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AA-N623B-TK

May 1983

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Document:	Terminal Subsystem Manual
Order Number:	AA-N623B-TK
Revision:	0
Pages:	172
Original Filename:	http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/pro3xx/POS/AA-N623B-TK_Terminal_Subsystem_Manual_198305.pdf

OCR Text

Terminal Subsystem Manual
Order No. AA-N623B-TK

May 1983

This document describes the Terminal Subsystem of Professional 300 Series
Personal Computers. It is a reference manual for programmers writing
applications for these computers.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND VERSION:

P/OS

SOFTWARE VERSION:

1.5

DIGIT AL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION
Maynard, Massachusetts 01754

1st Printing, December 1982
2nd Printing (Rev), May 1983

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should
not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital
Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document.
The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may
only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of such license.
No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment
that is not supplied by DIGITAL or its affiliated companies.
The specifications and drawings, herein, are the property of Digital Equipment
Corporation and shall not be reproduced or copied or used in whole or in part
as the basis for the manufacture or sale of items without written permission.

The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:
CTI BUS
DEC
DEC mate
DECsystem-10
DECSYSTEM-20
DECUS
DECwriter
DIBOL

mamaama

MASSBUS
PDP
P/OS
PRO/BASIC
PRO/Communications
Professional
PRO/FMS
PRO/RMS
PROSE
PROSE PLUS

Rainbow
RSTS
RSX
Tool Kit
UNIBUS
VAX
VMS
VT
Work Processor

CONTENTS
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL
SUBSYSTEM

Comparison of Text Mode and Graphics Mode .................. 1-2
Environments for Professional Applications .................... 1-4
Native Mode ........................................... 1-4
1.2.2
Terminal Emulation Modes ............................... 1-5
1.2.2.1
VT102 Mode ..................................... 1-7
Professional Mode ................................ 1-7
1.2.2.2
VT52 Mode ...................................... 1-7
1.2.2.3
1.2.2.4
VT125 Mode ..................................... 1-8
1.3
Text Mode ................................................ 1-8
1.3.1
Coding Standards ...................................... 1··8
Code Table ........................................... 1-10
i .3.2
1.3.2.1
7-Bit Code Table ................................. 1-10
8-Bit Code Table ................................. 1-12
1.3.2.2
The Professional Character Sets ......................... i -14
1.3.3
DEC Multinational Character Set .................... 1-14
1.3.3.1
Other Character Sets ............................. 1-15
1.3.3.2
Control Functions ...................................... 1-·19
1.3.4
Escape Sequences ............................... 1-19
1 .3.4.1
Control Sequences ............................... 1-20
1.3.4.2
Working with 7- and 8-Bit Environments ................... 1-21
1.3.5
Conventions for Codes Transmitted from Application .. 1-21
1.3.5.1
Conventions for Codes Transmitted to Application .... 1-22
1.3.5.2

1.1

1.2
1.2.1

CHAPTER 2
2.1

2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.4
2.5

2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2

CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD
APPLICATION PROGRAM

Modes of Operation and Key Usage ............................ 2-2
Native and Professional Modes ............................. 2-2
VT102 Mode ............................................... 2-2
VT125 Mode ............................................... 2-4
VT52 Mode ................................................ 2··4
Standard Keys ............................................. 2-4
Shift Key, Lock Key, Shift-Lock/Caps-Lock Mode ............ 2-5
Office Mode and Data Processing Mode .................... 2-6
Compose Sequences ....................................... 2··6
Creating a Three-Stroke Compose Sequence .............. 2-11
Creating a Two-Stroke Compose Sequence ................ 2-11
Aborting or Restarting a Compose Sequence .............. 2-12
More about Dead Keys ................................. 2-12
Keys Used to Generate 7-Bit Control Characters ............... 2-13
Top-Row Function Keys .................................... 2-15
Editing Keypad ........................................... 2-17
Editing Keys .......................................... 2-17
Cursor Control Keys ................................... 2-18

iii

2.7
2.8
2.8.1
2.8.2
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12

Auxiliary Keypad .......................................... 2-19
Locking and Unlocking the Keyboard ......................... 2-22
Locking the Keyboard .................................. 2-22
Unlocking the Keyboard ................................ 2-23
Enabling and Disabling Autorepeat ........................... 2-23
Bell Signal ............................................... 2-24
Monitor Screen Blanking and Restore ........................ 2-24
Changing the Keyboard .................................... 2-24

CHAPTER 3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.4
3.5.5
3.5.6
3.5.7
3.5.8
3.5.9
3.5.10

3.5.i 1
3.5.12
3.5.13

3.5.14
3.5.15
3.5.16
3.5.17
3.5.18
3.5.19
3.5.20

3.5.21
3.5.22
3.5.23
3.5.24
3.5.25
3.5.26
3.5.27
3.5.28
3.5.29
3.5.30
3.5.31
3.5.32
3.5.33
3.5.34
3.6

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED
CODES

Graphic Characters ......................................... 3-4
Control Characters ......................................... 3-4
Escape and Control Sequence Overview ....................... 3-8
Error Recovery ............................................ 3-9
ANSI-Compatible Sequences ............................... 3-12
Code Extension Announcers ............................ 3-12
Set-Up Characteristics and Mode Selection ................ 3-13
Scrolling ............................................. 3-18
Scrolling Region ....................................... 3-18
Origin ................................................ 3-19
Cursor Positioning ..................................... 3-19
Cursor characteristics .................................. 3-22
Columns per Line ...................................... 3-22
Auto Wrap ............................................ 3-23
Screen Background .................................... 3-23
Linefeed/New Line ..................................... 3-24
Keyboard Action ....................................... 3-25
Auto Repeat .......................................... 3-26
Local Echo (Keyboard Send-Receive) ..................... 3-26
Cursor Key Character Selection .......................... 3-27
Auxiliary Keypad Character Selection ..................... 3-28
Character Sets and Selection ............................ 3-30
Character Attributes .................................... 3-34
Line Attributes ........................................ 3-36
Tab Stops ............................................ 3-37
Erasing .............................................. 3-37
Editing ............................................... 3-38
Inserting and Replacing Characters ....................... 3-39
Printing .............................................. 3-40
Printer Extent ......................................... 3-41
Print Termination Character ............................. 3-42
Print Screen (Text or Graphics Mode) ..................... 3-42
Reports .............................................. 3-43
Reset ................................................ 3-46
Interlace ............................................. 3-46
Tests and Adjustments ................................. 3-48
Control Strings ........................................ 3-48
VT125 Graphics Mode (ReGIS) .......................... 3-50
ANSl/VT52 Compatibility ................................ 3-50
VT52-Compatible Sequences ............................... 3-51

3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
3.6.5
3.6.6
3.6.7

ANSl/VT52 Compatibility ................................ 3-51
Cursor Positioning ..... : ............................... 3-52
Auxiliary Keypad Character Selection ..................... 3-53
Character Sets and Selection ............................ 3-53
Erasing .............................................. 3-56
Printing .............................................. 3-56
Reports .............................................. 3-57

APPENDIX A

CHARACTER SET SUMMARY

APPENDIX B

KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS

APPENDIX C

TEXT AND GRAPHICS MODE INTERACTION

APPENDIX D

DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES

D.1
VT102 Mode Compared with VT102 Terminal ................... D-1
D.1.1
Seven- and Eight-Bit Support ............................. D-1
D.1.2
Communications ....................................... D-2
D.1.3
Keyboard .............................................. D-2
D.1.4
Codes Transmitted from Keyboard to Application ............ D-2
D.1.5
Response of "Terminal" to Received Codes ................ D-3
D.1.5.1
Control Characters ................................ D-3
Control Strings ................................... D-4
D.1.5.2
D.1.5.3
Control Sequences ................................ D-4
D.1.5.4
Set-Up Characteristics and Mode Selection ........... D-4
D.1.5.5
Scrolling ......................................... D-4
D.1.5.6
Cursor Characteristics ............................. D-4
Character Sets and Selection ....................... D-4
D.1.5.7
Character Attributes ............................... D-5
D.1.5.8
Printing .......................................... D-6
D.1.5.9
Reports ......................................... D-7
D.1.5.10
Reset ........................................... D-7
D.1.5.11
Interlace ......................................... D-7
D.1.5.12
Tests and Adjustments ............................. D-7
D.1.5.13
Keyboard Indicator ................................ D-8
D.1.5.14
Other
Features
......................................... D-8
D.1.6
VT125
Mode
Compared
with VT125 Terminal ................... D-8
D.2
Image Distortion Factors ................................... D-8
D.2.1
Distortion Scaling .................................... D-9
D.2.1.1
Pattern Registration .................................. D-9
D.2.1.2
Shading Differences ........................................ D-9
D.2.2
Two New Shading Options ........................... D-9
D.2.2.1
Character Shading and Test Attributes ................ D-9
D.2.2.2
Screen-Addressing Considerations ......................... D-10
D.2.3
Pixel-Aspect Ratio .................................. D-10
D.2.3.1
General Screen-Scaling Method ..................... D-10
D.2.3.2
Decimal-Fraction Support ........................... D-10
D.2.3.3
Clipping Offscreen Areas ............................ D-10
D.2.3.4
Graphics Processor Memory Position Stack Size ..... D-11
D.2.3.5
Scrolling Differences ...................................... D-11
D.2.4

D.2.4.1
D.2.4.2
D.2.4.3
D.2.5
D.2.5.1
D.2.5.2
D.2.5.3
D.2.5.4
D.2.5.5
D.2.5.6
D.2.6
D.2.6.1
D.2.6.2
D.2.7
D.2.7.1
D.2.7.2
D.2.8
D.2.8.1
D.2.8.2
D.2.8.3
D.2.8.4
D.2.8.5
D.2.8.6

Text/Graphics Independent Scrolling ................. D-11
No Wrap-Around Scrolling ........................... D-11
Fixed-Origin Scrolling ............................... D-11
Graphics Text Variations .................................. D-11
Color/Text/Graphics Interdependence ................ D-12
Loadable Alphabets ................................. D-12
Slashed/Unslashed Zero Character .................. D-12
Display/Unit Cell Size Effect ......................... D-12
Specifying Unit-Cell Size ............................ D-13
Screen-Addressing Coordinates ..................... D-13
Screen Time Delay Differences ............................ D-13
Fixed Tick Length ................................... D-13
Maximum Wait Time ................................ D-14
Report Features ........................................... D-14
Report Error ........................................ D-14
Unimplemented Reports Response .................. D-14
Non-Supported VT125 capabilities ......................... D-14
No VT105 Emulation ................................ D-14
No DECwriter Data Transfer ......................... D-14
No Additional Monitors .............................. D-14
Scaling "Zoom" Not Implemented ................... D-14
No Custom Writing Controls (Input Map) ............. D-15
No Concurrent Display of Graphics and
ReGIS Text Mode ................................... D-15

INDEX
FIGURES
1-1
1-2
2-1
2-2
D-1

Application Environment for Native Mode ...................... 1-5
Application Environment for Terminal Emulation Modes .......... 1-6
Key Groupings (U.S./Canada Keyboard) ........................ 2-3
Keys Used In VT102, VT125, and VT52 Modes (U.S./Canada
Keyboard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Display/Unit-Cell Size Effect ................................... D-13

TABLES
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
3-1
3-2
3-3

Seven-Bit ASCII Code Table ................................ 1-11
Eight-Bit Code Table ....................................... 1-13
DEC Multinational Character Set ............................. 1-16
DEC Special Graphics Set Mapped into GL .................... 1-18
Valid Compose Sequences .................................. 2-7
Valid and Invalid Compose Sequence Summary ................ 2-12
Keys Used to Generate 7-Bit Control Characters ............... 2-14
Codes Generated by Top Row Function Keys .................. 2-16
Codes Generated by Editing Keys ............................ 2-17
Codes Generated by Cursor Control Keys ..................... 2-18
Codes Generated by Auxiliary Keypad Keys ................... 2-20
DEC Multinational Character Set .............................. 3-2
CO (ASCII) Control Characters Recognized by Professional ...... 3-5
C1 Control Characters Recognized by Professional .............. 3-6

3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-10
3-11
3-12
3-13
3-14
A-1
A-2
A-3

Summary of ANSI-Compatible Sequences .................... 3-10
Summary of VT52-Compatible Sequences .................... 3-12
Set-Up Characteristics and Mode Selection Sequences ......... 3-15
ANSI-Standardized Modes ................................. 3-17
ANSI-Compatible DEC Private Modes ........................ 3-17
Linefeed/New Line Mode Characteristics ..................... 3-25
Codes Generated by Cursor Control Keys (ANSI Mode) ......... 3-28
Codes Generated By Auxiliary Keypad Keys (ANSI Mode) ....... 3-29
States Selected by RIS Sequence ............................ 3-47
Codes Generated By Auxiliary Keypad Keys (VT52 Mode) ....... 3-54
Comparison of ASCII Graphics, DEC Special Graphics, and VT52
Graphics Mode Character Sets ............................. 3-55
DEC Multinational Character Set .............................. A-2
DEC Special Graphics Set Mapped into GL ..................... A-4
DEC Multinational Character Set and Numeric Codes ............ A-5

vii

PREFACE
WHO SHOULD READ THIS MANUAL

You should read this manual if you are developing an application for the
Professional computer and need information about the Professional's Terminal
Subsystem. The Terminal Subsystem is the subset of the Professional that
provides functions typically performed by a separate video display terminal.like
the VT100.

SCOPE OF MANUAL

The manual covers two possible types of Professional application
environments:
D Application running on the Professional.
D Application running on a remote host system while the Professional is
being operated in terminal emulation mode. Terminal emulation is available through the optional PRO/Communications application.

In both environments, the Professional processes and displays data either in
text mode (character-cell-oriented processing) or graphics mode (pixel-oriented processing), as described in Chapter 1. This manual covers text mode
almost exclusively. Graphics mode is described in other documents:

D If you are using the Professional 300 Series Developer's Tool Kit to
develop an application that will run on the Professional, refer to the
CORE Graphics Library Manual in the Tool Kit for graphics programming information.
D If you are developing a PRO/BASIC application on the Professional,
refer to the Professional 300 Series PRO/BASIC Language Manual for
graphics programming information.

D If you are developing a Professional application that will run on a
remote host system, refer to the VT125 User's Guide for graphics
programming information. VT125 emulation, available through the
PRO/Communications application, features the Remote Graphics
Instruction Set (ReGIS). Use of the ReGIS programming language is
documented in the VT125 User Guide. Because there are some differences between a VT125 terminal and the features emulated on the
Professional, you should also refer to Appendix D of this manual for a
summary of these differences.
D In any of the above cases, you should also refer to Appendix C of this
manual for information regarding mixing text and graphics in your
application.
This manual does not cover the Professional's terminal driver or its effect on
terminal 1/0. Also, this manual does not describe the environment for applications interfacing directly with the Professional's asynchronous communications
driver (only the terminal emulation environment is covered).Refer to the P/OS
System Reference Manual for information on the two drivers.

ORGANIZATION OF MANUAL

The manual has three chapters and four appendices. The contents are summarized below. Because of many similarities, and to facilitate comparison, the
environments for applications running on the Professional and on a remote
host are treated simultaneously. Remember, however, that terminal emulation
requires the optional PRO/Communications application running on the
Professional.
Chapter 1-lntroduction to the Terminal Subsystem

Introduces the environment both for applications running on the Professional
and for those running on a remote host while the Professional is being operated as a terminal emulator. Defines the various text and graphics modes of
operation. Describes character encoding in the Professional, including the DEC
Multinational Character Set and how the Professional accommodates 7-bit and
8-bit application environments.
Chapter 2-Codes Transmitted from Keyboard to Application
Program

Describes the characters and codes generated by the keyboard keys and
transmitted to an application for all text modes of operation.
Chapter 3-Response of Professional to Received Codes

Describes the response of the Professional to received codes in text mode.
Describes all control functions you can use in your application for all text
modes of operation.

Appendix A-Character Set Summary

Shows the code tables for the Professional character sets, including the octal,
decimal, and hexadecimal numerical code conversions.
Appendix B-Keyboard Illustrations

Includes illustrations of all national keyboards available for the Professional.
Appendix C-Text and Graphics Mode Interaction

Offers guidelines for mixing text and graphics in Professional applications.
Appendix D-Differences in Emulated Features

Lists the differences between VT102 and VT125 video terminals and the emulated features on the Professional.

RELATED DOCUMENTATION

The following documents are mentioned in this manual as sources of additional
related information.
Professional 300 Series User Documentation

User's Guide for Hard Disk System
User's Guide for Diskette System
PRO/BASIC Language Manual
PRO/Communications Manual
VT102 and VT125 Documentation
VT102 Vides Terminal User Guide
VT125 User Guide

If you are using the Professional 300 Series Developer's Tool Kit to develop an
application for the Professional, refer to the Tool Kit Documentation Directory
for a description of other Tool Kit documents.
Also refer to the Tool Kit Installation Guide and Release Notes. That manual
describes any software and/or documentation errors that were discovered or
changes that were made late in the development cycle.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL
SUBSYSTEM
The Professional's Terminal Subsystem displays text and graphics on the monitor screen and returns keyboard input to an application program. This manual
describes how you interact with the Terminal Subsystem, through your application program, to control the way data is processed and displayed.
The Terminal Subsystem operates either in text mode or graphics mode, at the
request of the application. Text mode is the default. A brief comparison of the
two modes is in Section 1.1. Except for that overview and the information in
Appendices C and D, this manual covers only the text-mode interactions between your application and the Terminal Subsystem. For example, it shows how
to control the way text looks on the screen or how to change character sets with
various text-mode commands. Graphics mode interactions are executed
through high-level language interfaces (CORE Graphics Library, PRO/BASIC,
and ReGIS). Use of the graphics interfaces is documented in the manuals indicated in the Preface.
Several application environments are discussed in this manual. They are defined in Section 1.2. The terminology introduced in that section is used throughout the manual when referring to various modes of operation.
Section 1.3 describes the character encoding scheme used on the Professional
when in text mode. The Professional uses an ANSI-compatible 8-bit default
character set (the DEC Multinational Character Set) that offers advantages over
the traditional 7-bit ASCII code. The DEC Multinational set is a superset of the
ASCII set.
Section 1.3 also introduces the use of control functions in your application: control characters, escape sequences, and control sequences. The last subject
covered in this chapter is how to work with 7-bit and 8-bit application environments.

1-1

i-2 INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

1.1

COMPARISON OF TEXT MODE AND GRAPHICS MODE

The Professional's screen display consists of closely spaced picture elements
(pixels) arranged as 960 columns and 240 rows. In graphics mode, your application can turn pixels on and off individually or in groups to create a variety of
images, subject only to the
resolution of the screen. The mapping of software addresses to pixels is determined by the software being used. In graphics
mode, a pixel is the smallest addressable unit of the screen.
In text mode, data is processed on a coded character basis, and characters are
displayed on the screen within discrete rectangular cells. The screen is divided
into 80 x 24 or 132 x 24 such character cells, depending on whether the screen
is set for 80 or 132 columns. Each cell consists of numerous pixels. Your application puts a character on the screen by telling the Professional to address a
cell and display a character within that cell. The character is encoded according
to the character set mapping the Professional is using at the time, for example
ASCII coding. In text mode, a character cell is the smallest addressable unit of
the screen.
Similar considerations apply to printing in text or graphics mode. In text mode, a
serial printer attached to the Professional prints specified character cells. In
graphics mode, the printer prints specified pixels.
In text mode, your application can interact directly with the Terminal Subsystem
to address individual character cells. In graphics mode, the CORE Graphics Library, PRO/BASIC, or ReGIS are used to interact with the Terminal Subsystem.
These interfaces minimize the tedious coding that would otherwise be necessary to control individual pixels. They also provide various degrees of hardware
independence, depending on the coding standards implemented.
Each mode of operation, text or graphics, has advantages and limitations. In
text mode, the screen can be written to faster than in graphics mode because
there are only 1920 (80 x 24) or 3168 (132 x 24) character cell addresses in text
mode. By contrast, there are 230,400 (960 x 240) pixels in graphics mode (the
actual number of addresses to be controlled depends on the mapping of software addresses to pixels). The same speed considerations apply to printing in
text or graphics mode.
Your application can create a limited selection of images while still operating in
the faster, text mode. The Professional supports the DEC Special Graphics
Character Set (described in Section 1.3). In that character set, various small line
elements (straight line, corners) are encoded as individual characters. You create images by connecting characters together.
Although slower than text mode, graphics mode on the Professional lets you
create a much greater variety of images on the screen or printer, subject only to
the pixel resolution. In particular you can create text in graphics mode. In principle, you have an unlimited range of character sizes, styles, and orientations
when working with text in graphics mode. Graphics-mode text is handled like
any other type of graphics and offers the same advantages ~disadvantages
when compared to text-mode text.

INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

1-3

You can mix text and graphics in your application. However, to do it properly
you need a detailed understanding of graphics and text modes. Appendix C offers some guidelines.
If the extended bitmap option (EBO) is not installed on the Professional, your
application has one bitmap plane available (a bitmap plane can be addressed on
a pixel basis by your application). The application can either write to the plane in
text mode or use it in graphics mode at any point in the program. Each pixel can
have only two possible states.
If the EBO is installed, your application has two additional bitmap planes. When
in text mode, the application still always writes to a single plane. However, in
graphics mode, the application can use the three planes in a variety of ways.
The exact possibilities depend on the graphics language you are using.
When your application uses two planes in graphics mode, a pixel can have one
of four (2 2) possible states. This gives up to four shades of "gray" with the monochrome drsplay monitor. With a color monitor, the two planes let you have up
to four colors from a palette of 256 colors.
When your application uses all three planes in graphics mode, a pixel can have
one of eight (23) possible states. This gives up to eight shades of "gray" with
the monochrome monitor. With a color monitor, the three planes let you have up
to eight colors from a palette of 256 colors.
An application using the CORE Graphics Library can use any one plane, or any
pairs of planes, or all three planes in graphics mode.
When in graphics mode, a PRO/BASIC application always uses all the available
planes. You cannot use one plane in text mode and use some other plane(s) in
graphics mode.
VT125 terminal emulation is possible on the Professional through the
PRO/Communications application. A VT125 terminal is a VT100 (text-mode)
terminal physically combined with a bitmap addressable graphics terminal. Yet
each is functionally independent. There are three bitmap planes. One is used
only for text mode and the other two only for graphics mode. Their contents are
combined only on the monitor screen.
VT125 (terminal emulation) mode on the Professional requires the EBO, for
compatibility with a VT125 terminal. When in text mode, your application
always writes to one plane. By default, for compatibility with a VT125 terminal,
your application uses only the other two planes when in graphics mode. However, if you wish, the Professional also lets your application use all three planes
in graphics mode to obtain more degrees of brightness or more colors. In
addition, your application can use any one plane, or any pairs of planes, or all
three planes in graphics mode.

1-4 INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

1.2

ENVIRONMENTS FOR PROFESSIONAL APPLICATIONS

Several application environments are discussed in this manual. They are
defined in this section as modes of operation for the Professional (or, equally,
for an application). Because of many similarities, these modes are not treated
individually in separate chapters. Rather, the information is organized and
tabulated so you can compare the functions of all modes readily in each
chapter. Some of the mode terminology is arbitrary and is used only to simplify
the presentation of information (for example native mode, ANSI mode). Other
mode names refer to terminal emulation (VT102 mode, Professional mode,
VT125 mode, VT52 mode). Those names appear on the PRO/Communications
operator menu and are used consistently in this manual.
Professional applications include those running on the Professional, in
"native" mode, and those running on a remote host system when the Professional is being used as a terminal emulator.
You will note that various default states of operation are mentioned throughout
this manual. Chapter 3 describes how to control the programmable states.
Some of these can also be controlled manually by the Professional computer's
operator through "Set-Up" menus. Although these menus are mentioned in the
discussion of programmable states, you should refer to the user manuals for
complete operating instructions. The P/OS Set-Up menus, which affect applications running in terminal emulation modes as well as native mode, are
described in the User's Guide for (Diskette/Hard Disk) System. If you are
writing an application for terminal emulation, you should also refer to the
PRO/Communications Manual for details on the various PRO/Communications
Set-Up menus. Chapter 3 contains a full comparison listing of the Set-Up
characteristics and (programmable) mode selection sequences.

1.2.1

Native Mode

Native mode is the environment for an application running on the Professional.
Applications running in native mode include
D applications developed with the Tool Kit,

D PRO/BASIC applications (developed using PRO/BASIC), and

o optional Digital-supplied applications, such as PRO/Communications
and PRO/BASIC.
Native (text) mode is ANSI compatible. For graphics-mode interactions, an
application uses either the CORE Graphics Library or PRO/BASIC graphics
statements in native mode.
The native mode environment is illustrated in Figure 1-1. The application interacts with the Terminal Subsystem by way of the terminal driver. The terminal
driver is described in detail in the P/OS System Reference Manual. It handles
the queuing and de-queuing of requests from the application to the Terminal
Subsystem. It also screens certain control characters under various conditions
specified by the software.

INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM 1-5

APPLIC~TION

TERMINAL
DRIVER

PRINTER
TERMINAL
SUBSYSTEM

DISPLAY

KEYBOARD

Figure 1-1
Application Environment for Native Mode

1.2.2 Terminal Emulation Modes
Figure 1-2 shows the application environment for terminal emulation. The
PRO/Communications application runs on the Professional in native mode. The
host application communicates with the Terminal Subsystem through the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator.
A PRO/Communications menu lets the Professional computer operator choose
one of four possible terminal emulation modes:
D VT102 mode
D Professional mode
D VT52 mode
D VT125 mode
Selecting one of these modes causes the Professional to behave like a terminal
of that type (Professional mode is defined later in this section). The Professional communicates with a host application or host system as if it were a
terminal of that type.

1-6 INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

RUNS ON
HOST SYSTEM

HOST
APPLICATION

,--

I -

PROFESSIONAL

COMMUNICATIONS

~COMPUTER

PORT

COMMUNICATIONS
DRIVER

PRO/COMMUNICATIONS
APPLICATION
EMULATOR
• VT102 MODE
• PROFESSIONAL MODE
• VT125 MODE
• VT52 MODE

TERMINAL
DRIVER

PRINTER

TERMINAL
SUBSYSTEM

KEYBOARD

Figure 1-2
Application Environment for Terminal Emulation Modes

INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

1-7

By using the above menu selections, the operator ensures that the Professional will not only behave like one of the four terminals bi..t will also identify
itself as one to any host application or system requesting a device identifier
(the identifying responses are detailed in Chapter 3).
Complete operating instructions on the emulator, including Set-Up features
and default conditions are documented in the PRO/Communications Manual.
Noteworthy features that are at the operator's control through the menu system include the following:
D The operator can select a default terminal type.
D The operator can reset the emulator. Resetting the emulator causes an
RIS (Reset to Initial State) command to be issued which resets various
programmable and/or manually controllable Set-Up states, as
described in Chapter 3.
D For compatibility with earlier and newer software environments, the
operator can choose to enable the transmission/reception of either 7bit characters (only) or both 7- and 8-bit characters over the communications line (see Section 1.3.5).
An overview of additional key information specific to each emulation mode
follows.
1.2.2.1 VT102 Mode-When operating the Professional in VT102 mode, you
can communicate with the host system and the application as if you were at a
VT102 terminal. Like a VT102 terminal, VT102 mode is ANSI compatible in
normal operation and also includes VT52 emulation as an ANSI-incompatible
subset that is available through program control.
There are some functional differences between a VT102 terminal and VT102
mode on the Professional. They are pointed out throughout this manual and
listed in Appendix D.
1.2.2.2 Professional Mode-Professional mode is a new ANSI-compatible
terminal emulation text mode. When operating the Professional in Professional
mode, you can communicate with the host system and the application as if you
were at a "Professional" terminal. Professional mode does not emulate any
existing terminal. It is a superset of VT102 mode and includes all the functions
available through VT102 mode. in addition, keys on the Professional keyboard
that are not on a VT102 terminal are available to the application.
1.2.2.3 VT52 Mode-VT52 mode is an ANSI-incompatible text mode and is
offered on the Professional only for compatibility with earlier software.
VT52 mode is implemented on the Professional as a subset of VT102 mode:
when operating the Professional in VT52 mode, you can communicate with the
host system and the application as if you were at a VT102 terminal emulating a
VT52 terminal.

1-8 INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

VT52 mode can be selected through program control as well as through a
PRO/Communications menu selection. Chapter 3 describes how to invoke
VT52 mode in a program and how to use the VT52-compatible commands.
1.2.2.4

VT125 Mode
Note: VT125 emulation requires that the extended bitmap option (EBO) be
installed on the Professional. If the EBO is not installed, the response of the
Professional to a Device Attributes (DA) request is the same as for VT102
mode (see Chapter 3).

VT125 mode emulates a VT125 terminal, which can operate in both text mode
and graphics mode. A VT125 terminal is a VT100 (text-mode) terminal combined with a ReGIS interpreter and a bitmap addressing capability.
ReGIS is the Digital Remote Graphics Instruction Set. You use ReGIS in a
program to create and store images as ASCII text, called ReGIS strings. The
program, running on a host system, can then send them to a remote VT125
terminal for execution. Prior to processing a ReGIS string, the VT125 terminal
operates in text mode. Receipt of a command introducing one or more ReGIS
strings automatically switches the VT125 to graphics mode so it can process
and display ReGIS graphics. After the ReGIS code is executed, a string terminator switches the VT125 back to text mode.
These VT125 functions are emulated on the Professional in VT125 mode. The
commands you use to enter and exit VT125 graphics mode and the default
states are documented in Chapter 3. Complete programming information on
ReGIS is in the VT125 User's Guide.
There are some significant functional differences between VT125 graphics
mode on the Professional and using ReGIS on a VT125 terminal. You should
refer to Appendix D for a summary of these differences and their impact on
software compatibility.

1.3

TEXT MODE

This section describes the character encoding used on the Professional when
operating in text mode.

1.3.1

Coding Standards

The Professional uses an 8-bit character encoding scheme and 7-bit code
extension techniques that are compatible with the following ANSI and ISO
standards. ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and ISO (International
Organization for Standardization) specify the current standards for character
encoding used in the communications industry.
ANSI X3.4-1977
American Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM 1-9

ISO 646-1977

7-Bit Coded Character Set for Information Processing Interchange
ANSI X3.41-1974

Code Extension Techniques for Use with the 7-Bit Coded Character Set of
American National Code for Information Interchange
ISO Draft International Standard 2022.2

7-Bit and 8-Bit Coded Character Sets-Code Extension Techniques
ANSI X3.32-1973

Graphic Representation of the Control Characters of American National Code
for Information Interchange
ANSI X3.64-1979

Additional Controls for Use with American National Standard for Information
Interchange
ISO Draft International Standard 6429.2

Additional Control Functions for Character Imaging Devices
ISO Draft International Standard 6937

Coded Character Sets for Text Communication
- The default character set on the Professional is the 8-bit DEC Multinational
Character Set. It is compatible with the traditional 7-bit ASCII character encoding scheme: the ASCII character set is a subset of DEC Multinational.
The Professional is designed to accommodate 7-bit software, when necessary,
in all text modes. By default, the Professional will transmit 7-bit code extensions to an application instead of 8-bit control characters. But you can make
the Professional transmit 8-bit control characters if your application environment can take advantage of the faster processing possible with 8-bit codes.
Sections 1.3.4 and 1.3.5 explain control functions and how to work with 7- and
8-bit codes.

1-10 INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

1.3.2 Code Table
A code table is a convenient way to represent 7- and 8-bit characters, because
groupings of characters and their relative codes can be seen readily.
Note: The familiar ASCII 7-bit character set is used below to introduce some
terminology and coding conventions. The 8-bit coding scheme used on the
Professional is described after this introduction.

1.3.2.1 7-Bit Code Table-Table 1-1 is the 7-bit ASCII code table. There are
128 (27) positions, corresponding to 128 character codes, arranged in a matrix
of 8 columns and 16 rows.
Each row represents a possible value of the 4 least significant bits of a 7-bit
code. Each column represents a possible value of the 3 most significant bits.

BIT

I I I I
, ..

I I

3 MOST
.. , : LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT;
SIGNIFICANT BITS

(DECIMAL VALUE IS
COLUMN IN
CODE TABLE)

(DECIMAL VALUE
IS ROW IN
CODE TABLE)

Table 1-1 shows the octal, decimal, and hexadecimal code for each ASCII character. You can also represent any character by its position in the table. For example, the character "H" (column 4, row 8) can be represented as 4/8. The
column/row representation is like hexadecimal notation. For example, the character "n" (6/14) is 6E in hex code.
Note: The column/row notation is used to represent characters and codes
throughout this manual. Appendix A lists all equivalent codes in various notations.

The Professional processes received characters based on two character types
defined by ANSI: graphic characters and control characters.
D

Graphic characters are the characters you write, print, or display on a
video screen. The ASCII graphic characters are in positions 2/1 through
7/14 of Table 1-1 . They include all American and English alphanumeric
characters, plus punctuation marks and various text symbols. Examples are: C, n, ", !, +,$(the English pound sign is not an ASCII graphic
character).

INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM 1-11

Table 1-1
7-Bit ASCII Code Table

.....-

COLUMN

BITS
bl

1
1

1
0

ROW

b5
b4 b3 b2 bl

NUL

0
0
0

OLE

20
16
10

40
32
20

60
48
30

100
64
40

120
80
50

140
96
60

160
112
70

SOH

1
1
1

DC1
(XON)

21
17
11

41
33
21

61
49
31

101
65
41

121
81
51

141
97
61

161
113
71

0 0

STX

2
2
2

DC2

22
18
12

42
34
22

62
50
32

102
66
42

122
82
52

DC3

23
19
13

43
35
23

63
51
33

DC4

24
20
14

44
36
24

64
52
34

NAK

2S
21
lS

4S
37
25

65
53
3S

ETX

3
3
3

EOT

4
4
4

(XOFF)

ACK

6
6
6

SYN

26
22
16

46
38
26

66
54
36

BEL

7
7
7

ETB

27
23
17

47
39
27

67
SS
37

CAN

30
24
18

(

31
25
19

1 0

10
8
8

11
9
9

1 0

12
10
A

SUB

32
26
1A

13
11
B

ESC

33
27
1B

34
28
1C

1 1

14
12

35
29

1S
13
D

16
14
E

36
30
lE

17
15
F

37
31
1F

KEY
CHARACTER

ESC

OCTAL

DECIMAL

HEX

)

*
+

so
40
28

S2
42
2A

S3
43
2B

56
38

S1
41
29

71
S7
39

67
43
104
68

106
70
46
107
71
47

123
83
53

98
62

124
84
54

144
100
64

164
116
74

125
85
S5

145
101
6S

165
117
7S

126
86
56

146
102
66

166
118
76

147
103
67

167
119
77
170
120
78

127
87
S7
130
88
58

150
104
68

111
73
49

131
89
59

1S1
105
69

112
74
4A

132
90
SA

152
106
6A

[

133
91
S8

1S3
107
6B

{

173
123
7B

174
124
7C

}

17S
12S
70

110

72
48

113

73
59
3B

7S
4B

114
76
4C

134
92
SC

SS
45
20

75
61
30

11S
77
40

13S
93
SD

76
62
3E

116
78
4E

136
94
SE

1S6
110
6E

77
63
3F

117
79
4F

137
95
5F

1S7
111
6F

S7
47
2F

72
163
115
73

74
60
3C

162
114

143
99
63

44
105
69
45

142

72
58
3A

103

54
44
2C

ENQ

1S4
108
BC
155
109
60

DEL

171
121
79
172
122
7A

176
126
7E
177
127
7F

1-12 INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

Control characters are non-display single-byte codes that perform traditional functions in data communications and text processing. The ASCII
control characters are in positions 0/0 through 1/15 (columns 0 and 1)
of Table 1-1. The SP character(' 'space'', 2/0) can be considered either
a graphic character or a control character depending on the context.
DEL (7 /15) is always used as a control character.
The codes and functions of control characters have been standardized
by ANSI. Examples of ASCII control characters, with their ANSIstandard mnemonics, are: CR (carriage return), FF (form feed), CAN
(cancel). All standard ANSI definitions for control characters are summarized in Appendix A.

1.3.2.2 8-Bit Code Table - The above conventions can be generalized to the
8-bit character encoding used on the Professional. Table 1-2 shows the 8-bit
code table. It has twice as many columns as the 7-bit table, because it contains
256 (2 8) versus 128 (27) code values.
As with the 7-bit table, each row represents a possible value of the 4 least significant bits of an 8-bit code. Each column represents a possible value of the 4
most significant bits.

BIT

I~ MOST SIGNIFICANT BITS· I: LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT; I
(DECIMAL VALUE IS COLUMN
IN CODE TABLE)

(DECIMAL VALUE IS ROW
IN CODE TABLE)

All codes on the left half of the 8-bit table (columns 0 through 7) are 7-bit compatible: their 8th bit is not set and can be ignored or assumed to be 0. You can
use these codes in either a 7-bit or an 8-bit environment. All codes on the right
half of the table (columns 8 through 15) have their 8th bit set. You can use these
codes only in an 8-bit compatible environment.
The 8-bit code table has two sets of control characters (CO, "control zero", and
C1, "control one") and two sets of graphic characters (GL, "graphic left" and
GR, "graphic right").

INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM 1-13

Table 1-2
8-Bit Code Table

NUL

OLE

SOH

DC1

PU1

STX

DC2

PU2

ETX

DC3

STS

EOT

DC4

IND

CCH

ENQ

NAK

NEL

ACK

SYN

SSA

SPA

BEL

ETB

ESA

EPA

CAN

HTS

HTJ

SUB

VTS

ESC

PLO

CSI

PLU

osc

SS2

SS3

APC

DEL

DCS

Ill

r•f----~-~1~-f-----GLCODES~-~----~+··c~1-c_o_D~E~s·_..r•1------GRCODES----·-I
CO CODES
-------7-BIT CODE TABLE------

1-14 INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

On the Professional, the basic functions of the CO and C1 codes are as defined
by ANSI. CO codes represent the ASCII control characters described earlier.
The CO codes are 7-bit compatible. The C1 codes represent 8-bit control characters that let you perform additional functions beyond those possible with the
CO codes. C1 codes can be used only in an 8-bit environment. Some C1 code
positions have been left blank: their functions have not yet been standardized.
The standard ANSI definitions for the CO and C1 characters are summarized in
Appendix A.
Note: Not all CO and C1 codes are recognized by the Professional. Chapter 3
identifies the ones that are. The others are simply ignored by the Professional
(no action taken).

The GL and GR sets of codes are reserved for graphic characters. There are 94
GL codes in positions 2/1 through 7/14 and 94 GR codes in positions 10/1
through 15/14. By ANSI standards, positions 10/0 and 15/15 are reserved. You
can use GL codes in 7-bit or 8-bit environments. You can use GR codes only in
an 8-bit environment.
1.3.3 The Professional Character Sets
You can't change the functions of the CO or C1 codes on the Professional. However, you can "map" different sets of graphic characters onto the GL and/or GR
codes. The sets are stored "on call" within the Professional as a sort of graphic
repertoire. But, they are not available for use until mapped onto the GL or GR
codes. The commands for mapping graphic character sets onto GL or GR are
described in Chapter 3.
For this release, the Professional's graphic repertoire consists of three 94character sets. Their relationship is described in the next two sections:
D

ASCII Graphics Set

DEC Supplemental Graphics Set

DEC Special Graphics Set, also known as the "VT100 Line Drawing
Set".

1.3.3.1 DEC Multinational Character Set-By default, when you power up
(boot) the Professional or reset the PRO/Communications terminal emulator,
the DEC Multinational Character Set is mapped onto the 8-bit code matrix. The
DEC Multinational Character Set is shown on Table 1-3.
The 7-bit-compatible left half of the DEC Multinational Set is the ASCII character set: The CO codes are the ASCII control characters, and the GL codes are
mapped onto the ASCII Graphics Set.
The 8-bit compatible right half of the DEC Multinational Set includes the C1 8bit control characters in columns 8 and 9. The GR codes are mapped onto the
DEC Supplemental Graphics Set. This set has alphabetic characters with diacritical marks that appear in the major Western European alphabets. It also has
other symbols not included in the ASCII Graphics Set.

INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

i-15

The Professional supports over a dozen national (Western European) keyboards. Use of all Professional keyboards assumes the default DEC Multinational Character Set mapping. In addition, the code descriptions in the rest of
this manual assume that default mapping.
Various characters from the DEC Supplemental Graphics Set appear as standard (printing character) keys on different keyboards. By supplementing the
standard keys with "compose sequences", described in Chapter 2, you can
create any DEC Multinational graphic character from any Professional keyboard.

1.3.3.2 Other Character Sets -In addition to ASCII and DEC Supplemental,
the Professional's graphic repertoire has the DEC Special Graphics Set, also
known as the "VT100 Line Drawing" Character Set. It is shown in Table 1-4.
This set has about two thirds of the ASCII graphic characters. In addition it has
special symbols and short line segments. The line segments let you create a
limited range of pictures while still using text mode.
Note that the following characters appear in both the DEC Supplemental and
DEC Special Graphics sets but under different codes.

Supplemental
Graphics

Special
Graphics

Pound sign (£)

10/3

7/13

Degree sign (0 )

11/0

6/6

Plus/Minus sign(:!:)

11 /1

6/7

The DEC Supplemental Graphics middle dot (11 /7) is a different character from
the DEC Special Graphics raised dot (7/14). The former is typically used to separate numeric digits. The latter is used with line drawing segments in the DEC
Special Graphics Set.
Commands described in Chapter 3 let you map the DEC Special Graphics Set
into either GL or GR, replacing either the ASCII Graphics Set or the DEC Supplemental Graphics Set. The recommended mapping is to switch between
ASCII and DEC Special Graphics in GL, since the latter has most of the ASCII
graphic characters. Also, this mapping is compatible with a VT102 terminal.
Other character sets are planned for the Professional. User loadable character
sets are not supported in text mode for this release. Graphics mode does, however, support user loadable character sets.

1-16 INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

Table 1-3
DEC Multinational Character Set (CO and GL Codes)

,.......
ROW

BITS

COLUMN

NUL

0
0
0

20
16
10

40
32
20

21
17
11

41
33
21

DC2

22
18
12

42
34

DC3

23
19
13

DC4

24
20
14

45
37
25

SOH

1
1
1

0 0

STX

2
2
2

DC1
IXON)

ETX

3
3
3

EOT

4
4
4

NAK

25
21
15

(XOFF)

140
96
60

160
112
70

61
49
31

101
65
41

121
81
51

141
97
61

161
113
71

102
66
42

122
82
52

142
98
62

62
50
32

43
35
23

63
51
33

103
67
43

123
83
53

143
99
63

163
115
73

64
52
34

104
68
44

124
84
54

144
100
64

164
116
74

65
53
35

105
69
45

125
85
55

145
101
65

165
117
75

66
54
36

126
86
56

146
102
66

166
118
76

67
55
37

127
87
57

147
103
67

130
88
58

150
104
68

151
105
69

152
106
6A

153
107
68

{

173
123
78

174
124
7C

}

175
125
70

ENO

ACK

6
6
6

SYN

26
22
16

BEL

7
7
7

ETB

27
23
17

1 0

10
8
8

CAN

30
24
18

(

11
9
9

31
25
19

)

1 0

12
10
A

SUB

32
26
1A

13
11
8

ESC

33
27
18

34
28
1C

35
29
10

36
30
1E

37
31
1F

57
47
2F

1 1

15
13
D

16
14
E

17
15
F

L___

46
38
26
47
39
27

50
40
28

51
41
29

52
42
2A

58
3A

53
43
28

;

54
44
2C
55
45
2D
56
2E

56
38

106
70
46
107
71
47
110

72
48

111
73
49

131
89
59

112
74
4A

132
90
5A

73
59
38

113
75
48

[

133
91
58

74
60
3C

114
76
4C

75
61
30

76
62
3E

116
78
4E

77
63
3F

117
79
4F

71
57
39

115

77
40

'
]
A

GLCODES

~co C O D E S - - - - - - - - - - - - ( A S C l l GRAPHICS)

KEV
CHARACTER

___ _
ESC

OCTAL

DECIMAL

_._ 18 _, HEX

120
80
50

1
0

100
64
40

60
48

5
5
5

14
12

0
1

1
1

0
1

OLE

0
0

b5
b4 b3 b2 b1
0

0
0

134
92
5C
135
93
50

154
108
6C
155
109
60

136
94
5E

156
110
6E

137
95
5F

157
111
6F

162
114

DEL

167
119
77
170
120
78
171
121
79
172
122
7A

176
126
7E
177
127
7F

INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM 1-17

Table 1-3
DEC Multinational Character Set (C1 and GR Codes)

1
0

11
1

1
0

200
12S
80

DCS

220
144
90

201
129
Sl

PU1

221
145
91

202
130
S2

PU2

203
131
S3

STS

IND

204
132
84

CCH 148

NEL

205
133
85

225
149
95

SSA

206
134
86

SPA

226
150
96

ESA

207
135
87

EPA

227
151
97

HTS

210
136
SS

230
152
9S

HTJ

211
137
89

231
153
99

VTS

212
13S
SA

232
154
9A

PLO

213
139
8B

CSI

233
155
9B

PLU

214
140
8C

215
141
SD

SS2
SS3

240
160
AO

241
161
Al

222
146
92

242
162
A2

223
147
93

243
163
A3

224

244
164

1
0

COLUMN

0
0

bS
b7

1
1

BITS
b6

260
176
BO

340
224
EO

360
240
FO

301
193
C1

320
208
DO

261
177
Bl

'
,

300
192

321
209
01

262
178
B2

302
194
C2

322
210
02

303
195
C3

323
211
03

264
1SO
S4

••
A

304
196
C4

263
179
B3

,
A

b5
b4 b3 b2 bl

1---i

ROW

341
225
E1

361
241
Fl

342
226
E2

362
242
F2

343
227
E3

363
243
F3

324
212
04

••
a

344
228
E4

A
0

364
244
F4

325
213
05

345
229
E5

365
245
F5

366
246
F6

245
165
A5

265
1S1
B5

305
197
C5

246
166
A6

266
182
B6

A:.

306
19S
C6

••
0

326
214
06

346
230
E6

307
199

327
215
D7

347
231
E7

367
247
F7

350
232
EB

f/I

370
24S
F8

247
167
A7

267
183

:n:

250
16S
AS

270
1S4
BS

310
200
CB

(lJ

330
216
DS

251
169
A9

271
1S5
B9

311
201
C9

'
u

331
217
D9

351
233
E9

371
249
F9

!:!

252
170
AA

332
218
DA

352
234
EA

372
250
FA

253
171
AB

373
251
FB

234
156
9C

374
252
FC

osc

375
253

216
142
8E

376
254
FE

217
143
SF

377
255
FF

1 1

'
,

272
186
BA

312
202
CA

273
187
BB

••
E

313
203
CB

333
219
DB

254
172
AC

1/4

274
188
BC

314
204

••

334
220
DC

235
157
9D

255
173
AD

112

275
189
BD

'I
,

315
205
CD

••
y

335
221
DD

236
158
9E

256
174
AE

APC

237
159
9F

257
175
AF

276
190
BE

316
206
CE

277
191
BF

••I

317
207
CF

336
222
DE

337
223
DF

L__
GR CODES
r - C 1 CODES-----1-------(DEC SUPPLEMENTAL GRAPHICS)

'e
,

..e
'I
,
I

353
235
EB
354
236
EC
355
237
ED

356
238
EE

357
239
EF

..
..
y

1-18 INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

Table 1-4
DEC Special Graphics Set Mapped into GL

COLUMN

...-

BITS

0
86

ROW

NUL

0
0
1
1
1

SOH

OLE
DC1
(XONI

2
3

4
5

STX

2
2
3
3
3

ETX

EOT

ENO

DC2

DC3
IXOFF)

4
4
4
5
5
5
6

20
16
10
21
17
11
22
18
12
23
19
13

DC4

24
20
14

SYN

26
22
16

ETB

27
23
17

47
39

BEL

7
7
7

CAN

'.30
24
18

10
8
8

11
9
9

31
25
19

12
10
A

SUB

32
26
1A

13
11
8

ESC

27
18

34
28
1C

15
13
D

35
29
10

16
14
E

36
30
1E

17
15
F

37
31
1F

60
48
30

61
49
31

2
3

100

64
40

101
65
41

102
66
42

63
51
33

103
67
43

62
50

64
52
34

c
D

65
53
35

105
69
45

66
54
36

67
55
37

107
71
47

(

50
40
28

70
56
38

110
72
48

)

51
41
29

71
57
39

72
58
3A

73
59
38

38
26

52
42
2A

1
0

104
68
44

43
35

45
37
25

ACK

14
12

42
34
22

NAK

41
33
21

25
21
15

40
32
20

44
36
24

6
6

106
70
46

120
80
50

140
96
60

121
81
51

125
85
55

126
86
56

CHARACTER

ESC

OCTAL

DECIMAL

_l 18

HEX

127
87
57

141
97
61

SCAN 3

SCAN 5

142
98
62
143
99
63

SCAN 7

161
113
71
162
114

72
163
115

SCAN 9

100
64

164
116
74

145
101
65

165
117
75

146
102
66

166
118
76

144

147

160
112
70

103
67

167
119
77

150
104
68

170
120
78

151
105
69

171
121
79

152
106
6A

91
58

153
107
68

173
123
78

134
92
5C

174
124
7C

]

135
93
50

155
109
60

175
125
70

136
94
5E

156
110
6E

131
89
59

112
74
4A

132
90
5A
133

55
45
20

75
61
30

56
46
2E

76
62
3E

116
78
4E

57
47
2F

77
63
3F

117
79 (BLANK)
4F

[

115
40

137
95
5F

GLCODES
~co CODES--........! - - - - - - - - - - ( D E C SPECIAL GRAPHICS)

KEY

111
73
49

114
76
4C

123
83

•

124
84
54

113

122
82
52

54
44
2C

60
3C

53
43
28

1
0

130
88
58

75
48

1
0

0
1

0
0

85
84 83 82 81

SCAN 1

172

154
108
6C

157
111
6F

122
7A

176
126
7E

DEL

177
127
7F

INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

1-19

1.3.4 Control Functions
You use control functions in your application to specify how the Professional
should handle data. There are many uses for control functions, and more are
being created. Here are some of the things you can do with control functions:

Change the monitor display from 80-column to 132-column format.

Move the cursor on the display.

Delete a line of text from the display.

Change graphic character sets.

Make the printer print in text mode (or graphics mode),

Make the auxiliary keypad keys available for specific functions that you
define within your application.

Make the Professional operate in 7-bit mode or 8-bit mode, to accommodate different application environments.

Ask the Professional to identify itself to an application running on a host
system, including whether an option like the color monitor or the extended bitmap option is being used.

Switch the Professional to VT125 (graphics) mode from VT102 (text)
mode.

Switch the Professional to VT52 mode from VT102 or Professional default modes.

You use all control functions in text mode and express them as single-byte or
multi-byte codes.
The single-byte codes are the CO and C1 control characters introduced earlier
in Section 1.2. Your application can perform a very limited number of functions
using the CO characters. C1 characters give you a few more functions, but your
application can use them only in an 8-bit environment.
Multi-byte control codes represent far more functions because of the variety of
code combinations possible. These codes are called escape sequences and
control sequences. Some sequences are ANSI standardized and used throughout the industry. Others are "private" sequences created by manufacturers like
Digital for specific families of products. Private sequences, like the ANSI standardized sequences, obey ANSI standards governing the composition of character codes used.
1.3.4.1 Escape Sequences -An escape sequence is a sequence of one or
more ASCII graphic characters preceded by the CO character ESC (1 /11 ). For
example,
1/11
ESC

2/3
#

3/7
7

is an escape sequence that causes a printer attached to the Professional to
print the contents of the current screen display.

1-20 INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

Because escape sequences use only 7-bit characters, you can use them in 7-bit
or 8-bit environments.
Note: When using escape or control sequences, remember that it is the code
that defines a sequence, not the graphic representation of the characters. The
characters are shown for readability only and presume the DEC Multinational
Character Set mapping (ASCII Graphics Set in GL and DEC Supplemental
Graphics Set in GR).

There is an important special use of escape sequences on the Professional.
ANSI permits code extension techniques to extend the functionality of 7-bit control functions. In particular, you can use 2-byte escape sequences as 7-bit code
extensions to express each of the C1 control codes. This is valuable when your
application must be compatible with a 7-bit environment. For example, the C1
characters CSI, SS3, and IND can be expressed as follows:

Ct Character

7-bit Code Extension
(Escape Sequence)

9/11
CSI

1/11
ESC

5/11
[

8/15
SS3

1/11
ESC

4/15

8/4
IND

1/11
ESC

4/4
D

The above code extension technique can be generalized as follows: You can
express any C1 character as a two-character escape sequence whose second
character has a code that is 40, hexadecimal (64, decimal), less than that of the
C1 character. Conversely, you can make any supported escape sequence
whose second character is in the range 4/0 through 5/15 one byte shorter by
removing the ESC and adding 40, hexadecimal, to the code of the second
character.
1.3.4.2 Control Sequences -A control sequence is a sequence of one or
more ASCII graphic characters preceded by the control sequence introducer,
the C1 character CSI (9/11 ). But CSI can be expressed as the 7-bit code extension ESC [ (1 /11 5/11 ). So you can express all control sequences as escape
sequences whose second character code is [ (5/11 ). For example, the following
two sequer:ices

9/11
CSI

3/15

3/3

6/8
h

1/11
ESC

5/11
[

3/15
?

3/3

6/8

are equivalent sequences that perform the same function. They cause the
display to use 132 columns per line rather than 80.

INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM 1-21

Whenever possible, you should use CSI instead of ESC [to introduce a control
sequence. CSI uses one less byte than ESC [, so you gain processing speed.
But a sequence starting with CSI can be used only in an 8-bit environment,
because CSI is a C1 character.
The next section explains how to handle 7- and 8-bit application environments.
1.3.5 Working with 7- and 8-Bit Environments

To take advantage of the Professional's 8-bit character set, your application
and communications environment must be 8-bit compatible. The application
can then transmit and receive the 8-bit GR graphic codes and C1 control codes
as well as the 7-bit GL and CO codes. The advantages of working in an 8-bit
environment are:
D An expanded graphic character set is readily available to the user.

D Processing efficiency is gained by using 8-bit control characters in the
application instead of the functionally equivalent two-byte 7-bit code
extensions.
The 8-bit environment is the normal one for applications running in native
mode.
In the terminal emulation modes, the application and/or communications environment may be only 7-bit compatible. Therefore, a PRO/Communications
menu lets the operator enable the transmission of either only the 7-bit codes or
both the 7- and 8-bit codes. This manual control is available for all terminal
emulation modes, to satisfy the requirements of earlier and newer software.
Detailed conventions for working with 7- and 8-bit environments follow. The
behavior of the Terminal Subsystem is emphasized. This is the behavior apparent to native mode applications and to applications running in terminal emulation modes when 8-bit characters are enabled by the operator.
When the operator chooses to enable only 7-bit codes, to accommodate a 7-bit
communications environment, the PRO/Communications application alters the
Terminal Subsystem's behavior. All such differences in behavior are noted.
1.3.5.1 Conventions for Codes Transmitted from Application-The Terminal
Subsystem expects to receive character codes in a form consistent with the 8bit coding convention described earlier in this section. This is the most efficient
coding convention.

When operating in an 8-bit environment, your application can freely use the CO
and C1 control codes (including 7-bit code extensions). The Terminal Subsystem will always interpret these codes properly. When your application sends
GL or GR graphic codes, the Terminal Subsystem interprets these according to
the graphic character mapping currently being used. The default mapping, set
when you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the PRO/Communications

1-22 INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

terminal emulator, or use a reset-to-initial-state (RIS) command (see Chapter
3), is the DEC Multinational Character Set: ASCII Graphics in GL and DEC
Supplemental Graphics in GR.
The Terminal Subsystem always interprets the 8th bit of any received character
as a legitimate value. In a 7-bit terminal emulation environment, this could
cause the Terminal Subsystem to accept invalid data. To avoid this problem,
the operator can choose to enable only 7-bit codes. By restricting the communications link to a 7-bit format, the operator ensures that any potentially invalid
8th bit value will be dropped before reaching the Terminal Subsystem. In
terminal emulation, if the operator enables only 7-bit codes, the 8th bit of any
graphic or control character transmitted from the host to the Professional is
dropped.
1.3.5.2 Conventions for Codes Transmitted/Returned to Application-Codes transmitted to an application come primarily from keyboard input.
In addition some codes are returned in response to commands such as
requests for device identification or status.
Keyboard input includes:

D individual graphic character codes, both 7-bit (GR) and 8-bit (GL), produced by the standard (printing character) keys.
D individual control character codes and multi-byte sequences produced
by the various function keys.

Multi-byte sequences are also returned in responye-10 commands.
The next few paragraphs describe the behavior of the Terminal Subsystem,
which is the behavior apparent to applications running in native mode. The
behavior of the PRO/Communications application follows.
Behavior of Terminal Subsystem
The Terminal subsystem always transmits all 7-bit (GL) and 8-bit (GR) graphic
character codes exactly as they are generated from the keyboard.
Most function keys on the Professional's keyboard generate multi-byte control
codes (see Chapter 2). They can be expressed in 8-bit format starting either
with CSI (9/11) or SS3 (8/15). These codes can also be expressed in the less
efficient 7-bit-compatible format, as 7-bit code extensions. This is also true of
returned codes for device status, etc.
The Terminal Subsystem can be programmed to transmit control codes in the
8-bit format, as needed. It can also be programmed to convert all 8-bit control
codes to their equivalent 7-bit code extensions prior to transmission.

INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM 1-23

In an 8-bit environment, your application can issue the following command
(called a "code extension announcer") to cause the Terminal Subsystem to
return 8-bit control codes whenever possible.

1/11

2/0

4/7

ESC

The above command ensures that no 7-bitcode extensions are returned.
If your application environment cannot handle 8-bit control codes, receipt of an
8-bit control character with the 8th bit stripped off could cause unpredictable
behavior. To avoid this possibility, your application should issue the following
code extension announcer. It will cause the Terminal Subsystem to automatically convert all 8-bit control codes to their equivalent 7-bit code extensions
prior to sending them to the application.

1/11

2/0

4/6

ESC

This command would convert CSI to ESC [ and SS3 to ESC 0, for example.
Because 7-bit code extensions are compatible with both 7- and 8-bit environments, the command ESC SP F is invoked by default whenever the Professional is powered up (booted) or a reset-to-initial-state (RIS) command is
issued by an application. To ensure the proper mode of operation, always use
the appropriate code extension announcer in your application.

Behavior of PRO/Communications Application

The ability of the Professional to handle 8-bit codes in the terminal emulation
modes is a superset feature that may not be compatible with earlier software.
To avoid potential problems, the emulator sends a reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
command to the Terminal Subsystem whenever the operator enters terminal
emulation mode, resets the emulator, or presses the SET UP key. RIS invokes
the code extension announcer ESC SP F, causing the Terminal Subsystem to
return all 8-bit control codes as 7-bit code extensions. Thus, by default, only 7bit control codes are returned to the application after the operator has entered
terminal emulation mode, reset the emulator, or pressed the SET UP key.
If the operator has enabled 8-bit codes, both 8-bit (GL) and 8-bit (GR) graphic
codes can always be sent from the keyboard to the application.
Even if the operator has enabled 8-bit codes, by default only 7-bit control codes
and code extensions will still be transmitted or returned to the application. To
receive 8-bit control codes, the application must first send the ESC SP G code
extension announcer to the Terminal Subsystem. Note that 8-bit codes may be
transmitted with potentially unpredictable results if the application environment
or communications link cannot handle them.

1-24 INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM

If the operator has enabled 7-bit codes, only 7-bit graphic codes can be transmitted from the keyboard to the application. If an 8-bit GR graphic character is
generated at the keyboard, the 8th bit will be stripped by the emulator. The
resultant code will represent the corresponding GL character on the code
table.
If the operator has enabled 7-bit codes, the application will not be able to send
an ESC SP G code extension announcer to the Terminal Subsystem. The
command will be trapped by the emulator. Thus, since by default only 7-bit
control codes can be returned by the Terminal Subsystem, no 8-bit control
codes can be returned and altered by a 7-bit communications link.
The above behavior applies to all terminal emulation modes.

CHAPTER 2
CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO
APPLICATION PROGRAM
This chapter describes the codes transmitted to an application program from
the keyboard. All of the text modes of operation defined in Chapter 1 are
covered.
It is assumed you are familiar with the character encoding conventions and
terminology covered in Chapter 1, including the differences related to 7- and 8bit environments.
Most of the function keys on the keyboard generate multi-byte codes. In this
chapter, these codes are documented using 8-bit C1 control codes instead of
their 7-bit code extensions, because this is the preferred, most efficient coding
convention. The last part of Chapter 1 explains how your application can
control the representation of C1 codes sent from the keyboard, to satisfy 7-bit
or 8-bit environments.
The descriptions of the key codes generated are organized as follows in this
chapter:
D Modes of operation and key usage (Section 2.1)
D Standard keys (the "printing", graphic character keys on the main
array, Section 2.2)
D Compose sequences (Section 2.3)
D Control character keys (Section 2.4)
D Top-row function keys (Section 2.5)
D Editing keypad keys (Section 2.6)
D Auxiliary keypad keys (Section 2.7)

2-1

2-2 CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

Key groupings are shown on Figure 2-1. Only illustrations of the U.S./Canada
keyboard are used in this chapter. However, all significant differences among
national keyboards are explained. Illustrations of all keyboards appear in
Appendix B.
Sections 2.8 through 2.12 describe miscellaneous keyboard-related topics
such as locking/unlocking the keyboard and autorepeat.

2.1

MODES OF OPERATION AND KEY USAGE
Note: Whenever a key is not available to an application, no code is transmitted to the application when the key is pressed. Pressing that key causes the
keyboard bell to sound, if enabled (except for HOLD SCREEN and PRINT
SCREEN, which are always controlled by P/OS).

2.1.1

Native and Professional Modes

All keys on the Professional keyboard are used in native and Professional
modes. Except for the BREAK key, the key codes generated are identical in
both modes (see Table 2-4).

2.1.2

VT102 Mode

For compatibility with a VT102 terminal, VT102 mode supports only a subset of
the keys available on the Professional keyboard (see Figure 2-2). VT102 mode
does not support the following Professional keys and key combinations.
D the six editing keys
D the top-row function keys except for HOLD SCREEN, PRINT SCREEN,
BREAK, SET-UP, Fi1 (ESC), F12 (BS), and F13, (LF)
The HOLD SCREEN key on the Professional is equivalent to the NO SCROLL
key on the main array of a VT102 terminal.
The PRINT SCREEN key on the Professional is available in all modes of operation to print the screen contents (text, graphics). On a VT102, there is no exact
equivalent to the PRINT SCREEN key. You print the (text-mode) screen contents on a VT102 by pressing the SHIFT and (PR!NT)/ENTER keys
simultaneously.
The BREAK key generates a short break signal in VT102 mode.
The SET-UP key is used in VT102 mode to display PRO/Communications SetUp menus.
The Fi1 (ESC), F12 (BS), and F13, (LF) keys on the Professional are equivalent
to the ESC, BACK SPACE, and LINE FEED keys on the main array of a VT102
terminal. On the Professional, these three top-row function keys generate the
ESC, BS, and LF control character codes when the Professional is being used
in VT102 mode.

CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

2-3

- - - - - - - - - T o p Row Function K e y s - - - - - - - - -

------Main Array------

-Auxiliary_

Keypad
Figure 2-1
Key Groupings (U.S./Canada Keyboard)

••••
DLJLJLJ

DODD• • • • • • ODD•
[][][D[][][O(][](][J[]LJ[]IQ] I

[][][][]
LJ[J[]D

DEJEJ[J[J[JuEJDEJr:JD[]Ll
LJEJEJ[][]D[][J[J[JDDDDLJ
t· l[][J[J[][][][]~DD[]I'"'" I
1~::::::.

[][][JD"
..

1°
Legend:

= Key is Not Used

in VT102, VT125,

or VT52 Modes
Figure 2-2
Keys Used in VT102, VT125, and VT52 Modes (U.S./Canada Keyboard)

2-4 CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

2.1.3

VT125 Mode

For compatibility with a VT125
VT125 mode uses the same subset of
the Prol'essional
as VT"I 02 mode
In VTi 25 mode,
the keys generate the same codes as for VT102 mode
"VT102 mode,"
above). All key codes documented for VT102 mode in this manual also apply to
VT125 mode.

2. 1.4

VT52 Mode

A VT102 terminal is able to emulate a VT52 terminal.
VT52 mode is
""'"'"'""'" on the Professional as a subset of VT102 mode. VT52 mode on
the Professional uses the same keys as VT"l 02 mode
2-2) .
Because VT102 mode is ANSI-compatible and VT52 mode is not, the codes
by some function keys differ: The codes
by the auxiliary
and the cursor control
the
are different
for VT52 and VT102 modes.
differences are identified
the manual. Because VT102,
and native modes all share the
coding
the term "ANSI mode" is used to differentiate them from VT52
mode.
VT52 codes not specifically identified as
VTi02 mode (see "VT102

2.2

different are as documented for

STANDARD KEYS

The standard keys, located on the main array, are used to
either
or in combination with other

graphic

When used with SHIFT and
standard
shifted or upperas described further in this section. Wt1en used with CTRL,
generate 7-bit control characters, as described in Section 2.4.
(CTRL takes precedence over
which takes
over LOCK.)
wt·1en used with COMPOSE CHARACTER and "dead"
standard keys
graphic characters that may not be available frorn U1e standard keys
Section 2.3,
the cl1aracters shown on the standard keys and the codes
to the default
character
ASCII Graphics in GL and DEC
Graphics in GR, indeof the current character set selection. The DEC Multinational Character Set is shown in Appendix A. If
were to select another character set
(e.g. DEC Special Graphics in GL), the GL codes would be mapped into
{assigned to) the new graphic character set for
purposes. The standard
would no
indicate the actual
characters you would be
creating from the keyboard. On any
you would have to compare the
relative
of DEC Multinational and DEC
characters in
the code table to determine wl1at character any
The DEC
Set is shown in
A.
character sets.

CODES TRANSMITIED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM 2-5

In the remainder of this chapter it is assumed that the default (DEC Multinational) character set is being used: ASCII Graphics in GL and DEC Supplemental Graphics in GR.
On the U.S./Canada keyboard, the standard keys show only ASCII characters.
There are no DEC Supplemental characters among the standard keys. Thus,
only ASCII codes are generated by these keys.
This is a special case. Most keyboards have some standard keys that generate
DEC Supplemental as well as ASCII characters (see the keyboard illustrations
in Appendix B). The standard-key patterns vary among keyboards, and some
graphic characters (either special symbols or characters with diacritical marks)
may or may not be available as standard keys on various keyboards. Nevertheless, on any keyboard, you can create any DEC Multinational graphic character
that is not available through a standard key by using a compose sequence, as
described in Section 2.3.
Regardless of how a graphic character is created (standard key or compose
sequence), and regardless of which keyboard is used, each character is represented by a unique code according to the character's position in the code
table. All GL characters can be used in both 7-bit and 8-bit environments. GR
characters can be used only in an 8-bit environment.
2.2.1

SHIFT Key, LOCK Key, Shift-Lock/Caps-Lock Mode

The operations described are identical for all keyboards. It is assumed the
CTRL key is released (up).
If the SHIFT key is released and the Lock indicator is turned off, any standard
key with a single alphabetic character on the keycap generates the lowercase
character. Any standard key with more than one character on the keycap
generates the "lower" character shown. See also "Office Mode and Data
Processing Mode" for keys with more than two characters on their keycaps.
When you press SHIFT, any standard key with a single alphabetic character on
the keycap generates the uppercase character. Any standard key with more
than one character on the keycap generates the "upper" character shown.
You use the LOCK key in conjunction with the Shift-Lock/Caps-Lock mode on
one of the Professional's P/OS Set-Up menus.
When Caps-Lock mode is selected, if you press LOCK, the Lock indicator turns
on and any standard key with a single alphabetic character on the keycap
generates the uppercase character. Any standard key with more than one
character on the keycap generates the "lower" character shown. You disable
"Caps-Lock mode" by pressing LOCK again. This turns off the Lock indicator.
When Shift-Lock mode is selected, if you press LOCK, the Lock indicator turns
on and any standard key with a single alphabetic character on the keycap
generates the uppercase character. Any standard key with more than one
character on the keycap generates the "upper" character shown. You disable
"Shift-Lock mode" by pressing one of the SHIFT keys.

2-6 CODES TRANSMITIED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

The SHIFT and LOCK keys have no effect on the non-standard keys.

2.2.2 Office Mode and Data Processing Mode
All keyboards except the U.S./Canada keyboard have one or more standard
keys that create different graphic characters (and corresponding codes),
depending on whether Office Mode or Data Processing (DP) Mode has been
selected on a P/OS Set-Up menu.
Keys affected by Office or Data Processing Mode are marked on the keyboard
illustrations in Appendix B. All such keys have more than two characters
shown on their keycaps. The character(s) on the right side of the keycaps are
generated in DP Mode. The character(s) on the left are generated in Office
Mode. You select either shifted (upper) or unshifted (lower) character codes for
these keys in the same way as for the other nonalphabetic keys.
~3

COMPOSESEQUENCES

You use compose sequences to create DEC Multinational graphic characters
that do not exist as standard keys on your keyboard. There are two types of
compose sequences: three-stroke sequences and two-stroke sequences. You
should use two-stroke compose sequences whenever possible, because they
are easier to use. However, two-stroke sequences create only certain characters and vary among national keyboards (not available on U.S./Canada keyboard).
You can use three-stroke sequences on all keyboards to create any DEC Multinational graphic character not on your keyboard. You create a three-stroke sequence by first pressing COMPOSE CHARACTER and then pressing two
standard keys whose characters form a valid sequence.
Two-stroke sequences are faster to use than three-stroke sequences but are
limited to characters with the following diacritical marks: grave accent, acute accent, circumflex, tilde, and diaeresis (umlaut). You don't use the COMPOSE
CHARACTER key in a two-stroke sequence. Instead, you use a "dead diacritical" key (also known as dead key) to both initiate the sequence and enter a
diacritical mark. You then enter a standard character that, together with that diacritical mark, results in a legitimate DEC Multinational character.
Dead keys are available on all but the U.S./Canada keyboard (see the keyboard
illustrations in Appendix B). Dead keys vary among keyboards according to the
relative usage of characters with diacritical marks. What may be a dead key on
one keyboard may not be one on another. Also, only one of several characters
shown on a keycap may be a dead key character.
All valid compose sequences are listed on Table 2-1. The rules for creating
them are stated under "Creating a Three-Stroke (Two-Stroke) Compose Sequence". Because of variations among keyboards, you can create characters
listed in Column 1 of Table 2-1 in one or more ways:

with a standard key (if it is available on that keyboard)

CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

2-7

Table 2-1
Valid Compose Sequences
In three-stroke sequences, the order in which required characters are entered does not matter unless
otherwise stated. All two-stroke sequences are order sensitive.
Characters Required in Sequence

(1)
Resultant
Character

(2)
Resultant
Code

(3)
Three-Stroke
Sequence

(4)
Two-Stroke
Sequence

(quotation mark)

2/02

" (sp)

(number sign)

2/03

(apostrophe)

2/07

, (sp)

(commercial at)

4/00

a a or AA

(opening bracket)

5/11

( (

(backslash)

5/12

(closing bracket)

5/13

) )

(circumflex accent)

5/14

/\ (sp)

(grave accent)

6/00

' (sp)

(opening brace)

7/11

( -

(vertical line)

7/12

I /\

(closing brace)

7/13

) -

(iilde)

7/14

- (sp)

(inverted !)

10/01

! !

(cent sign)

10/02

c I or
or c I

, (sp)

- (sp)

cI
or Cl

(pound sign)

10/03

I- or L or I= or L=

(yen sign)

10/05

y - or y or y = or Y=

(section sign)

10/07

s 0 or
or s 0 or

(currency sign)

10/08

x 0 or XO
or x 0 or

(copyright sign)

10/09

c 0 or
or c 0 or

(feminine ordinal indicator)

10/10

(angle quotation mark left)

10/11

( (

co
c0

or A_

2-8 CODES TRANSMITIED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

Table 2-1 (Cont.)
Characters Required in Sequence
(1)
Resultant
Character

(2)
Resultant
Code

(3)
Three-Stroke
Sequence

(degree sign)

11/00

0 /\.

(plus/minus sign)

11/01

(superscript 2)

11/02

2 /\.

(superscript 3)

11/03

3 /\.

(micro sign)

11/05

I u or I U (order

(4)
Two-Stroke
Sequence

sensitive)
or P!

(paragraph sign)

11/06

(middle dot)

11/07

/\.

(superscript 1)

11/09

(masculine ordinal
indicator)

11/10

o _or o _

(angle quotation mark
right)

1/11

))

1.4

(fraction one-quarter)

11 /12

1 4 (order sensitive)

(fraction one-half)

11/13

1 2 (order sensitive)

(inverted ?)

11 /15

? ?

(A grave)

12/00

A ,

' A

(A acute)

12/01

A•

·A

(A circumflex)

12/02

A /\

/\ A

(A tilde)

12/03

A-

-A

(A umlaut)

12/04

(A ring)

12/05

A • or A 0 (degree
sign)

(A E ligature)

12/06

A E (order sensitive)

(C cedilla)

12/07

£:

(E grave)

12/08

E '

' E

(E acute)

12/09

E•

' E

(E circumflex)

12/10

E /\

/\ E

(E umlaut)

12/11

CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

2-9

Table 2-1 (Cont.)
Characters Required in Sequence
(1)
Resultant
Character

(2)
Resultant
Code

(3)
Three-Stroke
Sequence

(4)
Two-Stroke
Sequence

(I grave)

12/12

I ,

' I

(I acute)

12/13

..I

(I circumflex)

12/14

·1

(I umlaut)

12/15

I "

" I

(N tilde)

13/01

- N

(0 grave)

13/02

0 '

' 0

(0 acute)

13/03

·o

(0 circumflex)

13/04

(Otilde)

13/05

-0

(0 umlaut)

13/06

(0 E ligature)

13/07

0 E (order sensitive)

(/)

(0 slash)

13/08

(U grave)

13/09

u '

' u

(U acute)

13/10

(U circumflex)

13/11

(U umlaut)

13/12

" u

(Y umlaut)

13/13

(German small sharps)

13/15

s s

(a grave)

14/00

a '

' a

(a acute)

14/01

a '

, a

(a circumflex)

14/02

(a tilde)

14/03

- a

(a umlaut)

14/04

a "

" a

(a ring)

14/05

a * or a 0 (degree
sign}

(a e ligature)

14/06

a e (order sensitive)

(c cedilla)

14/07

2-10 CODES TRANSMITIED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

Table 2-1 (Cont.)
Characters Required in Sequence
(1)
Resultant
Character

(2)
Resultant
Code

(3)
Three-Stroke
Sequence

(4)
Two-Stroke
Sequence

e
e

(e grave)

14/08

' e

(e acute)

14/09

e '

, e

(e circumflex)

14/10

(e umlaut)

14/11

e "

(i grave)

14/12

(i acute)

14/13

i '

' i

(i circumflex)

14/14

i /\

/\ i

(i umlaut)

14/15

(n tilde)

15/01

-n

(o grave)

15/02

0 '

' 0

(o acute)

15/03

' 0

...

(o_ circumflex)

15/04

/\ 0

(o tilde)

15/05

-o

(o umlaut)

15/06

0 "

" 0

(o e ligature)

15/07

o e (order sensitive)

(o slash)

15/08

o I

(u grave)

15/09

(u acute)

15/10

u '

' u

(u circumflex)

15/11

/\ u

(u umlaut)

15/12

u "

" u

(y umlaut)

15/13

y "

" y

" e
' i

CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

with a three-stroke compose sequence (always)

with a two-stroke compose sequence (if the dead key is available on
that keyboard)

2-11

In all cases, the resultant code sent to the application is the DEC Multinational
code for that graphic character (column 2 of Table 2-1 ).
Use of the SHIFT and LOCK keys and of Office and DP modes in compose sequences is as defined for the standard keys.
2.3.1 Creating a Three-Stroke Compose Sequence

To create a three-stroke compose sequence:

Find the desired character in column 1 of Table 2-1.

Press COMPOSE CHARACTER. The Compose indicator turns on,
showing you are in compose mode.

Type the two required characters from column 3.

For example, to create E with acute accent, press COMPOSE CHARACTER,
then type E and apostrophe, in any order.
When a valid sequence is completed, the Compose indicator turns off, and the
resultant character code (column 2) is sent to the application.
If the sequence consists of two alphabetic characters, the case of both must be
the same (upper or lower) and determines the case of the resultant character, if
relevant. Table 2-2 summarizes how the Professional handles all valid and invalid conditions.
2.3.2 Creating a Two-Stroke Compose Sequence

To form a two-stroke sequence (applies to all keyboards except U.S./Canada):

Find the desired character in column 1 of Table 2-1.

Verify from column 4 that it can be created with a two-stroke sequence.

Verify from Appendix B that your keyboard has a dead key for the
needed diacritical mark.

Press the dead key to enter the diacritical mark. The Compose indicator
turns on, showing you are in compose mode.

Type the remaining character indicated in column 4.

For example, to create E with a grave accent on a Danish keyboard, press the
dead key that has the grave accent and then type E.
When a valid sequence is completed, the Compose indicator turns off, and the
resultant character code (column 2) is sent to the application. Table 2-2 summarizes how the Professional handles all valid and invalid conditions.

2-i2 CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

Table 2-2
Valid and Invalid Compose Sequence Summary

Three-siroke sequence: COMPOSE CHARACTER, key X, key Y
Two-stroke sequence: dead key, key Z
Condition

Action

1. X, Y, Z are valid characters per

Valid sequence: Resultant code is sent to application.

Column 3 or 4 of Table 2-1
2. X, Y, Z are standard characters

but do not conform to Table 2-1
3. X, Y, or Z is a dead key

Invalid sequence: Fails after second key. Bell
sounds,if enabled. Exit compose mode. Nothing
is sent to application or displayed on screen.
Diacritical mark on dead key is treated as if it
were its "equivalent" ASCII character, defined as
follows:
Diacritical Mark
diaeresis
acute accent
grave accent
circumflex
tilde

Equivalent ASCII Char.
double quote " (2/2)
apostrophe • (2/7)
grave accent ' (6/0)
circumflex A (5/14)
tilde ~ (7 /14)

Sequence is then handled per item i or 2, above,
and may be valid or invalid.
5. X, Y, or Z is a non-standard key

or key combination (e.g. TAB,
RETURN, CTRL/sequence, toprow function key, editing keypad
key, auxiliary keypad key)

Invalid sequence: Fails immediately. Sequence
handled per item 2, above. The non-standard
code is then interpreted as if it were external to
the sequence and is handled normally, as defined
elsewhere in this chapter.

6. X, Y, or Z is DEL

Exit compose mode. Nothing is sent to application or displayed on screen.

7. X, Y, or Z is COMPOSE CHAR-

New three-stroke sequence is started. Nothing is
sent to application or displayed on screen.

ACTER

2.3.3 Aborting or Restarting a Compose Sequence
If you enter compose mode inadvertently, either by pressing COMPOSE CHARACTER or a dead key, press the Delete key to immediately terminate the compose sequence and exit compose mode. No code is transmitted to the
application.

If you press COMPOSE CHARACTER during a compose sequence, a new
three-stroke sequence is started from that point. The previous sequence is
aborted with no effect on the application. If you press a dead key during a compose sequence, the action is as indicated in Table 2-2.
2.3.4 More about Dead Keys

The illustrations in Appendix B show that some keyboards have keys that contain both a "normal" (standard) and a "dead" character. As with standard keys,
you select the character you want with the SHIFT and LOCK keys and the appropriate modes on the P/OS Set-Up menus. You must be in native mode to
use a P/OS Set-Up menu.

CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM 2-13

Some keys may appear to be dead keys because they have ASCII characters on
their keycaps (', • , ", -, ")that look like diacritical marks. However, these keys
are standard keys that generate their own unique ASCII graphic character
codes.
By themselves, diacritical marks are not DEC Multinational characters. When a
DEC Multinational character has a diacritical mark, it is the entire character (including the mark) that is assigned a unique code. Similarly, dead keys do not
generate a code by themselves. They must be used with a standard character,
either a printing character or the "space" character (2/0).
If a dead key is used within a three-stroke compose sequence, the diacritical
mark is treated as if it were its "equivalent" ASCII character, defined as follows.
Diacritical Mark

Equivalent ASCII Character

diaeresis (umlaut)

double quote

(2/2)

acute accent

apostrophe

(2/7)

grave accent

(6/0)

circumflex

(5/14)

tilde

(7 /14)

See Table 2-2 for more information.
2.4

KEYS USED TO GENERATE 7-BIT CONTROL CHARACTERS

You can generate 7-bit (CO) control characters in three ways from any keyboard. Brief definitions of each character are in Appendix A.
1. In all modes of operation, you can generate the Horizontal Tab (HT,
0/9), Carriage Return (CR, 0/13), or Delete (DEL, 7/15) codes by pressing dedicated function keys on the main array: TAB, RETURN, (Delete).

D The code generated by RETURN depends on the set/reset state
of Line Feed/New Line Mode (LNM). Use of this mode is
described in Chapter 3. When LNM is reset, RETURN generates
CR only. When LNM is set, RETURN generates CR followed by
LF. In terminal emulation modes, you can also set and reset LNM
manually from a PRO/Communications menu. Refer to the
PRO/Communications Manual for details.
D Depending on the state of Auxiliary Keypad Mode
(DECKPNM/DECKPAM), RETURN and ENTER (on the auxiliary
keypad) may generate the same control codes. Refer to Chapter 3
for information on using the DECKPNM and DECKPAM
commands.
2. In VT102, VT125, and VT52 modes you can generate the ESC (1 /11 ),
BS (0/8), and LF (0/10) codes directly, by pressing top-row function
keys F11 (ESC), F12 (BS), and F13 (LF), respectively. This feature is
provided for compatibility with VT102 and VT125 terminals. There are

2-14 CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

Table 2-3
Keys Used to Generate 7-bit Control Characters

Code

Key Pressed with
CTRL (all modes)

Key Pressed with
CTRL
(VT102 terminal)

NUL

0/00

Space bar

Control
Character
Mnemonic

SOH

0/01

STX

0/02

ETX

0/03

EOT

0/04

ENQ

0/05

ACK

0/06

BEL

0/07

0/08

Dedicated
Function Key

F12 (BS)*
TAB

0/09

0/10

0/11

0/12

0/13

0/14

0/15

OLE

1/00

DC1

1/01

DC2

1/02

DC3

1/03

DC4

1/04

NAK

1/05

SYN

1/06

ETB

1/07

CAN

1/08

v
w
x

1/09

SUB

1/10

ESC

1/11

1/12

1/13

1/14

1/15

DEL

7/15

F13 (LF)*

RETURN

F11 (ESC)*

?
DELETE

• Keys F11, F12, and F13 generate these 7-bit control characters only when the Professional is operated
in VT102, VT125, and VT52 modes.

CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM 2-15

no Escape, Backspace, or Line Feed keys on the main array of the
Professional keyboard.
3. In all modes of operation, you can generate any of the 32 CO 7-bit
control characters, plus DEL, from the keyboard by simultaneously
pressing the CTRL key and a specified standard key.
The keys and key combinations used to generate 7-bit control characters for all
modes of operation are listed in Table 2-3. These keys and combinations are
valid on all keyboards. Note that there are differences between the Professional and a VT102 terminal in the way you generate 7-bit control characters
with the CTRL key.
There is no similar mechanism for generating C1 (8-bit) control characters.
Invalid key combinations cause the bell to sound if enabled. No error code is
returned to the application.

2.5 TOP-ROW FUNCTION KEYS
The function keys at the top row of the keyboard generate the codes listed in
Table 2-4. The following paragraphs provide additional details on these keys.
The HOLD SCREEN and PRINT SCREEN keys are always reserved for their
intended functions, and their codes are never available to your application.
Pressing HOLD SCREEN turns on the Hold Screen indicator and causes output
to the display to be suspended until any key, including HOLD SCREEN, is
pressed. Pressing PRINT SCREEN causes the contents of the screen to be
printed, if a printer is connected to the Professional. Refer to the description of
the printing commands in Chapter 3 for more information.
The BREAK key's CSI 1 3 - code is generated only in native mode. In terminal
emulation modes, the BREAK key generates a "short" break on the communications line. There is no long break, such as is available on a VT102 terminal by
pressing the SHIFT and BREAK keys simultaneously.
The SET-UP key is used to display P/OS Set-Up menus in native mode and
PRO/Communications Set-Up menus in terminal emulation modes. It is also
the only means of unlocking the keyboard manually. See Section 2.8 for
details.
In native mode, some of the other top-row function keys are used with P/OS
routines related to menus, forms, and Help frames (see the Tool Kit User's
Guide). The codes listed are available to your application whenever the associated P/OS routines are not active. See the P/OS System Reference Manual for
a complete description of the INTERRUPT key when used with various keys,
including DO.
In VT102, VT125, and VT52 modes, keys F11 (ESC), F12 (BS), and F13 (LF)
emulate the ESC, BACK SPACE, and LINE FEED keys on the main array of a
VT102 terminal and generate the corresponding 7-bit codes: ESC (1 /11 ), BS
(0/8), and LF (0/10).

2-16 CODES TRANSMITIED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

Table 2-4
Codes Generated by Top Row Function Keys
Code Generated
Name on
Legend Strip

Generic
Name

HOLD SCREEN

PRINT SCREEN

BREAK

Native/Professional Modes

9/11
CSI

Native Mode
Terminal Emul. Modes

3/1
1

3/3
3

VT102/VT125/
VT52 Modes

7/14

Break

9/11
CSI

3/1
1

3/4
4

7/14

SET-UP

9/11
CSI

3/1
1

3/5
5

7/14

9/11
CSI

3/1
1

3/7
7

7/14

INTERRUPT

9/11
CSI

3/1
1

3/8
8

7/14

RESUME

9/11
CSI

3/1
1

3/9
9

7/14

CANCEL

9/11
CSI

3/2
2

3/0
0

7/14

MAIN SCREEN

F10

9/11
CSI

3/2
2

3/1
1

7/14

EXIT

F11

9/11
CSI

3/2
2

3/3
3

7/14

F11 (ESC)

1/11
ESC

F12

9/11
CSI

3/2
2

3/4
4

7/14

F12 (BS)

0/8
BS

F13

9/11
CSI

3/2
2

3/5
5

7/14

F13 (LF)

0/10
LF

F14

9/11
CSI

3/2
2

3/6
6

7/14

ADDTNL OPTIONS

F15

9/11
CSI

3/2
2

3/8
8

7/14

HELP

F16

9/11
CSI

3/2
2

3/9
9

7/14

F17

9/11
CSI

3/3
3

3/1
1

7/14

F17

F18

9/11
CSI

3/3
3

3/2
2

7/14

F18

CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM 2-17

Table

2-4 (Cont.)

Code Generated
Name on
Legend Strip

Generic
Name

Native/Professional Modes

F19

9/11
CSI

3/3
3

7/14

F19

F20

9/11
CSI

3/3
3

3/4
4

7/14

F20

2.6

VT102/VT125/
VT52 Modes

EDITING KEYPAD

This keypad has six editing keys and four cursor control keys. In native mode,
some of these keys are used with P/OS routines related to menus.forms, and
help frames (see the Tool Kit User's Guide). The codes listed here are available
to your application whenever the associated P/OS routines are not active.
2.6.1

Editing Keys

The six editing keys can be used only in native and Professional modes. No
codes from these keys are transmitted to the application in VT102, VT125, or
VT52 modes. Table 2-5 lists the codes generated by the editing keys for all
modes of operation.

Table 2-5
Codes Generated by Editing Keys

Key

Native/Professional Mode

FIND

9/11
CSI

3/1
1

7/14

INSERT HERE

9/11
CSI

3/2
2

7/14

REMOVE

9/11
CSI

3/3
3

7/14

SELECT

9/11
CSI

3/4
4

7/14

PREVSCREEN

9/11
CSI

3/5
5

7/14

NEXT SCREEN

9/11
CSI

3/6
6

7/14

VT102/VT125/
VT52 Modes

2-18 CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

2.6.2

Cursor Control Keys

The cursor control keys can be used in all modes. The codes generated by
these keys depend on whether the Professional is being operated in an ANSIcompatible mode (native, Professional, VT102, or VT125 modes) or in VT52
mode.
Table 2-6 shows the possible codes generated by the cursor control keys.
In ANSI mode, the codes depend on whether the auxiliary keypad is being used
in application mode (DECKPAM) or numeric mode (DECKPNM) and also
depend on the state of cursor key mode (DECCKM).
D If keypad application mode (DECKPAM) is selected, the cursor control
keys generate either application codes or ANSI cursor control codes.
The exact codes depend on the state of cursor key mode (DECCKM).
You can use and interpret the application control codes specifically for
your application.
D If keypad numeric mode (DECKPNM) is selected, the cursor control
keys generate only ANSI cursor control codes, regardless of the state
of DECCKM.

In VT52 mode, the cursor control keys always generate the VT52-compatible
cursor control sequences.

Table 2-6
Codes Generated by Cursor Control Keys

ANSI Mode A

VT52 Mode A

Key

Cursor Key Mode
Reset
(Cursor control) 8

Cursor Key Mode
Set
(Application) c

9/11
CSI

4/1
A

8/15
SS3

4/1
A

1/11
ESC

4/1
A

9/11
CSI

4/2
B

8/15
SS3

4/2
B

1/11
ESC

4/2
B

9/11
CSI

4/3

8/15
SS3

4/3

1/11
ESC

4/3

9/11
CSI

4/4
D

8/15
SS3

4/4
D

1/11
ESC

4/4
D

A. ANSI mode applies to all modes except VT52 mode. VT52 mode is an ANSI-incompatible subset of VT102
mode.
B. These codes can be generated if either keypad application mode (DECKPAM) or keypad numeric mode
(DECKPNM) is selected.
C. These codes can be generated only if keypad application mode (DECKPAM) is selected.

CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM 2-19

Refer to Chapter 3 for information on using the DECCKM, DECKPAM,
DECKPNM, and DECANM commands (sequences).

2.7 AUXILIARY KEYPAD
The auxiliary keypad keys can be used in all modes. The codes generated by
these keys depend on whether the Professional is being operated in an ANSIcompatible mode (native, Professional, VT102, or VT125 modes) or in VT52
mode.
Table 2-7 shows the possible codes generated by the auxiliary keypad keys.
In both ANSI and VT52 modes, the codes generated depend on whether the
auxiliary keypad is being used in application mode or numeric mode. In
numeric mode the auxiliary keypad keys generate the numeric, comma, period,
and minus sign character codes used by the corresponding standard keys. In
application mode, the keypad keys generate control codes that you can use
and interpret specifically for your application.
In ANSI mode, keypad application mode is selected through the DECKPAM
sequence, and keypad numeric mode is selected through the DECKPNM
sequence.
Refer to Chapter 3 for the ANSI-compatible and VT52-compatible commands
needed to select keypad application mode and keypad numeric mode.

2-20 CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

Table 2-7
Codes Generated by Auxiliary Keypad Keys

VT52 Mode A

ANSI Mode A

Key

Keypad
Numeric Mode

Keypad
Application Mode

Keypad
Numeric Mode

Keypad
Application Mode

3/0
0

8/15
SS3

7/0
p

3/0
0

1/11
ESC

3/1
1

8/15
SS3

7/1

3/1
1

3/2
2

8/15
S3

7/2

3/3
3

8/15
SS3

3/4
4

7/0
p

1/11
ESC

3/15

7/1

3/2
2

1/11
ESC

3/15

7/2

7/3
s

3/3
3

1/11
ESC

8/15
SS3

7/4
t

3/4
4

1/11
ESC

3/15

3/5
5

8/15
SS3

7/5
u

3/5
5

1/11
ESC

3/15

7/5
u

3/6
6

8/15
SS3

7/6

1/11
ESC

7/6

3/6
6

3/15

3/7
7

8/15
SS3

7/7
w

3/7
7

1/11
ESC

3/15

7/7
w

3/8
8

8/15
SS3

7/8
x

3/8
8

1/11
ESC

3/15

3/9
9

8/15
SS3

7/9
y

3/9
9

1/11
ESC

2/13
-(minus)

8/15
SS3

6/13
m

2/13

1/11
ESC

3/15

2/12
,(comma)

8/15
SS3

6/12
I

2/12

1/11
ESC

3/15

2/14
(period)

8/15
SS3

6/14
n

2/14

1/11
ESC

3/15

0/13
CR

8/15
SS3

4/13
M

0/13
CR

1/11
ESC

3/15

Enter C

or 0/13
CR

0/10
LF

or 0/13
CR

0/10
LF

A. ANSI mode applies to all modes except VT52 mode. VT52 mode is an ANSI-incompatible subset of VT102
mode.
B. You cannot generate these sequences on a VT52 terminal.
C. In Keypad Numeric Mode, ENTER generates the same codes as RETURN. You can change the code
generated by RETURN with the Linefeed/New Line Mode. When reset, the Linefeed/New Line Mode
causes RETURN to generate a single control character (CR). When set, the mode causes RETURN to
generate 'two control. characters (CR,LF).

3/15

?
3/15

7/3
s
7/4
t

7/8
x
7/9
y
6/13 B
m
6/12 B
I
6/14
n
4/13
M

CODES TRANSMITIED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM 2-21

Table

2-7 (Cont.)
ANSI Mode A

VT52 Mode A

Key

Keypad
Numeric Mode

Keypad
Application Mode

Keypad
Numeric Mode

Keypad
Application Mode

PF1

8/15
SS3

5/0
p

8/15
SS3

5/0
p

1/11
ESC

5/0
p

1/11
ESC

5/0
p

8/15
SS3

5/1

8/15
SS3

5/1

1/11
ESC

5/1

PF2

1/11
ESC

PF3

8/15
SS3

5/2
R

8/15
SS3

5/2
R

1/11
ESC

5/2
R

1/11
ESC

5/2
R

8/15
SS3

5/3

8/15
SS3

1/11
ESC

5/3

1/11
ESC

5/3 B

5/3

PF4

A. ANSI mode applies to all modes except VT52 mode. VT52 mode is an ANSI-incompatible subset of VT102
mode.
B. You cannot generate these sequences on a VT52 terminal.
C. In Keypad Numeric Mode, ENTER generates the same codes as RETURN. You can change the code
generated by RETURN with the Linefeed/New Line Mode. When reset, the Linefeed/New Line Mode cause
RETURN to generate a single control character (CR). When set, the mode causes RETURN to generate
two control characters (CR,LF).

5/1

2-22 CODES TRANSMITTED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

2.8
2.8.1

LOCKING AND UNLOCKING THE KEYBOARD
Locking the Keyboard

When the keyboard is "locked", no codes can be transmitted from the keyboard to the application (and/or to the host system in the terminal emulation
modes). To alert the user, whenever the keyboard is locked, the Wait indicator
at the top of the keyboard is turned on and the keyclick feature is disabled.
The keyboard can become locked under the following conditions.
In all modes, if the application sends a command to set Keyboard Action Mode
(KAM), the keyboard locks immediately and no further keyboard input is sent to
the application. Chapter 3 describes the KAM command.
A DC3 control character (1 /3, also known as XOFF) sent to the Professional will
also lock the keyboard. However, the exact action depends on the mode of
operation, as described below. DC3 is cleared by sending a DC1 control character (1 /1, also known as XON) to the Professional.
1. If the Terminal Subsystem receives DC3 directly, the keyboard locks
immediately and no further keyboard input is sent to the application.
This is the only response to DC3 in native mode.
2. In the terminal emulation modes, the host system will send DC3 to the
Professional if no further input from the Professional can be handled at
that moment. When the host can accept more input, it clears DC3 by
sending DC1 to the Professional. The response of the Professional to
DC3 and DC1 depends on whether XON/XOFF recognition has been
enabled or disabled through a PRO/Communications menu.
If XON/XOFF recognition is enabled, when the host or application
sends DC3, no more characters are transmitted to the host. A typeahead buffer temporarily stores any additional characters generated
from the Professional keyboard. The capacity of the buffer is 256 characters. If the host sends DC1 before the buffer is filled, transmission is
enabled, and the stored characters are sent to the host. If the buffer
fills up before the host can clear DC3, the keyboard locks for the next
and subsequent characters. No more characters can be generated
from the keyboard.
If XON/XOFF recognition is disabled, the PCF passes DC3 directly to
the Terminal Subsystem. When the host or application sends DC3, the
keyboard locks immediately and no more characters are sent to the
host (the response is the same as for native mode).

CODES TRANSMITIED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM 2-23

2.8.2

Unlocking the Keyboard

Two conditions must be satisfied for the keyboard to become unlocked:
1. KAM must be reset, and
2. Any uncleared DC3 command must be cleared by a DC1 command.
The Wait indicator is turned off as soon as the keyboard is unlocked.
The keyboard can be unlocked manually as follows. The procedure is different
for native mode and for the terminal emulation modes.
To unlock the keyboard manually in native mode, press the SET-UP key. Note
that the SET-UP key also sends its own code to the application (see Section
2.5), so this method may cause unwanted side effects in native mode.
To unlock the keyboard manually in terminal emulation mode, press the SETUP key, then reset the emulator through the PRO/Communications menu
selection. Resetting the emulator unlocks the keyboard, resets the default
emulator characteristics, and sends a Reset-to-Initial-State (RIS) command to
the Terminal Subsystem. RIS resets the P/OS programmable modes and the
keyboard states to their default values. Refer to the PRO/Communications
Manual tor details on the default emulator characteristics. Refer to Chapter 3 of
this manual for a description of the RIS command and the default states it
controls.

2.9

ENABLING AND DISABLING AUTOREPEAT

You can enable the autorepeat feature either by selecting Autorepeat On
through a P/OS Set-Up menu, or by setting Autorepeat Mode (DECARM) in
your application. You disable autorepeat either by selecting Autorepeat Off on
the Set-Up menu or by resetting DECARM in your application. Chapter 3
describes the use of the DECARM command.
The autorepeat rate is 30 keystrokes (not characters generated) per second.
Some repeating keys, such as the cursor keys, generate more than one character per keystroke.
If autorepeat is enabled,
D the Delete key and the four cursor keys on the editing keypad automatically repeat if pressed longer than 0.3 second.
D all standard keys and all auxiliary keypad keys automatically repeat if
pressed longer than 0.5 second.
D if two or more keys are held down, the most recentLy depressed key
autorepeats.

2-24 CODES TRANSMITIED FROM KEYBOARD TO APPLICATION PROGRAM

The following keys never autorepeat: all top row function keys; all editing
keypad keys except for the cursor keys; and the TAB, RETURN, COMPOSE
CHARACTER, LOCK, SHIFT, and CTRLkeys. Also, when CTRL is pressed,
autorepeating is temporarily inhibited when a "control-able" key (see Table
2-3) is pressed simultaneously.

2.10

BELL SIGNAL

You disable and enable the keyboard bell from a P/OS Set-Up menu.
If you select Bell Off on the Set-Up menu, no bell sound will be generated under
any conditions.
If you select Bell On, the bell will sound under any of the following conditions:
1. If a BEL code (0/7) is sent to the Professional, either from the keyboard (Ctrl/G) or from the application.
2. If Margin Bell On was selected on the appropriate P/OS Set-Up menu
and you try to type characters past the right margin.
3. If the keyboard input is invalid in the current context. The following are
examples of invalid input:
D Using an invalid compose sequence
D Using an invalid function key in VT102, VT125, or VT52 mode

2.11

MONITOR SCREEN BLANKING AND RESTORE

Any display on the screen will disappear (screen will go blank) if there has been
no activity in the Terminal Subsystem for 30 minutes. This includes keyboard
input and any other code processing on the part of the Terminal Subsystem,
whether displayable on the screen or not. This is to reduce the chance of
damage to the screen phosphor from a fixed display, such as a menu.
The original screen image will be redisplayed automatically as soon as any key
on the Professional keyboard is pressed. This includes keys like CTRL, SHIFT,
and COMPOSE which don't by themselves transmit codes to the application.
Use of the CTRL key is the recommended way of redisplaying the image. The
image will also be redisplayed if the Terminal Subsystem receives any codes
from any source, including characters and sequences that do not normally
affect the display.

2.12

CHANGING THE KEYBOARD

Changing the keyboard has no effect on the current keyboard states (keyboard
locked/unlocked, autorepeat on/off, keyclicks on/off, etc.). The Hold Screen,
Lock, Compose, and Wait indicators at the top of the keyboard maintain their
current status.

CHAPTER 3
RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED
CODES
This chapter describes the Professional's response to codes it may receive
from an application or a host system when operating in text mode. It is assumed
you are familiar with the character encoding conventions and terminology covered in Chapter 1. The last part of that chapter describes how to work with 7and 8-bit environments.
All of the text modes of operation defined in Chapter 1 are covered. Most of
this chapter is devoted to the ANSI-compatible modes, namely native mode,
Professional mode, VT102 mode, and VT125 mode. VT52 mode, being ANSIincompatible, is treated separately at the end of the chapter. The term "ANSI
mode" is used to differentiate the ANSI-compatible modes from VT52 mode.
Differences in response between the Professional and a VT102 terminal are
pointed out throughout the chapter.
All data received by the Professional in text mode consists of single- and
multiple-character codes: graphic (printing or display) characters, control characters, escape sequences, and control sequences. Much of that data consists
of graphic characters that simply appear on the screen with no other effect.
Control characters, escape sequences, and control sequences are all "control
functions" that you use in your application to specify how the Professional
should process, transmit, and display characters. Each control function has a
unique name and each name has a unique abbreviation. Both the name and abbreviation are standardized. Abbreviations are in the form of mnemonics to help
you remember them.
By default, the Professional interprets individual control and graphic character
codes according to the 8-bit DEC Multinational Character Set code mapping
(see Table 3-1).

3-1

3-2 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

Table 3-1
DEC Multinational Character Set (CO and GL Codes)

BITS

.-ROW

COLUMN

b5
b4 b3 b2 bl

0
1

20
16
10

40
32
20

60
48
30

100
64
40

120
80
50

140
96
60

160
112
70

21
17
11

41
33
21

61
49
31

101
65
41

121
81
51

141
97
61

161
113
71

42
34
22

62
50
32

102
66
42

122
82
52

162
114
72

NUL

SOH

1
1
1

0 0

STX

ETX

3
3
3

EOT

4
4
4

ENO

OLE
DC1
IXON)

2
2
2

5
5

22
18
12

DC3

23
19
13

43
35
23

63
51
33

DC4

24
20
14

44
36
24

64
52
34

104
68
44

NAK

25
21
15

45
37
25

65
53
35

105
69
45

SYN

26
22
16

46
38
26

66
54
36

27
23
17

47
39
27

67
55
37

(

50
40
28

)

51
41
29

IXOFF)

ACK

BEL

7
7
7

ETB

1 0

10
8
8

CAN

11
9
9

1 0

12
10
A

13
11
8

14
12

DC2

6
6
6

~SUB

l4
18
31
25
19
32
26
lA

ESC

33
27
18

34
28
lC

35
29
10

1 1

15
13
D

16
14
E

36
30
lE

17
15
F

37
31
lF

*
+

103

KEY
33

OCTAL

DECIMAL

....__
18 ..... HEX

142

123

98
62

143
99
63

163
115
73

124
84
54

144
100
64

164
116
74

125
85
55

145
101
65

165
117
75

106
70
46

126
86
56

146
102
66

166
118
76

107
71
47

167
119
77

70
56
38

110
72
48

130
88
58

150
104
68

170
120
78

71
57
39

111
73
49

131
89
59

151
105
69

171
121
79

52
42
2A

72
58
3A

112
74
4A

132
90
5A

152
106
6A

53
43
28

;

73
59
3B

[

133
91
5B

153
107
68

{

173
123
78

54
44
2C

74
60
3C

114
76
4C

134
92
5C

174
124
7C

55
45
20

75
61
30

115
77
40

135
93
50

}

175
125
70

56
46
2E

76
62
3E

116
78
4E

136
94
5E

156
110
6E

57
47
2F

77
63
3F

117
79
4F

137
95
5F

157
111
6F

67
43

113
75
48

'
]

I_
GLCODES
i---CO C O D E S - - - - - - - - - - - - ( A S C l l GRAPHICS)

___

ESC

1
0

0
1

1
1

0
0
0
0

CHARACTER

83
53

12.7
87
57

147

103
67

154
108
6C
155
109
60

172

DEL

122
7A

176
126
7E
177
127
7F

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-3

Table 3-1
DEC Multinational Character Set (C1 and GR Codes)

1
0

200
128
BO

DCS

220
144
90

201
129
B1

PU1

221
145
91

202
130
82

PU2

203
131
B3

STS

IND

204
132
B4

CCH 14B

NEL

205
133
B5

225
149
95

SSA

206
134
B6

SPA

226
150
96

ESA

207
135
B7

EPA

227
151
97

247
167
A7

HTS

210
136
BB

230
152
9B

'Xi.

250
16B
AB

HTJ

211
137
B9

231
153
99

251
169
A9

VTS

212
13B
BA

232
154
9A

252
170
AA

PLO

213
139
BB

CSI

233
155
9B

253
171
AB

PLU

214
140
BC

234
156
9C

215
141
BD

osc

SS2

216
142
BE

SS3

217
143
BF

240
160
AO

241
161
A1

222
146
92

242
162
A2

223
147
93

243
163
A3

224

244
164

BITS

b6
b5
b4 b3 b2 b1

1---1

260
176
BO

'
A

300
192

320
208
DO

340
224
EO

360
240
FO

261
177
B1

262
178
B2

co
301
193
C1

321
209
D1

302
194
C2

322
210
D2

303
195
C3

264
180
B4

••
A

304
196
C4

324
212
D4

263
179
B3

305
197
C5

246
166
A6

266
1B2
B6

306
19B
C6

267
1B3
B7

307
199
C7

270
1B4
BB

'
E

310
200
CB

271
1B5
B9

272
1B6
BA

254
172
AC

235
157
9D

255
173
AD

236
15B
9E

256
174
AE

APC

237
159
9F

257
175
AF

361
241
F1

342
226
E2

362
242
F2

343
227
E3

363
243
F3

344
22B
E4

364
244
F4

325
213
D5

345
229
E5

365
245
F5

326
214
D6

346
230
E6

366
246
F6

327
215
D7

347
231
E7

367
247
F7

330
216
DB

350
232
EB

370
24B
FB

331
217
D9

351
233
E9

371
249
F9

332
218
DA

352
234
EA

372
250
FA

353
235
EB

373
251
FB

374
252
FC

375
253
FD

376
254
FE

377
255
FF

1 1

,
A

••

323
211
D3

"u'

312
202
CA

273
1B7
BB

••
E

313
203
CB

333
219
DB

1/4

274
1B8
BC

314
204

••
u

334
220
DC

112

275
189
BD

'I
,

••
y

335
221
DD

cc
315
205
CD

276
190
BE

316
206
CE

277
191
BF

••I

317
207
CF

ROW

341
225
E1

311
201
C9

b7
1

1
1

265
1B1
B5

b8
1

1
1

COLUMN

245
165
A5

1
1

0
0

-..

336
222
DE

337
223
DF

I_
.
GR CODES
i----C1 CODES---<-------(DEC SUPPLEMENTAL GRAPHICS)

..e
'I
,
I
A

..
I

354
236
EC
355
237
ED

,
0

..
..

356
238
EE
357
239
EF

3-4 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

3.1

GRAPHIC CHARACTERS

When receiving GL or GR graphic character codes from an application, the
Professional interprets these according to the graphic character set mapping
currently being used. The default (DEC Multinational) mapping is ASCII graphics in GL and DEC Supplemental Graphics in GR. The default graphic character
set mapping is established whenever you power up (boot) the Professional or
reset the PRO/Communications terminal emulator. Your application can also
select the default mapping by means of the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
command.
Your application can use control functions to map different sets of graphic characters into GL or GR (see "Character Sets and Selection" in Section 3.5, ANSICompatible Sequences). For example, you can substitute the DEC Special
Graphics (VT100 Line Drawing) Set for the ASCII Graphics set. In that case, the
codes formerly assigned to the ASCII graphic characters would be mapped
onto the DEC Special Graphics characters. The DEC Special Graphics Set is
shown in Appendix A.
Character set selection for VT52 mode is more limited (refer to Section 3.6,
VT52-compatible sequences).

3.2 CONTROL CHARACTERS
Tables 3-2 and 3-3 define the actions taken by the Professional when receiving CO and C1 control characters. The response shown is for all modes, unless
stated otherwise. The Professional does not recognize all CO or C1 characters.
Those not shown in either table are ignored (no action taken). Section 3.4
defines how the Professional handles control codes that are invalid or not
recognized.
Table 3-2 shows that SO (0/14) and SI (0/15) are also called LS1 and LSO, respectively. SO and SI (shift out and shift in) are the traditional ASCII names or
mnemonics. LS1 and LSO (lock shift G1 and lock shift GO) are more precise
names that are useful when dealing with the variety of character set mappings
possible on the Professional. LS1 and LSO are therefore the names used in this
chapter under "Character Sets and Selection" (Section 3.5).
Table 3-3 shows the equivalent ?-bit-compatible code extension for each 8-bit
C1 code. The code extensions require one more byte than the C1 codes. The
last part of Chapter 1 describes when to use C1 codes and when to use 7-bit
code extensions. The "code extension announcers" described in Chapter 1 are
also listed in this chapter, at the beginning of Section 3.5 (ANSI-compatible sequences). Only the C1 codes are documented throughout this chapter, because
this is the most efficient coding convention. You can, however, always use the
equivalent code extensions indicated in Table 3-3.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-5

Table 3-2
CO (ASCII) Control Characters Recognized by Professional
Mnemonic

Code

Name

Action Taken

NUL

0/0

Null

Ignored when received.

ENO

0/5

Enquiry

No answerback message is generated.
A VT102 terminal generates an answerback message, if stored.

BEL

0/7

Bell

Generates bell tone if bell is enabled
through a P/OS Set-Up menu.

0/8

Backspace

Moves cursor to the left one character
position; if cursor is at left margin, no
action occurs.

0/9

Horizontal
tabulation

Moves cursor to next tab stop, or to
right margin if there are no more tab
stops.

0/10

Linefeed

Causes a linefeed or a new line operation.

0/11

Vertical
tabulation

Processed as LF

0/12

Form feed

Processed as LF.

0/13

Carriage return

Moves cursor to left margin on current
line.

0/14

Shift out (Lock
shift G1)

Invokes G1 character set into GL. G1 is
designated by a select-character-set
(SCS) sequence.

SI
(LSO)

0/15

Shift in (Lock
shift GO)

Invoke GO character set into GL. GO is
designated by a select- character-set
sequence (SCS).

DC1

1/1

Device Control 1

Also referred to as XON. DC1 clears
DC3 (XOFF), causing the Professional
to continue transmitting characters
(keyboard unlocks) unless KAM mode
is currently set.

DC3

1/3

Device Control 3

DC3 causes the Professional to stop
transmitting characters (keyboard becomes locked for the next and subsequent keystrokes, and no reports are
generated) until a DC1 controi character is received. The exact response
varies in the terminal emulation
modes and depends on whether
XON/XOFF has been enabled or disabled through a PRO/Communications
Set Up menu (see Chapter 2). On a
VT102 terminal, receipt of DC3 causes
a buffer to store any characters typed
subsequently. The keyboard becomes
locked only if the buffer fills up before
DC3 is cleared by DC1. On a VT102
terminal the keyboard becomes
locked on a byte (versus keystroke)
boundary.

(LS1)

3-6 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

Table 3-2 (Cont.)
Mnemonic

Code

Name

Action Taken

CAN

1/8

Cancel

If received during an escape or control
sequence, cancels the sequence. No
error character is displayed. On a
VT102 terminal, the error character is
displayed.

SUB

1/10

Substitute

If received during an escape or control
sequence, cancels the sequence.
Causes a reverse question mark to be
displayed. On a VT102 terminal, the error character is displayed.

ESC

1/11

Escape

Processed as escape sequence introducer.

DEL

7/15

Delete

(Not a CO character) Ignored when received

Table 3-3
C1 Control Characters Recognized by Professional

Mnemonic

8-bit
Code

Equivalent 7-bit
Code Extension

IND

8/4

1/11
ESC

NEL

8/5

HTS

Name

Action Taken

4/4
D

Index

Moves cursor down one
line in same column. If
cursor is at bottom mar~
gin, screen performs a
scroll up.

1/11
ESC

4/5
E

Next line

Moves cursor to first position on next line. If cursor
is at bottom margin,
screen performs a scroll
up.

8/8

1/11
ESC

4/8
H

Horizontal
tab set

Sets one horizontal tab
stop at the column where
the cursor is.

8/13

1/11
ESC

4/13
M

Reverse index

Moves cursor up one line
in same column. If cursor
is at top margin, screen
performs a scroll down.

SS2

8/14

1/11
ESC

4/14
N

Single shift G2

Temporarily invokes G2
character set into GL for
the next graphic character. G2 is designated by a
select- character-set
(SCS) sequence.

SS3

8/15

1/11
ESC

4/15

Single shift G3

Temporarily invokes G3
character set into GL for
the next graphic character. G3 is designated by a
select- character-set
(SCS) sequence.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-7

Table 3-3 (Cont.)

Mnemonic

8-bit
Code

Equivalent 7-bit
Code Extension

Name

Action Taken

DCS

9/0

1/11
ESC

5/0
p

Device
control string

Processed as opening
delimiter of a control
string for device control
use. Any control string
introduced by DCS and
terminated by ST is ignored and is not displayed on the screen,
except for ReGIS (VT125
mode) control strings:
They are processed in
VT125 mode.

CSI

9/11

1/11
ESC

5/11

Control
sequence
introducer

Processed as control sequence introducer.

1/11
ESC

5/12

String
terminator

Processed as closing delimiter of a string opened
by DCS, OSC, PM, APC.

Operating
system
command

Processed as opening delimiter of a control string
for operating system use.
Any control string introduced by OSC and terminated by ST is ignored
and is not displayed on
the screen.

Privacy
message

Processed as opening delimiter of a control string
for privacy message use.
Any control string introduced by PM and terminated by ST is ignored
and is not displayed on
the screen.

Application
program
command

Processed as opening delimiter of a control string
for application program
use. Any control string introduced by APC and terminated by ST is ignored
and is not displayed on
the screen.

osc

APC

9/12

9/13

9/14

9/15

1/11
ESC

[

\
5/13

1/11
ESC

5/14

1/11
ESC

5/15

3-8 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

3.3 ESCAPE AND CONTROL SEQUENCE OVERVIEW
Escape and control sequences were introduced in Chapter 1. They are defined
by ANSI X3.41-1977 and X3.64-1979.
The Professional uses ANSI mode to respond to a subset of escape and
control sequences specified by ANSI. There are two types of sequences: ANSIstandardized and private. ANSI-standardized sequences have a mnemonic
assigned by ANSI. Private sequences are those not presently specified by
ANSI. However, they are created to comply with the extensions permitted by
ANSI. Private sequences created by DIGITAL have a mnemonic that begins
with "DEC".
Table 3-4 lists all ANSI-compatible sequences recognized by the Professional.
They are grouped functionally. The table shows which modes of operation
recognize any particular sequence. Detailed descriptions of the ANSI-compatible sequences, grouped in the same way, are in Section 3.5.
VT52 mode is available by program control as well as through an operator
menu selection. When operating in VT102 mode, you can invoke VT52 mode
from your application by using the DECANM command, which is listed at the
end of Table 3-4. The Professional recognizes the Digital-private ANSI-incompatible VT52 escape sequences when VT52 mode is announced in your application. Table 3-5 is a summary list of the VT52-compatible sequences recognized by the Professional. They are all described in Section 3.6. VT52 mode is
provided on the Professional only for compatibility with earlier software.
Because future DIGITAL equipment may not accept ANSI-incompatible
sequences, you should use only the ANSI-compatible sequences in all new
software.
VT125 mode includes text mode (essentially VT102 mode) and graphics mode
(ReGIS processing). When the Professional is being operated in VT125 mode,
it will process and run ReGIS code like a VT125 terminal, with some restrictions
(see Appendix D). A ReGIS application causes the Professional to operate in
VT125 graphics mode by sending ReGIS "control strings" to the Professional.
In 8-bit format, ReGIS control strings are introduced by the C1 control character DCS. The C1 character ST is the closing delimiter of the string. DCS is one
of a general class of control string delimiters (DCS, OSC, PM, APC, ST), which
are all C1 characters. Refer to Table 3-4 and Section 3.5 for information on
control strings in general, and on the particular ReGIS strings recognized by
the Professional. The VT125 User's Guide has ReGIS programming
information.
The last part of Chapter 1 describes how to work with 7- and 8-bit application
environments. For a 7-bit environment, the 7-bit code extensions you may need
to use in place of 8-bit C1 characters are listed in Table 3-3. Some of the
sequences your application sends may cause other codes to be returned to
your application. The code extension announcers you use to control the representation of returned codes (7- or 8-bit) are described at the beginning of
Section 3.5.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-9

Section 3.4 defines how the Professional handles invalid and unrecognized
control function codes.
Note: When forming escape or control sequences, remember that it is the
code that defines a sequence, not the graphic representation of the characters:
characters shown in the detailed descriptions are included for readability only
and presume the DEC Multinational Set mapping (ASCII in GL and DEC Supplemental Graphics in GR).

3.4

ERROR RECOVERY

Current standards do not specify the action to be performed when the Professional receives a control function with an error. Errors are incorrect parameters, invalid control functions, or control characters embedded in control function sequences. The Professional usually recovers from these errors by
performing as much of the function as possible. The specific error recovery
procedures are as follows.
D Unrecognized control functions are usually ignored.
D Unsupported control functions (valid control functions not recognized
by the Professional in some particular mode of operation) are usually
ignored in that mode but may produce unexpected results.
D If a CO control character other than ESC (1 /11) is received within a
sequence, the Professional performs the function of the control character, followed by the function of the sequence.
D If ESC is received within a sequence, the previous function is aborted
and the Professional assumes it is receiving a new escape sequence
initiated by the ESC character.
D If a C1 control character is received within a sequence, the previous
function is aborted and the Professional performs the function of the
control character.
D If CAN (1 /8) or SUB (1/10) is received within a sequence, the sequence
is aborted. SUB causes a reverse question mark (substitute character)
to be displayed, followed by the characters in the sequence received
after SUB. CAN does not display any error character but does display
the remaining characters, like SUB.

3-10 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

Table 3-4
Summary of ANSI-Compatible Sequences

Used In

Name and Mnemonic (by Functional Group)

See Page

Code Extension Announcers .................
Return C1 codes to application
Return 7-bit code extensions
to application
Set-Up Characteristics and Mode Selection .....
Set Mode (SM) and reset Mode (RM)
Scrolling ..................................
Scroll Mode (DECSCLM)
Scrolling Region ...........................
Set Top and Bottom Margins (DECSTBM)
Origin ....................................
Origin Mode (DECOM)
Cursor Positioning ..........................
Cursor Up (CUU)
Cursor Down (CUD)
Cursor Forward (CUF)
Cursor Backward (CUB)
Cursor Position (CUP)
Horizontal and Vertical Position (HVP)
Index (IND)
Reverse Index (RI)
Next Line (NEL)
Save Cursor (DECSC)
Restore Cursor (DECRC)
Cursor Characteristics ......................
Cursor Enable Mode (DECCEM)
Columns per Line ..........................
Column Mode (DECCOLM)
Auto Wrap ................................
Auto Wrap Mode (DECAWM)
Screen Background ........................
Screen Mode (DECSCNM)
Linefeed/New Line .........................
Linefeed/New Line Mode (LNM)
Keyboard Action ...........................
Keyboard Action Mode (KAM)
Auto Repeat ...............................
Auto Repeat Mode (DECARM)
Local Echo ................................
Send-Rec~ive Mode (SRM)
Cursor Key Character Selection ..............
Cursor Key Mode (DECCKM)
Auxiliary Keypad Character Selection ..........
Keypad Numeric Mode (DECKPNM)
Keypad Application Mode (DECKPAM)
Character Sets and Selection .................
Select (designate) Character Set (SCS)
Invoke Character Set
Lock Shift GO (LSO or SI)
Lock Shift G1 (LS1 or SO)
Lock Shift G1, right (LS1 R)
Lock Shift G2 (LS2)

3-12

Native Mode

Terminal
Emulation
Modes

yes

yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
,yes
yes

yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes

yes

yes
yes

yes

yes
yes
yes
yes

yes
yes

VT102
Terminal

3-13
3-18
3-18
3-19
3-19

3-22
3-22
3-23
3-23
3-24
3-25
3-26
3-26
3-27
3-28

3-30

* Control strings are recognized but ignored in native mode and, except for ReGIS strings, in terminal emulation modes.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-11

Table

3-4 (Cont.)
Used In

Name and Mnemonic (by Functional Group)
Lock Shift G2, right (LS2R)
Lock Shift G3 (LS3)
Lock Shift G3, right (LS3R)
Single Shift G2 (SS2)
Single Shift G3 (SS3)
Character Attributes ........................
Select Graphic Rendition (SGR)
Line Attributes .............................
Double-height Line (DECDHL)
Single-width Line (DEOSWL)
Double-width Line (DECDWL)
Tab Stops .................................
Horizontal Tab Set (HTS)
Tabulation Clear (TBC)
Erasing ...................................
Erase in Line (EL)
Erase in Display (ED)
Editing ....................................
Delete Character (OCH)
Insert Line (IL)
Delete Line (DL)
Inserting and Replacing Characters ...........
Insertion-Replacement Mode (IRM)
Printing ...................................
Media Copy (MC)
Printer Extent ..............................
Printer Extent Mode (DECPEX)
Print Termination Character ..................
Printer Form Feed Mode (DECPFF)
Print Screen (Text or Graphics Mode) ..........
Hardcopy (DECHCP)
Reports ...................................
Device Status Report (DSR)
Cursor Position Report (CPR)
Device Attributes (DA)
Identify Terminal (DECIO)
Reset ....................................
Reset to Initial State (RIS)
Interlace ..................................
Interlace Mode (DECINLM)
Tests and Adjustments ......................
Screen Alignment Display (DECALN)
Invoke Confidence Test (DECTST)
Keyboard Indicator
Load LED (DECLL)
Control Strings .............................
String Delimiters (DCS,OSC,PM,APC,ST)
VT125 Graphics Mode (Regis) ...............
DCSp
DCS 1 p
ANSl/VT52 Compatibility ....................
ANSl/VT52 Mode (DECANM)

See Page

Native Mode

Terminal
Emulation
Modes

VT102
Terminal

yes
yes
yes
yes
yes

yes
yes

yes

yes
yes
yes

yes
yes

yes
yes
yes

yes

yes
yes
yes
yes

yes

3-34
3-36

3-37

3-38

3-39
3-40
3-41
3-42
3-42
3-43

3-46
3-46
3-48
yes
yes
yes
3-48
yes•

yes*

3-50
yes
yes
3-50
yes

yes

• Control strings are recognized but ignored in native mode and, except for ReGIS strings, in terminal emulation modes.

3-12 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

Table 3-5
Summary of VT52-Compatible Sequences

Name and Mnemonic (by Functional Group)
ANSl/VT52 Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ANSI mode (DECANM)
Cursor Positioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cursor Up
Cursor Down
Cursor Right
Cursor Left
Cursor to Home
Direct Cursor Address
reverse Linefeed
Auxiliary Keypad Character Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Keypad Application Mode
Keypad Numeric Mode
Character Sets and Selection... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enter Graphics Mode
Exit Graphics Mode
Erasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Erase to End of Line
Erase to End of Screen
Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Auto Print
Print Controller
Print Cursor Line
Print Screen
Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Identify

See Page
3-51
3-52

3-53

3-56

3-57

3.5 ANSI-COMPATIBLE SEQUENCES
ANSI-compatible sequences meet ANSI standards X3.64-1979 and X3.411974. This section describes the ANSI control functions recognized by the
Professional in native mode, Professional mode, VT102 mode, and VT125
mode.
Note: Default states for various modes are described throughout this section.
Only the following conditions are documented: when you power up (boot) the
Professional, or reset the PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the
reset-to-initial-state (RIS) sequence. No P/OS default states (such as resetting
between applications) are described.

3.5.1

Code Extension Announcers

You use code extension announcers in the application to control the representation of 8-bit (C1) control codes returned to the application by the Professional
(see Chapter 1 for more information on working with 7-and 8-bit environments).
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, the Professional converts all C1 control codes returned subsequently to the application to their equivalent 7-bit code extensions.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-13

Return 8-Bit (C1) Control Codes to Application

1/11

2/0

4/6

ESC

Lets the Terminal Subsystem return C1 codes to the application without converting them to their equivalent 7-bit code extensions.

Return 7-Bit Code Extensions to Application
i /11
ESC

2/0

4/7

Causes the Terminal Subsystem to convert all 8-bit (C1} control codes to their
equivalent 7-bit code extensions before returning them to the application.

3.5.2

Set-Up Characteristics and Mode Selection

The Professional has two groups of Set-Up menus (P/OS and
PRO/Communications) that the operator uses to manually change certain
default operating characteristics.
The P/OS Set-Up menus are used to control operations like keyclick (on/off) or
smooth/jump scroll. P/OS Set-Up menu selections set defaults for applications
running in terminal emulation modes as well as those running in native mode.
The
PRO/Communications
Set-Up
menus
are
part
of
the
PRO/Communications application. They are used to set communications
parameters such as enabling auto XON/XOFF, or 7- or 8-bit character codes,
or local echo. PRO/Communications Set-Up menu selections set defaults for
applications running in terminal emulation modes.
Use of the Set-Up menus is documented in the User's Guide for (Diskette/Hard
Disk) System for P/OS menus, and the PRO/Communications Manual for
PRO/communications menus.
In your application, you can use "mode selection sequences" to change some
of these P/OS and communications characteristics. The sequences cause the
Professional to operate in one of two possible ways (for example, normal/reverse screen background).
Table 3~6 lists the Professional operating characteristics controllable either
through a Set-Up menu or through a mode selection sequence (not all
PRO/Communications Set-Up characteristics are listed, only those discussed
in this manual). Some characteristics can be controlled through both a menu
selection and a mode selection sequence. In that case, the menu selection is
the default setting. The Professional uses the selected mode until you change
it, either manually through a Set-Up menu or through your application.

3-14 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

Table 3-6 shows that two modes are changed by means of dedicated
sequences (set/clear tabs, select auxiliary keypad mode). All the other modes,
however, are based on two general-purpose sequences: set mode (SM) and
reset mode (RM). These have variable parameters so you can apply them to
different functions. The general formats of SM and RM are shown below.
SM -

Set Mode

9/11
CSI

3/11

6/8

3/11

Sets one or more modes specified by selective parameters (Ps) in the parameter string.
RM -

Reset Mode

9/11
CSI

3/11
Ps

3/11

6/12
Ps

Resets one or more modes specified by selective parameters (Ps) in the
parameter string.
You can set and reset one or more modes in one sequence. Ps is a variable,
ASCII coded, numeric parameter associated with a particular mode. When you
set or reset more than one mode in the same sequence, you must separate the
parameters with a semicolon code (3/11). You can set or reset up to 16 modes
in one sequence. Additional parameters are ignored. Each parameter may have
a value in the range of zero (0) to 65535. Any value over this range is treated as
the maximum value. Also, within the context of a particular command, values
which exceed the maximum values for the command (for example, 24 or 80)
are treated as the contextual maximum.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-15

Table 3-6
Set-Up Characteristics and Mode Selection Sequences

Set Default Value from
Set-Up Characteristic
or Programmable Mode

Change from
Application

P/OSSet-Up
Menus

Autorepeat on/off

Yes (DECARM)

Yes

Bell on/off

Yes

Current directory

Yes

Current keyboard

Yes

Office/DP keyboard mode

Yes

Columns per line 80/132

Yes (DECCOLM)

Yes

Keyclick on/off

Yes

Shift lock/Caps lock

Yes

Monitor monochrome/color

Yes

Scroll jump/smooth

Yes (DECSCLM)

Yes

Set tabs 1

Yes (HTS/TBC)

Yes

Video normal/reverse

Yes (DECSCNM)

Yes

Cursor block/underline

Yes

Margin bell on/off

Yes

Printer LA 100/LA50/LQP02

Yes

Set date and time (clock)

Yes

Origin mode

Yes(DECOM)

Cursor enable mode

Yes (DECCEM)

Auto wrap mode

Yes (DECAWM)

Linefeed/new line mode

Yes(LNM)

Keyboard action mode

Yes(KAM)

Send-receive mode2
(local echo)

Yes(SRM)

PRO/Communications
Set-Up Menus

Yes

1. These modes are changed using dedicated sequences, not the set mode (SM) and reset mode (RM)
sequences. See Tab Stops, and Auxiliary Keypad Character Selection for more information.
2. Send-receive mode is used only in terminal emulation modes.
3. Resetting the terminal emulator invokes the reset-to-intitial-state (RIS) sequence (see note below).

Note: The reset-to-initial-state (RIS) sequence resets programmable modes and keyboard states
to default values. If a Set-Up menu also controls that mode, the menu selection determines the default value. Refer to Table 3-12 for a list of the default states selected by the RIS sequence.

3-16 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

Table

3-6 (Cont.)
Set Default Value from

Set-Up Characteristic
or Programmable Mode

Change from
Application

Cursor key mode

Yes (DECCKM)

Auxiliary keypad mode 1

Yes (DECKPAM/
DECKPNM)

Insertion-replacement mode

Yes(IRM)

Print termination character

Yes (DECPFF)

Printer extent mode

Yes (DECPEX)

Interlace mode

Yes (DECINLM)

P/OS Set-Up
Menu

PRO/Communications
Set-Up Menus

Auto XON/XOFF on/off

Yes

Bits per character (7 or 8)

Yes

Reset terminal emulator3

Yes

The modes affected by SM and RM are listed in Tables 3-7 and 3-8, along
with the parameter values (decimal and column/row format). Table 3-7 lists the
ANSI-standardized modes. Table 3-8 lists the DEC private modes. When you
specify private sequences, the first character in the first parameter string must
be a question mark code (3/15). Then all parameters in the sequence will be
interpreted as DEC-private parameters. Because standardized and private
sequences are interpreted differently, when setting several modes within a
single sequence, you must choose them to be either all standardized modes or
all private modes.
The following example shows the use of the question mark (used with DECprivate sequences) and semicolon (used with multiple parameters). This
sequence sets both column and scroll modes.
9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/3
3

3/11

3/3
4

6/8
h

Each of the modes listed in Tables 3-7 and 3-8 is described in detail in the rest
of this chapter (all sequences are grouped functionally as listed in Table 3-4).

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-17

Table 3-7
ANSI-Standardized Modes

Name

Mnemonic

Error (ignored)

Parameter {Ps)

(3/0)

Keyboard Action

KAM

(3/2)

Insertion-replacement

IRM

(3/4)

Send-receive

SRM

(3/1 3/2)

Linefeed/New Line

LNM

(3/2 3/0)

Table 3-8
ANSI-Compatible DEC Private Modes

Name

Mnemonic

Error (ignored)

Parameter (Ps)
0

(3/0)

Cursor Key

DECCKM

(3/i)

Column

DECCOLM

(3/3)

Scroll

DECSCLM

(3/4)

Screen

DECSCNM

(3/5)

Origin

DE COM

(3/6)

Auto Wrap

DECAWM

(3/7)

Auto Repeat

DECARM

(3/8)

Interlace

DECINLM

(3/9)

Printer Form Feed

DECPFF

(3/1 3/8)

Printer Extent

DECPEX

(3/1 3/9)

Cursor Enable

DECCEM

(3/2 3/5)

3-18 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

3.5.3

Scrolling

Scrolling is the upward or downward movement of existing lines on the screen.
This makes room for more display lines at either the top or bottom of the scrolling region. There are two methods of scrolling, jump scroll and smooth scroll.
Select the type of scrolling by using the following sequences.
On the Professional, smooth scroll is possible only for the entire screen.
Smooth split-screen scroll is not possible, in which case the Professional uses
jump split-screen scroll instead. Full-screen scroll affects all bitmap planes
when the extended bitmap option is being used. Split-screen scroll affects only
the plane that is used for text mode. No other video activity occurs while
smooth scroll is in progress. This includes blinking of the cursor or other characters.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, scroll mode defaults to the state selected in the P/OS Set-Up menu.

DECSCLM -

9/11
CSI

Scroll Mode

3/15
?

3/4

6/8

Set selects smooth scroll. Smooth scroll lets the Professional add no more than
6 lines per second to the screen.

9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/4

6/12

Reset selects jump scroll. Jump scroll lets the Professional add lines to the
screen as fast as possible.
3.5.4

Scrolling Region

The scrolling region is the area of the screen between the top and bottom margins. The margins determine which screen lines move during scrolling. Characters added outside the scrolling region do not cause the screen to scroll. The
minimum size of the scrolling region is one line. Therefore, the line number of
the bottom margin must be greater than or equal to the line number of the top
margin. Origin mode affects the line numbers.
After the margins are selected, the cursor moves to the home position. Origin
mode affects the home position. Select the top and bottom margins of the
scrolling region by using the following sequence.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, the scrolling region becomes the full screen.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-19

DECSTBM -

Set Top and Bottom Margins

9/11
CSI

7/2

3/11
Pt

Selects top and bottom margins, defining the scrolling region. Pt is the (ASCII
coded) line number of the first line in the scrolling region. Pb is the line number
of the bottom line. If either Pt or Pb is not selected, they default to top and bottom respectively. Lines are counted from "1 ".
3.5.5

Origin

Origin mode determines line numbering and whether the cursor can move outside the scrolling region (the area between the top and bottom margins).
Lines on the screen are numbered according to the location of the home position. Home position is always line 1, column 1. The cursor moves to the new
home position whenever origin mode is selected. Select origin mode by using
the following sequences.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, origin mode resets.

DECOM -

Origin Mode

9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/6

6/8

Set selects the home position in the scrolling region. Line numbers start at the
top margin of the scrolling region (relative line numbers). The cursor cannot
move out of the scrolling region.

9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/6

6/12

Reset selects home position in the upper-left corner of the screen. Line numbers are independent of the scrolling region (absolute line numbers). Use the
CUP and HVP sequences to move the cursor out of the scrolling region.
3.5.6

Cursor Positioning

The cursor indicates the active screen position where the next character will
appear. A number of operations implicitly affect cursor positioning. In addition,
your application can control cursor movement by means of the following sequences.
Note: Pn is a variable, ASCII coded, numeric parameter. If you select no parameter or a parameter value of 0, the Professional assumes the parameter
equals 1.

3-20 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

CUU -

Cursor Up

9/11
CSI

4/1
Pn

Moves the cursor up Pn lines in the same column. The cursor stops at the top
margin.
CUD -

Cursor Down

4/2

9/11
CSI

Moves the cursor down Pn lines in the same column. The cursor stops at the
bottom margin.
CUF -

Cursor Forward

4/3

9/11
CSI

Moves the cursor right Pn columns. The cursor stops at the right margin.
CUB -

Cursor Backward

9/11
CSI

4/4
Pn

Moves the cursor left Pn columns. The cursor stops at the left margin.
CUP -

Cursor Position

3/11

9/11
CSI

4/8
Pc

Moves the cursor to line Pl, column Pc. The numbering of the lines and columns
depends on the state (set/reset) of origin mode (DECOM).
Note: CUP operates the same as the horizontal and vertical position (HVP)
sequence.

CUP -

Cursor Position (Home)

9/11

4/8

CSI

Moves the cursor to the home position, selected by origin mode (DECOM).
HVP -

Horizontal and Vertical Position

9/11
CSI

6/6

3/11
Pl

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-21

Moves the cursor to line Pl, column Pc. The numbering of the lines and columns
depends on the state (set/reset) of origin mode (DECOM).
Note:

HVP -

HVP operates the same as the cursor postion (CUP) sequence.

Horizontal and Vertical Position (Home)

9/11
CSI

6/6
f

The cursor moves to the home position selected by origin mode (DECOM).
IND-Index

IND is an 8-bit control character (8/4). It can also be expressed as an escape
sequence for a 7-bit environment:
1/11
ESC

4/4
D

Moves the cursor down one line in the same column. If the cursor is at the bottom margin, the screen performs a scroll-up.
RI - Reverse Index
RI is an 8-bit control character (8/13). It can also be expressed as an escape
sequence for a 7-bit environment:
1/11
ESC

4/13
M

Moves the cursor up one line in the same column. If the cursor is at the top
margin, the screen performs a scroll-down.
NEL -

Next Line

NEL is an 8-bit control character (8/5). It can also be expressed as an escape
sequence for a 7-bit environment:
1/11
ESC

4/5
E

Moves the cursor to the first position on the next line. If the cursor is at the
bottom margin, the screen performs a scroll-up.
DECSC -

Save Cursor

1/11
ESC

3/7
7

Saves the cursor position, origin mode selection, character attribute (graphic
rendition), and character set. See Restore Cursor.

3-22 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

DECRC -

Restore Cursor

1/11
ESC

3/8
8

Restore the cursor position, character attribute (graphic rendition), character
set, and origin mode selections saved since the last time the Professional was
powered up (booted), or the terminal emulator was reset, or a reset-to-initialstate (RIS) sequence was issued. If none of these characteristics were saved,

the cursor moves to home position,

origin mode is reset (absolute line numbers, independent of scrolling region),

no character attributes are assigned, and

the default character set mapping is established: ASCII in GO, DEC Special Graphics in G1, DEC Supplemental Graphics in G2, ASCII in G3, GO
mapped to GL, G2 mapped to GR.

3.5. 7

Cursor characteristics

This sequence affects the cursor in both text mode and graphics mode. A
graphics-mode pixel-oriented cursor (for example, a cross hair) appears on the
screen if the most recent data sent to the Professional was in graphics mode. A
text-mode character-cell-oriented cursor appears otherwise. The period for cursor blinking is one second (2/3 on, 1/3 off).
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, cursor enable mode is set.

DECCEM -

9/11
CSI

Cursor Enable Mode

3/15
?

3/2
2

3/5

6/8
h

Set causes the cursor to appear.
9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/2

3/5

6/12
I

Reset causes the cursor to disappear.
3.5.8

Columns per Line

Column mode selects the number of columns in each display line, 80 or 132.
With either selection, the screen can display 24 lines. Select the number of
columns per line by using the following sequences.
Note: When you change the number of columns per line, the screen is erased
and the cursor moves to the home position. This also sets the scrolling region
for full screen (24 lines).

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-23

Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, column mode defaults to the state selected in the P/OS Set-Up
menu.

DECCOLM -

9/11
CSI

Column Mode

3/15

3/3

6/8

Set selects 132 columns per line.
9/11
CSI

3/15

3/3
3

6/12
I

Reset selects 80 columns per line.
3.5.9

Auto Wrap

Auto wrap mode selects where a received character will appear when the cursor is at the right margin. Select auto wrap by using the following sequences.
Note: Regardless of the auto wrap Set-Up selection, the tab character never
moves the cursor to the next line.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, auto wrap mode is set.

DECA WM -

9/11
CSI

Auto Wrap Mode

3/15

3/7

6/8

Set selects auto wrap. Any display characters received when the cursor is at the
right margin appear on the next line. The display scrolls up if the cursor is at the
bottom of the scrolling region.
9/11
CSI

3/15

3/7

6/12

Reset turns auto wrap off. Display characters received when the cursor is at the
right margin replace the previously displayed character.
3.5.10

Screen Background

Screen mode selects either light (reverse) or dark display background on the
screen. Select screen mode by using the following sequences.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, screen mode defaults to the state selected in the P/OS Set-Up
menu.

3-24 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

DECSCNM -

9/11
CSI

Screen Mode

3/15
?

3/5
5

6/8
h

Set selects reverse screen, a light screen background with dark characters.

9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/5
5

6/12
I

Reset selects normal screen, a dark screen background with light characters.
3.5.11

Linefeed/New Line

Linefeed/new line mode selects the control character(s) transmitted to the application by the RETURN and ENTER keys. ENTER transmits the same code as
RETURN only when the auxiliary keypad is in keypad numeric mode
(DECKPNM).
Linefeed/new line also selects the action taken by the Professional when receiving linefeed (LF), form feed (FF), or vertical tab (VT) codes. These three codes
are always processed identically.
Table 3-9 provides a summary of the code processing.
You set and reset linefeed/new line mode by using the following sequences. In
the terminal emulation modes, you can also manually set and reset
linefeed/new line mode through a PRO/Communications Set-Up menu.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, linefeed/new line mode resets. In the terminal emulation modes, this
is the default setting indicated on the PRO/Communications Set-Up menu.

LNM -

Linefeed/New Line Mode

9/11

3/2

3/0

6/8

CSI

Set causes a received LF, FF, or VT code to move the cursor to the first column
of the next line. RETURN transmits both a CR and a LF code. This selection is
also called "new line option".

9/11

3/2

3/0

6/12

CSI

Reset causes a received LF, FF, or VT code to move the cursor to the next line
in the current column. RETURN transmits a CR code only.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-25

Table 3-9
Linefeed/New Line Mode Characteristics
Mode
Setting

Key
Pressed

Codes Generated

Reset

Return/Enter

(0/13)

Reset

LF*

(O/i 0)

Set

Return/Enter

CR LF

(0/13 0/10)

Set

LF*

(0/10)

Mode
Setting

Code Received
From Application

Action Taken

Reset

Cursor moves to left margin of current line

Reset

LF,FF,orVT

Cursor moves to next line but stays
in same column

Set

Cursor moves to left margin of current line

Set

LF, FF, or VT

Cursor moves to left margin of next
line

* There is no UNE FEED key on the Professional. The LF code (0/10) is generated as follows: In

VT102, VT125, or VT52 modes, press top-row function key F13 {LF). In Professional or native
mode, press CTRL/J.

3.5.12

Keyboard Action

Keyboard action mode lets your application lock and unlock the keyboard.
When the keyboard is locked, no codes can be transmitted from the keyboard
to the application (and/or to the host system in the terminal emulation modes).
To alert the user, whenever the keyboard is locked, the Wait indicator at the top
of the keyboard is turned on and the keyclick feature is disabled. You should
refer to Chapter 2 for complete details on locking and unlocking the keyboard,
because the control characters DC3 and DC1 are also used to suppress and
re-enable the transmission of data. Select keyboard action mode by using the
following sequences.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, keyboard action mode resets.

KAM -

Keyboard Action Mode

9/11

3/2

6/8

CSI

Set locks the keyboard for the next and subsequent keystrokes.

3-26 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

9/11

3/2

6/12

CSI

Reset unlocks the keyboard, unless it is currently locked by DC3.

3.5.1.3 Auto Repeat
Auto repeat mode selects automatic key repeating. A key pressed for more
than 0.5 second automatically repeats the transmission of the character (more
than 0.3 second for Delete and cursor control keys). The following keys never
auto-repeat all top row function keys; all editing keypad keys except for the
cursor keys; RETURN, COMPOSE CHARACTER, LOCK, SHIFT, CTRL. Also,
when the CTRL key is pressed, auto-repeating is temporarily inhibited when a
"control-able" key is pressed simultaneously. Select auto repeat mode by
using the following sequences.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, auto repeat mode defaults to the state selected in the P/OS Set-Up
menu.

DECARM -

9/11
CSI

Auto Repeat Mode

3/15
?

3/8

6/8

Set selects auto repeat. A key pressed for more than one-half second automatically repeats.

9/11
CSI

3/i 5
?

3/8

6/12

Reset turns off auto repeat. Keys do not automatically repeat.

3.5.14 Local Echo (Keyboard Send-Receive)
Send-receive mode, available only in the terminal emulation modes, turns local
echo on or off. When send-receive mode is reset (local echo on), every character transmitted by the Professional automatically appears on the screen. Therefore, the host terminal driver or application does not have to transmit (echo) the
character back to the Professional for display. When send-receive mode is set
(local echo off), the Professional transmits characters only to the application.
The host terminal driver or application must echo the characters back to the
Professional for display.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-27

You set and reset send-receive mode by using the following sequences. You
can also manually set and reset send-receive mode through a
PRO/Communications Set-Up menu.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, send-receive mode is set. This is the default setting indicated on the
PRO/Communications Set-Up menu.

SRM -

Send-Receive Mode

9/11

3/1

3/2

6/8

CSI

Set turns off (disables) local echo. When the Professional transmits characters
to the host application, the host must echo characters back to the Professional
for display on the screen.

9/11
CSI

3/1
1

3/2
2

6/12
I

Reset selects (enables) local echo. Characters transmitted to the application
automatically appear on the screen.
3.5.15

Cursor Key Character Selection

The characters generated by the cursor keys on the editing keypad depend on
the state of cursor-key mode and on whether the auxiliary keypad, at the right
of the keyboard, is being used in keypad application mode (DECKPAM) or
keypad numeric mode (DECKPNM). In keypad application mode, cursor key
mode selects the set of codes generated by the cursor keys. In keypad
numeric mode, the current setting of cursor key mode is ignored. See Table
3-1 O for the codes generated by the cursor keys. Select cursor key mode by
using the following sequences.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, cursor key mode resets.

DECCKM - Cursor Key Mode

9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/1

6/8

Set causes the cursor keys to generate control functions if keypad application
mode (DECKPAM) was selected.

9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/1

6/12

Reset causes the cursor keys to generate ANSI cursor control sequences.

3-28 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

Table 3-10
Codes Generated by Cursor Control Keys (ANSI mode)

Key

t
!

3.5.16

Cursor Key Mode
Reset (Cursor Control)

Cursor Key Mode
Set (Application)

9/11
CSI

4/1
A

8/15
SS3

4/1
A

9/11
CSI

4/2

8/15
SS3

4/2

9/11
CSI

4/3

8/15
SS3

9/11
CSI

4/4
D

8/15
SS3

4/4
D

4/3

Auxiliary Keypad Character Selection

The keys on the auxiliary keypad, at the right of the keyboard, generate either
numeric characters or control (application) functions. Selecting keypad numeric
mode (DECKPNM) or keypad application mode (DECKPAM) determines the
type of characters. The keypad mode may also affect the cursor keys. See
Cursor Key Character Selection for more information. The program function
(PF) keys transmit the same characters to the application regardless of the
keypad character selection. See Table 3-11 for the character codes generated
by the auxiliary keypad keys. Select the auxiliary keypad mode by using the
following sequences.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, the Professional selects keypad numeric mode.

DECKPAM -

1/11
ESC

Keypad Application Mode

3/13

Selects keypad application mode. The auxiliary keypad keys generate control
functions. Cursor key mode (DECCKM) selects the type of character codes
generated by the cursor keys on the editing keypad.
DECKPNM -

1/11
ESC

Keypad Numeric Mode

3/14
>

Selects keypad numeric mode. The auxiliary keypad generates characters that
match the numeric, comma, period, and minus sign keys on the main keyboard.
The cursor keys transmit ANSI cursor control sequences.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-29

Table 3-11
Codes Generated by Auxiliary Keypad Keys (ANSI Mode)
Key

Keypad Numeric Code

Keypad Application Mode

3/0
0

8/15
SS3

7/0
p

3/1
1

8/15
SS3

7/1
q

3/2
2

8/15
SS3

7/2

3/3
3

8/15
SS3

7/3
s

3/4
4

8/15
SS3

7/4

3/5
5

8/15
SS3

7/5
u

3/6
6

8/15
SS3

7/6

3/7
7

8/15
SS3

7/7

3/8
8

8/15
SS3

7/8
x

3/9
9

8/15
SS3

7/9
y

2/13
- (minus)

8/15
SS3

6/13

2/12
, (comma)

8/15
SS3

6/12
I

2/14
. (period)

8/15
SS3

6/14
n

0/13
CR

8/15
SS3

4/13
M

Enter*
or

0/13
CR

0/10
LF

*in keypad numeric mode, ENTER generates the same codes as RETURN. You can change the code generated by RETURN with the linefeed/New line Mode. When reset, the linefeed/New line Mode causes RETURN to generate a single control character (CR). When set, the mode causes RETURN to generate two
control characters (CR,LF).

3-30 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

Table 3-11 (Cont.)
Key

Keypad Numeric Code

Keypad Application Mode

8/15
SS3

5/0

PF1

8/15
SS3

5/1

PF2

8/15
SS3

PF3

8/15
SS3

5/2
R

8/15
SS3

5/2
R

8/15
SS3

5/3

PF4

8/15
SS3

5/0

5/1

5/3

*In keypad numeric mode, ENTER generates the same codes as RETURN. You can change the code generated by RETURN with the Linefeed/New Line Mode. When reset, the Linefeed/New Line Mode causes RETURN to generate a single control character (CR). When set, the mode causes RETURN to generate two
control characters (CR,LF).

3.5. 17

Character Sets and Selection

Character encoding in the Professional was introduced in Chapter 1. The control functions you need to select different graphic character sets are described
below. Differences with a VT102 terminal are pointed out where they may affect
sofwa.re compatibility between the Professional and VT102-type terminals.
The Professional's graphic repertoire consists of the following three graphic
sets:
D

ASCII Graphics

DEC Supplemental Graphics

DEC Special Graphics

In the most general case, you select character sets as follows.
First, using SCS sequences, you "designate" each of the above three graphic
sets to one of the Professional's four character sets - GO, G1, G2, G3. This
makes the graphic sets available "on call" for your program. To actually map
any one of these sets into GL or GR you must then "invoke" any of GO through
G3 into GL or GR by using lock shifts (LSO, LS1, LS2, LS3, LS1 R, LS2R, LS3R)
or single shifts (SS2, SS3).
Character sets remain designated until the Professional receives another SCS
sequence. All lock shifts remain active until the Professional receives another
lock shift or single shift. All single shifts remain active for only the next single
graphic character.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-31

You don't need to select character sets in this manner every time you use the
Professional because there is a default (DEC Multinational) mapping: ASCII
Graphics in GL and DEC Supplemental Graphics in GR. The default graphic
character set mapping is reset whenever you power up (boot) the Professional
or reset the PRO/Communications terminal emulator. Your application can also
select the default mapping by means of the reset-to-initial-state (RIS) sequence
(this is a good general practice, because you should not rely on default states).
Under these conditions the Professional's graphic character sets are designated and invoked automatically as follows:

Designate

and
invoke

into

ASCII Graphics

DEC Special Graphics

DEC Suppl. Graphics

There is no default designation of G3 (unspecified).
The default designation of DEC Special Graphics in G1 lets you switch from
ASCII Graphics to DEC Special Graphics in GL by using LS1 (SO) and LSO (SI).
LS1 invokes G1 (DEC Special Graphics) into GL, and LSO invokes GO (ASCII
Graphics) into GL.
For comparison, the conventions for selecting character sets on a VT102 terminal are summarized below.
1.

The VT102 terminal's graphic repertoire consists of the following
graphic sets: ASCII, U.K., and DEC Special Graphics.

On a VT102 terminal, the 7-bit ASCII or U.K. set is the default set, depending on the Set-Up selection.

A VT102 terminal supports only the LSO (SI) and LS1 (SO) lock shifts.
Like the Professional, a VT102 terminal support the SS2 and SS3 single
shifts.

On a VT102 terminal, GO and G 1 are the only sets you can designate.
You then use SI to invoke GO into GL and SO to invoke G1 into GL. G2
and G3 can not be designated by program control on a VT102 terminal.
A VT102 terminal always interprets G2 and G3 as the default graphic
character sets. They are selected in Set Up. You can invoke G2 and G3
for only one character at a time, using SS2 and SS3, after which you
return to the previous character set. Software that relies on the VT102's
"permanent" designation of G2 and G3 may be incompatible with the
Professional.
Note: Certain character set selections, although feasible on the Professional,
may cause incompatibility with DEC software. To avoid potential problems, do
not invoke GO or G1 into GR, and do not invoke G2 or G3 into GL. The specific
selections to avoid are indicated in the descriptions of how to invoke character
sets.

3-32 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

All control functions for designating and invoking graphic character sets on the
Professional are described below.

SCS-Select (Designate) Character Set
Use the following SCS sequences to designate character sets.
1/11
ESC

2/8

4/2

(

Designate ASCII graphic set as GO (default).
1/11
ESC

2/9

4/2

)

Designate ASCII graphic set as G1.
1/11
ESC

2/10

4/2

Designate ASCII graphic set as G2.
1/11
ESC

2/11

4/2

Designate ASCII graphic set as G3.
1/11
ESC

2/8
(

3/12
<

Designate DEC Supplemental Graphics set as GO.
1/11
ESC

2/9
)

3/12
<

Designate DEC Supplemental Graphics set as G1.
1/11
ESC

2/10
*

3/12
<

Designate DEC Supplemental Graphics set as G2 (default).
1/11
ESC

2/10

3/12
<

Designate DEC Supplemental Graphics set as G3.

1/11

2/8

3/0

ESC

(

Designate DEC Special Graphics set as GO.
1/11
ESC

2/9

3/0

)

Designate DEC Special Graphics set as G1 (default).

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-33

1/11
ESC

2/10

3/0

Designate DEC Special Graphics set as G2.
1/11
ESC

2/11

3/0

Designate DEC Special Graphics set as G3.

Invoke Character Set Using Lock Shifts
Once you have designated your character sets, you can invoke GO, G1, G2, or
G3 into GL or GR, by using the lock shift control functions described below.

LSO -

Lock Shift GO
0/15

Invoke GO character set into GL (default). Also known as Shift In (SI).

LS 1 -

Lock Shift G 1
0/14

Invoke G1 character set into GL. Also known as Shift Out (SO).

LS1R -

Lock Shift G1, Right
1/11
ESC

7/14

Invoke G1 character set into GR. Do not use this sequence as it may create
software compatibility problems.

LS2 -

Lock Shift G2
1/11
ESC

6/14
n

Invoke G2 character set into GL. Do not use this sequence as it may create software compatibility problems.

LS2R -

Lock Shift G2, Right
1/11
ESC

7/13

Invoke G2 character set into GR (default).

LS3 -

Lock Shift G3

3-34 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

LS3 -

Lock Shift G3

1/11
E8C

6/15
o

Invoke G3 character set into GL. Do not use this sequence as it may create software compatibility problems.
LS3R -

Lock Shift G3, Right

1/11
E8C

7/12
I

Invoke G3 character set-into GR.
Invoke Character Set Using Single Shifts

You can also invoke the G2 or G3 character sets for a single graphic character
at a time, by means of single shift control functions. The Professional returns to
the previous character set after displaying a single character.
Note:

SS2 -

To avoid software compatibility problems do not use SS2 or SS3.

Single Shift G2

882 is an 8-bit control character (8/14). You can also express it as an escape
sequence when coding for a 7-bit environment:
1/11
E8C

4/14
N

Invoke G2 character set into GL for the next graphic character.
SS3 -

Single Shift G3

883 is an 8-bit control character (8/15). You can also express it as an escape
sequence when coding for a 7-bit environment:
1/11
E8C

4/15
0

Invoke G3 character set into GL for the next graphic character.
3.5.18 Character Attributes

The Professional can display the following character attributes. These attributes change the appearance of a displayed character without changing the
character.

Underline

Reverse video (reverses foreground and background)

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-35

Blink

Bold (appearance of increased intensity)

Any combination of these attributes

You can select one or more character attributes at one time. Selecting an
attribute does not turn off other attributes already selected. After you select an
attribute, all characters received by the Professional appear with that attribute.
If you move the characters by scrolling, the attribute moves with the characters. Select the character attributes by using the following sequences.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, all character attributes are turned off.

SGR -

Select Graphic Rendition

9/11
CSI

6/13
m

9/11
CSI

3/0
0

6/13

Turns off character attributes.
9/11
CSI

3/1
1

6/13
m

Selects bold (increased intensity) in 80-column mode only. Bold is not available
in 132-column mode and is ignored.
9/11
CSI

3/4
4

6/13
m

Selects underline.
9/11
CSI

3/5
5

6/13
m

Selects blink.
You can have up to 100 blink fields (a field consists of adjacent blinking character cells within a single horizontal line). If you exceed this number, all blink fields
stop blinking until the overflow condition ceases. Blinking character cells continue to blink while displaying graphics. If this is not desired, you should erase
such cells before displaying graphics. The period for character cell blinking is
four thirds of a second, and the duty cycle is 50 percent. Normal-intensity characters are produced.
9/11
CSI

3/7
7

6/13
m

Selects reverse video relative to the current screen state, as selected with the
DECSNM sequence or P/OS Set-Up menu.

3-36 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

3.5.19 Line Attributes

Line attributes are display features that affect a complete display line. The
cursor selects the line affected by the attribute. The cursor stays in the same
character position when the attribute changes, unless the attribute would move
the cursor past the right margin. In that case, the cursor stops at the right
margin. When you move lines on the screen by scrolling, the attribute moves
with the line. Select line attributes by using the following sequences.
Note: If you erase an entire line while using the erase in display (ED)
sequence, the line attribute changes to single-height and single-width.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, all lines become single width and single height.

DECDHL -

Double Height Line

Top Half

Bottom Half

1/11

2/3

3/3

1/11

2/3

3/4

ESC

Makes the line with the cursor the top or bottom half of a double-height, doublewidth line. The sequences work in pairs on adjacent lines. The same character
must be used on both lines to form full characters. If the line was previously
single-width, single-height, all characters to the right of center are lost.
DECSWL -

Single-Width Line

1/11

2/3

3/5

ESC

Makes the line with the cursor single-width, single-height. This is the line attribute for all new lines on the screen.
DECDWL -

Double Width Line

1/11

2/3

3/6

ESC

Makes the line with the cursor double-width, single-height. If the line was previously single-width, single-height, all characters to the right of center screen
are lost.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-37

3.5.20 Tab Stops
You select tab stop positions on the horizontal lines of the screen. The cursor
advances (tabs) to the next tab stop when the Professional receives a horizontal tab code (HT, 0/9). If there is no next tab, HT moves the cursor to the right
margin. Set and clear the tab stops by using the following sequences.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, tab stops default to the settings selected in the P/OS Set-Up menu.

HTS -

Horizontal Tab Set

HTS is an 8-bit control character (8/8). You can also express it as an escape
sequence when coding for a 7-bit environment:

1/11

4/8

ESC

Sets a horizontal tab stop at cursor position.
TBC - Tabulation Clear

9/11

6/7

CSI

9/11

3/0

6/7

CSI

Clears a horizontal tab stop at cursor position

9/11
CSI

3/3
3

6/7
g

Clears all horizontal tab stops.
3.5.21 Erasing
Erasing removes characters from the screen without affecting other characters
on the screen. Erased characters are lost. The cursor position does not change
when erasing characters or lines.
If you erase an entire line while using the erase-in-display (ED) sequence, the
line attribute becomes single-height, single-width. If you erase a line by using
the erase-in-line (EL) sequence, the line attribute is not affected. The cursor determines the line for all EL sequences.
Erasing a character also erases any character attribute of the character. Erase
characters by using the following sequences.
EL - Erase in Line

9/11

4/11

CSI

9/11
or

CSI

3/0
0

4/11
K

Erases from the cursor to the end of the line, including the cursor position.

3-38 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

9/11

3/1

4/11

CSI

Erases from the beginning of the line to the cursor, including the cursor position.

9/11

3/2

4/11

CSI

Erases complete line.
ED -

Erase in Display

9/11

4/10

CSI

9/11
or

CSI

3/0
0

4/10
J

Erases from the cursor to the end of the screen, including the cursor position.

9/11

3/1

4/10

CSI

Erases from the beginning of the screen to the cursor, including the cursor position.

9/11

3/2

4/10

CSI

Erases the complete display. All lines are erased and changed to single-width.
The cursor does not move.
3.5.22 Editing
You use editing sequences to insert or delete characters and lines of characters
at the cursor position. The cursor position does not change when inserting or
deleting lines. Delete characters or insert and delete lines by using the following
sequences.
Note: Insertion-replacement mode (IRM) selects how characters are added to
the screen. See Inserting and Replacing Characters, in this chapter, for more
information. Pn is a variable, ASCII coded, numeric parameter. If you select no
parameter or a parameter value of 0, the Professional assumes a parameter
value of 1.

OCH -

Delete Character

9/11
CSI

5/0
Pn

Deletes Pn characters, starting with the character at the cursor position. When
a character is deleted, all characters to the right of the cursor move to the left.
This creates a space character at the right margin for each character deleted.
Character attributes move with the characters. The spaces created at the end of
the line have all their character attributes off.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-39

IL -

Insert Line

9/11
CSI

4/12
Pn

Inserts Pn lines at the line with the cursor. If fewer than Pn lines remain from the
current line to the end of the scroll region, the number of lines inserted is the
lesser number. Lines within the scroll region at and below the cursor move
down. Lines moved past the bottom margin are lost. The cursor is reset to the
first column. This sequence is ignored when the cursor is outside the scrolling
region.
DL -

Delete Line

9/11
CSI

4/13
Pn

Deletes Pn lines, starting at the line with the cursor. If fewer than Pn lines remain from the current line to the end of the scroll region, the number of lines
deleted is the lesser number. As lines are deleted, lines within the scroll region
and below the cursor move up, and blank lines are added at the bottom of the
scroll region. The cursor is reset to the first column. This sequence is ignored
when the cursor is outside the scrolling region.
3.5.23

Inserting and Replacing Characters

The Professional displays received characters at the cursor position. Insertionreplacement mode determines how the Professional adds characters to the
screen. Insert mode displays the character and moves previously displayed
characters to the right. Replace mode adds characters by replacing the character at the cursor position. Select insertion-replacement mode by using the
following sequences.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, insertion-replacement mode resets.

IRM -

Insertion-Replacement Mode

9/11

3/4

6/8

CSI

Set selects insert mode. New display characters move old display characters to
the right. Characters moved past the right margin are lost.

9/11

3/4

6/12

CSI

Reset selects replace mode. New display characters replace old display characters at the cursor position. The old character is erased.

3-40 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

3.5.24 Printing
The Professional has a serial printer interface for local printing. Your application
can select all text mode print operations by using Media Copy (MC) sequences.
They are for text mode only and may not be used to reproduce the graphicsmode content of the display.
Note: To print graphics, use the DECHCP (Hard Copy) sequence. Pressing
the PRINT SCREEN key on the Professional keyboard has the same effect as
using the DECHCP (Hard Copy) sequence.

A line of double-height characters print as two identical lines of single-width
characters. Double-width characters print as single-width characters on a single line. No character attributes are preserved.
Before selecting a print operation, check the printer status by using the printer
status report (DSR). Do not select a print operation if the serial printer is not
ready to print. If the printer is unavailable or busy, the print request will still be
assumed completed.
Select print operations by using the following sequences.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, MC auto print mode is turned off. Also, in native mode, RIS initializes the Terminal Subsystem only if MC printer controller mode is off. If MC
printer controller mode is on, RIS resets the printer, not the Terminal
Subsystem.

MC -

Media Copy, Auto Print Mode

9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/5
5

6/9

Turns on auto print mode. A display line prints after you move the cursor off the
line, using a linefeed, form feed, or vertical tab, which is also transmitted to the
printer. The line also prints during an auto wrap. Auto wrap lines end with a line
feed.

9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/4
4

6/9

Turns off auto print mode.
MC -

Media Copy, Printer Controller

9/11

3/5

CS!

6/9

Turns on printer controller mode and sends CAN (1 /8) to the printer. The Professional transmits received characters, including RIS sequences, to the printer
without displaying them on the screen. All characters and character sequences
except NUL, CSI 5 i, and CSI 4 i are sent to the printer. The Professional does
not insert or delete spaces, or provide line delimiters, or select the correct

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-41

printer character set. This data path is unidirectional, and therefore an application cannot receive data from the printer while printer controller mode is on.
On the Professional, you always enter printer controller mode whenever the
command is issued. On a VT102 terminal, you enter printer controller mode only
if the printer is ready.
9/11
CSI

3/4
4

6/9

Turns off printer controller mode and sends a CR (0/13) to the printer.
Note: Printer controller mode sequences that are used to turn that mode on or
off are not sent to the printer. All other sequences are. To turn printer controller
mode off, you must send the above sequence exactly as indicated or its equivalent 7-bit format (ESC [ 4 i).

MC -

Media Copy, Print Cursor Line

9/11
CSI

3/15

3/1
1

6/9

Prints the display line containing the cursor. The cursor position does not
change. The print-cursor-line sequence is completed when the line prints.
MC -

Media Copy, Print Screen

9/11
CSI

6/9
or

3/0
0

6/9

Prints the screen display. Printer extent mode (DECPEX) selects either the full
screen or the scrolling region to be printed. Select the scrolling region by using
the set-top- and-bottom-margins (DECSTBM) sequence. Printer form feed
mode (DECPFF) selects either a form feed (FF) or a line feed (LF) as the print
termination character. The print-screen sequence is completed when the
screen prints.
3.5.25

Printer Extent

Printer extent mode selects either the full screen or the scrolling region to be
printed during a MC print screen sequence. It does not affect the DECHCP
sequence. Select printer extent mode by using the following sequences.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, printer extent mode is set.

DECPEX -

9/11
CSI

Printer Extent Mode

3/15
?

3/1
1

3/9
9

6/8
h

Set causes the full screen to be printed during a print screen.

3-42 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

9/11
CSI

3/15

3/1
1

3/9

6/12
I

Reset causes the scrolling region to be printed during a print screen.
3.5.26

Print Termination Character

Printer form feed mode determines which print termination character is transmitted after a print screen. The form feed (FF) and line feed (LF) control
characters serve as the print termination characters. Select printer form feed
mode by using the following sequence.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
. sequence, printer form feed mode is set.

DECPFF -

9/11
CSI

Printer Form Feed Mode

3/15
?

3/1
1

3/8

6/8

Set selects a form feed (FF) code as the print termination character. The Professional transmits this character to the printer after each print screen.
9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/1
1

3/8
8

6/12
I

Reset selects a line feed (LF) code as the print termination character. On the
Professional, no space is cleared between print screens if DECPFF is reset. On
a VT102 terminal, there is one additional linefeed between print screens.
3.5.27

Print Screen (Text or Graphics Mode)

You can use the DECHCP (Hard Copy) sequence to print the screen contents.
The DECPEX and DECPFF modes have no effect on DECHCP. The entire
screen is printed, without any spacing between printouts. Pressing the PRINT
SCREEN key has the same effect as using the DECHCP sequence. If the
printer is unavailable or busy when the DECHCP sequence is sent, the print
request will still be assumed completed.
If there is a possibility that the display contains graphics, a pixel-wise dump is
used rather than a character-cell-wise dump. Whenever entering graphics
mode, all text-mode lines are considered to contain a graphics image. This
attribute is maintained on a line~by-line basis. It is cleared for lines which scroll
off during full-screen scroll, or for lines which are erased or scrolled off if the
extended bitmap option is not installed on the Professional, or for all lines after
the Terminal Subsystem receives an RIS (reset to initial state) sequence. When
a pixel-wise dump to the screen is performed, all pixels that are not turned off
(black) on the display have a corresponding black dot on the printout.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-43

A pixel-wise dump of text appears very differently than a cell-wise dump of the
same text. A cell-wise dump is used for text-mode data. For text-mode data, a
coded representation of each video character cell is sent to the printer. The
printer decodes this information and generates the specified text for optimum
readability, in accordance with the requirements and restrictions of the printer
technology. Character and line attributes, such as bold or double wide, are not
encoded and are therefore not reproduced in the printout.
For a pixel-wise dump, a coded representation of individual video pixels is sent
to the printer, which reproduces the image pixel for pixel. The printout is apt to
be distorted because of differences in aspect ratio, pixel size, etc. between the
video display and the printout.

DECHCP - Hard Copy

1/11
ESC

2/3
#

3/7
7

Prints entire contents of screen.

3.5.28 Reports
The Professional transmits reports in response to program requests. Reports
specify type and· status, and cursor position. The report requests and responses are as follows.
Note: The Professional does not respond to the DSR, DA, or DECIO sequences during printer operation. Also, no reports are transmitted if DC1 is pending (DC3 suppresses all transmission).

DSR - Device Status Report

9/11

3/5

6/14

CSI

The application requests a status report.

9/11

3/0

6/14

CSI

The Professional's response is: Ready, no malfunctions detected.

9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/1
1

3/5
5

6/14
n

The application requests a printer status report. The Professional checks the
status of the printer. This report should be requested before any print operation.

9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/1

3/3

6/14

3-44 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

The Professional's response is: The printer is not ready and never has been,
when tested, since the last time the Professional was booted. Specifically, the
data-terminal-ready (DTR) signal of the printer has not been on (asserted) when
tested since the last time the Professional was booted. On a VT102 terminal, the
status report indicates that the DTR signa·I of the printer has not been asserted
since the terminal was last turned on or reset
9/11
CSI

3/15

3/1
1

3/1

6/14
n

The printer is not ready to print. The printer DTR signal was on earlier when
tested, but is now off.
9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/1
1

3/0

6/14
n

The printer is ready to print. The printer DTR signal is on.
9/11
CSI

3/6
6

6/14
n

The application requests a cursor position report from the Professional.
CPR - Cursor Position Report
9/11
CSI

3/11
Pc

5/2
R

The Professional reports the cursor's position in response to a DSR sequence
request. Pl indicates the line number and Pc indicates the column number. Line
numbering depends on the state (set/reset) of origin mode (DECOM). The leftmost column number is "1" and topmost line number is "1 ".
DA -

Device Attributes
9/11
CSI

6/3
c

9/11
CSI

3/0 6/3
0
c

The application requests the Professional to identify itself.
In native mode, the response of the Professional to a DA request is in the
following format (P1 through P4 are. variable, ASCII coded, numeric
parameters):
9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/2
2

3/1
1

3/11

6/3
P4

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-45

where
P1

hardware option:
0 no options present, monochrome monitor present
1 extended bitmap option and monochrome monitor present
2 extended bitmap option and color monitor present

reserved for future use (0 for this release)

revision level of the Professional (was 1 for first release version, changes with each release)

reserved for future use (0 for this release)
Note: In the terminal emulation modes, the response of the Professional to a DA request depends on the particular emulation mode
selected by the operator from the PRO/Communications menu. Only
the ANSI compatible responses are described here. Refer to Section
3.6 for the VT52-mode response.

If the operator has selected Professional mode, the response of the Professional to a DA request is in the following format (P1 through P4 are variable,
ASCII coded, numeric parameters):
9/11
CSI

3/15

3/2
2

3/3
3

3/11

3/11
P1

3/11

6/3
c

where
P1

hardware option:
O no options present, monochrome monitor present
1 extended bitmap option and monochrome monitor present
2 extended bitmap option and color monitor present

reserved for future use (0 for this release)

revision level of the Professional (was 1 for first release version, changes with each release)

reserved for future use (0 for this release)

If the operator has selected VT102 mode, the response of the Professional to a
DA request is as follows and is identical to the response from a VT102 terminal
(the response is the same, regardless of whether the extended bitmap option is
installed or not):
1/11
ESC

5/11
[

3/15

3/6

6/3
c

If the operator has selected VT125 mode and the extended bitmap option is
installed, the response of the Professional to a DA request is as follows (the
response is compatible with that from a VT125 terminal):
1/11
ESC

5/11
[

3/15

3/1

3/2

3/11

3/7
7

3/11

3/0

3/11

3/1
1

3/0

3/2

6/3
c

3-46 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

If the operator has selected VT125 mode and the extended bitmap option is not
installed, the response of the Professional to a DA request is identical to that
for VT102 mode.
DECIO -

Identify Terminal

1/11
ESC

5/10
Z

The application requests the Professional to identify itself. The Professional
uses the device attributes (DA) sequence to respond. Future DIGITAL equipment may not support DECIO. Therefore, new software should use the deviceattributes sequence format.
3.5.29 Reset
The reset-to-initial-state (RIS) sequence initializes the Terminal Subsystem to
default states and clears the screen.
RIS affects the text-mode states, graphics-mode states, and keyboard. Except
for two keyboard states (Compose mode on/off, keyboard lock/unlock), RIS affects only the states that can be set by an application. RIS has no effect on
states such as printer status or cursor block/underline, that cannot be changed
from an application. On a VT102 terminal, RIS resets all states (programmable
or not, such as "keyclick").
On the Professional, when RIS is selected, Compose mode is off and the
keyboard becomes unlocked even if it were locked by KAM or DC3. Also, the
graphics output map is reset to the VT125-compatible color mapping.
The defaults states selected by the RIS sequence are listed in Table 3-12.
Reset the Terminal Subsystem by using the following sequence.
Note: The RIS sequence is invoked whenever you power up (boot) the Professional or reset the PRO/Communications terminal emulator. In native mode,
RIS initializes the Terminal Subsystem only if MC printer controller mode is off.
If MC printer controller mode is on, RIS resets the printer, not the Terminal
Subsystem.

RIS -

Reset to Initial State
1/11
ESC

6/3
c

Resets the Professional to its initial default states.
3.5.30 Interlace
You use interlace mode for high resolution options. To reduce screen flicker,
interlace should be turned off (reset) if such an option is not installed.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, interlace mode resets.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

3-47

Table 3-12
States Selected by RIS Sequence (1)

Escape or Control Sequence

State after RIS Sequence

Code extension announcer

Return 7-bit code extensions

Scroll mode (DECSCLM)

Default value from P/OS Set-Up menu

Set top/bottom margins (DECSTBM)

Full screen

Origin mode (DECOM)

Reset (absolute line numbers)

Cursor enable mode (DECCEM)

Set (cursor blinks)

Column mode (DECCOLM)

Default value from P/OS Set-Up menu

Auto wrap mode DECAWM

Set (autowrap on)

Screen mode (DECSCNM)

Default value from P/OS Set-Up menu

Linefeed/new line mode (LNM)

Reset (send CR only)

Keyboard action mode (KAM)

Reset (unlock keyboard)

Auto repeat mode (DECARM)

Default value from P/OS Set-Up menu

Send-receive mode (SRM) (2)

Set (disable local echo)

Cursor key mode (DECCKM)

Reset (ANSI cursor control)

Auxiliary keypad mode
(DECKPAM/DECKPNM)
Character sets

DECKPNM (numeric mode)

GO = ASCII Graphics
G1 =DEC Special Graphics
G2 = DEC Supplemental Graphics
G3 = unspecified
GO mapped to GL
G2 mapped to GR

Select graphic rendition (SGR)

All graphic attributes off

Line attributes
(DECDHL/DECSWL/DECDWL)

Single-height/single-width line

Horizontal tab stops (HTS/TBC)

Default value from P/OS Set-Up menu

Insertion-replacement mode (IRM)

Reset (replace)

Media copy auto print mode (MC)

Auto print off

Printer extent mode (DECPEX)

Set (print full screen)

Printer form feed mode (DECPFF)

Set (FF is print termination char.)

Interlace mode (DECINLM)

Reset (interlace off)

ANS!/VT52 mode (DECANM)

Reset (ANSI mode)

Keyboard

Unlocked (if locked by KAM or DC3)

Compose mode

Off

Output map (graphics)

Reset to VT125-compatible color map

1. The RIS sequence is invoked whenever you power up (boot) the Professional or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator. In native mode, RIS initializes the Terminal Subsystem only if MC
printer controller mode is off. If MC printer controller mode is on, RIS resets the printer, not the Terminal
Subsystem in native mode.
2. The SRM sequence is used only in terminal emulation modes.

3-48 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

DECINLM-lnterlace Mode
9/11
CSI

3/15

3/9
9

6/8
h

Set turns on interlace mode. The raster scanning of the display is alternately
interlaced.
9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/9
9

6/12
I

Reset turns off interlace mode. The raster scanning of the display is not interlaced.
3.5.31 Tests and Adjustments
The Professional has a screen alignment pattern that service personnel use to
adjust the screen. Display the screen alignment pattern by using the following
sequence.
DECALN-Screen Alignment Display
1/11
ESC

2/3
#

3/8
8

Fills the screen with rectangles for screen focus and alignment (a VT102 terminal uses capital E's). This sequence is used by DIGITAL Manufacturing and
Field Service personnel.
3.5.32 Control Strings
A control string is a delimited string of characters which may occur in the data
stream as a logical entity for control purposes. A control string consists of an
opening delimiter, a command string, and a closing delimiter.
The opening delimiter indicates the class of the component which is sending or
receiving the control string. The following C1 control characters are used as
opening delimiters: DCS (9/0), OSC (9/13) PM (9/14), APC (9/15). The closing
delimiter (ST, 9/12) is used for all four classes of control strings.
On the Professional control strings are recognized but ignored (not displayed),
except for terminal emulation modes, where certain ReGIS control strings are
recognized and processed. The term "recognized" is used because, on a
VT102 terminal, control strings are not recognized for their intended function
and are not ignored: they do appear on the screen.
DCS-Device Control String Introducer
DCS is an 8-bit control character (9/0). It can also be expressed as an escape
sequence for a 7-bit environment:
1/11
ESC

5/0
P

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-49

DCS is the opening delimiter of a control string for device control use. Any
control string introduced by DCS and terminated by ST is recognized but
ignored and is not displayed on the screen, with the following exception. In
VT125 mode, DCS is used to introduce one or more ReGIS command strings.
The control string is closed by the string terminator (ST) delimiter.
ST-String Terminator
ST is an 8-bit control character (9/12). It can also be expressed as an escape
sequence for a 7-bit environment:
1/11
ESC

5/12
\

ST terminates any control string introduced by DCS, OSC, PM, or APC. When
used as the closing delimiter of a ReGIS control string, ST causes the application to exit VT125 graphics mode and return to text mode.
OSC-Operating System Command Introducer
OSC is an 8-bit control character (9/13). It can also be expressed as an escape
sequence for a 7-bit environment:

1/11

5/13

ESC

]

OSC is the opening delimiter of a control string for operating system use. Any
control string introduced by OSC and terminated by ST is recognized but ignored and is not displayed on the screen.
PM-Privacy Message Introducer
PM is an 8-bit control character (9/14). It can also be expressed as an escape
sequence for a 7-bit environment:

1/11
ESC

5/14
"

PM is the opening delimiter of a control string for privacy message use. Any
control string introduced by PM and terminated by ST is recognized but ignored
and is not displayed on the screen.
APC-Application Program Command Introducer
APC is an 8-bit control character (9/15). It can also be expressed as an escape
sequence for a 7-bit environment:

1/11

5/15

ESC
APC is the opening delimiter of a control string for application program use. Any
control string introduced by APC and terminated by ST is recognized but ignored and is not displayed on the screen.

3-50 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

3.5.33

VT125 Graphics Mode (ReGIS)

When the Professional is being operated in VT125 mode, receipt of a ReGIS
control string causes the Professional to switch to graphics mode and process
graphics commands. The device control string introducer DCS (9/0) marks the
beginning of one or more ReGIS strings and a switch from text mode to
graphics mode. All characters after DCS are passed to the ReGIS interpreter in
the PRO/Communications application until the string terminator ST (9/12) is
received. Upon receipt of ST, the Professional switches back to text mode.
Refer to the section on control strings for more information on DCS and ST.
Refer to the VT125 User's Guide for complete programming information on
ReGIS. Appendix D of this manual lists differences between a VT125 terminal
and the emulated features on the Professional.
Note: When you power up (boot) the Professional, or reset the
PRO/Communications terminal emulator, or use the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence, the Professional's graphics output map is reset to the VT125-compatible color mapping.

ReGIS Control String Parameters

The characters following DCS, below, are ReGIS parameters as specified in
the VT125 User's Guide.
9/0
DCS

7/0
p

Exit text mode and enter VT125 graphics mode, accepting data from the same
data path as this sequence, at the command level that was in effect at the end
of the last ReGIS control string. (ReGIS is at the highest command level if the
Professional was booted [powered up] after the last device control string.)
9/0
DCS

3/1
1

7/0
p

Exit text mode and enter VT125 graphics mode, accepting data from the same
data path as this sequence, and force immediate synchronization to the highest
command level in the same way that the ";" character acts in a ReGIS control
string.
3.5.34

ANSl/VT52 Compatibility

On the Professional, you can select VT52 mode from a PRO/Communications
menu. You can also switch to VT52 compatibility by program control from
VT102 mode. In VT52 mode, you can use DIGITAL-private VT52-compatible
sequences. All VT52 compatible sequences are described in Section 3.6. Your
application selects VT52 mode by means of the sequence shown below.
Programmable and Set-Up features and modes selected in ANSI mode are
also in effect in VT52 mode. However, usually you cannot change these features and modes in VT52 mode.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-51

In ANSI mode, use the following sequence to switch to VT52 mode.
Note: When you reset the PRO/Communications terminal emulator, the Professional is reset to ANSI-compatible VT102 mode.

DECANM-Enter VT52 Mode

9/11
CSI

3/15
?

3/2
2

6/12
I

In ANSI mode, reset selects VT52 mode. In VT52 mode, the Professional
responds like a VT102 terminal emulating a VT52 terminal.
3.6

VT52-COMPATIBLE SEQUENCES

This section describes the VT52-compatible sequences recognized by the
Professional.
Your application can use VT52-compatible sequences if it is operating in VT52
mode. VT52 mode is available to the Professional computer operator through a
PRO/Communications menu selection. You can also select VT52 mode from
VT102 mode by using the ANSI sequence documented in Section 3.5
(CSI ? 2 I). VT52-compatible sequences are DIGITAL-private sequences. They
are not ANSI compatible. Future DIGITAL equipment may not accept ANSIincompatible sequences. Therefore, you should not use VT52-compatible
sequences in new software.
Programmable and Set-Up features and modes selected in ANSI mode are
also in effect in VT52 mode. However, usually you cannot change these features and modes in VT52 mode. In VT52 mode, you can select only three
modes with sequences: ANSI mode (DECANM), and the two auxiliary keypad
modes-keypad application mode and keypad numeric mode.
Note: When you reset the PRO/Communications terminal emulator, the Professional is reset to ANSI-compatible VT102 mode.

3.6.1 ANSl/VT52 Compatibility

When in VT52 mode you cannot set or reset most Professional modes and features. You must switch to ANSI mode for that purpose. Once selected in ANSI
mode, the states of modes and features are maintained when you switch back
to VT52 mode. Select ANSI (compatibility) mode by using the following sequence.
DECANM-Enter ANSI Mode

1/11
ESC

3/12
<

The Professional interprets all subsequent sequences according to ANSI standards X3.64-1979 and X3.41-1974. The VT52 escape sequences described in
the balance of this chapter are not recognized and are ignored by the Professional.

3-52 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

3.6.2 Cursor Positioning
The cursor indicates the active screen position where the next character will
appear. A number of operations implicitly affect cursor positioning. In addition,
your application can control cursor movement by means of the following sequences.
Note: You must select the margins for VT52 mode in ANSI mode (either Professional or VT102 mode), as indicated in Section 3.5. If you do not select margins, the Professional uses the complete screen. The cursor's home position is
dependent on the margin selection.

Cursor Up

1/11

4/1

ESC

Moves cursor up one line in same column. Cursor stops at top margin.
Cursor Down

1/11

4/2

ESC

Moves cursor down one line in same column. Cursor stops at bottom margin.
Cursor Right

1/11

4/3

ESC

Moves cursor one column to right. Cursor stops at right margin.
Cursor Left

1/11

4/4

ESC

Moves cursor one column to left. Cursor stops at left margin.
Cursor to Home

1/11

4/8

ESC

Moves cursor to home position, which is dependent on margin selection.
Direct Cursor Address

1/11

5/9

line

column

ESC

Moves cursor to specified line and column. Line and column numbers are ASCII
characters whose codes are calculated by adding the numerical line or column

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-53

number (in octal, decimal, or hexadecimal notation) to 37 (if octal), or 31 (if decimal), or 1 F (if hexadecimal). For example, line 1 and column 8 (decimal) are decimal code values 32 and 39, respectively.

Reverse Linefeed

1/11

4/9

ESC

Moves cursor up one line in same column. If cursor is at top margin, screen
performs scroll-down.

3.6.3 Auxiliary Keypad Character Selection
The auxiliary keypad transmits to the application either numeric characters or
control (application) functions. Select keypad application mode to generate control functions. Select keypad numeric mode to generate numeric characters.
See Table 3-13 for the codes generated by the keypad. Select the keypad mode
by using the following sequences.

Select Keypad Application Mode

1/11

3/13

ESC
Keypad transmits control codes to application.

Select Keypad Numeric Mode

1/11

3/14

ESC

Keypad transmits characters that match the numeric, comma, period, and minus sign keys on main keyboard.

3.6.4 Character Sets and Selection
In VT52 mode, the Professional maps the ASCII Graphics Set into GL by default. You can also map the DEC Special Graphics Set into GL, by using the
Enter Graphics Mode sequence. On a VT52 terminal, the VT52 Graphics Mode
Character Set is used instead of the DEC Special Graphics Set. See Table 3-14
for a comparison of these two sets. The VT52 Graphics Mode Character Set is
not available either in VT52 mode on the Professional, or on a VT102 terminal
when it is emulating a VT52 terminal. Use the following sequences to map DEC
Special Graphics into GL and to return to the default mapping (ASCII Graphics
in GL).

Enter Graphics Mode

1/11

4/6

ESC

Designate DEC Special Graphics Set as G1 and invoke G1 into GL.

3-54 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

Table 3-13
Codes Generated by Auxilliary Keypad Keys (VT52 Mode)

Key

Keypad Numeric Mode

Keypad Application Mode

3/0
0

1/11
ESC

3/15

7/0
p

3/1
1

1/11
ESC

3/15

7/1

3/2
2

1/11
ESC

3/15

7/2

3/3
3

1/11
ESC

3/15

7/3

3/4
4

1/11
ESC

3/15

7/4
t

3/5
5

1/11
ESC

3/15

3/6
6

1/11
ESC

3/15

7/6
v

3/7
7

1/11
ESC

3/15

7/7

3/8
8

1/11
ESC

3/15

7/8
x

3/9
9

1/11
ESC

3/15

2/13
- (minus)

1/11
ESC

3/15

2/12
, (comma)

1/11
ESC

3/15

2/14
. (period)

1/11
ESC

3/15

0/13
CR

1/11
ESC

3/15

Enter< 8l

or 0/13
CR

0/10
LF

1/11
ESC

5/0

1/11
ESC

5/0

PF1

PF2

1/11
ESC

5/1
Q

1/11
ESC

5/1
Q

PF3

1/11
ESC

5/2
R

1/11
ESC

5/2
R

1/11
ESC

5/3

PF4

1/11
ESC

7/5
u

7/9
y
6/13(A)
m
6/12(A)
I
6/14
n
4/13
M

5/3(A)

A. You cannot generate these sequences on a VT52 terminal.
B. In keypad numeric mode, ENTER generates the same codes as RETURN. You can change the code generated
by RETURN with the Linefeed/New Line Mode. When reset, the Linefeed/New Line Mode causes RETURN to
generate a single control character (CR). When set, the mode causes RETURN to generate two control characters (CR.LF).

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-55

TABLE 3-14
Comparison of ASCII Graphics, DEC Special Graphics and VT52 Graphics Mode Character Sets
ASCII Graphics

DEC Special Graphics

Key

VT52 Graphics
Mode

5/15

Blank

6/00

Diamond

Reserved

Checkerboard

Solid rectangle

6/01

6/02

6/03

6/04
6/05

Horizontal tab

Form Feed

'it

Carriage return

Linefeed

Degree sign

6/06
6/07

Plus/minus sign

6/08

New line

Right arrow

Iii-

Vertical tab

Ellipsis (dots)

Lower-right corner

Divide by

Upper-right corner

Down arrow

Upper-left corner

Bar at scan 0

Lower-left corner

Bar at scan 1

Crossing lines

Bar at scan 2

6/09
6/10
6/11

6/12
6/13

6/14

6/15

Horizontal line-scan l

Bar at scan 3

7/00

Horizontal line-scan 3

Bar at scan 4

7/01

Horizontal line-scan 5

Bar at scan 5

Horizontal line-scan 7

Bar at scan 6

7/02
7/03

Horizontal line-scan 9

Bar at scan 7

Left "T"

Subscript 0

Right "T"

Subscript 1

7/04
7/05

7/06

Bottom ''T''

Subscript 2

7/07

Top "T"

Subscript 3

7/08

Vertical bar

Subscript 4

7/09

Less than or equal to

Subscript 5

Greater than or equal to

Subscript 6

7/11

Subscript 7

7/12

Not equal to

Subscript 8

7/13

UK pound sign

Subscript 9

Centered dot

Paragraph

7/10

7/14

3-56 RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

Exit Graphics Mode

1/11

4/7

ESC

Designate ASCII Graphics Set as GO and invoke GO into GL. This selects the
default character set into GL.
3.6.5 Erasing
Erasing removes characters from the screen. Erased characters are lost. Erase
characters by using the following sequences.
Erase to End of Line

1/11

4/11

ESC

Erases all characters from the cursor to the end of the current line, including the
cursor position. The cursor does not move.
Erase to End of Screen

1/11
ESC

4/10
J

Erases all characters from the cursor to the end of the screen, including the
cursor position. The cursor does not move.
3.6.6 Printing
The Professional has a serial printer interface for local printing. The application
can select text mode print operations by using the two sequences documented
below.
Note: These sequences are for text mode only and may not be used to reproduce the graphics-mode content of the display. To print graphics, use the
DECHCP (Hard Copy) sequence in ANSI mode. Pressing the PRINT SCREEN
key on the Professional keyboard has the same effect as using the DECHCP
(Hard Copy) sequence.

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES 3-57

Auto Print

1/11

5/14

ESC

Turns on auto print. A display line prints after you move the cursor off the line,
using a linefeed, form feed, or vertical tab (also transmitted to the printer). The
line also prints during an auto wrap. Auto wrap lines end with CR, LF.

1/11

5/15

ESC
Turns off auto print.
Print Controller

1/11

5/7

ESC

Turns on print controller. The Professional transmits received characters to the
printer without displaying them. The Professional does not insert or delete
spaces, or provide delimiters, or select the printer character set.

1/11

5/8

ESC

Turns off printer controller.
Print Cursor Line

1/11

5/13

ESC

]

Prints the display line with the cursor. The cursor position does not change. The
print-cursor-line sequence is completed when the line prints.
Print Screen

1/11

5/6

ESC

Prints the screen display.
In ANSI mode, use printer extent mode (DECPEX) to select either the full screen
or the scrolling region to be printed. Select the scrolling region by using the settop- and-bottom-margins (DECSTBM) sequence. The print-screen sequence is
completed when the screen prints.
3.6. 7 Reports
The Professional transmits reports in response to program requests. The Professional generates only one report in VT52 mode. The report requests and response are as follows.

3-58

RESPONSE OF PROFESSIONAL TO RECEIVED CODES

Identify

1/11

5/10

ESC

The application requests the Professional to identify itself.

1/11

2/15

ESC

5/10

The Professional identifies itself as a VT102 emulating a VT52.

APPENDIX A
CHARACTER SET SUMMARY
This appendix contains the code tables for the DEC Multinational Character Set
and for the DEC Special Graphics Set (Tables A-1 and A-2, respectively). The
latter is shown mapped onto a 7-bit code table: the DEC Special Graphics Set is
in GL (columns 2 through 7), and the CO control characters are in columns 0 and
1. Octal, decimal, and hexadecimal numeric codes appear next to each character on all code tables.
All DEC Multinational characters are also listed in Table A-3, ordered by
column/row position from 0/0 through 15/15. The "official'' name of the character and the octal, decimal, and hexadecimal code values are given for each
column/row position.

A-1

A-2 APPENDIX A: CHARACTER SET SUMMARY

Table A-1
DEC Multinational Character Set (CO and GL Codes)

COLUMN

BITS

,...-.
ROW

b5
b4 b3 b2 bl

NUl

0
0
0
1
1
1

SOH

0 0

STX

ETX

DC1
IXONI

EOT

ENQ

60
48
30

100
64
40

120
80
50

41
33
21

61
49
31

101
65
41

121
81
51

42
34
22

62
50
32

102
66

DC3
IXOFF)

23
19
13

43
35
23

63
51
33

DC4

24
20
14

44
36
24

64
52
34

104
68
44

NAK

25
21
15

45
37
25

65
53
35

105
69
45

66
54
36

4
4
4
5
5

SYN

BEL

7
7
7

ETB

10
8
8

CAN

26
22

16
27
23
17
30

38
26

42
103

106
70
46

126
86
56

146
102
66

107
71
47

(

50
40
28

70
56
38

71
57
39

72
58
3A

73
59
38

74
60
JC

114
76
4C

134
92
5C

]

135
93
50

155
109
60

136
94
5E

156
110
6E

137
95
5F

157
111
6F

111
73
49

131
89
59

112
74
4A

1 0

12
10
A

SUB

32
26
1A

-){-

52
42
2A

13
11
8

ESC

33
27
18

53
43
28

34
28
1C

54
44
2C

35
29
1D

55
45
20

75
61
30

115
77
40

56
46
2E

76
62
3E

116
78
4E

57
47
2F

77
63
3F

117
79
4F

16
14
E

36
30
1E

17
15
F

37
31
1F

72
48

113
75
48

CHARACTER

ESC

__ _
27

..__

_..

OCTAL
DECIMAL

18
__, HEX

91
58

103
67

w
x

151
105
69

152
"I06
6A

153

107
68

167
119
170
120
78
171
121
79
172
122
7A

{

173
123
78

174
124
7C

}

175
125
70

154
108
6C

166
118
76

132
90
5A

150
104
68

133

[

GLCODES
r-co CODES---r-i-----------(ASCll
GRAPHICS)

KEY

87
57
130
88
58

110

1 1

127

165
117
75

147

67
55
37

51
41
29

83
53

47
39

114
72

145
101
65

)

123

162

15
13
0

98
62

125
85
55

31
25
19

142

161
113
71

164
116
74

11
9
9

141
97
61

144
100
64

160
112
70

124
84
54

14
12

140
96
60

163
115
73

...

143
99
63

67
43

1
0

122

3
3

6
6
6

ACK

40
32
20

DC2

22
18
12

2
2

21
17
11

1
0

20
16

OLE

0
1

1
0

0
0

....,

DEL

176
126
7E
177
127
7F

APPENDIX A: CHARACTER SET SUMMARY A-3

Table A-1
DEC Multinational Character Set (C1 and GR Codes)

0
0

200
12S

DCS

220
144
90

201
129
S1

PU1

221
145
91

202
130
82

PU2

203
131
83

STS

IND

204
132
B4

CCH 14B
94

NEL

205
133
S5

225
149
95

SSA

206
134
S6

SPA

22S
150
9S

ESA

207
135
S7

EPA

227
151
97

247
167
A7

HTS

210
136
SS

230
152
9S

250
16S
AS

HTJ

211
137
S9

231
153
99

251
169
A9

VTS

212
13S
BA

232
154
9A

PLO

213
139
SB

CSI

233
155
9B

PLU

214
140
SC

215
141
SD

SS2
SS3

L__

240
160
AO

1
1

1
0

COLUMN
bS
b7

1
1

BITS
b6

b5
b4 b3 b2 bl

t---i

260
176
BO

300
192

320
208
DO

340
224
EO

360
240
FO

261
177
Bl

361
241
F1

262
17S
B2

362
242
F2

363
243
F3

364
244
F4

3S5
245
F5

241
161
A1

222
146
92

242
162
A2

223
147
93

243
163
A3

244
164
A4

'a
,

321
209
01

302
194
C2

322
210
02

342
226
E2

303
195
C3

323
211
03

343
227
E3

264
1BO
B4

••
A

304
196
C4

324
212
04

••
a

344
22B
E4

305
197
C5

325
213
05

345
229
E5

263
179
B3

245
1S5
A5

265
1B1
B5

246
166
AS

2S6
1S2
BS

267
1B3
87
270
1S4
BS

271
1B5
B9

252
170
AA

272
1SS
BA

253
171
AB

234
15S
9C

254
172
AC

osc

235
157
90

255
173
AD

216
142
SE

236
15S
9E

256
174
AE

217
143
SF

APC

237
159
9F

257
175
AF

':(.

224

0
1

0
0

1
0

301
193
C1

,
A

341
225
E1

,0
A

ROW

30S
19B

••
0

326
214
06

34S
230
ES

••
0

3SS
24S
FS

«;

307
199
C7

327
215
07

347
231
E7

367
247
F7

310
200
CB

{/)

330
21S
DB

350
232
EB

!fl

370
24S
FB

311
201
C9

'
u

331
217
09

351
233
E9

371
249
F9

312
202
CA

332
21B
DA

352
234
EA

372
250
FA

273
1B7
BB

••
E

313
203
CB

333
219
DB

353
235
EB

1/4

274
1BB
BC

314
204

••
u

334
220
DC

354
236
EC

..u

373
251
FB
374
252
FC

275
1B9
BO

••
y

335
221
DD

355
237

••
y

375
253
FD

35S
23B
EE

376
254
FE

357
239
EF

377
255
FF

1 1

27S
190
BE

277
191
BF

cc
315
205
CD

316
206
CE

317
207
CF

...

336
222
DE

337
223
OF

GR CODES
~C1 CODES--<-++-------(DEC SUPPLEMENTAL GRAPHICS)

,
A

'u
,

A-4 APPENDIX A: CHARACTER SET SUMMARY

Table A-2
DEC Special Graphics Set Mapped into GL

COLUMN

BITS

r--

ROW

NUL

SOH

0
0
1
1
1

DLE
DC1
(XON)

2
3

5
6
1

o 1
1

STX

ETX

EOT

ENO

2
2
3
3
3
4
4

ACK

o
1

21
17
11

41
33
21

22
18
12

DC4

24
20
14

NAK

25
21
15

SYN

26
22

11
9
9

31
25
19

12
10
A

SUB

32
26
lA

13
11
B

ESC

33
27
18

34
28
1C

14
12

35
29

15
13
D

36
30
1E

37
31
1F

16
14
E

17
15
F

*
+

64
40

101
65
41

102
66
42

120
80
50

140
96
60

121
81
51

122
82
52

CHARACTER

ESC

OCTAL

DECIMAL

HEX

D
~

65
53
35

105
69
45

125
85
55

66
54
36

126
86
56

67
55
37

50
40
28

70
56
38

51
41
29

71
57
39

I
J

38
26
47
39

106

53
43
28

73
59
38

74
60
3C

54
44
2C
55
45
20

57
47
2F

•

<
=
>
?

75
61

107
71
47

87
57

111
73
49

131
89
59

112
74
4A

113
75
48
114
76
4C

SCAN 3

SCAN 5

142
98
62
143
99
63

160
112
70
161
113
71
162

SCAN 7

114

SCAN 9

163
115
73

100
64

164
116
74

145
101
65

165
117
75

146
102

166
118
76

144

66
147

103
67

150
104
68

151
105
69

152
106
6A

132
90
5A

141
97
61

167
119
77
170
120
78
171
121
79
172
122
7A

[

133
91
58

153
107
68

173
123
78

134
92
SC

154
108
6C

174
124
7C

135
93
50

155
109
60

175
125
70

136
94
5E

156
110
6E

115

77
40

]

76
62
3E

116
78
4E

77
63
3F

117
79 (BLANK)
4F

127

130
88
58

110

52
42
2A

58
3A

70
46

137
95
SF

GLCODES
r-co CODES---~-------(DEC SPECIAL
GRAPHICS)

KEY

•

124
84
54

67
43

104
68
44

103

1
0

56
46
2E

100

123
83
53

)

45
37
25

(

CAN

30
24
18

62
50
32

64
52
34

10
8
8

61
49
31

44
36
24

60
48
30

ETB

BEL

63
51
33

27
23
17

7
7
7

42
34
22

43
35
23

6
6
6

40
32
20

0
0

1
0

23
19
13

4
5
5

20
16

DC3
IXOFF)

5
0

DC2

1
0

0
1

0
0

85
84 83 82 81

SCAN 1

157
111
6F

176
126
7E

DEL

177
127
7F

APPENDIX A: CHARACTER SET SUMMARY A-5

Table A-3
DEC Multinational Character Set and Numeric Codes

Char

ColjRow

Hex.

Decimal

Octal

Description

NUL

0/00

SOH

0/01

STX

0/02

Start of text

ETX

0/03

End of text

EOT

0/04

End of transmission

ENQ

0/05

Enquiry

ACK

0/06

Acknowledge

BEL

0/07

Bell

0/08

Backspace

0/09

Horizontal tab
Line feed

Null
Start of heading

0/10

0/11

Vertical tab

0/12

Form feed

0/13

Carriage return

SO (LS1)

0/14

Shift out (Lock shift G1)

SI (LSO)

0/15

Shift in (Lock shift GO)

OLE

1/00

Data link escape

DC1

1/01

Device control 1

DC2

1/02

Device control 2

DC3

1/03

Device control 3

DC4

1/04

Device control 4

NAK

1/05

Negative acknowledge

SYN

1/06

Synchronous idle

ETB

1/07

End of transmission block

CAN

1/08

Cancel

1/09

End of medium

SUB

1/10

Substitute

ESC

1/11

Escape

1/12

File separator

1/13

Group separator

1/14

Record separator
Unit separator

1/15

2/00

Space

2/01

Exclamation point

2/02

Double quotation mark

2/03

Number sign, octothorp

A-6 APPENDIX A: CHARACTER SET SUMMARY

Table A-3 (Cont.)

Char

Col/Row

Hex.

Decimal

Octal

Description

2/04

Dollar sign

2/05

Percent sign

2/06

Ampersand

2/07

Apostrophe

2/08

Opening parenthesis

2/09

Closing parenthesis

2/10

Asterisk

2/11

Plus

2/12

Comma

2/13

Hyphen, minus

2/14

Period, decimal point

2/15

Slash

3/00

DigitO

3/01

Digit 1

3/02

Digit2

3/03

Digit3

3/04

Digit4

3/05

DigitS

3/06

Digit6

3/07

Digit?

3/08

Digit 8

3/09

Digit9
Colon

3/10

3/11

Semicolon

3/12

Less than

3/13

Equals

3/14

Greater than

3/15

Question mark

4/00

100

Commercial at

4/01

101

Capital A

4/02

102

Capital 8

4/03

103

Capital C

4/04

104

Capital D

4/05

105

Capital E

4/06

106

Capital F

4/07

107

Capital G

4/08

110

Capital H

4/09

111

Capital I

APPENDIX A: CHARACTER SET SUMMARY A-7

Table A-3 (Cont.)

Char

Col/Row

Hex.

Decimal

Octal

Description

4/10

112

Capital J

4/11

113

Capital K

4/12

114

Capital L

4/13

11S

Capital M

4/14

11S

Capital N

4/1S

117

Capital O

S/00

120

Capital P

S/01

121

Capital Q

S/02

122

Capital R

S/03

123

Capital S

S/04

124

CapitalT
Capital U

u
v

S/OS

12S

S/OS

12S

Capital V

w
x

S/07

127

CapitalW

S/08

130

CapitalX

S/09

131

Capital Y

S/10

132

Capital

S/11

133

Opening bracket
Backslash

S/12

134

S/13

13S

Closing bracket

S/14

13S

Circumflex accent

S/1S

137

Underline

S/00

140

Opening single quotation mark,
grave accent

6/01

141

Small a

S/02

142

Smallb

6/03

143

Smallc

6/04

100

144

Smalld

S/OS

101

14S

Smalle

6/06

102

146

Smallf

S/07

103

147

Smallg

S/08

104

1SO

Smallh

S/09

10S

1S1

Smalli

S/10

10S

1S2

Smallj

S/11

107

1S3

Smallk
Small I

6/12

108

1S4

6/13

109

1SS

Smallm

6/14

110

1S6

Smalln

A-S APPENDIX A: CHARACTER SET SUMMARY

Table A-3 (Cont.)
Char

Col/Row

Hex.

Decimal

Octal

Description

6/15

111

157

Smallo

7/00

112

160

Smallp

7/01

113

161

Smallq

7/02

114

162

Small r

7/03

115

163

Smalls

7/04

116

164

Smallt

117

165

Smallu

7/05

7/06

11S

166

Smallv

7/07

119

167

Smallw

7/0S

120

170

Smallx

7/09

121

171

Smally

7/10

122

172

Smallz

7/11

123

173

Opening brace

7/12

124

174

Vertical line

DEL

IND

7/13

125

175

Closing brace

7/14

126

176

Tilde

7/15

127

177

Delete

S/00

12S

200

Reserved

S/01

129

201

Reserved

S/02

130

202

Reserved

S/03

131

203

Reserved

S/04

132

204

Index

NEL

S/05

133

205

Next line

SSA

S/06

134

206

Start of selected area

ESA

S/07

135

207

End of selected area

HTS

S/OS

136

210

Horizontal tab set

HTJ

S/09

137

211

Horizontal tab with justify

VTS

S/10

13S

212

Vertical tab set

PLO

S/11

139

213

Partial line down

PLU

S/12

140

214

Partial line up

S/13

141

215

Reverse index

SS2

S/14

142

216

Single shift G2

SS3

S/15

143

217

Single shift G3

DCS

9/00

144

220

Device control string

PU1

9/01

145

221

Private use one

PU2

9/02

146

222

Private use two

STS

9/03

147

223

Set transmit state

CCH

9/04

14S

224

Cancel character

APPENDIX A: CHARACTER SET SUMMARY A-9

Table A-3 (Cont.)
Char

Col/Row

Hex.

Decimal

Octal

Description

9/05

149

225

Message waiting

SPA

9/06

150

226

Start of protected area

EPA

9/07

151

227

End of protected area

9/08

152

230

Reserved

9/09

153

231

Reserved

9/10

154

232

Reserved

CSI

9/11

155

233

Control Sequence introducer

9/12

156

234

String terminator

osc

9/13

157

235

Operating system command

9/14

158

236

Privacy message

APC

9/15

159

237

Application program command

10/00

160

240

Reserved

161

241

Inverted exclamation mark

10/01

10/02

162

242

Cent sign

10/03

163

243

Pound sign

10/04

164

244

Reserved

10/05

165

245

Yen sign

10/06

166

246

Reserved

10/07

167

247

Section sign
General currency sign

¥
§

;a:

10/08

168

250

10/09

169

251

.!!.

10/10

170

252

Feminine ordinal indicator

10/11

171

253

Angle quotation mark left

10/12

172

254

Reserved

10/13

173

255

Reserved

10/14

174

256

Reserved

10/15

175

257

Reserved

11/00

176

260

Degree sign

11/01

177

261

Plus/minus sign

11/02

178

262

Superscript 2

11/03

179

263

Superscript 3

11/04

180

264

Reserved

µ,

11/05

181

265

Micro sign

11/06

182

266

Paragraph sign, pilcrow

11/07

183

267

Middle dot

11/08

184

270

Reserved

11/09

185

271

Superscript 1

186

272

Masculine ordinal indicator

11/10

A-10 APPENDIX A: CHARACTER SET SUMMARY

Table A-3 (Cont.)
Char

ColjRow

Hex.

Decimal

Octal

Description

11 /11

187

273

Angle quotation mark right

11/12

188

274

Fraction one quarter

11/13

189

275

Fraction one half

11/14

190

276

Reserved

11/15

191

277

Inverted question mark

12/00

192

300

Capital A with grave accent

12/01

193

301

Capital A with acute accent

12/02

194

302

Capital A with circumflex accent

A.
A

12/03

195

303

Capital A with tilde

12/04

196

304

Capital A with diaeresis or umlaut
mark

12/05

197

305

Capital A with ring

,IE

12/06

198

306

Capital AE ligature
Capital C with cedilla

;,.
;,.

12/07

199

307

£:

12/08

200

310

Capital E with grave accent

E
,.

12/09

201

311

Capital E with acute accent

12/10

202

312

Capital E with circumflex accent

12/11

203

313

Capital E with diaeresis or umlaut
mark

12/12

204

314

Capital I with grave accent

12/13

205

315

Capital I with acute accent

12/14

206

316

Capital I with circumflex accent

12/15

207

317

Capital I with diaeresis or umlaut
mark

13/00

208

320

Reserved

13/01

209

321

Capital N with tilde

13/02

210

322

Capital 0 with grave accent

13/03

211

323

Capital 0 with acute accent

13/04

212

324

Capital 0 with circumflex accent

6
5

13/05

213

325

Capital 0 with tilde

13/06

214

326

Capital 0 with diaeresis or umlaut
mark

13/07

215

327

Capital OE ligature

(j)

13/08

216

330

Capital 0 with slash

13/09

217

331

Capital U with grave accent

13/10

218

Capital U with acute accent

13/11

219

333

Capital U with circumflex accent

13/12

220

334

Capital U with diaeresis or umlaut
mark

0
6
A

APPENDIX A: CHARACTER SET SUMMARY A-11

Table A-3 (Cont.)
Char

Col/Row

Hex.

Decimal

Octal

Description

13/13

221

335

Capital Y with diaeresis or umlaut
mark

13/14

222

336

Reserved

13/15

223

337

German small sharp s

14/00

224

340

Small a with grave accent

14/01

225

341

Small a with acute accent

14/02

226

342

Small a with circumflex accent

14/03

227

343

Small a with tilde

14/04

228

344

Small a with diaeresis or umlaut
mark

14/05

229

345

Small a with ring

ffi

14/06

230

346

Small ae ligature

14/07

231

347

Small c with cedilla

e
e

14/08

232

350

Small e with grave accent

14/09

233

351

Small e with acute accent

14/10

234

352

Small e with circumflex accent

14/11

235

353

Small e with diaeresis or umlaut
mark

14/12

236

354

Small i with grave accent

14/13

237

355

Small i with acute accent

14/14

238

356

Small i with circumflex accent

14/15

239

357

Small i with diaeresis or umlaut
mark

15/00

240

360

Reserved

15/01

241

361

Small n with tilde

15/02

242

362

Small o with grave accent

15/03

243

363

Small o with acute accent

15/04

244

364

Small o with circumflex accent

15/05

245

365

Small o with tilde

15/06

246

366

Small o with diaeresis or umlaut
mark

15/07

247

367

Small oe ligature

</J

15/08

248

370

Small o with slash

u
u

15/09

249

371

Small u with grave accent

15/10

250

372

Small u with acute accent

15/11

251

373

Small u with circumflex accent

15/12

252

374

Small u with diaeresis or umlaut
mark

15/13

253

375

Small y with diaeresis or umlaut
mark

15/14

254

376

Reserved

15/15

255

377

Reserved

a
a

APPENDIX B
KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS
Illustrations of all national keyboards for the Professional are on the next several pages, in the following order:
United States/Canada
United Kingdom
Belgium (Flemish)
Canada (French)
Denmark
Finland
France/Belgium
Germany/Austria
Holland
Italy
Norway
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland (French)
Switzerland (German)
Keys that generate different characters in Office mode and Data Processing
mode are shaded in red. "Dead diacritical" keys are shaded in gray. Chapter 2
describes the use of these keys.

8-1

B-2 APPENDIX B: KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS

~D
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DODI!

~D
~D

[][;Jb]~o
[][][;][Jo

.~·
i•

D~~r;JD

n lliJOJ[]

~· [I]

[ill[ill
z"'

[il][!J~

"0J:

D
D ~°oD
D l:JQ---'
DD"'
D GJ[joD
Qa. ....
]D a~ao
D GJ[]b~
JD [d~"' [;]
~~~
JD Qr:J[;JtJ
ID ~tJl:Jt

£5
:g·g_
<(0

c
c.

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:;.);

b]b]~"

ID [:]lb~[;;]
bl~~b]
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lD Qd
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c

0"~ti

J:<n

c
ca:
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u

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APPENDIX B: KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS B-3

B-4 APPENDIX B: KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS

APPENDIX B: KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS B-5

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I!
DODI~~
D[;][;]~D
D~~~o

[][](;][Jo

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f,

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f•

0OJ OJDJ
~-5

DJ[ill[!]~

it D

D ~qjo
D ~r;::J- / ~Ii
D Qa.
ci~obJ
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JD
. a~ao
D QDtJ~
ID ~GJ., [;]
LiLi~
!D Glor;Jb

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j~D

~tJJtJ
ldb:J[;]b

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ls. D ~D[JOH
HD
D~1·.

H
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w
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z
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B-6 APPENDIX B: KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS

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a:
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:!:

APPENDIX 8: KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS 8-7

z
:'.3
z

ii:

8-8 APPENDIX 8: KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS

::IE

g
w
m
w

(.)

z
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APPENDIX B: KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS

B-9

B-10 APPENDIX B: KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS

z
:'...I.3

::c

APPENDIX 8: KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS 8-11

>
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8-12 APPENDIX B: KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS

APPENDIX B: KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS B-13

Ci
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8-14 APPENDIX B: KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS

w
w

APPENDIX 8: KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS 8-15

£'

(.)

!:..
c
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:5a:
w

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Ill

B-16 APPENDIX B: KEYBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS

APPENDIX C
TEXT AND GRAPHICS MODE
INTERACTION
You can mix text and graphics in your application. But to do it properly, you
need to understand the behavior of text and graphics modes. Here are some
guidelines.
There is currently no standard which addresses the interaction or integration of
text mode and graphics mode. A future standard or different video hardware
will probably affect the type of integration that is supported on the
Professional.
On the Professional, if you write text (in text mode) over graphics, the graphics
image beneath that text will be lost. This is because characters in text mode
are written as cells.
Graphics written over text will destroy only the text area which it affects
directly. If you want to write text over graphics, it is recommended that you use
graphics mode text.
If you want to mix text (text mode) and graphics on the same display, it is
recommended that you use each character line defined for text mode exclusively for text or graphics, but not both.
Before using several lines of the display for a graphics region, clear those lines
with a text-mode command. This will prevent text-mode software from behaving as if there were still characters within the region.
Also, if the underline cursor is moved over a character cell containing graphics,
the graphics content of the cell will be lost.
Text mode and graphics mode have different cursor presentations. Whenever
the video display is idle, a cursor is usually presented on the display. You get a
graphics-mode pixel-oriented cursor (for example a cross hair) if the most
recent data sent to the Terminal Subsystem was for graphics. You get a textmode character-cell-oriented cursor otherwise.

C-1

C-2

APPENDIX C: TEXT AND GRAPHICS MODE INTERACTION

Text-mode character cells which are blinking continue to blink when graphics
mode is entered, even if the characters are altered or erased by a graphicsmode command. You should erase such cells by a text-mode command before
displaying the graphics.
If the extended bitmap option (EBO) is not on the Professional, only one bitmap
plane is available, and graphics and text are forced to use the same plane. With
the EBO present, three bitmap planes are available. The behavior of text and
graphics integration may differ depending on whether or not the EBO is present. To emulate a VT125 terminal, for example, your application should
restrict graphics mode to two planes.
If the EBO is installed on the Professional, receipt of an RIS (reset to initial
state) sequence defaults the output map to one of the following sets of settings
depending on whether a color or monochrome monitor is present.
Entry

Color

Monochrome

black

intensity-0

blue

intensity-2

red

intensity-4

green

intensity-6

white

intensity-6

white

intensity-6

white

intensity-6

white

intensity-6

These defaults are consistent with a VT125 terminal. Text mode affects only
one plane corresponding to output map value of 4. Text mode operations do
not modify the output map but are affected by the settings made while in
graphics mode.
If the EBO is absent, the graphics content of a line is lost if the line is erased or
scrolled off the screen while in text mode. If the EBO is present, the graphics
content of a line is lost only if the line is scrolled off the screen when doing
full-screen scroll.

APPENDIX D
DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES
Differences between VT102 and VT125 terminals and the emulated features on
the Professional are treated throughout this manual. This appendix groups the
difference information in one place.
As in the rest of this manual, VT102 mode and VT125 mode refer to VT102 and
VT125 terminal emulation as implemented on the Professional through the
PRO/Communications application. In this appendix, only the graphics functions
of VT125 mode are treated (on the Professional, VT125 text mode is essentially
like VT102 mode).

D.1

VT102 MODE COMPARED WITH VT102 TERMINAL

Whenever the description of a VT102-mode characteristic applies equally to all
ANSI-compatible text modes of operation on the Professional (VT102, Professional, and native modes), the expression "on the Professional" is used
instead of "in VT102 mode".
For more information on a particular subject, refer to the applicable portion of
this manual.
D.1.1 Seven- and Eight-Bit Support

VT102 mode is capable of fully supporting the 8-bit encoding system used on
the Professional. This includes recognition of the C1 control characters and GR
graphic characters.
In VT102 mode, if your application environment does not support 8-bit characters, your application can use code extension announcers causing the Terminal
Subsystem to convert any C1 codes returned to the application to their equivalent 7-bit code extensions. No such conversion is possible with GR codes
however: they always require an 8-bit environment.

D-1

D-2 APPENDIX D: DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES

In any mode, the Professional always interprets the eighth bit of any received
character as a legitimate value. In some 7-bit application environments, this
could cause the Professional to accept invalid data. To avoid this problem, the
Terminal Emulator Set-Up menu lets you restrict the communications link to a
7-bit format so that any potentially invalid eighth bit values will be dropped.
D.1.2 Communications

A VT102 terminal provides both half duplex and full duplex communication
modes. The communications services provided in VT102 mode on the Professional are for full duplex mode only.
D. 1.3 Keyboard

All keys used on a VT102 terminal are represented on the Professional keyboard in VT102 mode and have equivalent functions/codes. The following differences exist.
On the Professional, the cursor control keys are on the editing keypad, and the
HOLD SCREEN, PRINT SCREEN, and BREAK keys are top-row function keys.
HOLD SCREEN is equivalent to NO SCROLL on the main array of a VT102 Terminal, except that pressing any key, including HOLD SCREEN will re-enable
scrolling in VT102 mode. (the resulting code is sent to the application).
Pressing the PRINT SCREEN key on the Professional is not equivalent to printing the screen on a VT102 terminal (simultaneously pressing the SHIFT and
(PRINT)/ENTER keys): PRINT SCREEN may print graphics, and PRINT
SCREEN is not affected by the DECPEX or DECPFF commands.
The ESC, BACK SPACE, and LINE FEED keys on the main array of a VT102
terminal do not exist on the main array of the Professional. In VT102 mode, the
following top-row function keys are used instead: F11 (ESC), F12 (BS), F13
(LF). These keys generate the standard control codes for ESC, BS, and LF, respectively.
D.1.4 Codes Transmitted from Keyboard to Application

The codes transmitted to an application from the keyboard differ between
VT102 mode and a VT102 terminal as follows.
The Professional supports over a dozen national keyboards. Most keyboards
have keys that produce some GR (8-bit) graphic characters. Also, GR characters can be generated from all keyboards by means of Compose sequences. If
the application environment does not support 8-bit codes, no GR characters
can be transmitted.

APPENDIX D: DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES D-3

The following CO (7-bit) control characters, generated from the keyboard with
the CTRL key, are created differently:

Key Pressed

Control
Character
Mnemonic

(VT102 Mode)

Key Pressed
with CTRL
(VT102 Termina!)

NUL

space bar

ESC

[

withCTRL

On the Professional, your application can use code extension announcers to
control whether function-key codes returned to the application use C1 control
characters or their equivalent 7-bit code extensions. On a VT102 terminal, all
function-key codes are transmitted using 7-bit code extensions.
On a VT102 terminal, the Set-Up function is asynchronous and may be invoked
at any time without affecting the current context. On the Professional, Set-Up is
not asynchronous.
On the Professional, if two or more keys are held down, the most recently depressed key is selected for autorepeat.
D.1.5 Response of "Terminal" to Received Codes

D.1.5.1 Control Characters- The following CO (7 -bit) control characters are
processed differently in VT102 mode than on a VT102 terminal.
ETX

Ignored on the Professional.

EOT

Ignored on the Professional.

ENQ

No answerback message is generated on the Professional. On
a VT102 terminal, ENQ causes an answerback message to be
returned, if stored.

CAN

No error character is displayed on the Professional. On a VT102
terminal, CAN causes an error character to appear on the
screen.

SUB

Causes a different error character (reverse question mark) to be
displayJd on the Professional as compared to on a VT102 terminal.

On the Professional, the following C1 (8-bit) control characters sent from the
application are recognized by the Professional: IND, NEL, HTS, RI, SS2, SS3,
DCS, CSI, OSC, PM, APC, ST. The equivalent 7-bit code extensions are also
recognized.

D-4 APPENDIX D: DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES

D.1.5.2 Control Strings-A control string consists of an opening delimiter
(DCS, OSC, PM, or APC), a command string, and the string terminator (ST)
closing delimiter. A VT102 terminal does not recognize control strings: the
command strings are merely displayed on the screen and no action is taken.
On the Professional, control strings are recognized but ignored (hence are not
displayed), except for ReGIS control strings which are recognized and
processed in VT125 mode.

The opening delimiter for ReGIS control strings is DCS. DCS transmitted from
a host application is used as the introducer of ReGIS strings that are then
executed in graphics (VT125) mode on the Professional.
D.1.5.3 Control Sequences-On the Professional, control sequences may
contain as many as sixteen (16) parameters. Additional parameters are
ignored. Each parameter may have a value in the range of zero (0) to 65535.
Any value over this range is treated as the maximum value. Also, within the
context of a particular command, values which exceed the maximum values for
the command (for example 24 or 80) are treated as the contextual maximum.
D.1.5.4 Set-Up Characteristics and Mode Selection-Much of the Set-Up
functionality is different on the Professional from that on a VT102 terminal. On
the Professional, the user interface to Set-Up is provided through the P/OS
Set-Up menus for all modes and, additionally, through the
PRO/Communications Set-Up menus for terminal emulation modes. The
PRO/Communications menus handle the parameters for communications protocols. Also, Set-Up on the Professional is not asynchronous.
D.1.5.5 Scrolling-On the Professional, smooth scroll is possible only for the
entire screen. Smooth split-screen scroll is not possible. The Professional uses
jump split-screen scroll instead. Full-screen scroll affects all bitmap planes
when the extended bitmap option is being used. Jump scroll affects only the
plane that is used for text mode. No other video activity occurs while smooth
scroll is in progress. This includes blinking of the cursor or other characters.
D.1.5.6 Cursor Characteristics-On the Professional, a graphics-mode pixeloriented cursor (for example, a cross hair) appears on the screen if the most
recent data sent to the Professional was in graphics mode. A text-mode
character-cell-oriented cursor appears otherwise. The period for cursor blinking is one second (2/3 on, 1/3 off).

The Professional supports the cursor-enable (DECCEM) sequence, which is not
supported on a VT102 terminal. This sequence affects the cursor in both text
mode and graphics mode.
D.1.5.7 Character Sets and Selection-The character fonts, affecting the visual appearance of displayed characters, are different on the Professional from
those on a VT102 terminal.

APPENDIX D: DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES D-5

The 8-bit DEC Multinational Character Set is the default character set on the
Professional. This maps the ASCII Graphics set in GL (7-bit) and the DEC Supplemental Graphics set in GR (8-bit). On a VT102 terminal, the 7-bit ASCII or
U.K. set is the default set, depending on the Set-Up selection.
The Professional's graphic repertoire consists of the following three graphic
sets: ASCII Graphics, DEC Supplemental Graphics, and DEC Special Graphics
(VT100 Line Drawing). The VT102 terminal's graphic repertoire consists of the
following graphic sets: ASCII, U.K., and DEC Special Graphics.
The Professional supports the following lock shifts: LSO, LS1, LS2, LS3, LS1 R,
LS2R, LS3R. A VT102 terminal supports only the LSO (SI) and LS1 (SO) lock
shifts. Both the Professional and a VT102 terminal support the SS2 and SS3
single shifts.
By default, the Professional's graphic character sets are designated and invoked automatically as follows:
Designate

and invoke

into

ASCII Graphics

DEC Special Graphics

DEC Suppl. Graphics

The Professional allows the designation of the GO, G1, G2 and G3 character
sets. However, the default designation of G3 is unspecified.
On a VT102 terminal, GO and G1 are the only sets you can designate. You then
use SI to invoke GO into GL and SO to invoke G1 into GL. G2 and G3 can not be
designated by program control on a VT102 terminal. A VT102 terminal always
interprets G2 and G3 as the default graphic character sets. They are selected in
Set Up. You can invoke G2 and G3 for only one character at a time, using SS2
and SS3, after which you return to the previous character set. Software that
relies on the VT102's "permanent" designation of G2 and G3 may be incompatible with the Professional.
D.1.5.8 Character Attributes-Differences in character attributes are as follows:
Reverse Video
On the Professional, normal-intensity reverse-video characters are black on a
white background, and bold-intensity reverse-video characters are gray on
white. A VT102 terminal uses black on gray and black on white respectively.
Bold
On the Professional, bold (increased intensity) is not available in 132-column
mode and is ignored.

D-6 APPENDIX D: DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES

Blink
On the Professional, you can have up to 100 blink fields (a field consists of adjacent blinking character cells within a single horizontal line). If you exceed this
number, all blink fields stop blinking until the overflow condition ceases. Blinking character cells continue to blink while displaying graphics. If this is not desired, you should erase such cells before displaying graphics. The period for
character cell blinking is four thirds of a second, and the duty cycle is 50 percent. Normal-intensity characters are produced.
D.1.5.9 Printing-Differences in printing are as follows.
Printer Controller Mode

The media copy {MC) printer controller mode is implemented differently on the
Professional versus on a VT102 terminal.
On a VT102 terminal, you enter printer controller mode only if the printer is
ready. On the Professional, you always enter printer controller mode whenever
the command is issued.
On the Professional, the printer controller mode sequence turns on printer controller mode and sends CAN (1 /8) to the printer. The Professional transmits received characters, including RIS sequences, to the printer without displaying
them on the screen. All characters and character sequences except NUL,
CSI 5 i, and CSI 4 i are sent to the printer. The Professional does not insert or
delete spaces, or provide line delimiters, or select the correct printer character
set. This data path is unidirectional, and therefore an application cannot receive
data from the printer while printer controller mode is on.
Printer controller mode sequences that are used to turn that mode on or off are
not sent to the printer. AU other sequences are. To turn printer controller mode
off, you must send the above sequence exactly as indicated or its equivalent
7-bit format {ESC [ 4 i).
Printer Form Feed Mode (DECPFF)

On the Professional, no space is cleared between print screens if DECPFF is
reset {off). On a VT102 terminal, there is one additional linefeed between print
screens.
Print Screen (Text or Graphics Mode)

The DEC HCP (Hard Copy) sequence is not recognized on a VT102 terminal. In
VT102 mode, your application can use the DECHCP (Hard Copy) sequence to
print the screen contents. The DECPEX and DECPFF modes have no effect on
DECHCP. The entire screen is printed, without any spacing between print
screens. Pressing the Print Screen key has the same effect as using the
DECHCP sequence. If the printer is unavailable or busy when the DECHCP sequence is sent, the print request will still be assumed completed.

APPENDIX D: DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES D-7

If there is a possibility that the display contains graphics, a pixel-wise dump is
used rather than a character-cell-wise dump. Whenever entering graphics
mode, all text-mode lines are considered to contain a graphics image. This attribute is maintained on a line-by-line basis. It is cleared for lines which scroll off
during full-screen scroll, or for lines which are erased or scrolled off if the extended bitmap option is not installed on the Professional, or for all lines after the
Professional receives an RIS (reset to initial state) sequence. When a pixel-wise
dump to the screen is performed, all picture elements that are not turned off
(black) on the display have a corresponding black dot on the printout. A pixelwise dump of text appears very differently than a cell-wise dump of the same
text.
D.1.5.10

Reports-Differences in reports are as follows.

D.1.5.10.1 Device Status Report (DSR)-On a VT102 terminal, one of the
possible responses to a DSR printer status request indicates that the DTR
(data-terminal-ready) signal of the printer has not been on (asserted) since the
terminal was last turned on or reset. The Professional's corresponding
response is: The printer is not ready and never has been, when tested, since
the last time the Professional was booted.
D.1.5.10.2 Device Attributes (DA)-ln VT102 mode, the Professional's
response to a DA request is the same as the response of a VT102 terminal:

ESC [? 6 c
D.1.5.11 Reset-On the Professional, the reset-to-initial-state (RIS)
sequence initializes the Terminal Subsystem to default states and clears the
screen.

RIS affects the text-mode states, graphics-mode states, and keyboard. Except
for two keyboard states (Compose mode on/off, keyboard lock/unlock), RIS
affects only the states that can be set by an application. RIS has no effect on
states such as printer status or cursor block/underline, that cannot be changed
from an application. On a VT102 terminal, RIS resets all states (programmable
or not, such as "keyclick").
On the Professional, when RIS is selected, Compose mode is off and the
keyboard becomes unlocked even if it were locked by KAM or DC3.
The defaults states selected by the RIS sequences are listed in Chapter 3.
D.1.5.12 Interlace-On the Professional, your application can enable and
disable interlacing of the raster scan by specifying the DECINLM sequence.
DECINLM is not supported on a VT102 terminal.
0.1.5.13 Tests and Adjustments-The self tests initiated with the DECTST
sequence on a VT102 terminal are not supported on the Professional. However, much of this functionality (including data loop-back) is provided in the
Professional's power up diagnostics sequence.

D-8 APPENDIX D: DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES

On the Professional and on a VT102 terminal, an application can use the
DECALN sequence to display a screen alignment pattern. On the Professional,
DECALN displays rectangles on the screen. On a VT102 terminal DECALN
displays capital "E"s.
D.1.5.14 Keyboard Indicator-In VT102 mode, there is no user-loadable
LED indicator on the keyboard, and therefore there is no support for turning
one on or off. The DECLL (load LED) sequence is used on a VT102 terminal to
turn an LED indicator on or off.
D.1.6

Other Features

The bell can be disabled on the Professional.
On the Professional, any screen display will disappear (video blanking) if there
has been no activity in the Terminal Subsystem for 30 minutes.
There is no support for a 50-Hz screen refresh rate on the Professional. Only
the 60-Hz rate is supported.
There is no support for the "word processing flag" setup feature on the
Professional. This feature reverses the codes sent by the LINEFEED key and
the I\ (vertical bar, backslash) key.

D.2

VT125 MODE COMPARED WITH VT125 TERMINAL

The Professional's VT125 graphics mode implements a few VT125 features
differently. The variations result both from recent updates to the Remote
Graphics Instruction Set (ReGIS) and from differences that exist between the
Professional hardware and VT125 terminal hardware.
Default values for VT125 graphics mode on the Professional are compatible
with the default values for a VT125 terminal. However, because the Professional must provide graphics functionality for the CORE Graphics Library and
for PRO/BASIC, the variations described in the following sections can occur
when previously developed VT125 ReGIS applications execute on a Professional in VT125 graphics mode.
A VT125 terminal has a single text plane and two graphics planes. Therefore,
on the Professional, the extended bitmap option (EBO) is required to emulate a
VT125 terminal and prevent text and graphics overwriting each other. Also, due
to hardware/software environment differences, it sometimes takes longer for
the Professional to execute the same VT125 graphics function.
D.2.1

Image Distortion Factors

The Professional's 960 x 240 pixel display density provides a 2.5-to-1 pixelaspect ratio, while a VT125 terminal has a 768 x 240 pixel density resulting in a
2.0-to-1 pixel-aspect ratio. The increased density of the Professional is

APPENDIX D: DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES D-9

designed for high-resolution graphic images, rather than the medium-resolution graphics of the VT125. The following subsections describe some of the
imaging differences caused by the Professional's improved density.
D.2.1.1 Distortion Scaling-When certain screen-addressing parameters are
used with the VT125 terminal, circles (drawn using the ReGIS C command)
appear round, but squares (drawn using four equal-length arguments to the
ReGIS V command) do not appear square. Similarly, the VT125 does not
always represent angles faithfully. These inconsistencies are not reproduced in
the Professional; its circles always are round, its squares square, and its
angles correctly drawn, regardless of the screen-addressing parameters.
An image that intentionally exploits the distortion in the VT125's screenaddressing mapping is not distorted in the Professional. Note that, when using
the VT125 default screen-addressing parameters, this incompatibility does not
arise because the default screen addressing uses the entire screen area
without distortion.
D.2.1.2 Pattern Registration-Standard (predefined) VT125 patterns 7, 8,
and 9 are represented in the following table. Note that on the Professional,
these patterns are shifted left with the most significant bit set, an aid in pattern
registration. Only minor differences are expected when these patterns display
on the Professional.

D.2.2

Pattern No.

VT125
Bit Pattern

Professional
Bit Pattern

7
8
9

00100001
00011001
10000110

10000100
11001000
10000110

Shading Differences

D.2.2.1 Two New Shading Options-The Professional introduces two additional shading options: (1) shading to a vertical line (the W(S[x]) command) and
(2) shading to a point (the W(S[x,y]) command). Existing VT125 applications are
not affected because the Professional's default shading is to a horizontal line,
the VT125 terminal's only shading option.
D.2.2.2 Character Shading and Text Attributes-For shading with characters, Professional capabilities match VT125 terminal attributes with one exception. The Professional does not use the italic attribute when drawing a shaded
area with character fill. Any VT125 application using italic-attribute character fill
appears without the italics when run on the Professional. All other character-fill
options (size attributes including height, multiplier, and integral size) are
supported.
The italic effect can be achieved by loading a tilted character into a loadable
character location and then specifying that character as the fill character. This
change produces the same effect on both the Professional and the VT125
terminal.

D-iO

APPENDIX D: DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES

D.2.3

Screen-Addressing Considerations

D.2.3.1 Pixel-Aspect Ratio-When VT125 default screen addressing is used
on the Professional (768 x 480 logical pixels) some horizontal pixels are duplicated (about one in four) to produce the same VT125 picture. For applications
to take advantage of the increased resolution of the Professional (with a more
direct logical to physical pixel mapping ability), use an explicit screen addressing of 960 x600.
D.2.3.2 General Screen-Scaling Method-The Professional uses a more
general scaling algorithm than the VT125 terminal when mapping user-specified screen-addressing parameters with the physical screen. Therefore,
images might use more of the physical display area when displayed on the
Professional.
The VT125 terminal uses integral multiples or integral divisions when mapping
explicit screen-addressing parameters to physical pixels. This method can
waste a substantial portion of the display area. For example, a 1024H x 1024V
addressing scheme uses 512H x 256V logical pixels when mapped on a VT125
terminal. The same scheme uses 480H x480V logical pixels when mapped
onto the Professional. Note that the Professional does not distort the pictureasped ratio while the VT125 distorts at a 2:1 ratio.
D.2.3.3 Decimal-Fraction Support-The Professional permits the use of decimal fractions in screen-addressing parameters and coordinates while in VT125
graphics mode. Fractional digits are significant, subject to the specific image
resolution. This feature facilitates the use of the unit-square addressing (0 to 1
coordinates).
For programs designed for the VT125, previously ignored decimal portions of
screen-addressing parameters become significant on the Professional. Integer
parameter values are not affected.
D.2.3.4 Clipping Offscreen Areas-The VTi 25 terminal's memory can store
·images in a 768 x 256 physical pixel array, an area addressable with ReGIS
commands. The VT125's display provides a window that can display 768 x 240
physical pixels out of the 768 x 256 pixels; there is an extra 16 horizontal pixel
scan lines that are addressable and displayable.
In contrast, the Professional defines the addressable bitmap memory as 960 x
240 physical pixels. Areas of memory outside the vertical 240-line range are
clipped and cannot be addressed, displayed, or revealed by scrolling. With
default screen-addressing parameters, this incompatibility does not occur,
since there is no viewable screen area beyond the defined 768 x 240 physical
pixel display. Moreover, explicit screen-scrolling commands to memory areas
outside the 240-pixel vertical limit result in a display of the current background
color instead of any hidden pixel image.

APPENDIX D: DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES

D-11

D.2.3.5 Graphics Processor Memory Position Stack Size-The Professional
has a 16-position stack for storing graphics processor memory locations, as
opposed to the VT125' s 10-position stack. Note that an application using
position-stack overflow keyed to overflow on the eleventh entry can execute
incorrectly when running on the Professional. The ReGIS V(B) ... (E) and
P(B) ... (E) commands are used to perform stack manipulation.

D.2.4 Scrolling Differences
D.2.4.1 Text/Graphics Independent Scrolling-The Professional does not
permit independent scrolling of text and graphics images. Different bitmap
planes cannot scroll independently, and, with the extended bitmap (EBO)
option, a full-screen scroll affects all bitmap planes.
Although a VT125 terminal permits text and graphics to scroll separately (the
ReGIS screen (S) command), programs utilizing this VT125 feature (not recommended) do not operate correctly when run on the Professional.
D.2.4.2 No Wrap-Around Scrolling-Once a graphics image scrolls off the
Professional screen, the image is lost; it cannot be retrieved unless it is
redrawn. The Professional does not support either horizontal or vertical image
wrap-around. Although the VT125 terminal wraps around both horizontally and
vertically, wrap-around is deemed undesirable on the Professional because
text and graphics share the same bitmap.
D.2.4.3 Fixed-Origin Scrolling-The origin point of a graphics image remains
fixed to the screen in VT125 graphics mode on the Professional. The origin is
the 0,0 point defined by the ReGIS screen-addressing (S(A)) command. On a
VT125 terminal, the origin point moves with the image (fixed to the bitmap) to
take advantage of scrolling for offscreen memory.
While operating in the Professional's VT125 graphics mode, image handling
requires that the application maintain a scroll offset in order to determine
locations relative to the origin point. Note that specific screen locations on the
Professional always retain the same address and simplify the generation of
strip charts.
D.2.5 Graphics Text Variations
A ReGIS application program that explicitly specifies text size (rather than
using the text standard sizes) should be transportable between a VT125 terminal and the Professional. It is also recommended that a ReGIS position report
be solicited after drawing a long text string to determine the exact location of
the current drawing point. Otherwise, misalignment of text with some other
graphical images could result.

D-12

APPENDIX D: DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES

D.2.5.1 Color/Text/Graphics Interdependence-The Professional has three
planes of bitmap memory and an eight-bit-wide color map, allowing display of
up to eight simultaneous colors from a 256-color palette (eight levels of grayscale on monochrome monitor). However, one of the three planes usually is
dedicated for text, The VT125 provides a six-bit-wide color map with four
simultaneous colors from a 64-color palette (four levels of gray-scale on
monochrome).
On the Professional, when one plane is used for text the text display and
graphics images can be written and erased independently. Also, a text display
can be made to blink without affecting graphic images; however, independent
scrolling cannot be done.
Destructive text and graphics action can occur when full graphics capability
(eight simultaneous colors) is used. In this instance, text and graphic images
might overwrite each other and destroy the previously drawn image.

D.2.5.2 loadable Alphabets-Applications using VT125 loadable alphabets
perform appropriately on the Professional. Up to three loadable alphabets of
95 characters each are permitted. The default VT125 alphabet characters have
10 rows of eight pixels each.
Additional alphabet features are available with the Professional. A maximum of
16 different loadable alphabets is allowed, contingent on available alphabet
memory. A Professional alphabet's character count is variable, and an
alphabet set can be defined as large as the memory allowed. Character height
and width can be defined independently and can be specified in a range of one
to 16 in each dimension.

D.2.5.3 Slashed/Unslashed Zero Character-To concur with ASCII standards, the Professional's VT125 graphics mode predefined character set contains a zero character (0) without a diagonal slash mark. On a VT125 terminal,
zero characters are slashed to indicate a zero digit, rather than a capitalized
letter 0.
D.2.5.4 Display/Unit Cell Size Effect-A display cell is the rectangular screen
area in which a drawn character resides as opposed to the unit cell, which is
the rectangular screen area making up tt1e character itself. Generally display
cell size is slightly larger than unit cell size, providing a margin of space
surrounding the character and preventing characters from merging together.
When a graphics text character display cell size is significantly larger than the
cell size defined for a unit cell, the Professional's display differs from the
display on a VT125 terminal.
Figure D-1 illustrates the two different display types. This display reaction only
occurs when you specify a markedly larger display cell size in relation to unit
cell size. The Professional draws a single copy of the text character in the
upper left corner of the display cell, as shown on the left in Figure D-1. The
character is in the current unit cell size, and the rest of that display cell either
fills with the background color or remains unchanged, depending on the current writing mode.

APPENDIX D: DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES

0-13

aaaaaaaaaaaa
bbbbbbbbbbbb
cccccccccccc
dddddddddddd
eeeeeeeeeeee
ffffffffffff

999999999999
hhhhhhhhhhhh

Figure 0-1
Display/Unit-Cell Size Effect

A VT125 terminal draws as many copies of the text character at unit cell size as
needed to fill the horizontal unit-size area of the display cell. In an attempt to
complete the display cell, the VT125 terminal fills the vertical direction with
whatever adjacent characters reside in character storage. Each vertical character repeats to fill the horizontal area as shown on the right in Figure D-1 .

D.2.5.5 Specifying Unit-Cell Size-The Professional offers two methods for
specifying the size of a graphics text unit cell. The unit-cell size can be specified indirectly with the multiplier T(M) option for both terminals. However, the
Professional also permits direct specification of unit-cell size with the T(U)
command. Modification of existing applications is not necessary; however,
both the old and new methods are supported on the Professional.

D.2.5.6 Screen-Addressing Coordinates-Text-cell size on the Professional
in VT125 graphics mode is relative to current screen addressing coordinates,
while the VT125 terminal does not take current screen-addressing coordinates
into account when specifying the size of graphics text cells.
An application using explicit (non-default) screen addressing and text-cell size
produces text in proportion to the current screen addressing. The same
application on a VT125 terminal does not take screen addressing into consideration and produces text sized by the specified constant physical pixel count.

D.2.6 Screen Time Delay Differences
D.2.6.1 Fixed Tick length-On the Professional, the screen time delay
option permits you to specify a multiple of ticks with the length of each tick
fixed at 1/64 of a second, the frequency of the Professional's system clock.
The screen time delay option specifies the number of ticks to wait before
processing the next ReGIS command. For example, the command S(T16)
specifies 16 ticks, each 1/64 of a second long, resulting in a quarter-second
delay before the next command executes.
The VT125 terminal's time delay is dependent on terminal power supply (50 or
60 Hertz). An integral number of frame times (1 /50th or 1/60th seconds) is used
with the ReGIS S(T) command. Existing VT125 applications with delays specified have a slightly longer time delay for the S(T) command.

D-14

APPENDIX D: DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES

D.2.6.2 Maximum Wait Time-The Professional provides a longer maximum
screen time delay period than that of the VT125 terminal. On the Professional,
the S(T) command's tick count is stored as a word, allowing modulo 65536
interpretation and providing a maximum delay of about 17 minutes per
command.

On a VT125 terminal, the tick count is stored in a byte and is interpreted
modulo 256 for a maximum delay of about four seconds. Therefore, applications with S(T) command values larger than 255 invoke a longer delay when
running on the Professional.
D.2. 7

Report Features

0.2. 7.1 Report Error-The ReGIS instruction set on the Professional contains a report-error instruction. The VT125 terminal does not have this instruction. Applications software written for the VT125 is not affected by this added
feature.
0.2.7.2 Unimplemented Reports Response-On the Professional, a command requesting a report that is not implemented (i.e., not defined for the
specifie_d keyletter) returns a carriage-return character to indicate an empty
report. Report requests are made through the ReGIS report (R) command. On
the VT125 terminal, there is no response to a request for an unimplemented
report.
0.2.8

Non-Supported VT125 Capabilities

D.2.8.1 No VT105 Emulation-The Professional does not provide a VT105
emulation mode. A VT125 terminal can emulate the VT105.
D.2.8.2 No DECwriter Data Transfer- The Professional does not support
transfer of DECwriter descriptor data to a file on the host computer. A VT125
terminal transfers such data with the media copy (MC) command, but on the
Professional, this command is ignored.
D.2.8.3 No Additional Monitors-The Professional supports only one monitor at a time, either a monochrome or a color monitor. A VT125 terminal has
provision to support separately-controlled images on a main and an external
monitor. An application that displays two separate images on the VT125's
monitors will have these images superimposed on the Professional monitor.
0.2.8.4 Scaling "Zoom" Not Implemented-The Professional terminal hardware does not provide image scaling, also known as the "non-destructive
zoom." This effect, done with the ReGIS screen-scale (S(S)) command and a
new scaling constant, permitted enlargement (2X zoom) and shrinking of
display image.

APPENDIX D: DIFFERENCES IN EMULATED FEATURES

D-15

D.2.8.5 No Custom Writing Controls (Input Map)-Custom writing with the
ReGIS custom-writing (W(W)) command is not implemented on the Professional. Applications that use custom writing are executed in the current writing
mode, rather than in the user-specified custom writing mode.
D.2.8.6 No Concurrent Display of Graphics and ReGIS Text Mode-The
Professional does not support the simultaneous display of graphics images
with the ReGIS text that generates those images. While such a capability exists
on a VT125 terminal, the Professional, which does not permit independent
scrolling of text and graphics images, ignores requests for simultaneous
graphics/ReGIS code display. On a VT125 terminal, concurrent display is
achieved through the DCS 2 p and DCS 3 p control strings.

INDEX
Cancel
CANCEL key, 2-15
character (CAN) , 3-6
within a sequence , 3-9
Caps Lock, 2-5
Carriage return
character (CR), 3-5
RETURN key
effect of LNM sequence on, 2-13, 324
Character attributes (SGR), 3-34
Character bits
see Bits per character
Character cells, 1-2
Character sets
available on Professional, 1-14
default set, 1-14
relation to GL and GR codes, 3-4,
3-30
relation to standard keys, 2-4
selecting, 3-30
selecting (on VT102 terminal), 3-31
selecting (VT52 mode), 3-53
summary, A-1
Character, control
see Control characters
Character, graphic (display)
see Graphic characters
Code extensions (7-bit)
(for 8-bit control characters)
announcers for, 3-12
listed, 3-6
use of, 1-20, 1-23
Code tables
7-bit (ASCII), overview, 1-10
8-bit, overview, 1-12
character set summary, A-1
column/row convention, 1-10
Coding standards (text mode), 1-8
Color
see Graphics mode
Column mode (DECCOLM), 3-23
Communications, see:
Terminal emulation
Set-Up characteristics
Compose
effect of RIS, 3-46
indicator, 2-11
sequence table, 2-7
sequences, 2-6
COMPOSE CHARACTER key, 2-6
Control characters
7-bit code extensions for, 3-6
7-bit, keys used to generate, 2-13
CO, C1, definition of, 1-12
documentation convention for, 3-4
in 7- and 8-bit environments, 1-20 to
1-24, 3-12
listed, A-1
response of Professional to , 3-4
within a sequence , 3-9
Control functions
documentation convention, 2-1, 3-4
introduction to, 1-19

7-bit, 8-bit, see:
Character sets
Code table(s)
Control characters
Control functions
Graphic characters
Active screen position, 3-19
ADDTNL OPTIONS key, 2-15
Alignment, screen (DECALN), 3-48
Alternate keypad
see Keypad, auxiliary
ANSI compatibility
enter ANSI mode (DECANM), 3-51
in native mode, 1-4
in Professional mode, 1-7
in VT102 mode, 1-7
ANSI standards, 1-8
ANSI-compatible sequences
detailed, 3-12
overview, 3-8
summary list, 3-10
APC (application program command), 3-7,
3-49
Application environments
overview, 1-4
ASCII
as subset of DEC Multinational, 1-14
code table, 1-11
ASCII Graphics
character set, defined, 1-14
relation to standard keys, 2-4
selecting, 3-30
Attributes
character (SGR), 3-34
device (DA), 3-44
line (DECDHL,DECSWL,DECDWL), 3-36
Auto (key) repeat, 2-23
mode (DECARM), 3-26
Auto print (MC), 3-40
Auto print (VT52 mode), 3-57
Auto wrap mode (DECAWM), 3-23
Auto XON/XOFF, 2-22
Auxiliary keypad
see Keypad, auxiliary
Backspace
BS key (VT102 mode), 2-2, 2-15
character (BS), 2-13, 3-5
Bell, 2-24
character (BEL), 2-24, 3-5
Bitmap plane, 1-3
Bits per character, 1-10, 1-12
Blink attribute, 3-35
in text or graphics mode, C-2
Bold attribute, 3-35
BREAK key, 2-15
BS
see Backspace
CO and C1 control characters
see Control characters

1-1

1-2

INDEX

Control sequences
see Sequences, escape/control
Control strings, 3-48
CORE Graphics Library , 1-1, 1-3, 1-4
CPR (cursor position report), 3-44
CR
see Carriage return
CSI (control sequence introducer), 1-20,
3-7
CTRL key
to generate control characters, 2-15
CUB (cursor backward), 3-20
CUD (cursor down), 3-20
CUF (cursor forward), 3-20
CUP (cursor position), 3-20
Cursor
addressing (VT52 mode), 3-52
backward (CUB), left, 3-20
control keys, 2-18
down (CUD), 3-20
down (VT52 mode), 3-52
enable mode (DECCEM), 3-22
forward (CUF), right, 3-20
home position, 3-19
home position (VT52 mode), 3-52
in text or graphics mode, 3-22, C-1
key mode (DECCKM), 3-27
left (VT52 mode), 3-52
position (CUP), 3-20
position report (CPR), 3-44
positioning, 3-19
positioning (VT52 mode), 3-52
restore (DECRC), 3-22
right (VT52 mode), 3-52
save (DECSC), 3-21
underline, C-1
up (CUU), 3-20
up (VT52 mode), 3-52
CUU (cursor up), 3-20
DA (device attributes), 3-44
Data processing mode, 2-6
keys, illustrations of, B-1
DC1 (device control 1, XON) , 2-22, 3-5
DC3 (device control 3, XOFF), 2-22, 3-5
OCH (delete character), 3-38
DCS (device control string), 3-7, 3-48
Dead diacritical keys
equivalent ASCII characters, 2-13
illustrations of, B-1
use in compose sequences, 2-6
DEC Multinational
character set, defined, 1-14
characters, listed, A-1
relation to compose sequences , 2-6
relation to standard keys, 2-4
selecting, 3-30
DEC Special .Graphics
character set, defined, 1-15
relation to standard keys, 2-4
selecting, 3-30
DEC Supplemental Graphics
character set, defined, 1-14
relation to standard keys, 2-4
selecting, 3-30
DECALN (screen alignment display), 3-48
DECANM
enter ANSI mode, 3-51
enter VT52 mode, 3-51

DECARM (auto repeat mode), 2-23, 3-26
DECAWM (auto wrap mode), 3-23
DECCEM (cursor enable mode), 3-22
DECCKM (cursor key mode), 3-27
DECCOLM (column mode), 3-23
DECDHL (double-height line), 3-36
DECDWL (double-width line), 3-36
DECHCP (print screen), 3-43
DECIO (identify terminal), 3-46
DECINLM (interlace mode), 3-48
DECKPAM (keypad application mode),
3-28
DECKPNM (keypad numeric mode), 3-28
DECOM (origin mode), 3-19
DECPEX (printer extent), 3-41
DECPFF (print termination char.), 3-42
DECRC (restore cursor), 3-22
DECSC (save cursor), 3-21
DECSCLM (scroll mode), 3-18
DECSCNM (screen mode), 3-24
DECSTBM (set top/bot. margins), 3-19
DECSWL (single-width line), 3-36
DECTST (invoke confidence test), 3-11
Default
and Set-Up characteristics, 3-13
character set, 1-14
and standard keys, 2-4
output (color) map, C-2
response to character codes, 1-21
states documented, 1-4, 3- i 2
states from RIS sequence, 3-47
Delete
character (OCH), 3-38
DEL character, 3-6
line (DL), 3-39
DELETE key, 2-13
Designate graphic character set, 3-30,
3-32
Device
attributes (DA), 3-44
control 1 (DC1, XON), 2-22, 3-5
control 3 (DC3, XOFF), 2-22, 3-5
control string (DCS), 3-7, 3-48
status report (DSR), 3-43
Direct cursor address (VT52 mode), 3-52
DL (delete line), 3-39
DO key, 2-15
Double-height line (DECDHL), 3-36
Double-width line (DECDWL), 3-36
DP mode
see Data processing mode
DSR (device status report), 3-43
EBO
see Extended bitmap option
Echo
see Local echo
ED (erase in display), 3-38
Editing (OCH, IL, DL), 3-38
Editing keys, keypad
see Keypad, editing
Eight-bit, see:
Character sets
Code table(s)
Control characters
Control functions
Graphic characters
EL (erase in line), 3-37

INDEX 1-3

Emulation
see Terminal emulation
Enable/disable cursor (DECCEM), 3-22
ENQ (enquiry), 3-5
ENTER key
effect of LNM, 2-20
Erase in display (ED), 3-38
Erase in line (EL), 3-37
Erasing (VT52 mode), 3-56
Error recovery
for control functions, 3-9
Errors and bell signal, 2-24
Escape
character (ESC), 1-19, 2-13, 3-6
within a sequence, 3-9
ESC key (VT102 mode), 2-2, 2-15
sequence
see Sequences, escape/control
EXIT key, 2-15
Extended bitmap option (EBO), 1-3, C-2,
D-8

Index
IND, 3-6, 3-21
reverse (RI), 3-6, 3-21
Indicator
Compose, 2-11
Hold Screen, 2-15
Lock, 2-5
Wait, 2-22, 3-25
Input (color) map
see Graphics mode
INSERT HERE key, 2-17
Insert line (IL), 3-39
Insertion-replacement mode (IRM), 3-39
Interlace mode (DECINLM), 3-46
INTERRUPT key, 2-15
Invoke graphic character set, 3-30, 3-33
IRM (insertion-replacement mode), 3-39
ISO standards, 1-8

Features
see Set-Up characteristics
FF (form feed), 3-5
FIND key, 2-17
Function keys
see Keys

KAM (keyboard action mode), 2-22, 3-25
Keyboard
action mode (KAM), 2-22, 3-25
default states (effect of RIS), 3-46
effect of changing, 2-24
illustrations, B-1
lock/unlock, 2-22, 3-25, 3-46
Keyclick, 2-22
Keypad, auxiliary
application mode (DECKPAM), 3-28
application mode (VT52 mode), 3-53
effect on cursor key codes, 3-27
key codes, ANSl/VT52, 2-20
numeric mode (DECKPNM), 3-28
numeric mode (VT52 mode), 3-53
Keypad, editing
cursor key codes, ANSl/VT52, 2-18
cursor key mode (DECCKM), 3-27
editing key codes, 2-17
Keys
auxiliary keypad, 2-19
compose sequences, 2-6
cursor control, 2-18
effect of DECKPAM/DECKPNM, 3-27
dead diacritical, 2-6, B- i
editing keypad, 2-7
function
and P/OS, 2-15
documentation convention, 2-1
invalid and bell signal, 2-24
names of key groupings, 2-3
office/data-processing modes, 2-6, B-1
standard, 2-4
to generate control characters, 2-13
to restore screen, 2-24
top row function, 2-15
used in various modes of operation,
2-2

GO, G1, G2, G3, 3-30 to 3-34
GL and GR graphic characters
see Graphic characters
Graphic characters
composed, 2-6
definition of, 1-10
GL, GR characters defined, 1-12
in 7- and 8-bit environments, 1-21, 1-24
listed, A-1
relation to standard keys, 2-4
response of Professional to, 3-4
Graphics mode
color, 1-3, C-2, D-12, D-14
compared to text mode, 1-2
cursor, 3-22, C-1
effect of RIS, 3-46
in native mode, 1-4
in terminal emulation, 1-8, D-8
mixing text and graphics, 1-2, C-1,
D-12
output map
default state, 3-46, C-2
HELP key, 2-15
Hold Screen indicator, 2-15
HOLD SCREEN key, 2-15
Home position, 3- i 9
VT52 mode, 3-52
HT (horizontal tabulation)
see Tabulation
HTS (horizontal tab set)
see Tabulation
HVP (horiz./vert. position), 3-20
Identify
terminal (DECIO), 3-46
terminal (VT52 mode), 3-58
IL (insert line), 3-39

Jump scroll
see Scrolling

LF
see Linefeed
Line
attributes, 3-36
delete (DL), 3-39
double height (DECDHL), 3-36
double-width (DECDWL), 3-36

1-4 INDEX

erase in (EL), 3-37
insert (IL), 3-39
next (NEL), 3-6, 3-21
single width (DECSWL), 3-36
Line characteristics
see Set-Up characteristics
Linefeed
/new line mode (LNM), 3-24
character (LF), 2-13, 3-5, 3-24
LF l<ey (VT102 mode), 2-2, 2-15
reverse (VT52 mode), 3-53
LNM
see Linefeed/new line mode
Local echo (SRM sequence), 3-26
Lock indicator, 2-5
LOCK key, 2-5
Lock shift control functions
LSO (SI), LS1 (SO), 3-5, 3-33
LS2, LS3, LS1R, LS2R, LS3R,3-33
Lock/unlock keyboard, 2-22, 3-25, 3-46
MAIN SCREEN key, 2-15
Margin
margin bell, 2-24
set top/bottom margin (DECSTBM),
3-19
MC (media copy), 3-40
Mode selection (SM, RM) sequences
and Set-Up characteristics, 3-13
ANSI-standardized, 3-17
DEC-private, 3-17
in VT52 mode, 3-51
Native mode
definition of, 1-4
NEL (next line), 3-6, 3-21
New line mode
see Linefeed/new line mode
Next line (NEL), 3-6, 3-21
NEXT SCREEN key, 2-17
NUL (null), 3-5
Numeric keypad
see Keypad, auxiliary
Office mode, 2-5
keys, illustrations of, B- i
Operating system command (OSC), 3-7,
3-49
Origin mode (DECOM), 3-19
OSC (operating system command), 3-7,
3-49
Output (color) map
see Graphics mode
P/OS Set-Up characteristics
see Set-Up characteristics, P/OS
Parameters
in mode selection sequences, 3-14
Pixels, 1-2
PM (privacy message), 3-7, 3-49
PREV SCREEN key, 2-17
Print
cursor line (MC), 3-41
cursor line (VT52 mode) , 3-56
screen (DECHCP), 3-42
screen (MC), 3-41
screen (VT52 mode), 3-57
termination character (DECPFF), 3-42

PRINT SCREEN key, 2-15, 3-40
Printer
controller (VT52 mode), 3-57
controller mode (MC), 3-40
effect on RIS , 3-46
extent (DECPEX), 3-41
form feed mode (DECPFF) , 3-42
status report (DSR), 3-43
Printing, 3-40
text or graphics, 1-2, 3-42, C-2
VT52 mode, 3-56
Privacy message (PM), 3-7, 3-49
PRO/BASIC, 1-1, 1-3, 1-4
PRO/Communications, see:
Terminal emulation
Set-Up characteristics
Professional mode
see Terminal emulation
ReGIS, H, 1-8, 3-50
REMOVE key, 2-17
Repeat
see Auto (key) repeat
Reports
DSR, CPR, DA, DECIO, 3-43
VT52 mode, 3-57
Reset
mode (RM), 3-14
terminal emulator, 3- i 2, 3-46
to initial state (R IS), 3-46
Restore cursor (DECRC), 3-22
RESUME key, 2-15
RETURN key
see Carriage return
Reverse
index (RI), 3-6, 3-21
linefeed (VT52 mode), 3-53
video (character basis) , 3-35
video (full screen, DECSCNM), 3-23
RI (reverse index), 3-6, 3-21
RIS (reset to initial state), 3-46
RM (reset mode), 3-14
Save cursor (DECSC), 3-21
Screen
alignment (DECALN), 3-48
blanking, 2-24
mode (DECSCNM), 3-24
width (DECCOLM), 3-23
Scrolling
graphics considerations, C-2, D-11
region (DECSTBM), 3- i 8
scroll mode (DECSCLM), 3-18
SCS (select character set), 3-32
Select graphic rendition (SGR), 3-35
SELECT key, 2-17
Send-receive mode (SRM), 3-27
Sequences, escape and control
ANSI-compatible, detailed, 3-12
ANSI-compatible, summary, 3-10
overview, 1-19, 3-8
VT52-compatible, detailed, 3-51
VT52-compatible, summary, 3-12
Set mode (SM), 3-14
Set top/bottom margins (DECSTBM),
3-19
Set-Up characteristics
and mode selection sequences
Overview, 1-4, 1-7, 3-13
comparison table, 3-15

INDEX 1-5

SET-UP key. 2-15
to unlock keyboard, 2-23
Seven-bit, see:
Character sets
Code table(s)
Control characters
Control functions
Graphic characters
SGR (select graphic rendition). 3-35
Shift in/out (SI, SO) , 3-5, 3-33
SHIFT key, 2-5
Shift-lock, 2-5
SI (shift in) , 3-5, 3-33
Single shift control functions
SS2, SS3, 3-6, 3-34
Single-width line (DECSWL), 3-36
SM (set mode), 3-14
Smooth scroll
see Scrolling
SO (shift out). 3-5. 3-33
Special Characters/line Drawing
see DEC Special Graphics
SRM (send-receive mode). 3-27
SS2 (single shift G2). 3-6. 3-34
SS3 (single shift G3), 3-6, 3-34
ST (string terminator), 3-7. 3-49
Standard keys. 2-4
Standards. coding, 1-8
SUB (substitute). 3-6
within a sequence. 3-9
Supplemental Graphics
see DEC Supplemental Graphics
TAB key
see Tabulation
Tabulation
horizontal tab (HT). 2-13, 3-5
horizontal tab set (HTS), 3-6, 3-37
TAB key; 2-13
tabulation clear (TBC), 3-37
vertical tab (VT), 3-5
TBC (tabulation clear), 3-37
Terminal driver . 1-4
Terminal emulation
and 7- or 8-bit codes. 1-21, 3-13
overview. 1-4, 1-5
Keys used in, 2-2
Professional mode
definition of, ·1-7
reset emulator, 3-46
Set-Up characteristics,
See Set-Up characteristics
VT102 mode
compared to VT102 terminal, D-1
definition of. 1-7
relation to Professional mode, i-7

VT125 mode
compared to VT125 terminal, 1-3,
D-8
definition of , 1-8
mixing text and graphics, C-1
ReGIS, 1-1, 1-8. 3-50
VT52 mode
see VT52 mode
Tests and adjustments
DECALN, 3-48
DECTST, 3-11
Text and graphics, mixed, 1-2, C-1, 0-12
Text mode
ANSI compatibility
in native mode, 1-4
in Professional mode, 1-7
in VT102 mode, 1-7
compared to graphics mode , 1-2
cursor, 3-22, C-1
description of, 1-8
Underline
attribute, 3-35
cursor, C-1
Vertical tabulation (VT), 3-5
VT100 Line Drawing character set
see DEC Special Graphics
VT102 mode
see Terminal emulation
VT102 terminal
character set selection , 3-31
compared to VT102 mode, D-1
VT125 mode
see Terminal emulation
VT125 terminal
compared to VT125 mode, 1-3, D-8
VT52 Graphics Mode character set, 3-53
VT52 mode
auxiliary keypad codes, 2-20, 3-53
character set selection . 3-53
cursor addressing , 3-52
cursor control key codes. 2-18
cursor positioning, 3-52
DECANM (enter VT52 mode), 3-8, 3-51
definition of , 1-7
erasing , 3-56
printing, 3-56
relation to VT102 mode, 1-7
reports, 3-56
Set-Up features, mode selection, 3-51
VT52-compatible sequences
detailed, 3-51
overview, 3-8
summary list, 3-12
Wait indicator, 2-22, 3-25
XON/XOFF enable/disable , 2-22

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Professional 300 Series
Developer's Tool Kit
Terminal Subsystem Manual
Order No. AA-N623B-TK

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