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AA-Y660A-TK

December 1983

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Document:	PRO/GIDIS Manual
Order Number:	AA-Y660A-TK
Revision:	0
Pages:	146
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PRO/GIDIS Manual
Order No. AA-Y660A-TK

December 1983

This document describes PRO/GIDIS, DIGITAL's General Image Display
Instruction Set, as implemented for the Professional Developer's Tool Kit. It
is a user guide and reference manual for programmers developing graphics
applications for the Professional personal computers.

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM:

Professional Host Tool Kit,V1.7 or later
PRO/Tool Kit V1.0 or later

SOFTWARE SYSTEM:

PROjGIDIS V1.7

DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION
Maynard, Massachusetts 01754

First Printing, December 1983

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should
not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital
Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear
in this document.
The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may only
be used or copied in accordance with the terms of such license.
No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment that
is not supplied by DIGITAL or its affiliated companies.
The specifications and drawings, herein, are the property of Digital Equipment
Corporation and shall not be reproduced or copied or used in whole or in part as
the basis for the manufacture or sale of items without written permission.

Copyright © 1983 by Digital Equipment Corporation
All Rights Reserved
The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:
CTI BUS
DEC
DECmate
DECsystem-10
DECSYSTEM-20
DECUS
DECwriter
DIBOL

mamaama

MASSBUS
PDP
P/OS
PRO/BASIC
PRO/Communications
Professional
PRO/FMS
PRO/RMS
PROSE
PROSE PLUS

Rainbow
RSTS
RSX
Tool Kit
UNIBUS
VAX
VMS
VT
Work Processor

CONTENTS

. . . . . . . . . . . vii

PREFACE
CHAPTER 1
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1. 5.4
1.5.5
1. 5.6
1.5.7
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.11.1
1.11.2
1.12
1.12.1
1.12.2
1.12.3
1.12.4
1.12.5
1.13
1.13.1
1.13.2
1.13.3
1.13.4
1.13.5
1.13.6
1.13.7
1.14
1.15
CHAPTER 2
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2

INTRODUCTION TO PRO/GIDIS
OVERVIEW • • • • • • • ' . .
••••
• • • . 1-1
RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER GRAPHICS TOOLS
. • . • • 1-2
WHEN TO USE PRO/GIDIS
••••••...•.
1-2
WHEN NOT TO USE PRO/GIDIS
•.•••
. • • • 1-3
THE PRO/GIDIS INSTRUCTION SET
. • •.
. . 1-4
CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS • • • • • • •
• • . . • • 1-5
THE VIEWING TRANSFORMATION
. • • •
1-6
Aspect Ratios
•• .
• • • • • • • . 1-7
GIDIS Output Space • • •
.•.
. • • . • 1-8
Imposed Device Space • • . . . . • . • • •
1-10
The Viewport • . • • . . • • • . • • . . • • • 1-11
Hardware Address Space • •
. • . . . . • . 1-11
The Viewing Transformation • .
.••.
1-12
Addressing Pixels
•.••.
. . • • • • • 1-13
DRAWING INSTRUCTIONS • • .
. • • • • • • • • 1-13
FILLED FIGURE INSTRUCTIONS .
. . • . • • 1-14
TEXT INSTRUCTIONS
. . • . . • • • • . . . . . . 1-15
COLOR ATTRIBUTES • • • • • . . • . . . • . • • • 1-15
THE WRITING MODE • • • . • •
•••.
1-16
LINE AND CURVE ATTRIBUTES
. . • • . • . . • . • 1-19
Line Texture • • • • • •
. • . • . . . 1-19
Pixel Size • • . • . .
. • • • • .
1-20
FILLED FIGURE ATTRIBUTES • • • • • • • . • .
1-21
Area Texture • • • • • . . . . . • • • . • • . 1-21
Area Texture Size
•••
• • • . . . • • • 1-22
Area Texture Cell Size • • • • • • .
. . • 1-22
Shading to a Line or Point •
. • • . . . . 1-22
Filled Figure Examples • • • . • . • • . . • • 1-23
TEXT ATTRIBUTES
•••••••..••.
1-25
Alphabets
•...•.
1-25
Cell Rendition
.••
..••••.
1-27
Cell Rotation
• • • • • . • . . • • • 1-28
Cell Oblique . • • • . . . . . • •
• • • . 1-28
Cell Unit Size . . • • . • • • . • • • • • • • 1-29
Cell Display Size
• . . . . • • •.
. • • 1-29
Cell Movement
• ••
. . . . • • . . . 1-29
AREA OPERATIONS INSTRUCTIONS •
• • • • • • • 1-31
REPORT HANDLING INSTRUCTIONS
• • • • • • • • 1-31
INTERACTING WITH THE PRO/GIDIS INTERPRETER
THE PRO/GIDIS INTERFACE
• • • . . • • • • • • • • 2-1
Write Special Data (IO.WSD)
•••
. • . . . 2-3
Read Special Data (IO.RSD) • • • .
. . • • . 2-4
iii

2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.3
2.4
CHAPTER 3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
CHAPTER 4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
CHAPTER 5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
CHAPTER 6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6

PRO/GIDIS INSTRUCTION SYNTAX . . . • .
Operation Codes
.•...•..••
Parameter Blocks . . . . . . • . . .
SAMPLE MACRO-Il PROGRAM
. . . . . . .
SAMPLE FORTRAN PROGRAM . .
. .

• • .

.
.
.

· .
. • · .
• • • •
• •

2-6
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9

CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS
INITIALIZE . .
NEW PICTURE
END PICTURE
FLUSH BUFFERS
SET OUTPUT CURSOR
NOP
END LIST . . . . .

.
.
.

..
. .
. .
·

.
.
·
·
.

.
.
.
.
.

· • 3-1
. . . 3-6
. . . 3-7
. . . 3-8
. . . 3-8
• • 3-10
. .
3-11

VIEWING TRANSFORMATION INSTRUCTIONS
SET - OUTPUT- IDS . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . .
SET OUTPUT VIEWPORT
. . . . . . . . . . . • • . .
SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE
......••••.••
SET-OUTPUT CLIPPING REGION • .
. . . .

4-1
4-3
4-4
4-6

GLOBAL ATTRIBUTES INSTRUCTIONS
SET PRIMARY COLOR
·
SET SECONDARY COLOR
. ..
...
SET-COLOR MAP-ENTRY
. •.
.•.
SET-PLANE-MASK
. . . . . • .
SET-WRITING MODE
. . .
. .
SET-PIXEL SIZE . .
...•.
SET-LINE TEXTURE •
...•..•
SET-A,REA-TEXTURE . . • . • . . .
SET-AREA-TEXTURE SIZE
. . . • .
SET-AREA-CELL SIZE
••.
·

·
·

.
.

·
.

. .
..
.
• .

• • .

. 5-1
. 5- 2
. 5- 3

5-4
. 5-7
5-7
• • 5-9
• 5-10
5-11
• 5-12

DRAWING INSTRUCTIONS
SET POSITION . .
SET REL POSITION
DRAW LINES . . .
DRAW- REL - LINES
DRAW ARC . .
DRAW REL ARC . .

. . . • • . . .
• . • . .
. . . .
. . . . . . .
. . •.
..........•
.•............••
....•...•.••.
. . • • . . ..
•..

6-1
6-2
6-3
6-5
6-7
6-9

CHAPTER 7
7.1
7.2
CHAPTER 8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
CHAPTER 9
9.1
9.2
CHAPTER 10
10.1
10.2
10.3
APPENDIX A
A .1
A.2
A.3
A.4

FILLED FIGURE INSTRUCTIONS
BEGIN FILLED FIGURE
END FILLED FIGURE

. . . . . . . . . . . • • 7-1
7-2

TEXT INSTRUCTIONS
SET ALPHABET
••.•••
. • • • • • . • 8-2
CREATE ALPHABET • • • • • • . . • . . . • . • • • 8-2
LOAD CHARACTER CELL • • •
.•.••
. • . 8-4
SET CELL RENDITION
. • • • • . • • • • • . . 8-5
SET-C ELL-ROTAT ION
. • • • • . . . .•
8-6
SET-CELL-OBLIQUE • • •
. • • • • • . . . • • • 8-6
SET-CELL-UNIT SIZE
••....
• • • • . • . 8-7
SET-CELL-DISPLAY SIZE
••••
•••
• 8-8
SET-CELL-MOVEMENT MODE . • • • • •
. . • . . • 8-9
SET-CELL-EXPLICIT-MOVEMENT
••••
.0 • . •
8-10
DRAW CHARACTERS • . • • .
•••
. . • . 8-11
AREA OPERATION INSTRUCTIONS
ERASE CLIPPING REGION
• • • • • . . •.
. . . 9-1
PRINT-SCREEN •-. • . . .
• • • • . . . . . • . 9-2
REPORT HANDLING
REQUEST CURRENT POSITION
••••
REQUEST STATUS
REQUEST-CELL STANDARD

..........

10-1
10-2
10-3

PRO/GIDIS INSTRUCTION SUMMARIES
INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS
REPORT TAGS

GROUPED BY FUNCTION • .
.••••
IN OPCODE ORDER • . . . • .
.
IN ALPHABETIC ORDER •
••••
.•...•••••
.••.•••

APPENDIX B

DEC MULTINATIONAL CHARACTER SET

APPENDIX C

GLOSSARY

A-I
A-2
A-3
A-5

EXAMPLES
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
2-1
2-2

Context for Filled Figure Examples • .
• • • 1-23
A Filled Figure Using DRAW LINES • • . . • • • . 1-24
A Filled Figure Using DRAW ARC • • •
1-24
A Filled Figure Using DRAW-ARC • . • • • • • • • 1-24
A Filled Figure Using DRAW REL ARC
• • . 1-24
A Filled Figure Using DRAW-REL-ARC
•••
1-25
A Filled Figure Using DRAW-LINES • .
. • • • 1-25
A Filled Figure Using DRAW-LINES • • • • • •
1-25
Instruction with Fixed-Length Parameter Block . . 2-7
Instruction with Variable-Length Parameter Block • 2-7

1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-11
1-12
1-13
1-14
2-1
3-1
8-1

PRO/GIDIS Sample Output
. . . • . • • • • • . • • 1-1
PRO/GIDIS Interface, Programs/Video Hardware
• 1-3
Isotropic Mapping: Window to Viewport • • • . • . 1-9
Isotropic Mapping: IDS to HAS
. • .
1-10
Video Hardware Address Space . . • • • • . . . . 1-11
The Viewing Transformation .
. . . •
1-12
The Extended Bitmap Option • • • • . . • • . . • 1-15
The Writing Modes Shown with Line Texture
. • • 1-17
The Logical Drawing Pixel • • • • .
. • • • 1-21
Filled Figure Images . • .
. . • . . . • • . 1-23
Alphabet 0 . • • • • • • .
• • • • • • . • • 1-26
Character Cell Rotation
•• . . . • • • . • • • 1-27
Character Unit Cell and Display Cell
• • • . 1-28
Character Cell Movement . • . . • • • . . • • • 1-30
PRO/GIDIS Data Path • • . • • • • • • • . • . • • 2-2
INITIALIZE Subsystem Initialization Bit Mask.
3-2
SET CELL RENDITION Bit Mask
• • . • • • • • • • • 8-5

3-1
3-2
3-3
4-1
4-2
4-3
5-1
5-2
5-3
6-1
7-1
8-1
8-2
9-1
10-1

Control Instructions Summary Chart • .
. . • . 3-1
Initialization Subsystems
•••••
. • • . • 3-2
Initialization Variable States • • . . . • • • • • 3-3
Viewing Transformation Instructions Summary Chart 4-1
State Variables Affected by SET OUTPUT IDS
. • • 4-2
State Variables Affected by SET-GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE 4-5
Global Attribute Instructions Summary-Chart - . • . 5-1
Color Map Values for the Professional . • . • • • 5-4
Plane Mask Values
• . . . • . .•
.•••
5-5
Drawing Instructions Summary Chart •
• 6-1
Filled Figure Summary Chart
. . • • • 7-1
Text Instructions Summary Chart . • • . • •
• 8-1
Cell Rotation Angles • • . . • •
• • • • • 8-6
Area Operations Summary Chart
• • • • • • • • 9-1
Report Handling Summary Chart
• • . . . • . . . 10-1

FIGURES

TABLES

PREFACE
WHO SHOULD READ THIS MANUAL
You should read this manual if you are developing a graphics
application for the Professional 300 Series computer and need
information about
PRO/GIDIS,
the
General
Image
Display
Instruction
Set
that
runs on the Professional computer.
PRO/GIDIS is one of the tools that can be used in developing
graphics applications for the Professional computer.
This document is intended for programmers who have had experience
with systems programming and graphics applications software. The
reader also is expected to be familiar with the Professional 300
Series Tool Kit, and either MACRO-II or FORTRAN.
It is recommended that you also read the CORE Graphics Library
(CGL) Manual for a more tutorial approach to graphics software
development on the Professional computer.
SCOPE OF MANUAL
This manual describes PRO/GIDIS and is intended to be used as
both a reference manual and user guide.
It covers applications
running on the Professional and also provides
programming
information
about
device-independent
text
and
graphics
programming with PRO/GIDIS.
ORGANIZATION OF MANUAL
The manual has ten chapters and three appendixes.
are summarized in the following subsections.

The

contents

Chapter I -- Introduction to PRO/GIDIS
This chapter is the "user guide" for PRO/GIDIS. It provides an
overview of PRO/GIDIS and its relationship to other graphics
products, suggests when PRO/GIDIS should and should not be used,
summarizes the PRO/GIDIS instruction groups, and discusses each
group in detail.
Chapter 2 -- Interacting with the PRO/GIDIS Interpreter
Describes the software interface to PRO/GIDIS. It describes the
Queue I/O (QIO) directives that send instructions to PRO/GIDIS
and return GIDIS reports, and provides PRO/GIDIS programming
syntax rules and programming examples.

vii

PREFACE
Chapter 3 -- Control Instructions
Details the PRO/GIDIS instructions
for
program
start-up,
initialization, along with syntax-required instructions.
Chapter 4 -- Viewing Transformation Instructions
Describes the instructions used for m~pping graphics addressable
image areas to hardware output devices and the concepts involved
in area transformation.
Chapter 5 -- Global Attributes Instructions
Details the global parameters that govern the appearance of
drawing primitives (writing modes, line characteristics, pixel
size, area texture, and primary/secondary color).
Chapter 6 -- Drawing Instructions
Describes the instructions used for drawing lines and curves.
Chapter 7 -- Filled Figures Instructions
Details those PRO/GIDIS instructions
closed figures.

that

provide

shading

for

Chapter 8 -- Text Instructions
Describes the
instructions
that
control
text
subsystem
characteristics
(current
alphabet, character selection for
display, unit and display sizes, cell rotation and rendition, and
so forth).
Chapter 9 -- Area Operation Instructions
Details those instructions that affect the display area and the
instruction for dumping screen contents to the Professional's
printing device.
Chapter 10 -- Report Handling
Describes report handling instructions
information from the output device.

that

return

state

Appendix A -- Instruction Summary
Lists the PRO/GIDIS instructions, their opcodes, argument list
lengths, and associated parameters. Also features an instruction
list sorted into opcode order.

viii

PREFACE
Appendix B -- DEC Multinational Character Set
Shows the code table for the Professional's alphabet 0,
Multinational Character Set.

the

DEC

Appendix C -- Glossary
RELATED DOCUMENTATION
Please refer to the other manuals in the Tool Kit Documentation
Set for more information on developing applications for the
Professional.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO PRO/GIDIS

PRO/GIDIS, the General Image Display Instruction Set (GIDIS), is
one of several tools used to develop graphics applications for
the Professional 300 Series computer. It consists of a set of
instructions
that provide the lowest-level, virtual device
interface to the Professional's graphics hardware.

1.1

OVERVIEW

PRO/GIDIS is aimed at applications creating "synthetic graphics,"
those in which images can be described using geometrical entities
such as lines, arcs, and shaded areas.
PRO/GIDIS can also be
used to display mixed text and graphics.
Figure 1-1 shows
typical PRO/GIDIS output, a graphical representation of some
sample statistical data.
EJ<PEt{)ITLRES
BILLICNS (J' OCl.LMS
100

MILLlOO

100

~ Errollment, total

D
_

~Il..LI'ENT

MIt IIJ flllNlE .tODl,.,
}

PI..bUc Errollment
Priva~ Errollment

Total E>q:Iendi Ures
- - - Pl..blic ~endiUres
. . . . . Pr i vate Expend i Ures

Right Scal~

J-

Left Scale

25
........... -

...... , ..... .

19bO

Figure 1-1:

1%2

1964

1966

1968

PRO/GIDIS Sample Output
1-1

1970

1972

-125

.. ········1

1974

OVERVIEW
PRO/GIDIS is implemented as a layer of P/OS software that
receives and interprets binary instructions and executes them on
the Professional's graphics hardware.
The interpretation of
instructions is dependent on the current state of PRO/GIDIS as
well as on any explicit parameters that might be supplied with
the instruction.
Many PRO/GIDIS instructions, like those that
control global attributes or the viewing transformation, do not
actually cause any drawing to take place, but rather, change
PRO/GIDIS's state.

1.2

RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER GRAPHICS TOOLS

The other graphics tools include:
•

The Professional Developer's Tool Kit CORE Graphics Library
(CGL), a library of high-level graphics subroutines based on
the ACM SIGGRAPH CORE Standard.
NOTE
Do not use PRO/GIDIS and CGL in the same
program.
CGL was implemented with PRO/GIDIS
and must have exclusive control of it for
proper operation.

•

ReGIS (Remote Graphics Instruction Set), a Digital-developed,
ASCII-based
protocol,
is
used
to
transmit graphics
instructions from a host computer to a remote Professional,
or VT125 or GIGI graphics terminal. ReGIS currently cannot
be used by applications that reside on the Professional
itself; it can only be used when communicating with the
Professional over a communications line.

PRO/GIDIS supports CGL and ReGIS and is designed to support
Digital's future graphics products. As shown in Figure 1-2, both
CGL and ReGIS are implemented as layers above PRO/GIDIS.

1.2.1
•

WHEN TO USE PRO/GIDIS

Use PRO/GIDIS if you
programming.

are

already

1-2

well-versed

graphics

RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER GRAPHICS TOOLS

Local
Applicatilrl
using eCl

Host
Application

local
Applicatilrl
using CroIS

Curb Terminal

eCl
Core Graphics
librcr'1;j

Emulatilrl
(with ReGIS)

CIOIS

Video Display

Plotter
GIDIS

GIDIS

Figure 1-2:

Virtual Device Interface

PRO/GIDIS Interface, Programs/Video Hardware

•

Use PRO/GIDIS for applications that require fast execution
speed and that can make use of its level of functionality.
Some examples are interactive drawing packages, graphics
terminal emulators, and scientific/engineering data display
packages.

•

Use PRO/GIDIS for applications that require efficient storage
of images.
Your program can store sequences of binary
instructions on disk or in memory and send them to PRO/GIDIS
for rapid display.

•

Use PRO/GIDIS to implement graphics utility layers,
CORE and GKS.

•

Use PRO/GIDIS to implement application-specific graphics
subroutine libraries.
This provides flexibility, permits
optimization of routines for a particular application, and
avoids use of excessive virtual address space.

1.2.2
•

such

WHEN NOT TO USE PRO/GIDIS

If you are not well-versed in graphics programming, consider
using the CORE Graphics Library instead of PRO/GIDIS.

1-3

RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER GRAPHICS TOOLS
•

If your program requires support for
coordinates, curves, markers,
and
Graphics Library.

real
(floating point)
so forth, use the CORE

If you are concerned with portability of programs and
• programmers,
and industry-standard program interfaces to
graphics routines, use the CORE Graphics Library.
•

If you require VT125 compatibility,
Professional Terminal Emulator.

use

ReGIS

with

the

•

Do not mix graphics protocols. Do not use PRO/GIDIS if you
intend to use the CORE Graphics Library and/or direct access
to the video hardware.

1.3

THE PRO/GIDIS INSTRUCTION SET

PRO/GIDIS instructions are defined in the form of an mnemonic
instruction name and accompanying arguments. Some instructions
require no arguments; some require a fixed number of arguments;
and some accept a variable number of arguments. Chapter 2
describes how to construct calls to PRO/GIDIS instructions.
The PRO/GIDIS instruction set can be divided into the following
functionally related groups. Each group is described in detail
in subsequent sections of this chapter.
•

Control Instructions
These instructions initialize the PRO/GIDIS interpreter,
begin and end pictures, set the cursor, and so forth.

•

Viewing Transformation Instructions
The instructions control the PRO/GIDIS
extents, and the mapping between them.

•

address

and

Global Attribute Instructions
These instructions set the PRO/GIDIS general state
that control the appearance of images.

•

spaces

variables

Drawing Instructions
These instructions draw the actual lines and curves that make
up images.

1-4

THE PRO/GIDIS INSTRUCTION SET
•

Filled Figure Instructions
These instructions draw solid
areas.

•

arphabets

and

control

graphics

scrolling

and

return

specific

the

operation

CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS

These are the instructions that
PRO/GIDIS interpreter.
•

draw

Report Instructions
These instructions cause PRO/GIDIS
information about the current state.

1.4

specific

Area Operation Instructions
These instruction perform operations such
printing on specific areas.

•

shading

Text Instructions
These instructions
character text.

•

figures

control

the

INITIALIZE
The INITIALIZE instruction restores power-on status to one or
more graphics subsystems (addressing, global attributes,
text, or all subsystems).

•

NEW PICTURE
The NEW PICTURE instruction clears
indicate the start of a new picture.

•

the

view

group

END PICTURE
The END PICTURE instruction indicates the end of a
picture=drawing instructions.

•

surface

FLUSH BUFFERS
The FLUSH BUFFERS instruction forces the execution of pending
PRO/GIDIS instructions.

1-5

CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS
•

SET OUTPUT CURSOR
The SET OUTPUT CURSOR instruction specifies the particular
character or object to be used as the output cursor (a
visible object used to mark the current screen output
location).

•

NOP
The NOP
nothing.

•

instruction

performs

operation

changes

variable-

END LIST
The END LIST instruction indicates the
length argument list.

1.5

and

end

THE VIEWING TRANSFORMATION

The graphical world is two-dimensional; we visualize it as a
plane. The Cartesian coordinate system provides a convenient way
of describing a plane. A coordinate pair specifies a discrete
point in the form:
X,Y
where X is the horizontal axis and Y is the vertical axis.
The finite area of a plane that can be specified by coordinate
pairs is called an address space. The origin of an address space
is (0,0). Coordinate values increase in magnitude to the right
and downward.
PRO/GIDIS deals with three address spaces:
•

GIDIS Output Space (GOS)
GIDIS Output Space is the address
GIDIS drawing instructions.

•

space

referenced

the

Imposed Device Space (IDS)
Imposed Device Space is the user-defined address space that
provides a device-independent means of describing the view
surface.

1-6

THE VIEWING TRANSFORMATION
•

Hardware Address Space (HAS)
Hardware address space (HAS) is a fixed address space that
reflects the characteristics of the particular graphical
device being used. PRO/GIDIS does not allow the explict use
of HAS coordinates.

PRO/GIDIS maps coordinates between the three address spaces based
on built-in and user-supplied information. This double mapping
is called the viewing transformation (or "graphics pipeline") and
is discussed in Section 1.5.6.
A specific rectangular portion of an address space is called
extent. PRO/GIDIS deals with three user-defined extents:
•

The Window
The window is an extent within GrDIS Output Space
to the viewport.

•

that

maps

The Clipping Region
The clipping region is an extent within GIDIS Output Space
that
determines which portion of the view surface is
available for drawing.

•

The Viewport
The viewport is an extent within Imposed Device
maps to a portion of the view surface (HAS).

Space

that

Normally, you need only be concerned with GIDIS Output Space
coordinates.
However, you must be aware that the viewing
transformation can result in some loss of resolution, and that
some mapping relationships will be more optimal than others.

1.5.1

Aspect Ratios

Aspect ratio is a way of representing the shape (the relationship
between the horizontal and vertical dimensions) of an area.
There are two types of aspect ratio.
•

Unit Aspect Ratio
Unit aspect ratio is the ratio of the physical size of one
unit in the horizontal direction to one unit in the vertical
direction. For example,
in an address space whose unit
aspect ratio is 1:1, a rectangle whose four sides are exactly
one unit in length would appear perfectly square.
1-7

THE VIEWING TRANSFORMATION
The logical address spaces (GIDIS Output Space and Imposed
Device Space)
have a unit aspect ratio of 1:1. A physical
address space (such as Hardware Address Space)
has a unit
aspect ratio that is dependent on specific hardware.
•

Picture Aspect Ratio
Picture aspect ratio is the ratio of an area's width to its
height.
In order to map extents from one address space to
another the picture aspect ratios of the extents must match.
Otherwise, only a portion of the lower-level extent is used.
This is called isotropic mapping.
For example, a window defined to be four GOS units by eight
GOS units has a picture aspect ratio of 1:2 and would map
perfectly to a viewport defined to be nine IDS units by 18
IDS units.

1.5.2

GIOIS Output Space

GIOIS Output Space (GOS) is the device-independent, address space
referenced by PRO/GIOIS instructions for the purposes of drawing
an image. GOS has a unit aspect ratio of 1:1. GOS is bounded by
the set of 16-bit, signed, two's-complement integers. PRO/GIDIS
does not check for integer overflow; thus,
GOS coordinates,
in
effect, "wrap around".
NOTE
It is recommended that you restrict the use
GOS coordinates to the range (-16384 to 16384)
that PRO/GIDIS can compute, without risk
overflow, the locations of all points required
draw an image.

of
so
of
to

1.5.2.1 The Window - The window is the extent within GIDIS
Output Space that maps to the viewport in Imposed Device Space.
The SET GIOIS OUTPUT SPACE instruction specifies the upper-left
corner, width, and height of the window, and thus its resolution
and picture aspect ratio.
You can adjust the window to match the data available to your
application.
It can be any portion of GIOIS Output Space and
does not have to include the origin (0,0).

1-8

THE VIEWING TRANSFORMATION
In the viewing transformation, GIDIS isotropically maps the
window to the viewport.
If the picture aspect ratios of the two
extents do not match, GIDIS maps the window onto the uppermost or
leftmost portion of the viewport {see Figure 1-3}.
1600

1400

1000

IDS

1000

Figure 1-3:

Isotropic Mapping:

Window to Viewport

1.5.2.2 The Clipping Region - The
clipping
region
is
a
rectangular area in GIDIS Output Space that determines which
portion of the view surface is accessible for drawing.
In order
for a point to be drawn on the view surface, it must lie within
the clipping region. The SET OUTPUT CLIPPING REGION instruction
specifies the clipping regIon, which is -bounded only by the
limits of the view surface.
By default, the clipping region is the same as the window.
The
SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE instruction sets the clipping region to
the-newly-specified window.
That allows the window/clipping
region to function as the extent within GOS that is "visible
through the viewport." In other words, for some applications, you
may find it convenient to think of the window and the clipping
region as the same extent.
A clipping region that is different from the window allows you to
display portions of an image without changing the viewing
transformation {and state variables}.
Changing the clipping
region is more efficient than changing the window, viewport or
IDS.

1-9

THE VIEWING TRANSFORMATION
1.5.3

Imposed Device Space

Imposed device space (IDS)
is a user-defined logical address
space that provides a device-independent way of describing the
view surface of any hardware device.
The
SET OUTPUT IDS
instruction specifies the size of Imposed Device Space; which-has
a fixed origin of (0,0). The size is restricted to positive
integers in a s ned: 16-bit word.
NOTE
It is recommended that you restrict the use
IDS coordinates to the range (-16384 to 16384)
that PRO/GIDIS can compute, without risk
overflow, the locations of all points required
draw an image.

of
so
of
to

IDS has a unit aspect ratio of 1:1, and its origin always maps to
the upper-left corner of the Hardware Address Space. By default,
the picture aspect ratio and resolution of IDS match that of the
HAS.
In the viewing transformation, GIDIS isotropically maps IDS to
the hardware address space such that the specified IDS rectangle
uses as much as possible of the HAS while still maintaining the
desired picture aspect ratio
(see Figure 1-4). Thus, if the
picture aspect ratios of the two rectangular areas do not match,
only a portion of the view surface is used.
1000
Har·dware

Coor-dlnate
Space

Figure 1-4:

Isotropic Mapping:

IDS to HAS

1-10

THE VIEWING TRANSFORMATION
1.5.4

The Viewport

The SET OUTPUT VIEWPORT instruction specifies a
rectangular
extent within IDS that corresponds to the window in GIDIS Output
Space.
The viewing transformation maps the window to the
viewport and the viewport to Hardware Address Space. Thus, if
the window and clipping region are the same,
the viewport
specifies the area of the view surface to which drawing is
confined.

1.5.5

Hardware Address Space

Hardware address space (HAS) reflects the characteristics of the
particular device being used. Although PRO/GIDIS does not allow
the explicit use of hardware coordinates, an understanding of
them can help you optimize the viewing transformation for your
application.
The Professional video monitor's Hardware Address Space is 960
units in the horizontal dimension by 240 units in the vertical
dimension (as shown in Figure 1-5).
It's unit aspect ratio
(width to height) is 2:5 or 1:2.5.

Figure 1-5:

Video Hardware Address Space

The two 32-unit bands along the sides are not part of HAS.
You
can draw in them but to do so will make your application
device-dependent because they do not necessa~ily exist o~ other
devices. The 16-unit band along the bottom IS not accessIble for
drawing.
1-11

THE VIEWING TRANSFORMATION
On a properly adjusted monochrome monitor, HAS occupies a space
7.87 inches
(horizontal) by 4.92 inches (vertical). Thus, a
rectangle one unit by one unit in HAS coordinates would create an
image that is 0.008 inches horizontal (7.87 / 960) by 0.02 inches
vertical (4.92 / 240).
On a properly adjusted color monitor, HAS occupies a space 9.45
inches (horizontal) by 5.91 inches (vertical). Thus, a rectangle
one unit by one unit in HAS coordinates would create an image
that is 0.01 inches horizontal
(9.45 / 960) by 0.025 inches
vertical (5.91/ 240).

1.5.6

The Viewing Transformation

The process of creating an image on a view surface can be thought
of as a two-step process, as shown in Figure 1-6.
1.

GIDIS maps GOS coordinates
window and viewport.

IDS

coordinates

using

the

GIDIS maps IDS coordinates to HAS coordinates using the given
size of IDS and the known size of HAS.

Thus, by establishing the winctQw and viewport, you also establish
the relationship of all GOS and IDS coordinates, including those
outside the window/viewport.
~

!
!

I
•

til

•• w S I'"

!
"

a I

,
J

~
I
C I

• I
II

I
t

U I

II'

CIDIS wtput Space
(GOS)

Imposed Device Space
(IDS)

J=~=~~t.=*=f===~ Har-::kere Coordinate Space

(HCS)

Figure 1-6:

The Viewing Transformation

1-12

THE VIEWING TRANSFORMATION
In effect, you change window parameters in order to "view" a
different portion and/or scaling of Gidis Output Space. You
change viewport parameters in order to "view" the same portion of
GOS in a different portion of the view surface.
Viewing
transformation parameters only
affect
subsequently
received GIDIS
instructions.
Changing the parameters does not
affect images already visible on the view surface.
In order to
do that,
you must change the mapping parameters and redraw the
image.

1.5.7

Addressing Pixels

Some applications, such as a natural image display, must address
individual pixels directly. To accomplish this, set IDS space to
width 1920 and height 1200. The picture aspect ratio is 8:5,
a
ratio that maps to the entire screen.
Pixel X (from the left) on
row Y is IDS coordinate [X*2, Y*5].
There is a pixel at every X coordinate divisible by two and Y
coordinate divisible by five.
For example, [100,20], [22,15],
and
[78,505]
all map
directly
to
a
pixel.
PRO/GIDIS
automatically truncates coordinates that map partway between
pixels.
For example, [101,23], [23,16], and [78,509] map to the
same pixels as the first list of coordinates.
NOTE
An IDS of 960 by 240 does not accomplish the same
thing.
It would have a picture aspect ratio of
4:1 (the unit aspect ratio is 1:1) which would
not match the picture aspect ratio of HAS (8:5).

1.6

DRAWING INSTRUCTIONS

Part of the PRO/GIDIS state is a coordinate pair called the
current position that corresponds to the current drawing location
in GIDIS Output Space. The visual representation of the current
position is the cursor. Thus, some of these instructions do not
draw anything, they simply change the current position.

1-13

DRAWING INSTRUCTIONS
•

SET POSITION
The SET POSITION instruction specifies the new
current
position as an absolute location in GIDIS Output Space.

•

SET REL POSITION
The SET REL POSITION instruction specifies the new current
position as a point relative to (an offset from) the old
current position.

•

DRAW LINES
The DRAW LINES instruction draws one or more
starting at the current position.

•

straight

lines

DRAW REL LINES
Draws one or more straight lines starting at the current
position.
Coordinates specified are relative to the current
position or the previous point.

•

DRAW ARC
Draws a section of a circle using the current position
reference.

•

DRAW REL ARC
Draws a section of a circle using an offset from the
position as a reference.

1.7

current

FILLED FIGURE INSTRUCTIONS

A filled-figure is a closed, shaded figure that can be bordered
by either straight lines, circular arcs, or any combination of
these. The instructions that begin and end filled figures are:
•

BEGIN FILLED FIGURE
The BEGIN FILLED FIGURE instruction starts
definition.

•

filled

figure

END FILLED FIGURE
The END FILLED FIGURE instruction ends a filled
figure
definition and causes the entire figure to be filled in with
the current area texture.

1-14

TEXT INSTRUCTIONS
1.8

TEXT INSTRUCTIONS

PRO/GIDIS text is independent from the Professional terminal
subsystem's text mode. The instruction that draws text is:
•

DRAW CHARACTERS
The DRAW CHARACTERS instruction displays
each
of
the
characters specified by each charact~r index in the parameter
list. The characters are taken from the currently selected
alphabet.

1.9

COLOR ATTRIBUTES

The Professional's video subsystem includes an internal bitmap
(also known as a
raster image or frame buffer). The bitmap
consists of one or more two-dimensional matrices of bits called
planes.
Each bitmap position controls a pixel, which represents
a physical hardware coordinate position.
The basic Professional bitmap has a single plane, providing one
bit for each pixel. Because a single bit can be in one of two
possible binary states:
0 or 1, only dark and light images are
possible.
A value of 0 specifies dark and 1 specifies light.
The actual colors depend on the phosphors used in the monitor.

COLOR
MAP
MONITOR

RED GREEN BLUE

0
1
2
3
4
5

6
7

Figure 1-7:

The Extended Bitmap Option
1-15

COLOR ATTRIBUTES
When equipped with the Extended Bitmap Option
(EBO)
board,
the
Professional's bitmap has three planes.
The SET PLANE MASK
instruction specifies which planes are accessible to- PRO/GIDIS
and which are "write-locked."
Three planes provide three bits per position. Thus each position
can contain a binary number in the range 000 to III (0 to 7
decimal). This number is an index into an internal table called
the color map, which contains descriptions of colors.
The color map consists of eight entries,
numbered a to 7,
as
shown in Figure 1-7.
Each color map entry consists of three
fields, red, green, and blue, that contain intensity values for
each primary color in light. The SET COLOR MAP ENTRY instruction
allows you to specify these red, green, -and blue values by
proportion.
By changing the contents of the color map, you can form 256
different colors.
If no color monitor is present, you can use
the color map to form eight shades of display intensity.
NOTE·
When you change the contents of a color map
entry, you instantly change the color displayed
for all pixels that were drawn with that entry.
The red and green fields each consist of three bits and thus have
eight possible values. The blue field has only two bits and thus
has four possible values. The human eye is less sensitive to
changes in blue than either of the other primaries.
When drawing an image, PRO/GIDIS places a color map index into
each pixel required by the image. The actual color map index
placed in a particular bitmap position depends on the previous
contents of that pixel, the current pattern, and the writing mode
(more information on this in the following sections.)
The PRO/GIDIS state includes two color map index values:
the
primary
color
and
the
secondary
color,
specified
by
SET PRIMARY COLOR and SET SECONDARY COLOR
respectively.
In
general,
the primary color indicates the presence of an image
(the foreground) and the secondary color indicates the absence of
an image (the background).

1.10

THE WRITING MODE

PRO/GIDIS characters, line textures and area textures each form a
binary pattern which, for the purpose of describing the writing
1-16

THE WRITING MODE
modes, we will call the "current pattern." The exact way in which
PRO/GIDIS uses the current pattern to create images depends on
the writing mode and the primary and secondary colors.
Figure 1-8 shows the same line texture (which includes ON and OFF
pixels) drawn over light and dark areas in all eight visible
writing modes •

.~~~II.I.I.I.I.I.I.I
C~~P~~ME~.T ~fC~~E

II II II II II II I

OVERLAY
OVERLAY NEGATE

R~~L~:.E II II II II II II II II II

Er~~W!~!31.1.1.1.1.1.1

ERASE NEGATE

Figure 1-8:

The Writing Modes Shown with Line Texture

The writing modes are:
•

TRANSPARENT
In transparent mode, no actual drawing is done.
Otherwise,
all other drawing processes are exercised and the state
information (particularly, the current position) is updated.
The texture is ignored. Transparent mode for determining the
current position after drawing without actually drawing the
image.

•

TRANSPARENT NEGATE
This mode is identical to transparent mode.

•

COMPLEMENT
In complement mode, wherever the current pattern contains set
(1) bits, PRO/GIDIS performs a bitwise inversion of the pixel
1-17

THE WRITING MODE
value (color index). For example, a pixel containing 101
(color map entry 5) changes to 010 (color map entry 2).
Wherever the current pattern contains clear (0) bits, no
modifications are made.
The purpose of complement mode is to make images "stand out"
from whatever has already been drawn. If the appropriate
color map entries contain complementary colors, the image in
the display area is effectively reversed. The original image
can be restored by repeating the process.
Complement mode is likely to produce seams when filled
figures overlap. Since filled figures include their borders,
areas with a common border are considered to overlap.
•

COMPLEMENT NEGATE
Complement negate mode is identical to complement mode except
that PRO/GIDIS negates the current pattern. Wherever the
current pattern contains clear (0) bits, PRO/GIDIS performs a
bitwise inversion of the pixel value (color index). Wherever
the current pattern contains set (1) bits, no modifications
are made.

•

OVERLAY
In overlay mode, wherever the current pattern contains set
(1) bits, PRO/GIDIS draws in the current primary color.
Wherever the current pattern contains clear (0) bits, no
drawing occurs.
The purpose of overlay mode is to draw images
whatever is already on the view surface.

•

"on

top

of"

OVERLAY NEGATE
Overlay negate mode is identical to overlay mode except that
PRO/GIDIS negates the current pattern. Wherever the current
pattern contains clear (0) bits, PRO/GIDIS draws in the
current primary color. Wherever the current pattern contains
set (1) bits, no drawing occurs.

•

REPLACE
In replace mode, wherever the current pattern contains set
(1) bits, PRO/GIDIS draws in the primary color. Wherever the
current pattern contains clear (0) bits, PRO/GIDIS draws in
the secondary color.
The purpose of replace mode is to draw images that completely
replace whatever is already on the view surface.
1-18

THE WRITING MOOE
•

REPLACE NEGATE
Replace negate mode is identical to replace mode except that
PRO/GIOIS negates the current pattern. Wherever the current
pattern contains clear (0) bits, PRO/GIOIS draws in the
primary color. Wherever the current pattern contains set (1)
bits, PRO/GIOIS draws in the secondary color.

•

ERASE
In erase mode, PRO/GIOIS sets all pixels to the secondary
color.
The purpose of erase mode is to draw images by
erasing what is already on the view surface.

•

ERASE NEGATE
Erase negate mode is identical to erase mode
PRO/GIOIS sets all pixels to the primary color.

1.11

except

LINE AND CURVE ATTRIBUTES

The following sections describe the PRO/GIOIS state
that determine the appearance of lines and curves.

1.11.1

that

variables

Line Texture

The SET LINE TEXTURE instruction specifies a linear bit pattern
used for drawing lines and arcs. The line texture is used in
conjunction with the writing mode and the primary and secondary
colors to determine the value for all pixels in a line or arc.
The line texture is wrapped around corners to provide a smoothly
textured pattern.
For example, the character "X" represents pixels drawn in the
primary color and "-" represents pixels drawn in the secondary
color. The pattern 0100110 produces a line (drawn from left to
right) that looks like:
- X - - X X Although you specify the size of a single repetition of the line
texture in GIOIS Output Space coordinates, that size is only an
approximation. PRO/GIOIS actually uses the largest integral
multiple of the pattern length that is less than or equal to the
specified size.

1-19

LINE AND CURVE ATTRIBUTES
For example, assume that the line above has a size of seven and
was drawn exactly once in seven pixels. Changing the size to 14
uses each bit twice in succession:
- - X X - - - - X X X X - When you use a large drawing pixel, a number of pixels are
written
multiple times, potentially with both primary and
secondary colors in ei ther order· (see
the
SET PIXEL SIZE
instruction.) The same example with a pixel size of-two by two
(pattern size = 14 pixels) would produce:
-X XX X-X XX X-

-X XX XX XX X-X XX XX XX X-

where the symbols mean:

-X
XXX

Secondary color written once
Secondary color written twice
Secondary color written once, then primary once
Primary color written once, then secondary once
Primary color written twice

In replace mode, "-X" produces "X", "X-"
forth, so the final result would be:

produces

"_"

and

- - X X - X X X X - - X X - - - - X X X X In complement mode, " "does nothing and "X" complements the
pattern.
Thus " " does not change the pixel, "-X" and "X-"
complements it once, and "XX" complements it twice (returning to
the original state). The final result would be:
- - X - X - - - X - - - X
- - X - X - - - X - - - X

1.11.2

Pixel Size

The SET PIXEL SIZE instruction specifies the size of the logical
drawing pixel, the bit pattern used to draw lines and arcs.
Increasing the size of the logical drawing pixel widens the lines
used to draw images. The default logical drawing pixel is one
physical pixel.
Figure 1-9 shows several different logical
drawing pixels and lines.

1-20

FILLED FIGURE ATTRIBUTES
1.12

FILLED FIGURE ATTRIBUTES

The following sections describe the PRO/GIDIS state
that determine the appearance of filled figures •

variables

•
Figure 1-9:
1.12.1

The Logical Drawing Pixel

Area Texture

The SET AREA TEXTURE instruction specifies a two-dimensional bit
pattern that defines the appearance of filled figures. Area
texture is specified as a character in an alphabet.
Any arbitrary pattern (up to the maximum character size)
can be
used for area texture.
For example, given alphabet 2, character
23, (the pattern shown here):

o
a
a

o
1
1
1

o
o
o
o

o
1

with area texture given as alphabet 2,
character
appropriate sizes specified, the pattern drawn is:

- - - X X X - - - X X X
- - - X X X - - - X X X
- X X X - - - - - - - - X X X - - - - - X X X
- - - X X X - X X X - - - X X X
1-21

23,

and

the

FILLED FIGURE ATTRIBUTES
where the symbols mean:
X

Secondary color
Primary color

Area textures are aligned with a fixed point on the screen so
that no seams show if two areas overlap.
(Assuming they are
drawn with the same pattern, pattern sizes, writing mode, and
colors.) The size of area texture cells is defined by the
SET AREA CELL SIZE instruction.

1.12.2

Area Texture Size

The SET AREA TEXTURE SIZE instruction specifies the actual size
of the area texture character. Although you specify area texture
size GIDIS Output Space coordinates, that size is only an
approximation.
PRO/GIDIS actually uses the largest integral
multiple of the texture pattern that is less than or equal to the
specified size.

1.12.3

Area Texture Cell Size

The SET AREA CELL SIZE instruction allows you to specify the size
of the area texture cell, the source for the area texture.
Generally, area texture cell size matches the cell size loaded
from a character cell in an alphabet. For those occasions when
the loaded cell size is inappropriate for the area texture,
this
instruction permits clipping the area cell after it is loaded
from the character cell.

1.12.4

Shading to a Line or Point

PRO/GIDIS can be used to emulate shading to a line or a point
using
the
filled figure instructions.
Your program must
calculate the area to be filled and issue the appropriate
instructions.
One way is to buffer points and generate one
fill-area sequence for a number of points.
Another is to
determine the incremental area to be filled for each point and
send a fill area sequence for each point.
Because the area
includes the border, unusual results
(seams) can occur in
complement mode when areas are adjacent or overlapping.

1-22

FILLED FIGURE ATTRIBUTES
1.12.5

Filled Figure Examples

The format for these example programs in described in Chapter 2.

1-3

1-2

1-6

Figure 1-10:
.BYTE
.WORD
.BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
.BYTE
• WORD
. WORD
.BYTE
.WORD
• WORD
.WORD
.BYTE
.WORD
.WORD

1-5

1-7

1-8

Filled Figure Images

2.,10.
7680.,4800.
4.,13.
O. ,0 •
7680.,4800 .
4. ,9.
o. ,0 .
7680.,4800 •
3.,17.
16.
-1 •
100.
2.,14.
-1.
O.

Example 1-1:

1-4

length = 2, opcode = SET OUTPUT IDS
width, height
length = 4, opcode = SET OUTPUT VIEWPORT
length = 4, opcode = SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE
; length = 3, opcode = SET LINE TEXTURE
;. length
pattern
size
length = 2, opcode = SET AREA TEXTURE
special 'alphabet'
use line texture for area texture

Context for Filled Figure Examples

1-23

FILLED FIGURE ATTRIBUTES
.BYTE
• WORD
.BYTE
• BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
.BYTE

2.,29.
340.,270 •
0.,31.
255.,25 •
1340,270,
1840.,770 •
1340.,1270 •
340.,1270 •
840.,770 •
340.,270 •
-32768 •
0.,32.

Example 1-2:
.BYTE
• WORD
.BYTE
.BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
• BYTE

• BYTE
• WORD
.BYTE
• BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
• BYTE

• BYTE
• WORD
.BYTE
• BYTE
.WORD
• WORD
• BYTE
• WORD
.BYTE

; length

= 0, opeode = END FILLED FIGURE

length

= 2, opeode = SET POSITION
= 0, opeode = BEGIN FILLED FIGURE

length
; length

= 3, opeode = DRAW ARC

; length

= 0, opeode = END FILLED FIGURE

length

= 2, opeode = SET POSITION

length
length

= 0, opeode = DRAW ARC

; length

= 0, opeode = BEGIN FILLED FIGURE

= 0, opeode = END FILLED FIGURE

A Filled Figure Using DRAW_ARC

2.,29 .
5190.,138 •
0.,31.
3.,27 •
0.,-610.,
80 •
2.,25 •
5190.,770 •
0.,32.

Example 1-5:

length = 0, opeode = BEGIN FILLED FIGURE
; END LIST terminated, opeode = DRAW LINES

A Filled Figure Using DRAW ARC

2.,29 •
4660.,340 •
0.,31.
3.,23 •
5090.,770 •
120 •
0.,32 •

Example 1-4:

= 2, opeode = SET POSITION

A Filled Figure Using DRAW_LINES

2.,29.
3090.,270 •
0.,31.
3.,23.
3090.,770 •
360 •
0.,32 •

Example 1-3:

length

= 2, opeode = SET POSITION

length
length

= 3, opeode = DRAW REL ARC-

length

= 2, opeode = DRAW LINES

length

= 0, opeode = END FILLED FIGURE

= 0, ope ode = BEGIN FILLED FIGURE

A Filled Figure Using DRAW REL ARC

1-24

FILLED FIGURE ATTRIBUTES
.BYTE
• WORD
.BYTE
.BYTE
• WORD
.BYTE
• WORD
.BYTE

2.,29.
7000.,3790 •
0.,31.
3.,23.
6000.,3800.,180 •
3.,23.
;
6000.,5532.,-60 •
0.,32.

Example 1-6:
. BYTE
.WORD
.BYTE
.BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
• BYTE

length
length

= 0, opcode = BEGIN FILLED FIGURE
= 3, opcode = DRAW REL ARC -

length

= 3, opcode = DRAW REL ARC

length

= 0, opcode = END FILLED FIGURE

length

= 2, opcode = SET POSITION

length = 0, opcode
length = 8, opcode

;

length

= BEGIN FILLED FIGURE
= DRAW LINES

= 0, opcode = END FILLED FIGURE

A Filled Figure Using DRAW_LINES

2.,29.
3090.,3770 •
0.,31 •
255.,25 •
3590.,2270 •
4090.,3770 •
2790.,2870 •
4290.,2870 •
3090.,3770 •
-32768 •
0.,32 •

Example 1-8:
1.13

= 2, opcode = SET POSITION

A Filled Figure Using DRAW REL ARC

2.,29 •
890.,3770.
0.,31.
8.,25.
1890.,3770 •
890.,1770 •
1890.,1770 •
890.,3770 •
0.,32 •

Example 1-7:
.BYTE
• WORD
• BYTE
• BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
•WORD
• BYTE

length

= 2, opcode = SET POSITION

length = 0, opcode = BEGIN FILLED FIGURE
END LIST terminated, opcode = DRAW LINES

; length

= 0, opcode = END FILLED FIGURE

A Filled Figure Using DRAW LINES

TEXT ATTRIBUTES

The following sections describe the PRO/GIDIS
that determine the appearance of text.

1.13.1

state

variables

Alphabets

The SET ALPHABET instruction specifies the current alphabet,
which is used when drawing characters, defining a new character,
or erasing an existing alphabet in preparation for establishing a
new alphabet. PRO/GIDIS supports up to 16 alphabets.
1-25

TEXT ATTRIBUTES
Each alphabet is a list of characters. Alphabet 0 is the DEC
Multinational Character Set (shown in Figure 1-11) and cannot be
modified.
Alphabets 1 through 15 can contain user-defined
characters, which are represented as a two-dimensional raster
(bit pattern) with a specific storage size (width and height).

.. ..
.. ..

(ill

•

A Q a

•

• A
±

••

So 3
1 1

A
PI

ill

3
4

esc

•

E U e u
F v .p v

•

¥
1

•

>c:

...

]0[

•

:I.

:z • •
-C .. •

1
'1
1
'1

J4 :t 0

(
)

G W 9
H X h
'3
Y i
I
J
Z j

+ ' ;

-:::

M :J

N
0

k
1
m

...

..
•

•

••

1
fl

(:) Ii (:)
0 il 0

..
•

. . a :r
. . *
. .
• •. >

Figure 1-11:

2BRbr

•• •• a e.
. .

··
·• •

A 0

iii

0
0
0

I.e

(:)

•

!:
!!:
f!:
E:

u e u
u • a
0 e U
1

at
fZI

l!t f

1
.L

r B :.: •

Alphabet 0

Characters within alphabets are referenced as a tuple (alphabet,
character index). A character index is a value corresponding to
the character's position in the alphabet.
The first character
has a character index of zero.
Thus, an alphabet with 26
characters would have index numbers in the range 0 to 25.
Character indexes are unsigned, 16-bit integers.
To create a new alphabet of user-defined characters:

Use the SET ALPHABET
alphabet.

Use the CREATE ALPHABET instruction to clear any existing
characters and to allocate storage for the new alphabet. No
character definition can take place until CREATE ALPHABET
executes.

Use the LOAD CHARACTER CELL instruction to add characters
the alphabet.

instruction

1-26

specify

the

current

TEXT ATTRIBUTES
For example (format described in Chapter 2):

= 2, opcode = SET ALPHABET

• BYTE
•WORD

1.,38 •
1•

ilength

• BYTE
.WORD
.WORD
• WORD
.WORD

4. ,46 •
8.
10.
96 •

ilength = 4, opcode = CREATE ALPHABET
iwidth (storage pixels)
iheight (storage pixels)
iextent
iwidth-type

These instructions erase alphabet 1 and create a new alphabet of
96 characters (numbered 0 through 95) with a storage size of 8 by
10. The last parameter value (0) is required for PRO/GIDIS on
PIOS 1.7.

Figure 1-12:
1.13.2

Character Cell Rotation

Cell Rendition

The SET CELL RENDITION instruction specifies
variations
on
characters
that can be performed without selecting a new
alphabet, yet are not related to writing colors or writing modes.
The renditions defined for the Professional are back slant and
italics.

1-27

TEXT ATTRIBUTES
1.13.3

Cell Rotation

The SET CELL ROTATION instruction specifies the angle at which
characters are to be drawn, as shown in Figure 1-12. Actual
rotation is the nearest possible angle to that requested.

Displa'd Size

LARGER THAN
Unit Size
•- -

- __ - ______ 1

~ D i sp 1 a'd
Size

j.a

Unit
Size j<l!le------f~
,

-- -

- - -r---i-r-

Displa'd Size

SMALLER THAN
Unit Size

Displa'd
Size

Figure 1-13:
1.13.4

Character Unit Cell and Display Cell

Cell Oblique

The SET CELL OBLIQUE instruction specifies the angle between the
width and the height of the display cell for a non-rotated
character.
When the angle is non-zero, display cells are
parallelograms, rather than rectangles.

1-28

TEXT ATTRIBUTES
1.13.5

Cell Unit Size

The SET CELL UNIT SIZE instruction specifies the actual size of
the character pattern.
Although you specify cell unit size in
GIDIS Output Space coordinates,
that
size
is
only
an
approximation.
PRO/GIDIS actually uses the largest integral
multiple of the character pattern that is less than or equal to
the specified size.

1.13.6

Cell Display Size

The SET CELL DISPLAY SIZE instruction specifies the size in GIDIS
Output Space coordinates of the rectangle that contains the
character pattern.
The unit cell and the display cell always are aligned at their
upper left corners (see Figure 1-13). If the unit cell is larger
than display cell, only a portion of the character is shown.
If
the unit cell is smaller than the display cell, PRO/GIDIS draws
the unused portion of the display cell as if the pattern
specified clear bits.

1.13.7

Cell Movement

Cell movement attributes specify how the current position changes
after each character is drawn. The SET CELL MOVEMENT MODE and
the
SET CELL EXPLICIT MOVEMENT
instructions- specify
these
attributes.

1.13.7.1 Movement mode - There are two ways to specify
movement:
implied and explicit, as shown in Figure 1-14.
•

cell

Implied movement means that the current position moves a
distance equal to the display cell width in the direction of
the cell rotation.
If the display cell width value is
negative,
the current position moves in the direction
opposite to the cell rotation.

1-29

TEXT ATTRIBUTES

Implied Movement

( E:H:p 1 1 c 1 t
i s ;::ero)

Movement

ExplIcit Movement

Imp !led Plus E:x:p lic it

( E:H:p 1 1 c 1 t Movement
i s not ;::ero)

Figure 1-14:

Character Cell Movement

1-30

TEXT ATTRIBUTES
•

Explicit movement means that the current position moves
exactly as specified by your program in GIOIS Output Space
coordinates. Explicit movement is not affected by the cell
rotation.

Implied movement can be disabled;
explicit movement cannot.
Thus,
if implied movement is enabled, the cell movement is equal
to the sum of the implied and explicit movements.
PRO/GlOIS for P/OS Vl.7 always uses local symmetry for drawing
text and cell movement.
Local symmetry preserves sizes and
distances in the Hardware Address Space to ensure that all cells
and spacings are the same.
It also implies that the realized
(actual) angle at which the character is drawn is used for
implied movement.

1.14

AREA OPERATIONS INSTRUCTIONS

These instructions perform operations on
viewing transformation instructions.
•

defined

the

ERASE CLIPPING REGION
Changes entire output clipping region
color.

•

areas

current

secondary

PRINT SCREEN
Prints a portion of the bitmap at the
the printer port.

1.15

printer

connected

REPORT HANOLING INSTRUCTIONS

Report handling instructions return information about the current
PRO/GIOlS state as well as success/failure reports for the
immediately preceding PRO/GlOIS instructions.
The report path from the PRO/GIOIS interpreter to your program
can be viewed as a data stream.
It is possible to queue several
pending reports.
(P/OS 1.7 imposes a buffer limit of 18 words.)
Your program sends a request instruction to the interpreter,
which creates a report and puts it in the queue. Your program
then reads the report queue (with a Read SpecialOata QIO system
directive)
in the order in which the requests are made. For an
example of a report-reading routine, refer to Chapter 2.

1-31

REPORT HANDLING INSTRUCTIONS
A report is a variable length block of words. The first word is
a tag specifying the type of report and the number of words in
the report. Your program must keep in synchronization with the
report queue so that it is not reading a data word and
interpreting it as a tag word.
Your program also can set up an asynchronous system trap (AST) to
be executed when a report is placed in the report queue.
The following instructions request reports:

PRO/GIDIS reports the X and
position.
•

coordinates

the

current

REQUEST_STATUS
PRO/GIDIS returns a success or
instruction executed.

failure

code

for

the

last

PRO/GIDIS returns the standard character parameters (unit
width, unit height, display cell width, and display cell
height) for the current alphabet at the current rotation
angle.

1-32

CHAPTER 2
INTERACTING WITH THE PRO/GIOIS INTERPRETER

The P/OS Terminal Driver provides software access to PRO/GIOIS
via the Queue I/O Request (QIO) and Queue I/O Request and Wait
(QIOW) system directives. This chapter contains descriptions of
the directive formats and PRO/GIOIS instruction syntax rules.
QIO error messages are listed at the end of each description.
Figure 2-1 depicts the instruction
between your program and PRO/GIOIS.

and

parameter

data

path

You can use PRO/GIOIS from MACRO-II or any supported Tool Kit
high-level language that supports external MACRO-II routines.
The recommended method is to write callable MACRO-II routines
that issue QIO and QIOW directives. Tool Kit FORTRAN-77 provides
its own callable QIO and WTQIO routines in SYSLIB.
For information on calling a MACRO-II routine from one of the
Tool Kit high-level languages, refer to the documentation for
your programming language.

2.1

THE PRO/GIOIS INTERFACE

PRO/GIOIS instructions are sent to the graphics device with a QIO
system directive that specifies the Write Special Data (IO.WSO)
I/O function code.
For
low-overhead,
high-speed,
device
interaction, a number of PRO/GIOIS instructions can be passed to
the graphics device at one time. Status information returns with
the Read Special Oata (IO.RSO) I/O function call. P/OS transfers
the instruction data to and from the graphics device according to
the request priority and device availability.
Programs that use PRO/GIOIS also can use the Professional VTI02
terminal emulator. Normal QIO directives (IO.WLB, IO.WVB, and so
forth) are passed to the VTI02 emulator. For more information,
refer to the description of the Terminal Oriver in the P/OS
System Reference Manual.
2-1

THE PRO/GIDIS INTERFACE

···
Call QIO IO.WSD

User
Application
Program

Instruc.
Data
Block

Call QIO IO.RSD
Report
Buffer

:
:

Professional
Operating
System {P/OS}

I/O Queue

Terminal
Driver
IO.WLB and varia nts
10 • WS D ••• S D • GDS

PRO/GIDIS
Interpreter

Video
Display

Figure 2-1:

VTlO2
Emulator

10 • RS D ••• S D • GDS

GIDIS Instructions
and Data

Keyboard

. . . . . . . .. . .

...........
I ...........
........... J

PRO/GIDIS Data Path

On a single-plane system, both GIDIS and the VTl02 emulator draw
on the same plane and overwrite each other's data.
On a
three-plane system, the VTl02 emulator only draws on plane three.
Thus,
if PRO/GIDIS modifies only planes one and two, there will
2-2

THE PRO/GIDIS INTERFACE
be minimal
interference.
The
SET PLANE MASK
specifies which planes PRO/GIDIS can modify.

instruction

The VTI02 emulator scrolls all three planes when the scrolling
region is set to the entire screen. Any graphics information in
any plane scrolls with the text.
If the scrolling region is
smaller than ,the entire screen, the VTI02 emulator redraws the
characters in their new positions . . This does not scroll or
otherwise affect graphics information in planes one and two but
it erases graphics information in plane three.
You can send an RIS (Reset to Initial State
<ESC>c) escape
sequence to the VTI02 emulator in order to reset both the VTI02
emulator and PRO/GIDIS to their initial states.
PRO/GIDIS
immediately performs an "INITIALIZE -1" instruction, clears the
bitmap, and expects an opcode as the next word
in
the
instruction/data stream.
Thus, you can use RIS to ensure that
your program and PRO/GIDIS are "in synch" when your program
starts up.
You cannot use it arbitrarily in the middle of
picture generation because of the global initialization effect.
The QIO and QIOW directives are described in detail in the P/OS
System Reference Manual. The examples in this manual show the $S
forms for clarity. The $C and $ forms can be used as well.
IO.WSD and IO.RSD are resolved in the normal manner for system
symbols: the Application Builder gets them from module QIOSYM in
SYSLIB.OLB. This works correctly in MACRO-II but may not work
with
languages that have symbol naming restrictions.
For
example, FORTRAN-77 does not permit periods in symbol names.

2.1.1

Write Special Data (IO.WSD)

The write-special-data QIO function directs
one
or
more
instructions to PRO/GIDIS. The instructions and their associated
parameter values are passed in a buffer that must have an even
address.
The MACRO-II format for the write Special Data QIO (or QIOW) call
is shown below.
NOTE
The punctuation marks and the items in bold are
mandatory; non-bold items are optional. Items in
upper-case letters must be used exactly as shown.
Items in lower-case letters must be replaced as
described.

2-3

THE PRO/GIDIS INTERFACE
QIOW$S iIO.WSD,lun,efn,pri,isb,ast,<buffer,length,,'SD.GDS)

lun

is a logical unit number assigned to the terminal.

efn

is an event flag number (required
wait form QIOW).

pri

is the priority (ignored but must be present) •

isb

is the address of the I/O status block.

ast

is the address of the AST service routine entry point.

with

the

containing

synchronous

buffer

is the address of the buffer
instructions and parameters.

length

is the length of the PRO/GIDIS instruction/parameter
buffer (specified as an even number of bytes in the range
2 to 8128).

SD.GDS

is a data type parameter that indicates PRO/GIDIS output.

The QIO system directive returns status in a
variable called $DSW. Some possible values are:
IS.SUC
IE.ILU
IE.IEF

PRO/GIDIS

special

global

Successful completion
Invalid logical unit number
Invalid event flag number

For a full list of error codes,
refer to the QIO directive
description and the terminal driver section of the P/OS System
Reference Manual.
When the QIO directive is successful, it can return the following
status codes in the I/O status block.
IO.SUC
IS.PND
IE.ABO
IE.DNR

2.1.2

Successful completion
I/O request pending
Operation i aborted
Device not ready

Read Special Data (IO.RSD)

The read-special-data QIO function reads reports placed in the
report
queue
by
PRO/GIDIS
report-request
instructions:
REQUEST CURRENT POSITION,
REQUEST STATUS,
and
REQUEST-CELL STANDARD.
These
instructions are detailed in
Chapter-ID.
2-4

THE PRO/GIDIS INTERFACE
The MACRO-II format for the Read Special Data QIO or QIOW call is
shown below.
NOTE
The punctuation marks and the items in bold are
mandatory.
Non-bold items are optional.
Items
in upper-case letters must be used exactly as
shown.
Items in lower-case letters must be
replaced as described.
OIOW$S tIO.RSD,lun,efn,pri,isb,ast,<buffer,length"tSD.GDS)
lun .is a logical unit number assigned to the terminal.
efn

is an event flag number (required
wai t form OIOW).

with

the

synchronous

pri

is the priority (ignored but must be present).

isb

is the address of the I/O status block.

ast

is the address of the AST service routine entry point.

buffer

is the address of the buffer to contain PRO/GIDIS
data.

length

is the length of the PRO/GIDIS report buffer
(specified
as an even number of bytes in the range 2 to 8128).

SD.GDS

is a data type parameter that indicates PRO/GIDIS output.

report

If there is no data available, the 010 waits until enough data to
fill the buffer becomes available. During this wait, no IO.WSD
(write special data) is peformed, even if the no-wait form was
used.
To avoid deadlock,
the preferred method is to issue a
OIO$W for the exact number of bytes expected after the request
instruction is sent to PRO/GIDIS.
The 010 system directive returns status in a
variable called $DSW. Some possible values are:
IS.SUC
IE.ILU
IE.IEF

special

global

Successful completion
Invalid logical unit number
Invalid event flag number

For a full list of error codes,
refer to the QIO directive
description and the terminal driver section of the P/OS System
Reference Manual.

2-5

THE PRO/GIDIS INTERFACE
When the QIO directive is successful, it can return the following
status codes in the I/O status block.
IO.SUC
IS.PND
IE.ABO
IE.DNR

2.2

Successful completion
I/O request pending
Operation aborted
Device not ready

PRO/GIDIS INSTRUCTION SYNTAX

The PRO/GIDIS interpreter accepts a
stream
of
PRO/GIDIS
instructions consisting of operation code (opcode) words and
associated parameter blocks.
Specific delimiters
are
not
required between PRO/GIDIS instructions.
To ensure that the
PRO/GIDIS interpreter handles
each
individual
instruction
properly, the opcode word for each instruction contains a length
value that specifies the number of parameter words that follow
it.

2.2.1

high byte

low byte

opcode

length

Operation Codes

PRO/GIDIS instruction names map to specific numeric operation
codes.
For example, the INITIALIZE instruction has an opcode of
is
21.
1, while the SET PRIMARY COLOR instruction opcode
(Appendix A provides a list of PRO/GIDIS instructions and their
corresponding numeric opcodes.)
Your program can define PRO/GIDIS instruction names
constants. For example, in MACRO-II, this could be:
G$INIT
G$PRIM

= 1.
=

21.

In FORTRAN, this could be:
INTEGER*2 GINIT,GPRIM
PARAMETER (GINIT = 1, GPRIM

2-6

= 21)

numeric

PRO/GIDIS INSTRUCTION SYNTAX
In PASCAL, this could be:
CONST
INITIALIZE = Ii
SET PRIMARY COLOR = 2li

2.2.2

Parameter Blocks

Most PRO/GIDIS instructions
For
example,
parameters.
parameters.

require a specific
SET POSITION needs

number
exactly

of
two

A length value in the range 0 to 254 indicates a fixed-length
parameter block.
For example, if you specify a length value of
two, PRO/GIDIS expects two parameter words as shown in Example
2-1.
Some PRO/GIDIS instructions accept a
variable
number
of
parameters.
The instructions in this category are DRAW LINES,
DRAW_REL_LINES, DRAW_CHARACTERS, and LOAD CHARACTER CELL. .BYTE

2.,29.

.WORD
.WORD

100.
350.

Example 2-1:

iInstruction data block length = 2
iOpcode for SET POSITION instruction = 29
iHorizontal coordinate for current pOSe
iVertical coordinate for current pOSe
iFollowing execution of this instruction,
ithe current position is 100,550.

Instruction with Fixed-Length Parameter Block

A length value of 255 indicates that the parameter block contains
a variable number of parameter words terminated by an END_LIST
instruction word (-32768), as shown in example 2-2. Thus,
in a
variable-length parameter block, a parameter word cannot contain
the value -32768.
.BYTE
•WORD
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
Example 2-2:

255.,26.iEND-LIST-term.,opcode=DRAW_REL_LINES
idxl
10 •
-30 •
idyl
idx2
20 •
+60 •
idy2
-32768 • iEND_LIST instruction opcode word
Instruction with Variable-Length Parameter Block

This technique permits the PRO/GIDIS interpreter to handle
erroneous or unsupported opcodes without aborting the program or
misinterpreting subsequent opcodes. If the interpreter does not
recognize an instruction, that instruction and any data following
2-7

PRO/GIDIS INSTRUCTION SYNTAX
are ignored.
instruction's
instruction.

After counting
data, PRO/GIDIS

and discarding the
erroneous
proceeds to the next sequential

NOTE
PRO/GIDJS on P/OS Vl.7 sets the status flag to
SUCCESS
when
it
fails
to
recognize
an
instruction. Future versions may set the status
flag to FAILURE.
An instruction with insufficient parameters is not executed at
all.
An instruction with extra parameters is executed as though
the extra arguments do not exist; the extra parameters are
skipped and not interpreted as new instructions. For example, a
SET POSITION instruction with only one argument is ignored, while
a SET POSITION with three arguments uses the first two arguments
and discards the third.

2.3

SAMPLE MACRO-II PROGRAM

IOSB:
OBUF:
RBUF:

. BLKW
.BYTE
. BLKW

2•

0.,55.

;Length=O REQUEST_CURRENT_POSITION

3•

;SEND INSTRUCTION TO PRO/GIDIS
QIOW$S #IO.WSD,#5,#1,,#IOSB,,<#OBUF,#2,,#SD.GDS)
BCS
ERROR
; DIRECTIVE FAILED
TSTB
IOSB
;OPERATION FAILED
BLE
ERROR
;READ THE REPORT
QIOW$S #IO.RSD,#5,#1,,#IOSB,,<#RBUF,#6,,#SD.GDS)
BCS
ERROR
;BRANCH IF DIRECTIVE FAILED
TSTB
IOSB
BLE
ERROR
;BRANCH IF OPERATION FAILED
NEW CONTENTS OF RBUF:
BYTE AT RBUF
2.
(LENGTH)
BYTE AT RBUF+l 1.
(CURRENT POSITION REPORT TAG)
RBUF+2: CURRENT X POSITION
RBUF+4: CURRENT Y POSITION
ERROR:

Error handling routine

2-8

SAMPLE FORTRAN PROGRAM
2 .4

SAMPLE FORTRAN PROGRAM

INTEGER*2
PARAMETER
INTEGER*2
INTEGER*2

SDGDS, IOWSD, IORSD, ISSUC
(SDGDS=1), (IOWSD="5410), (IORSD="6030),
IOSB(2), IDS, OBUF
RBUF(3),PARLST(6)

OBUF = 55*256+0

(ISSUC=1)

!OPCODE 55=REQUEST CURRENT POSITION
!LENGTH=O

CALL GETADR(PARLST(1),OBUF)

! ADDRESS

PARLST(2) = 2
PARLST(4) = SDGDS

!LENGTH=2 BYTES

CALL WTQIO(IOWSD,5,1,0,IOSB,PARLST,IDS)
IF (IDS.NE.ISSUC) GO TO 999
!DIRECTIVE FAILED
IF (IOSB(1).NE.ISSUC) GO TO 999
!I/O REQUEST FAILED
CALL GETADR(PARLST(1),RBUF)
PARLST(2) = 6

!EXPECTED LENGTH OF REPORT IN BYTES

CALL WTQIO(IORSD,5,1,0,IOSB,PARLST,IDS)
IF (IDS.NE.ISSUC) GO TO 999
!DIRECTIVE FAILED
IF (IOSB(1).NE.ISSUC) GO TO 999
!I/O REQUEST FAILED
NEW CONTENTS OF RBUF:
RB UF ( 1 ) :
258
REPORT TAG = 1*256+2
1 = THE REPORT TAG AND 2 = LENGTH OF DATA FOLLOWING
RBUF(2): CURRENT X POSITION IN GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE
RBUF(3): CURRENT Y POSITION IN GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE
999

ERROR FOUND

2-9

CHAPTER 3
CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS

This chapter contains a detailed description of each control
instruction.
Table 3-1 lists the instructions covered in the
chapter.
Table 3-1:

Control Instructions Summary Chart

Opcode/Length

Instruction/Arguments

1/1

INITIALIZE

6/0

NEW PICTURE

24/0

END PICTURE

28/0

FLUSH BUFFERS

5/6

SET OUTPUT CURSOR alphabet, index,
width, height, offset x, offset_y

subsystem-mask-value

0/0

NOP

128/0

END LIST

3.1

INITIALIZE

The initialize instruction restores PRO/GIDIS characteristics to
their power-on default states. Specifically, this instruction
sets up PRO/GIDIS device subsystem characteristics such as the
color map,
the primary color, secondary color, addressing,
writing modes, and so forth.

3-1

INITIALIZE
Opcode: 1

Length: 1

Format: INITIALIZE subsystem-mask-value
subsystem-mask-value

is a word that specifies a set of graphics
subsystems as shown in Figure 3-1.

Status: SUCCESS
The INITIALIZE
instruction represents device subsystems
by
specific bits in a mask value passed to PRO/GIDIS with the
instruction.
For example, a parameter value of 4
(bit 2 set)
restores a device's text subsystem's power-on default conditions.
The initialize instruction mask bit settings for the various
subsystems are shown in Figure 3-1.
15 14 13 12 11 10

+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--~--+--+--+--+--+--+

I
1--- Addressing

+--+--+--+--+--+--+--t--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+

I--- Global Attributes
----- Text

1----- (reserved)
------Co1or Map
-------Alphabet Storage
-------(reserved)
-------(reserved)
-------Cursor
(Bits 8-15 are reserved)
Figure 3-1:

INITIALIZE Subsystem Initialization Bit Mask

The PRO/GIDIS subsystems that can be selected for
are listed in Table 3-2.
Table 3-2:

initialization

InitialIzation Subsystems

Subsystem

Description

Bit

-~------~-----~----------------------------------~---- -----------

Addressing

Resets the viewing transformation

Global
Attributes

Reinitializes writing mode, primary
color, secondary color, line and area
texture, planes selected, and pixel size

3-2

INITIALIZE
Text

Resets the current alphabet, unit size,
display size, cell rotation, cell
rendition, implicit cell movement flag,
and explicit cell movement

Color map

Reinitializes the color map

Alphabet

Clears all user-defined alphabets

Cursor

Resets the output cursor

Notes:
•

You can OR (logical inclusive) mask values together
initialize multiple subsystems in one instruction.

•

A mask of -1 decimal (177777
all subsystems.

•

The order of initialization is:
(1) addressing,
(2) global
attributes,
(3)
text,
(4) color map, (5) alphabet storage,
and (6) cursor.

•

Regardless of the mask word,
the INITIALIZE instruction
aborts any blocks begun with BEGIN_FILLED_FIGURE.

•

Table 3-3 lists all of the state variables affected and their
values after initialization.

•

Some state variables are included in more than one subsystem.

octal)

explicitly

initializes

Example:
.BYTE
• WORD
Table 3-3:

1.,1.
1.12.14 .

;length=l,opcode for INITIALIZE
;addressing, global attributes,
iand text subsystems mask bits

Initialization Variable States

---------------------------------------------------------------Reset State

Variable

-------~-----~~---~--------------------~-------------- ----------

Addressing Subsystem
default ids width (960)
default ids height (600)

output ids width
output ids height

3-3

INITIALIZE
output
output
output
output

viewport
viewport
viewport
viewport

gidis
gidis
gidis
gidis

output
output
output
output

clipping
clipping
clipping
clipping

x origin
y origin
width
height

space
space
space
space

0
0
default ids width (960)
default ids height (600)

x origin
y origin
width
height

0
0
default ids width (960)
default ids height (600)

x origin
y origin
width
height

0
0
default ids width (960 )
default ids height ( 600 )

current position x
current position y

0
0

output cursor width
output cursor height

standard unit width
standard unit height

output cursor x offset
output cursor y offset

1/2 standard unit width
1/2 standard unit height

line texture size

line texture length

area texture width
area texture height

standard unit width
standard unit height

pixel
pixel
pixel
pixel

o (1 hardware pixel)
o (1 hardware pixel)
a
o

logical
logical
logical
logical

width
height
x offset
y offset

cell movement mode flag
cell explicit movement dx
cell explicit movement dy

o
o

cell
cell
cell
cell

standard
standard
standard
standard

implied movement

display size width
display size height
unit size width
unit size height

* converted to new GOS coordinates

3-4

display width
display height
unit width
unit height

INITIALIZE
Global Attributes Subsystem
primary color
secondary color
plane mask
writing mode
logical
logical
logical
logical

o
7
overlay

o (1 hardware pixel)
o (1 hardware pixel)
o
o

pixel width
pixel height
pixel x offset
pixel y offset

line texture pattern
line texture length
line texture size

solid (all ones)
16 (bits)
16 hardware pixels

area
area
area
area

-1

texture
texture
texture
texture

alphabet
char
width
height

standard unit width
standard unit height

* converted to new GOS coordinates
Text Subsystem

current alphabet
cell display size width
cell display size height

standard display width
standard display height

cell unit size width
cell unit size height

standard unit width
standard unit height

cell rotation
cell oblique
cell rendition

o
o

cell movement mode flag
cell explicit movement dx
cell explicit movement dy

implied movement

none

o
o

3-5

INITIALIZE
Color Map

Subsystem

-------------------R

name

------------------color map
color map
color map
color map
color map
color map
color map
color map

[0 ]
[1 ]

[2 ]
[3 ]
[4]
[5 ]

[6 ]

[7 ]

.0,
.2,

.7,
.2,
.6,
.6,
.6,
.6,

.0,
.2,
.2,

.7,
.6,
.6,
.6,
.6,

.0,
.6,
.2,
.2,
.6,
.6,
.6,
.6,

.0
.2
.3
.4

.7
.7
.7
.7

black
blue
red
green
white
white
white
white

(dark)
(dark gray)
(light gray)
(light)
(light)
(light)
(l ight)
(light)

Alphabet Storage Subsystem

alphabet extent [1 to 16]
alphabet height [1 to 16]
alphabet width
[1 to 16]

Cursor Subsystem
output
output
output
output
output
output

3.2

cursor alphabet
cursor character index
cursor width
cursor height
cursor x offset
cursor y offset

-1

standard unit width
standard unit height
1/2 standard unit width
1/2 standard unit height

NEW PICTURE

The NEW PICTURE instruction prepares the video display for a new
picture-by clearing the screen. This instruction sets the entire
screen to the current secondary color.
(The SET SECONDARY COLOR
instruction is described in the chapter on global-attributes.)
Opcode: 6

Length: 0

Format: NEW PICTURE
Status: SUCCESS
For device-independent programs, it is recommended that you use
NEW PICTURE
and END PICTURE to enclose any picture-drawing
instructions.
Place instructions for pausing or requesting
operator interaction after the END PICTURE instruction and before
another NEW PICTURE instruction.

3-6

NEW PICTURE
Notes:
PRO/GIDIS ignores any arguments specified with a

•

NEW PICTURE

instruction.
•

The secondary color is written to the bitmap subject to the
plane mask in effect at the time NEW PICTURE executes.
(Refer to the SET PLANE MASK instruction in the chapter on
global attributes:)

PICTURE clears all pixels in the bitmap including those
• NEW
outside the clipping region. In particular, it clears the
32-pixel bands on both sides of the bitmap that are not
of HAS and not normally used.

part

Example:
.BYTE

3.3

o • ,6.

ilength=O,opcode for NEW PICTURE

END PICTURE

The END PICTURE instruction causes all internally buffered data
to be sent to the output device.
(Refer to the FLUSH BUFFERS
instruction). Any required device output processing of a-picture
occurs here (top-of-form, wait for interactive response, and so
forth).
Opcode: 24

Length: 0

Format: END PICTURE
Status: SUCCESS
For device-independent programs, it is recommended that you use
NEW PICTURE
and END PICTURE to enclose any picture-drawing
instructions.
Place instructions for pausing or requesting
operator interaction after the END_PICTURE instruction and before
another NEW PICTURE instruction.
Notes:
•

END PICTURE's effect on the video display is the same as
FLUSH BUFFERS instruction (for PIOS Vl.7).

3-7

the

END PICTURE
Example:
• BYTE

O. ,6 •

ilength=O,opcode for NEW_PICTURE
;drawing instructions

.BYTE

0.,24.

;length=O,opcode for END_PICTURE

;wait for operator response
.BYTE

ilength=O,opcode for NEW_PICTURE

O. ,6.

imore drawing instructions

3.4

FLUSH BUFFERS

FLUSH BUFFERS forces execution of all buffered instructions.
Opcode: 28

Length: 0

Format: FLUSH BUFFERS
Status: SUCCESS
Notes:
•

PRO/GIDIS
ignores
any
FLUSH BUFFERS instruction.

arguments

•

Issue a FLUSH BUFFERS instruction prior to any delay or wait
for operator response so that all drawing instructions are
executed before the wait.

specified

with

Example:
• BYTE

3.5

O. ,28 .

ilength=O,opcode for FLUSH BUFFERS

SET OUTPUT CURSOR

The SET OUTPUT CURSOR instruction selects a specific character to
be used as the program/s output cursor. The output cursor is a
visible indication of the current output position.

3-8

SET OUTPUT CURSOR
Opcode: 5

Length: 6

Format: SET OUTPUT CURSOR alphabet, index,
width, height,
offset-x, offset-y
alphabet

specifies the alphabet containing the
the special cursors indicator (-1).

character

index

specifies the character or special cursor.

width

specifies the width of the cursor in GIDIS Output
Space coordinates (greater than or equal to zero).

height

specifies the height of the cursor in GIDIS Output
Space coordinates (greater than or equal to zero).

offset-x

specifies the X offset from the top left corner of
the cursor to the current position (range 0 to
width).

offset-y

specifies the Y offset from the top left corner of
the cursor to the current position (range 0 to
height).

Status: SUCCESS if the requested character (alphabet,
index)
is
defined, and width and height and coordinates are in
range; otherwise FAILURE.
Notes:
•

The width and height (in PRO/GIDIS Output Space) are treated
as a unit cell size; there is no equivalent of a display
cell. When width and height are adjusted automatically to an
integral multiple of the storage size of the character, the x
and y offsets are adjusted by the same ratio.

alphabet code of -1 specifies that one of the special
• An
built-in cursors is to be used. For P/OS 1.7 these cursors
are:
-1

o
1
2

No cursor
Implementation default (same as 1)
Tracking Cross (small cross)
Crosshairs (full screen width and height)

User-specified width and height are ignored when the tracking
is used. All other values are reserved.

3-9

SET OUTPUT CURSOR
•

If the chosen cursor is not predefined
(either a special
cursor or a character in alphabet 0, your program must first
define the character and then execute a SET OUTPUT CURSOR
instruction.
If the character is redefined after the
SET OUTPUT CURSOR, the appearance of the cursor is unchanged
untIl another SET OUTPUT CURSOR executes.

•

Once the
SET OUTPUT CURSOR
instruction
executes,
appearance of the cursor changes immediately.

the

Example:
.BYTE
.WORD
.WORD

6. ,5.
l.
2.

• WORD
. WORD
• WORD
. WORD

30 .
30 •
15 •

• BYTE
.WORD
. WORD
• WORD
. WORD
• WORD
• WORD

6. ,5 •
-l.
-1 •
O•
O•
3•

O•

ilength=6,opcode for SET OUTPUT CURSOR
iAlphabet 1 (user-defined alphabet)
iCharacter index value
i(Assume that Alphabet 1, character-index
;2, is defined as an arrow pointing
istraight upward
iWidth of 30
iHeight of 30
iX offset
iY offset
iThe arrow is the new cursor with the tip
being at the current position.

Example:

3.6

ilength=6,opcode for SET OUTPUT_CURSOR
iPRO/GIDIS Cursor Alphabet
iNo cursor
iWidth value of zero
(ignored)
iHeight value of zero (ignored)
iX offset (ignored)
iY offset (ignored)

NOP

The NOP instruction performs no operation. Execution of a NOP
has no effect on the current state of PRO/GIDIS, other than to
set the status flag to SUCCESS.
Opcode: 0

Length: 0

Format: NOP
Status: SUCCESS

3-10

NOP
Notes:
•

PRO/GIDIS ignores
instruction.

any

arguments

included

with

NOP

Example:
.BYTE

0.,0.

;length=O,opcode for NOP

. BYTE
. WORD
.WORD

2 • ,0 •

1540.
71.

;length=2,opcode for NOP
iprivate data (ignored by PRO/GIDIS)
iprivate data (ignored by PRO/GIDIS)

Example:

3.7

END LIST

The END LIST instruction indicates the end of a variable argument
list.
This instruction follows the last argument in the list.
Those PRO/GIDIS instructions often used with a variable-length
argument list that terminates with an END LIST instruction
include
the
following:
DRAW_LINES,
DRAW_REL_LINES,
DRAW_CHARACTERS, and LOAD CHARACTER CELL.
Opcode: 128

Length: 0

Format: END LIST
Status: SUCCESS
Notes:
•

PRO/GIDIS ignores any arguments specified
instruction.

•

The code for this instruction (-32768)
is invalid for any
data in any variable argument list. Your program must ensure
this value is never sent in a variable argument list;
however, the code is valid as an argument for fixed-length
instructions. When this value appears as an opcode, no
operation is performed.
For example, the point [-32768,0]
could not be sent in a DRAW LINES instruction that terminates
with an END LIST instruction, but could be sent in a
DRAW LINES instruction with counted arguments.

3-11

with

END LIST

END LIST
Example:
.BYTE
.WORD
.WORD
.WORD

255.,25. ilength=END_LIST,opcode for DRAW LINES
100.
iDRAW LINES data
110.
iDRAW-LINES data
-32768. iEND LIST
iNote that the length = 255 is a
special value and does not indicate
255 data words following, but that
there is an unknown number of words
following, to be terminated with
the END LIST code

3-12

CHAPTER 4
VIEWING TRANSFORMATION INSTRUCTIONS

This chapter contains a detailed description of each of
viewing
transformation
instructions.
Table 4-1 lists
instructions covered in the chapter.
Table 4-1:

Viewing Transformation Instructions Summary Chart

Opcode/Length

Arguments

Instruction

12/2

SET OUTPUT IDS

width, height

13/4

SET OUTPUT VIEWPORT

ulx, uly, width, height

9/4

SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE

ulx, uly, width, height

4/4

SET OUTPUT CLIPPING REGION ulx, uly, width, height

4.1

the
the

SET OUTPUT IDS

The SET OUTPUT IDS instruction specifies the width and height of
Imposed Device Space (IDS). It also sets the window, clipping
region, and viewport to be identical with IDS, and resets all
global attributes to their default values as shown in Table 4-2.
Opcode: 12

Length: 2

Format: SET OUTPUT IDS

width, height

The parameters are integers greater than or equal to zero.
width

specifies the width of IDS.

height

specifies the height of IDS.
4-1

SET OUTPUT IDS
Status: SUCCESS if width and height are greater than
otherwise.

FAILURE

Notes:
•

The upper left corner of IDS is always
[0,0] •
The
coordinates of the lower-right corner is [width - 1, height 1] .

•

When the picture aspect ratio of IDS space is not equal to
the picture aspect ratio of the hardware address space, only
a portion of the view surface is used.

•

No drawing is done by the SET OUTPUT IDS instruction.

It is recommended that width and height be less than or equal
to 16384
(2 to the 14th power). This limitation ensures
sufficient off-screen address space for accurate clipping.

•

Table 4-1 lists all of the state variables affected and their
reset values after the SET OUTPUT IDS executes. All sizes
are reset.

Example:
Table 4-2:

See SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE description.
State Variables Affected by SET_OUTPUT_IDS

Variable

Reset State

IDS width
IDS height

as specified
as specified

viewport

same as IDS

GIDIS output space

same as IDS

clipping region

same as IDS

current position x
current position y

o
o

cursor width
cursor height
cursor x offset
cursor y offset

standard unit width
standard unit height
1/2 standard unit width
1/2 standard unit height

line texture size

line texture length

area texture width
area texture height

standard unit width
standard unit height

4-2

SET OUTPUT IDS
logical pixel x offset
logical pixel y offset
logical pixel width
logical pixel height

o
a
o (1 hardware pixel)
o (1 hardware pixel)

cell movement mode flag
cell explicit movement dx
cell explicit movement dy

implicit, local

o
o

cell
cell
cell
cell

standard display width
standard display height
standard unit width
standard unit hei t

display size width
display size height
unit size width
unit size height

* converted to new GOS coordinates

4.2

SET OUTPUT VIEWPORT

The SET OUTPUT VIEWPORT instruction specifies the v
Opcode: 13

Length: 4

Format: SET OUTPUT VIEWPORT

ulx, uly, width, hei

The parameters are integer values representing IDS coordinates.
ulx

specifies the x (horizontal) address of the origin of the
viewport.

uly

specifies the y (vertical) address of the origin
viewport.

width

specifies the width
greater than zero).

the

viewport

(value

must

height

specifies the height
greater than zero).

the

(value

must

Status: SUCCESS if width and height are greater than
otherwise.

FAILURE

Notes:
•

No drawing is done by the SET OUTPUT VIEWPORT instruction.

•

If the picture aspect ratios of the window and viewport
not equal, only a portion of the viewport is used.

4-3

are

SET OUTPUT VIEWPORT
•

Unlike SET OUTPUT IDS
and
SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE,
this
instruction does not change any.of the-state variables that
depend on the definition of GIDIS Output Space (cell unit
size,
line texture size, and so forth). The GOS values are
preserved.

Example:

4.3

See SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE description.

SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE

The SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE instruction specifies the bounds of
the window in GIDIS Output Space.
It also sets the output
clipping region to coincide with the window and resets all global
attributes to their default values as shown in Table 4-3.
Opcode: 9

Length: 4

Format: SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE

ulx, uly, width, height

The parameters are integer values representing GIDIS Output Space
coordinates.
ulx

specifies the x (horizontal) address of the origin of the
window.

uly

specifies the y (vertical) address of the origin
window.

width

specifies the width of the window (value must be
than zero).

greater

height

specifies the height of the window (value must be greater
than zero).

Status: SUCCESS if width
FAILURE otherwise

and

height

are

greater

than

the

zero,

Notes:
•

No drawing is done when SET_GIDIS_OUTPUT_SPACE executes.

It is recommended that a maximum absolute value of 16384 (2
• to
the 14th power} be used for the following:
ulx, uly,
ulx + width, and uly + height. This will allow
off-screen address space for accurate clipping.

4-4

sufficient

SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE
•

Table 4-3 lists all of the state variables affected and their
reset values after the SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE instruction
executes. All sizes are reset~

Example:
.BYTE
• WORD
.WORD

2.,12.
960 .
600.

ilength=2,opcode for SET OUTPUT IDS
iwidth
-iheight (upper left corner is [0,0] and
lower right corner is [959,599])

• BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
. WORD
• WORD

4.,13 •

il ength=4,opcode for SET_OUTPUT_VIEWPORT

• BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
.WORD
• WORD

4. ,9 •

Table 4-3:

O•
O•

480 •
600 •
O•
O•

2400.
4000 •

iSets the viewport to the left half
of the screen
ilength=4,opcode SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE
iSets GaS to 0-to-2399 in X
and 0-to-3999 in Y (all within the
left half of the screen)

State Variables Affected by SET_GIDIS_OUTPUT_SPACE

Variable

Reset State

GIDIS output space

as specified

clipping region

same as window

current position x
current position y

o
o

output cursor width
output cursor height
output cursor x offset
output cursor y offset

standard unit width
standard unit height
1/2 standard unit width
1/2 standard unit height

line texture size

line texture length

area texture width
area texture height

standard unit width
standard unit height

logical
logical
logical
logical

pixel
pixel
pixel
pixel

x offset
y offset
width
height

o (1 hardware pixel)
o (1 hardware pixel)

4-5

SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE
cell movement mode flag
cell explicit movement dx
cell explicit movement dy

o
o

cell
cell
cell
cell

standard display width
standard display height
standard unit width
standard unit height

implied

display size width
display size height
unit size width
unit size height

* converted to new GOS coordinates
4.4

SET OUTPUT CLIPPING REGION

The SET_OUTPUT CLIPPING_REGION instruction specifies the output
clipping region in PRO/GIDIS output space coordinates. The
output clipping region is the rectangle within which
the
PRO/GIDIS interpreter is permitted to draw on the view surface.
Opcode: 4

Length: 4

Format: SET OUTPUT CLIPPING REGION

ulx, uly, width, height

The parameters are GIDIS Output Space coordinates.
ulx

specifies the X (horizontal) coordinate of the upper left
corner of the clipping region.

uly

specifies the Y (vertical) coordinate upper
of the clipping region.

width

specifies the width of the clipping region.

height

specifies the height of the clipping region

left

corner

Status: SUCCESS if width and height are greater than or equal
0, FAILURE otherwise

Notes:
•

The SET OUTPUT CLIPPING REGION instruction does
drawing.

•

You cannot set the clipping region to an area larger than the
output device.
An attempt to do so reduces the clipping
region to the portion that maps to the output device.
If no
portion maps, the clipping region width and height are set to
0, and all drawing is clipped to nothing.

4-6

not

any

SET OUTPUT CLIPPING REGION
•

Clipping affects all drawing primitives,
including those
generating intermediate points that might be outside the
spaces specified. For example, circles are drawn only within
the specified clipping region.

If width or height are zero,
• clipped
to nothing.

all

drawing

instructions

are

clipping region includes
• The
following instructions:

the

borders.

Therefore,

the

SET OUTPUT CLIPPING REGION 100, 100, 300, 300
SET POSITION 50, 100
DRAW_LINES 100, 100
draw the pixel at [100,100], assuming this
the visible area.

point

within

SET_POSITION 100, 150
DRAW_LINES 500, 150
draws pixels from [100,150] to [400,150] inclusive.
Example:
.BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD

4. ,4.
100 •
100 .
400 •
100 •

ilength=4,SET OUTPUT CLIPPING REGION
iSets output clipping region to rectangle
iwith the upper left corner at 100,100
;and the lower right corner at 500,200.

4-7

CHAPTER 5
GLOBAL ATTRIBUTES INSTRUCTIONS

This chapter contains a detailed description of each global
attribute instruction. Table 5-1 lists the instructions covered
in the chapter.
Table 5-1:

Global Attribute Instructions Summary Chart

Opcode/Length

Instruction/Arguments

21/1

SET PRIMARY COLOR

color-value

15/1

SET SECONDARY COLOR

color-value

16/6

SET COLOR MAP ENTRY

map, index, red, green, blue, mono

20/1

SET PLANE MASK

plane-masK

22/1

SET WRITING MODE

mode-value

19/4

SET PIXEL SIZE

width, height, offset-x, offset-y

17/3

SET LINE TEXTURE

length, pattern, size

14/2

SET AREA TEXTURE

alphabet, char-index

3/2

SET AREA TEXTURE SIZE

width, height

69/2

SET AREA CELL SIZE

width, height

---------------------------------------------------------------------5.1

SET PRIMARY COLOR

The primary color generally indicates the presence of an image.
On a three-plane bitmap system, SET PRIMARY COLOR specifies an
5-1

SET PRIMARY COLOR
index into the color
map.
On
a
single-plane
SET PRIMARY COLOR instruction specifies light or dark.
Opcode: 21

Length: 1

Format: SET PRIMARY COLOR
color-value

system,

color-value

A word that specifies a color map entry (range 0 to
7) or a monochrome value (0 = dark, any other value
= white).

Status: SUCCESS
Notes:
•

Refer to the INITIALIZE instruction in Chapter 3 for
of the power-on default colors.

list

•

This instruction does not draw anything on the screen or
affect the bitmap. It affects objects drawn in primary color
after the instruction executes.

Example:
. BYTE
• WORD

5.2

1.,21 •
4•

;length=l,opcode for SET PRIMARY COLOR
;defines primary color as color number 4

SET SECONDARY COLOR

The secondary color generally indicates the absence of an image.
On a three-plane bitmap system, SET SECONDARY COLOR specifies an
index into the color
map.
On- a
single-plane
system,
SET SECONDARY COLOR instruction specifies light or dark.
Opcode: 15

Length: 1

Format: SET SECONDARY COLOR
color-value

Status:

color-value

A word that specifies a color map entry (range 0 to
7) or a monochrome value (0 = dark, any other value
= white).

SUCCESS

5-2

SET SECONDARY COLOR
Notes:
•

Refer to the SET_COLOR_MAP_ENTRY description in this
for a list of the power-on default colors.

chapter

•

This instruction does not draw anything on the screen or
affect the bitmap.
It affects objects drawn in the secondary
color after the instruction executes.

Example:
.BYTE
• WORD

5.3

1.,15.
1.

;length=l,opcode for SET SECONDARY COLOR
;defines secondary color-as number-l

SET COLOR MAP ENTRY

The SET COLOR MAP ENTRY instruction specifies the contents of a
particular color map entry, assuming that the EBO is present.
All images that were drawn using that color map entry are
immediately affected.
Opcode: 16

Length: 6

Format: SET COLOR MAP ENTRY
map

index

map, index, red, green, blue, mono

For the
an integer representing a specific color map.
Professional,
this value must be 0 to represent the
Professional's only map.
an integer in the range 0 to 7 representing
eight color map entries.

one

the

red

an integer in the range of 0 to
proportion of red.

65535

representing

the

green

an integer in the range of 0 to
proportion of green.

65535

representing

the

blue

an integer in the range of 0 to
proportion of blue.

65535

representing

the

mono

an integer in the range of 0 to
proportion of monochrome.

65535

representing

the

Status: SUCCESS if map = 0 and index is in the range 0 to 7.

5-3

SET COLOR MAP ENTRY
For convenience, the following table shows proportional values in
the form of octal fractions. Because programming languages vary,
the equivalents are shown as octal, unsigned decimal, and signed
decimal constants.
Table 5-2:

Color Map Values for the Professional

Octal
Fraction*

Octal
Integer

Decimal
Integer
(Unsigned)

Decimal
Integer
(Signed)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7

0
20000
40000
60000
100000
120000
140000
160000

0
8192
16384
24576
32768
40960
49152
57344

0
8192
16384
24576
-32768
-24576
-16384
-8192

* Only the even numbers are useful for blue values:
(0.0,0.2,0.4, and 0.6).
Notes:
•

This instruction is not useful
(non-EBO) device.

with

single-plane

bitmap

change occurs in the bitmap when SET COLOR MAP ENTRY
• No
executes, but every pixel drawn with the-specified-index
changes color instantly.

Example:
• BYTE
• WORD
•WORD
.WORD
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD

5.4

;length=6,opcode for SET COLOR MAP ENTRY
;PRO's bitmap (value must be 0)
;Color index 1
1•
;Red is one-eighth (octal)
20000
40960 • ;Green is five-eighths (unsigned decimal)
16384 • ;Blue is one-quarter
-32768 • ;Monochrome is one-half (signed decimal)

6.,16 .

O•

SET PLANE MASK

The SET PLANE_MASK instruction specifies which bitmap planes are
accessible to the PRO/GIDIS interpreter. The interpreter cannot
modify a plane unless that plane has been designated modifiable
with a SET PLANE MASK instruction.
5-4

SET PLANE MASK
Opcode: 20

Length: 1

Format: SET PLANE MASK
plane-mask

plane-mask

An integer bit mask representing a
bitmap planes
(as shown below).
indicates an accessible plane.

combination of
A set (l) bit

Status: SUCCESS
The following table shows all combinations
that
can
be
represented by plane mask
en) values.
It also shows the
effective writing indexes for each combination, assuming that all
"write-locked" planes are clear.
Table 5-3:
n

Plane Mask Values

Plane 3

Plane 2

Plane 1

Writing Indexes
none

1
2

0, 1
0, 2

0, 1, 2, 3
0, 4
0, 1, 4, 5

0, 2, 4, 6

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

X = accessible to PRO/GIDIS
= not accessible to PRO/GIDIS
Notes:
•

SET PLANE MASK does not affect the video display.

•

Write-locked planes change the effects of the writing
See SET WRITING MODE for details.

modes.

Professional VTI02 emulator uses plane 3 for text. Refer
• The
to Chapter 2 of this manual and the Terminal Subsystem Manual
for more information.

5-5

SET PLANE MASK
•

The color map can be used in combination with the color mask
to prepare separate images in separate planes for switching
back and forth quickly. For example:
~Set

.BYTE
.WORD

all color map entries to dark

1.,20.

~len=l,opcode

~plane

~draw
~Set

for SET PLANE MASK

1
image A in plane 1

map entries 1, 3, 5, and 7 to light
A appears

~Image

.BYTE
.WORD

1. ,20.
2•

~len=l,opcode

~plane
~draw

for SET PLANE MASK

2
image B in plane 2

iSet map entries 1, 3, 5, and 7 to dark
iImage A disappears
iSet map entries 2, 3, 6, and 7 to light
iImage B appears
Although drawing image B might take a while, depending on the
complexity of the image, it will appear all at once.
You can
continue flipping images A and B very quickly.
In other
words, you can draw B while A is being viewed and so forth.
This technique requires careful coordination of the color
map.
In order for the contents of one or more planes to have
no effect on the visible image,
certain color map entries
must be set identically:
"Invisible"
Planes
none
1
2
3

1,2
1,3
2,3
1,2,3

Color Map Entry Sets
(O)

(I)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(O,l) (2,3) (4,5) (6,7)
( 0 , 2) (1, 3) (4 , 6) (5 , 7 )
(0,4) (1,5) (2,6) (3,7)
( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3) (4 , 5 , 6 , 7 )
( 0 , 1 ,4, 5) (2, 3 , 6 , 7 )
(0,2,4,6) (1,3,5,7)
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
5-6

(6)

(7)

SET PLANE MASK
Example:
.BYTE
.WORD

5.5

1. ,20.

"'Ball

ilength=l,opcode for SET_PLANE_MASK
iEnables GIDIS access to planes 1 and 2
iPlane 3 is write-protected

SET WRITING MODE

The SET WRITING MODE instruction defines how PRO/GIDIS writes
images to the bitmap.
See Chapter 1 for a description of the
writing modes.
Opcode: 22

Length: 1

Format: SET WRITING MODE
mode-code

mode-code

Specifies one of the following integer values:
a
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

TRANSPARENT
TRANSPARENT NEGATE
COMPLEMENT
COMPLEMENT NEGATE
OVERLAY
OVERLAY NEGATE
REPLACE
REPLACE NEGATE
ERASE
ERASE NEGATE

Status: SUCCESS if a valid mode is requestedi FAILURE otherwise.
Notes:
•

No drawing is
executes.

done

when

the

SET WRITING MODE

instruction

Example:
. BYTE
• WORD

5.6

1. ,22 •
6•

ilength=l,opcode for SET_WRITING_MODE
iSpecifies REPLACE writing mode

SET PIXEL SIZE

The SET PIXEL SIZE instruction permits you to increase
of the logical pixel used for drawing lines.

5-7

the

size

SET PIXEL SIZE
Opcode: 19

Length: 4

Format: SET PIXEL SIZE

width, height, offset-x, offset-y

The parameters are GIDIS Output Space coordinates.
width

specifies the logical drawing pixel width.

height

specifies the logical drawing pixel height.

offset-x

specifies the X offset from the top left corner of
pixel to the current position.

the

offset-y

specifies the Y offset from the top left corner of
pixel to the current position.

the

Status: SUCCESS if width and height are greater than or equal to
zero, offset x is greater than or equal to zero and not
less than width, and offset y is greater than or equal to
zero and not greater than height.
Notes:
•

The default drawing point is one physical
default, lines are drawn one pixel wide.

pixel,

and,

•

Any value that maps to a size smaller than a hardware pixel
is set to a hardware pixel size. In particular, width = 0
and height = 0 always sets the drawing pixel to the hardware
pixel size.

•

The drawing pixel is always a rectangle orthogonal to
and Y axes.

•

Complement writing mode can produce unexpected
can replace mode using line texture.

•

No drawing is done when the SET PIXEL SIZE function executes.

•

SET_PIXEL_SIZE is used in drawing lines and arcs and
WRITE PIXEL ARRAY instruction.

the

results,

Example:
.BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
.WORD

4.,19.
6•
6•
3•
3.

ilength=4,opcode for SET_PIXEL_SIZE
iwidth in GIDIS output space units
iHeight in GIDIS output space units
iCentered horizontally
iCentered vertically

5-8

X
as

the

SET LINE TEXTURE
5.7

SET LINE TEXTURE

The SET_LINE TEXTURE instruction defines the line texture, a
pattern that is repeated in drawing lines and arcs.
Opcode: 17

bit

Length: 3

Format: SET LINE TEXTURE

length, pattern, size

length

the length (in bits) of the selected pattern.
length parameter must be less than or equal to 16.

pattern

a binary line pattern (ones and zeroes).
PRO/GIDIS
begins the pattern by using the low-order (rightmost)
bit 0 first.

size

specifies the length (in GIDIS output space coordinates)
of one repetition of the pattern. Size must be greater
than zero.

Status: SUCCESS if length in a range of 1 to 16, and if
greater than 0, FAILURE otherwise.

size

The

Notes:
•

Size is used in a similar manner as the unit size for
characters is used for text. Effective size is an integral
multiple of the pattern length in physical pixels.

•

The pattern length is repeated every size units in the
display.
The low-order bit is used first, then successively
higher order bits. The pattern is rotated as lines are
drawn, so that the pattern is preserved around corners and
bends.

•

For the Professional, the size given is used for horizontal
and vertical lines.
Diagonal lines have a size that is
larger by a factor of the square root of 2 (1.414 ..• )

•

Pixel size does not change the 'size' in which the pattern
repeats, although the appearance of the line does change.

•

The only way to reset the texture to the original is to issue
another SET LINE TEXTURE instruction.

•

No drawing is done by the SET LINE TEXTURE.

5-9

SET LINE TEXTURE
l~xample :

.BYTE
.WORD
.WORD
.WORD

5.8

3.,17
8.

ilength=3., opcode for SET_LINE_TEXTURE
iLength of pattern
~B10001111 iON, ON, ON, ON, OFF, OFF, OFF, ON
iBits are used in order low to high
100.
iSize of one repetition of pattern in
iGIDIS output space

SET AREA TEXTURE

ET AREA TEXTURE specifies a two-dimensional bit pattern that
Area texture is
defines -the appearance of filled figures.
specified as a character in an alphabet. Any arbitrary pattern
(up to the maximum character size) can be used for area texture.
Opcode: 14

Length: 2

Pcrmat: SET AREA TEXTURE
alphabet

char-index

alphabet, char-index

Specifies the number of the alphabet containing the
texture character.
It can be the DEC Multinational
character set (alphabet 0), a user-defined alphabet,
or the special texture indicator "-1".
The index
texture.

the

specific

character

special

Status: SUCCESS if the specified character (alphabet, char-index)
is defined.
lJotes
•

The alphabet number is explicitly specified and does not
depend on the current alphabet selected by the SET ALPHABET
instruction.

•

If the character is re-defined after this function,
the
appearance of future filled areas is according to the old
definition.
In other words, the current pattern is copied to
a special area texture cell at the time SET AREA TEXTURE
executes.

•

Alphabet -1 is reserved for implementation-defined area
textures.
Alphabet -1 char-index 0 is derived from the line
texture (the pattern is drawn vertically and replicated
horizontally) when the instruction executes. The texture
size is taken from the line texture size, not from the area
texture width and height.
5-10

SET AREA TEXTURE
•

The pattern always appears orthogonal to the axes;
no way to rotate the pattern.

there

•

Area textures are self-aligning.
When two adjacent or
overlapping areas are filled, the appearance shows no seams.
An exception occurs in complement and complement-negate modes
where overlapping areas collide.
Areas that overlap are
drawn twice in these modes.

•

Pixel size is not used when filling areas.

•

No drawing is done when SET AREA TEXTURE executes.

Example:
.BYTE
• WORD
.WORD

5.9

2.,14
8•
23.

;length=2., opcode for SET AREA TEXTURE
;User-defined alphabet 2
;23rd character

SET AREA TEXTURE SIZE

The SET AREA TEXTURE SIZE instruction specifies the actual size
of texture character displayed; the size is specified in GIDIS
output space. Character pattern is mapped completely to this
size.
Opcode: 3

Length: 2

Format: SET AREA TEXTURE SIZE

width, height

The parameters are GIDIS Output Space coordinates.
width

specifies the width of one repetition of the area texture
pattern.

height

specifies the height
texture pattern.

Status: SUCCESS if width and
FAILURE otherwise.

one

height

repetition
are

greater

the

area

than

zero,

Notes:
•

The area size is restricted to an integral multiple of the
texture pattern.
PRO/GIDIS uses the largest available size
that is not larger than the size specified. If no available
size is small enough, the smallest available is used.

5-11

SET AREA TEXTURE SIZE
•

This instruction does not affect the pattern used.

•

No drawing is done when SET AREA TEXTURE SIZE executes.

Example:
.BYTE
. WORD
.WORD

5.10

2. ,3

12 •
8.

;length=2., SET AREA TEXTURE SIZE
iArea texture width ~ 12 units
iArea texture height = 8 units

SET AREA CELL SIZE

The SET AREA CELL SIZE instruction allows you to specify a
particular size for the area texture cell, the source for the
area texture.
Opcode: 69

Length: 2

Format: SET AREA CELL SIZE

width, height

width

The width (in storage pixels) for the area
width value must be in a range of 1 to 16.

cell.

The

height

The height of the area cell in storage pixels.
height value must be in a range of 1 to 16.

The

Status: SUCCESS if both width and height are in the
otherwise, FAILURE.

1-16

range,

Notes:
•

When a character cell is loaded into the area cell, PRO/GIOIS
clears the remainder (if any) of the area cell bits. Thus,
if a subsequent SET AREA CELL SIZE instruction increases the
area cell size, the-new pattern is all zeros.

•

The SET- AREA- TEXTURE instruction sets the area cell size from
that
of
the
character cell, overriding any previous
SET AREA CELL SIZE specification.

•

No drawing is done when this instruction executes.

5-12

SET AREA CELL SIZE
Example:

.BYTE
• WORD
.WORD

2.,14.
2•
23

• BYTE
• WORD
• WORD

9•
9•

2.,69 •

iLength=2, opcode for SET_AREA_TEXTURE
iUser-defined alphabet 2 (assume 8 by 10)
iCharacter 23
i Area Cell Size is now 8 by 10
iLength=2, opcode for SET AREA CELL SIZE
iarea cell width = 9 storage plxelsiarea cell heighth = 9 storage pixels
iArea cell size is now 9 by 9, padded on
ithe right, with one column of OFF's, and
iwith the bottom row of the character
icell removed

5-13

CHAPTER 6
DRAWING INSTRUCTIONS

This chapter contains a detailed description of each PRO/GIDIS
drawing instruction. Table 6-1 lists the instructions covered in
the chapter.
Table 6-1:

Drawing Instructions Summary Chart

Opcode/Length

Instruction/Arguments

29/2

SET POSITION

x, y

30/2

SET REL POSITION

dx, dy

25/n

DRAW LINES

x, y

26/n

DRAW REL LINES

dx, dy

23/3

DRAW ARC

x, y, angle

27/3

DRAW REL ARC

dx, dy, angle

------------------------------------------------------ --------------6.1

SET POSITION

The SET POSITION instruction specifies a new current position
an absolute position in GIDIS Output Space.
Opcode: 29

Length: 2

Format: SET POSITION
x

x, Y

Specifies the new X (horizontal)
position in GIDIS output space
6-1

value

the

current

SET POSITION
y

Specifies the new Y (vertical)
position in GIDIS output space

value

the

current

Status: SUCCESS
Notes:
•

No drawing is done when SET POSITION executes.

Example:
• BYTE
.WORD
.WORD

6.2

2.,29 •
100.
350.

;Length=2, opcode for SET POSITION
;New current position
;is [100,350]

SET REL POSITION

The SET REL POSITION instruction specifies a new current position
as an offset from the old current position in GIDIS Output Space.
Opcode: 30

Length: 2

Format: SET REL POSITION

dx, dy

Specifies an offset from the
position in GIDIS output space

current

(horizontal)

Specifies an offset from the
position in GIDIS output space

current

(vertical)

Status: SUCCESS, provided no arithmetic overflow
overflow, FAILURE (position does not change)

occurs;

Notes:
•

No drawing is done when SET POSITION executes.

symmetry is preserved; SET REL POSITION
[Dx,Dy]
is
• Global
always same as a 'SET POSITION [Current_x + Dx,Current_y +
Dy] , •
Example:
• BYTE
• WORD
• WORD

2.,30 •
100 •
-50 .

iCurrent position is [100,350]
;Length=2, opcode for SET REL POSITION
;Relative position is
; [+100,-50]
;New current position is [200,300]

6-2

DRAW LINES
(

6.3

DRAW LINES

The DRAW LINES instruction draws a series of straight line
segments, starting at the current drawing position. The end
point of each line segment is specified as absolute coordinate
pairs, expressed in GIDIS output space.
Opcode: 25

Length: n

Format: DRAW LINES

xl, yl, x2, y2, •••

Specifies the X (horizontal) value of
end point in GIDIS output space.

the

first

Specifies the Y (vertical) value of the first line's
point in GIDIS output space.

Specifies the X (horizontal) value of the
end point in GIDIS output space.

Specifies the Y (vertical) value of the second line's end
point in GIDIS output space.

second

line's
end

line's

Status: SUCCESS, provided no filled figure table overflow occurs;
on overflow, FAILURE (position does not change)
Notes:
•

The coordinates can be specified either in a counted argument
list (with the count supplied with the opcode word, or in an
END LIST terminated list with 255 in the opcode word, as
described in Chapter 2 of this manual.

•

If there is an X coordinate with no Y coordinate, the lone
coordinate is ignored with no error indication.

DRAW LINES instruction is affected by the following
• The
global attributes: writing mode, primary color, plane mask,
secondary color, pixel size, line texture, and filled
flag.
(See Note 4.)

•

figure

The way the coordinate parameters are used depends on the
filled figure flag.
When the filled figure flag yields
FALSE, this instruction draws a straight line from the
current position to the specified point. Then, the current
position is changed and the specified point becomes the new
current position.
The next line is drawn from this new
position to the location. specified by the next parameter
pair.

6-3

DRAW LINES
•

In complement and complement negate mode, common points (last
pixel in one line, first pixel in the next) are drawn only
once. The first pixel of a line is skipped and the last
pixel is drawn.
If the first pixel is the last pixel, the
pixel is drawn.

•

When the filled figure flag yields TRUE, this instruction
saves the given points in the filled figure table. No
drawing is done; however, current position changes and is set
to each specified (x, y) point.
When the instruction
completes, the current drawing position is located at the
point indicated by the last parameter pair. When the filled
figure table is full,
coordinate pairs are ignored, and
status is set to FAILURE.

•

DRAW LINES modifies
region.

the

bitmap

only

inside

the

clipping

Example:

• BYTE
• WORD
• WORD

2.,25 •
150 •
200 •

iNot in a filled figure definition
i(filled figure flag is FALSE)
iCurrent position is [200,300]
iLength=2, opcode for DRAW LINES
iDraw a line from [200,300]
ito [150,200]
iNew current position is [150,200]

Example:

. BYTE
.WORD
.WORD
.WORD
.WORD

4.,25 •
600.
-10.
300.
+10.

icurrent position is [150,200]
inot in a filled figure definition
iLength=4, opcode for DRAW LINES
ix1
iy1
ix2
iy2
iDraw lines from [150,200] to [600,-10]
ithen from [600,-10] to [300,10]
iNew current position is [300,10]
iNote that both the -10 and the +10 are
iabso1ute coordinates.

6-4

DRAW LINES
Example:

.BYTE
• WORD
.WORD
.WORD
. WORD

icurrent position is [300,10]
inot in a filled figure definition
255.,25.iEND LIST-terminated,opcode = DRAW LINES
400.
ixl 40.
iyl
700.
ix2
-32768. iENDLIST terminator value
iDraws a line from [300,10] to [400,40]
iNew current position is [400,40]
i(Note that PRO/GIDIS ignores the x2
icoordinate with no corresponding y2.)

Example:

• BYTE
.WORD
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD

6.4

4.,25 •
300.
200 .
300 .
300 •

iInside a filled-figure definition
i (Filled figure flag is TRUE)
iCurrent position is not used
i by this instruction
iLength=4, opcode for DRAW LINES
ixl
iyl
ix2
iy2
i The points [300,200] and [300,300] are
;added to the filled figure table
;new current position is [300,300]

DRAW REL LINES

The DRAW REL LINES instruction draws a series of connected line
segments, starting at the current drawing position. The end
point of the first line segment is specified relative to the
current position, and the end points of any following line
segments are relative to the preceding segment's end point.
Opcode: 26

Length: n

Format: DRAW REL LINES

dxl, dyl, dx2, dy2,

dxl

Specifies the X offset (horizontal) value
line's end point in GIDIS output space.

the

first

dyl

Specifies the Y offset (vertical) value
line's end point in GIDIS output space.

the

first

dx2

Specifies X offset (horizontal) value
line's end point in GIDIS output space.

the

second

6-5

DRAW REL LINES
dy2

Specifies the Y offset (vertical) value
line's end point in GrDIS output space.

the

second

Additional coordinate pairs specify relative
for additional lines.

end

points

Status: SUCCESS, provided no last pair arithmetic overflow or
filled figure table overflow occurs; on overflow, FAILURE
(position is indeterminate).
Notes:
Please refer to the notes for DRAW LINES.
Example:
;Not in a filled figure definition
;(filled figure flag is FALSE)
;Current position is [100,100]
;Length=4, opcode for DRAW REL LINES
:dxl
;dyl
;dx2
;dy2
;Draw lines from [100,100] to [110,90]
;and from [110,90] to [140,105]
;New current position is [140,105]

• BYTE
•WORD
•WORD
. WORD
.WORD

4.,26 •
+10 •
-10 •
+30 •
+15

.BYTE
•WORD
.WORD
.WORD
.WORD
•WORD

;Current position is [140,105]
;not in a filled figure definition
255.,26. ;END-LIST-term.,opcode=DRAW REL LINES
10.
;dxl
-30.
idyl
20.
;dx2
+60.
;dy2
-32768. ;END LIST
;Draw lines from [140,105] to [150,75]
;then to [170,135]
;New current position is [170,135]

Example:

6-6

DRAW REL LINES
Example:

• BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
.WORD
.WORD
• WORD

6.5

5.,26.
100 •

o•

100.
79 •

iInside a filled-figure definition
i (Filled figure flag is TRUE)
iCurrent position is [100,100]
iLength=5, opcode for DRAW REL LINES .
idx1
idyl
idx2
idy2
idx3
iAdds the points [200,100] and [200,200]
ito the filled figure table
;New current position is [200,200]
;since there is no dy3, dx3 is ignored

DRAW ARC

The DRAW ARC instruction draws a circular arc from the current
position around the specified center. Direction of the arc is
determined by the sign of the angle parameter.
For example, a
DRAW ARC 105,105,-90 instruction would draw a quarter-circle
starting at the current position, using location 105,105 as the
center of the arc's circle.
Because the angle's sign is
negative, the arc drawn would be clockwise from the current
position.
Opcode: 23

Length: 3

Format: DRAW ARC

x, y, angle

Specifies the X (horizontal) value of
point in GIDIS output space.

the

arc's

center

Specifies the Y (vertical) value
point in GIDIS output space.

the

arc's

center

angle

The angle is given in degrees, with a positive value
meaning counter-clockwise with respect to the physical
screen.

Status: SUCCESS provided angle is within a range of -360 to +360
and there is no filled figure table overflow, otherwise
FAILURE.

6-7

DRAW ARC
Notes:
•

An angle of zero means no drawing is donei +/- 360 means a
full circle. Values greater than 360 (or less than -360) are
errors, and no arc is drawn.

•

If the filled figure flag is TRUE then,
instead of drawing
the arc,
all internally calculated interpolation points are
added to the filled figure table.

•

The current position is left at the end of the arc.

•

DRAW ARC is affected by the following global attributes:
writing mode,
primary color, plane mask, secondary color,
pixel size, line texture, and filled figure flag.

P/OS 1.7, the PRO/GIDIS interpreter calculates
one
• In
interpolation point per 10 degrees of arc (or portion),
regardless of the size of the circle.
•

Full quadrant arcs always end at the exact point expected.
Fractional quadrant arcs end at the closest available point,
which might not be precisely correct.
Multiple fractional
quadrant arcs are not guaranteed to end at the exact point
predicted by your program. For example, a full circle of a
103 degree arc and a 257 degree arc is not guaranteed to
leave the current position exactly where it started.

•

DRAW ARC modifies the bitmap only inside the clipping region.

Example:

• BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD

3.,23 •
400 •
300 •
180 •

iNot in a filled figure definition
i(filled figure flag is FALSE)
iCurrent position is [500,300]
iLength=3, opcode for DRAW ARC
:x coordinate of center
iY coordinate of center
i180 degrees is one-half a circle
i (counter-clockwise)
iDraws the top half of the circle
icentered at [400,300] with radius 100
iMiddle of the arc is [400,200]
iNew current position is [300,300]

6-8

DRAW ARC
Example:

• BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
.WORD

3.,23 •
400 •
300 •
-90.

ilnside a filled-figure definition
i (Filled figure flag is TRUE)
iCurrent position is [500,300]
iLength=3, opcode for DRAW ARC
iCenter is [400,300]
i90 degrees = 1 quadrant

iAdds nine interpolation points
i(internally calculated)
ito the filled figure table
iLast point added is [400,400]
iNew current position is [400,400]

6.6

DRAW REL ARC

The DRAW REL ARC instruction draws a circular arc from the
current -posItion around the center, specified relative to the
current position. Length of the arc is specified by an angle in
degrees.
Direction of the arc is determined by the sign of the
angle parameter.
Opcode: 27

Length: 3

Format: DRAW REL ARC

dx, dy, angle

Specifies the offset X (horizontal) value
center point in GIDIS output space.

the

arc's

Specifies the offset Y (vertical) value
center point in GIDIS output space.

the

arc's

angle

The angle is given in degrees, with a positive value
meaning clockwise with respect to the physical screen.

Status: SUCCESS, provided angle within a range of -360 to +360
and
there
is no filled figure table overflow or
arithmetic overflow, otherwise FAILURE.
Notes:
Please refer to the notes for DRAW ARC.

6-9

DRAW REL ARC
Example:

• BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD

3.,27 •
-100 .
+30 •
-90 •

;Current position is [400,300]
;Filled figure flag is FALSE
;Length=3,opcode is DRAW REL ARC
;Center is [-100,+30]
; relative to current position
;90 degrees = one quadrant (clockwise)
;Draws one quadrant from [400,300] to
; [330,430] centered at [300,330]
;New current position is [330,430]

6-10

CHAPTER 7
FILLED FIGURE INSTRUCTIONS

This chapter contains a detailed description of each filled
figure
instruction. Table 7-1 lists the instructions covered in
the chapter.
Table 7-1:

Filled Figure Summary Chart

Opcode/Length

Instruction/Arguments

31/0

BEGIN FILLED FIGURE

32/0

END FILLED FIGURE

7.1

BEGIN FILLED FIGURE

This instruction starts the definition of a closed figure to be
filled by the END FILLED FIGURE instruction. Filling a figure
occurs according to the current attributes in effect.
A
corresponding
END FILLED FIGURE
instruction is required to
actually fill the fTgure.
Opcode: 31

Length: 0

Format: BEGIN FILLED FIGURE
Status: SUCCESS
The following PRO/GIDIS instructions are invalid (set status to
failure and do nothing) when used between a BEGIN_FILLED_FIGURE
instruction and its corresponding END FILLED FIGURE.
BEGIN FILLED FIGURE
DRAW CHARACTERS
SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE
7-1

BEGIN FILLED FIGURE
SET OUTPUT IDS
SET OUTPUT VIEWPORT
SET POSITION
SET REL POSITION
Notes:
e

The current position is saved in the filled-figure
are the first and last poi t of the figure.

•

If a filled
invalid.

•

BEGIN FILLED__ FIGURE sets the filled-figure flag to TRUE.

•

Use DRAW LINES f DRAW__REL _LINES I DRAy,I_ARC r and DRAW REL ARC to
enter positions in the filled-figure table.

No drawing is done by the BEGIN FILLED FIGURE function.

To abort a filled-figure definition,
send the INITIALIZE
instruction with any argument (including 0). An INITIALIZE 0
instruction aborts a
filled-figure
definition
without
affecting anything else.

Example:

7.2

figure

progress,

this

table

instruction

(See END FILLED FIGURE.)

END FILLED FIGURE

The END FILLED FIGURE instruction terminates the definition of a
closed -figure-and fills the figure.
This instruction is used in
conjunction with the BEGIN FILLED FIGURE instruction, described
in the preceding paragraph~.
Opcode: 32

Length: 0

Format: END FILLED FIGURE
Status: SUCCESS if there is a corresponding
otherwise, FAILURE.

BEGIN _FILLED __FIGURE,

Notes:
•

The filled-figure table contains the vertices of
to be filled.

the

figure

END FILLED FIGURE
•

The edges of the filled figure are the mathematically ideal
lines through the positions in the filled-figure table, but
one "extra" pixel is included to ensure that no gap occurs
between two adjacent areas. The edge is not guaranteed to be
identical to a line drawn (outside of a filled-figure
definition)
through the same points due to differences in
drawing direction and round-off errors.

•

The current position is unchanged by the END FILLED FIGURE.
Current position is left at the last position given. Note
that if table overflow occurred, the last point might not be
the last vertex in the filled-figure table.

•

This instruction modifies
region.

•

If too many positions are specified, only the first 256
vertices are used, and a straight line connects the 256th
point with the first point.
(256 is the maximum number of
vertices in the filled-figure table for Pies 1.7.)

the

bitmap

inside

the

clipping

primary writing
attributes used in the fill are:
• Global
color, secondary writing color, writing mode, plane mask,
area texture cell, area cell size, and
global attributes are: pixel size.
•

area

size.

Unused

Complement and complement-negate writing modes can give
unexpected results when filled figure areas overlap or abut.

7-3

END FILLED FIGURE
Example:
.BYTE
.WORD
.WORD
.BYTE
.BYTE
.WORD
.WORD
.WORD
.WORD
.BYTE
.WORD
.WORD
.WORD
.BYTE

2.,29.
100.
100.
0.,31.

;Length=2,opcode for SET POSIT10N
;Current position
is [100,100]
;Length=O,opcode for BEGIN FILLED FIGURE
;Filled-figure table now has [100;100]
4.,26.
;Length=4,opcode for DRAW REL LINES
+100.
;dxl
+0.
;dyl
+0.
;dx2
+100.
;dy2
;Adds points [200,100] and [200,200] to
the filled-figure table
255.,25. ;END LIST terrninated,opcode = DRAW LINES
100.
;xl200.

;x2

-32768. ;END LIST
;Adds point [100,200] to
the filled-figure table
9.,32.
;Length=O,opcode for END FILLED FIGURE
;The area defined by [100,100],[200,100], [200,200], [100,200], and
[100,100] (a square) is filled with
the current area texture (modified by
whatever current global attributes are
in effect.)

7-4

CHAPTER 8
TEXT INSTRUCTIONS

This chapter
instruction.
chapter.
Table 8-1:

contains a detailed description of each text
Table 8-1 lists the instructions covered in the

Text Instructions Summary Chart

Opcode/Length

Instruction/Arguments

38/1

SET ALPHABET

alphabet-number

46/4

CREATE ALPHABt::T

width, height, extent, width-type

34/n

LOAD CHARACTER CELL

char-index, width, dO, dl, ••• ,dn

43/1

SET CELL RENDITION

cell-rendition

44/1

SET CELL ROTATION

dx, dy

65/1

SET CELL OBLIQUE

dx, dy

45/2

SET CELL UNIT SIZE

width, height

40/2

SET CELL DISPLAY SIZE

width, height

42/1

SET CELL MOVEMENT MODE

flag

41/2

SET CELL EXPLICIT MOVEMENT

dx,

35/n

DRAW CHARACTERS

char- indexl, char- index2,

8-1

dy
•••

SET ALPHABET
8.1

SET ALPHABET

The SET ALPHABET instruction selects a specific alphabet to be
used as the current alphabet. Any alphabet-related operations,
except as noted, act on the currently selected alphabet.
Opcode: 38

Length: 1

Format:

SET ALPHABET

alphabet

is an integer value in a range
specifies the current alphabet.

that

Status: SUCCESS if the alphabet number is valid (from 0
FAILURE otherwise.

15),

Notes:
•

Valid alphabet numbers for the Professional (P/OS 1.7) are 0
through 15.
Alphabet 0 is the DEC Multinational Character
Set.

•

Alphabet 0, the DEC Multinational font,
is a read-only
alphabet and cannot be changed through PRO/GIDIS. Control
characters (indices 0 through 31 and 128 through 159 decimal)
are not included, and,
if requested with DRAW CHARACTERS,
appear as an error ("blob" or "checkerboard")- character.
Some indices are resevered and appear as a reversed question
mark.

•

The current alphabet can be reset to the power-on default (0)
by the PRO/GIDIS INITIALIZE instruction's text subsystem
option.

•

No drawing is done by the SET ALPHABET instruction.

Example:
• BYTE
• WORD

8.2

1.,38 •
2•

iLength=l, opcode for SET ALPHABET
iSelects alphabet #2 as current alphabet

CREATE ALPHABET

CREATE ALPHABET erases the current
alphabet
and
reserves
resources for an alphabet with the specified storage size (width
by height by extent).

8-2

CREATE ALPHABET
Opcode: 46

Length: 4

Format: CREATE ALPHABET

width, height, extent, width-type

width

is an integer in the range (0 to 16)
that specifies
the number of horizontal bits in a character pattern.

height

is an integer in the range (0 to 16)
that specifies
the number of vertical bits in a character pattern.

extent

is an unsigned integer that specifies the number of
characters in the alphabet. Character indices can
range from
to extent - 1.

width-type

is reserved for future use.
this value must be 0.

For

the

Professional,

Status: SUCCESS if width and height are greater than or equal to
zero, the width type is zero, the current alphabet number
is a valid user definable alphabet (not 0), and there are
sufficient resources to create the alphabeti FAILURE
otherwise.
Notes:
•

Character indices are 16-bit numbers and do not necessarily
correspond to DEC Multinational codes (except for alphabet

°).

•

For the Professional, all characters in an alphabet have
same storage size.

the

•

To reclaim alphabet space, CREATE ALPHABET 0,0,0,0 erases the
existing
alphabet
and
returns all of the alphabet's
resources.

Example:
• BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
.WORD
• WORD

4.,46 •
10 •
16 •
32.

°.

iCurrent alphabet is alphabet number 2
i Length=4, opcode for CREATE ALPHABET
iwidth
iheight
iextent
iwidth-type (Note: MUST BE ZERO)
iErases alphabet 2 and
creates an empty alphabet with
the specified characteristics

8-3

LOAD CHARACTER CELL
8.3

LOAD CHARACTER CELL

The LOAD CHARACTER CELL instruction loads a character cell from
the raster data given as parameters. This instruction acts on
the currently selected alphabet.
Opcode: 34

Length: variable

Format: LOAD_CHARACTER_CELL char-index, width, dO, dl, ••• ,dn
char-index

The index of the character cell to be loaded.
This
value must be in a range of 0 to extent - 1, where
extent is the total character count for the alphabet •
width The width value must be in a
• b.i-12;
range of 0 to the width value given with the
CREATE ALPHABET
instruction that established the
alphabet.
(P/OS 1.7 does not use this
value.
However, it still must be in the appropriate range.)

dO, dl, •••

Zero to 16 words of data to be loaded into the
character cell. The top character cell row is loaded
from the first data word (dO), the second row from
the second data word (dl), and so forth.

Status: SUCCESS if character index is in a range of 0 to
extent - 1, and width is in a range of 0 to alphabet
width; otherwise, FAILURE.
Notes:
•

The leftmost pixel in a row comes from the low-order
the appropriate data word.

bit

•

Characters cannot be loaded into any alphabet with an
value of zero.

extent

Example:

• BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
.WORD
.WORD
.WORD

6.,46 •
9•
4•

-BlOll
-B10l0
-BlOOO
.... BOOOI

;Alphabet 2 has width of 4, height of 5,
and extent of 10
;Length=6, opcode for LOAD CHARACTER CELL
;Character index (last cell in alphabet)
;Width
OFF ON
ON
ON
;Pattern:
OFF ON
OFF ON
OFF OFF OFF ON
(Note the
OFF OFF OFF
bit reversal) ON
OFF OFF OFF OFF
;
;Last row not given,cleared automatically

8-4

SET CELL RENDITION
8.4

SET CELL RENDITION

The SET CELL RENDITION instruction specifies the renditions to be
added
to
characters
written following execution of this
instruction. Renditions are variations on characters that could
be performed without selecting a new alphabet, yet are not
related to writing colors or writing modes.
Renditions defined
for the Professional are: backslant and italics.
Opcode: 43

Length: 1

Format: SET CELL RENDITION
mask-value

mask-value

A mask representing one or more of
the
cell
renditions.
The mask value corresponds to one or
more rendition bits set.
(See Figure 8-1).

Status: SUCCESS if the requested rendition is
implementation, FAILURE otherwise.

supported

the

This instruction specifies a bit-mask value indicating which
renditions are to be added. Certain mask bits are reserved for
future PRO/GIDIS enhancements.
Figure 8-1 illustrates
the
defined rendition bits that can be selected.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+

+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+

I -- Back Slant
I -- Italics
I -- (Reserved)

Figure 8-1:

SET CELL RENDITION Bit Mask

Notes:
~BOOOll)

•

Setting both backslant and italics (mask value
error. In this case, rendition is undefined.

is an

•

Italics and backslant (reverse italics) are generated. by
oblique
angles
of -23 and +23 degrees, respectively.
Requesting italic or backslant rendition overrides
any
specific oblique angle requested previously. Requesting an
oblique angle after an italic rendition request nullifies the
italic request.

Example:
.BYTE
.WORD

1.,43.
2•

iLength=l, opcode for SET CELL RENDITION
;Requests italics rendition
8-5

SET CELL ROTATION
8.5

SET CELL ROTATION

The SET CELL ROTATION instruction defines the angle of rotation
at which the character is to be displayed. The character is
rotated about the current position
(upper left corner of the
display cell)
to the available rotation angle nearest to the
angle specified. Table 8-2 shows the angles available.
Opcode: 44

Length: 1

Format: SET CELL ROTATION
angle

angle

The requested angle in degrees. A positive angle
indicates counter-clockwise from normal text.

value

Status: SUCCESS
Notes:
•

No drawing takes place when the SET CELL ROTATION instruction
executes.

Example:
.BYTE
• WORD

1. ,44.
-90 .

Requested

8.6

Actual

51
90
129
180
232
270
309

90
135
180
225
270
315
Table 8-2:

;Length=l, opcode for SET_CELL_ROTATION
;Text to go down the screen

Cell Rotation Angles

SET CELL OBLIQUE

An obliqued character cell
is slanted away from
a
true
rectanglular
orientation.
The SET CELL OBLIQUE instruction
specifies the angle from vertical of the side of the display
cell.
A positive angle parameter results in a back-slanted
character; a negative angle yields a forward, italic-type slant.
Oblique angles always are set for unrotated characters. The
oblique angle rotates with the specified rotation.

8-6

Opcode: 65

angle

Length: 1

The requested angle in degrees.
A positive angle value
indicates a backward slant; a negative angle indicates a
forward slant.

Status: SUCCESS
Notes:
~

No drawing takes place when SET_CELL_OBLIQUE executes •

•

PRO/GrDIS (P/OS VI.7)
uses an approximation algorithm to
oblique text which is accurate for small angles (less than
ten degrees), less accurate for medium angles
(up to
25
degrees),
and
inaccurate for large angles.
Increasing the
argument value will always increase the text oblique.

Example:
• BYTE
• WORD

8.7

1.,65 •
-23 •

;Length=l, opcode for SET CELL OBLIQUE
,Regular italics (slanting right)

SET CELL UNIT SIZE

The SET CELL UNIT SIZE instruction specifies the actual size of
character(s)
displayedi
the size
is specified in GIDIS output
space. The stored character pattern is mapped completely to the
unit size.
Opcode: 45

th: 2

Format: SET CELL UNIT SIZE

width, height

width

A width value in GIDIS output space.
greater than zero.

height

A height value in GIDIS output space.
greater than zero.

Status: SUCCESS if width
FAILURE otherwise

and

height

are

The width

must

The height must be
greater

than

zero,

For PRO/GIDrS,
the unit size
is restricted to an integral
multiple of the character pattern (storage size).
PRO/GIDIS uses
the largest available size that
is not larger than the size
specified.
If no available size is small enough; the smallest
8-7

SET CELL UNIT SIZE
available is used.
Refer to the SET CELL DISPLAY SIZE to
the size of the area in which the cell unIt is displayed.

define

Notes:
requested unit size does
• The
alphabet changes,
but the

not change when the current
adjustment described above is

recalculated.
•

The unit cell and the display
their upper-left corners.

cell

always

are

aligned

•

No drawing is done when the SET CELL UNIT SIZE executes.

Example:
• BYTE
. WORD
. WORD

8.8

1.,45 .

10 .
30 •

;Length=l, opcode for SET CELL UNIT SIZE
iWidth
iHeight

SET CELL DISPLAY SIZE

SET CELL DISPLAY SIZE defines a character's display cell,
the
rectangular area of the display modified when a character is
drawn.
Opcode: 40

Length: 2

Format: SET CELL DISPLAY SIZE

width, height

width

A width value in GIDIS output space.

height

A height value in GIDIS output space.

Status: SUCCESS
Notes:
•

The origin of the display cell
is always the upper left
corner of the cell and is aligned with the unit cell at that
corner.

•

The unit cell can be larger than the display celli if so, the
character is clipped to the display cell.
If the unit cell
is smaller than the display cell, then all of the character
is drawn and the rest of the display cell is treated as if
the character pattern specified OFF.

8-8

SET CELL.DISPLAY SIZE
•

Negative values in width or height produce a mirroring in X
and Y, respectively. This mirroring or reflection always is
done about the origin (the upper-left corner of the cell).
Implied movement always goes across the display cell, so
implied movement for a display cell mirrored in X is in the
opposite direction from the rotation angle.

•

No drawing is done when the SET CELL DISPLAY SIZE executes.

•

If either the width or the height is zero, no
character is drawn.

portion

Example:
• BYTE
• WORD
• WORD

8.9

2.,40 .
12.
28 •

iLength=2, opcode=SET_CELL_DISPLAY_SIZE
iWidth
iHeight

SET CELL MOVEMENT MODE

The SET CELL MOVEMENT MODE instruction specifies the manner in
which the current position moves after each character is drawn by
a DRAW CHARACTERS instruction.
Opcode: 42

Length: I

Format: SET CELL MOVEMENT MODE
flag

flag

specifies one of the following movement modes:

o
2

Explicit cell movement, local symmetry
Explicit and implied movement, local symmetry
(All other values are reserved.)

Status: SUCCESS if Flag is 0 or 2, FAILURE otherwise.
Notes:
•

When using local symmetry, the current position after a
DRAW CHARACTERS instruction could be different from that
calculated by your program.
It is suggested that all
DRAW CHARACTERS instructions be followed with a SET POSITION
instruction or a REQUEST POSITION instruction unless the
exact end of the string is the desired position for the next
instruction.

8-9

SET CELL MOVEMENT MODE
•

No drawing occurs when the SET CELL MOVEMENT MODE instruction
executes.

•

If the flag specified is not 0 or 2, the flag does not change
from its previous state.

Example:
.BYTE
• WORD

8.10

1.,42.

;Length=l, opcode=SET_CELL_MOVEMENT_MODE
;Explicit local mode symmetry

SET CELL EXPLICIT MOVEMENT

The SET CELL EXPLICIT MOVEMENT instruction specifies the relative
distance that the current position is to move after a character
is drawn. The relative distance is specified in GIDIS output
space.
Opcode: 41

Length: 2

Format: SET CELL EXPLICIT MOVEMENT

dx, dy

Specifies the horizontal distance in GIDIS
to move the current position.

output

space

Specifies the vertical distance in GIDIS output space
move the current position.

Status: SUCCESS
The explicit value is the total movement when the cell movement
mode is O. The value represents the inter-character spacing when
the mode is 2.
(Refer to the preceding SET CELL MOVEMENT MODE
description for details on implied movement.) The default mode is
2, default explicit movement is [0,0].
Notes:
the

SET CELL EXPLICIT MOVEMENT

•

No drawing occurs
when
instruction executes.

•

8-10

SET CELL EXPLICIT MOVEMENT
•

The explicit movement is used exactly as specified.
not adjusted according to the rotation angle.

Example:
.BYTE
.WORD
.WORD

8.11

2.,41.
12.

iLength=2,SET_CELL_EXPLICIT_MOVEMENT
idx

idy

DRAW CHARACTERS

The DRAW CHARACTERS instruction displays each of the characters
specified by each character index in the parameter list. The
characters are taken from the currently selected alphabet.
Opcode: 35

Length: n

Format: DRAW CHARACTERS
char-index

char-index,

an unsigned 16-bit word

Status: SUCCESS if the current alphabet number is
the last character-index is valid in
FAILURE otherwise.

valid and if
the alphabet,

Characters can be specified either in a counted argument list
(with the count supplied with the opcode word) or in an END LIST
terminated list with 255 in the opcode word.
The rules for
variable-length argument lists for PRO/GIDIS are described in
Chapter 2 of this manual.
Notes:
•

The current position is updated after each character display,
according
to
the
cell
movement controls.
(See the
descriptions
of
the
SET_CELL_MOVEMENT MODE
and
SET CELL EXPLICIT MOVEMENT instructions.)

•

This instruction uses implied and explicit cell movement,
unit and display size, cell rotation, rendition mask, current
alphabet, and writing mode.

•

DRAW CHARACTERS modifies the bitmap (only inside the clipping
region) and the current position.

8-11

DRAW CHARACTERS
Example:

.BYTE

3.,35.

.WORD
• WORD
.WORD

65.
66.
67.

;Current alphabet = 0 (DEC Multinational)
;Unit size, display size, etc. are
set up properly
;Length=3, opcode for DRAW CHARACTERS
;Counted form
'A'
'B'
'C I

Example:

.BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
.WORD

;Current alphabet = 1 (user-defined)
;Unit size( display size, etc. are
set up properly
255.,35. ;END_LIST Term.,opcode = DRAW CHARACTERS

13 •
7•
45 •

-32768. ;END LIST
;Displays 4 characters from alphabet 1,
which are user-defined characters

8-12

CHAPTER 9
AREA OPERATION INSTRUCTIONS

This chapter contains a detailed description of each of the area
operation instructions. Table 9-1 lists the instructions covered
in the chapter.
Table 9-1:

Area Operations Summary Chart

Opcode/Length

Instruction/Arguments

48/0

ERASE CLIPPING REGION

141/6

PRINT SCREEN

9.1

x, y, width, height, hx, hy

ERASE CLIPPING REGION

The ERASE CLIPPING REGION instruction sets every pixel inside the
current output clipping region to the secondary color that is
currently in effect.
This instruction erases data currently
displayed within the region.
ERASE CLIPPING REGION can be used
to clear a rectangular area without implying the end of a picture
or the beginning of a new picture.
Opcode: 48

Length: 0

Format: ERASE CLIPPING REGION
Status: SUCCESS

9-1

ERASE CLIPPING REGION
Notes:
•

To erase the entire screen, use the END_PICTURE/NEW PICTURE
combination, not the ERASE CLIPPING REGION.

•

This instruction sets
region.

•

The current writing mode, current area texture,
color do not affect this instruction.

the

bitmap

the

output

clipping

and

primary

Example:
. BYTE

9.2

0.,48 .

iLength=O, opcode=ERASE_CLIPPING_REGION

PRINT SCREEN

The PRINT SCREEN instruction sends a specified portion of the
bitmap to a printer connected to the printer port, generally an
LA50 or LAlOO. Parameters permit you to indicate the portion of
the data to be printed and the relative point on the paper for
the printer to start printing.
Opcode: 141

Length: 6

Format: PRINT SCREEN

x, y, width, height, hx, hy

Specifies the upper left horizontal point of the bitmap
data to be printed.
This location is given in GIDIS
output units.

Specifies the upper left vertical point of the bitmap
data to be printed.
This location is given in GIDIS
output units.

width

Width of the area
output units

printed,

specified

GIDIS

height

Height of the area to
output units

printed,

specified

GIDIS

Specifies the horizontal offset
from
the
current
printhead location to begin printing the screen data.
This point corresponds to the upper left horizontal
coordinate
(x) of the data to be printed. The value is
given in GIDIS Output Space coordinates.

Specifies the vertical offset from the current printhead
location to begin printing the screen data. This point
9-2

PRINT SCREEN
corresponds to the upper left vertical coordinate (y) of
the data to be printed.
The value is given in GaS
coordinates.
Status: SUCCESS
Notes:
•

In a single plane system, a pixel value of 0 is mapped to a
skip (leaves paper white) and a 1 is mapped to a strike
(prints on the paper).
On
multi-plane
systems,
the
monochrome value of the color map is tested. If 0, the point
is skipped (white), if not zero, the point prints.

•

If the printer port does not have an LA50 or LAI00 connected,
nothing occurs.

Example:
.BYTE
• WORD
• WORD
• WORD
.WORD
• WORD
.WORD

6.,141. iLength=6, opcode for PRINT SCREEN
100 •
jUpper left bitmap corner 100 .
is [100,100]
400.
jData to be printed is 400 units wide
200.
by 200 units high
o•
iBegin printing at current printhead
O.
location

9-3

CHAPTER 10
REPORT HANDLING

This chapter contains a detailed description of each of the
report handling instructions. Table 10-1 lists the instructions
and report tags covered in the chapter.
Table 10-1:

Report Handling Summary Chart

Opcode/Length

Tag Name

Instruction

Data Record

55/0

REQUEST_CURRENT_POSITION

CURRENT POSITION REPORT

x, Y

58/0

REQUEST STATUS

STATUS REPORT

code

CELL STANDARD_REPORT uw, uh, dw, dh

10.1

REQUEST_CURRENT_POSITION

The REQUEST CURRENT POSITION instruction reports the absolute
location of the current position. The current position is the
display location at which the next character, line, or arc would
be drawn.
Opcode: 55

Length: 0

Format: REQUEST_CURRENT_POSITION
Status: SUCCESS
The reported information takes the following form:
CURRENT POSITION REPORT,

10-1

x, Y

REQUEST CURRENT POSITION

The X and Y values reported are the
coordinates of the current position.

PRO/GIDIS

output

space

Notes:
•

The current position is not necessarily the same as the last
position given to SET POSITION or DRAW LINES; DRAW CHARACTERS
and DRAW_ARC instructIons also move the current position.

•

The REQUEST CURRENT POSITION instruction is most
useful
following a DRAW ARC or a DRAW CHARACTERS (local symmetry),
since your program-cannot determIne precisely where PRO/GIDIS
leaves the current position after these instructions.

Example:
.BYTE

0.,55.

;Lgth=O, opcode=REQUEST_CURRENT_POSITION
;This instruction causes the following
report to be placed in the report
queue if there is sufficient room.
Byte
Byte
Word
Word

2. (Data words following)
1. (Current POSe Rpt. Tag)
x
(PRO/GIDIS coordinates
y
for current position)

;The report can be read using a QIO
with the function code IO.RSD. Refer
to Chapter 2 for more information.

10.2

REQUEST_STATUS

REQUEST STATUS reports the success or failure of a PRO/GIDIS
instruction. All PRO/GIDIS instructions set the status variable.
Opcode: 58

Length: 0

Format: REQUEST STATUS
Status: SUCCESS
Status is reported in the following format:
STATUS REPORT,

status

where the low-order bit of the variable status
indicating SUCCESS or 0 indicating FAILURE.

10-2

either

REQUEST STATUS
Notes:
•

No other codes are defined.
reserved for future use.)

(Codes other than

•

FAILURE status is not saved.
If your
program
needs
information
about
the
success
or
failure of every
instruction, you must place a REQUEST STATUS instruction
after each PRO/GIDIS instruction.

•

Testing is recommended only following
instructions, such as CREATE ALPHABET.

major

are

PRO/GIDIS

Example:
.BYTE

0.,58.

iassumes previous instruction failed
iL9th=0, opcode=REQUEST_STATUS
Byte 1. (Data words following)
Byte 4. (Current Stat. Rpt. Tag)
Word 0 (FAILURE
status)
iFor additional examples, refer to
;Chapter 2.

The REQUEST_CELL_STANDARD instruction reports
cell and display cell sizes.
Opcode: 54

the

current

unit

Length: 0

Format: REQUEST CELL STANDARD

Status: SUCCESS
The report takes the following form:
CELL STANDARD REPORT, unit-wd, unit-ht,
display-wd, display-ht
where unit-wd and unit-ht are the unit cell width and height of
the standard size character in GIDIS space. Display-wd and
display-ht are the display cell width and height.

10-3

Notes:
•

This instruction takes into account the storage size of the
current alphabet and the character rotation currently in
effect. The standard size for alphabet 0 (DEC Multinational)
is not necessarily the same as the standard size for alphabet
1•

•

Rounding could take place 'converting from device coordinates
to GIDIS space. If your program requests 'n' times the size
of the standard, the characters actually formed might not be
precisely 'n' times the standard.

Example:
.BYTE

0.,54.

:Lgth=O, opcode=REQUEST_CELL_STANDARD
Byte
Byte
Word
Word
Word
Word

4.
5.
9.
20.
8.
20.

(Data words following)
(Cell Standard Rpt. Tag)
(Unit width)
(Unit height)
(Display width)
(Display height)

additional examples, refer to
iChapter 2.
iFor

10-4

APPENDIX A
PRO/GIDIS INSTRUCTION SUMMARIES

This chapter contains a PRO/GIDIS instruction summary in three
different orders:
by function, in ascending opcode order, and in
alphabetic order. The opcode and parameter block length values
are shown as a word value as well as separate byte .values.

A.I

INSTRUCTIONS GROUPED BY FUNCTION

Opcode
Instruction and Arguments
Length
Opcode Word

Function

0
1
5
6
24
28
128

0
1
6
0
0
0
0

0
257
1286
1536
6144
7168
-32768

NOP INITIALIZE mask
SET OUTPUT CURSOR a, c, w, h, ox, oy
NEW-PICTURE END-PICTURE FLUSH BUFFER END LIST -

control
control
control
control
control
control
control

4
9
12
13

4
4
2
4

1028
2308
3074
3332

SET_OUTPUT_CLIPPING_REGION x, y, w, h
SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE x, y, w, h
SET-OUTPUT IDS w~ h
SET-OUTPUT-VIEWPORT x, y, w, h

transform
transform
transform
transform

3
14
15
16
17
19
20
21
22
69

2
2
1
6
3
4
1
1
1
2

770
3586
3841
4102
4355
4868
5121
5377
5633
17666

attributes
SET AREA TEXTURE SIZE w, h
attributes
SET-AREA-TEXTURE-a, c
attributes
SET-SECONDARY COLOR color
"
SET-COLOR MAP-ENTRY m, color, r, g, b, mono
SET-LINE TEXTURE length, pattern, size attributes
attributes
SET PIXEL SIZE w, h, ox, oy
attributes
SET-PLANE~ASK mask
attributes
SET-PRIMARY COLOR color
attributes
SET-WRITING-MODE mode
attributes
w,
h
SET-AREA CELL SIZE
A-I

INSTRUCTIONS GROUPED BY FUNCTION
23
25
26
27
29
30

3
N
N
3
2
2

5891
6400+N
6656+N
6915
7426
7682

DRAW_ARC x, y, angle
DRAW LINES x, y, •••
DRAW-REL LINES dx, dy,
DRAW-REL-ARC dx, dy, angle
SET POSITION x, y
SET-REL POSITION dx, dy

drawing
drawing
drawing
drawing
drawing
drawing

31
32

0
0

7936
8192

BEGIN - FILLED- FIGURE END FILLED FIGURE -

filled figures
filled figures

33
34
35
36
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
65

2
N
N
0
1
2
1
1
1
2
4
1

8450
8704+N
8960+N
9216
9729
10242
10498
10753
11009
11265
11522
11780
16641

BEGIN - DEFINE - CHARACTER c, w
d15
LOAD CHARACTER CELL c, w, dO,
DRAW-CHARACTERS c, •••
END DEFINE CHARACTER SET-ALPHABET a
SET-CELL DISPLAY SIZE w, h
SET-CELL-EXPLICIT MOVEMENT dx, dy
SET-CELL-MOVEMENT-MODE flag
SET-CELL-RENDITION flags
SET-CELL-ROTATION angle
SET-CELL-UNIT SIZE w, h
CREATE ALPHABET w, h, extent, type
SET_CELL_OBLIQUE angle

text
text
text
text
text
text
text
text
text
text
text
text
text

48
141

0
6

12288
-29434

ERASE CLIPPING REGION PRINT SCREEN x, y, w, h, hx, hy

area
area

54
55
58

0
0
0

13824
14080
14848

REQUEST CELL STANDARD REQUEST-CURRENT POSITION REQUEST-STATUS

reports
reports
reports

A.2

...

INSTRUCTIONS IN OPCODE ORDER

Opcode
Instruction and Arguments
Length
Opcode Word
0
1
3
4
5
6
9
12
13
14
15

0
1
2
4
6
0
4
2

4
2
1

0
257
770
1028
1286
1536
2308
3074
3332
3586
3841

NOP INITIALIZE mask
SET AREA TEXTURE SIZE w, h
SET-OUTPUT CLIPPING REGION x, y, w, h
SET-OUTPUT-CURSOR a, c, w, h, ox, oy
NEW-PICTURE SET-GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE x, y, w, h
SET=OUTPUT_IDS w~ h
SET OUTPUT VIEWPORT x, y, w, h
SET-AREA TEXTURE a, c
SET-SECONDARY COLOR color
A-2

Function

control
control
attributes
transform
control
control
transform
transform
transform
attributes
attributes

INSTRUCTIONS IN OPCODE ORDER

16
17
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
38
40
41
42
43

44
45
46
48
54
55
58
65
69
128
141

4102
SET_COLOR_MAP_ENTRY m, color, r, g, b, mono
"
4355
SET LINE TEXTURE length, pattern, size attributes
SET-PIXEL SIZE w, h, ox, oy
attributes
4 4868
SET-PLANE-MASK mask
1 5121
attributes
SET PRIMARY COLOR color
attributes
1 5377
SET-WRITING-MODE mode
attributes
1 5633
DRAW ARC x,-y, angle
drawing
3 5891
o 6144
END PICTURE control
6400+N DRAW LINES x, y, •••
N
drawing
N 6656+N
DRAW-REL LINES dx, dy,
drawing
DRAW-REL-ARC dx, dy, angle
6915
3
drawing
o 7168
FLUSH BUFFER control
2
7426
SET POSITION x, Y
drawing
2
7682
SET-REL POSITION dx, dy
drawing
filled figures
BEGIN FILLED FIGURE o 7936
o 8192
filled figures
END FILLED FIGURE 8450
2
BEGIN DEFINE CHARACTER c, w
text
N
8704+N LOAD CHARACTER CELL c, w, dO, ••• dIS text
8960+N DRAW-CHARACTERS c, •••
text
N
o 9216
text
END DEFINE CHARACTER 1 9729
SET ALPHABET a
text
2
10242
SET-CELL DISPLAY SIZE w, h
text
SET-CELL-EXPLICIT MOVEMENT dx, dy
2
text
10498
SET-CELL-MOVEMENT-MODE flag
text
1 10753
SET-CELL-RENDITION flags
text
1 11009
SET-CELL-ROTATION angle
text
1 11265
SET-CELL-UNIT SIZE w, h
text
2 11522
text
CREATE ALPHABET w, h, extent, type
11780
4
area
o 12288 ERASE CLIPPING REGION reports
o 13824 REQUEST CELL STANDARD reports
REQUEST-CURRENT_POSITION o 14080
reports
REQUEST STATUS o 14848
text
SET CELL OBLIQUE angle
1 16641
attributes
SET-AREA-CELL SIZE w, h
2
17666
control
END-LIST-o -32768
area
6
-29434 PRINT SCREEN x, y, w, h, hx, hy

A.3

INSTRUCTIONS IN ALPHABETIC ORDER

----------------------------------------------------------------Instruction and Arguments
Opcode
Length
Opcode Word

Function

----------------------------------------------------------------.LT
33
31
46
23

2
0
4
3

8450
7936
11780
5891

BEGIN DEFINE CHARACTER c, w
BEGIN-FILLED-FIGURE CREATE ALPHABET w, h, extent, type
DRAW ARC x, y, angle
A-3

text
filled figures
text
drawing

INSTRUCTIONS IN ALPHABETIC ORDER
35
25
27
26
36
32
128
24
48
28

N
N

3
N

o
o
o
o
o
o

8960+N
6400+N
6915
6656+N
9216
8192
-32768
6144
12288
7168
257
8704+N
1536

6
o
o o o

141
54
55
58
38
69
14
3

40
41
42
65
43
44
45
16

o
o
o
1
2
2
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
2
6

4
5

4
6
2
4
4
1
2
1
2
1
1

12
13
19
20
29
21
30
15
22

-29434
13824
14080
14848
9729
17666
3586
770
10242
10498
10753
16641
11009
11265
11522
4102
2308
4355
1028
1286
3074
3332
4868
5121
7426
5377
7682
3841
5633

DRAW CHARACTERS c, .•.
text
DRAW-LINES x, y, .••
drawing
DRAW-REL ARC dx, dy, angle
drawing
DRAW-REL-LINES dx, dy,
drawing
END DEFINE CHARACTER text
END-FILLED-FIGURE filled figures
END LIST control
END-PICTURE control
ERASE CLIPPING REGION area
FLUSH BUFFER control
INITIALIZE mask
control
LOAD CHARACTER CELL c, w, dO, .•• d15 text
NEW PICTURE control
NOP-control
PRINT_SCREEN x, y, w, h, hx, hy
area
REQUEST CELL STANDARD reports
REQUEST-CURRENT POSITION reports
REQUEST-STATUS
reports
SET ALPHABET a
text
SET~REA CELL SIZE w, h
attributes
SET-AREA-TEXTURE
a,
c
attributes
SET AREA TEXTURE SIZE w, h
attributes
SET-CELL-DISPLAY-SIZE w, h
text
SET-CELL-EXPLICIT MOVEMENT dx, dy
text
SET-CELL-MOVEMENT-MODE flag
text
SET-CELL-OBLIQUE angle
text
SET-CELL-RENDITION flags
text
SET-CELL-ROTATION angle
text
SET-CELL-UNIT SIZE w, h
text
SET-COLOR MAP-ENTRY m, color, r, g, b, mono
"
SET-GIDIS-OUTPUT SPACE x, y, w, h
transform
SET-LINE TEXTURE-length, pattern, size attributes
SET-OUTPUT CLIPPING REGION x, y, w, h transform
SET-OUTPUT-CURSOR a~ c, w, h, ox, oy
control
SET-OUTPUT-IDS w, h
transform
SET-OUTPUT-VIEWPORT x, y, w, h
transform
SET-PIXEL SIZE w, h, ox, oy
attributes
SET-PLANE-MASK mask
attributes
SET=POSITION x, y
drawing
SET PRIMARY COLOR color
attributes
SET-REL POSITION dx, dy
drawing
SET-SECONDARY COLOR color
attributes
SET-WRITING MODE mode
attributes

A-4

REPORT TAGS
A•4

REPORT TAGS

----------------------------------------------------------------Opcode
Report Tag
Length
Opcode Word

1
4
5

2
1
4

258
1025
1284

Arguments

CURRENT POSITION REPORT x, Y
STATUS REPORT code
CELL STANDARD REPORT uw, uh, dw, dh

A-5

Function

report tags
report tags
report tags

APPENDIX B
DEC MULTINATIONAL CHARACTER SET

B-1

DEC MULTINATIONAL CHARACTER SET
DEC Multinational Character Set (CO and GL Codes)

COLUM"

BITS

118

117

o 0
o 0

NUL i

o 0

STX

EOT

J
3

,XOFFI

DC4

5
5
5

ENC

6
6

ACK

102
66
42

62
50
32

122
82
52

43
35
23

63
51
33

103
67
43

I ~

42
34

23
DC3,19

i 13

NAK

I 24
20
14

101
"5
. 41

25
21
15

SYN

I 26
22

ETB

27
23

45
37
25

5
6

66
54

I 55

47
39
27

CAN

30
24
18

(

50
40
28

31
25
19

)

51
4I
29

SUB

32
26
1A

46
38

65
53
35

105
69
45
106
70

80
50

112

I 121

I 161

141
97
61

81
51

I 113
,
71

142
98
62

123
83
53

143
99
63

163
115
1
73

1~;

I 164

145
101
65

1.1" 117

~ 160

61
49
31

41
33
21

22
18
12

100

64
40

DC2

IXONI

32
20

DC1
2
2

ETX

SOH!

OLE I 16

ROW

125
85
55

126
86

146
102

162

I 114

116
74

I 165
75
166

118

__~________-+______~6~+-____-+_'~6-+______+-2~6-+______+-~~4-_____'4-~~~~____~~~=-~__.__~_6~6~____~r-~76~
7

1 0

BEL

7
7

10
8
8

11
9
9

12
10

ESC

I '1

27
18

'C2

107
71
47

127
87
57

147
103
67

167
119
77

1 10
72
48

130
88
58

150
104
68

)(

170
120
78

71
57
39

111
73
49

131
89
59

151
105
69

52
42
2A

72
58
3A

172

73
59
38

173

•

44
2C

I 1

i:;

16
,'4
I
E

36
30
IE

37
70

43
28
54

;

<
=:

)4
60
3C

"2
4A

152
106
6A

1 13

133

153

75
48

132

[

91
58

,,4

76
4C

';~

76
62
3E

116
78
4E

77
63

117
79

107
68

134
\

]

92
5C

154

108
6C

"I';;

:~~

136
94
5E

156
110
6E

171
121
)9
122
7A

{
I

123

78
1)4

I 124
7e

} I 175

~__~________-+______~_D--+_____-+__'~04-____-+~2~D4-____~__3:~D~____~__4_0~____~__5_D~____~__6~D~____~!__'~;~~
I

37
31

57
47
2F

';'

4F'-

1'37
95
5F

....

II
176
126
,7E

157

I 177

1"1 DEL I '21

CODES
J
r--- CO CODES--"'-.1-I - - - - - - - - - ( A S C IGLI GRAPHICS)-----------ll

KEY
CHAR'>'CTER

EJJsc
33

OCTAL
OECIMAL

HE x

8-2

DEC MULTINATIONAL CHARACTER SET

DEC MultJnaliOnal Character Set (C1 and GR Codes)

1
0

I no

DCS

144
90

i 129
81

PU1

221
145
91

! ~~~

PU2

222
146
92

STS

223
147
93

201

i 203
i 131
I

INO

0
0

83
204
1.32
84

I 161

242
162
A2

224

205

SSA

206
134
86

SPA

ESA

207
135
87

EPA

225
149
95

243
163
A3

+
2
3

244
164
A4

CCH 148
94

MW
NEL I 133
85

I 241

-r.

226
150

216
142
8E

SS3

217
143
8F

APC

253
171
A8

234
156
9C

254
172
AC

1/4

2]5
157
90

255
173
AD

1/2

~36

158
9E

256
174
AE

237
159
9F

257
175
AF

273
187
BB

•E•

274
lB8
BC

275
189
BD

,
,
I

276
190
BE

277
191
8F

•I•

312
202
CA
313
203
CB

,
U
A

314
204
CC

••

]15
205
CD

••
Y

316
206
CE
317
207
CF

218
332
1 DA
1

333

[219
08

! ]34

I 220

[335
221
DO
336
222
1, DE

I 342

12~~

I 343

-,
n

I 230

331
217
D9

225

345
229
E5

330
216
08

272
186
8A

I 341

325
213
D5

310
200
C8

1 360
:40

311
201
C9

344
228
E4

270
184
88

c6
:)5

340
224
1

327
215
07

. 233

SS2

324
212
D4

! 213

OSC

" BITS

307
199

271
185
89

227
E3

COlu\'"

267
183
87

215
141
8D

247
167
A7

304
196
C4

211
03

252
170
AA

•A•

326
214
06

232
154
9A

140
8C

264
180
84

323

••
0

VTS 1212
138

i 214

306
198
C6

PLU

322
210
D2

251
169
A9

179
83

303
195
C3

! 263

266
182
86

PLO 1'39 CSI 1,55
98
i 88

1
.

321
209
01

231
153
99

302
194
C2

246
166
A6

HTJ i 137

1 Cl

301

I '93

305
197
C5

250
168
A8

! 211

262
178
82

320
208
DO

:ri

]00
192
CO

265
181
85

230
152
98

210

261
177
81

.-4 ,.]

J.l

1 '36

c ,

260
176
80

245
165
AS

. 227
151
97

HTS

0
24C
160
AO

200
128
80

337
223
DF

346

i E6
! 347

,
~

I 231

E7
350
232
E8

351
233
E9

i ]52
' 234
EA

. 353
00

,
I

I
00

0
0

EC
]55

2],
ED

i 243

244
364
F4

.
1

I 245
I F5

365

366
246
F6

, 0

370
248
F8

371
249
F9

375
253
FD

376
254
FE

! ]6'

i 241

I F1
I 362

! 242

I F2
; 363

i F3

367
247

(,1

372

250
FA

1 373
251
F8

" J

U
00

377
255

GR CODES
1 - - - - - - ( D E C SUPPLEMENTAL GRAPHICS)--------i
C1 CODES--'+-'

8-3

374

II 252
oc

356
238
357
239
EF

ROW

i ]54

i 236

, Ii
I
A

235
EB

., : i

DEC Special Graphics Set Mapped Into GL

--:---T--r---'-

""1-"--

t'
~,I:~ c.. '. , '."'. I · '. I
'
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APPENDIX C
GLOSSARY

The words in this glossary are used throughout this manual.
These definitions are not absolute and might differ somewhat in
other contexts.
Where possible,
the most common
computer
industry usage is the basis of the definition.
ALPHABET
An alphabet is a collection of characters.
The component
characters are numbered O,l, ••. n-l, where n is the extent of the
alphabet.
ALPHABET ATTRIBUTE
An attribute that applies
supports
storage
width
attributes.

PRO/GIDIS
to an entire alphabet.
and height as its only alphabet

ANISOTROPIC
Not isotropic. In an anisotropic coordinate space, one unit
the X direction is not equal to one unit in the Y direction.

AREA TEXTURE
A binary pattern used to shade areas.
In PRO/GIDIS this is
selected from a normal character alphabet. Area texture includes
size parameters (specified independently) to determine
the
appearance of the pattern.
ASPECT RATIO
The ratio of the width of an object to its height. Objects whose
aspect ratio are important in graphics include video displays,
rectangular extents (picture aspect ratio), and
addressing
spaces.

C-l

GLOSSARY
ATTRIBUTE
(output
A particular property that applies to a display element
primitive), such as character height, line texture, and so forth.
BITMAP
The rectangular array of pixels
(picture elements)
that
is
displayed on the Professional's video screen. Also known as
raster or frame buffer. The Professional has a bitmap 960 pixels
wide by 240 pixels high, and either one or three planes deep.
CHARACTER
A character is a two-dimensional pattern made up of two "colors"
or pixel states. A character is an element in an alphabet and is
specified by an identifying tuple
(alphabet number,
character
number).
CHARACTER CELL
(See display cellar unit cell.)
CLIPPING
The drawing of only those parts of display
inside a given extent (the clipping region).

elements

that

lie

COLOR
A "real color" is a particular shade of light described in terms
of
its red,
green, blue, and monochrome components. The color
map can contain up to eight different real colors at one time.
A "logical color" is a value that represents an
index into the
color map.
PRO/GIDIS draws images by storing either the primary
or secondary logical color in pixels.

COLOR MAP
A table with entries that contain the values of the red,
green
and blue
intensities of a particular color. This table is used
to convert logical color to real color.
CURRENT POSITION
The position from which lines, arcs, and
drawn.

C-2

characters

are

GLOSSARY
CURSOR
A visual representation of the current position.
DISPLAY CELL
In text processing, the display cell is that area of the screen
that a character should take up. The character pattern itself
resides within a unit celli any portion of the display cell not
covered by the unit cell is treated as though the pattern is OFF
for that area.
If the unit cell is larger than the display cell,
the unit cell is clipped at the display cell borders.
DISPLAY ELEMENT
A basic graphic element that can be used to construct a display
image.
(also known as a graphic primitive).
The display
elements for PRO/GIDIS are:
lines, characters, filled figures,
and arcs.
FILLED FIGURE
A GIDIS display element consisting of a polygon which
with a two-color pattern.

filled

GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE (GOS)
An application-specified coordinate space used by all drawing and
report operations in PRO/GIDIS. A location within the PRO/GIDIS
output space maps to a location within the viewport on the
screen.
GLOBAL SYMMETRY
Preservation of GIDIS Output Space relationships at the expense
of Hardware Address Space relationships. For example, suppose
that a ten-unit distance in GOS maps to 7.S units in HAS.
With
global symmetry,
repeatedly moving ten GOS units results in a
move of seven HAS units, then eight has units, then seven, and so
forth.
Local symmetry always would move seven HAS units each
time. PRO/GIDIS, version 1.7, supports global symmetry for the
SET_REL_POSITION, DRAW_REL_LINES, and DRAW REL ARC instructions.
HARDWARE ADDRESS SPACE (HAS)
A coordinate space (possibly anisotropic) used by the graphic
hardware device.
GIDIS hides' this space from your program, and
addresses the hardware through an Imposed Device Space or GIDIS
Output Space.

C-3

GLOSSARY
IMPOSED DEVICE SPACE (IDS)
A coordinate space imposed on the hardware by your program.
An
Imposed Device Space requests PRO/GIDIS to simulate the requested
device in terms of aspect ratio and addressing space.
IDS is
used only to set the viewport. All other coordinates and sizes
are in GIDIS Output Space.
ISOTROPIC
In an isotropic coordinate space one unit in the X
equal to one unit in the Y direction.

direction

LINE TEXTURE
A linear pattern used to help distinguish lines.
Examples are
solid, dashed, dotted,
and so forth.
PRO/GIDIS supports a
two-color (binary) up to 16 units in length.
LOCAL SYMMETRY
Preservation of Hardware Address Space relationships at the
expense of GIDIS Output Space relationships. For example, assume
a ten-unit distance in GIDIS output space maps to 7.5 units in
hardware coordinate space.
Local symmetry always would move
seven hardware units each time. With global symmetry, repeatedly
moving ten GIDIS output space units results in a move of seven
hardware units, then eight hardware units,
then seven, and so
forth. PRO/GIDIS supports local symmetry for unit cells, display
cells, and cell movement (implicit and explicit).
ORIGIN
The origin of an address space is the point [0,0]. In PRO/GIDIS,
the origin of IDS space is always the upper left corner of the
screen. The origin of GIDIS output space is set by your program.
The origin of a character cell (either display cell or unit cell)
is the point in the cell placed over the current position. This
is also the point about which the cell rotates. For P/OS, Vl.7,
the character cell origin always is the upper left corner.
OUTPUT SPACE
(See GIDIS output space.)

C-4

GLOSSARY
PICTURE ASPECT RATIO
The ratio of the width of a picture to the height.
This is
normally expressed as two small numbers, such as 4:3. The
picture aspect ratio on the Professional 350 monitor is 8:5.
In
this context, "picture" means a rectangular extent in an address
space.
PIXEL (PICTURE ELEMENT)
The smallest element of a display surface that can be assigned
color or intensity.

PIXEL ASPECT RATIO
The ratio of the width of a pixel to the height.
The width is
the horizontal distance between adjacent pixels and the height is
the vertical distance. Pixel aspect ratio is normally expressed
as two small numbers, e.g. 1:2. The pixel aspect ratio on the
Professional 350 monitor is 1:2.5 or 2:5.
PLANE
A plane is a portion of a bitmap that contains one bit for each
pixel.
The Professional 350 has either one plane (without EBO)
or three planes (with EBO).
PRIMARY COLOR
The primary color is that logical
indicate the presence of an image.

color

generally

used

color

generally

used

SECONDARY COLOR
The secondary color is that logical
indicate the absence of an image.
STANDARD DISPLAY SIZE
The standard display size is normally equal to the standard unit
size.
However, for alphabet 0, rotation 0, the standard display
size is slightly smaller (horizontally) than the standard unit
size. This is for increased compatibility with the VT125.
STANDARD UNIT SIZE
The standard unit size depends on the alphabet width and height
and the rotation angle.
It is the size in GIDIS Output Space
coordinates of the character displayed when one bit of the
character pattern maps to exactly one pixel in the bitmap.

C-s

GLOSSARY
UNIT CELL
In text processing,
the unit cell is the area in which a
character pattern is drawn.
If the display cell is smaller that
the unit cell, the unit cell is clipped at the display cell
borders.
If the unit cell is larger,
the remainder of the
display cell is treated as though the pattern is specified OFF
for that area. PRO/GIDIS automatically shrinks the unit cell to
the closest possible size and, if there is no size small enough,
uses the smallest possible size.
VIEWING TRANSFORMATION
The process where user-specified coordinates
space) are changed into hardware coordinates.
as the "graphics pipeline".

(in GIDIS output
This is also known

VIEWPORT
The viewport is an extent within Imposed Device Space.
viewing transformation maps the window to the viewport.

The

WINDOW
The window is an extent within GIDIS Output Space.
transformation maps the window to the viewport.

C-6

The

viewing

INDEX

-AAddress space
in Viewing Transformation, 1-6
Alphabet
and REQUEST CELL STANDARD, 10-3
creating, 1=25 definition, C-l
description, 1-24
reset state, 3-5 to 3-6
user-defined, 1-24
Alphabet attribute
definition, C-l
Anisotropic
definition, C-l
Arc
drawi '1~i, 6-7, 6-9
Area cell size
setting, 5-12
Area operation
description, 1-29
purpose, 1-5
Area texture
affected by
SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE, 4-5
affected by SET OUTPUT IDS, 4-2
definition, C-ldescription, 1-20
reset state, 3-4 to 3-5
setting, 5-10
taken from line texture, 5-10
Area texture cell size
description, 1-21
Area texture size
description, 1-20
setting, 5-11
Aspect ratio
definition, C-l
description, 1-7
Attribute
definition, C-l

-BBackslant
see cell rendition

BEGIN FILLED FIGURE
aborted by-initialization, 3-3
general description, 1-13
reference description, 7-1
Bitmap
and NEW PICTURE, 3-7
definitIon, C-2
description, 1-14

-CCartesian Coordinate System
use of, 1-6
Cell display size
affected by
SET GIOIS OUTPUT SPACE, 4-6
affected by SET OUTPUT IDS, 4-3
description, 1-27
reset state, 3-4 to 3-5
Cell movement
affected by
SET GIOIS OUTPUT SPACE, 4-5
affected by SET OUTPUT IDS, 4-3
description, 1-27
reset state, 3-4 to 3-5
Cell oblique
description, 1-27
reset state, 3-5
Cell rendition
description, 1-26
reset state, 3-5
Cell rotation
description, 1-26
reset state, 3-5
Cell unit size
affected by
SET GIOIS OUTPUT SPACE, 4-6
affected by SET OUTPUT IDS, 4-3
description, 1-27
reset state, 3-4 to 3-5
CGL
relationship to PRO/GIDIS, 1-2
when to use, 1-3
Character
definition, C-2
Character cell
definition, C-2

Index-l

INDEX
Character rotation
and REQUEST CELL_STANDARD, 10-3
Clipping
definition, C-2
Clipping region
affected by
SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE, 4-5
affected by SET OUTPUT IDS, 4-2
and window, 1-10
description, 1-9
erasing, 9-1
in viewing transformation, 1-7
reset state, 3-4
setting, 4-6
Color
attributes, 1-.14
definition, C-2
Color map
and complement mode, 1-17
definition, C-2
description, 1-15
interaction with plane mask,
5-6
reset state, 3-6
setting, 5-3
values, 5-4
Complement mode
description, 1-16
effect on filled figure, 1-21,
7-3
effect on line texture, 1-19
effect on lines, 6-4
effect on pixel size, 5-8
Complement negate mode
description, 1-17
effect on filled figure, 7-3
effect on lines, 6-4
Control instruction
purpose, 1-4
CORE Graphics Library
see CGL
CREATE ALPHABET
in alphabet creation, 1-25
reference description, 8-2
Current pattern
description, 1-15
Current position
affected by
SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE, 4-5
affected by SET OUTPUT IDS, 4-2
after DRAW ARC,-6-8
-

Current position (Cont.)
definition, C-2
description, 1-12
reporting, 1-30, 10-1
reset state, 3-4
setting, 6-1 to 6-2
Cursor
affected by
SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE, 4-5
affected by SET OUTPUT IDS, 4-2
definition, C-2purpose of, 1-12
reset state, 3-4, 3-6
selecting built-in, 3-9
setting, 3-8
Curve attribute
description, 1-18
-D-

DEC Multinational Character Set
as alphabet 0, 1-24
Display cell
definition, C-3
reporting, 10-3
Display element
definition, C-3
DRAW ARC
and REQUEST CURRENT POSITION,
10-2
general description, 1-13
reference description, 6-7
DRAW CHARACTERS
and END LIST, 3-11
and REQUEST CURRENT POSITION,
10-2
general description, 1-14
invalid in filled figure, 7-2
parameter block, 2-7
reference description, 8-11
DRAW LINES
and END LIST, 3-11
general-description, 1-13
parameter block, 2-7
reference description, 6-3
DRAW REL ARC
general description, 1-13
reference description, 6-9
DRAW REL LINES
and END LIST, 3-11
general-description, 1-13

Index-2

INDEX
DRAW REI. LINES (Cont.)
pa~ame
r block, 2-7
reference description, 6-5
Drawing instruction
general description, 1-12
purpose, 1-4
$DSW vari
values of, 2-4 to 2-5

-EEBO
description, 1-15
END FILLED FIGURE
gineral ~escription, 1-13
reference description, 7-2
END LIST
and DRAW LINES, 6-3
function-of, 2-7
general description, 1-6
reference description, 3-11
END PICTURE
gineral description, 1-5
reference deseri
ion, 3-7
use of, 3-6
Erase mode
description, 1-18
Erase negate mode
description, 1-18
ERASE CLIPPING REGION
geniral desc~i
ion. 1-29
reference description, 9-1
Error
in instruction stream, 2-7
Explicit movement
description, 1-29
Extended Bitmap Option
see EBO
Extent
and picture aspect ratio, 1-8
descri
ion, 1-7

Filled figure (Cont.)
instructions 1-13
purpose, 1-5
shading to line or point, 1-21
Filled figure attri
te
description, 1-19
FLUSH BUFFERS
and-END PICTURE, 3-7
general-description, 1-5
reference description, 3-8
FORTRAN-77
PRO/GIDIS instruction names in,
2-6
sample program, 2-9
symbol name restrictions, 2-3
use of with PRO/GIDIS, 2-1

-GGIDIS Output Space
see GOS
GIG!
and ReGIS, 1-2
Global attribute
affected
SET GIOIS OUTPUT SPACE, 4-5
and SET""-OUTPUT IDS, 4-1
purpose ~ 1-4 -Global symmet.ry
and SET REL POSITION, 6-2
definitTon,-C-3
GOS
affected by SET OUTPUT IDS, 4-2
bounds of, 1-8 definition, C-3
description, 1-8
in viewing transformation, 1-6
reset state, 3-4
setting, 4--4
unit aspect ratio, 1-7 to 1-8

-H-

-F-

Fil

f
re
and DRAW LINES, 6-3
defining~ 7-1
definition, C-3
effect on DRAW ARC, 6-8
ending, 7-2
in complement mode, 1-17

Hardware Address Space
see HAS
HAS
definition, C-3
general description, 1-10
in viewing transformation, 1-6
unit aspect ratio, 1-7
Index-3

INDEX
-1-

I/O Status Block
values of, 2-4, 2-6
IDS
definition, C-3
description, 1-9
in viewing transformation, 1-6
reset state, 3-3
setting, 4-1
unit aspect ratio, 1-7, 1-9
Implied movement
description, 1-27
Imposed Device Space
see IDS
INITIALIZE
and RIS, 2-3
effect on filled figure, 7-2
general description, 1-5
reference description, 3-1
Instruction syntax
description, 2-6, 2-8
IO.RSD function code
format, 2-5
in QIO, 2-1
use of, 1-29, 2-4, 2-6
IO.WLB function code
and VTl02 Emulator, 2-1
IO.WSD function code
format, 2-4
in QIO, 2-1
use of, 2-3 to 2-4
IO.WVB function code
and VTI02 Emulator, 2-1
Isotropic
definition, C-4
Isotropic mapping
description, 1-8
IDS to HAS, 1-9
window to viewport, 1-8
Italic
see cell rendition

-LLine
drawing, 6-3, 6-5
Line attribute
description, 1-18

Line texture
affected by
SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE, 4-5
affected by SET OUTPUT IDS, 4-2
definition, C-4description, 1-18 to 1-19
reset state, 3-4 to 3-5
setting, 5-9
LOAD CHARACTER CELL
and END LIST~ 3-11
in alphabet creation, 1-25
parameter block, 2-7
reference description, 8-3
Local symmetry
definition, C-4
in character cell movement,
1-29
-M-

MACRO-II
PRO/GIDIS instruction names in,
2-6
sample program, 2-8
use of with PRO/GIDIS, 2-1

-NNEW PICTURE
general description, 1-5
reference description, 3-6
NOP
general description, 1-6
reference description, 3-10
-0-

Opcode
function of, 2-6
Opcode word
format, 2-6
Origin
definition, C-4
Output space
definition, C-4
Overflow
avoiding, 1-8
Overlay mode
description, 1-17
Overlay negate mode
description, 1-17

Index-4

INOEX
-PParameter block
fixed length, 2-7
format, 2-7
variable length, 2-7
PASCAL
PRO/GIOIS instruction names in,
2-6
Picture aspect ratio
definition, C-4
description, 1-8
Pixel
addressing individual, 1-12
definition, C-4
Pixel aspect ratio
definition, C-5
Pixel size
description, 1-19
setting, 5-7
Plane
definition, C-5
description, 1-14
Plane mask
reset state, 3-5
setting, 5-4
Primary color
definition, C-5
description, 1-15
reset state, 3-5
setting, 5-1
PRINT SCREEN
general description, 1-29
reference description, 9-2

ReGIS
relationship to PRO/GIOIS, 1-2
when to use, 1-4
Remote Graphics Instruction Set
see ReGIS
Replace mode
description, 1-17
effect on line texture, 1-19
effect on pixel size, 5-8
Replace negate mode
description, 1-17
Report
format, 1-30
Report handling
description, 1-29
Report instruction
purpose, 1-5
REQUEST CELL STANDARD
and IO.RSO-; 2-4
general description, 1-30
reference description, 10-3
REQUEST CURRENT POSITION
and 15. RSO, i=4
general description, 1-30
reference description, 10-1
REQUEST STATUS
and IO.RSO, 2-4
general description, 1-30
reference description, 10-2
Reset to Initial State (RIS)
use of, 2-3
RIS (Reset) escape sequence
use of, 2-3

-S-Q-

QIO
access to PRO/GIOIS, 2-1, 2-9
expansion forms, 2-3
FORTRAN-77 routine, 2-1
QIOW
see QIO
Queue I/O Request
see QIO
-RRead Special Data
see IO.RSO

Screen
printing, 9-2
Scrolling
by VTI02 Emulator, 2-3
SD.GDS parameter
use of, 2-4 to 2-5
Secondary color
definition, C-5
description, 1-15
reset state, 3-5
setting, 5-2
Secondary color and NEW PICTURE,
3-6
SET ALPHABET
general description, 1-24
Index-5

INDEX
SET ALPHABET (Cont.)
in alphabet creation, 1-25
reference description, 8-2
SET AREA CELL SIZE
general description, 1-21
reference description, 5-12
SET AREA TEXTURE
effect-on area cell size, 5-12
general description, 1-20
reference description, 5-10
SET AREA TEXTURE SIZE
general description, 1-20
reference description, 5-11
SET CELL DISPLAY SIZE
general description, 1-27
reference description, 8-8
SET CELL EXPLICIT MOVEMENT
general description, 1-27
reference description, 8-10
SET CELL MOVEMENT MODE
general description, 1-27
reference description, 8-9
SET CELL OBLIQUE
general description, 1-27
reference description, 8-6
SET CELL RENDITION
general description, 1-26
reference description, 8-4
SET CELL ROTATION
general description, 1-26
reference description, 8-6
SET CELL UNIT SIZE
general description, 1-27
reference description, 8-7
SET COLOR MAP ENTRY
general-description, 1-15
reference description, 5-3
SET GIDIS OUTPUT SPACE
effect on clipping region, 1-9
invalid in filled figure, 7-2
purpose, 1-8
reference description, 4-4
SET LINE TEXTURE
qeneral description, 1-18
reference description, 5-9
SET OUTPUT CLIPPING REGION
general description, 1-9
reference description, 4-6
SET OUTPUT CURSOR
general description, 1-5
reference description, 3-8

SET OUTPUT IDS
general description, 1-9
invalid in filled figure, 7-2
reference description, 4-1
SET OUTPUT VIEWPORT
general description, 1-10
invalid in filled figure, 7-2
reference description, 4-3
SET PIXEL SIZE
effect on line texture, 1-19
general description, 1-19
reference description, 5-7
SET PLANE MASK
and VTI02 Emulator, 2-3
general description, 1-15
reference description, 5-4
SET POSITION
general description, 1-13
invalid in filled figure, 7-2
reference description, 6-1
SET PRIMARY COLOR
general description, 1-15
reference description, 5-1
SET REL POSITION
general description, 1-13
invalid in filled figure, 7-2
reference description, 6-2
SET SECONDARY COLOR
general description, 1-15
reference description, 5-2
SET WRITING MODE
reference-description, 5-7
Standard display size
definition, C-5
reporting, 1-30
Standard unit size
definition, C-5
reporting, 1-30
Status
in error condition, 2-7
reporting, 1-30, 10-2
SYSLIB
as source of QIO routine, 2-1
module QIOSYM, 2-3
-TTerminal emulator
see VTI02 Emulator
see VT125 Emulator

Index-6

INDEX
Text
instruction, 1-14
Text attribute
description, 1-24
Text instruction
purpose, 1-5
Transparent mode
description, 1-16
Transparent negate mode
description, 1-16
-UUnit aspect ratio
description, 1-7
of GOS, 1-7 to 1-8
of HAS, 1-7
of IDS, 1-7
Unit cell
definition, C-5
reporting, 10-3
-VVideo monitor
color, 1-11
monochrome, 1-10
Viewing transformation
definition, C-6
description, 1-6, 1-12
process, 1-11
purpose, 1-4

Viewport
affected by SET OUTPUT IDS, 4-2
definition, C-6
description, 1-10
in viewing transformation, 1-7
reset state, 3-4
setting, 4-3
VTI02 Emulator
interaction with PRO/GIOIS, 2-2
to 2-3
use of planes, 5-5
use of with PRO/GIDIS, 2-1
VT125 Emulator
use of, 1-4
VT125 terminal
and ReGIS, 1-2
-WWindow
and clipping region, 1-10
definition, C-6
descrjption, 1-8
in Viewing Transformation, 1-7
Write Special Data
see IO.WSD
Writing mode
see also individual modes
description, 1-15, 1-18
interaction with plane mask,
5-5
reset state, 3-5
setting, 5-7

Index-7

PRO/GIDIS Manual
AA-Y660A-TK

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