreted as commands to move the cursor in the direction of
the

arrow.

IHHHHHI

BREAK

This key transmits a break signal. Pressing BREAK
the SHIFT keys transmits the long break signal.

with

either

PF1

HARD

wuadl
PF1l/HARDCOPY
Pressing this key by
a

control

Pressing

itself

causes

the

VK1@@

terminal

transmit

function code.

this

key

with

either

optional printer to copy
screen. During the copying

the

SHIFT

keys

causes

the

the current contents of the monitor
process the screen is frozen. Once the

printer finishes the copy, the screen resumes normal operation. If
a printer is not connected to the terminal, pressing .this key
the

freezes

the

copying

for

screen

screen.

short

just

time

printer

was

Pressing the SHIFT and PF1/HARDCOPY keys a second time stops the
printing of the screen contents. When this occurs the terminal
returns to the previous operating mode.

|I!!l!|
PF2

PF2/LOCATOR

Pressing this key by itself causes the VK100 terminal to transmit
function code.

a control

the

either

the

causes

keys

SHIFT

mode.

PF3/TEXT

Pressing this key by itself causes the VK100 terminal

control

the

locator cursor
information on

to enter locator mode and display the
the screen. Section 3.3.4 provides more

locator

with

key

this

Pressing

terminal
( + ) on

transmit

function code.

the
SHIFT keys causes
the
of
Pressing this key with either
terminal to enter text mode and disable graphics mode. When it
graphics
special
any
<cancels
terminal
the
text mode,
enters
display parameters that were selected. If the terminal was already
in text mode, pressing this key resets any special text features.

|Iiii||
RESET

PF4/RESET

Pressing
a

this

control

key by

function

itself

causes

the VK10@

terminal

transmit

code.

Pressing
this
key
with
either
of
the
SHIFT
keys
resets
the
terminal.
This action 1is almost the same as turning the power
switch off and on. All of the contents of memory are lost except
the SET-UP parameter settings, soft character sets, BASIC program,

graphics
reset

HHHHHHI

mode

function

macrographs,

and

does not change

any

the

special

key

definitions.

SET-UP parameter

settings.

This

DELETE

This

key

causes

code

the

erased

from

the

host
the

VK1@@

system.

screen.

terminal

The

transmit

deleted

character

may

delete

character

may

not

RETURN
This

key

transmits

either

carriage

return

(CR)

and

function

through

the

New

|||Hi||
FEED

This

!!!!lll

LINE

key

line

Line

carriage

return

feed

code.

(NL)

(LF)

(CR)

Select

code

the

desired

SET-UP parameter.

FEED

transmits

line

feed

(LF)

code.

This

SCROLL

key

parameter

1is

controlled
on,

pressing

the

this

SET-UP

key

the

parameter.
first

time

the

stops

data

transmission from the host computer to the VK@@ terminal. This
also lights the NO SCROLL indicator above the keyboard, to show
that the terminal is not sending or receiving data.
Pressing the
key a second time resumes transmission from where it stopped. This
also
off,

IHHH!II

turns off the NO SCROLL indicator.
If
the XO parameter
this key is inactive and has no effect on the terminal.

CONTROL

Pressing

this

terminal

key

transmit

combination

control

with

code.

ESC

ESCAPE

This

1is
|

key

transmits

escape

code.

3-6

another

key causes

the

VK100

ON LINE

LOCAL NO SCROLL BASIC HARDCOPY

PF1

HARD

COoPY

BREAK

PF2

PF3

LOCTR

TEXT

’

—
.........

—

...........

prm——

CTRL

Figure

3.3.3
Figure

3.5

FEED

3-4

SET-UP

Mode

detailed

Keys

SET-UP Mode Keys
3-4 identifies the

provides

LINE

SHIFT

SCROLL

keys

available

description

the

SET-UP

mode.

Section

SET-UP mode.

. SPACE BAR or UP ARROW

higher

parameter.

value

reached,

again.

Each

Either
to

key

and

steps

the

When

the

highest

starts

the

cycle

over

setting
the

key

SET-UP

setting

for

returns

performs

the

same

function.

. DOWN ARROW
v

This

key

steps to the next lower setting for a
reached
the setting
returns to the

When
@
is
starts the

cycle

over

SET-UP
highest

parameter.
value and

again.

- RETURN or RIGHT ARROW
-

Either
the

key

last

steps

the

parameter

terminal

appears

automatically
returns
to
the
performs the same function.

the

first

next
the

SET-UP
screen,

SET-UP

parameter.
the

parameter.

When

terminal

Each

key

IIHHHIII

LEFT

ARROW

key

steps

the

terminal

parameter.

When

the

first

Alphabetic

Keys

This

terminal

SET-UP

stepping

automatically

parameter.
through

correct

returns

the

These

keys

This

displays

all

the

enter

the

appears

last

the

any

parameters.

previous
the

the

SET-UP parameter.

two-letter

SET-UP

screen,

the

code

parameter

operator

for

each

without

types

the terminal sounds the bell tone and displays the

incorrect code,

last

backwards

parameter

parameter.

Numeric Keys -- These keys enter the numeric parameter setting of
a SET-UP parameter. This sets a parameter without stepping through
all the parameter settings. If the operator types an 1incorrect
setting, the terminal sounds the bell tone and displays the last
correct

Iliiilli
RESET

parameter

setting.

PF4/RESET

Pressing
terminal

SHIFT keys
the
of
this key with either
to the power-up state. All the contents

the
resets
of memory,

including the SET-UP parameter settings, are lost. Pressing these
keys in SET-UP mode is the same as turning the terminal power
switch

off

and

on.

When the operator presses this key by itself, the terminal sounds
the

bell

tone.

3-8

_—_—l
SET.UP

ON LINE LOCAL NO SCROLL BASIC HARDCOPY L1
O o0 O O O O

TAB

N[ —
MR ## PE3

Alls|[D]||lF BgLri

1 ‘2

i
)

[::]‘AX ‘ C IIIIIIII N ] M '

scrout | E

PFa

TEXT || RESET

78|
4

W{t

COPY

ll23|lalls|el|7]s

Cock

craL

2 || A || & || *

|[#E

' || @

=<y

5
O

MA.6727A

Figure

3.3.4
Figure

3-5

Locator

Mode

Keys

Locator Mode Keys
3-5 identifies the keys

terminal

locator

mode.

that
The

have

special

following

meaning

paragraphs

the

briefly

describe the function of the locator keys in locator mode. If the
operator presses any keys other than those described, the terminal
exits locator mode, sends the code of the key pressed,
and then
sends

the screen location of the locator cursor.
If the terminal
enters locator mode through the host computer, the terminal sends
a carriage return (CR) code followed immediately by the key code.

|Iiii||
LOCTR

PF2/LOCATOR

Pressing

this

terminal

enter

( +

the

screen.

)

key

with

These

time
dot

keys

the
in

move

the

operator

mode

the

and

SHIFT

display

keys

the

causes

1locator

the

cursor

ARROWS

locator

presses

the

direction shown
of the arrow keys

with one
in the direction

either

1locator

shown

cursor

the

key,

(

)

the

around

locator

the

by the arrow on the key.
moves the locator cursor

the

arrow on

3-9

the

key.

screen.

cursor

moves

Each

one

Pressing SHIFT
( + ) ten dots

ENTER

Either

screen

position

HHHHI

keys
of

RETURN

end

the

locator

cursor

mode.
to

The

the

terminal

host

key

send

the

ends

computer.
computer,

the

1locator

mode;

does

not

host

If
the
terminal
enters
1locator mode
through
the
the terminal sends a carriage return (CR) code.

host

position

however,

the

1locator

terminal

cursor

the

3.4.1

keyboard,

Visual

and

audible

visual

indicators

alarms.

Indicators

Figure
3-6
shows
the
1location
of
the
keyboard
indicators.
following paragraphs describe the function of each indicator.
ON

the

screen

VISUAL AND AUDIBLE INDICATORS
VK100 terminal has two types of indicators:

above

sends

computer.

DELETE

This

3.4
The

these

The

LINE

This indicator lights to show that the VK100 terminal is on-line
and ready to transmit or receive messages from the host computer.
The ON LINE indicator can also show self-test errors.
LOCAL

This

indicator

lights

show

that

the

terminal

off-line

cannot communicate with the host computer.
In local mode
keyboard remains active and all typed characters appear on
screen.

The

LOCAL

indicator

can also

show self-test errors.

and

the
the

PF1
-

PF2

HARD

h+|

eEllr|T]viullt]ole]

BACK

space || BREAK

t]:

PF3

tocth || Text

COPY

PFa
|| ReSET

oesere

alls|el|:

1 1l

pere—

si|iD|l

CTRL

[ZH_X_ cilv

Figure

F B%L HIlJl

3-6

Keyboard

KLY

UI"” (;m~

N M| ST 27

21|

LINE

3
.

ENTER

Indicators

SCROLL

This indicator lights to show that the NO SCROLL key was pressed
and the terminal
is no longer receiving or sending data to the
host computer. The codes for any keys pressed while the NO SCROLL
indicator
is on
are
stored
in the terminal and sent after the
indicator turns off. To continue sending
NO SCROLL a second time. The NO SCROLL
the X0 SET-UP parameter is off (X04@).

or receiving
indicator is

data,

press
inactive 1if

BASIC

This indicator lights to show that the terminal is in the BASIC
program
mode.
In
this
mode
the
terminal
1interprets
all
data
entered on
the
keyboard or
received
from the host computer
as
BASIC

language

commands.

The

BASIC

indicator

also

shows

self-test

errors.

HARDCOPY
This indicator lights to
is
copying
the
screen.

terminal
turns
shows self-test
L1

and

show that the optional hardcopy printer
When
the
operation
is
complete,
the

the
indicator
errors.

off.

The

HARDCOPY

1indicator

also

These indicators are turned on and off by the host
Ll and L2 indicators also show self-test errors.

computer.

The

3.4.2
Audible Indicators
The VK100 terminal has two
and

long

tone

Short

Tone

(click)

the

operator

audible

alarms:

short

tone

(click)

the

short

tone

whenever

(beep).

presses

The
a

terminal

key,

with

sounds

the

following

exceptions.

SHIFT and CTRL keys do not generate a keyclick, because
these keys do not transmit codes. These keys only modify
the codes transmitted by other keys.

key

turned

generates
off

keyclick

SET-UP

Long Tone (beep) —-- The terminal
the following conditions occurs.

The

terminal

enters

The

terminal

receives

The
cursor
margin, and

The

the

keyclick

sounds

the

long

parameter

mode.

tone

when

one

SET-UP mode.

1is
eight
the margin

bell

code

from

the

characters
away
bell parameter is

operator
enters
an
incorrect
setting in SET-UP mode.

computer.

from
the
enabled.

parameter

right

code

parameter

3.5
The

SET-UP MODE DESCRIPTION
VK10@ terminal contains many

features. Some of these features
help the operator in the daily use of the terminal. Other features
allow the terminal to talk to many different types of computers
and computer programs. To change these features to the required
settings the terminal contains a special mode of operation called
SET-UP mode.

SET-UP mode,

the

terminal

displays

the

status

each

parameter

stored in the terminal memory individually on the monitor screen.
Once
the
parameter
code
appears,
the
operator
can
change
the
parameter
setting.
Changing
the
parameter
setting
causes
the
terminal to operate according to the new setting. The effect is
the same as turning a switch on or off.
Enter

SET-UP mode

by pressing

SET-UP.

The monitor

The

The monitor

A message similar to
center of the screen.

long

The

following

events

screen scrolls down six character

tone

occur.

lines.

sounds.

enters

the

expanded mode.
the

SET-UP

TS4

3-12

following

24049

appears

the

top

The word SET-UP indicates the terminal
The

two

characters

are

the

SET-UP

in SET-UP mode.

parameter

code.

This

code

represents the SET-UP parameter the operator can change.
case the code is TS and stands for Transmit Speed.

Immediately

current

setting

following

the

in this case).

the parameter

setting

SET-UP

parameter

This parameter

code

setting

changes.

1is

its

this

code changes when

The last four characters in the message are an abbreviation of the
current parameter setting. The abbreviation in this case is 24094,
to show that the terminal transmit speed
is set for 2400 baud
(bits per second). The parameter setting abbreviation varies from
setting

setting.

The

parameter settings entered in SET-UP mode are not permanent.
Every time the operator turns terminal power off, the parameter
settings
return
to
a
condition
known
as
default.
The
default

conditions
terminal,

reside

the

default

two

different

SET-UP

switch

physical

pack

and

the

1locations
read

only

1in

the

memory

(ROM)
.

The

default

SET-UP switch

Transmit (TS)
Parity (PE)
Default

and

character

Communications
Power

The

c¢an

receive
(UK)

controls
(RS)

the

speed

following

parameters.,

together

sets

interface

frequency

operator

pack

(CI)

(PF)

change

the

default

values

for

these

SET-UP

parameters while installing the terminal. Refer to section 2.5 for
the
procedure
to
follow.
This
chapter
discusses
the
specific
function and possible settings for each SET-UP parameter.
All other default SET-UP parameter settings are controlled by the
read
only memory
(ROM)
in
the
VK108
terminal.
These default
parameter
settings
are
permanent.
For
a
parameter
setting
different from the default setting, change the setting each time
terminal power is turned on.
3.5.1

SET-UP Parameter

Summary

The VK100 terminal contains all the SET-UP parameters listed in
Table
3-1.
The
first
column
4in
the
table
1lists
the
SET-UP
parameters in the order they appear on the monitor screen. The
second
column
1lists
the
parameter
codes,
and
the
third
column
lists
the possible
setting
codes
for
each
parameter.
The
next
column lists the exact message that appears on the screen, and the

last column
setting.

briefly

describes

what

the

parameter

does

for

that

This table serves only as a brief summary of the SET-UP parameters
and how they affect the VK@@ terminal. See the SET-UP Parameter

Descriptions
section
of
this
description of each parameter.

Table

3-1

SET-UP

Parameter

chapter

for

complete

Summary

SET-UP
Parameter

Para
Code

Set
Code

Displayed
Message

Function

Transmit

TSO

110*+

Set

transmit

speed

1190

300

baud.
Set transmit

speed

300

transmit

speed

600

baud.
Set transmit

speed

1,200

speed

2,400

speed

4,800

speed

9,600

speed

Speed

TS1

baud.

TS2

600

TS3

12040

TS4

2400

TSS

4800

TS6

9600

Set transmit
baud.
Set transmit

TS7

19.2

baud.
Set transmit

TS
|

Set

baud.
Set transmit
baud.

19,200
Receive

)

RSO

110*+

Speed
RS

RS1

300

Set

baud.

receive

speed

119

baud.
Set receive

speed

300

speed

600

speed

1,200

speed

2,400

speed

4,800

Set receive
baud.

speed

9,600

Set

speed

19,200

baud.

RS2

600

Set

receive

baud.

RS3

1200

Set

receive

baud.

RS4

2400

Set

receive

baud.

RSS5

48040

RS6

9600

RS7

19.2

Set

receive

baud.

receive

baud.

Local/
Line

LL
LL

@
1

LL3
LL1

Locl
OnLn*

Local mode.
On-1line mode.

Table

3-1

SET-UP

Parameter

Set

Summary

(cont)

SET-UP

Para

Parameter

Code Code Message

Displayed

Function

BASIC

BA
BA

BASIC disabled.
BASIC enabled in

Y
1

BA@
BAl

Off*
Locl

1local

mode.

Parity
Enable

XON/XOFF

BA2

Host

)

PE@ Off*+4

PE1

Even

PE2

0dd

X009

Off

BASIC enabled

Parity off,

in host mode.

bit 8 set to

SPACE.

Even parity on,

even

bit 8

parity and

Odd parity on,

odd

parity

bit 8

and

XON/XOFF not

set

checked.

set

checked.

sent

automatically.

Scroll

X01

On*

XON/XOFF sent
automatically.

SM@

Off

SM1

Jump

SM
SM

2
3

SM2 Smth*
SM3 Wrap

Smooth scroll.
Wrap scroll.

scrolling.
scroll.

Reverse

RV@

Off*

Normal

Video

RV1

Reverse

video.

Horizontal
Margins

HM
HM

g
1--9

HMQ *
HM(1--9)

No horizontal margins.
Horizontal margins one to
nine characters from left
and right.

Vertical
Margins

VM
VM

)
1--9

VM@ *
VM(1--9)

No vertical margins.
Vertical margins one

nine

top

video.

characters

and

Expansion

)

EM@

Norm¥*

Normal

Mode

EM1

Expn

Expanded
text

Horizontal

g--9

HP(0--9)

Position

HP5*

default

value

Indicates

This

the

default

SET-UP

value

switch

procedure

pack.

change

these

display.

mode

(double-width

characters).

Horizontal display
position.
Normal horizontal display
position.
the

determined
Refer

from

bottom.

parameter.

the

Chapter

settings.

3-15

settings
2

section

the
2.5

default
for

the

Table

3-1

SET-UP

Parameter

SET-UP

Para

Parameter

Code

Set
Code

Overstrike

0S
0S

Visual
Cursor

Summary

(cont)

Displayed
Message

Function

]

0SSP

Off=*

Normal

OS1

Overlay

VC
VvC

)
1

VC@
VC1l

Off
Text

Disable visual cursor.
Enable text visual cursor.

VC2

Grph

text

Enable

replacement.

text

writing.

graphics

visual

cursor.

Text

Display

VC3

Both*

Enable

both

TD@

Norm*

Normal

processing

Text

display.
Display all

TD1

text

cursors.

text

characters

all characters are
displayed as text and
processed,

is
TD

TD2

Ctrl

(transparency mode);

except

not
which

displayed as next line.
all characters

Process

normally,

display

unrecognized

all

characters

text.

Graphics

GD@

Norm¥*

Display

Normal

GD1

Text

Display
as

GD2

Top

GD3

Bot

)

GP@

Off*

GpPl=

"1I"

top

commands

last

bottom

Disable
mode.

line

ReGIS

screen.

line

screen.

graphics

prefix

Enable

graphics

prefix

mode;

character

shown

prefix

1in

character.

)

SC@

Offx*

SC1l

Normal communications
operation.
Single character operation.

LE@

Off*

LE1l

Local

Character

Echo

last
of

quotes

Local

graphics

Display

Single

text.

Display
at

Graphics
Prefix

processing

graphics.

local

echo.

echo

every

key

stroke.

New

Line

NL@

Off~*

New

line

mode

disabled.

NL1

New

line

mode

enabled.

Table

3-1

SET-UP

Parameter

Summary

(cont)

SET-UP

Para

Set

Displayed

Parameter

Code

Message

Function

Auto

AH@

Off*

Disable

AHl1

Enable

Hard-

copy

Auto

Wrap-

auto
auto

AW@

Off

Disable

around

AWl

On*¥*

Enable

auto

Key

)

KR@

Off

Disable

key

Repeat

hardcopy
hardcopy

auto

mode.
mode.

wraparound.

wraparound.
repeat

parameter.

KR1

On*

Enable

key

repeat

parameter.

Keyclick

Margin

KC@

Off

Disable

KCl

On*

Enable

keyclick.
keyclick.

]

MB@

Off

Disable

MB1

On*

Enable

Terminal

TTM

)

TM@

VT52

mode.

Mode

TTMM

TM1

ANSI*

ANSI

mode.

Keypad

KP@

Norm*

Numeric

Mode

KPl

Appl

Application

Cursor

Bell

KC
KC

Key

Mode

right
right

margin
margin

keypad

bell.
bell.

mode.

keypad

mode.

)

CK@

Norm*

Cursor

key

mode.

CK1l

Appl

Cursor

key

application

mode.
Programmed

)

PK@

Off*

Programmed

keypad

disabled.

Keypad

PK1l

Programmed

keypad

enabled.

)

TLO

Off*

Mode

Tablet
Locator

Only

Mode

four

control
TL

TL1

Tablet

control
UK

Character

cursor

locator

keys
mode.

cursor

locator

keys

mode.

UK@

U.S.*

character

set.

Set

UKl

U.K.

character

set.

Comm.

CI@

EIA*4

EIA

Interface

comm.

interface

selected.
CI

CIl

comm.

interface

selected.

*
+

Indicates
This

the

default

value

determined

the

parameter.

the

SET-UP
switch
pack.
Refer
to
Chapter
procedure to change these settings.

settings
2

section

the
2.5

default
for

the

Table

3-1

SET-UP

Parameter

Summary

SET-UP
Parameter

Para Set
Displayed
Code Code Message

Hardcopy
Speed

HSG

(cont)

Function

1140

Set

hardcopy

speed

110

baud.

HS1

300

Set

hardcopy

speed

300

baud.
Set hardcopy
baud.

speed

600

speed

1,200

speed

2,400

HS2

600

HS3

1200

HS4

2400

Set hardcopy
baud.
Set hardcopy
baud.

HSS5

48040

Set hardcopy
baud.

speed

4,800

HS6

9600%*

Set hardcopy
baud.

speed

9,600

HS7

19.2

Set hardcopy
19,200 baud.

speed

60
50

Power

)

PF@

Frequency

PF1l

ILG

Off*

Interlace

turned off.

IL1

Interlace

turned

Interlace

Self-Test

Hz*4
Hz

power

frequency.
frequency.

on.

STl

PwUp

Select power-up self-test.

ST
ST
ST

2
3
4

ST2
ST3
ST4

ExCm
HcCm
Dspl

Select
Select
Select

STS5 CBar

external comm. test.
hardcopy comm. test.
display pattern

test.

Select

color

bar

test

pattern.

Tndicates

4 This

ST9

ST@ Clr

the

Rept

default value

Repeat

the

selected

until

failure.

Clear

all

test(s)

selected

test(s).

parameter.

is determined by the settings of the default

Chapter
Refer
to
SET-UP
switch
pack.
procedure to change these settings.

section

2.5

for

the

3.5.2
Changing a SET-UP Parameter (Operator)
To
change
any
or
all
of
the
SET-UP
parameters
following simple procedure.
1.

Enter

Select
of the

SET-UP mode

pressing

the

two-character

the

SET-UP.

the SET-UP parameter you
four following methods.

Type

perform

want

SET-UP

change.

parameter

code

Use

one

the

keyboard.

Press

RETURN

until the SET-UP parameter code appears
This key is pressed, the code advances

on the screen.
by one.
c.

Press
the
appears on

the
d.

code

Press

>
key
until
the
SET-UP
the screen. Each time this

advances

the

key

one.

until

the

the screen. Each
advances by one.
3.

Change

the

following
a.

Type

time

parameter

SET-UP parameter

this

key

setting.

Use

appears

pressed,

one

the

code

the

four

methods.
the

single-digit

parameter

the parameter setting to
stepping through all the
b.

parameter
code
key is pressed,

Press

the

SPACE

pressed

the

possible

value.

Press

the

parameter

BAR.

parameter

key.

Each

setting.

This

changes

the
typed-in wvalue
without
possible parameter settings.

Each

time

setting

time

the

SPACE

advances

this

setting

advances

key.

Each

time

this

setting

goes

back

key

the

BAR
the

pressed,

1is

the

possible

value.
d.

Press

the

parameter

change

than

V¥

one

SET-UP

parameter,

key

the

just

pressed,

repeat

the

setting.

steps

and

3 as often as needed. Pressing either the RETURN or » key advances
the terminal to the next parameter and displays the new parameter
and
its current
setting.
Pressing
the
€ key steps the terminal
back to the previous parameter and displays that parameter and its
setting.
The terminal always returns to the first parameter
(TS)
after

stepping

through

all

the

parameters.

the

operator

bell

sounds

appears

presses

parameter
on

and

the

code

the

any

keys

letter,

last

other

correct

than

SPACE,

parameter

setting

screen.

the SET-UP parameters are set,
exit the
SET-UP once. The screen then scrolls back

position

and

the

normal

3.5.3

Changing

The

computer

can

viewing

SET-UP

area

parameters,

The

the

all

host

Control

Strings

SET-UP

SET-UP mode by
to its original

again.

Computer)

terminal

SET-UP

parameters.

the
SET-UP
parameters
directly
specific programs. To change the

computer

(DCS)

the specific escape sequences
terminal SET-UP parameters.

3.6

(Host

VK100

The terminal then changes
to the new settings.

Device

appears

Parameter

change

It
has
this
capability
because
affect how the terminal acts with
terminal.
according

terminal

all
pressing

SET-UP

the

When

host

RETURN,

value,

and

sends

the

escape

sequences

SET-UP parameters

section

Chapter

message

formats

that

and

the

acts

describes

change

the

PARAMETER DESCRIPTIONS

This
section
describes
each
SET-UP
parameter
1in
detail
and
explains
how
each
parameter
affects
the
terminal.
The
SET-UP
parameters are listed in the order they appear on the screen.
NOTE

Unless otherwise stated, entering SET-UP
mode
and
changing
parameters
does
not

result

the

1loss

data

the

screen.

3.6.1

Transmit

Speed

(TS)

Set

transmit

speed

the

VK100

terminal

can

preselected speeds:
19,200 baud.

Transmit
transmit
Select

match

transmit

110,

300,

the

computer

receive

speed.

any

following

666,

1,200,

one

2,400,

4,800,

speed is independent of receive speed;
data at one speed and receive data at a

the

speed
(RS)
settings.

default

value

parameter

with

both

the

this

same

and

SET-UP

NOTE

Setting

selects
settings

this

parameter

11¢

baud

two
stop
bits;
all
select one stop bit.

3-20

9,608,

The

and

the terminal can
different speed.

parameter

default

the

(TS#@)

other

the

receive

switch

pack

3.6.2
Set the

VK100

Receive Speed
receive speed

terminal

speeds:

l19,

can
300,

(RS)
to match

receive
6006,

the computer transmit speed.
The
any one of the following preselected

1,200,

2,400,

4,800,

9,600

and

19,200

baud.

Receive
receive

speed is independent of transmit speed;
data at one speed and transmit data at a

Select the
speed
(TS)
settings.

the terminal can
different speed.

default value of both this parameter and the transmit
parameter
with
the
same
default
SET-UP switch pack

3.6.3
Line/Local (LL)
The line/local parameter

allows

the

operator

enter

the

terminal

into
either
an
on-line
or
a
1local
(off-line)
mode.
When
the
terminal is on-line (the ON-LINE indicator lights), all characters
typed
on
the
keyboard
are
sent
directly
to
the
computer
and
messages from the computer
appear
(the LOCAL indicator
1lights),
the

on
the
screen.
In
local
terminal is disconnected

the
computer;
messages
are
not
sent
to
computer. Characters typed on the keyboard
the

received

are

echoed

mode
from

from
the
directly to

screen.
NOTE

When the terminal is on-line (LL1l), the
data terminal ready (DTR) signal on the
EIA communications line
1is asserted.
When
the
terminal
enters
1local
mode
(LL@),
DTR is deasserted and the LOCAL
indicator lights.
3.6.4
BASIC
BASIC mode

The

programming

(BA)
parameter

capability

allows

the

operator

select

VK1@@

terminal.

the

BASIC

BASIC mode

off
(BA@),
the
terminal
operates
normally.
The
parameter
(LL)
determines 1if the terminal is on-line
the host computer.

1line/local
or local to

When the operator selects BASIC local
(BAl),
the standard BASIC
programming capability of the terminal turns on and the terminal
keyboard acts as the input device to BASIC. In this mode, to enter
a

BASIC
program
into
the
terminal
type
it
BASIC indicator lights when the parameter is

the

set

keyboard.
BAl.

The

When the operator selects BASIC host (BA2), the BASIC programming
capability of the terminal turns on and the host computer acts as
the input device to BASIC. In this mode the host computer normally
loads
a
BASIC
program
in
the
VK@@
terminal
communications line. The BASIC indicator lights when

set

BA2.

through
the
the parameter

3.6.5
Parity Enable (PE)
The parity enable parameter defines the type of parity bit that
the VK100 terminal generates for transmitted characters and checks
for
received
characters.
All
seven data bits and one parity

the
1.

three

following

Space

Even

parity,

Odd

the

parity,

default

bits
-from one

with

1ignores

the

parity

bit

for

all

(PE®)

even

parity

checking

for

all

received

checking

for

all

received

(PE1l)

characters

Select

which

characters

contain
eight
the parity bit

options.

parity,

received

characters
bit. Select

with

odd

parity

(PE2)

value

switch pack settings.
set these switches.

this

Section

parameter

2.5

with

provides

the

default

information

SET-UP

how

3.6.6
XON/XOFF (XO)
The VK100 terminal can automatically generate the
synchronizing
codes XON
(DCl)
and XOFF (DC3). The synchronizing codes prevent
data loss when the host computer sends characters to the terminal

faster

than

the

terminal

can

process

them.

The

XOFF

control

code

stops data transmission from the host computer to the terminal;
the XON code signals the host computer to resume transmission.
When the parameter 1is
unprocessed characters,

the XOFF code.
the

following

The

on,
and the receive buffer contains 100
the VK100 terminal automatically generates

receive buffer

events

occur.

The

The operator enters

The

operator

terminal

process

presses

fills

that point when one

SCROLL.

the SET-UP mode.

receives

<characters

faster

than

can

them.

The buffer empties only after the operator presses NO SCROLL again

takes the terminal out of SET-UP mode.

characters

out

the

buffer

and

The terminal then takes

processes

them

one

time.

When 58 characters remain in the buffer, the terminal transmits
the XON code to resume transmission from the computer to the
terminal.

If the XON/XOFF parameter

is off, NO SCROLL is disabled.

If the host computer software does not support the XON/XOFF codes,

data sent during buffer-full conditions may be lost.

NOTE

stops
always
terminal
when it receives an XOFF

VK100
The
transmission

(DC3)

code and resumes transmission when

receives

regardless
parameter

Scroll Mode

3.6.7

XON

the

(DC1)

code,

XON/XOFF

auto

setting.

(SM)

Scrolling describes the movement of existing lines on the monitor
screen to make room for new
function has four possible
smooth

scroll,

wrap

lines on the screen. The scroll mode
settings:
scroll
off,
Jjump scroll,

scroll.

‘

In scroll off mode (SM@), the text cursor always remains on the
top or bottom line of the display. The display does not move up or
down. The terminal adds new lines to the screen by writing over
the top or bottom line.
In jump scroll
the next line.

up or down

mode
(SM1l),
In this mode

to make

room

for

the
the

text cursor immediately moves to
existing lines on the screen move

new lines.

screen as fast as the computer
higher baud rates, the data is
rapid movement of the lines.

The new lines

sends them to the
very difficult to

appear

the

terminal.
read
due

At
to

the
the

NOTE

Jump

scroll

mode

allows

the

terminal

add a maximum of thirty lines per second
at the top or bottom of the screen. The
XON/XOFF parameter must be enabled and
supported by the host computer to
sure
that
data
is
not
1lost
when
scroll mode is enabled.

make
jump

In smooth scroll mode
(SM2),
the
terminal
receives new lines of
data
at
a
limited
speed.
The
movement of
1lines
occurs
at
the
smooth,
steady
rate
of
eight
1lines
per
second,
allowing
the

operator

read

the

data

appears

the

screen.

NOTE

Smooth

scroll

mode

allows

the

terminal

to
add
a
maximum
of
eight
1lines
per
second
at
the
¢top
or
bottom
of
the
screen.
The XON/XOFF parameter must be
enabled
and
supported
by
the
host
computer to make sure that data
is not
lost when smooth scroll mode is enabled.
In

wrap

screen

the

end

scroll mode
(SM3),
writing over
the

the

screen,

the
o0ld

terminal
adds
new
1lines
When the operator

lines.

the

reaches

(bottom or top)
the cursor automatically
screen, and the terminal writes new
the
screen.
Existing
data
on
the

moves to the beginning of the
lines
over
the
o0ld
lines
on
screen does not move.

3.6.8
Reverse Video (RV)
The
reverse
video
parameter

allows

the

operator

background of the screen. In normal screen
contains 1light
(or colored)
characters on

reverse

screen

(or

light

3.6.9

mode

(RV1),

colored)

Horizontal

the

screen

select

the

mode (RV@), the screen
a dark background.
In

contains

dark

characters

background.
Margins

(HM)

This parameter allows the operator to tailor the video output of
the VK100 terminal to the monitor.
If the monitor cannot display
84
characters
per
1line,
1insert
margins
on
both
sides
of
the
screen. The width of each margin is in characters.
If

the

horizontal

display
mode

margin

characters

parameter

one-character

1is

set

margin

parameter

line

set

(42

characters
the

for

EM1l).

(HM1l),

both

the

one
character
wide.
This
setting
line (49 characters in EM1l).

The

maximum

margin

width

right margins.
This setting
line (24 characters in EM1l).

nine

for

3.6.10
Vertical Margins (VM)
This parameter allows the operator

space

and

only

characters

provides

the

right
82

set

for

are

characters

per

for

both

the

can

expansion

margins

for

tailor

monitor

the

parameter

left

allows

HM@,

left

and

characters

the

per

video

output

the VK100 terminal to the monitor. If the monitor cannot display
24 lines of data, insert vertical margins at the top and bottom of
the

screen.

The

height

each

margin

lines.

I1f
the vertical margin parameter
is set for VM@,
the terminal
sends 24 lines of data to the monitor before scrolling the screen.

If the parameter is set for VM1, both the top and bottom
are set for one line. This setting allows the terminal to
lines of data to the monitor before scrolling the screen.

margins
send 22

The maximum margin height is nine lines for both the top and
bottom margins. This setting allows the terminal to send six lines
of data

the monitor before

Expansion Mode

3.6.11

scrolling

the

screen.

(EM)

This parameter allows the operator to expand characters on the
In normal mode (EM@),
screen to twice their normal width.
characters are seven pixels wide and are spaced two pixels apart.
In expanded mode (EMl), characters are 14 pixels wide and are
spaced

pixels

apart.

The EM1 setting allows a maximum of 42 characters per line.
3.6.12

Horizontal Position

(HP)

of
This parameter allows the operator to tailor the video output
the VK100 terminal to the monitor. The horizontal position
parameter lets the operator center the entire display on the

3-24

screen.

The

normal

display

3.6.13

Overstrike

setting

for

this

parameter

1is

HP5.

the

display is left of center,
increase the value of the parameter
setting.
This moves
the
entire display to
the
right.
If the

right of center,

This moves

the

entire

decrease

display

the

left.

parameter

setting

value.

(0S)

This parameter allows the operator to create special graphics on
the screen by typing over characters. If the overstrike parameter
is off (0S@), typing over a character replaces the old character
with the new character. If the parameter is on (0Sl), typing over
a
character
places
the
new
character
over
the
without destroying the old character. For example,

o0ld
this

allows

pressing

key,

you

create

BACKSPACE

key,

the
and

"not
/

equal

to"

sign

(#)

character
parameter
the

key.

3.6.14
Visual Cursor (VC)
This parameter allows the operator to change the visual
cursor
displayed.
The
cursor
1is
the
visual
1indicator
that
shows
the
active
position,
where
the
next
character
will
appear
on
the
screen. The text cursor is a solid block character (m); it only
appears when the terminal is in text mode. The graphics cursor is
a diamond cross hair (¢) at the current drawing position; it only
appears when the terminal
is in graphics mode.
Only one cursor
appears on the screen at any one time.
The
In
the

visual
VC@,

cursor

neither

parameter

the

text

has

cursor

four

settings.

nor

the

graphics

text

In
VC1l,
the
text
cursor
appears in graphics mode.

appears

1in

mode,

VC2,

cursor

appears

graphics

mode.

cursor

appears

screen.

VC3,

both

respective

the

text

and

graphics

but

the

and

cursor

graphics

cursor

cursors

appear

sent

the

1in

their

modes.

3.6.15
Text Display (TD)
This parameter controls how
processed

text

mode,

the

normal

characters

display

are

terminal.

TD@,

processing

TDl,

all

characters

control

and

escape

both

appear

sequences.

text

and

ReGIS

graphics

normal

graphics

text,

occurs.

including

processing

all

these

characters
occurs,
except
for
1line
feed
(LF)
which
causes
a
next-line function.
The XON/XOFF codes are still interpreted for
synchronization, but also appear as graphics text.
Control codes
appear

the

proposed

ANSI

standard

two-character

mnemonics.

TD2,

not

normal

normally

escape

and

processing

processed

control

occurs;

appear

sequences

those

control

graphics

not

appear.

3.6.16
Graphics Display (GD)
This
garameter
controls
how characters
ReGIS

1nterpreter

GD@,

normal

are

ReGIS

processing

GDl,

ReGIS

commands

When

the

message

"GON"

GD2

and

appear

operator

appears

string

sent

the

text,

and

ReGIS

mode

screen,

and

you

3.6.17

terminal's

graphics

while

"GOFF"

display

GD1l,

the

appears

when

the

done.

GD3,

normal

processing

ReGIS

graphics

occurs. The last line of the ReGIS commands appears as
top display line
(GD2)
or bottom display line
(GD3).
appears only when there are no more ReGIS commands to
when

are

occurs.

enters

the

which

Unrecognized

processed.

occurs.

ReGIS

codes

text.

freeze

the

Graphics

display

Prefix

pressing

commands

text on the
This 1line
process, or

SCROLL.

(GP)

This
parameter
allows
the
terminal
to
enter
graphics
mode
by
receiving a single unique character from the host computer. When

the

graphics

prefix

character

parameter

off

(GP@),

graphics

prefix character operations can occur. When the parameter is on
(GPl1),
the
1line
feed
(LF)
character
followed
by
the
graphics
prefix
character
enters
the
terminal
into
graphics
mode.
The
terminal
interprets
any
characters
received
after
the
prefix
character as graphics data. The next LF character received returns
the terminal to normal text mode. If the graphics prefix character

follows the second LF character, the terminal
mode for the next line. The terminal does not
function
Use

the

when

receives

following

Enter

the

procedure

SET-UP mode

parameter

set,

default

the

and

remains in graphics
perform a line feed

second

LF character.

set

graphics

the

place

screen.

the

prefix

graphics

character.

prefix

the

parameter

character

(!)

appears

has

character
not

the

been

prefix

character.

Press

Press
the
key
for
the
prefix
character may be any one of 95
(space

the

thru

key.

character.
The
prefix
graphic text characters

7).

The graphics prefix character

is now set

in the terminal.

(SC)

Single Character

3.6.18

When this parameter is on (SCl), the terminal sends a carriage
return (CR) character after each code or set of codes generated by
a single keystroke.

The CR character

is also sent after a

terminal

report.

3.6.19

Local

Echo

(LE)

When this parameter is on (LEl), every character sent to the host
computer is automatically echoed on the screen. The host computer
does not have to transmit the character back to the terminal.

double

characters

parameter
to

the

since

the

host

the

screen,

computer

turn

the

echoing

local

echo

characters

back

terminal.

3.6.20

This

off,

appear

New

Line

parameter

(NL)

function

like the RETURN key on an electric typewriter.
When the
parameter
1is
on
(NL1l),
pressing
RETURN
generates
the

new line
carriage

return

enables

the

RETURN

key

(CR) and line feed (LF) codes.
it
1interprets the code as

LF code,
feed.
When

the

parameter

CR code;

1is

off

code

(NL@),

causes

the

terminal

When the terminal receives a
carriage
return
and
line

pressing

RETURN

terminal

generates

perform

only

line

feed

parameter

off

only.

If double line feeds occur consistently, turn this
since the computer is performing this function.
3.6.21
Auto Hardcopy (AH)
This parameter allows the operator

make

continuous

hardcopy

record
of
all
text
that
appears
on
the
screen.
When
the
auto
hardcopy parameter is on (AHl), the printer copies the screen:

Just

before

Each

time

the

screen

entire

cleared

display of

new

lines

scrolls

onto

the

screen.

3.6.22
Auto Wraparound (AW)
This parameter determines where the next character will appear on
the screen after reaching the end of the current line. When the
auto wraparound parameter
is off
(AW@),
all
characters
received
after
reaching the end of the line appear in the last character
position of
that
line.
For
example,
take
an
84-character
1line.
With the parameter off,
the eighty-fifth text character received
appears

already

located

carriage

When

the

received

the

end

the

there.

return

current

This

line

and

continues

until

replaces

the

character

terminal

receives

character.

parameter

appears

the

(AWl),

first

the

eighty-fifth

character

position

text

the

character

line.

3.6.23

This
the

Key

Repeat

parameter
key

down

(KR)

allows

for

key

than

@.5

automatically
seconds.

to about 30 characters per second when
more
than
1.5 seconds.
The
key repeat

the

following

keyboard

The

repeat
repeat

when

you

rate

speeds

hold

you hold the key down
parameter affects all

up
for
but

keys.

BREAK

ESC
NO

SCROLL

SET-UP
RETURN

CTRL

PFl

and

any

other

key

PF4

SHIFT

3.6.24
The

Keyclick

keyclick

(KC)

tone

generated

every

time

the

operator

presses

key. The keyclick may be turned on or off to suit the operator's
needs. However,
research and experience have shown that an
operator is more accurate when there is an audible feedback from
the

keyboard.

The

keyclick volume

3.6.25

Margin Bell

not

adjustable.

(MB)

This parameter acts 1like the bell
in a
typewriter.
When the
margin bell parameter is on (MBl), the VK100 terminal sounds a
tone to alert the operator that the cursor is nine characters from
the

end

3.6.26

the

current

Terminal

line.

Mode

The VK10@

terminal

software

used

3.6.27

Keypad Mode

(TM)

follows

two

different

programming

standards

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and VT52. In ANSI
mode (TM1l), the VK1@@ terminal generates and responds to coded
sequences per ANSI standards X3.41-1974 and X3.64-1977. In VT52
mode (TM@), the VK100 terminal is compatible with previous DIGITAL

and VT52

both ANSI

the

VT52

video

terminal.

Chapter

summarizes

modes.

(KP)

In normal (numeric) mode (KP@), the auxiliary keypad keys transmit
the ASCII codes for the characters engraved on the keycaps, (for
example @ to 9). The ENTER key acts like the RETURN key on the
main keyboard. In application mode (KPl), these keys transmit
unique

escape

Chapter

sequences.

provides

the

exact

escape

sequences.

3.6.28

In normal

Cursor Key Mode

(cursor) mode

(CK)

(CK@), the four cursor keys send the ANSI

cursor movement escape sequences. In application mode (CK1l), the
cursor keys transmit unique control sequences. Chapter 4 provides
the exact escape sequences. In VT52 mode (TM@), this parameter has
no

effect;

the

four

cursor

keys

send

3-28

the

codes

listed

Table

3.6.29

Programmed

Keypad

Mode

(PK)

The VK100 terminal can be programmed to send special sequences for
any or all of the auxiliary keypad keys. When the programmable
keypad parameter
is on
(PKl),
keys that are programmed to send
special code sequences send those sequences.
Keys not programmed

are not affected.
If
auxiliary keypad keys

the parameter is off
transmit their normal

parameters.

the

TM,

KP,

and

3.6.30
Tablet
This parameter

Locator Mode (TL)
defines how to move

the

(PK@), all cursor and
sequences as selected

1locator

mode

cross-hair

cursor.
When
the parameter
1is off
(TL@),
move the cross-hair
cursor by pressing one of the four arrow keys on the keyboard. The
cross-hair cursor moves in the direction of the arrow on the key.
When this
positions
The

parameter is on (TLl1l),
the cross-hair cursor.

optional

tablet

connects

connector. When the tablet
connected to a printer.
3.6.31
The

United

VK1@@

United

character
character,

the

connected,

contains

ASCII

appears

Setting

this

parameter

that appears on the
reset the terminal.

instead

tablet

terminal

the

terminal

and

cursor

Hardcopy

cannot

character

the

sets:

(United

between
the
two
this parameter is

pen

(UK)

different

set

set.
The
difference
the # or & sign. When

sign

VK1@@

Set

two

character

UK pound

optional

Kingdom Character

terminal

States

the

Kingdom)

sets
1is
on
(UKl),

one
the

sign.

does

not

immediately

screen.

obtain

the

change
desired

the

character

The
default
SET-UP
switch
pack
settings
determine
value
of
this
parameter.
Section
2.5
of
Chapter
information on how to set these switches.

set

the
default
2
provides

3.6.32
Communications Interface (CI)
This parameter selects the communications interface (EIA or 20 mA
current loop) used to connect the terminal to the host computer. A
parameter

selects

the

setting of CI@
mA communications.

This

the

VK100

The

default

terminal

SET-UP

EIA communications.
CI1 selects
parameter must be set correctly for

communicate
switch

pack

with

the

settings

value
of
this
parameter.
Section
2.5
information on how to set these switches.

3.6.33

Hardcopy Speed

(HS)

Set

the

hardcopy

and

receive

hardcopy
119,

300,

speed

speed.

printer
6006,

match

The

VK108

any

one

1,200,

2,400,

host

the

4,800,

determine

can

the

default

provides

printer's

transmit

Chapter

hardcopy

terminal

computer.

transmit

data

following

preselected

9,600

19,200

and

baud.

the

speeds:

3.6.34
Power
This parameter

Frequency (PF)
matches the terminal's

video

output

signals

the

monitor
characteristics
affected
by
the
power
line
frequency.
During the terminal installation, set this parameter for the power
line frequency, 50 or 60 Hertz. In the US, the correct setting is

Hertz

(PFQ@).

The
default
SET-UP
switch
value
of
this
parameter.

information

3.6.35

how

Interlace

set

pack

settings
determine
Section
2.5
of
Chapter

these

the

default
provides

switches.

(IL)

Interlace
describes
a
method
of
displaying
characters
on
the
screen. When the interlace parameter is on, every other scan line
(row

horizontal

dots)

appears

the

screen. After a complete
start and scans the
is off,
every scan

scan of the screen,
the terminal returns to
lines that were skipped.
When the parameter
line appears on the screen in order.

Using the interlace parameter with a monitor that does not need an
interlaced video input causes the screen to flicker. When using
the Barco Model GD33 monitor
interlace parameter off (IL@).

3.6.36
Self-Test (ST)
This parameter
selects
performs. The following
Clear

all

selected
test

External
Hardcopy

communications
communications

run.

The

terminal,

the

turn

the

terminal

(@)

test
test

(2)
(3)

until

failure

(9)

self-test parameter allows the operator
test program. To do this type the number

mode

VK1@880

(1)

Display pattern test (4)
Color bar test pattern (5)
Repeat the selected test(s)

The
one

the

the
internal
test
programs
programs are available.

test(s)

Power—-up

with

terminal

by pressing

performs

the

SET-UP.

3-30

test(s)

to select more than
of each test program

after

exiting

SET-UP

CHAPTER
PROGRAMMING

4.1

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

This chapter
summarizes
the
programming
characteristics
VK100 terminal. The summary covers the following topics.
Codes

generated

Character

sets

Terminal

actions

the

and

VT52

the

VK100

keyboard

control

sequences

both

ANSI

modes
ReGIS

command

structure

BASIC

command

structure

4.2
KEYBOARD CODES
The following paragraphs
terminal keyboard.
4.2.1
The

Standard
VK100

typewriter.

terminal

keys

has

commands.
the ASCII

Key

terminal

the

codes

generated

Codes
keyboard

addition

describe

resembles

the

generate

standard

control

standard

typewriter

functions

Figure 4-1 shows the VK1@@ terminal
codes generated by each key.

and

cursor

keyboard

office

keys,

the

control

layout

and

4.2.2
Cursor Control Key Codes
The VK100 terminal's main keyboard
contains
four
cursor
control
keys.
Table
4-1
1lists
all
the
possible codes generated by these
keys.

The

mode

(TM)

the

set

operator
SET-UP

mode

(SM)

selects

feature,
and

the

and

reset

ANSI/VT52

the

mode

cursor
(RM)

mode

key

control

with

the

application
functions.

terminal
mode

with

OCTAL CODES GENERATED BY KEYBOARD

(SHIFTED CODES SHOWN ABOVE LEGENDS;
UNSHIFTED CODES SHOWN BELOW LEGENDS)

033 || 041

100 || 043 |] 044 || 045 || 136 ]| 046 || 052

050 || 051

137 || 153

176

QA10

ESC

9 (

-— ] =

\ ~

|lspack

033 || 061

3 #

5% || 6 A

7 &

8 *

062 || 063 || 064 || 065 || 066 || 067 |l 070 || 071

011

127 || 105 |[ 122

TAB

011

167 || 145 || 162

124 || 131

125

164 }| 171

111

165

151

060 || 055 || 075

117

120 ([ 173

157

177

DELETE

[ {

160 || 133

135

101

123

104 || 106

107

110 {{ 112 || 113

141

163

144 || 146

147

150 || 152 || 153 || 154 || 073 || 047

132 |{ 130 || 103 || 126 || 102 || 116

114 || 072 || 042

177

015

174

015

134

RETURN

115 |{ 074 || o076 || 077

012

142 ]| 156 || 155 || 054 || 056 || 057

012

172 || 170 || 143 || 166

140 || 010

|[ 175 |

, <

LINE

040
040
MA3386

Figure

Table

4-1

Keyboard-Generated

Cursor

Control

ASCII

Codes

Key Codes
ANSI

Cursor Key

Mode/Cursor

(Arrow)

VT52

Mode

ANSI Mode/Cursor

Key Mode Set

Up
Down
Right
Left

ESC A
ESC B
ESC C
ESC D

ESC
ESB
ESC
ESC

ESC
ESC
ESC
ESC

Key Mode Reset
[
[
[
[

A
B
C
D

(Application)
O
O
O
O

A
B
C
D

4.2.3

Auxiliary Keypad

Codes

The VK100 terminal contains an auxiliary or numeric keypad to the
right of the main keyboard. Table 4-2 shows all the possible codes

generated by the numeric keys. Table 4-3 shows all the possible
codes generated by the program function
(PF)
keys. The operator
selects the ANSI/VT52 mode with
the
terminal mode
(TM)
SET-UP
feature, and the keypad applications mode with the set mode (SM)
and reset mode (RM) control functions.

Table

4-2

Auxiliary Keypad
Keypad

Numeric

Key Codes

Numeric

Keypad

Application

Mode

Key

Mode

ANSI

VT52

Y
1

g
1

ESC
ESC

O
0

p
¢q

ESC
ESC

?2
?

p
q

ESC

3
4

ESC
ESC

O
O

s
t

ESC
ESC

?
?

s
t

ESC

6
7

ESC
ESC

O v
O w

ESC
ESC

?
?

v
w
x

ESC

2?2

—

ESC

ENTER

Same

ESC

Table

4-3

Auxiliary

RETURN

Keypad

Key

Codes

Keypad

Numeric

Keypad

Application

Mode/

Key

ANSI

PF1/HARDCOPY

ESC

2?2

PF2/LOCTR

ESC

2?2

PF3/TEXT

ESC

PF4/RESET

ESC

VT52

Mode

4.2.4
Control Characters
The
VK100
terminal
generates

and

supports

certain

control

characters.
Figure 4-2 shows the control characters generated by
the
terminal
keyboard.
Table
4-4
1lists
the
control
characters
supported by the VK108 terminal, and the action the terminal takes
when
it
receives
each
control characters that

control
character.
The
does not support.

terminal

ignores

OCTAL REPRESENTATION OF CODES
GENERATED BY KEYBOARD WITH CTRL
KEY HELD DOWN (MNEMONICS SHOWN
ABOVE LEGENDS; OCTAL CODES SHOWN

BELOW LEGENDS.)

ESC

esC

V-l

033

036

XON

ETB

ENQ

DC2

DC4

NAK

DLE

ESC

DEL
DELETE

TAB

[ {

011

021

027

005

022

024

031

025

011

017

020

033

035

SOH || XOFF

A
001

EOT

S
023

ACK

D
004

BEL

F
006

G
007

H
010

J
012

K
013

SUB

CAN

ETX

SYN

STX

032

030 || 003

026

002

016

015

L
014

7
Us

177
CR

010

RETURN
015

\|
034
LF

HRE

037

012

NUL

000
MA3387

Figure

4-2

Keyboard-Generated

Control

Codes

Table 4-4 Terminal-Supported Control Character Functions
Control

Code

Octal

BEL

ea7

010

g11

Code

Terminal

Action

Ring

terminal

the

Backspace

the

bell.

cursor

one

position; if at
no operation.

left margin,

Horizontal

tab;

move

tab position

fixed

the

then

cursor

(fixed

eight character intervals). The
cursor will not move if at right
margin.
LF

212

Line
line

feed;
down.

move cursor to next
If at bottom margin,

the cursor position remains
unchanged. If new line mode is
enabled, perform carriage return
function.
FF

014

Form feed; clear screen
cursor to home position
left

P15

216

and move
(upper

corner).

Carriage return;
left margin.
Shift

out;

move

cursor

character

invoke

set.

@17

Shift

in;

DC1 (XON)

221

Allows

invoke

terminal

G@
to

character

set.

resume

transmitting.
DC3 (XOFF)

023

Causes terminal to stop
transmitting all characters
XOFF

CAN

P30

and

except

XON.

If sent during an escape sequence
the sequence is immediately
terminated

and

Causes

error

the

not

executed.

character

(¥
)

displayed.

SUB

032

Same

ESC

233

Subsequent

effect

interpreted
sequence.

CAN.

character(s)

part

are
an escape

4.3

CHARACTER SETS

The

VK100

1.
2.

terminal

United
United

can

contain

five

character

sets.

Kingdom (UK)
States (USASCII)

Soft character

set

Soft

character

set

Soft

character

set

The

soft character sets 1 through 3 are the same character sets
referenced in the ReGIS mode of operation. The contents of these
character sets can be specified to meet specific requirements. The
character sets are loaded by using the ReGIS L command.
(See the
ReGIS

command

Using

multiple

two-step

select
From

five

character

operation.

one

the

summary

those

section

4.4.3.)

sets

the

Simply

sets

character

define

for

VK1@0@

the

terminal

active

character

simple,

sets

and

use.

sets

select

one

two

active

character

sets.
This 1is done with the select character set
(SCS)
control
sequence.
The SCS control sequence defines the active character

sets as G# and Gl. Table 4-5 summarizes the SCS control sequences.
It lists the exact sequence needed to define any character set as
GO

Gl.

Table

4-5

Select

Character

UK
US ASCII
Soft Set
Soft Set
Soft Set

Set

1
2
3

Character
Go

ESC
ESC
ESC
ESC

ESC

Set

Sequences
Gl

( A
( B
( @
(1

(

ESC )
ESC )
ESC )
ESC )
ESC )

4-6

A
B
0
1
2

The

shift

actual

and

character

(SI,

@17,)

the

SCS

shift

(SI)

set

control

“control

out

(SO,

shift
used.

out
When

character,

sequence

@16,)

(SO)

control

the

terminal

the

receives

character

becomes

control

characters

the

character

set

active

select

the

defined

character

activates

the

shift

G@#

set.

The

character

set

defined as Gl by é%e SCS control sequence. The following examples
show

how

the

multiple

Example 1
You want to

use

the

character

United

sets

States

are

used.

character

set

and

soft

character

set 3 in the terminal.
To select these two character sets as the
active
character
sets,
the
host
computer
sends
the
following
control sequences to the terminal.
ESC

(

define

the

ESC

)

define

soft

United

States

character

set

The

shift
in
and
shift
out
control
characters
then
control
the
selection
of
the
active
character
sets.
Shift
in
(SI,
017,.)
selects the US character set and shift out (SO, fl168) selects soft
character set 3.

Example
You

want

wuse

soft

character

set

and

the

United

States

character set in the terminal. To define these two character
as
the
active
character
sets,
the
host
computer
sends
following control sequences to the terminal.
ESC

(

define

soft

ESC

)

define

the

The

shift

selection

and

character

set.

the

soft character

As
and

the

two

any

character
At

set

either

set

2.5

control

and

any
set

used,

power-up
set

or
as

can

(SO,

then

can

defined

0168)

set

both

selecgs

cases

and

the

selects

the

only

G#
one

Gl.

the
terminal
defines
the
The default SET-UP switch

character

changing

control

default

(SI,

defined

Gl.

those

and

set

reset,

specific

Shift

the

Gl.

both

character

master

information

characters

set.

shift out

show,

for

out

set

States

character

default character
pack
selects
the

section

examples

other

United

shift

active

character

sets

the

set.

default

See

Chapter

character

set.

4.4
CONTROL FUNCTIONS
The VK100 terminal is an upward and downward software compatible
terminal.
Previous
DIGITAL
terminals
have
DIGITAL
private
standards

for

control

Institute

(ANSI)

terminals.

The

DIGITAL

sequences.

has

VK100

standards

since

terminal

and

current

The

American

National

standardized

control

with

compatible

ANSI

Standards

sequences

both

the

1in

standards.

NOTE

The

ANSI

standards

allow

the

manufacturer flexibility in implementing
each function. This manual describes how
the
VK100
terminal
responds
to
the
implemented ANSI control functions,
Customers

may

VT52,
or
standards.
which
the

new
VK100
terminal
software
designed
to
meet
ANSI
The
VK100
terminal
has
a
"VT52
compatible"
mode
1in
VK100
terminal
responds
to
control
sequences
1like
a

VT52.

this

use

existing

mode,

the

DIGITAL

operator

software

cannot

designed

around

the

use

many

VK100

terminal

made

"VT52

mode"

features.
Throughout

this

chapter

references

are

"ANSI
mode".
These
two
terms
indicate
the
software compatibility. All new software should

the

VK100 terminal's ANSI mode. The VT52 mode is
provide continuity for existing operating systems

The

following

implemented

AA-K366A-TK,
sequences and
The following
terminal.

paragraphs

the

briefly

VK100

summarize

terminal.

included

only

support.

the

control

sequences

The

GIGI

ReGIS

Handbook,

contains
detailed
descriptions
the action they perform.
ANSI

VK108
terminal's
be designed around

the

control

standards

were

used

implementing

X3.16-1976

Character

Structure

and

Character

Parity Sense

X3.4-1977

USA

Information

Interchange

Standard

Code

for

the

VK104

(ASCII)

X3.41-1974

Code

X3.64-1977

Addition

The

VK100

terminal

Extension Techniques

implements

Controls
a

subset

for
of

for

Use with ASCII

Use with ASCII
these

standards.

the

list

control

functions

this

chapter,

the

characters

are shown using the ASCII character set. The case (upper or lower)
of the characters sent is significant and must be sent exactly as
documented. These characters are spaced apart for clarity only.

The

SPACE

character

(@40_)

never

appears

any

the

VK100

shown

terminal's recognizable cgntrol or escape sequences. The ESCAPE

character

(#33_,)

defined

ESC.

All

graphics

characters

indicate variable parameters

(Ps and

Pn)

in bold are inéegral to the control or escape sequence. Characters

not

in bold

sequence
of
parameters
(...).
Where
a
indicated,
the possible values appear

or a possible

variable
parameter
1is
immediately after the

sequence.

4.4.1

ANSI

Control

Functions

Summary

The following escape and control sequences are transmitted from
the host computer to the VK1@@ terminal unless otherwise noted.
The control sequences are listed according to the generic function
they perform.

4.4.1.1

Cursor

Movement

Commands

Sequence

Function

ESC

[

A*%*

Cursor

ESC

[

Pn B*

Cursor

down

ESC
ESC

[
[

Pn
Pn

C*
D*

Cursor
Cursor

forward (right)
backward (left)

ESC
ESC

[
[

Pl
Pl

;
;

Direct

cursor

ESC

Index

ESC

New

ESC
ESC

M
7

Reverse index
Save cursor and

ESC

Restore

Pc
Pc

Ht
f

addressing

line

cursor

attributes
and

attributes

decimal number expressed as a string of ASCII digits.
parameters
are
separated
by
the
semicolon
character

Multiple

(073_.).

a parameter

default

parameter

is omitted or

specified as

the default

parafieter value is used. For the cursor movement commands, the

equals

the

line

value

number;

equals

the

column

number.

4.4.1.2

Character

Attributes

ESC

[

;

;¢..;

the

Ps;

selective

semicolon

and have

the

parameter.

character

following

Parameter

parameters

are

parameters

execute

Exit

graphic

(same

as SHIFT/PF3)
bright (or green)

Half

4
5

Underscore
Blink on

Reverse

30
31

Black
Red

32
33

Green
Yellow

Blue

Magenta

Cyan
White
Black

41
42

Red
Green

Yellow
Blue

Magenta
Cyan

477

White
other

parameter

Erasing

and

select

writing

video

values

are

color

colors

ignored.

Commands

Function

ESC

[

From

cursor

ESC
ESC

[
[

@
1

K
K

From

beginning

ESC

[

Entire

ESC
ESC

[
[
[
[

J
8
1
2

or
J
J
J

From

Programmable Indicators
; Ps ;...Ps q

selective

the

semicolon

and

have

the

line

cursor

parameter.

character

following

Multiple

(0#73_.,).

The

functions.

4-10

end

line

containing

From beginning
Entire screen

4.4.1.4
ESC [ Ps

order

Sequence

screen

44
46

mode

writing

36
37
40

ESC
ESC

separated

Function

none

4.4.1.3

The

functiodns.

Any

Multiple

(873.,).

end

line

cursor

screen

parameters

are

parameters

execute

cursor

separated
in

order

Parameter

Function

All

none

1
2

indicators

Indicator
Indicator

4.4.1.5

Select

Character

Set

1
2

Sets

(SCS)

Sequence
GO

UK
US

off

on
on

ASCII

ESC

(

ESC

)

ESC

(

ESC

)

Soft

set

ESC

(

ESC

)

Soft
Soft

set
set

2
3

ESC
ESC

(1
( 2

ESC
ESC

)
)

1
2

4.4.1.6

Enter

Graphics

Sequence
ESC

Function

Line

Mode

Feed

(LF)!

Enter

and

escape

Enter
next

4.4.1.7

Modes

SET-UP

parameters

are

and
line

affected

remain

1in

remain
feed

graphics

mode

until

mode

until

sequence

1in

graphics

character

these

GPl

selected

modes.

Set

Reset

SET-UP

Para

Mode

Name

Mode

Line

Feed/

New

Line

Sequence

Line

ESC

[

Cursor

Appl

ESC

ANSI/VT52

ANSI

n/a

Key

Mode

h
1

Line
h

Sequence

Feed

ESC

[

Cursor

ESC

[

VT52

ESC

[

Scrolling

Smooth

ESC

[

JUMP

ESC

[

Screen

Reverse

ESC

[

Normal

ESC

[

Auto

around

ESC

[

Oof £

ESC

[

Auto

ESC

[

Overstrike

Off

ESC

[

ESC

[

2?2

Off

ESC

[

2?2

Local

ESC

[

Host

BASIC

Off

ESC

Host

[

ESC

[

BASIC

Off

Programmed

ESC

[

Program-

ESC

[

Normal

ESC

[

med

Keypad
Auto

ESC

[

2?2

Off

ESC

[

2?2

Appl

ESC

Numeric

ESC

WrapRepeat

BASIC
BASIC

Hardcopy

Keypad

The

last

character

the

sequence

lowercase

(1548).

4.4.1.8

Reports

are

control

Cursor

three

types

Position

reports

with

the

following

escape

equals

the

column number.

and

Report

Invoked by:
Response is:

equals

Status

Report

ESC
ESC

the

Invoked by:
Response is:
What

sequences.

Are

[
[

line

6 n
Pl ;

number;

ESC
ESC

[
[

There

ESC

[

(terminal

ok)

You

Invoked

by:

Response

Alternately

is:

ESC [ 2 5
ESC [ ?2 5
(Meaning:

invoked

ESC

;
¢

ESC

[

am GIGI

(not

terminal.)

recommended).

Response

1is

the

same.

Reset

4.4.1.9
ESC

c¢

Reset

executes

program,
same

and

the

soft

pressing

reset

SHIFT and

Sequence

The

are

SET-UP

not

parameters,

destroyed.

This

BASIC

the

PFA4.

Function

Print display image

ESC ¢ 7
[

sets

Print Commands

4.4.1.10

ESC

routine.

character

Pn ;

SHIFT and

Print partial

Pn is a numeric parameter;
line numbers

inclusive.

(same as pressing

PFl.)

image

these parameters specify start and stop

4.4.1.11 Confidence Tests

Function

Sequence

ESC # 8
ESC

[

;

;...Y

Generate crosshatch pattern on display
Perform self-tests

selects

the

test

performed

Test

All

2
3
4
5

External communications
Hardcopy communications
Display pattern test
Color bar test

4 .4.1.12

follows.

Selected

power-up

tests

test
test

Repeat selected tests until

Device Control

failure

Strings

Sequence

Function

ESC

ReGIS data

P p (host to terminal)
ESC P r (host to terminal)
ESC P key ID code s
(host

ESC P q
ESC \

to follow
SET-UP data to follow
Auxiliary keypad data to

terminal)

(terminal

printer)

Hardcopy data to follow*
String terminator

This string is generated by the VK100 terminal and sent to
LA34VA graphics printer. The VK100 terminal does not process

the
the

string.

All
device
terminator.

4.4.2

control
strings
For example:

VT52

Control

Sequence

must

Functions

terminated

with

Function

Cursor

ESC

Cursor

down

ESC

Cursor

right

ESC
ESC

D
F

Cursor
Select

left
soft

ESC

Select

ASCII

ESC

Cursor

ESC

Reverse

ESC

Erase

end

screen

ESC

Erase

end

1line

ESC

Ylc*

Direct

character
character

set

home

line

cursor

feed

address

1 equals line number,
¢ equals column number.
numbers
for
direct
cursor
address
are
single
whose values equal the desired number plus 37_..

numbers start at 1.

string

Summary

ESC

Line

and

columr

character
codes
Line and column

Sequence

Function

ESC

Z+

Identify

ESC

Enter

ESC

Exit

ESC
ESC

<
]

Enter ANSI mode
Dump hardcopy

ESC
ESC

Pp
\

Enter graphics mode
Exit graphics mode

Response
Are

You

ESC

report

ESC

in ANSI

4.4.3
ReGIS Summary
The
following
summary

This

alternate

keypad

alternate

not

keypad

mode

(ReGIS)

recommended;

use

What

mode.

ReGIS

commands

serves

quick

reference guide.
Refer to the software documentation for more
information on any command or command argqgument. Chapter 1 provides
a
complete
1list of
all
the documentation available along with
ordering information.
ReGIS

Commands

(graphics mode

only)

Command
S creen

Function
d
[x,v]

Screen scroll

offset,

quantified

[12,8].

Move

upper

[dx,dy]

this address
left

corner.

Scoll screen by this

amount.

Writing controls.
Clear data and set

)
(W
(E rase)

(A ddressing

[x1,yl]

[x2,y2])

foreground

color.

Compatibility with

other

ReGIS

devices.

(A ddressing)

Restore native

(N egate 1)
(N egate @)

Reverse video.
Restore video to normal

addressing.

mode.

In 6@0ths

(T ime nnn)
(H ardcopy

(PFl1)

[,Y1]

(I ntensity
@ to 7)
(D))

(,Y2])

(PF@)

Print hardcopy between

coordinates.

Screen background
intensity/color.

Dark to bright.

dark

(B
(R

lue))
ed))

reen))

(M agenta))
(C yan))

or 5@ths

second.

Red + blue.
Green + blue.

Function

Command
(Y ellow))
(W hite))

rite

green.

green

@ to 360))
ightness

Angle

B to 100))
aturation
@ to 100))

Percentage.

ntensity

(R ed))
(M

agenta))

reen))

(C yan))

(Y ellow))
(W hite))
(H ue

color

intensity/color
colors.
bright.

Red

change

blue.

Green

Red

green.

blue.

Red

green

Angle

@ to 100))
aturation

Percentage.

1)
@)

wheel.

null;

@ to 100))
ightness

100))

blue.

Writing

g to
lternate

Percentage.

Dark

@ to 7)
(D)) dark
(B lue))

Red

color

blue.

wheel.

Percentage.

Flashing
Flashing

on.

hade

from

[,Y])

Set

off.
shading axis.

hade

with

"c")

Set

shading

hade

nnn)

Shade on, line pattern
shading.
Shade off.
Pixels per offset

ultiplier

egate

character.

vector.

)

omplement)

(oV erlay)

Negative

rase)
eplace)

(invert

with bit map.
Logical OR pattern
with

(E
(R

writing

pattern bits).
Positive writing.
Exclusive OR pattern

bit

map.

Write "negate" setting.
Replace, 1ignore bit map
data.

Function

Command
(P

attern

bbbbbb)

(Md))

Binary bit pattern,
fills to 8 places.
Multiply each bit
pattern.

Solid line.
Digits 2--9

1)
p)
P osition

[X,Y]
[dx,dy]

patterns.

Absolute

position.

Relative position,
d is offset vector,

)

egin)

g--7.
Temporary write
controls.
Begin position
sequence

position
(up to 7
(E

End

nd)

and

ector

[

save

levels).
restore

starting
V

specify

standard

position.

Write point at
current cursor position.

]

Absolute position.
Relative position,
d is offset vector,

[X,Y]
[dx,dy]

(We..)

g--7.
Temporary
controls.

Begin

egin)

write

closed

polygon

sequence.

urve

Draw to starting
position.

nd)

Absolute
Relative

[X,Y]
(dx,dy]

Offset vectors, 0--7.
Begin closed curve.

(B
(S

egin)
tart)

nd)

(Weoeo

coordinates
coordinates

Start

End

open

curve.

Temporary writing

)

controls.

ircle

ircumference)

Absolute coordinates.
Relative coordinates,
offset vectors, 0--7.
Position is on the

ngle

d = degrees

[X,Y]
[dx,dy]

(Weeoo

)

circumference.

resolution,

signed.

Temporary writing
controls.

Function

Command
T

ext

Display 'string'
(includes BS, CR,

'string'

LF,

TAB)
.

Display

"string"

(includes

BS,

CR,

LF,

TAB)
.

Offset text line
1/2 character, d

by
=

g--7.

Set

[dx,dy]
(A

between

lphabet

Select

spacing

characters.

Begin

egin)

character

set

temporary

text

attributes

irection

nd)

4d)

(saves

degrees

level).

resolution,
Restore

signed.

permanent

text

attributes.
(H

eight
@ to

Height times base
character size
(affects S[r,c]).

16)

talic
+

degrees)

Right

degrees)

degrees.
Left slant,

slant,

no.
no.

of
of

degrees.

ultiplier

(r,cl)

No slant.
No. of times

repeat

bits in character.
([1,2] used for standard
size.)
(S

ize

ize
@

(Weoo
L

oad

Dimensions of character
area.
[9,20] is standard
size.)

[r,c])

16)

Select one
predefined

sizes.
Temporary
controls.

)

lphabet
l to 3)

Select
to

'name')

<10

hex

17
character

writing

character

set

1l to 18 character name
for character set;
see

"c"

pairs

Load
with

R(L).

specific
pattern.

letter

Command

Function

'c'

<10

hex

pairs

Load
with

letter

specific
pattern.

letter

Invoke macrograph
"letter".

etter

...

Load

macrograph

"letter".

.
R

eport

Clear
oaded)

all

macrographs.

Currently

loaded

character

set

name.

acrographs
(letter

,...

))

Report

contents

macrograph
(=))

Report
space

"letter".

macrograph
usage.

(P osition)
Current

Enter

locator

Arrow

increments.

(letter))

Report

contents

(=))

macrograph 1.
Report macrograph

[+dx,+dy]))
(M

position.

interactive))
mode.

acrographs
of
space

usage.

“e

Resynchronization
character.

Offset

vectors

initialize

are:

ReGIS:

;S (I
A NP A W (VI
M2)T (I
AQ@D®OGS

TAPSOPMINGGOGPI
1) P[g,0]

BASIC
4.4.4
The
following

SUMMARY

summary

the

BASIC

commands

serves

quick

Refer
to
the software documentation
for more
reference guide.
information on any command or command argument. Chapter 1 provides
a
complete
1list
of
all
the
documentation
available
along with

ordering

information.

4.4.4.1

Commands/Statements

AUTO

CLEAR

CONT

CTRLO

DATA

DEF

DIM

ECHO

EDIT

ERASE

ERL

ERR

ERROR

FOR...NEXT

GOSUB...RETURN

GOTO

HOST

CTRLC
FN

DELETE
END

IF...THEN[...ELSE]

IF...GOTO

INPUT

LET

LINPUT
NEXT

LIST

MID

NEW

ON...GOSUB

ON...GOTO

ECHO

OLD
OPTION

BASE

ERROR

OuT

RANDOMIZE

RCTRLC

RCTRL

READ

REM

RESTORE

RESUME

RUN

SAVE

STOP

SWAP

TRON/TROFF

WAIT

WHILE.. .WEND

WIDTH

4.4.4.2

Functions

ABS

ASC

ATN

COS

EXP

FRE

GONS

HEXS

INSTR

INT

LOG

MIDS

INKEYS
LEFTS
OCTS$

RIGHTS
SPACES
STRINGS

CHRS
GOFFS$
INP

LEN

POS

RND

SGN

SIN

SPC

SOR

STRS

TAB

TAN

CHAPTER
THEORY

5.1
The

OPERATION

INTRODUCTION

VK100
terminal
is
a
graphics
terminal
which
displays
information
from
the
keyboard
in
1local
mode
or
displays
information
from
the
host
computer
in
on-line
mode.
The
system
prints the display data on the Graphic Line Printer
(LA34VA). A
writing tablet can also be connected
to
the hardcopy port.
Only
one

type

device

may

line

printer or
the
diagram of the VK100

connected

writing

tablet.

the

hardcopy

Figure

5-1

port,

shows

system.

e— VS

CPU

RAM

—

120/240 AC|

ROM

— VG

POWER

SUPPLY

+5,+12

REGULATED

DISPLAY

RAM

"
PSUART

1/0

HOST
COMPUTER

EIA

PORT

HARD
COPY

~_|

GRAPHICS
LINE PRINTER

WRITING

[ KEYBOARD INTERFACEl

TABLET

40 PINS

KEYBOARD

MA-8150

Figure

5-1

VK100

(GIGI)

Block

Diagram

graphics

the

block

5.2
This

TERMINAL CONTROLLER MODULE
chapter describes the functional

Terminal.

The

terminal

sections

(Figure

theory

module

1is

the

VK100

divided

(GIGI)

1into

five

5-2):

1.
2.

CPU
Vector

3.
4.

I/0 Ports
Keyboard

Power

5.2.1
The
CPU

controller

Generator

Supply

Central Processing
1is
an
8085
chip;

capable of

accessing

functional

block

diagram

The microprocessor

64K bytes

(8@85A)

Clock generation
Interrupt priority

Unit (CPU)
8-bit general
the

purpose

of memory.

microprocessor

Figure

5-3

shows

CPU.

performs

the

following

functions.

selection

System bus control
Executing the instruction

The

CPU

transfers

(AD@--AD7)

ordered

that

address

capability to 16
bytes of memory.

data

time

bits.

bits,

The

CPU generates

the

following machine

8-bit

multiplexed

Address

bits

allowing

signals

telling

the

bidirectional
to

transmit

A8--Al1l5
CPU

peripheral

Tri-State

Bus

the

1low

eight

expand

the

address

devices

what

type

directly

access

64K

information is on the multiplexed address/data bus. Figure 5-4
shows the basic CPU blocks. The CPU is a single chip that performs
cycles.

Memory write
Memory

read

I/0 write
I/0 read
Opcode fetch

INT ACK
Bus

(interrupt

acknowledge)

idle

Table 5-1 shows the machine cycle status and control signals.

The execution of any CPU program is a sequence of read and write
operations. Each operation transfers a byte of data between the
CPU and a specific memory or I/O address.

Each read or write operation is referred to as a machine cycle,
a sequence
The execution of each instruction by the CPU includes

of from one to five machine cycles. Each machine cycle contains a

minimum of from three to six clock cycles (also referred to as T
states). Figure 5-5 shows an instruction cycle for Store
Accumulator

Direct

(STA).

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XTAL

> ADDRESS BUS

|e|

———»

INTR

CPU

ALE

:>> MULTIPLEXED

8085

ADDRESS/DATA BUS

RESET IN

o—

—» WR

I/OM

JV |

RESET OUT ¢———————

S1
MA-8147

Figure

Table

5-1

Machine

5-4

Basic

Cycle

CPU

Status

Block

and

Diagram

Control
Status

Machine

Control

I/JO M

WRT

INTA

(OF)

)

(MR)

)

Memory Write
I/0 Read
I1/0 Write
INTR Acknowledge

(MW)
(IOR)
(IOW)
(INA)

)
1
1
1

)
1
Y
1

1
Y
1
1

)
1
g
1

1
1
1
@

Bus

(BI) : DAD

Cycle

Fetch

Memory

Idle*

Bus

l.
2.

Read

Logic
idle

"@",
(BI)

INA (RSTS/TRAP)

HALT

Logic

only

"1",

occurs

DAD instructions
During an acknowledge

High

response

RSTS,

Impedance
to:

TRAP,

HALT

instructions.

NOILONYLSNI3T1OAD

W Ew W ‘W INIHOVIN

The

CPU can
address
up
to
256
different
I/0
addresses.
These
addresses have the same numerical values
(00 through FF Hex) as
the first 256 memory addresses. The 256 I/0 locations are selected
by

the

I/0

output.

The status signals, I/O M, S1, and S@, define what type of machine
cycle is about to occur. The I/0O M signal identifies the machine
cycle as either a memory reference or input/output operation. The
S1 status signal identifies whether the cycle is a read or write
operation.
S@
identify read,

5-6

shows

the

and
S1 can be
used
together
(see
Table
5-1)
to
write, opcode fetch, or halt machine cycles. Figure

timing

and

control

for

an opcode

fetch.

5.2.1.1
Address -- When the CPU generates a 16 bit address,
lower byte is latched and the upper byte is held active by

CPU.

Bits

RAM

A@--Al5

the

address

bits

following:

Memory

A@--A7

—--

A8--A15
ROM

address

the
the

Row

Column

address

bits

Memory

Address
l,and

bits

ENA

Al3,

ROM

Al4,

and

Address

Al5

generate

ENA

ROM

bits

A@--Al2

address

the

and

generate

load

ENA

ROM

selected

ROM.

5-2

Control
bits

shows

A@P--A6
an

address

map.

SIGNAL
al

'
.

T1 2 S0 -1
oW :XEM—Oes
S1, SO
—
Ag~A
8~A15

: X PCH___

lfi

'
N

ouT

ADg-AD5

— o

Dy-D; (DCX)

L
1

. X
I

:)L

RN
1

I,UNSPECIFIED
;

—

ALE

|
|

L,
MA-8193

Figure

5-6

Opcode

Fetch

Machine

Cycle

pulses.

Table

5-2

Name

8202

Description

No.

1I/0

Description

ALg

Low-0Order

ALl

inputs

AL2

generate
Address for the

AL3

AL6/OP

pulled

AL5
AL6/OP

16
18

I
I

configures
AL_/OP,
is

itself

for

driven

with

AL4

Address.

These

Address

the ROW
Multiplexer.

+12V

througfi a 5K) resistor, the 8202
4K RAMs. If
TTL levels,

thg 8202 configures itself for 16K

RAMs.

AHg

High-Order

AHl

dress

AH2

Column

Address

for

AH3

8202

configured

RAMs,

AH6

AH5

ouT

OUT2

OUT?

Address.

inputs

the

use

These

generate
is

the

AH_

8202.

For

16K

RAM

address

bit.

operation,

Output

the

Multiplexer.

outputs drive the addresses

the

For

RAM

operation,

OUT4

drives

the

2104A

OUT ¢

(Note

that

OUT6

require

inverters

proper

operation.

Write
the

Dynamic

Column
put

RAM

the

Enable.

Write

Dynamic
27

high

becomes the most significant columg

CAS

for

chip select %or memory controlled

Multiplexer.

active

OUT3

Ad-

the

RAM

Address

OUT

input.

pins

This

drivers

output

inputs

not
for

drives

the

array.

Address

latches

array.

OUT,

Enable

These

Strobe.

the

into

the

This

out-

Column

Dynamic

RAM

array.

RASg

Row Address

RASl

latch

RAS2

into

RAS3

selected

pins

the

the
(Bg,

Strobe.

ROW

bank
by

These

outputs

Address

the

dynamic
8202

Bl/OPl).

Bank

RAMs
Address

Table

5-2

8202

Description

(Cont)

Pin Name

No.

1/0

Description

Bfl
Bl/OPl

Bank

Address.

select one of four banks
dynamic RAM via the RAS

These

inputs
of

out-

puts. If the B,/OP inngBis pulled
to +12V througfi a 5K) resistor, the
8202 configures itself to the
vanced Read mode.
This mode

Ad-

changes the function of the 8202
RD/S.
and REFRQ/ALE inputs and

disa&les the RASg and RAS1 outputs.

RD/Sl

Read/Sl

read

input.

cycle.

This

input

normal

a low on this input
arbiter that a read
requested.
Mode, this

requests

operation,

informs the
cycle is

In the Advanced Read
input accepts the S

status signal from the 8@85A (%ully

decoded

edge
read
WR

for a read). The trailing
of ALE informs the arbiter that a
cycle is requested by latching Sl'

Write

Input.

cycle.

arbiter
PCS

This input requests a
low on this input informs

that

a write

cycle

write

the

is desired.

Protect ed Chip Select. A low on this
input enables the WR and RD/S.,
in-

puts. PCS is protected agains% ter-

minating
REFRQ/

ALE

progress.

Refresh

Request/Address Latch Enable.
During normal operation, a
high on this input indicates to the
arbiter that a refresh cycle is being
requested. In the Advanced Read
Mode, this input latches the
state

RD/S,

input.

the

time;,

Read

this mode,
possible.
XACK

cycle

8085

1If

S."is

Cycle

signal

transparent

high

into

the

this

requested.

1In

refresh

not

Transfer Acknowledge.
This output
is a strobe indicating valid data
during a read cycle or data written
during a write cycle.
XACK can
latch valid data from the RAM array.

Table

5-2

8202

Description

(Cont)

Pin Name

No.

I/O

SACK

System Acknowledge.

Description

indicates
access

the

This output

beginning

cycle.

also

memory

advanced transfer acknowledge to
eliminate wait states.
(Note: If

memory access request is made
during a refresh cycle, SACK is delayed until XACK occurs in the memory
access

xg/IO

Xl/CLfi

cycle).

Crystal

Inputs.

These

inputs

are

the frequency of
X /0P,
is pulled

the oscillator.
to +12V through

TTL

external

lgl résistor, X,/CLK becomes a

TNK

5.2.1.2

de-

signed for a quartz crystal to control

input

for

Tank.
This pin provides
circuit connection.

+5V

Ground

ROMs -- Four

If
a

clock.

tank

run

10%

-—

ROMs hold

the

firmware

the

system:

Three 8K by 8 ROMs
One 4K by 8 ROMs

This

means

uses

only

When

the

there

are

28K

firmware

space,

however,

out

address

the

system

26K.

CPU

reads

the

ROMs,

sends

(Al2--Ag)

the ROM. Address bits Al3 and Al4 select one of the four ROMs. Al5
is high for all memory addresses. The ROM addresses follow:
(ROM 02)
(ROM 1)
(ROM 2)
(ROM 3)

0Ad@--1FFF
2000--3FFF
4000—--5FFF
6000~--63FF

The

CPU

signals

The data
to

the

out

the

active

low.

sends
are

from the

CPU.

control

selected ROM

E53
E52
E51
E50

signals

is placed on

and

I/0

Both

the data bus and

these
sent

5.2.1.3

RAMs

System

Screen

RAM

the

System

any

CPU

two

CPU

stacks,

data

and

RAM

and

1is

described

RAM

following
For

the

Stores

Screen

are

RAMs

the

system:

areas

and

User's

RAM

Contains

The

-- There

the

paragraphs

memory

work

attributes

Screen

RAM

both

the

describe

the

system

occur,

the

operation

displayed

are

Vector

programs

16K

Generator

on
1

the

CRT.

RAMs.

The

section.

The

RAM.

CPU

generates

the

following

actions.
Address

Control
Data

Figure

5-7

Address

shows

The

how

the

address

CPU

controls

range

the

System

memory

RAM.

80680--BFFF.

address
bits,
A@--Al5 go
to
the
Dynamic
RAM
Controller
The address bits contain the following information:
1.

Row

2.
3.

Column Address (A7--Al5)
Row Address Selection (RAS@--3)

Address

(A0--A6)

(Al4,

AlS5).

B1-DIRECTIONAL

LATCH

4
ADR RANGE

DATA

LATCH

» ) ADR
=

LATCH

AB-A15

8000-BFFF

8202 (A0-A6 ROW)

AD - A07
ROW

SSLONN

(A7-A13 COLUMN) [

MUX

OUT 6-0UT 0
—

]\/l

—

MEMORY

RAS 0 - RAS 3

A14, A15
CONTROL

> _____ PCAS

fil>

I/OM, RD AND WR

WRITE
CLK

UL \Z

CPU

16K X TRAMS

(8)

22mHZ
MAB146

Figure

5-7

CPU

RAM

Memory

Block

5-11

Diagram

The

(8202).

Memory
This

addresses

within

the

combination

selects

RAS2.

8@000--BFFF

range

have

Al5=1,

Al4=4.

Control -- The control signals are I/0 M, RD and WRT. When low the
I/0 M signal enables the 8202 to receive RD or WRT commands. If
high the I/0 M signal prevents the 8202 from starting a memory
cycle.

Data

The

address

The

data

this

path

time

and

I/O address.

from

the

memory

shown

Figure

5-6 .

Figure
5-8
shows
the
block
diagram
of
the
8282
and
1its
pin
configuration. Refer to Table 5-2 for the 8202 pin description.

Data Bus -- The data bus

5.2.1.4
the

CPU

the

RAM

(memory)

is a Tri-State bus that connects

following.

ROM

I/0 Port
Keyboard

Figure

5-9

shows

the

data

bus.

The CPU time multiplexes the low byte of the Data/Address Buffer.
When the CPU reads a valid address, the data is gated onto the
Tri-State

the data

Bus.

Data

in the data
buffer.

Data/Address

determines

data

the

latch.
When

is gated on the

5.2.1.5

Control

1.
2.

into

two

direction

signal

allows

The CPU then loads the data into the

the

CPU

flow direction.

the data

divided

the

active,

When

writes

address,

WRT

functions

are

valid

This

implies RD is high and

CPU

control

Tri-State Data Bus.

Functions

The

groups.

Memory control
Register control

Memory control generates memory reads, writes and opcode fetches.
Table 5-1 shows the memory control for these operations.

The registers that the system uses as control

registers are

I1/0

addresses.

This means the CPU generates the following sequence.
1.
2.

Address

signals

Address

(of

Data

Control

I/O M H

WRT

bits

A@--A6

(Tables

5-3,

(The address is an I/0 Address)

generate

5-4

and

the

5-5).

5-12

appropriate

control

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CPU

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DATA

LATCH

CPU
DIR

TR1-STATE

BUS

RAM
DATA

LATCH

DRIVER
ROMS

1/0

(4)

PORTS

A-F
SHIFT

CAPS LOCK

RAM 16K

MEMORY

KEYBOARD
MA-8143

Table

5-3

5-9

Addresses

I/0

Address

Bits

Figure

DATA

Bus

Signals
12

]

I/0M

RD WT

Address
40

Hex

Function
LD

—

NOT

78-7F

I/0

5-14

USED

Table
CPU

5-4

Program

RAM Addresses

Address

Bits
15

)

8@@?

16K of

)
1

1
/)

1
)

1
Y

1
)

1
¢

11
9
0

FFF

Hex

000

Hex

”

16K

Address

Space

”

Address

Space

1
1

Hex

Bits

Hex

NOTE

CPU

Address

the

M8202

through
RAS

Table

5-5

Address

ROM

I/0

and

are

and

are

used

generate

inputs

RAS#

RAS3

Enables

RAS

8000

Hex

BFFF

refresh

flip-flop

cleared
8

—--

Not

Used

RAS

CO000

Hex

FFFF

ROM

Microcode

with

address

range

with

address

range

Hex

Used
Hex

Address

Bits
15

169

)

Address

Hex

Space

Address

Range

0006

HEX

Address

Space

ROM

)

@1FF

HEX

)

2000

HEX

Address

Space

ROM

)

3FFF

HEX

)

4000

HEX

Address

Space

)
g
ROM

1
1

)
1

1
)

1
Y

11
g
0

1
9

1
0

1
90

1
@

1
06

1
0

1
06

1
0O

FFF

6000

HEX
HEX

Address

Space

)

Y
Y

1
1

)
)

e
2

¢
¢

0
¢

¢
¢

@0
0

0
1

@
1

0
1

700
16

ROM

and

Bit

equal

implies

Keyboard

address

Addresses

HEX

5.2.1.6

Memory

Refresh

Cycle

-- A

read

cycle

causes

refresh

occur. The memory refresh is controlled internally by the dynamic
RAM Controller (8202). Figure 5-8 shows the components used for
the
refresh
cycle.
128 memory
refresh logic has 2 sections.
1.

Arbitration -read, write or
cycle

active if
cycle.
If
(Transfer
from

sources:

every

ms.

The

refreshed.

write

5.2.1.7

occurs

Internal Counter -- contains the RAS address used during
the
refresh.
The counter
1is
1incremented after each
refresh resetting to zero after all RAS addresses have
been

refresh

the

timing and control logic allows either a
refresh cycle to occur. After any read or

request,

SACK

(System

Acknowledge)

cycle

requestor.

Interrupts -- Hardware

interrupts are generated from two
I/0 port

(the vector generator and

(Figure 5-10).

CPU

INTERRUPT LOGIC

RST 5.5

RST 6.5

TX RDY (CPU SEND ME ANOTHER CHARACTER)
RX RDY (CPU | HAVE A CHARACTER COME AND GET IT)

RST 7.5 |e (CPU ITS TIME TO SCAN THE KEYBOARD)

VSYNC

{/0 PORT

VECTOR
GENERATOR

ADDRESS BRANCHED

NAME

PRIORITY | TO WHEN

TYPE TRIGGER

INTERRUP OCCURS

RST 7.5

3CH

RISING EDGE LATCH

RST 6.5

34H

HIGH LEVEL UNTIL SAMPLED

RST 5.5

2CH

HIGH LEVEL UNTIL SAMPLED
MA-8142

Figure

goes

the cycle was not requested during a refresh
it was requested SACK is delayed until XACK
requesting wait states
thereby
Acknowledge)

5-10

Interrupt

Block

Diagram

These

interrupts

change

the

flow

the

executing

program

(ROM

control)
.
The

interrupts

one cycle
input
1is

counter
Refer
The

are

before

Table

5-6

vector

the

logic

using

Interrupt

CRT

branches
for

the

descending

and

the

edge

the

clock,

subroutine.

interrupt

I/0

interrupts.

Mask)

the

port

The

RIM

priority

sections

software

(Read

structure.

describe

how

controls

the

interrupt

and

SIM

Interrupt

Masks)

the

system
(Set

instructions.

CRT Sweep Overview
sets the horizontal

controller

and

control

circuits.
The
horizontal
vertical timing registers
as

end of the instruction in which the interrupt
The
CPU
saves
the
contents
of
the
program

generator

generates

5.2.1.8
The CPU

sampled

before the
activated.

vertical

the

timing

horizontal

registers

and

vertical

the

sweep

timing
registers
are
R@--R3
and
are R4--R9.
The register functions

the
are

follows.

Horizontal
Total
Register
register
determines
the
horizontal sweep.
Horizontal
register

Displayed

Horizontal

Sync

the

Table

5-6

with

This

8-bit

displayed

Sync

Width

the

width

registers

respect

Interrupt

determines

the

Priority,
Address

Name

This
8-bit
write-only
£frequency
of
the

write-only

characters

per

(R2)

the

horizontal

(R3)

This
sync

8-bit

position

1line.

determines

horizontal

units

(Rl)

number

Position

horizontal

Horizontal

the

line.

write-only
on

determines

horizontal

(R@)

horizontal

Priority

When

are

the

This

4-bit

horizontal

programmed

write-only

sync

pulse.

"character

times"

reference.

Restart

Address,

Branched

Interrupt

and

Sensitivity

Occurs

Type

Trigger

RST

7.5

3CH

RST

Rising

6.5

34H

High

RST

5.5

2CH

High

edge

level

latch

until

sampled

level

sampled

until

Vertical

Total

(R4)

and

Vertical

Total

Adjust

~-- These two registers determine the vertical
vertical
sync.
The
calculated
number
of

character

times

get

line

exactly

number

character

usually

line

integer

plus

vertical

refresh

rate.

times

7-bit
write-only
vertical
programmed
1n
the
5-bit

number

minus

total
write

scan

one

fraction
The

programmed

integer

the

fraction
is
scan
adjust

lines.

Vertical
Displayed
Register
(R6)
-This
7-bit write-only
register determines the number of displayed character rows on
the CRT screen and is programmed in character row times.
Vertical Sync Position (R7) -determines
the vertical
sync

This 7-bit write-only register
position with
respect
to
the

reference.

character

Interlace

Mode

programmed

(R8)

row

This

times.

2-bit

write-only

(CRR)

Hz
as

the

CPU

initializes

the

registers

the

CRT

zeros

controller

follows.

(horizontal

total)

8@0-1=79

Rl
R2

(horizontal
(horizontal

displayed)
sync position)

=
=

40
44

64
68

(horizontal

sync

(vertical

total)

65 (value can be 60--69
ticks depending on HP)
66-1=65

R5
R6
R7

(vertical
(vertical
(vertical

total adjust)
displayed)
sync position)

=
=
=

3D
3E

)
6l
62

(interlace

5.2.1.8.1

width)

mode)

Horizontal

Sweep -- The

horizontal

sweep

time

63.131

“s.
This is the time needed for the beam to move
side of the screen to the right side of the screen
and return to the left side (retrace time).

from the left
(display time)

The

display

These

One

times

tick

twelve

The

time
are

value

pixels.

horizontal

horizontal
l.

2.
3.

50.5085

converted

is
One

the

time

tick

sync

into

the

tick

values

needed

occurs

pulse

sync pulse has

and

for

retrace

the

for

0.789144

triggers

the

three components.

HF horizontal front porch
HB horizontal back porch

5-18

CRTC

horizontal

every

HS pulse width

time
the

12.626

“s.

registers.

sweep

pass

sweep.

The

ns.

horizontal

The HS pulse
command.
If

width is constant.
The HF can be changed by
the
HF
1is
increased
by
one
tick
then
the

the

decreased by one tick. This action controls the horizontal sweep
start time,
which allows
for positioning of the display area in

the

horizontal

direction

the

face

the

CRT.

5.2.1.8.2
Vertical Sweep -- The vertical
sweep is 50 or 60 Hz.
The total vertical sweep is 16.666 ms. A horizontal sweep rate of
63.131
“s
provides
264
available
scan
lines
of
which
244
scan
lines are used. The remaining 2@ scan lines include retrace time
from the last active scan line.
The

vertical

registers

used

(vertical

total)

(vertical

total

R6
R7
R8

(vertical

displayed)

(vertical

sync

The

CPU

loads

row

values.

The

total

(interlace

are
=

66-1=65

)

Character
Scan line

Character

row

Character

row

registers

with

adjust)
positive)

mode)

the

vertical

scan

line

and

row

character

definition

sweep
time
1is
66
characters.
A
character
row
by
is
four
scan
1lines,
which means
there
are
264
scan

lines

vertical

The

display

blank

during

rows.

These

time

sweep.

display
rows

character

time.

are

The

divided

rows

screen

The

time

screen

five

remains

character

into:

Vertical

sync

front

porch

one

Vertical

sync

pulse

width

four

Vertical

sync

back

porch

(@--608).
blank

character

row

character

zero

rows

5.2.2
Vector Generator Overview
The
vector
generator
interfaces
the
VK1@0
to
the
CRT
display
(Figure 5-11). The vector generator performs four functions.
l.

The

Generates
Generates

a timing chain
display refresh

3.
4.

Generates
Generates

the hardcopy
status

vector

vectors

clock
the

(45.692

timing

5-12).

Time

vector

ROM.

The
the

generator,
the

CRT

Hz),

for

states

under

ROM

control,

display.

The

system,

synchronizes

the

sequence

output

vector

control

the

places
using

display

characters
crystal

sequence

generator

and

the

generator,

vector

the

CRT

and

system uses a crystal control clock (45.692 Hz) to
display
sequence
and
generate
the
timing
for

generator

and

the

CRT

monitor

(Figure

5-19

5-12).

generates

monitor

sync

and

control

ROM

(Figure

and

the

synchronize
the
wvector

—

DATA BUS

DO-D7

VECTOR

GENERATOR

CRT CONTROLLER
BDO-|BD7

12 BITS

X REGISTER

ADDRESS|

HIGH 1 LOW

MUX

—1

12 BITS
TIME STATE

Y REGISTER

GENERATOR

HIGH 1 LOW

{
SYNC

ROM

MODIFY SECTION

VECTOR

ROM

8 BITS
PATTERN

ENABLE/

DISABLE

VECTOR | BDO

GEN. GO
}

16 (16KX11)
SCREEN|RAM

18IT

12 BITS OF | 4 ATTR
DATA
| BITS

8 BITS
PATTERN

LD EXECUTE

|
|

MULTIPLIER

(2) 4X4 FILE REGS

DVM

DIRECTION
WOPS

12 BITS

[ 128IT SHFR |
DATA ——

8 BITS

SCREEN

CRT OUTPUT

OPTIONS (SOPHS)

CONTROL

SCREEN COLOR

DATA COLOR
MA-8157

Figure 5-11 Vector Generator Block Diagram

5-20

18.750

M HERTZ

8202

5.068

M HERTZ
45.6192

8085

5016T BAUD GENERATOR

(21.920ns)

M HERTZ

_ DOT CLOCK

‘

7 15.2064 M HERTZ (65.762ns)

cqp

~ 80

1267200

(0.789141us)

CHARCLOCK

TO 6845'S

16.
|2BO0MS
| 60.00H:

+317

p——» 49.97 Hz

15,840 HORIZONTAL TOTAL

20.0111ms

4.735us

» HORIZONTAL SYNC
——

4.735us
F—— HORIZONTAL BACK PORCH

x 64

P00 LORIZONTAL DISPLAY FOR

X 4

sops

505

768 DOTS

3.156us

HORIZONTAL FRONT PORCH
MA-8152

Figure

5-12

System

Timing

The vector generator performs
1.
2.
A

read

RAM

Modify screen
CRT display
modify

write

addressed

RAM

two

data

operation

and

separate time shared operations.

modifies

bits

are

the

read

screen
(12

bits

attribute bits). Only one of the twelve data bits
at a time. Then the modified data bit is written

RAM.

The

screen

data

and

can be modified
into the screen

RAM.

The

CRT

refresh

holds

the

CRT

refreshed

not

then

disappear.

The

CRT

refresh

the

1is

display

the

for

contents

continuous

limited

the

action.

amount

time.

RAM

fade

and

screen

RAM

screen

The

addressed sequentially.
For each address twelve bits of data are
loaded into the shift register. Then the data is shifted one bit
at a time to the CRT display. The data that appears on the CRT is

image

the

data

the

screen

RAM.

5.2.2.1
Addressing the Screen RAM -- The screen RAM is addressed
through a two to one multiplexer
(Figure 5-16). When the modify
screen RAM function is taking place,
the address comes from the
X and Y register. The WRT/RD signal when high allows the contents
of the X and Y register to pass through the multiplexer to address
the

screen

When

the

RAM.

CRT

refresh

function

taking

place,

the

address

used

comes from the sequential counter (MA) of the CRT controller. The
low WRT/RD signal when low allows the contents of the MA register
to pass through the multiplexer to address the screen RAM.
The address bit breakdown is shown in Figures 5-13 and 5-14. The
outputs of the address multiplexer are divided into two groups,
the

RAS

The

RAS,

and

CAS

bits.

bits

used

when

modifying

the

screen

RAM

are

(Figure

5-15)

The

RAS

Y1,

CAS

Y8--Y2

RAS,

CAS

X9--X4

bits

RA@,

used

RAS

CAS

-- MAll--MA6,

when

doing

CRT

refresh

are:

MAS5--MAQ

RAl

The address bits X9--X2 go through a translator, which makes sure

that the output bits X3 and X2 are never equa% to a binary three.
Bank three in the screen RAM does not exist

(Figure 5-16).

LD/SHFR——O[ SHIFT REGISTi,———» DATA TO CRT
12 BITS

SCREEN RAM

RAS

[

16K K X 1

CAS

SCREEN RAM

WRT/RD

ADDRESS MUX

_(MA) |

I(xw

X REGISTER]Y REGISTER

COLUMN

ROW

1 BIT OF DATA

ROW

MODIFY

COLUMN

DATA

VECTOR

CRT CONTROLLER

e——STROBE

]

SEQUENTIAL

COUNTER

MA-8156

Figure

5-13

Basic

Overview of

|-————c0LUMN

Address

and

Data

Path

ROW

MA10

MA11

COUNTER

MA9|MAS8|M71’IA6 RA1|RAO MA51MA4 A:iMA2lMA1 MAB]

SEQUENTIAL
\_

)

1§

SE LECTS GROUP
63
0 THRU

CHARACTER ROW
|

GROUP 0
0]

CHARACTER

SCAN

ROW

LINES

2
3

GROUP 1

GROUP 2

GROUP
62 | GROUP
63

12 PIXELS | 12 PIXELS | 12 PIXELS

12 PIXELS | 12 PIXELS

SCAN

LINES

MA-8155

Figure

5-14

Screen

Update,

Screen

RAM

Address

Breakdown

SELECTS WHICH OF
FOUR SCREEN BITS
ARE TO BE MODIFIED
BANK

r‘————-COLUMN-—————H‘

r——————ROW —_—

[YB] Y7JY6 [YS LY4 rY3 [Y2

[11TX9/] X8/| X7/] XGF(S/LXW] XB’I XTL

—

[

WHAT GROUP
OF 64 PIXELS
AL

CHARACTER

ROW

l ‘]

CHARACTER

SCAN

ROW 0

LINES

GROUPO | GROUP1 | GROUP 2

GROUP 62 | GROUP 63

—,~—

T,
—
TT
T

T
GROUPO

GROUP1

| GROUP 2

GROUP 62 | GROUP 63

CHARACTER

SCAN

ROW 59

LINES

>
3

YO= 0: EVEN ADDRESS

= 1: ODD ADDRESS
X’

MEANS ADDRESS BITS X9-X2
MA-8154

Figure 5-15

Modify Data,

Screen RAM Address Breakdown

]

{

LIUM7I d— INVE

€VG1YL8N-

ZA-BA+

eX6X WOY (Z-6) X 431SI193Y

(BA'LA 4315193y

5-25

5.2.2.2

Modification of

Data

the

Screen

up
registers
in
the
vector
generator
vector
on
the
screen.
These
registers
written

into

Pattern

Write

the

screen

multiplier

options

RAM.

The

RAM --

The

system

sets

to
place
a
character
control
how the
data

registers

are

follows.

update,

control

or
is

(WOPS)

These registers, and
data is modified.

the

bit

selected

The CPU decodes the
commands
into
the

following
pattern,

for

write commands and
then
pattern
multiplier
and

how

1loads

the

the
WOPS

Multiplier
Negate

Write
Write

Complement
Intensity

The
into

CPU
the

Pattern

loads

the

screen

pattern

with

the

pattern

written

RAM.

The contents of the pattern multiplier register (2's complement of
the value) indicates how many times the pattern register output 1is
used
before
allowing
the
pattern
register
to
be
shifted.
The
default value of the pattern multiplier
is one.
If the default
value is loaded into the pattern multiplier, the pattern register

output is used once before shifting. If the pattern multiplier
two the pattern register output is used twice before shifting.
The
into

CPU

loads

the

WOPS

Write

Negate,

Complement

and

Intensity commands

The CPU loads the x and y registers with an address to modify data
in the screen RAM. This address accesses a location in the screen
RAM. The twelve bits of data are read and bits X3 and X2 select

four of the twelve bits. This is called bank selection. Bits X1
and X@ select which of the four bits 1is to be modified
(bit

selection)
(Figure 5-17). At this time
register and WOPS determine how the
modified (Figure 5-18).
The following example
complement function.

shows
-

how the

the contents of the pattern
selected data bit will be

selected

bit

is modified

for

GIVEN:

The output of screen RAM -- selected bank = @010 binary
The output of WOPS register - bits 2--0 = 100 binary
The output of the pattern register = output bit = 1 binary

TRANSLATOR

INPUT (9-2)

OUTPUT BITS

110

9876543210

1110

98765432

(000)
(001)
(002)
(003)

TA200
TA200
TA200
TA200

1000000000
100000001
1
1000000100
1000000111

AA
AA
AA
AA

(10101010100
|10101010/01
|[10101010/}10
[10101010]11

(004)
(005)

TA201
TA201

1000001000
100000101
1

AC
AC

[10101100]00
|10101100/01

(010) TA202

1000001000

[10101101 {00

(006)
(007)

TA201
TA201

(011)
(012)
(013)

TA202
TA202
TA202

(014)

TA203

(015)
{016)
(017)

TA203
TA203
TA203

100000110
0] TRASLATOR
1000001111 R%"L"JT

AC
AC

Ix%-xz

1000001001
1000001010
1000001011

AD
AD
AD

1000001100 | OUTPUT

1000001101
1000001110
1000001111

AE
AE
AE

(10101100110
(1010110011
[10101101
[10101101
(10101101

CHARACTER ROW
NUMBER

|01
/10
|11

(1010111000

(1010111001
|10101110]10
(1010111011

COLUMN

SELECTS 1 OF 3 BANKS
A

ROW

lva 1Y7JY6 l Y51Y4TY3 Y2

|§

[w X9' X8 X7' X&' X5’ X4Tx3' xz'lx1 xcfl

v—

EQUIVALENT
OF WHAT

—J

WHAT GROUP
OF 64 PIXILS

CHARACTER.
ROW SCAN

SELECTS WHICH

(1 OF 4)

OF 4 SCREEN
RAM BITS ARE

YO-0DD

TO BE MODIFIED.

EVEN

(X1000)=TRANSLATION ADR(TA)200

X MEANS ADDRESS BITS X9-X2 ARE TRANSLATED
MA-8197

Figure

5-17

Translation

X Bits

WOPS

Ll]| 11111':21%‘
GREEN

BLINK

00
FO

BLUE

RED

ENA
ATTR

CHANGE = 1

DATA INPUT (8 BITS)

PATTERN

REG

SHIFTS OUT 9 BITS
TEN TIMES FOR CHARACTERS

RB, RA=3

DU ()

DVM (HI——‘

FO
X1
SELECTION { ——#
(1 OF 4)
20 o

SELECTION
DIRECTION

WOPS

—» WR DAT
3

BIT

+ WR DAT 2

SELECT

-»

WR DAT 1

-+ WR DAT
0

BIT 3
yrr

REG.
e

ADDRESS

)

SCREEN
RAM

BIT2
BANK

12 BITS

SELECTION

REG

LBIT
1

BITO

STROBE

MODIFY

DATA INPUT (ONE OF FOUR BITS)
MA-8176

Figure

5-18

Modify

Data

Bits

The output of the WOPS register equals 4 binary, a complement with
no negate function. Refer to the complement equation in Table 5-7.
Complement

Complement = @010 +
Complement =1 + 1
Complement

(P10
(1 is

is selected bank)
selected bit)

The complement bit zero is written into the selected bank of the
screen RAM.
Initially,
the value of the selected bank was @010
binary. After modification the value changes to #0800 binary.

5.2.2.3
Refresh the CRT -- The display area of the video monitor
contains 240 scan lines (horizontal sweeps) with each sweep having
768
picture
elements
called
pixels.
A
pixel
1is
the
smallest
picture

element

that

can

display

data.

The

display

area

contains

total of 184,320 pixels.
The color of the characters or
represents
foreground
information.
The
color
of
the
represents background information.

vectors
screen

The
characters,
vectors
and
screen
can
be
different
shades
of
black and white or color. Two separate control circuits are used
for CRT color control.
|
1.

Foreground

control

Background

control

Table

5-7

WOPS

BITS

Screen

RAM Write

Control

21090

Function

Equation

Overlay

M=A+ (P+N)

Replace

M=P+N

Complement

M=A+ (P+N)

Erase

M=N

Legend

for

M
A

= Data
= Data

P
N

=
=

Output
Negate

XOR

Equations

to be written
now in memory

of pattern
bit

into

memory

Foreground Control -- The CPU loads the WOPS register with a value
that defines the color of the character or vector. The output of

the WOPS register bits F7
(blink), F6
(green), F5
(red),
and F4
(blue) are inputs to the screen RAM attribute section. Every time
the screen RAM is modified, the contents of bits F7--F4 if enabled
are written into the screen RAM attribute section.
When

the

memory.
the

four

screen

Twelve

RAM

bits

1is

attribute

addressed,

data

bits

are

sixteen

loaded

into

bits

the

shift

S163

5-19). The data output of the shift register is
with bit @ of the screen option register (SOPS).
The

exclusive

the
bit

video
is
a

video

data

selects

the

foreground

control bit is zero
one,
the
attribute

color

are

from

and

1latch

colors.

EXCLUSIVE

(DATA TO BE WRITTEN SHIFT DATA)

12-BITS

RAS

SCREEN RAM (16)

GREEN

16KX1 RAMS

cAs

—>

|12 DATA BITS 4 ATTRIBUTE |2RYE

BLINK

COLOR

READ

IS THE

S163

LATCH

DATA

mux | VIDEO
DATA

ROW

COLUMN
— DRAS

ADDRESS MUX

WR/RD
CRT

CONTROLLER

RAO,MAb-

MA11-MAS,

MAO

RA1

BIT 0=0 NORMAL VIDEO
1

REVERSE VIDEO

WHAT COLOR IS THE SCREEN

BD 0-7

SOPS

HORIZONTAL SYNC | CRT
MONITOR

LOAD SOPHS

VERTICAL

DATA

SYNC
MA-8177

Figure

5-19 Color Control

ORed

When

and the shifted data
latch determine
the

(foreground).

SHIFT

(Figure

exclusively

background

(normal video)
bits
from the

read

When

the

output

the

shift

1is

2zero

and

the

video

control bit is zero
(normal video), the attribute bits from
SOPS register determine the video data color (background).
When

the

SOPS

attribute

bits

are

bit

are

used

one

for

(reverse

the

video),

foreground

background

the

color

SOPS

and

color.

the

Background Control -- The ReGIS screen command, through the CPU,
loads
the
SOPS
register
with
a
value
that
determines
the

background color.

The SOPS register holds the background attribute

(blue),

and

(red).

that

bits.

The

SOPS

5.2.2.4

Modify

and

RAM

generator

(Figure

repeating

and

which

5-21)

the

runs

bit

inputs

when

SOPS

CRT
a

other

sequence

bits.

Timing

Figure
of

Twelve

The

bit

color.

the

The

5-20

the

shift

sync

ROM

shows

the

Time

addresses

WRT/RD

multiplexer

background

function

again.

(green),

the

output

Refresh

the

continuously.

are

and

are;

are

furnishes

displayed

bit

Screen

bits

condition

addresses

Generator

before

zero

vector

ROM

video

color

sync

These

normal

background

the

attribute

bit

State

are

signal

used

controls

the screen RAM address multiplexer.
If the WRT/RD signal 1is low,
the
address
from
the
mA
sequential
counter
passes
through
the
screen RAM address multiplexer.
If
the
WRT/RD
register passes

The

WRT/RD

every

1is

through

the

signal

WRT/RD

Depending

pulse

signal

changes

time
the

occurs

high,

levels

frame

sync

ROM

(Figure

Data

While

the

loaded

the

data

selects

bits

the

into

the

shift

shifted
to

holding

load

sync

ROM

signal
shift

pulse

memory

modified.

data

the

from

third
CAS

Strobe

from
the
x
multiplexer.

address

and

address.

are

For

generated.

strobe

1loads

the

four-bit

X2).

The

following

(X3,

out,

the

another

modified

x,y

read
and

Only

address

cycle,

strobes

the

one

bit

reads

and

fours

modified.

While the data is shifted to the CRT, another RAS, CAS,
LOAD function
1is performed.
At
the proper
time another
twelve bits are loaded in the shift register and shifted
to

data

and

address,

into

address

RAM

every

RAS

5-19).

holding
register with data
sequence of events occur.
1.

the

screen

the

CRT.

During

the

continuous

shifting

data

from

the

shift

register to the CRT,
the modified data is written
into
the screen RAM.
The screen RAM data
is modified by the
execute
point,
erace
and
the
execute
vector
commands.

During
turns

sync
on

the

ROM

address

vector

ROM.

32,

the

This

activates

5-31

execute

vector

the

write

command
signal.

SYNC ROM ADR

|32|31[30[35|34{23]22]21]|20]25]|24|33{

WRT/RD

32| 31{30{35(34|23[22]21]20]25]24]
33| 32|

X,Y

RAS

cas

NENNEINERNE

NYENENEINESNENEN

LD SHER

sTROBE

WRITE

¢ D[R
¢ s|[rR
c D[R
DATA SHIFTED
TO CRT

DATA

|DATA

|
c W[R

|TOBE

SHFR

|[MODIFIED|

SHFR

c D[R

DATA SHIFTED
TO CRT

DATA | WRITE

DATA

| @AW

4 BITS

|RAM

SHFR

1BIT

€

s|[R c LD|R
C w]|

DATA SHIFTED
TO CRT

[DATA

0BE

DATA

| TO

|MODIFIED|

SHFR

4 BITS

MODIFY

DATA
SHIFTED

|WRITE

|SfREEN
|RAM

1BIT
MODIFY

MA-8196

Figure 5-2@¢ Screen RAM Data Timing

DOWN COUNTER

TIME

STATES

CHAR CLK

v [i[o]cleTA
|
ENBP

+bv—

s{ofof1]o]f1
41olof1]o]oO

UP/DWN CLK

13[1[o]o]1]n

|— DB

12]110]0{1]0

11{1]{oo]o]1

10f1{o]ojo]o0

prsn—

RIP

ENBT

LOAD OUT

1511[{0}J1]0}1

?_(]3

14f1]of1]o]o

o3Jojofof1]1
ey

02Jolo]o]1]o0

———1

o1fojofofo]f1

oojojojojojo

L-51

s5|lolof1|[0]1

EK 0}—
MA-8151

Figure

5-21

Time

State

Generator

5.2.2.5
Generation
both characters and

The

following

of
Vectors
-vectors. Section

paragraphs

describe

The
VK100
system
can
draw
5.2.2.5 describes characters.

vectors.

There

are

two

kinds

[X]=[Y]

vectors.

Basic

Arbitrary vectors

Basic

l.
2.

There
other
The
the
in:

vectors

If
If

vectors

fall

under

the

following

conditions:

coordinates X=@ and/or Y=0
the absolute value of x = absolute

are eight
conditions

value

basic directions for vectors
are arbitrary vectors.

(Figure

5-22).

All

terminal operator can type a character and rotate it in any of
basic directions (Figure 5-22). For example the operator types

"FORMAT"

"EXAMPLE"

TEXT

(DIRECTION)

T (D45)

"Character

Print"

"A"
NOTE

The
to

The

T (D45)

direction,

above

ReGIS

command

mode

work.

command

must

45"

displays

direction.

the

3 (135°)

4 (180°)

This

character

2 (90°)

1 (45°)

—»

5 (225°)

6 (270°)

0 (0°}

7 (315°)
MA-8198

Figure

5-22

Basic

along

Vectors

the

basic

one

basic

vector.

The

CPU has

characters
that

are
X

and

set

registers

vectors on

the

vector generator

the CRT.

The

following

are

the

to display

registers

loaded.
Y

DU-Length of major
DVM-Length

axis

minor

axis

Pattern

Pattern multiplier
Direction
Write options (WOPS)
Screen options (SOPS)
Execute

Error

The

vector

function of

(only used

these

with

registers

arbitrary vectors)

follows.

X and Y -- These registers are loaded with the starting address of
the character or vector. The X and Y register contents address the
screen RAM when modifying data. The address control increments or
decrements the x and Y individually or both at the same time.

coordinate

The

through

X767.

the

direction

character or vector is ROM coordinate X@ through X767, X
positive. If the direction is from X767 to X@, X is negative.

the

The Y coordinate is Y@ through Y24@. If the direction of the
character or vector is from coordinate Y@ to Y240, Y is positive.
If the direction is Y240 to Y@,

Y is negative.

If both X and Y = @ during a screen RAM modify,

the CRT displays

the data in the top left corner of the screen. This corner is the
first pixel of the CRT during display time.

DU -- The length of the major axis is loaded into this register.

For character displays,
the

the width of a character

1is loaded

into

DU.

For vectors, the firmware knows the vector starting point and how
far the vector moves in the X and Y position. The larger of the
two values is placed in the DU register.

DVM -- The length of the minor axis is loaded into this register.
For character displays, the width of a character is loaded into
the

DVM.

For vectors, the DVM receives the smaller of the X and Y values.

Pattern -- The pattern register is an eight-bit shift register
that is parallel loaded and shifted out one bit at a time to a 1K
by 4 PROM. This register controls the pattern of the data written
into

the

screen

RAM.

5-34

the

pattern

the

pass

data

modify

function

modified.

This

performed.

the

pattern

apply

1in

replace

does

not

this

four

bit

vector

factor

1loaded

with

mode.

Pattern

Multiplier

The

contents

the

width

sixteen.

the

pattern

multiplier

ones,

the

pattern

binary

pattern
register

four bits
tells
1f

are
the

the

The

direction

used. Bits
vector
is

zero,

vector

Write

shifts

multiplier
is
loaded
with
shifts every two write times.

Direction

equals

character

increase

vector

arbitrary

(WOPS)

write

eight

bit

the

basic

vector.

can

one

time.

binary,

bit

to
all

the

pattern

@--2 tell the vector direction
a
basic
or
arbitrary
vector.

the

Options

every

1110

Only

and bit
If
bit

equals

3
3

one,

vector.

WOPS

eight-bit

Bit

blink control. Bits 6--4 tells the color of data (12 pixels) when
in normal video mode. Bit 3
(equal to a one)
enables attributes.
Enable attributes is an address bit to the WRT ROM.
This allows
the
contents of WOPS
register bits 7--4 to be written
into the
screen

RAM.

Bits

1 and 2 describe how the data being modified is controlled;
If it 1s overlayed,
replaced, complemented or erased. Bit @, the
negate bit, controls the output of the pattern register. If bit @
equals

Screen

one,

the

pattern

output

Options

(SOPS)

The

which

controls

the

following

Blink

Background

I1/0

SOPS

(EIA,

mA,

LD Execute -- The

execute

instructions

which enables the vector ROM to run.
the modified data in the screen RAM

5.2.2.6

Writing

the

that

key

the

CRT

DVM,

character

the

-eight-bit

events

hardcopy

set

and

the Go

self-test)

flip

flop

(GO F)

This is necessary for writing
and reading the file register

WOPS).

the

writing

series

keyboard

and

Character
same

following

DIR,

the

1is

functions.

color

control

(DU,

complemented.

port

contents

Screen

Writing

vector.

The

main

parallel

vectors.

character

difference

When

you

press

occur:

occurrence

VSYNC

the

CPU

recognizes

the

interrupt.

response

the

interrupt,

scan

routine,

reads

was

pressed.

The

processor

1into

location

code

keyboard

line.

the

keyboard

ASCII

CPU

and

then

code

enters

the

keyboard

determines

which

key

translates

the

key

and

stores

the

The

processor

line
4,

reads

determine

The

processor

dot

pattern.

look-up

the

what

ASCII

character

translates
To

table

this,

located

character

place

the

ASCII

the

processor

RAM.

The

vectors

compose

the

character

the
on

CRT

keyboard

the

CRT.

code

reads

look-up
cell

screen.

the

character

of a series of character cells, one
code.
Each
character
cell
contains
written

These

into

character

table

consists

for each ASCII
patterns
to
be
pattern

vectors

screen.

NOTE

The look-up table is filled with the dot
patterns for each displayable character

during
the
ROM power-up sequence.
The
look-up table can
also be
filled
from
the
host
computer
using
the
Load
Character

Cell

command

the

graphics

mode.

There

are

character
registers
must

occur
1.

pattern

vectors

for

each

the
The

DU, DVM, WOPS, and
following sequence

into the screen RAM,
are initially loaded.
1@

The

character.

write

direction
of events

times.
X

and

character

registers

loaded

are

1into

1loaded.

the

The

8-bit

pattern

the

shift

The CPU issues the Execute Vector command.
The Execute
Vector command sets the GO bit enabling the vector ROM to
output. The address for Execute vector is 66. This means
address bits Al and A@ are equal to a binary two. These
address
bits,
Al
and
A@g,
are
part
of
the
vector
ROM
address bits which allows the vector ROM sequence for the
Execute

Vector

command.

It takes three cycles (or
data in the screen RAM.
a.

time

states)

to modify

the

Read cycle -- The X and Y register contents read a
location of the screen RAM. The twelve bits of data

that

are

will

select

nine

Modify

WOPS,

read

logic.

from

Bits

strobed

cycle

and

into

The

holding

the

screen

RAM

the

holding

and

logic

select

uses

the

which

the

four

pattern

determine

bank

bits

output

which

will be modified by addressing a 1K by 4 ROM.
address
of
the
1K by
4
ROM
1is determined
by
following.

bit

The
the

Pattern register output bit -- (A9)
WOPS register output bits (F2,F1,F@)

(A8--A6)

X register output bit (X1,X8) -- (A5--A4)
Holding register output bits (3,2,1,8) --

Write cycle -- When the write pulse occurs
of the bit select ROM (WR DAT 3--WR DAT @)
into the same bank in the screen RAM,

The

down

counter

whose

value

initially

(A3--AQ)

the output
is written

nine

bits

gets

decremented
every time
a write
takes place.
The
1logic
checks
to
see
if
the
down
counter
equals
zero.
This
indicates
a
pattern
or
vector
has
been
stored
in
the
screen

RAM,

The

the

contents

incremented

the

If
the down
through five

are

counter

the

counter

down

direction
1is

not

decremented

according

=zero,

steps

three

repeated.
is

equal

zero

pattern

(vector)

with nine bits is stored in the screen RAM. This resets
the Go flip-flop and disables the vector ROM outputs.
six

are

performed

character
into
the

Steps

one

appears

the

CRT

after

screen

RAM

and

Controller

(CRR).

5.2.2.7
and

through

Arbitrary

arbitrary

shown

apart.

Vectors

vectors

Figure

Vectors

those

5-23.
drawn

-the

There
in

ten

1locations

The

vector

VK100

are

between

for

the

basic

eight

The

Breshinham

that

allows

algorithm

arbitrary

ideal vector path.
vectors are drawn.

closely
A

the

calculation

series

vector

the

The

produces

basic

vector

light

CRT

basic

vectors

are

directions

vectors

pixel

are

called

(Appendix

the

A staircase effect takes place when arbitrary
This staircase effect can be seen by looking

screen

when

requires

displaying

twelve

time

states

are

divided

into

four

repeated

until

the

vector

DVM

time

(length

2.
3.

DU time (length
WOPS time

Direction

time

addressed

calculations

states

twelve
are

The

written

basic

arbitrary vectors.

pattern.

are

generator

system.

eight

each

patterns

drawn.

minor

major

time

5-37

access)

(Figure

groups.

The

are:

arbitrary vectors.

four

5-24).

These

four

groups

sequential

groups

The

5-38

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}

When

writing

DVM

the

value

the

with

divided

The

following

DVM

Time

carry in.
output of

Time

length

(Appendix

the

Rec

the
B).

loaded

into

are

the

with

the

equals

loads

the

following

registers:

minor

access.

For

example

use

major

access.

For

example

use

B).

(Appendix

1is

length

The

firmware

dividing

the

with

value

Error

vector,

value

largest

2 with

the

functions

error

the

For

remainder

that
is

that

value.

occur

added

firmware

example

(Appendix

each

group.

the

DVM

The

contents

the

error

are

value
B).

The error clock loads the sum into the error.
the add is strobed into the carry flip-flop.

obtains

the

added

The

plus
carry

the

register. If the carry flip-flop is reset, the vector ROM allows
an error clock pulse which loads the result of the add into the
error register. If the carry flip-flop is set, the vector ROM does
not allow an error clock pulse to occur. The contents of the error
register remain unchanged.

WOPS Time -- The modified data bits are selected and written
the screen RAM location specified by the X and Y registers.

into

Direction
Time -- The
outputs
of
the
direction
register,
bits
F3--F@,
are
inputs
to
the
direction
ROM
(Figure
5-25).
An

arbitrary vector is drawn in direction three when the input bits
of the direction ROM equal "B" hex. The carry bit equal to a one
indicates
that
the
major
axis
register
1is
only
affected.
The
direction affected is determined by the direction ROM input bits
FP--F2.
major

Direction

access

three

1is

negative

direction.

Therefore,

the

decrements.

If the carry bit equals zero, the major and minor axis registers
are
effected.
The
direction
effected
is
determined by the ROM

input

bits

the major

The

F@--F2.

Direction

sequence

terminates

and

vector

downcounter

minor

zero.

axis

three

registers

This

The direction ROM produces

when

resets

the

is
a

are

the

the Go

negative

decremented.

V clock

direction.

signal

clocks

Both

the

flip-flop.

signal pixel write.

The pixel write

must be active to write data into the screen RAM. There are three
conditions that prevent a write operation from occurring.

not write

in direction:

from an odd

from

line.

even

line.

Do not write if the direction is 5 or 7.
even (Y@) and the last direction was 6.

The

scan

line

The

scan

line

odd

not
and

write

the

last

the

direction

was

SCREEN RAM

ADDRESS MUX

ADDRESS

BITS (7 )

I vy REGISTER ]-—-.l X" REGISTEfl
CONTROL “Y"

le— CONTROL X"

e ENABLE Y

e ENABLE X

e DIRECTION CONTROL

V CLK

e DIRECTION CONTROL.

L.COUNT UP

L-COUNT UP

H-COUNT DOWN

DIRECTION ROM

J-—. PIXEL WRITE

CARRY

CARRY CONTROL

CLK ERROR/-\'

I‘—STROBE—t

LD ERROR

VECTOR
ROM

{\
ADDRESS

VECTOR

ROM

MA-8174

Figure

5-25

Direction

Control

5.2.3
I/0 Port Overview
The
VK100
interfaces
to
the
host
system
through a
serial
data
port.
An 8251 programmable universal synchronous or asynchronous
receiver-transmitter drives the port.
This device translates
between parallel and serial character formats.
The 8251 adds or

removes

start

characters.
parity bit,

The

VK108

and

stops

bits

needed.

Character
parity
may
if selected, takes the

I/0

system

can

connect

The

data

used

are

ASCII

be
enabled
or
disabled.
The
most significant bit position.

the

three

CPU ports.

Port

block

diagram.

EIA

20 mA
Hardcopy

Figure
The

5-26

shows

communication

the

Basic

I/0

the

I/0

section.
The baud
rate generator allows firmware control
baud rates to transfer data through the 8251A module.

interface

(8251A)

the

The I/0 port selection logic is
of the screen option register

the main

controlled by the SL1 and SL@ bits
(SOPS).
Different combinations of

SL1 and SL@ select the desired port or
The

self-test

value

diagnostic

sent

the

feature

I/0

the self-test

firmware

interface.

8251A

parallel

value

chip.

the

The

form

chip

received

assembles

the

CPU.

value

data

byte

and

sends

the

COMMUNICATION

INTERFACE (8251-A)

TXC

RXD

EIA

|—IXD

TX/RX

RXC

BAUD RATE

1/0

PORT
SELECTION

TX/RX

GENERATOR

HARD COPY

TX/RX
SL1

sLo

SOPS
MA-8191

Figure 5-26 Basic

I/O Port Block Diagram

5-42

known

the

byte

transmitted

SERIAL
DATA

DATA

through

I/0 port selection
to the RXD input of

compares

SERIAL

DATA

8085

CPU

goes

value.

PARALLEL

CPU

The

feature.

controlled.

The

8251A chip as serial
transmit data,
to the
(self-test). Then the data is serially routed
the

control

(Figure

three functions.

following

performs the

5-27)

(8251A) -- This interface

Communication Interface

5.2.3.1

Modem Control
Data Control

Error

Reporting

Mode Instruction Register -- After an internal reset, the CPU
loads the mode instruction register. Then any control register
writes will load the data into the command instruction register.
To return the 8251A from command to mode instruction,
the internal reset bit of the command register.

The

mode

instruction

characteristics

paragraphs describe
Baud

rate

defines

(Figure

8251A

the

general

operating

following

The

5-28).

these characteristics.

factor

length
stop bits

Character
Number of
Parity

the CPU sets

control

The Baud Rate Factor (X16) -- The baud rate selected is times 16
(X16)
because the TCLK and RCLK frequencies are 16 times the
selected
TCLK and

baud
RCLK

Character

Length

7 or 8

Number

above,

the

314,

the

rates. To obtain the
frequencies by 16.

Stop

selects

Enable

parity

detection.

Parity

Generation

data

two

parity bit

one

bits

stop

character

zeros

divide

transmission

the

may

(Figure 5-29).

bits.

When

set

Bit

-- When

transmission.

the

length

The unused bits are

rate,

(1, 1-1/2, 2)
-- If the baud rate 1is 310 or
selects one stop bit.
If the baud rate is under

Parity

for

The

baud

Bits

CPU

bits.

selected

have

this

Even

bit

set

parity

even number

enables

this

bit

means

one

parity

generation

generates

the

bits.

After

data character the 8251A parity check logic counts
one bits in the character plus the parity bit. An
raises

the

parity

error

even

character

and

parity

bits

plus

receiving

the
odd

number
number

of
of

flag.

When clear this bit generates odd parity for data transmission.
O0dd parity means the character bits plus the parity bit have an
odd number of one bits. After receiving a data character,
the
8251A parity check logic counts the number of one bits in the
character plus the parity
the parity error flag.

bit.

odd

number

one

bits

raises

D,-Do

DATA

TRANSMIT

BUS

BUFFER

(P-S)

—& TxD

RESET —————

c/D——+ CONTROL
V%g—————c

TRANSMIT
1
CONTROL

LOGIC

TxRDY

—

CLK=————# READ/WRITE

TxC

B3R

oTs——»d

CONTROL

?SU;FER

RECEIVE

+—RxD

RTS

& RxRDY

CONTROL

INTERNAL

RxC

DATA BUS [_d

MA-8188

Figure

5-27

8251-A

Block

Diagram

| s,

| eP

| PEN|

| L,

| B,

MODE

INSTRUCTION FORMAT|
ASYNCHRONOUS MODE

BAUD RATE FACTOR

L
0

(1X)

(16X)

(64X)

SYNC

MODE

CHARACTER LENGTH
0

BITS

PARITY ENABLE

0=DISABLE

—® 1=ENABLE

~_ EVEN PARITY GENERATION

~ 1=EVEN

0=0DD

NUMBER OF STOP BITS

INVALID|

:
%

BITS

BITS
MA-8187

Figure

5-28

Mode

TRANSMITTER OUTPUT
TRANSMIT/RECEIVE
FORMAT

TxD

MARKING

START
BIT

DATA BITS

PARITY |STOP

| =

BITS

ASYNCHRONOUS MODE

RECEIVER INPUT
START

RxD

,
PARITY | sTOP

BIT

DATABITS | g7
y)

BITS

R¥

TRANSMISSION FORMAT

CPU BYTE (5-8 BITS/CHAR)
DATA CHARACTER
9
-

93
&

ASSEMBLED SERIAL DATA OUTPUT (TxD)

START
BIT

DATA CHARACTER

PARITY | STOP
BIT

BITS

RECEIVE FORMAT

SERIAL DATA INPUT (RxD)

START
BIT

DATA CHARACTER
3

L§

PARITY
S"TOP
BIT
BITS
L4

CPU BYTE (5-8 BITS/CHAR)

DATA CHARACTER
3

NOTE

:IF CHARACTER LENGTH IS DEFINED AS 5,6, OR 7
BITS;

THE UNUSED BITS ARE SET TO “ZERO".
MA-8178

Figure

5-29

Transmit/Receive
Asynchronous

Mode

Format

Command

Instruction
Register
instruction register defines the

(Figure
controls

the
8251A.
operation.

the

The

Transmit

following

are

5-30)
-The
command
used in the operation of

signals

that

control

this

Enable

Receive Enable
Data Terminal Ready
Request
Error

Send

Reset

Internal

Reset
Break Character

Send
Enter

Hunt

Mode

Transmit

Enable

transmit

data.

Receive

Enable

-- When

Resetting

this

data.
The

Transmit

system.
Data

This

When

the

Resetting

this

the

bit

CPU

bit

CPU

sets

this

inhibits

sets

prevents

this

data

bit

data

bit

the

8251A

can

Enable

and

Receive

Enable

are

both

set

the

8251A

operate

full

duplex

this

bit

Terminal

Ready

(DTR)

can

receive

reception.

allows

8251A

transmission.

The

CPU

sets

send

signal

the

VK100

mode.

for

loopback

test.

Request

modem

Send

The

request

normally

used

for

control.

Error
Reset -- When
the
CPU sets
this bit all
error
flags are
reset.
Parity Error
(PE),
Overrun Error
(OE), and Framing Error
(FE) are reset in the status register.
Internal

Reset
instruction to
Send

Break

Enter

use

Hunt

the

—- When set this bit
Mode instruction.

Character
Mode

Hunt

mode.

When

set

This

bit

returns

this
a

bit

zero.

the

8251A

forces

TxD

The

VK10@

from

Command

low.

system

does

not

uPD

COMMAND INSTRUCTION
FORMAT

RTS | ER

|SBRK]

RxE | DTR | TxEN

TRANSMIT ENABLE
—

1=ENABLE

0=DISABLE

DATA TERMINAL
READY

“HIGH"” WILL FORCE DTR
OUTPUT TO ZERO

RECEIVE ENABLE
1=ENABLE

0=DISABLE

SEND BREAK

CHARACTER

1=FORCES TxD “"LOW”

0=NORMAL OPERATION

ERROR RESET

1=RESET ALL ERROR FLAGS
PE,OE, FE

REQUEST TO SEND

“HIGH"” WILL FORCE RTS
OUTPUT TO ZERO

INTERNAL RESET
“HIGH”” RETURNS 8251 TO
MODE INSTRUCTION FORMAT

ENTER HUNT MODE

1=ENABLE SEARCH FOR SYNC
CHARACTERS
MA-8180

Figure

5-30

Command

Instruction

Format

Status
of

the

active

Data

device.

status
register.
(Figure 5-31).

Transmitter

The

Ready

Communication
To

obtain

following

Systems

require

the

status,

the

are

the

status

the

CPU

status

reads

the
bits

(TxRDY)

Receiver Ready (RxRDY)
Transmitter Empty (TxE)
Parity

Error

(PE)

Overrun

Error

(OE)

Framing

Error

(FE)

SYNDET
DSR

TxRDY

This

data

bit

signals

the

CPU

that

the

transmitter

character.

The

CPU

can

use

TxRDY

for

ready

interrupt

polled operations. In polled operations the CPU checks TxRDY using
a status read operation. TxRDY automatically resets when the CPU
loads

character.

RxRDY

ready
to
structure

the

This

bit

input
of the

condition

indicates

that

the

8251A

contains

to
the
CPU.
RxRDY connects
CPU or for polled operation.

RxRDY

using

status

read

to
The

character

the
CPU

interrupt
can check

operation.

automatically reset when the CPU reads the character.

RxRDY

1is

TXE -- When the 8251 has no characters to transmit, the TxE output
goes high. TxE automatically resets after receiving a character.

The

error

conditions

asynchronous data

(PE,

transfer

and

FE)

are

covered

1in

the

section.

DSR -- The CPU uses this bit to monitor the hardcopy port. The
usage of this bit is covered in the Hardcopy section (Paragraph
5.2.303).

Asynchronous
modes of data

1.
2.

Data

Transfers

system

the

VK100

Whenever

two

there

are

CPU

sends

transfers:

Data transmissions (TxD)
Data receptions (RxD)

Asynchronous

Mode

Transmissions

character the 8251 does the following.
Adds a start bit

(low level)

the

Adds the required number of stop bits
Adds the correct parity bit if parity is enabled

5-48

STATUS READ
FORMAT

DSR

SYN?SEDT

Dy
FE

| OE

D,
| TxE

Rx
Tx
roy | ROY

L.
SAME DEFINITIONS AS /0 PINS
PARITY ERROR
THE PE FLAG IS SET WHEN A PARITY
ERROR IS DETECTED.

IT IS RESET BY

THE ER BIT OF THE COMMAND
INSTRUCTION.

PE DOES NOT INHIBIT

OPERATION OF THE 8251A.

OVERRUN ERROR
THE OE FLAG IS SET WHEN THE CPU
DOES NOT READ A CHARACTER BEFORE

THE NEXT ONE BECOMES AVAILABLE.

| o] IT IS RESET BY THE ER BIT OF THE
COMMAND INSTRUCTION.

OE DOES

NOT INHIBIT OPERATION OF THE 8251A:

HOWEVER, THE PREVIOUSLY OVERRUN
CHARACTER IS LOST:

FRAMING ERROR (ASYNC ONLY)

THE FE FLAG IS SET WHEN A VALID

STOP BIT IS NOT DETECTED AT THE
END OF EVERY CHARACTER.

IT IS RESET

BY THE ER BIT OF THE COMMAND
INSTRUCTION.

FE DOES NOT INHIBIT

THE OPERATION OF THE uPD8251 AND
uPD8251A.
NOTE:

TxRDY STATUS BIT IS NOT TOTALLY

EQUIVALENT TO THE TxRDY OUTPUT
PIN, THE RELATIONSHIP IS AS FOLLOWS:

TxRDY STATUS BIT

TxRDY (PIN 15)

BUFFER EMPTY

BUFFER EMPTY eCTS e TxEn
MA-8179

Figure

5-31

Status

5-49

The

character

TxD

output

trailing

edge

the

Mode

TxD

into

the

break

then

(Figure

transmitted

5-28).

TxC

Instruction.
commanded

8251A

The

the

TxD

(continuously

low)

rate

equal

Break

serial

data

output

can

stream

shifted

data

remains

been

data

1/16

characters

so.

has

serial

the

out

TxC

the

defined

continuously

characters

high

are

(marking)

sent

1loaded

unless

programmed.

Asynchronous

Mode Reception -- The RxD line is normally high. When
goes
low this triggers the beginning of the start bit.
The validity of the start bit is checked by strobing at the start
bits nominal center. If a low is detected at the nominal center a

the

line

valid

start

counting.

parity

The

bits

bit

has

bit

counter

(if

been

found.

locates

exists)

The
the

bit

counter

center

the

then

starts

received

bits,

and

the stop bits. The stop bits signal
the end of a received character. The character is then loaded into
the I/0 buffer of the 8251A and the logic
(RxRDY)
signals the CPU
that
data
is
available.
The
8251A
checks
each
character
for
errors.

There

three

Parity

Framing

Error
Error

Overrun

Error

Parity
data
is

are

Error

and

The

parity.

types

rising
a

Occurs

Overrun

Error

The

errors.

error

RxC

samples

occurs,

the

receive

parity

inputs

error

flag

set.

Error

edge

parity

Framing

the
the

low

level

1is

character

has

CPU, the present character
overrun flag is raised (the

replaces
previous

occurrence

errors

will

8251A.

the

any of

these

detected

not

been

the

fetched

it in the I/0 buffer
character 1s lost).

not

stop

the

5-8

shows

the

Table

5-8

Addressing

addressing

the

8251-A

Address

Bits

Selection

)

8251A

Data

Bus

Status

Data

Bus

Control

Data

Bus

>»

and

Directive

Bus

8251A

Data

Bus

State

and

operation

8251A.

Table

stop

5.2.3.2
is

Baud

controlled

Rate

Generator

The

baud

rate

for

VK100

system

by:

Default

set

SET-UP

mode

ReGIS

command

power

switch

(Refer

pack

(switches

Chapter

(Refer

the

S6--S5S8)

Chapter

4).

up,

reset,

pack

(S6--S8)

load

This
four

wvalue selects the Tx clock and Rx clock frequency.
The 1low
bits of the byte value select the baud rate for the Rx clock

pulses

and

the

high

clock.

Both

the

four

clock

selected

second
The

rate

generator

rate

bits

and

baud
rate.
If
the
the clock frequencies

baud

firmware

baud

select
clock

sends

the

diagranm.

Table

5-9

shows

rates

used

for

how
the

CLK1

(16)

(14)

the

with

baud

clock

rate

switch
value.

byte

the

are

rate
16

times

the

300

bits

per

clock

frequency

frequency by 16. The
shows the baud rate

generator

the CPU selects one
receive and transmit

set-up
a

of the eight
frequencies.

result

possible

(12)

sp 5 12

8D 4

default

frequencies

selected
baud
are 4.8 kHz.

to the 8251A chip which divides the
the device baud
rate.
Figure
5-32
block

uses

generator

=3 ®C
BD6
BD 7 ——{D

FREQUENCY

D-LATCH

XTAL/EXT1

DECODE AND

CONTROL

(1)

REPROGRAMABLE

FREQUENCY SELECT

ROM

DIVIDER

(17)
|—=TcLKk

DIVIDER

P ar ok

«
-

5.68MHz

(18)

(4)

oOmw
>»

XTAL/EXT2
—»

D-LATCH

FREQUENCY

PROGRAMABLE

DECODE AND

FREQUENCY SELECT

CONTROL

(3)

ROM

MA-8173

baud

Table

5-9

Baud

Rate

Selection

Transmit/Receive

Crystal

Frequency

5.0688

Theoretical

Actual

Address

Baud

Frequency

DCBA

Rate

CLOCK

Hertz

Divisor

110

l1.76

g
g2

1 01
1120

300

4.8

600

1856

9.6

111

9.6

528

1200

19.2

010

264

100

2400
4800

38.4
76.8

132
66

1110

9600

153.6

1111

19,200

307.2

153.6
316.8

33
16

5.2.3.3

Selection

Default
SET-UP
ReGIS

When

SET-UP
mode

I/0

Port

switch

pack

(Refer

commands

power

default

SET-UP

(Refer

reset

switch

The

Chapter
to

I/0

ports

are

2880

selected

by:

Chapter

operation

pack.

1.76

4).

The

performed,

condition

the

determines if the CPU is connected to the 20 mA or
is open, the 20 mA port is used.
If S2 is closed,

CPU

switch

EIA
the

reads

the

two

(S2)

port. If
EIA port

S2
is

used.

When

the

an I/0 port is selected the CPU modifies bits SL1 and SL@ of
screen option register (SOPS). The condition of these two bits

connect

this

the

CPU

the

selected

port

(5-33).

Table

5-10

also

shows

I/0
Port
-The
connect the CPU to

VK100
other

condition.

5.2.3.4
Transferring
Data
Through
the
system uses the following three ports to
devices.
mA

20
EIA

Hardcopy

Port

includes

The

VK100

transmit

and

system

has

receiver

full-duplex

channel

5-52

(J1l).

capabilities.

This

DATA BUS
)
r—————

HARD COPY

RAM

ROMS

CPU

——
—
—

DATA BITS

xc
=xC | BAUD-RATE

8251A

GENERATOR

KEYBOARD

LOGIC BOARD
SHIFT

SOPS

KEYBOARD

MATRIX

|
l

DEFAULT

SET-UP

CONTROL

SL 1

ROW A-ROW F

COL 0

DATA

PORT SELECTION

C1=0

SWITCH PACK | | =1

EIA PORT A

MODEM

20mA PORT

CONTROL

| _SELECTED _
SELECTED

DATA &

SIGNALS

l
I

1
HOST

LINE

WRITING

COMPUTER

PRINTER

TABLET
MA-8190

Figure

Table

5-33

5-10

I/0

Port

Selection

Port

Selection

©SL@#

Selection

MUX

Port

Inputs

SL1

)

EIA

)

Hardcopy

Self-test

Note

Level

Block

Diagram

Transmit

Channel

The

CPU

sends

the

data

the

8251A.

This

to
of

the
the

I/0

port

where
the
transmission
format
mode instruction register. The

is put
together
according
data stream is shifted out

8251A

The

serially

selected

the

(Figure
The

logic.
mA drive

the

TxD

line.

data

goes

through

the

The SOPS register bits SL1 and SL@#
(L,H)
selects
circuitry to transmit the data to host computer

5-34).

data

that

transferred

out

the

line

goes

through

photo transistor. When the photo transistor circuit receives the
mark bit, the photo cell transistor is cut off. This allows Q7 to
conduct
which
1in
turn
causes
Q08
to
conduct.
When
Q7
and
08
transistors
are
turned
on
the
source
current
(18--5¢0
mA)
flows
from

When

the

photo

the photo
then cuts

through

and

Q8,

transistor

transistor
off Q8. The

Channel

loop.

a mark

circuit

receives

The

receiver

The

receiver

is detected,

The

channel

(Figure

the

marking

detects

5-35).

current

(start

This keeps a constant current
transistor out to pin 5.
channel

receiver

monitors

channel

to
a binary one.
If
a space
is detected,
changes the space to a binary zero.

manner

space

bit),

turns on.
This action cuts off Q7,
which
current that flows from pin 2 goes through

the constant current diode.
that goes through the photo
Receiver

out

The

mark

marking

causes

the

and

state

photo

the

space

the

diode

the

current

changes

the mark

receiver

the

initial

channel

following

condition.

conduct.

When

the

photo diode passes 18 to 50 mA of current,
the photo transistor
turns on. The conduction of the photo transistor causes a positive
voltage drop that turns on Q6. When Q6 conducts, a mark condition
exists.
The output of Q6 is inverted.
The mark bit goes through
the receiver multiplexer to the RxD input of the 8251A.
When

start

bit

detected

from
(18 to 50 mA)
to
the
photo
transistor

(@ to
which

(space)

inverted
().
The
space
signal
multiplexer to the RxD input of the
Table

5-11

shows

the

received

current

drops

2 mA). The space condition cuts off
cuts
off
Q6.
The
output of
Q6
is

goes
8251A.

transmitter

through

and

the

receives

receiver

1interface

specifications.
EIA

Port

The

data

transfer

the EIA drivers or receivers
show the block diagrams.

are

the

same

selected.

5-54

the

Figures

port

5-36

except

and

5-37

CUT OFF FOR

A MARK

CONDUCTING

FOR A SPACE

-—

SERIAL

DATA

INPUT

HOST

COMPUTER

—

=2mA

CONSTANT

SOURCE

CURRENT

e = MARK CONDITION

DIODE

CURRENT
0-2mA =OFF =0
10 mA

18-50mA = ON = MARK = 1

*= H:

MARK

L: SPACE
MA-8175.

Figure

5-34

20 mA Transmit

Loop

J1
+5V

7
o

-Do—~

SERIAL

DATA

R xD ——

(

(’

SPIKE

HOST

COMPUTER

PROTECTION

"‘VA"

R+

R—

—.:
Figure

5-35

MA-8195
20

Receive

Loop

Table

5-11

Interface

Specifications

Transmitter

Min

Max

Units

voltage

5.0

Volts

Voltage

drop marking

2.0

Volts

Spacing

current

~—

2.9

Marking

current

Min

Max

Units

2.3

Volts

Open

circuit

Receiver
Voltage

drop

marking

Spacing

current

3.0

Marking

current

CONTROL
CPU

FIRMWARE

GET DATA

CPU

ROM

A12-A8

12 LINES

LATCH

{vs LINES

]

AOQ

\fl

DATA

CONTROL

R 040

MEMORY

43 LiNes|

A7-A0 |/OM.WRT RD—Z—
ADDRESS

RAM

DATA

ADR, CONTROL, DATA

/0 WRT

BUFFER

7orD___!

DECODER

y
DO-D7

=
TxC

lcsEl

UART

WRT,RD\J

[

BAUD RATE

COMMUNICATION INTERFACE

GENERATOR | RxC

8251A

TxD

START BIT
MARKING]

PARITY

BITS

BIT 49/

[oaTaBits]

STOP

]
Tx
/0 PORT

SELECTOR

SL1=T

fof

EIA

|TXDJ 2 > HOST
COMPUTOR

ISLO=L

SOPS
REGISTER

Figure

5-36

EIA Transmit

5-56

MA-8201

HERE IS DATA

FIRMWARE | CONTROL cPU

|cPu

ROM

ADR

A12-A8

Ir_

g@fi?afifim RxC

BLINES

DATA

CONTROL

AB-AD

MEMORY

\/OM WRT,RD —

LATCH

1= l

DATA

ADDRESS

C SEL

12 LINES

AT-AQ

RAM
CONTROL DATA

I/0 WRT

I/O RD

BUFFER

[ DECODER ]

||-UART
WRT yaj

DO-D7

' COMMUNICATION

INTERFACE

8251A

RxD

START

PARITY

BIT

RxD|

|pAaTAaBITS|

_STOP

BITS

—

% PORT |2 .

SELECTOR
SL1=L

SLO=L

HOST

MPUTE

SOPS

MA-8171

Figure

5-37

EIA

Receive

5.2.3.5

image

Hardcopy

Overview

information to

compatible

device)

The

hardcopy

a hardcopy device
obtain

permanent

information in the bit map memory is
attribute
1information
1is
ignored.

mode

(LA34-VA or
record

outputs

another

future

the
to the device. The video
four
ways
of
entering

sent
The

on paper.

screen

Only

are:

hardcopy mode
1.

Normal

Auto-Hardcopy

Screen

Dump

3.
4.

Partial-Hardcopy
Hardcopy Dump in Graphics

Mode.

Normal Screen Dump -- Once initiated the screen is frozen and the
entire image prints. Use SHIFT/PFl keys or DECHP escape sequence
(ESC #7) to enter this mode.

Auto

Hardcopy

-- This

similar

the

normal

screen dump but

is initiated automatically before the screen clears
entire display of new text lines onto the display.
Auto

Hardcopy

(ESC

[

2 24 h ]

enabled

using

hardcopy before completion,
* The

last

Partial

use

the

letter

the

sequence

Hardcopy

This

prints

[

the parameters
ESC

Set-Up

Pn;

(AHl1l)

and disabled by AH@ or ESC

the

following

SHIFT/PFl
a

PDH escape

sequence

keys.
1

scrolls

escape

2 24 1

lowercase

the number

DEC

[

To abort

(1548).

lines

specified

sequence

This escape sequence freezes the display and prints from the text
line specified by the first parameter to the line specified by the
second

parameter.

Hardcopy Dump
ReGIS

in Graphics Mode -- Hardcopy can be

screen command with hardcopy option:
(H

only

defaults

Y1]

one

parameter

using

Y2])

parameter

the

initiated

current

specified,

graphics

the whole

cursor

screen

the

other

Y position.

is copied.

parameter

neither

Graphics Data Stream Format -- The LA34-VA graphic printer accepts
the hardcopy data from the VK180 in the following format:
CR SP SP
pcs pn
F

DCS

.
.

SD
SD

.
.

ST
ST

PLO
PLO

Where:
CR
SP
DCS
Pn

Carriage

SPACE

Device

Parameter

=
=

2/0)
Control String:
value

for

ESC

horizontal

resolution

String

Terminator:

returns

the

Partial

Line

graphic

data.

Line

connected

printer

shows

the

shared

cables

terminals

DCS.

two

with

(Figure

terminals)

both

systems.

MALE PLUG

FEMALE

UK100

/CONNECTION

tetot

—

-+o+e4—— LINE PRINTER

CTS
RTS

|5. o 1

\_A_/
A

TxD

RxD

’ to4
TERMINAL ——tetot

! e

+ot-ot
1

LA34-VA

r*-j——
\_A_

BC22A-XX
MA-8186

Figure

5-38

Line

Printer

Terminal

Connected

line

ways.

terminal

multi-terminals

by many

used

©processing

the

moves

Line printer connected only to a single
5-38)
(Line printer dedicated to one terminal)

5-38

VK1@@

ESC

printer

Down:

Character

prior

printer

(Line

connects

ESC\.

method

line

Figure

selection:

for horizontal resolution
This
final
character
donates
the
subsequent
characters
are
encoded
raster
data
to
be
printed.
String Data

PLO

The

Return

(ASCII

Single

(Figure

5-39)

—<

BC22A-XX OR EQUIVALENT CABLE

BC22B-XX OR EQUIVALENT CABLE

Y BC22B-01 (Y-CABLE)

—> MALE EIA CONNECTOR
—\

FEMALE EIA CONNECTOR
MA-8203

Figure

5-39

Printer

Connection

Terminals

and

Multiple

Connhector Names

Line Printer -- Connected
to Multi-terminals
-The
VK100
has
the ability to organize multi-terminal demands for the hardcopy

device. When the terminal outputs to the hardcopy device,
all
other terminals in the chain are locked out. The next terminal to
be
served
depends
on:
the
position
of
the
currently printing
terminal,
its relation to other terminals
entering order of the hardcopy requests.

general,

higher
number

long

the

terminal

farthest

away

from

the

chain,

and

the

printer

has

the

priority and prints next. There is no limitation on the
of VK100 terminals that can connect to the line printer as

the

maximum

number of VK10@s

distance

serviced

between

terminals

limited by the

users

feet.

response

The

time.

When a VK100 is powered off, all upstream terminals (farthest away
from the hardcopy device) are broken off the chain. The upstream
terminals are reconnected to the printer by bypassing the Y cable
on the powered off terminal.

5.2.3.5.1
VK108 Daisy Chain Bus Control -- The daisy-chain bus
connecting
the VK1@@s
to
the
LA34-VA Graphic
Line
Printer
1is
divided into data and control lines.
Data

Lines

Transmit

Receive

Control

(TxD)
(RxD)

Lines

Request

Clear

Send

(RTS)

(CTS)

Figure 5-40 shows how each terminal interactively
terminal uses the VK1@@ daisy-chain bus.

5-60

controls

which

T‘
O

ACTS

CTS

TO STATUS “B"” «———

SERIALLY DATA

DATA

TxD FROM 8251A—

O
—

amm

XMIT | HARD COPY

RTS L

BCTS

xo e

RxD TO 8251A «— RCV

DCTS

UCTS

+12V

TO 8251A DSR INPUT =
MA-8183

Figure

The

signals

that

Upstream

5-40

Logic

use

the

transmit

Downstream

Hardcopy

hardcopy

data

transmit

for

daisy

Bus

Control

chain

are:

(UTxD)

data

(DTxD)

Upstream receive data (UPxD)
Downstream receive data (DRxD)
Upstream

clear

Downstream

clear

send
to

(UCTS)

send

(DCTS)

Upstream request to send (URTS)
Downstream request to send
(DRTS)

Terminals

the

daisy-chain

bus

use

interconnecting

that
allows
only one
terminal
at
a
time
to
following paragraphs describe this dialogue.
BUS

When
URTS
UCTS

NOT

use

the

dialogue
bus.

The

BUSY

the bus is not busy each VK100 has as inputs, DCTS low and
high. The logic in each VK100 passes on the output signals,
low and DRTS high. All VK100 are enabled to transfer data.

5-61

CPU

WANTS

CPU

that

USE

Status
Status

BUS

wants

The

transfer

ACTS

bit

bus

When
the

the
RTS

CPU

bit

following
1.

reflects

when

ACTS

the

bit=1

and

DSR

bit=1

and

ACTS

command

registers.

condition

DCTS

bit=g.

DSR
the

goes

becomes DCTS high
a one to
a 2zero.

high

and
The

equal

prevent

bit=@,
8251A.

it
RTS

then

clears

switches

the

zero

the

upstream

terminal

this

signal

is inverted changing the
upstream terminals have

the

terminals

from

ACTS
ACTS

using

bus.

DRTS goes low -- in the downstream terminal this signal
name becomes URTS low and is inverted changing the DSR
bit from a zero to a one. The downstream terminals have

USING

DSR

bits

the

bus.

equal

one

NOT

prevent

the

terminals

from

using

control

the

bus

transfers

the

data

sets
RTS.
busy.

RTS

BUSY

the

CPU finishes the data
transfer
the
CPU
the UCTS and DRTS and the bus is no longer

switches

5.2.3.5.2
printer

BUS

The terminal after gaining
to the line printer (TxD).

Hardcopy Data

the

following

Transfer

sequence

-- To

takes

transfer

data

the

SET-UP

2.
3.

The DVM register is loaded. Direction equals 2.
The direction register is loaded. Direction equals 6.

the

The
The
The

X and Y register 1is loaded.
Baud Rate Generator is loaded.
instruction format register is

following

SYSTAT

sequence of events

(X0,

screen RAM,
issuing the

the

zero

bits

in a

Y@)

line

place.

4,
5.
6.

For

1inverted

name
from

BUS

the

UCTS

the

When

status

signals.

bits

CPU

two

bit=1). The DSR bit reflects the condition of
(DSR bit=@). The only time a VK1@#@ can use the

finds

reads

B (checks ACTS bit)
8251A (checks DSR bit)

low (ACTS
URTS high

data

loaded.

refer to

Firmware

Figure 5-41.

reads

bits

from

the

(bits @, 1, 2 and 3 of scan line 2zero) by
instruction SYSTAT A. When the CPU receives

it masks out bits

2 and

in the CPU.

3 and saves bit

SYSTAT
screen

issuing

-- Firmware reads 4 bits from the
(X8, Y2)
A
(bits @, 1, 2 and 3 of scan 1line two) by
RAM,
the

instruction

the four bits
zero

SYSTAT

it masks out bits

LSB

When

position.

the

and

CPU

receives

3 and saves bit

The above sequence continues
until
six
reads are done
(X@, Y12). At this time six-bit position zeros are stored
in a register in the CPU.
The firmware makes an ASCII character by adding 877 octal
to the contents of register X and sends the new value to
the 8251A transmit buffer.

The 8251A assembles the data into the correct
transfers the data to the line printer.

The

line printer

subtracts
256

When

@077

receives and

octal

byte

buffer.

its

buffer

from

and

stores

filled,

the

line

XOFF
to
the
Receive
interrupts
the
CPU,
characters.

When

Starting
follows.

bit

transmits
at

XON

SCAN LINE @¢--12
six bit 767
SCAN LINE 12--26
six bit 767

the

six

SCAN LINE 226--240
six bit 767

buffer

CPU.

position

bit

six

and

transmission,

the

result

printer

transmits

Data buffer
in
the
8251A.
This
signalling
it
to
stop
sending

the

zero

assembles the

format,

the

zeros,

bit

six

able

zeros,

bit

5-63

data

receive

bit

ones

six

bit

ones

six

bit

data

transferred

six

zeros,

ones

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> > > > > >
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ocooocoo
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XXX
X X X

5-64

H3d4ng

3916AC8

5.2.4

Keyboard

keyboard

logic

The

keyboard

the

user's

is divided

Keyboard

input

into

two

device

sections.

the

terminal.

The

Matric

The keyboard switches are arranged like a typewriter with
a numerical keypad.
The keyboard matrix also provides
light

indicators.

Keyboard Interface
The
keyboard
interface
is
module and determines which

The keyboard
space
(RAM).

is a firmware scanned key array, mapped into memory
The CPU reads the keyboard array 16 times every 60th

of
a
second
to
find
out
keyboard logic consists of:
Keyboard
Array

on
the
terminal
controller
keys have been pressed.

any

keys

switches

columns

(1--15)

have

been

pressed.

The

array

column

selector

Indicators
Audible section
The

keyboard

matrix.

switch
The

array

There

has

CPU

its

consists

are

own

selects

column

the

and

column

arranged

and

row position

read

(Figure

using

rows

column,

(A--F).

row

Each

5-42).

address

bits

A@--A3.

When column one is selected, a ground (low) is present on one side
of the following switches: SET-UP, ESC, TAB, ENTER and PFl. If one
or more of the switches is pressed, the lows will be felt on the

corresponding
Figure

5-43

row

shows

bits.

Then

column

two

the

CPU

does

addressed

with

keyboard
the

read

switch

(KBRD).
pressed.

The A switch pressed means the row C output is low and when the
KBRD is active D2 goes low. All other bits are high. The code sent
to RAM memory for an A is 11111011.
The
keyboard
write
register
controls
the
audible
and
1indicator
logic.
Bits 1--6 control the
indicators.
Bit six output has two
destinations:

The

ON-LINE

Inverted

following

are

LGD

bit

six

LOCAL

the

indicators.

indicator

L2
L1l
HARDCOPY

BASIC
NO

SCROLL

ON-LINE
LOCAL

Bit

six

controls

the

ON-LINE/LOCAL

5-65

signal.

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L4IHS

LOGIC BOARD KEYBOARD SECTION
KEYBOARD
MATRIX

COLUMN 0

COLUMN 2

-O

—O0

O
-0

w|o

—O0

Ylo

—0

-O

(]

COLUMN 7

L.. o]

—O0

o
o]

COLUMN 15

o
o)

ADDRESS BITS A3, A2, A1, A0

o
.|

LED®

LEDS

CAPS

ROWA

ROWB

ock

Rowe

ROWD

ROWE

+5V

LED 7

1
-

ARE EQUALTO (2)0010
TO SELECT COLUMN 2

ROW F

‘

2
3

. D4

<
>

fog D

I L 1o

L SHIFT (5%

‘P

R SHIFT

»D6

D7
—————
KBD R
MA-8182

Figure

5-43

Keyboard

Road

with

" All

Switch

Pressed

Write

emitted
5-44)
.
A

one-shot

output
The

from

and

for

signal

1loudspeaker:

multivibrator

is high

beeper

bits

the

1.5 ms
is

high

5.2.5

Power

Supply

delivers

three

requlated

control
the

the

two

audible

sounds

keyclick

and

beeper

(Figure

determines

the

keyclick

and

low for

30.2 ms.

for

17.2

and

low

for

signal.

16.5

the

ms.

The VK100 is driven by a free running,
flyback mode,
off-line
switching power supply. It accepts either 115 or 23¢ Vac input and
dc

outputs:

+12

V -5

LED CONTROL

8|7|6ls[a]a]2]1]0
0

BDO —»

BD1—»

BD2

BD4 —»

BD5

BASIC

_[T5)—

ON LINE

@__

NO-SCROLL @__—°+5V

—»

’ LLOCAL
0

0 BD 6 —»
1

HARD COPY

1 BD3 —»

01010100

—’l |<-1.5mS

—-Do—IKEYCUCKEa}

BD7 —»

BLEEPER

30.2mS

Int

16.5mS—

|ASI

}
—17.2mS
e

KBDW

(ADR=68)

Figure

5-44

MA-8299

LED

(Indicator)

Bleeper

Block

5-68

Keyclicks

Diagram

and

The

power

supply

has

the

following

protection.

Overcurrent Protection -- No
result from a short circuit

output
of the

terminals. Normal
short circuit.

Overvoltage
to

protection

protect

the

load

damage
of any

to the power supply
duration across the

operation

from

resumes

crowbar

damage.

removal

provided

circuit

The

the +12 V output voltage range is
Vdc.
No
damage
to
the
power

upon

crowbar

activates

activation of the crowbar
for any duration and
ambient temperature within specification limits.
Tolerance

Output

Current

Voltage
Figure
5-45
follows.
The

mains

rectified

are

and

VD2.

-11.4

+12

9.2

0.9A

-12

9.2

0.0875A

power

brought

and

BDl1

supply

through

deliver

C6,

and

transient

turning

the

ramp.

1is
delivered
capacitive input

from

turn-on

by the
winding

The

compares

When

1is

schematic.

EMI

and

voltage

explanation

(T1l,

Cl,

3008

Current

suppressed

Q2,

this

the

energy

windings

through

filters

the

Thereafter
this
task
is
T2
driving
through
R4
and
during the ring down following

varies
level

with

line

and
of

load.

base

SCRI

turned

causing

used

overvoltage.,

off

when

turn

crowbar

a
in

sufficient

also

stored

R1l.

R12

with

rectifiers,

the

can

VD1

outputs.

across

voltage

inductance

off,

and

across

surge

its

voltage created by L4 and R15 combination
Q3, T3 terminates Q2's drive..
Q2

C2,

Vdc

are

charging

turned

The

C9.

voltages

smoothing

done

filter,

transistor

T2,

frequency

output

any

-12.6

approximately

secondary

and

12.6

C8,

feedback
winding
initiates turn-on

operating
the

the

filters

C7,

power

primary

none.

filter

current

IC3

the

and

linear

flyback.

11.4

input

across

Initial

-12

applied

performed
Cl@. This

+12

adjustments

shows

C3)

capacitive
limited by

Band

between 13.0 V and 15.0
supply
results
from

sufficient

voltage

Q3.

When

turn

the

developed

on.

designed

protect

against

output

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CHAPTER
TESTING

6.1
The

AND

TROUBLESHOOTING

INTRODUCTION
terminal contains a complete set of hardware self-test
programs
that
check
all
of
the
major
terminal
functions.
The
self-test indicates that a problem exists and where the problem
is.
VK10@

Self-test
tests

mode

has

two

tests

check

the

condition

turned

on.

Diagnostic

automatically

terminal

power

outputs.

Diagnostic

The

self-test

tests

functions

power-up

require

the

and
of

terminal

tests

optional

VK100

diagnostic.

the

are

check

test

Power-up
every

the

time

terminal

connectors.

invoked

one

three

ways:

Automatic

Escape

Sequences

Tests

SET-UP

Mode

(PUPTST)
(CSITST)

(SETST)

6.1.1
Automatic Tests
(PUPTST)
-- The user has no control of
the
automatic
confidence
tests
1invoked
when
the
terminal
1is
powered on.
The same tests may be
1invoked by doing
a
terminal
reset
(using SHIFT "-" key). These tests may also be called as a
group through the various methods listed below.
6.1.2

Escape

Sequences

(CSITST)

Test

All power-up tests
External communication

AUV

Pn
-

escape sequence: ESC [3;Pn;Pn;...y]
be performed as follows:

Any
are

set of
always

-- All
where

tests
Pn

are

invoked

selects

the

test

Selected

Hardcopy communication
Display pattern test
Color bar test
Repeat selected

these tests
executed in

tests

test
test

until

failure

may be selected in
numerical order.

any

order;

however,

they

The test select data is stored in a single byte (TSTSEL), with one
bit
for
each
test/option
selected.
While
the
CPU,
ROM and
RAM
tests are running,
these select bits are stored in register E,
preserving this register.

6.1.3
mode,

SET-UP
setting

Mode

(SETST)

mode

called,

accumulates

6.1.4

Error

Reporting

reported

one

Fatal

Non-fatal

two

any

the

number

terminal

the

Errors

test

has

1in

exactly

SET-UP

same
effect
as
specifying
the
same
parameter
in
the
above
escape
sequence.
The selected tests are executed when ST@ is set. Thus
typing
ST190
selects
all
the
power-up
tests
and
repeats
these
tests
until
failure.
Every
time
the
ST
parameter
set
routine

(STPPST)

When

the

select

occurring

data

during

the

(TSTSEL).

any

test

are

ways:

errors

6.1.4.1
Fatal Errors
the
terminal
to
be

(TSTERROR) -A fatal error
(which causes
useless)
displays
an
error
code
1in
the
LOCAL indicator, alternating with a possible
Line indicator,
each for about 1/2 second.

indicators with
data item with

the
the

Table

6-1

shows

the

Table

6-1

Possible

Error

Codes

Basic

Copy

CPU Register

ROM Error

Data=Bits 14,13,12 of

RAM Error

Data=Bit Number of RAM

Video Bit Map Error

Data=Bit Number of

)

Vector Generator

)

possible

Error

error

codes.

Codes
Data

Hard

Error

Data=1111

ROM Address

CRT Controller
Register

Error

Screen

RAM

Data=1111

Error

Data=1111

Error

6.1.4.2
Non-Fatal Errors -- Errors which allow some portion
the terminal to be useful display an error code in the center
the screen. The following are the possible error codes.

The

ERR

Keyboard

error

ERR

Internal

communication

test

error

ERR

External

communication

test

error

ERR

Hardcopy

test

two-byte

completion

of
any

the

mnemonic

for

terminal

screen.

non-fatal

The

POWER-UP

Power-up

self-tests

error

initialization

terminal

errors

6.2

the

are

of
of

always

detected

stored

comes

(only

(TSTERM)

and

displayed

local

LOCAL

the

indicator

upon

center

mode

1lit).

SELF-TEST
check

the

following

terminal

circuits.

Microprocessor

Visual

and

audible

indicators

Read only memory (ROM)
Random access memory (RAM)
CRT

controller

CRT

timing

Vector timing
Video bit map
Vector

generator

Keyboard

Communications
The

The

power-up

(internal)

self-test

can

Turn

Reset

the

terminal

keypad

PF4

keys

Select

the

set-up

Receive

command

power-up

running,
the
sense.
This
appears

the

terminal

self-test

started

power

switch

self-test

takes

the

about

monitor displays
1is
normal.
Once

four
to

pressing

together

from

the

SET-UP
feature

host

different
on

ways.

position.

shift

and

auxiliary

mode.
(ST1l).

computer.

seconds.

While

the

test

various patterns that do not make
the
test
1is
complete
the
cursor

1in
the
upper
1left
corner
of
the
monitor
and
only
the
ON-LINE indicator is turned on.
If the self-test finds an error,
it shows on either the keyboard or the monitor.

6.2.1
8085 CPU Test (CPUTST)
The microprocessor test checks

the

following

two

patterns

>>H

>>L

two

and

patterns

The

writing

registers:
in

the

registers.

The

are:

21010101

test

0101010

PATTERN

follows:
A

>>E

The
pattern
is
loaded
in
the
accumulator
(A
register)
shifted to the B register ... shifted to the SP.

which

Firmware

SP.

clears

registers

The

end

with

and

then
the

does

219101061

010106101

firmware

compares

the

contents

the contents of the A register.
an error code 1is generated.

and

The

error

The

data

the

code
code

first

tested

=
=

add

with

the

The

the

either

and

test

finds

with

difference,

@000
1111

pattern

the

double

following.

After

same

checked,

the

second

pattern

loaded

manner.

6.2.2
Visual and Audible Indicators
The
firmware
when
testing
the
indicators
and
bleeper
circuits
loads the accumulator with a value
(81010619).
This turns on the
ON-LINE, NO SCROLL, HARDCOPY and L2 indicators and the bleeper for
approximately
6.2.3

The
the

ROM

1/4

second

Test

(ROM

(Figure

5-4).

TST)

ROM test verifies the addressability,
order and data of all
ROMs present in the VK1@@8. Only the CPU (8085A) and the ROMs

are used
in this test.
There are four ROMs
there is an error, the indicators blink.

that

are

tested.

Hard

with
with

code
data

equal
equal

to
to

Basic

copy

ROM failure
address of ROM

error

start

the

Each

test

ROM

the

has

following

check

function

steps.

byte

Set

initial

Rotate

check

value

left

one

Exclusive-OR current

value

with

this

ROM

1is

current

value
indicates

Program

program

Test

checks

ones

and

zeros

only
into

the
the

8885 CPU
RAMs.

the

high byte

1is
2zero,
an error.

RAM

somewhere

value

and

(RAM

TST)

see

that

and

every

the

ROM

stored

and

6.2.4

The

ROM

each

ROM address +

ROM

bit.
ROM byte.

correct.

Any

other

wvalue

written

with

every

address

RAMs.

address.

The

bit

can

correct.

following

This

test

uses

patterns

are

written

into

RAM

memory.

11111111

21010101
10101010
0000000

The

ROM

start

firmware

writes

the

all

the

RAM

test

perform

Read

the

first

byte

the

pattern

ones

pattern

the

following

the

steps

for

each

RAM

o0ld

pattern

(all

error

occurs.

byte.
1.

ones).

error

byte
3.

location

the

error

bit

and

found,

and

compare

write

continue

indicators

number

RAM

with

different,
new

this

blink

bits

pattern

sequence

with

simple

(including
CPU,

bit

ROM,

map
l.

vector

the

attribute

Program

RAM
Set

pattern

test

RAM

pattern

blue.
2.

Set

vertical

written

memory)

and

perform

is
the

the

and

vector

position

for

then

read

@010,

the

back.

generator.

first

the

data

entire

The

start

and

memory

test

uses

the

video

green

algorithm:

blink

zero.

the

done.

read/write

throughout

following

01010101(,),
2

code

into

until

error.

6.2.5
Video Bit Map RAM Test (VBMTST)
This test checks the entire video bit map
l.

the

off,

color

256

Set

Write

six

times:

horizontal

128

dot

position

vector

zero.

horizontal

the

right.

Repeat

color

times.

Increment

vertical

For

pattern

the

following.

Set

position

10101010(,),

blink

on,

red;

pattern = flfl@fl@flflfl(z), bl%nk = off, color = dark; perform
vertical

256

Set

position

zero.

times:
horizontal

position

zero.

times
4

horizontal

Advance

horizontal

Compare

written. If
indicated.

bits

just

Read 4 attribute bits
at current position.

Compare

bits

pattern

different

Decrement

Write

just

horizontal
dot

vertical

current

position

pattern

Increment

times:

Read

vector

read
is

read

with

last

different,

(blink,

position

green,

with

last

pattern
error

red,

indicated.

position

12.

position

the
by

blue)

pattern.

error

right.

If error indicators blink with code = 0611, then the data = the
bit number of data in error (bits @--11 are bit map bits, 13--16
are

attribute

bits).

Vector Generator Test (VGNTST)
6.2.6
The vector generator test writes a series

of vectors

from a

single

point and comparises a small portion of the resultant bit map with
an expected result. This test uses the 8085, ROM, Program RAM, and
video

bit map RAM.

6-6

start

the

vector

generator

Clear

video

Write

the

starting

bit

test

the

following

sequence

vectors

(Figure

and compare the 8 by 8 dot sample from
(8,7),(7,7) with the following pattern:

(0,0)

6-1)

(-1,0)

Read

steps:

map

following

perform

00100000

(0,0),(7,0)

(7,0)

00100000

00100001
10100000

00100000
0100000
00100000
(0,7)

00010000

pattern

(7,7)

not

error

following

identical

occurs

the

error

occurs.

1indicators

will

blink

patterns.

Code=0101
Data=1111

Vector
Seauence

Generator

Vector

Test

(to

write

seauence

vector)

(8)

DU
76543210

DVUM
76543210

DIR
76543210

PMUL
3210

PAT
76543210

WOPS
76543210

60001000

11111010

00001111

1111

10011100

01111000

00001001

11111011

00001101

1110

10101000

01111001

60000111

11111100

00001010

1101

11100000

01111010

Figure

6-1

Vector Generator

Sequence

the

6.2.7
CRT Controller Test (CRTST)
This test makes sure that the CRT controller
and written. Only one register of the CRT
register,
1is
read/write.
This
test
uses
patterns

are

used

this

@lfllfllfll(z),

registers

can

read

controller,
the cursor
the
CPU
and
ROM.
Two

test.

lfllfllfllfl(z)

Write the cursor low
it with the pattern.

Read the cursor low register and compare with
the pattern is different or an error occurs.

If
an
error
occurs
following patterns.

the

(register

15)

1indicators

and

compare

pattern.

blink

the

will

Code=@0101
Data=1111

6.2.8

CRT Timing

Firmware

routine

checks

controller.
If V SYNC
error 1s generated.

for

not

Code

(1001080

(Local

Data

1061111

(On-Line,

and

the

SYNC

received

DIAGNOSTIC

purposes
terminal

and for error
isolation
contains five diagnostic

Hardcopy,

TESTS

These tests are not normally executed by
initiated via setup or escape sequences.

External

communications

test

Hardcopy

communications

test

following

6.3.1

ms,

from

the

CRT

timing

L1,

L2)

the terminal. They can be
They exist for diagnostic

in repair
tests.

operations.

The

VK100

test

Color bar test
Screen alignment

The

Hardcopy)

Basic,

6.3

Display

signal

within

pattern

paragraphs

External

describe

Communications

Each

test.

Test

This test is an extension of the internal communications test in
the power-up test.
In
the
external
communications
test
the
transmit and receive lines are connected through a special
loopback
connector.
A
predefined
set
of
characters
are
then
transmitted.

The

terminal

receives

the

characters

and

compares

them to the characters transmitted. If the characters do not match
an
error
1is
indicated.
This
test
1is
performed
for
all
communications

This

test

speeds.

requires

an optional

loopback

connector.

following

test perform the

the

external

communications

Turn

terminal

power

Disconnect the communications cable from the

Install

start

steps:

rear

the

terminal.

terminal

the

connector

1loopback

optional

the

communications output connector. Loopback connector part
number 12-13336-00 is for EIA communications; part number
70-13503-00 is for 280 mA current loop communications.

Turn

terminal

Place

the

Verify

Set

Exit

the

off.

error

monitor.

power

terminal
SET-UP

mode

SET-UP mode.

feature

self-test

SET-UP

on.

(CI@=EIA;

SET-UP feature
by

pressing

mA).

selection

SET-UP

key.

(ST2).

This

starts

found

Paragraph

for

the

test.

CI1l=20

6.4

the

lists

test

the

cursor

displayed

error

displayed

codes

and

the

their

meanings.
6.3.2

Hardcopy Communications

Test

This test is similar to the external communications test described
above.
In
the
hardcopy
communications
test,
the
transmit
and
receive
hardcopy output
1lines
are
connected
through
an
EIA
loopback connector.
A predefined
set
of
characters
1s
then
transmitted.
The
terminal
receives
the
characters
and
compares
them to the characters transmitted. If the characters do not match
an error is 1indicated.
This

test

start

requires

optional

loopback

the

hardcopy

communications

Turn

terminal

power

Disconnect

connector.

test

perform

the

following

steps:

the

off.

hardcopy

printer

cable

from

the

rear

terminal.

Install the optional loopback connector on the terminal
hardcopy connector. The loopback connector is part number
12-13336-00.

Turn

Place

terminal

the

power

terminal

on.

SET-UP mode.

6-9

Set

Exit
the

error

the

self-test

SET-UP

set-up

mode

feature

for

pressing

the

test

the

cursor

lists

the

displayed

selection

SET-UP

key.

(ST3).

This

starts

test.

found

monitor.
Paragraph
meanings.

6.4

displayed

error

codes

and

the

their

6.3.3
Display Test
This
test
displays
a
full
screen
of
blue,
red,
green,
white,
black,
and
a
crosshatch pattern.
Each display screen
lasts
for
approximately one-half second and the crosshatch pattern remains
on the screen at the end of the test. On a black and white monitor
the test displays full screens of increasing intensity.
To

start

the

display

Place

Set

Exit
the

the

test

perform

terminal

self-test

SET-UP

mode

the

SET-UP

set-up
by

following

steps.

mode.

feature

pressing

for

the

selection

SET-UP

key.

(ST4).

This

starts

test.

An error in this test occurs if one of the display
shown. If this happens the monitor attached to the
may have failed. Proceed with the color bar test.
To clear the monitor screen reset
SHIFT and PF4/RESET keys together.

the

terminal

screens 1is not
VK100 terminal

pressing

the

6.3.4
Color Bar Test
This test displays a color bar/grey scale pattern on the monitor.
The color bar/grey scale pattern consists of eight equally spaced

vertical
order

bars.

from

right:

left

color

Black

Green

Blue

Red

Cyan
Yellow

Magenta

White

monitor

the

bars

are

the

following

On
a
monochrome
(black
and
white)
monitor
the
bars
show
as
different shades of grey. The bars start as black on the left and
increase in intensity to a white bar on the right of the display.

start

the

color

Place

Set

Exit
the

the

bar

test

terminal

self-test

SET-UP mode
test.

perform
in

following

steps:

SET-UP mode.

set-up
by

the

feature

pressing

the

for

selection

SET-UP

key.

(STS5).

This

starts

error

not

this

displayed

error condition
the video cable

test

occurs

portion

the

color

the

bar/grey

pattern

scale

missing.

pattern

Either

indicates that the attached monitor has failed,
is not connected properly, or the VK1@@ terminal

has

failed.
If you suspect that the terminal has failed,
connect
it to a different monitor and perform both the display and color
bar/grey scale tests. If the same symptoms are present the second
time the terminal has probably failed.

To clear
the monitor
screen
reset
SHIFT and PF4/RESET keys together.

6.3.5
This

Screen Alignment Pattern
test
fills
the
screen
with

crosshatch pattern
VK10@ terminal.
To

place

perform

the

adjusts

screen

following

crosshatch

display

alignment

monitor

pattern

pressing

the

pattern.

The

connected

the

monitor

the

screen

steps:

Place

Set

Exit SET-UP mode by pressing the SET-UP key. This starts
the
display
test.
At
the
end
of
the
display
test
the
screen alignment pattern remains on the screen.

clear

SHIFT
6.4

the

and

the

terminal

self-test

monitor

PF4/RESET
ERROR

There

are

errors

cause

set-up

screen

keys

SET-UP

mode.

feature

reset

the

for

selection

terminal

(ST4).

pressing

the

together.

CODES

two