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MACRO ASSEMBLER
REFERENCE MANUAL
AA-C780C-TB
April 1978
This document describes the language elements
of the MACRO-10 Assembler for the DECsystem-10.

SUPERSESSION/UPDATE INFORMATION:

This document supersedes the document
of the same name, Order No. DEC-10-LMCOA-B-D,
published July 1977

OPERATING SYSTEM AND VERSION:

TOPS-10, Version 6.03

SOFTWARE VERSION:

MACRO-10, Version 53

To order additional copies of this document, contact the Software Distribution
Center, Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts 01754

digital equipment corporation · maynard, massachusetts

First printing,
April
Revised,
August
Revised,
June
Revised,
October
Revised,
August
Rev ised,
April
Revised,
November
Revised,
July
Revised,
April

1967
1967
1969
1969
1970
1972
1974
1977
1978

The information in this document is subject to change without notice
and should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment
Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility
for any errors that may appear in this document.
The software described in this document is furnished under a license
and may only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of such
license.
No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on
equipment that is not supplied by DIGITAL or its affiliated companies.

The postage-prepaid READER'S COMMENTS form on the last page of this
document requests the user's critical evaluation to assist us in preparing future documentation.
The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:

DIGITAL
DEC
PDP
DECUS
UNIBUS
COMPUTER LABS
COMTEX
DDT
DECCOMM

DECsystem-lO
DECtape
DIBOL
EDUSYSTEM
FLIP CHIP
FOCAL
INDAC
LAB-8
DECSYSTEM-20

MASSBUS
OMNIBUS
OS/8
PHA
RSTS
RSX
TYPESET-8
TYPESET-II

CONTENTS

Page
ix

PREFACE
CHAPTER

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION TO MACRO

1-1

1.1
1. 2
1.3

HOW THE ASSEMBLER OPERATES
ADDRESSES AND MEMORY
RELOCATABLE ADDRESSES

1-2
1-3
1-3

ELEMENTS OF MACRO

2-1

2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
2.2.7
2.2.8
2.3
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.2.1
2.4.2.2
2.4.3
2 '.4.4
2.4.5
2.4.5.1
2.4.5.2
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
2.5.4.1
2.5.4.2

2-2
2-2
2-2
2-2
2-3
2-3
2-4
2-6
2-6
2-6
2-7
2-9
2-9
2-10
2-10
2-11
2-11
2-12
2-12
2-12
2-12
2-13
2-13
2-13
2-14
2-14
2-14

2.6

SPECIAL CHARACTERS
NUMBERS
'
Integers
Radix
Adding Zeros to Integers in Source Code
Fixed-Point Decimal Numbers
Floating-Point Decimal Numbers
Binary Shifting
Underscore Shifting
Querying the Position of a Bit Pattern
LITERALS
SYMBOLS
Selecting Valid Symbols
Defining Symbols
Defining Labels
Direct Assignments
Variable Symbols
Using Symbols
Symbol Attributes
Local Symbols
Global Symbols
EXPRESSIONS
Arithmetic Expressions
Logical Expressions
Polish (Complex) Expressions
Evaluating Expressions
Hierarchy of Operations
Evaluating Expressions with Relocatable
Values
MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS

PSEUDO-OPS

3-1

ARRAY
ASCII
ASCIZ
.ASSIGN
ASUPPRESS

3-2
3-3
3-4
3-6
3-7

iii

2-15
2-16

CONTENTS (CaNT.)

Page
CHAPTER 3

PSEUDO-OPS (CaNT. )
3-8
3-9
3 .... 10
3-11
3-12
3-13
3-14
3-15
3-16
3-17
3-18
3-19
3-20
3-21
3-22
3-23
3-24
3-25
3-27
3-28
3-29
3-30
3-31
3-32
3-33
3-34
3-35
3-37
3-38
3-39
3-40
3-41
3-42
3-43
3-44
3-45
3-46
3-47
3-48
3-49
3-50
3-51
3-52
3-53
3-54
3-55
3-56
3-57
3-59
3-60
3-61
3-62
3-63
3-64

BLOCK
BYTE
COMMENT
.COMMON
.CREF
DEC
DEFINE
DEPHASE
.DIRECTIVE
END
.ENDPS
ENTRY
EXP
EXTERN
. HWFRMT
. IF
.IFN
IFx group
INTEGER
INTERN
IOWD
IRP
IRPC
LALL
.LINK
LIST
LIT
.LNKEND
LCJC

.MFRMT
MLOFF
MLON
.NODDT
NOSYM
OCT
OPDEF
.ORG
PAGE
PASS2
PHASE
POP-IT
PRGEND
PRINTX
.PSECT
PURGE
RADIX
RADIX50
RELOC
REMARK
REPEAT
.REQUEST
.REQUIRE
SALL
SEARCH

CONTENTS

(CONT.)

Page
PSEUDO-OPS

CHAPTER 3

(CONT.)

3-65
3-66
3-67
3-68
3-69
3-70
3-71
3-72
3-73
3-74
3-75
3-77
3-78
3-79
3-80
3-81
3-82
3-83

SIXBIT
SQUOZE
STOPI
SUBTTL
SUPPRESS
SYN
TAPE
.TEXT
TITLE
TWOSEG
UNIVERSAL
VAR
XALL
.XCREF
XLIST
XPUNGE
XWD
Z

CHAPTER

MACRO STATEMENTS AND STATEMENT PROCESSING

4-1

4. 1
4. 2

4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7

LABELS
OPERATORS
OPERANDS
COMMENTS
STATEMENT PROCESSING
ASSIGNING ADDRESSES
MACHINE INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS AND FORMATS

4-1
4-2
4-2
4-2
4-3
4-3

4.7.1
4.7.2
4.7.3
4.7.4

Primary Instructions
Mnemonics With Implicit Accumulators
Input/Output Instructions
Extended Instructions

4-6
4-6
4-7

USING MACROS

5-1

5.1
5.2

DEFINING MACROS
CALLING MACROS

5-1
5-2
5-4
5-4
5-6
5-6
5-8
5-8
5-9
5-9
5-10

5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.3

5.4
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2

5.6
5.7

CHAPTER

4-4
4-4

Macro Call Format
Quoting Characters in Arguments
Listing of Called Macros
NESTING MACRO DEFINITIONS
CONCATENATING ARGUMENTS
DEFAULT ARGUMENTS AND CREATED SYMBOLS

Specifying Default Values
Created Symbols
INDEFINITE REPETITION
ALTERNATE INTERPRETATIONS OF CHARACTERS
PASSED TO MACROS

5-11

ASSEMBLER OUTPUT

6-1

6.1
6.2
6.3

THE PROGRAM LISTING FILE
THE BINARY PROGRAM FILE
THE UNIVERSAL FILE

6-1
6-5
6-5

CONTENTS

(CONT.)

Page
CHAPTER

USING THE ASSEMBLER

7-1

CHAPTER

ERRORS AND MESSAGES

8-1

8.1
8.2
8.3

INFORMATIONAL MESSAGES
SINGLE-CHARACTER ERROR CODES
MCRxxx MESSAGES

8-1
8-3
8-7

PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS

9-1

9.1
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
9.2
9.3

PROGRAM SEGMENTATION
Single-Segment Programs
Two-Segment Programs
Programs With PSECTs
UNIVERSAL FILES
CONDITIONAL ASSEMBLY

9-1
9-1
9-2
9-3

APPENDIX A

MACRO CHARACTER SETS

A-I

APPENDIX B

MACRO SPECIAL CHARACTERS

B-1

APPENDIX C

MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS

C-l

MACHINE INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS
I/O INSTRUCTION AND DEVICE CODE MNEMONICS
KLIO EXTEND INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS
JRST AND JFCL MNEMONICS
DECsystem-lO MONITOR CALL MNEMONICS
F40 UUO MNEMONICS

C-l
C-6
C-9
C-IO
C-ll
C-14

APPENDIX D

PROGRAM EXAMPLES

D-l

APPENDIX E

PSEUDO-OPS FOR PROGRAM COMPATIBILITY

E-l

CHAPTER

C.l

C.2
C.3
C.4
C.5
C.6

HISEG
RIM
RIMIO
RIMIOB
APPENDIX F

9-4
9-5

E-2
E-3
E-4
E-5

STORAGE ALLOCATION

INDEX

F-l
Index-l

CONTENTS (CONT.)

Page

TABLES
TABLE

7-1
8-1
8-2
8-3

A-I
B-1

C..,.l

C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
C-6
C-7
C-8
C-9

C-IO

MACRO Switch Options
MACRO Informational Messages
MACRO Single-Character Error Codes
MCRxxx Messages
MACRO Character Sets
Interpretations of Special Characters
Machine Instruction Mnemonics
I/O Instruction Mnemonics
I/O Device Code Mnemonics
KLIO EXTEND Instruction Mnemonics
JRST and JFCL Mnemonics
DECsystem-lO Monitor Calls
DECsystem-lO CALLI Mnemonics
DECsystem-lO TTCALL Mnemonics
DECsystem-IO MTAPE Mnemonics
F40 UUO Mnemonics

vii

7-3
8-2
8-4
8-8

A-I

B-2
C-2
C-6
C-7
C-9

C-IO
C-ll
C-12
C-13
C-13
C-14

PREFACE

This manual is a reference for the programmer with some
assemblers and assembly languages.

knowledge

Using the MACRO
assembler
effectively
involves
usinq
other
DECsystem-IO facilities:
the monitor (TOPS-IO), the LINK program, the
CREF program, a debugging program, a text editor (SOS or TECO), and
machine language. Therefore the following DECsystem-IO documents will
prove useful:
Operating System Commands
AA-0916C-TB
Monitor Calls
AA-0974C-TB
LINK Reference Manual
AA-0988C-TB
SOS User's Guide
DEC-lO-USOSA-A-D
Introduction to TECO
DEC-lO-UTECA-A-D
DDT Dynamic Debugging Techique
DEC-IO-UDDTA-A-D
GALAXY Batch Reference Manual
DEC-IO-OGBRA-A-DNI
Hardware Reference Manual
EK-IO/20-HR-OOI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO MACRO

MACRO is the symbolic assembler program for the DECsystem-lO.
The
assembler reads a file of MACRO statements and composes relocatable
binary machine instruction code suitable for loading by LINK, the
system's linking loader.
MACRO is a statement-oriented language; statements are in free format
and are processed in two passes.
In processing statements, the
assembler:
1.

Interprets machine instruction mnemonics

Accepts symbol definitions

Interprets symbols

Interprets pseudo-ops

Accepts macro definitions

Expands macros on call

Assigns memory addresses

Generates a relocatable binary program file ( . REL
input to LINK

Generates a program listing file showing source statements,
the corresponding binary code, and any errors found

10.

Generates a UNIVERSAL file that
assemblies

can

searched

file)

for

other

In addition to translating machine
instruction
mnemonics
and
special-purpose operators called pseudo-ops, MACRO allows you to
create your own language elements, called macros.
In this way you can
tailor the assembler's functions for each program.
Since the assembler is device independent, you can use any peripheral
devices for input and output files.
For example, you can use a
terminal for your source program input, a line printer for your
program listing output, and a disk for your binary program output.
MACRO programs must
input/output services.

use
the
monitor
for
device-independent
(See the Monitor Salls manual.)

1 ... 1

INTRODUCTION TO MACRO
NOTES
The following conventions
throughout this manual:

1.1

are

used

All numbers in the examples are
octal unless otherwise indicated.

All numbers in the text are
unless otherwise indicated.

The name of the assembler, MACRO,
appears
in
uppercase
letters;
references to user-defined macros
appear in lowercase letters.

Examples sometimes show the code
generated
as it appears in the
program listing file. This file is
described in Section 6.1.

decimal

HOW THE ASSEMBLER OPERATES

MACRO is a 2-pass assembler; it reads your source program twice.
On
Pass 1, some symbolic addresses will not be resolved, if they refer to
parts of the program not yet read.
These symbolic references are
entered in the symbol table and will be resolved on Pass 2.
The main purpose of Pass 1 is to build symbol tables
rudimentary assembly of each source statement.

and

make

The first task of Pass 1 is initializing all impure data areas that
MACRO uses (internally) for assembly. This area includes all dynamic
storage areas and all buffer areas.
MACRO then reads a command string into memory.
This command string
contains specifications for the files to be used during assembly.
After scanning the command string for proper syntax, MACRO initializes
the specified output files.
As assembly begins, MACRO initiates a routine that retrieves source
lines from the proper input file.
If no such file is currently open,
MACRO opens the next input file specified in the command string.
Source lines are assembled as they are retrieved from input files.
Assembly Pass 2 performs the same steps as Pass 1.
However, during
Pass 2 MACRO writes the object code to the binary (and usually
relocatable) output file;
it also generates the program listing file,
followed by the symbol table listing for the program.
MACRO can also generate a cross-referenced symbol table.

(See Chapter

6. )

During Pass 2 MACRO also flags erroneous source statements with
single-character error codes.
(See Chapter 7.) These error codes
appear in the program listing file.

1-2

INTRODUCTION TO MACRO
The relocatable binary object file created during Pass 2 contains all
binary code generated; this code is in a form suitable for loading by
the LINK program.
(See the LINK Reference Manual.)
MACRO processes relocation counters on both passes.
If a labeled
statement has a different relocation value on the second pass, MACRO
generates a phase error.

1.2

ADDRESSES AND MEMORY

The address space of a DECsystem-lO program consists of 256K
(IK
1024 words), each word having 36 bits. Since the total number of
storage locations is 2 to the 18th power, the address of a location
can be expressed in 18 bits, or one halfword.
The left halfword of a storage location is bits 0 to
halfword is bits 18 to 35.

1.3

17;

the

right

RELOCATABLE ADDRESSES

Normally the binary program generated by MACRO is relocatable.
This
means that when the program is loaded for execution, it can be loaded
anywhere in physical memory.
(The address for loading is selected at
load time, and depends on what has already been loaded.)
Unless you specify otherwise, MACRO assembles your binary program
beginning with address 0 (400000 for high-segment code). References
to addresses within your program are therefore relative to 0 (400000
for the high segment), and must be changed at loading time. LINK does
this by adding the load address to all such relative addresses,
resolving them to absolute addresses.
For programs assembled with multiple PSECT counters, each PSECT begins
with the celative address O. At load time, each PSECT has its own
relocation constant; PSECT origins must be selected carefully to
avoid overlapping of PSECTs in memory.

1-3

CHAPTER 2
ELEMENTS OF MACRO

The character set recognized in MACRO statements includes all ASCII
alphanumeric characters and 28 special characters (ASCII 040 through
137).
Lowercase letters
(ASCII 141 through 172)
are
treated
internally as uppercase letters (ASCII 101 through 132).
MACRO also recognizes seven ASCII control codes:
horizontal tab
(011), linefeed
(012), vertical tab (013), formfeed (014), carriagereturn (015), CTRL/underscore (037), and CTRL/Z (032).
MACRO accepts any ASCII character in quoted text, or as text arguments
to the ASCII and ASCIZ pseudo-ops.
NOTES
1.

The
line-continuation
character
(CTRL/_) is always effective.

Delimiters for certain pseudo-ops
(such as ASCII, ASCIZ, and COMMENT)
can be any nonblank, nontab ASCII
character.

Characters and their codes are listed in Appendix A.
A MACRO program consists of statements made up of
elements. Separated into general types, these are:
1.

Special characters

Numbers

Literals

Symbols

Expressions

MACRO-defined mnemonics

Pseudo-ops

Macros

MACRO

The format of a MACRO statement is discussed in Chapter 4.

2-1

language

ELEMENTS OF MACRO
2.1

SPECIAL CHARACTERS

Characters and combinations that have special interpretations in MACRO
are listed in Appendix S. These interpretations apply only in the
contexts described.
In particular, they do not apply within comment
fields or text strings.

2.2

NUMBERS

The two properties of numbers that are important to MACRO are:
1.

In what radix (base) the number is given

How the number should be placed in memory

You can control the interpretation' of these properties
pseudo-ops or special characters to indicate your choices.

2.2.1

using

Integers

MACRO stores an integer in its binary form, right justified in bits 1
to 35 of its storage word.
If you use a sign, place it immediately
before the integer.
(If you omit the sign, the integer is assumed
positive.)
For a negative integer, MACRO first forms its absolute
value in bits 1 to 35, then takes its two's complement.
Therefore a
positive integer is stored with a in bit 0, while a negative integer
has 1 in bit o.
The largest integer that MACRO can store is 377777 777777
the smallest (most negative) is 400000 000000 (octal).

2•2•2

(octal);

Ra d i x'

The initial implicit radix for a MACRO program is octal (base 8). The
integers you use in your program will be interpreted as octal unless
you indicate otherwise.
You can change the radix to any base from 2 to 10 by using the RADIX
pseudO-OPe
(See the pseudo-op RADIX in Chapter 3.) The new radix
will remain in effect until you change it.
without changing the prevailing radix, you can write a particular
expression in binary, octal, or decimal.
To do this, prefix the
integer with AS for binary,
for octal, or
for decimal.
The
indicated radix applies only to the single integer immediately
following it.

2-2

ELEMENTS OF MACRO
NOTES
1.

A single-digit number is
always
interpreted as radix 10. Thus 9 is
seen as dec imal' 9, even if the
current radix is 8.

In the notations for . . B, "'D, and "'0,
the up-arrow in the text indicates
the up-arrow character, not
the
CONTROL character.

For example, suppose the current radix is 8.
decimal number 23 as:
27

octal (current radix)

"'D23

decimal

"'BIOlll

binary

Then you can

write

the

But you cannot write decimal 23 as . . D45-22 since the "'0 applies only
to the first number, 45; the 22 is octal. However, you can write
decimal 23 as "'D<45-22>.

2.2.3

Adding Zeros to Integers in Source Code

You can add zeros to an integer (multiply it by a
program by suffixing K, M, or G to it.
K adds 3 zeros
M adds 6 zeros
G adds 9 zeros

(K
(M

constant)

your

"kilo-", thousands)
"mega-", millions)
"giga-", billions)

These zeros are suffixed before any conversion, so that in radix 10,
5K means 5000 decimal;
in radix 8, 5K means 5000 octal, or 2560
decimal.

2.2.4

Fixed-Point Oecimal Numbers

To indicate a fixed-point decimal number, prefix it with "'F, include a
decimal point wherever you wish, and suffix Bn to show that you want
to place the "assumed point" after bit n in the storage word. If you
omit the decimal point, MACRO assumes that it follows the last digit.
If you omit the Bn, MACRO assumes B35.
To handle the number, MACRO forms the integer part in a fullword
register, and the fractional part in another fullword register.
It
then places the integer part (right justified) in bits 1 to n (n is
from your Bn) of a binary word, and the fractional part (left
justified) in the remaining bits. The integer part is truncated at
the left, and the fractional part at the right. Bit a shows the sign
of the number.

2-3

ELEMENTS OF MACRO
For example,

is formed in two registers as

000000 000173

(integer part, right justified)

346314 631462

(fractional part, left justified)

Since the Bn operator sets the assumed point after bit 8, the integer
part is placed in bits 1 to 8, and the fractional part in bits 9 to
35.
(The sign bit a is 0, showing a positive number.)
Truncation is
on the left and right, respectively, giving
173 346 314631

assumed point
You can show a fixed-point decimal number as negative by placing a
minus sign before the F . The absolute value of the negative number
is formed in two registers as a positive number,
then
two's
complemented.
This complementing sets bit a to 1, showing that the
number is negative.
A

NOTE
The binary number resulting from
does
not show where the assumed point should
be. You must keep track of this through
your own programming conventions.
Examples:

2.2.5

000000

000173

346314

631462

777777

777604

431463

--F123.45B17

431463

146316

--F123.45B-1

-F123.45B-1

Floating-Point Decimal Numbers

In your program, a floating-point decimal number is a string of digits
with a leading, trailing, or embedded decimal point and an optional
leading sign. MACRO recognizes this as a mixed number in radix 10.
MACRO forms a floating-point decimal number with the sign in bit 0, a
binary exponent in bits 1 to 8, and a normalized binary fraction in
bits 9 to 35.
The normalized fraction can be viewed as follows:
its numerator is
the binary number in bits 9 to 35, whose value is less than 2 to the
28th power, but greater than or equal to 2 to the 27th power.
Its
denominator is 2 to the 28th power, so that the value of the fraction
is always less than 1, but greater than or equal to O.
(This value is
a only if the entire stored number is 0.)

2-4

ELEMENTS OF MACRO
The binary exponent is incremented
t6 127 are represented as a to 255.

so that exponents from

-128

For a negative floating-point decimal number, MACRO first
forms
its
absolute value as a positive number, then takes the two's complement
of the entire word.
Examples:
The floating-point number 17. generates the binary

10 000 101

100 010 000 000 000 000 000 000 000

where bit a shows the positive sign, bits 1 to 8 show the binary
exponent,
and bits 9 to 35 show the proper binary fraction.
The
binary exponent is 133 (decimal), which after subtracting the added
128 gives 5.
The fraction is equal to 0.53125 decimal.
And 0.53125
times 2 to the 5th power is 17, which is the number given.
Similarly, 153. generates

10 001 000

while -153.
1

100 110 010 000 000 000 000 000 000

generates

01 110 I I I

all 001 110 000 000 000 000 000 000

These two examples show that a negative number is two's complemented.
Notice that since the binary fraction for a negative number always has
some nonzero bits, the exponent field (taken by itself) appears to be
one's complemented.
As in FORTRAN, you can write a floating-point decimal number with a
suffixed E±n, and the number will be multiplied by 10 to the ±nth
power.
If the sign is missing, n is assumed positive.
Examples:
2840000.

can be written

284.E+4

2840000.

can be written

.284E7

.0000284

can be written

.284E-4

.0000284

can be written

284.E-7

Using this E notation with an
integer
(no decimal point)
is not
allowed, and causes an error.
Therefore you can use 284.E4, but 284E4
is illegal.
NOTE
MACRO's algorithm for
handling numbers
given
with
the E notation is not
identical to FORTRAN's.
The
binary
values generated by the two translators
may differ in the lowest order bits.

2-5

ELEMENTS OF MACRO
2.2.6

Binary Shifting

Binary shifting of a number with Bn sets the location of the rightmost
bit at bit n in the storage word, where n is a decimal integer. The
shift takes place after the binary number is formed. Any bits shifted
outside the range (bits a to 35) of the storage word are lost.
For example, here are some numbers with their
given in octal:

2.2.7

300000

000000

042000

000001

000000

lE17

400000

000000

lBO

777777

-lB35

000000

000001

lB35

000000

777777

-lB35

binary

representations

Underscore Shifting

You can also shift a number by using the underscore operator.
(On
some terminals this is a left-arrow.)
If V is an expression with
value n, suffixing _V to a number shifts it n bits to the left.
(If n
is negative, the shift is to the right.)
In an expression of the form W_V, Wand V can be any expressions
including symbols.
The binary value of W is formed in a register, V
is evaluated, and the binary of W is shifted V bits when placed in
storage.
NOTE
An expression such as -3.75E4_-DI8 is
legal,
but
the shift occurs after
conversion to floating-point
decimal
storage format.
Therefore the sign,
exponent, and fraction fields are all
shifted away from their usual locations.
This is true also for other storage
formats.

2.2.8

Querying the Position of a Bit Pattern

You can query the position of a bit pattern by prefixing
(up-arrow
L)
to an expression. This generates the number of leading zeros in
the binary value of the expression.
generates 36 decimal.)

2-6

ELEMENTS OF MACRO
For example, suppose the current radix is 10.
"'L153

generates

"'L153.

generates

. . L-153

generates

"'L-153.

generates

Then

(29 decimal)

In the first example, '"'L153 generates 29 (decimal) because the
representation of 153 decimal has its leftmost 1 in bit 28:

binary

000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 010 all 001
is

In both of the last two examples, L-1 5 3 and '"'L-153. generate O.
is because a negative number in any format sets bit a to 1.

This

But in the second example, the binary
floating-point format (see Section 2.2.5),

form

153.

010 001 000 100 110 010 000 000 000 000 000 000
and its leftmost 1 is in bit 1.
A

2.3

LITERALS

A literal is a character string within square brackets inserted in
your source code.
MACRO stores the code generated by the enclosed
string in a literal pool beginning with the first available literal
storage location, and places the address of this location in place of
the literal. The literal pool is normally at the end of the binary
program.
(See the pseudo-op LIT in Chapter 3.)
The statements
135 01 0 00 002916'

LDB T1,CPOINT 6,.JBVER,17J
LIT

22 06 0 00 000137

are equivalent to
135 01 0 00 002020'

LDB T:L,PLACE

22 06 0 00 000137

A literal can also be used to generate a constant:
PUSH 17,[OJ

;Generate zero fullword

MOVE L,[3,,:LJ

; Gene rate a we) T'd with 3 :i. n
; lefthalf and 14 in rishthalf

2-7

ELEMENTS OF MACRO
Multiline literals are also allowed:
GETCHR: ILDB T2,T1
;Get a character
CAIN T2,0
;15 it a null?
JRST (MOVE Tl,TXTPTR
;Yes, retrieve pointer
ILDB T2,T1
;Get a new character
CAIN T2,-7;Is it a uuestion mark?
JRST [MOVE Tl,TXTPTl
;Yes,
alternate pointer
ILDB
;Get the
character
J
T GF T HL F' J
; Got () h 1 r·:· f' (J U t :i. n
POPJ P,]

;Not uuestion mark, returh
;Not a null, return

POPJ F',

The text of a literal continues until a matching
bracket is found (unquoted and not in comment field).

closing

square

A literal can include any term, symbol, expression, or statement, but
it must generate at least one but no more than 99 words of data. A
statement that does not generate data
(such as a direct-assignment
statement or a RADIX pseudo-op) can be included in a literal, but the
literal must not consist entirely of such statements.
You can nest literals up to 18 levels.
You can include any number of
labels in a literal, but a forward reference to a label in a literal
is illegal.
If you use a dot (.) in a literal to retrieve the location counter,
remember that the counter is pointing at the statement containing the
literal, not at the literal itself.
In nested literals, a dot location
outside the outermost literal.

counter

references

statement

In the sequence
JRST [HRRZ AC1,V
C IE

JRST

C 1 ,OF'

• +1

SKIF'E C

the expression .+1 generates the address of SKIPE C, not JRST EVTSTS.
Literals having the same value are collapsed in MACRO's literal
Thus for the statements:

pool.

PUSH F',[OJ

PUSH P,[O]
M0 V E I
1 , [ AS C I Z / T F

T1 / J

the same address is shared by the two literals [0], and by the null
word generated at the end of [ASCIZ /TESTI/].
Literal collapsing is
suppressed for
those literals that
contain
errors,
undefined
expressions, or EXTERNAL symbols.

2-8

ELEMENTS OF MACRO
2.4

SYMBOLS

MACRO symbols include:
1.

MACRO-defined pseudo-ops (discussed in Chapter 3)

MACRO-defined mnemonics (discussed in Section 2.6)

User-defined macros (discussed in Chapter 5)

User-defined opdefs (discussed at OPDEF in Chapter' 3)

User-defined labels (discussed in this section)

Direct-assignment symbols (discussed in Section 2.4.2.2)

Dummy-arguments for macros (discussed in Chapter 5)

MACRO stores symbols in three symbol tables:
1.

Op-code table:

machine instruction mnemonics and pseudo-ops

Macro table:
macros, user-defined OPDEFs,
(See the SYN pseudo-op in Chapter 3.)

User symbol table:

and

synonyms

labels and direct-assignment symbols

An entry in one of these tables shows the symbol, its
value.

type,

and

its

Symbols are helpful in your programs because:
1.

Defining a symbol as a label gives a name to an address. You
can use the label in debugging or as a target for program
control statements.

In revising a program, you can change a value throughout your
program by changing a symbol definition.

You can give names to values to make computations clearer.

You can make values available to other programs.

2.4.1

Selecting Valid Symbols

Follow these rules in selecting symbols:
1.

Use only letters, numerals, dots (.), dollar signs
($),
and
percent signs
(%).
MACRO will consider any other character
(including a blank) as a delimiter.

Do not begin a symbol with a numeral.

If you use a dot for the first character, do not use a
numeral for the second. Do not use dots for the first two
characters; doing so can interfere with MACRO's created
symbols.
(See Section 5.5.2.)

Make the first six characters unique among your symbols. You
can use more than six characters, but MACRO will use only the
first six.
2-9

ELEMENTS OF MACRO
Examples:

2.4.2

VELOCITY

(legal, only VELOCI is meaningful to MACRO)

CHG.VEL

(legal, only CHG.VE is meaningful to MACRO)

CHG VEL

(illegal, looks like two symbols to MACRO)

ISTNUM

(illegal, begins with a numeral)

NUMI

(legal)

.1111

(illegal, begins with dot-numeral)

.. 1111

(unwise, could interfere with created symbols)

Defining Symbols

You can define a symbol by making it a label or by giving its value in
a direct-assignment statement.
Labels cannot be redefined,
but
direct-assignment symbols can be redefined anywhere in your program.
You can also define special-purpose symbols called OPDEFs and macros
using the pseudo-op OPDEF and the pseudo-op DEFINE.
(See Chapter 3.)

2.4.2.1 Defining Labels - A label is always a symbol with a suffixed
colon.
A label is in the first (leftmost) field of a MACRO statement
and is one of the forms:
ERRFOUND:

(MACRO uses only ERRFOU)

CASEl:

(legal label)

OK:CONTIN:

(legal;
you can use more than one label
at a location)

CASE2::

(double colon declares
see Section 2.4.5.2)

label

INTERNAL;

CASE3:!

(colon and exclamation point
output by debugger)

suppresses

CASE4::!

(double colon and exclamation
point
declares label
INTERNAL and suppresses
output by debugger)

. 2-10

ELEMENTS OF MACRO

When MACRO processes the label, the symbol and the current
the location counter are entered in the user symbol
reference to the symbol addresses the code at the label.

value of
table. A

You cannot redefine a label to have a value different from its
original value.
A label is reloc9table if the address it represents
is relocatable; otherwise it is absolute.

2.4.2.2 Direct Assignments - You define a direct-assignment symbol by
associating it with an expression.
(See Section 2.5 for a discussion
of expressions.) A direct assignment is in one of the forms:
symbol=expression

(symbol and value of expression
entered in user symbol table)

symbol==expression

(symbol and value of expression are
entered in user symbol table, output by
debugger is suppressed)

symbol=:expression

(symbol and value of expression are
entered in user symbol table, symbol is
declared INTERNAL; see Section 2.4.5.2)

symbol==:expression

(symbol and value of expression are
entered in user symbol table, symbol is
declared INTERNAL, output by debugger is
suppressed)

You can redefine a direct-assignment symbol at any time;
direct assignment simply replaces the old definition.

the

are

new

NOTE
If you assign a multiword value using
direct assignment, only the first word
of the value is assigned to the symbol.
For
example,
A=ASCIZ /ABCDEFGH/
is
equivalent to A=ASCIZ /ABCDE/,
since
only the first five characters in the
string correspond to code in the first
word.

2.4.3

Variable Symbols

You can specify a symbol as a variable by suffixing it with a number
sign (#). A variable symbol needs no explicit storage allocation. On
finding your END statement, MACRO assembles variables into locations
following the literal pool.
You can assemble variables anywhere in your program by using the VAR
pseudo-oPe
This pseudo-op causes all variables found so far to be
assembled immediately.
(Variables found after the VAR statement are
assembled at the end of the program or at the next VAR statement.)

2-11

ELEMENTS OF MACRO
2.4.4

Using Symbols

When you use a symbol in your program, MACRO looks it up in the symbol
tables.
Normally MACRO searches the macro table first, then the
op-code table, and finally the user symbol table. However, if MACRO
has already found an operator in the current statement and is
expecting operands, then it searches the user symbol table first.
You can control the order of search for symbol
pseudo-op .DIRECTIVE MACPRF.

2.4.5

tables

using

the

Symbol Attributes

The value of a symbol is either relocatable or absolute.
The
relocatability of a label is determined by the relocatability of the
address assigned to it. You can define either an absolute or a
relocatable value for a direct-assignment symbol.
In addition, each symbol in your program has one of
attributes:
local, INTERNAL global, or EXTERNAL
attribute is determined when the symbol is defined.

the following
global.
This

2.4.5.1

Local Symbols - A local symbol is defined for the use of the
program only.
You can define the same symbol to have
different values in separately assembled programs. A symbol is local
unless you indicate otherwise.

2.4.5.2 Global Symbols - A global symbol is defined in one program,
but is also available for use in other programs. Its table entry is
visible to all programs in which the symbol is declared global.
A global symbol must be declared INTERNAL in the program where it is
defined;
it can be defined in only one program. In other programs
sharing the global symbol, it must be declared EXTERNAL;
it can be
EXTERNAL in any number of programs.
To declare a symbol as INTERNAL global, you can:
1.

Use the INTERN pseudo-oPe
INTERN FLAG!

Insert a colon after

in a direct-assignment statement.

FLAG2=:200
FLAG3==:200

Use an extra colon with a label.
FLAG4::

For subroutine entry points, use the ENTRY pseudo-ope
(This
pseudo-op does more than declare the symbol INTERNAL. See
Chapter 3.)
ENTRY FLAGS

2-12

ELEMENTS OF MACRO
To declare a symbol as an EXTERNAL global, you can:
1.

Use the EXTERN pseudo-oPe
EXTERN FLAG6

Suffix ## to the symbol at any of its uses.
(Doing this once
is sufficient, but you can use ## with all references to the
symbol.)
FLAG7tt

2.5

EXPRESSIONS

You can combine numbers and defined symbols with arithmetic and
logical operators to form expressions. You can nest expressions by
using angle brackets.
MACRO evaluates each expression (innermost
nesting levels first), and either resolves it to a fullword value, or
generates a Polish expression to pass to LINK.
(See Sections 2.5.3
and 2.5.4.)

2.5.1

Arithmetic Expressions

An arithmetic expression can include any number or defined symbol, and
any of the following operators:
addition

subtraction

* multiplication
/

division

These examples assume that WORDS,
elsewhere:

and

have

been

defined

symbol

whose

MOVEI 3,WORDS/5

2.5.2

Logical Expressions

A logical expression can include any number or defined
value is absolute, and any of the following operators:
&

AND
OR (inclusive OR)

XOR (exclusive OR)

- NOT

2-13

ELEMENTS OF MACRO
The unary operation A_A generates the fullword one's complement of the
value of A.
Each of the binary operations &, !, and A! generates a fullword by
performing the indicated operation over corresponding bits of the two
operands.
For example, A&B generates a fullword whose bit 0 is the
result of A's bit 0 ANDed with B's bit 0, and so forth for all 36
bits.

2.5.3

Polish (Complex) Expressions

MACRO cannot evaluate certain expressions containing relocatable
values
or
EXTERNAL
symbols.
Instead MACRO generates special
expressions called Polish expressions, which tell LINK how to resolve
the values at load time. MACRO also generates Polish expressions to
resolve inter-PSECT references.
For example, assume that A and B are externally defined symbols. Then
MACRO cannot perform the operations A+B-3, but instead generates a
special Polish block containing an expression to pass to LINK;
the
expression is equivalent to -+AB3.
(See REL Block Type 11 in the LINK
Reference Manual.)
At load time, the values of A and B are available
to LINK, and the expression is resolved.
NOTE
If you have used reverse Polish notation
with a calculator, you should notice
that although MACRO's Polish expressions
are similar,
they are not reversed.
(These notations are
called
Polish
because they were invented by the Polish
logician Jan Lukasiewicz.)

2.5.4

Evaluating Expressions

2.5.4.1 Hierarchy of Operations - MACRO has a hierarchy of operations
in evaluating expressions.
In an expression without nests (angle
brackets), or within a nested expression, MACRO
performs
its
operations in this effective order:
1.

All unary operations and shifts:
+, -,
, AD,
AO,
AB , B
(binary shift), _ (underscore shift),
AF ,
. . L, E, K, M, G.
Zeros are added for K, M, and G before any other operation is
performed.

Logical binary operations (from left to right):
(XOR), & (AND).

Multiplication and division (from left to right):

Addition and subtraction (binary operations):

2-14

(OR),

+,-

ELEMENTS OF MACRO
You can override this hierarchy by using angle brackets to show what
you want done first.
For example, suppose you want to calculate the
sum of A and B, divided by C.
You cannot do this with A+B/C because
MACRO will perform the division B/C first, then add the result to A.
With angle brackets you can write the expression <A+B>/C,
telling
MACRO to add A and B first, then divide the result by C.
Expressions can be nested
to any level.
The innermost nest
is
evaluated first;
the outermost,
last.
Some examples of legal
expressions (assuming that AI, Bl, and C are defined symbols) are:

AltB1/5
<AltBl)/5
-Bl01M--D98t6
NOTS
An expression given in halfword notation
(that is, lefthalf"righthalf) has each
half evaluated separately in a
36-bit
register.
Then the 18 low-order bits of
each half are joined to form a fullword.
For example,
the expression <4,,6>/2
generates the value 000002 000003.

2.5.4.2 Evaluating Expressions with Relocatable Values - The value of
an expression is usually either absolute or relocatable.
Recall that
relocatable values in your binary code will have the relocation
constant added at load time by LINK.
Assume that A and Bare relocatable symbols, and
that X and Yare
absolute symbols, and that the
constant is k.
Let a+k and
b+k be the values of A and B after relocation.
Then A+X makes sense
(to LINK)
because it means
<a+k>+X, which is the same as <a+X>+k,
clearly relocatable.
Since X and Yare both absolute, any operation combining them gives an
absolute result.
Now look at the expression A+B.
This means <a+k>+<b+k>, which is
same as <a+b>+2k,
neither absolute nor relocatable.
Similarly,
means <a+k>*<b+k>, or <a*b>+<a+b>*k+k*k, again neither absolute
relocatable.
Such expressions cannot be evaluated by MACRO and
passed as Polish expressions to LINK.

the
A*B
nor
are

More generally,
you can see
if an expression is absolute
or
relocatable by substituting relocated
forms as above (for example,
a+k), and separating it (if possible) into the form
absolute+n*k
where absolute is an absolute expression.
If n=O, the expression is
absolute;
if n=l, it is relocatable.
If n is neither 0 nor 1, or if
the expression cannot be put into the form above, then the expression
is
neither absolute nor
relocatable.
(Nevertheless,
LINK will
correctly evaluate the expression at load time.)

2-15

ELEMENTS OF MACRO
2.6

MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS

MACRO-defined mnemonics are words that MACRO recognizes
translate to binary code. These mnemonics include:
1.

Machine instruction mnemonics

I/O instruction mnemonics

I/O device code mnemonics

KLIO EXTEND instruction mnemonics

JRST and JFCL mnemonics

DECsystem-lO monitor call mnemonics

DECsystem-lO CALLI mnemonics

DECsystem-lO TTCALL mnemonics

DECsystem-lO MTAPE mnemonics

10.

F40-switch-dependent mnemonics

and

can

Each type of mnemonic is discussed and tabulated in Appendix C. These
mnemonics, together with MACRO's pseudo-ops and special characters,
form the MACRO language.

2-16

_CHAPTER 3
PSEUDO-OPS

A pseudo-op is a statement that directs the assembler to generate code
or set switches to control assembly and listing of your program. For
example, the pseudo-op RADIX does not generate code, but it tells
MACRO how to interpret numbers in your program. The pseudo-op EXP
generates one word of code for each argument given with it.
To use a pseudo-op in your program, follow it with a space or tab, and
any required or optional arguments or parameters.
The program
examples in Appendix D show pseudo-ops used in context.
This chapter describes
(alphabetically) .
The
applicable, are:

the use
headings

FORMAT

FUNCTION

EXAMPLES

OPTIONAL NOTATIONS

RELATED PSEUDO-OPS

COMMON ERRORS

and functions of each pseudo-op
included for each description, if

Some entries under COMMON ERRORS cite single-character error codes
(for example, M error). These codes are discussed in Section 8.2.
Many of the examples show some parts of the code assembled.
format and meaning of assembled code is discussed in Section 6.1.

3-1

The

PSEUDO-OPS

[

FORMAT

ARRAY
._----'

ARRAY sym[expression]
expression = an integer value in the current radix,
indicating the number of words to be allocated;
the expression cannot be EXTERNAL, relocatable, or
a floating-point decimal number, and its value
must not be negative.

FUNCTION

Reserves a block of storage whose length is the value
of the expression, and whose location is identified by
the symbol. Storage is allocated along with other
variable symbols in the program.
If the pseudo-op TWOSEG is used, ARRAY storage must
in the low segmen t.
(See the VAR pseudo-op.)

The allocated storage is not necessarily zeroed.
If you use ARRAY in
within that PSECT.

PSECT,

storage

allocated

NOTE
Though the expression portion of an OPDEF must
be in square brackets, this use of the brackets
is completely unrelated to literals or literal
handling.
EXAMPLES

ARRAY START[200J
ARRAY PLACE[1000J
ARRAY ERRS[2000J

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

ARRAY syml,sym2 [expression]

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

BLOCK, .COMMON, INTEGER, VAR

COMMON
ERRORS

Using an EXTERNAL
(E error).

Both syml and sym2 have a length equal to the value
the expression.

symbol for name or size of the array

3-2

PSEUDO-OPS
ASCII

FORMAT

ASCII dtextd
d =

first nonblank character, whose
appearance terminates the text.

second

text = string of text characters to be entered.
FUNCTION

Enters ASCII text in the binary code.
Each character
uses seven bits.
Characters are left justified in
storage, five per word, with bit 35 in each word set to
0, and any unused bits in the last word set to o.

EXAMPLES

105 122 122 117 122
040 115 105 123 123
101 107 105 000 000

ASCII IERROR MESSAGEI

],23 124 101 122 124
111 116 107 040 101
107 :L01 111 116 000

ASCII !STARTING AGAIN!

105 116 104 l.23 040
127 111 124 110 040
132 105 122 :1.:1.7 123

ASCII ?ENDS WITH ZEROS?

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Omit the space or tab after ASCII. This is not allowed
if the delimiter is a letter, number, dot, dollar sign,
or
percent
sign
(that
is,
a possible symbol
constituent), or if the ASCII value of the delimiter
character is less than 040 or greater than 172.
Right justified ASCII can be entered
quotes to surround up to five

using double
for example,

201 01 0 00 000101

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

ASCIZ, .DIRECTIVE FLBLST, RADIX50, SIXBIT

COMMON
ERRORS

Using the delimiter character in the text string.
Missing the end delimiter (that is, attempting to use a
carriage return as a delimiter).
Using more than 5 characters in a right-justified ASCII
string, or more than 2 characters if in the address
field (Q error).
Giving direct assignment of a long ASCII string value
to a symbol (for example A=ASCII /ABCDEFGH/). Only the
first word (five characters, left
justified)
is
assigned.
Using ASCII when ASCIZ is required.

3-3

PSEUDO-OPS
[

FORMAT

ASCIZ

ASCIZ dtextd
d = delimiter; first nonblank character, whose
appearance terminates the text.

second

text = string of text characters to be entered.
FUNCTION

Enters ASCII text exactly as in the pseudo-op ASCII,
except that a trailing null character is guaranteed.
That is, if the number of characters in text is a
multiple of five, a fullword of zeros is generated.

EXAMPLES

105 122 122 117 122
040 115 105 123 123
101 107 105 OQO 000

ASCIZ IERROR MESSAGE I

123 124 101 122 124
111 116 107 040 101
107 101 111 116 000

ASCIZ !STARTING AGAIN!

105
127
132
000

116
111
105
000

104
124
122
000

123 040
110 040
117 123
000 000

ASCIZ ?ENDS WITH ZEROS?

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Omit the space or tab after ASCIZ. This is not allowed
if the delimiter is a letter, number, dot, dollar sign,
or
percent
sign
(that
is,
a possible symbol
constituent), or if the ASCII value of the delimiter
character is less than 040 or greater than 172.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

ASCII, .DIRECTIVE FLBLST, RADIX50, SIXBIT

COMMON
ERRORS

Using the delimiter character in the text string.
Missing the end delimiter (that is, attempting to use a
carriage return as a delimiter).
Giving direct assignment of a long ASCII string value
to a symbol (for example A=ASCII /ABCDEFGH/). Only the
first word
(five characters, left
justified)
is
assigned.
In a macro, using a delimiter character that interferes
with recognition of a dummy-argument. For example, in
the macro
DEFINE FOO(X)<
ASCIZ .X.

x is not seen as a dummy-argument because .X. is itself
a valid symbol.
(Continued on next page)

3-4

PSEUDO-OPS

ASCIZ

(Cont.)

In the macro
DEFINE FOO(X)<

AselZ IXI

x is seen as a dummy-argument because the slash (I)
not valid in a symbol.

The macro
DEFINE FOO(X)<
ASClZ .'X'.

uses the concatenation
operator
(')
to
assure
recogni tion of X as a dummy-argument.
(See Section 5.4
for a discussion on concatenating arguments.)

3-5

PSEUDO-OPS
.ASSIGN

FORMAT

.ASSIGN syml,sym2,increment
syml and sym2

global symbols.

increment = expression with integer value.
FUNCTION

MACRO generates a REL Block Type 100.
(See the LINK
Reference Manual.)
At the time the program is loaded
into memory, assigns the value of sym2 to syml, and
adds increment to sym2.
The .ASSIGN pseudo-op is useful for assigning a block
of storage in one module and providing another module
with the symbols needed to reference that block.

EXAMPLES

the value of PC to A,
then redefines the value of
; PC to t:.lf?
•
• ASSIGN ERR1,ERRS,ERNO

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS
COMMON
ERRORS

;AssiSns the value of ERRS to
ERR1, then redefines ERRS to
be ERRS plus the current
va
of EF,NO +

.ASSIGN syml,sym2
If the increment is missing, its value is 1.
Syml or sym2 not global.
Increment not defined at assembly time.

3-6

PSEUDO-OPS
ASUPPRESS

FORMAT

ASUPPRESS

FUNCTION

Causes all local or
INTERNAL symbols that are not
referenced after
the ASUPPRESS to be deleted from
MACRO's symbol table at the end of Pass
2.
These
symbols will not be output to LINK,
will not be
available to the debugger, and will not appear
in the
symbol table in the program listing file.
If you use ASUPPRESS at the end of Pass 1, only those
symbols defined or
referenced
in Pass
2 remain in
MACRO's symbol table.
This
is useful
for
parameter
files that define many more symbols than are actually
used, since the unused symbols can be automatically
deleted if they are defined in IFI conditionals.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

PURGE, SUPPRESS

3-7

PSEUDO-OPS
[

FORMAT

BLOCK

BLOCK expression
expression = an integeL value in the current radix,
indicating the number of words to be allocated;
the expression cannot be EXTERNAL, relocatable, or
a floating-point decimal number, and its value
must not be negative.

FUNCTION

Reserves a block of locations whose length is the value
of the expression. The location counter is incremented
by this value.
The allocated locations are
not
necessarily zeroed.
Note that the BLOCK pseudo-op does not generate or
store code.
Therefore it should not be used in a
literal, since this will result in overwriting the
reserved space during literal pooling.
If you use the BLOCK pseudo-op to
words meant
for data storage, these words should be reserved in the
low segment of a two-segment program.

EXAMPLES

MOVE 2,[XWD FRM,TOJ
BL.T 2,TOEND

002101' 200 02 0 00 400033'
002102' 251 O? 0 00 003010'
002611'
002711'

FF,M:
TO:

003010'

BL.OCK 100

BLOCK 100
TOEND=. -·1

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Use the pseudo-op Z inside literals.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

ARRAY, .COMMON, INTEGER, VAR

COMMON
ERRORS

Relocatable expression (R error).
Floating-point or negative expression (A error).
Value of expression larger than 777777.
Expression contains EXTERNAL symbol

(E error).

Expression contains nonexistent symbol
BLOCK used in literal

3-8

(L error).

(V error).

PSEUDO-OPS
BYTE

FORMAT

BYTE bytedef

bytedef

n = byte size in bits;
the range 1 to 36.
expression
FUNCTION

n is a

decimal

expression

= value to be stored.

Stores values of expressions in n-bit bytes, starting
at bit 0 of the storage word. The first value is
stored in bits 0 to n-l; the second in bits n to 2n-l;
and so forth for each given value.
If a byte will not fit in the remaining bits of a word,
the bits are zeroed and the byte begins in bit 0 of the
next word. If a value is too large for the byte, it is
truncated on the left.
If the byte size is 0
or
is
missing
parentheses), a zero word is generated.

EXAMPLES

000002
OS 00 00 .01 OS 02

(empty

VELOCY=2
BYTE (6)S,0,,101,S,VELOCY

generates the storage value 050000 010502.
The two
commas indicate a null argument; the 101 (octal) is
too large for the byte size and is left truncated.
07 00 01 007 000
001 101 000000

BYTE (6)7,0,1(9)7,0,1,·A·

Notice that the code for "A" (101) is
in its 9-bit byte.
COMMON
ERRORS

right

justified

Byte size too big (A error) .
Missing left or right parenthesis (A error) .
Extraneous comma before left
generates a null byte.

parenthesis;

the

comma

Using an EXTERNAL symbol or EXTERNAL complex expression
for n or expression.

3-9

PSEUDO-OPS
[

FORMAT

COMMENT

COMMENT dtextd
d

text

delimiter; the first nonblank character,
second appearance terminates the text.
=

whose

text to be entered as a comment.

FUNCTION

Treats the text between the delimiters as a comment.
The text can include a CR-LF to facilitate multiline
comments, as shown below.

EXAMPLES

COMMENT ITHIS IS A COMMENT
THAT IS MORE THAN 1 LINE LONGI

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Omit the space or tab after COMMENT. This is not
allowed if the delimiter is a letter, number, dot,
dollar sign, or percent sign
(that is, a possible
symbol constituent), or if the ASCII value of the
delimiter character is less than 040 or greater than
172.
Use a semicolon (;) to make the rest of the line into a
comment.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

REMARK

COMMON
ERRORS

Using the delimiter character in the text string.
Missing the end delimiter (that is, attempting to use a
carriage return as a delimiter).

3-10

PSEUDO-OPS
• COMMON

FORMAT

.COMMON symbol [expression]

= name of a FORTRAN COMMON block.
expression = an expression having a positive
symbol

value;
this
COMMON block.

FUNCTION

value

the

defines

length

integer
of the

Defines a FORTRAN or FORTRAN-compatible COMMON block.
Causes the equivalent action of a FORTRAN labeled
COMMON.
(See the FORTRAN
Programmer's
Reference
Manual.)
You can use .COMMON to define blank COMMON;
to do
this,
use the symbol .COMM. as the name of the COMMON
block.
(Both FORTRAN and LINK recognize this as the
name of blank COMMON.)
To define a COMMON block, MACRO generates a
Type 20.
(See the LINK Reference Manual.)

REL

Block

If used, the .COMMON pseudo-op must precede any MACRO
statement that generates binary code, and must precede
any other reference to the symbol name .
EXAMPLES

• COMMON DATA1[50J

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

.COMMON symbol, ... ,symbol[expression]
Each
defines a COMMON array for
each symbol given.
array
has
a
length equal to the value of the
expression.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

ARRAY, BLOCK, EXTERN, INTEGER

COMMON
ERRORS

Missing left or

square bracket

Using a
relocatable
expression.

value

3-11

(A error) .

EXTERNAL

symbol

PSEUDO-OPS

.CREF

- - - - - '

FORMAT

.CREF

FUNCTION

Resumes output of cross-referencing that was
by the .XCREF pseudo-oPe

suspended

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Can apply to specific symbols
.XCREF on those symbols, as in

a previous

to cancel

.CREF symbol, ... ,symbol
RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

.XCREF

COMMON
ERRORS

Specifying a nonexistent symbol (A error) .

3-12

PSEUDO-OPS
DEC

FORMAT

DEC expression, .•• ,expression

FUNCTION

Defines the local radix for the line as decimal;
the
value of each expression is entered in a fullword of
code.
The location counter is
incremented by 1 for
each expression.

EXAMPLES

RADIX 8
000000
203440
202622
055452
000000

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

DEC 10,4.5,3.1416,6.03E-26,3

Use the EXP pseudo-op and prefix
to each expression
that must be evaluated in radix 10.
In the example
above,
only the first expression, "10," has different
evaluations in radix 8 and
radix 10.
Therefore an
equivalent notation is

000000
203440
202622
055452
000000
RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

000012
000000
077714
456522
000003

EXP, RADIX, OCT

3-13

PSEUDO-OPS
[

FORMAT

DEFINE

DEFINE macroname(darglist) <macrobody>
macroname = a symbolic name for
the macro defined.
This name must be unique among all macro, OPDEF,
and SYN symbols.

= a list of dummy-arguments.
macrobody = source code to be assembled when the

darglist

macro

is called.

FUNCTION

Defines a macro.

EXAMPLES

See Chapter 5.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

.DIRECTIVE
(with .ITABM, .XTABK, or MACMPD arguments),
IRP, IRPC, OPDEF, STOPI, SYN

COMMON
ERRORS

Mismatched parentheses.

(See Chapter 5.)

Mismatched angle brackets.
Using identical names for a macro and an OPDEF
symbol (X error) •

3-14

SYN

PSEUDO-OPS
DEPHASE

FORMAT

DEPHASE

FUNCTION

Suspends the effect of a PHASE pseudo-ope
Restores the
location counter to its mode previous to the segment of
PHASEd code.
For further details, see the pseudo-op PHASE.

EXAMPLES

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

400000'
000000
000000 201 01 0 00 000000
400001'
400001' 254 00 0 00 000000'
PHASE

3-15

TAG:

RELOC 40()()()O
PHASE 0
MOVEI 1,0
DEF'HASE
,JRST TAG

PSEUDO-OPS

.DIRECTIVE

FORMAT

.DIRECTIVE directive, .•. ,directive

FUNCTION

Sets switches to enable or disable MACRO features.
If
a directive has a logical opposite, you can use NO as a
prefix to reverse the directive. The directives are:
.ITABM - include spaces and tabs
arguments in macro call .

part

. XTABM - strip leading and trailing spaces
from passed arguments in macro call.
the default setting.

passed

and tabs
.XTABM is

MACMPD - match paired delimiters in macro call. MACMPD
is the default for assembly.
It implies .XTABM
and disables .ITABM. Using .DIRECTIVE NO MACMPD
disables
all quoting characters except angle
brackets in macro arguments, and offers you a
choice of .ITABM or .XTABM.
LITLST - list all binary code for literals in-line.
FLBLST - list only first line of binary code
multiline text . NO FLBLST is the default.

for

. OKOVL - allow overflow for arithmetic
pseudo-ops DEC, EXP, and OCT .

the

. EROVL - give an N error
. EROVL is the default.

for

and

arithmetic

for

overflow •

MACPRF - prefer macro definition of symbol over other
definitions of the same symbol. This does not
affect the searching of .UNV files.
SFCOND - suppress
listing
for
failing
conditional assembly.
The lines containing the
opening and closing angle brackets
are
not
suppressed .
. NOBIN - do not generate binary (.REL) file.
KAIO - enter KAIO as CPU type in header block of binary
file.
KIlO - enter KIlO as CPU type in header block of binary
file.
KLlO - enter KLIO as CPU type in header block of binary
file.
EXAMPLES

.DIRECTIVE MACMPD,.NOBIN

COMMON
ERRORS

Using NO with a directive that does not have a
opposite.

3-16

logical

PSEUDO-OPS
END

FORMAT

END expression
expression = an optional operand that specifies the
address of the first instruction to be executed;
can be EXTERNAL.

FUNCTION

Must be the last statement in a MACRO
program.
Statements after END are ignored. The starting address
is optional and normally is given only in the main
program.
(Since subprograms are called from the main
program, they need not specify a starting address.)
the assembler first encounters an END statement,
terminates Pass 1 and begins Pass 2. The END
terminates Pass 2 on the second encounter, after which
the assembler simulates XLISTed LIT and VAR statements
beginning at the current location.
(In a PSECTed
program, the LIT and VAR statements are simulated for
each PSECT.)

EXAMPLES

END STArn"

START is a label at the starting address.
OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Use the END statement to specify a transfer word in
some output file formats.
(See pseudo-ops RIM, RIMIO,
and RIMIOB in Appendix E.)

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

PRGEND

COMMON
ERRORS

Failing
to end a text string or literal with a
closing delimiter; MACRO cannot see the END statement.
Including an END statement in a source file when it is
not the last file in a group of files you want
assembled as a single program.
Closing the input file immediately after the characters
"END" with no following carriage return.

3-17

PSEUDO-OPS
.ENDPS

FORMAT

.ENDPS

FUNCTION

Suspends use of the relocation counter associated with
the current PSECT.
If the current PSECT is nested in
other PSECTs, the relocation counter for the next outer
PSECT is activated.
Otherwise, the relocation counter
for the blank PSECT is activated.
MACRO generates a REL Block Type
Reference Manual.)

22.

{See

the

LINK

For a complete discussion of PSECTs and their handling,
see Section 9.1.3.
OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Give
the name of the
pseudo-op.
For example,
•

current PSECT with the .ENDPS

causes MACRO to verify that A is the name of the
current PSECT;
if not, an error message is issued.
RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

LOC,

.ORG, .PSECT, RELOC, TWOSEG

3-18

PSEUDO-OPS
ENTRY

FORMAT

ENTRY symbol, ... ,symbol
symbol = name of
subroutine.

FUNCTION

entry

point

library

Defines each symbol in the list following
the ENTRY
pseudo-op as an
INTERNAL symbol and places them in a
REL Block Type 4 at the beginning of the
.REL output
file.
If this
.REL file
is later
included in an
indexed library of subroutines, then the symbol will
also be included in a REL Block Type 14 at the
beginning of the library.
(Except for this,
ENTRY is
equivalent to INTERN.)
If LINK is in library search mode, a subroutine will be
loaded if the program to be executed contains an
undefined global symbol that matches a name
in the
library entry list for that program.
Since library subroutines
using them,
the calling
EXTERN statements.

EXAMPLES

are external
program must

If the MATRIX subroutine is a
must contain the statement

library

to programs
list them in

subroutine,

ENTRY MATRIX
in order to make the symbol MATRIX available to other
programs.
In addition,
it must define the symbol
MATRIX as a label at the address where execution of the
call is to begin:

MATRIX:
RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

INTERN, EXTERN

COMMON
ERRORS

Not defining the symbol in the program.
Purging an ENTRY symbol in Pass
2 only.
The ENTRY
symbol
is normally output at the beginning of Pass 2;
a PURGE of an ENTRY symbol must occur in Pass 1 to be
effective.

3-19

PSEUDO-OPS
EXP

FORMAT

EXP expression, ..• ,expression

FUNCTION

Enters the value of each expression
radix) in a fullword of code.

EXAMPLES

000000
000000
000000
000000
000000

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

000003
000101
000004
000002"
000003
000004
000101
000101
000364

X=3
HALF=101

B=4
A=2

EXP

DEC, OCT

3-20

(in

the

current

PSEUDO-OPS
EXTERN

FORMAT

EXTERN symbol, .. ,.,symbol

FUNCTION

Identifies symbols as being defined in other programs.
EXTERNAL symbols cannot be defined within the current
program.
At load time, the value of an EXTERNAL symbol is
resolved by LINK if you load a module that defines the
symbol as an INTERNAL symbol.
(If you do not load such
a module, LINK gives an error message for the undefined
EXTERNAL symbol.)
An EXTERNAL symbol cannot be used for any program
values affecting address assignment (such as arguments
to LOC or RELOC).
For a discussion of global symbols and their resolution
by LINK, see Section 2.4.5.2.

EXAMPLES

EXTERN SQRT,CUBE,TYPE

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Suffix ## to the symbol.
This declares the symbol
EXTERNAL, and eliminates the need for the EXTERN
pseudo-oPe Most programmers who use the ## notation do
so at all occurrences of the symbol to show at each
site that the symbol is EXTERNAL.
For example, the two statements

EXTERN A
ATWO::::A*2

can be simplified to
ATWO:=:Att*2

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

INTERN, ENTRY, UNIVERSAL

COMMON
ERRORS

Attempting to declare a symbol
first use has made it local (by
(by declaration).
Declaring a
searches a
definition.

as EXTERNAL after its
default) or INTERNAL

symbol as EXTERNAL in a program that
UNIVERSAL file that gives a conflicting

3-21

PSEUDO-OPS
.HWFRMT

FORMAT

. HWFRMT

FUNCTION

Causes binary code to be listed in halfword format.

EXAMPLES

200 01 0 02 000002

MOVE 1,,2(2)

200042

MOVE 1,2(2)

.HWFRMT

000002

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Use the /G switch described in Table 7-1.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

.MFRMT

3-22

PSEUDO-OPS
.IF

FORMAT

.IF expression,qualifier,<code>

FUNCTION

Gives criterion and code for conditional assembly.
code is assembled if:

The

expression is

qualifier is

AND

ABSOLUTE
ASSIGNMENT
ENTRY
EXTERNAL
INTERNAL
GLOBAL
LABEL
LOCAL
LRELOCATABLE
MACRO
NEEDED
NUMERIC
OPCODE
OPDEF
REFERENCED
RELOCATABLE
RRELOCATABLE
SYMBOL
SYNONYM

absolute
a direct-assignment symbol
a symbol given in ENTRY pseudo-op
an EXTERNAL symbol
an INTERNAL or ENTRY symbol
a global symbol
a label
a local symbol
a lefthalf relocatable symbol
a macro name
an undefined but referenced symbol
numeric
an opcode
a symbol defined by OPDEF pseudo-op
a symbol already in the symbol table
a relocatable symbol
a righthalf relocatable symbol
a symbol (instead of a number)
a symbol defined by SYN pseudo-op
NOTE

If the expression has different properties in
Pass I and Pass 2, the number of words of code
generated may be different for each pass .
EXAMPLES

• IF FOO,MACRO,{FOO)

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Abbreviate qualifier up to unique
initial letters.
For example, you can abbreviate OPCODE to OPC, but not
to OP, since OPDEF has the same first two letters.
Omit the comma preceding the left angle bracket .

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

. DIRECTIVE SFCOND,

COMMON
ERRORS

Omitting the comma between expression and qualifier.

.IFN, IFx group

Mismatching angle brackets.
Misplacing the .IF statement in such a way that the
property given by the qualifier is different in Pass I
and Pass 2.
For example, the following code generates
phase errors in Pass 2:
.IF FOO,OPDEF,{JFCL)
OF'DEF FOOLJRSTJ

NXTLAB: END

3-23

PSEUDO-OPS
.IFN

FORMAT

.IFN expression,qualifier,<code>

FUNCTION

Gives criterion and code for conditional assembly.
code is assembled if:

The

expression IS NOT

qualifier is

AND

ABSOLUTE
ASSIGNMENT
ENTRY
EXTERNAL
INTERNAL
GLOBAL
LABEL
LOCAL
LRELOCATABLE
MACRO
NEEDED
NUMERIC
OPCODE
OPDEF
REFERENCED
RELOCATABLE
RRELOCATABI,E
SYMBOL
SYNONYM

absolute
a pirect-assignment symbol
a symbol given in ENTRY pseudo-op
an EXTERNAL symbol
an INTERNAL or ENTRY symbol
a global symbol
a label
a local symbol
a lefthalf relocatable symbol
a macro name
an undefined but referenced symbol
numeric
an opcode
a symbol defined by OPDEF pseudo-op
a symbol already in the symbol table
a relocatable symbol
a righthalf relocatable symbol
a symbol (instead of a number)
a symbol defined by SYN pseudo-op
NOTE

If the expression has different properties in
Pass 1 and Pass 2, the number of words of code
generated may be different for each pass •
EXAMPLES

• IFN FOO,OPDEF,(OPDEF FOO(270B8J)

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Abbreviate qualifier up to unique initial letters. For
example, OPCODE can be abbreviated to OPC, but not to
OP, since OPDEF has the same first two letters.
Omit the comma preceding the left angle bracket.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

.DIRECTIVE SFCOND, .IF, IFx group

COMMON
ERRORS

Omitting the comma between expression and qualifier.
Mismatching angle brackets.
Misplacing the .IFN statement in such a way that the
property given by the qualifier is different in Pass 1
and Pass 2. For example, the following code generates
phase errors in Pass 2:
• I F N F 0 () , 0 P DE F , <: ,J F CL >

OPfiEF F()O[,JRSTJ
NXTLAB: END

3-24

PSEUDO-OPS
IFx group

FUNCTION

Gives criterion and code for conditional assembly.
A
symbol or expression used to define the conditions for
assembly must be defined before MACRO reaches the
conditional statement.
If the value of such a symbol
or expression is not the same on both assembly passes,
a different number of words of code may be generated,
and a phase error can occur.
The forms of the IF pseudo-op are listed below: in the
six
forms, n is the value of the given
first
expression.
IFE expression,<code> - assemble code if n=O.
IFN expression,<code> - assemble code if n:;tO.
IFG expression,<code> - assemble code if n>O.
IFGE expression,<code> - assemble code if
IFL expression,<code> - assemble code if n<O.
IFLE expression,<code> - assemble code if
IFl <code> - assemble code on Pass 1.
IF2 <code> - assemble code on Pass 2.
IFDEF symbol,<code> - assemble code if
defined
as
user-defined,
an
pseudo-op.

the symbol is
opcode, or a

IFNDEF symbol,<code> - assemble code if the symbol is
not defined as user-defined, an opcode, or a
pseudo-op. Code is also assembled if the symbol
has been referenced, but is not yet defined. This
can occur during Pass 1.
IFIDN <stringl><string2>,<code> - assemble code if
strings are identical.

the

IFDIF <stringl><string2>,<code> - assemble code if
strings are different.

the

NOTES
1.

For IFIDN and IFDIF, the assembler
compares the two strings (interpreted
as ASCII) character by character.

The IFIDN and IFDIF pseudo-ops usually
appear in macro definitions, where one
or both strings are dummy-arguments.

(Continued on next page)

3-25

PSEUDO-OPS

[iix group

IFB

(Cont.)

<string>,<code> - assemble code
contains only blanks and tabs.

the

string

IFNB <string>,<code> - assemble code if the string does
not contain only blanks and tabs.
EXAMPLES

%%CC==%%CCtl
IFG

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Omit angle brackets
conditionals.

;Increment character count
;Word overflowed?
;Yes, to next word
enclosing

Omit the comma preceding the
enclosed in angle brackets.

code
code

for single-line
if

the

code

For IFIDN, IFDIF, IFB, and IFNB only:
use a nonblank,
non tab character other than < as the initial and
terminal delimiters for a string
(as in pseudo-ops
ASCII and ASCIZ).
You can then include angle brackets
in the string •
RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

. DIRECTIVE SFCOND, .IF, .IFN

COMMON
ERRORS

Comparison string too large (A error).
Mismatched angle brackets.
EXTERNAL symbol used for comparison (E error).
String not properly delimited.
Missing comma with single-line conditional.

3-26

PSEUDO-OPS
INTEGER

FORMAT

INTEGER symbol, •.. ,symbol
symbol

FUNCTION

= the name of a location to be reserved.

Reserves storage locations at the end of the program on
a
one-per-given-symbol
basis.
The
symbols are
equivalent to variable symbols.
For a two-segment program, INTEGER storage must
the low segment.

EXAMPLES
OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

A, B, C

Reserve a single storage location by suffixing a number
sign (#)
to a symbol
in the operand field.
For
example,
ADD 3,TEMP:J:

is equivalent to

INTEGER TEMP

ADD 3,TEMP

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

ARRAY, BLOCK, .COMMON, VAR

3-27

PSEUDO-OPS
INTERN

FORMAT

INTERN symbol, ... ,symbol

FUNCTION

Declares each given symbol to be INTERNAL global;
therefore its definition, which must be in the current
program, is available to other programs at load time.
Each such symbol must be defined as a label, a
variable, or a direct-assignment symbol.
MACRO builds a list of symbol definitions that will
available to other programs at load time.

OPDEF symbols can be declared INTERNAL, and thus be
made
available
to other programs at load time.
However, if the current program has another symbol
(besides the OPDEF symbol) of the same name, the
INTERNAL declaration will apply to that symbol rather
than to the OPDEF symbol.
EXAMPLES

INTERN SQUARE,CBROOT,TYPE2

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

TAG: :
VALUE=:expression

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

EXTERN, ENTRY

COMMON
ERRORS

Failing to
program.

;INTERNAL label
;INTERNAL direct assignment

define

INTERNAL symbol in the current

Using INTERN for a library entry point (when
required) .

3-28

ENTRY

PSEUDO-OPS
IOWD

FORMAT

IOWD expl,exp2
expl, exp2

= expressions.

FUNCTION

Generates one 1/0 transfer word in a special format for
use in BLKI and BLKO and all five pushdown instructions
(ADJSP, PUSH, POP, PUSHJ, POPJ).
The left half of the
assembled word contains the 2's complement of the value
of expl, and
right half contains the value exp2-1.

EXAMPLES

The following line shows how IOWD
places -6
(octal 777772) in the left halfword and 256 (octal 377)
in the right halfword:
777772

IOWD 6,'"'[1256

000377

The following lines show IOWD STL,STK used
in
a
literal.
The LIT pseudo-op then shows the code
generated in the literal pool.
000017
000001
000100

P==17
AC1=:::1
STL:::=100
STK: BLOCK STL
MOVE P,[IOWD STL,STKJ
200 17 0 00 001053'
PUSH P,ACl
261 17 0 00 000001
254 00 0 00 001054'
JRST END

...

LIT
777700 000001
104 00 0 00 000170
OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

END: HALTF

XWD -expl,exp2-1
-expl"exp2-1

COMMON
ERRORS

Using a relocatable expression for expl (R error) .

3-29

PSEUDO-OPS
IRP

FORMAT

IRP darg,(code)
darg

FUNCTION

= one of the dummy-arguments of the enclosing
macro definition.
(You can use IRP only in the
body of a macro definition.)

Generates one expansion of code for each subargument of
the string that replaces darg.
Each occurrence of darg
within the expansion is replaced by the subargument
currently controlling the expansion.
(See Section
5.6. )
Concatenation and line continuation are not allowed
across end-of-lRP, since a carriage return and linefeed
are appended to each expansion.
See the example below.

EXAMPLES

LALL
z=o
ANSWER=l

000000
000001
000002
000003
000004

CJ=2

X:=3

Y=4
DEFINE SUM(A"B)<
MOVEI Q, 0
IRF' A,<:ADD Q,A>
MOVEM (J, B
:::.

140 02 0 00 000003
140 02 () 00 000004
140 02 0 00 OOO()OO

SUM «X,Y,Z),ANSWER)MOVEr Q,O
r F"':F'
ADD Q,X
ADD Q,Y
ADD Q,Z

202 02 0 00 000001

MOVEM

201 0'")
.... 0 00 000000

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

IRPC, STOPl

COMMON
ERRORS

lRP NOT IN A MACRO (A ERROR).
Argument is not a dummy symbol
Argument is a created symbol
Mismatched angle brackets.

3-30

(J, ANSWEr.:

(A error).

(A error) .

PSEUDO-OPS
IRPe

FORMAT

IRPC darg,<code>
darg

FUNCTION

= one of the dummy-arguments of the enclosing
macro definition.
(IRPC can only be used in the
body of a macro

Generates one expansion of code for each character of
the string that replaces darg. Each occurrence of darg
within the expansion is replaced by the character
currently controlling the expansion.
(See Section
5.6. )

Concatenation and line
across
end-of-IRPC,'
linefeed are appended
example below.

continuation are not allowed
since a carriage return and
to each expansion.
See the
DEFINE ACB){IRPC B,{ASCIl \B\»

EXAMPLES
123 000
124 000
122 000
111 000
116 000
107 000

000
000
000
000
000
000

000
000
000
000
()OO
000

000
000
O()O
000
000
000

ASCIZ \S\
ASCIZ \T\
ASCIZ \R\
ASCIZ \1\
ASCIZ \N\
ASCIZ \G\

RELATED
PSEUOD-OPS

IRP, STOPI

COMMON
ERRORS

IRPC NOT IN A MACRO (A ERROR).
Argument is not a dummy symbol (A error).
Argument is a created symbol (A error) •
Mismatched angle brackets.

3-31

PSEUDO-OPS

LALL

FORMAT

LALL

FUNCTION

Causes the assembler to print in the program listing
file everything that is processed, including all text
and macro expansions. Since XALL is the default, you
must use LALL if you want full macro expansions listed.
This can be helpful in debugging a program.
LALL does not produce comments in a macro expansion if
the comments are preceded by double semicolons (;;).
This is because such comments are not stored.

IE switch described in Table 7-1.

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Use the

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

LIST, SALL, XALL, XLIST

3-32

PSEUDO-OPS

.LINK

FORMAT

.LINK chain-number,store-address,chain-address
chain-number = a positive
associates the link
number.

integer
expression
that
with others having the same

store-address
a symbol giving the store
this entry in the chain.

address

for

chain-address = an optional integer expression giving
the address of this entry in the chain. If you
omit the chain-address, MACRO generates a 0 and
LINK uses the store-address as the chain-address.
FUNCTION

Generates static chains at load time. MACRO generates
a REL Block Type 12.
(See the LINK Reference Manual
for a full discussion of LINK's handling of these
chains.)

EXAMPLES

See the LINK Reference Manual (REL Block Type 12)
extensive examples of using .LINK and .LNKEND.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

.LNKEND

COMMON
ERRORS

Chain-number not absolute (A error).
EXTERNAL expression for store-address or
(E error).

3-33

for

chain-address

PSEUOO-OPS
LIST

FORMAT

LIST

FUNCTION

Resumes listing following an XLIST statement. The LIST
function is implicitly contained in the END statement.

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Use the

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

LALL, SALL, XALL, XLIST

IL switch described in Table 7-1.

3-34

PSEUDO-OPS
LIT

FORMAT

LIT

FUNCTION

Assembles literals beginning at the current address.
The literals assembled are those found
since the
previous LIT, or since the beginning of the program,
whichever
is
later.
The
location
counter
is
incremented by 1 for each word assembled.
In a PSECTed program, LIT assembles
the current PSECT.

only

literals

A literal found after the LIT is not affected.
It will
be assembled at the next following LIT, or at the END
statement, whichever
earlier.
At the END statement, unassembled literals are placed
in open-ended storage after
the end-of-program.
If
data is also to be entered
in open-ended storage,
literals
stored
there may be overwritten.
(See
Appendix F for a discussion of storage allocation.)
This possibility is avoided by using LIT before the END
statement.
Assembling literals with LIT also produces a listing of
their binary code.
Literals unassembled at the END are
XLISTed.
Literals having the same value are collapsed in MACRO's
literal pool.
Thus for the statements:

PUSH P,[O]
PUSH P,[O]

MOVEI AC1,[ASCIZ /TEST1/]
the same address is shared by the two literals [0], and
by the null word generated at the end of [ASCIZ
/TESTI/].
Literal collapsing is suppressed
for
those
literals that contain errors, undefined expressions, or
EXTERNAL symbols.
NOTES
1.

If the code
immediately preceding a
LIT
does not cause a
transfer of execution
control to some other
location,
execution
will
"fall
into"
the
literal pool,
producing unpredictable results.

In a
file containing PRGEND pseudo-ops,
only one LIT is permitted in each module
before the last one.
The last module
(containing the END statement), or any file
without PRGENDs, can contain multiple LITs.

(Continued on next page)

3-35

PSEUDO-OPS
LIT

(Cont.)
MOVE 0, [xwn 1, :3::1
GETTAB 0,
I... IT

EXAMPLES

400046' 200 00 0 00 400050'
400047' 047 00 0 00 000041
400050'
000003
400050' 000001

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

.DIRECTIVE LITLST, END, PRGEND, VAR

COMMON
ERRORS

Assembling literals so that some are collapsed on Pass
1, but not on Pass 2. For example, in the following
lines, the literals [A] and [B] are collapsed on Pass 1
since they have the same value; but on Pass 2 their
values are different and they are not collapsed. This
produces a phase error for the label Faa.
IF1,<A::::5

B::::5>

IF2,<A=5

B=4>
MOVE AC,[AJ
MOVE AC ,r:B:l
LIT
FOO:

However, literals that have different values in Pass 1
but the same value in Pass 2 do not produce a phase
error. For example, the following code generates two
words of literal storage in Pass 1. During Pass 2 the
values of [A] and [B] are collapsed, but nevertheless
MACRO generates two words of literal storage to avoid a
phase error at the label Faa.

Foa:

MOVE AC1,[AJ
MOVE AC1,[BJ
LIT
A=5
B==5

3-36

PSEUDO-OPS
.LNKENO

FORMAT

.LNKEND chain-number,store-address

FUNCTION

Ends a static chain generated at load time.
See the
LINK Reference Manual (REL Block Type 12) for extensive
examples of using .LINK and .LNKEND.)

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

.LINK

COMMON
ERRORS

Chain-number not absolute (A error).
EXTERNAL expression for store-address (E error).

3-37

PSEUDO-OPS
Loe

FORMAT

LOC expression
expression = an optional operand whose value gives the
address at which sequential address assignment is
to continue.

FUNCTION

Sets the location counter to the value
of
the
expression and begins assigning absolute addresses to
the
instructions
and
data
following
the
LOC
instruction.
If no address is specified, the location counter is
restored
to its value previous to the last Loe
pseudo-op or RELOC-RELOC sequence.
(See
example
below.)
If no previous LOC pseudo-op was encountered,
the assumed address is o.
To switch to relocatable address mode,
use
the
pseudo-op RELOC.
If no argument is specified, RELOC
(in this context) restores the location counter to its
value
previous
to the LOC pseudo-op or LOC-LOC
sequence.
(An impl ic i t RELOC 0 beg ins each program.)
If an entire program is to be assigned absolute
locations,
a
LOC
statement
must
precede
all
instructions and data.
Note that, unlike RELOC-RELOC sequences, typically used
to switch between segments in a two-segment program,
LOC-LOC sequences cannot be successfully interrupted
and then resumed. This is demonstrated in the example
below.

EXAMPLES

400000/
000000/
000010
000010
000011
000100
000100
000101
000012
000102
000000/

000000
000000

000001
000002

000000
000000

000003
000004

TWOSEG 400000
RELOC
LOC 10
DEC 1,2
LOe 100
DEC 3,4
LOC
L.OC
F,ELOC

;But we can/t resulTle LOC"-LOC
400000/
RELOC
000102
LaC
LOC
000102
400000/
RELOC

Loe

000102

;Set UP
;Back to lowses
; Set UP LOC··-LOC

;

RELOC····

; RELOC

;But RELOC; RELOC is

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

RELOC, .ORG, TWOSEG

COMMON
ERRORS

Using an EXTERNAL expression for the address expression
(E error).

3-38

PSEUDO-OPS
.MFRMT

FORMAT

.MFRMT

FUNCTION

Causes multiformat listing of binary code.
The type of
instruction assembled determines this format.
(See
Section 6.1.)
.MFRMT is the default setting.

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Use the

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

.HFRMT

IF switch described in Table 7-1.

3-39

PSEUDO-OPS
MLOFF

FORMAT

MLOFF

FUNCTION

Terminates each literal at end-of-line even if no
closing square bracket is found. This pseudo-op is
intended only to maintain compatibility of programs
written for very old versions of MACRO.

EXAMPLES

This example shows how MLOFF can be used
[1234 as [1234].
MLOFF
000000
000000

402001'
40200-r'

[1234
[1234J

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Use the /0 switch described in Table 7-1.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

MLON

3-40

interpret

PSEUDO-OPS
MLON

FORMAT

MLON

FUNCTION

Suspends the effect of an earlier MLOFF pseudo-op,
thereby enabling the use of multiline literals. MLON
is the default setting.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

MLOFF

3-41

PSEUDO-OPS
.NODDT

FORMAT

.NODDT symbol, .•• ,symbol

FUNCTION

Suppresses debugger output of each given symbol.
Each
symbol must have been previously defined. Symbols
suppressed with .NODDT can include OPDEF symbols •

EXAMPLES

• NODDT CALL,PJRST,P

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Use -- for
2.4.2.2.)

direct-assignment symbols.

Use :1 for label symbols.

(See

(See Section 2.4.2.1.)

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

PURGE

COMMON
ERRORS

Using .NODDT with an undefined symbol argument.

3-42

Section

PSEUDO-OPS
NOSYM

FORMAT

NOSYM

FUNCTION

Suppresses listing of the symbol table in
listing file.
.

the

program

Suppressing the listing of symbol tables is useful
a library file containing many PRGENDs.

3-43

for

PSEUDO-OPS

OCT

FORMAT

OCT expression, ... ,expression

FUNCTION

Defines the local radix for the line as octal;
the
value of each expression is entered in a fullword of
code. The location counter is incremented by I for
each expression.

EXAMPLES

000000
000000
000000
000000

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Use the EXP pseudo-op and prefix AO to each expression
that must be evaluated in radix 8.
In the example
above, only the third and fourth expressions, "20,100,"
could have different evaluations in different radixes.
Therefore an equivalent notation is:
000000
000000
000000
000000

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

000001
000002
000020
000100

DEC, EXP, RADIX

3-44

PSEUDO-OPS
OEDEF

FORMAT

OPDEF symbol [expression]

FUNCTION

Defines the symbol as an operator equivalent
to
expression, giving the symbol a fullword value. When
the operator is later used
with
operands,
the
accumulator fields are added, the indirect bits are
ORed, the memory addresses are added, and the index
register addresses are added.
An OPDEF can be declared INTERNAL, using the INTERN
pseudo-oPe
However, if a symbol of the same name
exists, the INTERNAL declaration will apply only to
that symbol, and not to the OPDEF.
NOTES

EXAMPLES

If you use a relocatable symbol in defining
an OPDEF, the value of the symbol may not
be the same for all references to the
OPDEF.

Though the expression portion of an OPDEF
must be in square brackets, this use of the
brackets
is
completely
unrelated
to
literals or literal handling.

OPDEF CAL [MOVE 1,@SYM(2)]
CAL. l,BOL(2)

200062 000010
200 02 1 04 000014

The CAL statement is equivalent to:
MOVE 2,@SYM+BOL(4)

200 02 1 04 000014

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

DEFINE, SYN

COMMON
ERRORS

OPDEF of macroname or SYN symbol (A error) .
No code generated by statement in
error) .
Missing square brackets (A error) •

3-45

square

brackets

PSEUDO-OPS

FORMAT

.ORG address

FUNCTION

Sets the location counter to the address and causes the
assembler to assign absolute or relocatable addresses
depending on the mode of the argument.
If A is
relocatable, then .ORG A is equivalent to RELOC A; if
A is absolute, then .ORG A is equivalent to LOC A•
. ORG with no address sets the location counter to the
value it had immediately before the last LOC, RELOC, or
.ORG.

EXAMPLES

400000'
400000'
000000'
000000'
000100
000100
400100
400100
000100

RELOC 400000
RELAD:1:

;Set

some labels

RELOC 0

RELAD2:
ABSAD1:
ABSAD2:

LOC 100
LOC 400100
LOC ABSADl

400000'

RELOC RELAD1

400100

.ORG ABSAD2

400000'

• ORG

000000'

.ORG RELAD2

400000'

.ORG

000000'

.ORG

;Set counter to ABSADl
; and
absolute
; address
;Set counter to RELAD1
; and
relative
; address
;Set counter to ABSAD2
; and
absolute
; address
•
;Set counter to value
before
last LOC,
or
.ORG, and
address assignment
in appropriate mode.
;Set counter to RELAD2
; and beSin absolute
; address
;Set counter to value
before
last LOC, RELOC, or
.ORG, cmd begin
address
; in appropriate mode.
;Set counter to value
before
last LOC, RELOC, or
.ORG, and begin
address assignment
in appropriate mode.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

LOC, RELOC, TWOSEG

COMMON
ERRORS

Using an EXTERNAL symbol or complex EXTERNAL expression
for the address expression.

3-46

PSEUDO-OPS
PAGE

FORMAT

PAGE

FUNCTION

Causes the assembler to list the current line and then
skip to the top of the next listing page. The subpage
number is incremented, but the page number is not.

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

A formfeed character (CTRL/L)
in the input text
has a similar effect, but increments the page number
and resets the subpage number.

3-47

PSEUDO-OPS
PASS2

FORMAT

PASS2

FUNCTION

Switches the assembler to Pass 2 processing for the
remaining code. All code preceding this statement will
have been processed by Pass I only; all following code
by Pass 2 only.
You can use PASS2 to reduce assembly
during
debugging;
you can also use PASS2 to omit the second
pass for a UNIVERSAL file containing only symbol
definitions (OPDEFs, macros, and direct assignments).

EXAMPLES

Testing a macro defined in the Pass 1 portion:
IFE

NON,':::
PRINTX ?HORRIBLE ERROR
PASS2

END
stops assembly if NON

3-48

PSEUDO-OPS
PHASE

FORMAT

PHASE address
address = an integer expression;
symbol.

cannot be an EXTERNAL

FUNCTION

Assembles part of a program so that it can be moved
to
other
locations
for
execution.
To use this feature,
the subroutine is assembled at sequential relocatable
or
absolute addresses along with
the
rest of the
program, but the first statement before the subroutine
is PHASE, followed by the address of the first location
of the block into which the subroutine is to be moved
prior
to execution.
All
address assignments in the
subroutine are in relation
to
the address argument.
The subroutine is terminated by DEPHASE, which restores
the location counter.

EXAMPLES

In the following example, which is the central loop
in
a matrix inversion, a block transfer instruction moves
the subroutine LOOP into accumulators
11 to
15 for
execution.
(This results in faster execution on KAIO
and KIlO processors.)

002000'
002001'
002002'
000011
000011
000012
000013
000014
000015
002010'

200 00 0 00 402002'MAIN:
251 00 0 00 000015
254 00 0 00 000011
LOOPX:
210 02 0 03 000002 LOOP:
160 02 0 00 000100
142 02 0 04 000002
365 03 0 00 000011
254 00 0 00 002000'

MOVE [XWD LOOPX,LOOPJ
BLT LOOP+4
,JRST LOOP
PHASE 11
MOVN AC,A(X)
FMP AC,MPYR
FADM AC,A(Y)
SOJGE X, .-3
,JRST MAIN
DEPHASE

The label LOOP represents accumulator 11, and
the
in the SOJGE instruction represents accumulator 11.

.-3

Note that the code inside the PHASE-to-DEPHASE program
segment
is loaded
into the address
following
the
previous relocatable code;
all
labels
inside
the
segment, however, have the address corresponding to the
phase address.
Thus the phased code,
if it contains
control
transfers other than skips, cannot be executed
until
it has been moved
(for
example,
by a
BLT
instruction) to the address for which it was assembled.
RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

DEPHASE

COMMON
ERRORS

Using an EXTERNAL symbol or complex EXTERNAL expression
as the address (E error).

3-49

PSEUDO-OPS
POINT

FORMAT

POINT bytesize,address,bitplace

FUNCTION

Generates a byte pointer word for use with the machine
language mnemonics ADJBP, LDB, IBP, ILDB, and IDBP.
Bytesize gives the decimal number of bits in the byte,
and is assembled in bits 6 to 11 of the storage word.
Address gives the location of the byte word, and is
assembled in bits 13 to 35.
Bitplace gives the
position (in decimal) of the rightmost bit of the byte.
MACRO places the value 35 minus bitplace in bits 0 to 5
of the storage word.
If the address is indirect, bit 13 is set.
If the
address is indexed, the index is placed in bits 14 to
17. The default bytesize is O. The default bitplace
is -1, so that the byte increment instructions IBP,
ILDB, and IDBP will begin at the left of the address
word.

EXAMPLES

36 06 0 00 000000
44 06 0 00 00()100

COMMON
ERRORS

Bytesize or bitplace not given in decimal.

POINT 6,0,5
POINT 6,100

Bytesize or bitplace not absolute.
Bytesize or bitplace EXTERNAL.

3-50

PSEUDO-OPS
PRGEND

FORMAT

PRGEND

FUNCTION

Replaces the END statement for
all except the last
program of a multiprogram assembly.
PRGEND closes the
local symbol table for the current module.
You can use PRGEND to place several small programs into
one
file
to save space and disk accesses.
The
resulting binary file can be loaded in search mode.
(See the LINK Reference Manual.)
since
Using PRGEND requires extra memory for assembly,
the tables for each program must be saved for Pass 2.
Functionally, howeyer,
PRGEND is identical to END,
except that PRGEND does not end the current assembly
pass.
NOTE
1.

PRGEND is not allowed in macros or PSECTs.

PRGEND clears the TWOSEG pseudo-ope

Like END, PRGEND causes assembly of all
unassembled literals and variable symbols.

In a file containing PRGENDs,
using more
than one LIT pseudo-op in any but the last
program produces unpredictable results.

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Give an argument with PRGEND,
specifying the start
address for the program.
See the END pseudo-op for
a
discussion of this argument and its meaning.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

END, LIT, VAR

COMMON
ERRORS

Failing to end a text string, REPEAT, conditional code,
DEFINE, or literal with a closing delimiter;
MACRO
cannot see any following PRGEND or END.
Confusing multiprogram and multifile assemblies.
A
multiprogram
assembly
involves
multiple programs
separated by PRGENDs.
A multifile assembly always
involves multiple files separated by end-of-file.
The
two types of assemblies are not mutually exclusive.

3-51

PSEUDO-OPS

PRINTX

FORMAT

PRINTX text

FUNCTION

Causes text to be output during assembly.
On Pass 1
the text is output to the terminal and the listing
device. On Pass 2 the text is output to the terminal,
but only if the terminal is not the listing device.
PRINTX is frequently used to
output
conditional
information and, in very long assemblies, to report
progress of the assembler through Pass 1.

EXAMPLES

PRINTX ASSEMBLER HAS REACHED POINT NOWGO
IFGE .-1000,<PRINTX CODE MORE THAN lP)

3-52

PSEUDO-OPS
.PSECT

FORMAT

.PSECT name/attribute,origin

= a valid symbol giving the name of the PSECT.
attribute = either CONCATENATE or OVERLAID.
name

orlgln = an expression giving an address for the
origin.
FUNCTION

PSECT

Specifies the relocation counter to be used for the
code following.
MACRO generates a REL Block Type 23.
(See the LINK Reference Manual.)
Do not use PRGEND and .PSECT in the same file.
MACRO
will treat the first PRGEND as an END statement and
ignore any following source code.
For a complete discussion of PSECTS and their handling,
see Section 9.1.3 •

EXAMPLES

• PSECT A/CONCATENATE,O
.PSECT FIRST/OVERLAID,1000

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Omit attribute (defaults to CONCATENATE).

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

.ENDPS, LOC, .ORG, RELOC, TWOSEG

COMMON

Using TWOSEG and .PSECT in the same module.
Using HISEG and .PSECT in the same module.

3-53

PSEUDO-OPS
PURGE

FORMAT

PURGE symbol, ••• ,symbol
symbol = an assigned symbol, a label, an operator, or a
macro name.

FUNCTION

Deletes symbols from the symbol tables. Normally used
at the end of a program to conserve storage and to
delete symbols for the debugger. Purged symbol table
space is reused by the assembler.
If you use the same symbol for both a macro name or
OPDEF and a label, a PURGE statement deletes the macro
name or OPDEF. Repeating the instruction then purges
the label.
Purging a symbol that is EXTERNAL
or
undefined
suppresses any error messages associated with it.

EXAMPLES

000040

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

.NODDT, XPUNGE

LABEL: 1,1
PURGE LABEL

000001

3-54

PSEUDO-OPS
RADIX

FORMAT

RADIX expression
expression = decimal value from 2 to 10

FUNCTION

Sets the radix to the value of expression. An implicit
RADIX 8 statement begins every MACRO program.
All numerical expressions that follow (up to the next
RADIX pseudo-op) are interpreted in the given radix
unless another local radix is indicated.
(A different
local radix for the line can be indicated by the DEC or
OCT pseudo-opSi
a different local radix for
an
expression can be indicated by AB , AD, or AO. See
Section 2.2.2.)
Ordinarily, numbers outside the range of the given
radix are not interpreted. For example, in radix 8,
the number 99 causes an error. However, a single-digit
number is interpreted in any case. For example, in
radix 8, the number 9 is recognized as octal 11.

EXAMPLES

000000

000012

000000

000010

RADIX 10
EXP 10

RADIX 8
EXP 10

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Use one of the following prefixes to change the radix
for a single expression: AB for binary, AO for octal,
AD for decimal,

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

DEC, OCT

COMMON
ERRORS

Using a relocatable expression (A error).
Using an external expression (E error).
Giving a radix argument
decimal (A error).

not

Misusing numbers in a given radixi
statements

the

range

for example r in the

RADIX 10
RELOC 400000
MACRO treats the number 400000 as decimal.

3-55

PSEUDO-OPS

RADIX50

FORMAT

RADIX50 code,symbol

FUNCTION

Packs the symbol into bits 4 to 35 of the storage word,
with the code in bits 0 to 3.
The "50" in RADIX50 is octal,
so that the radix
in
decimal
is 40.
The 40 characters permitted in symbols
are the "digits" . of the RADIX50 symbol expression.
Thus a symbol is seen by RADIX50 as a "6-digit" number
in base 40, converted to binary, and placed in bits 4
to 35 in storage.
The code expression for RADIX50 is a number
in the
range 0 to 74 octal.
Its binary equivalent should end
with two zeros (that is, the octal should end with 0 or
4),
since the two low-order bits will not be stored.
The four high-order bits are placed in bits 0 to 3 in
storage.
See Appendix
characters.

for

the

octal

values

RADIX50

EXAMPLES

126633
466633

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

The mnemonic SQUOZE can be used in place of RADIX50.

4"72376
4"72376

RADIX50 ,symbol

RADIX50 10,SYMBOL
RADIX50 44,SYMBOL

(code is taken as zero).

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

SQUOZE

COMMON
ERRORS

RADIX50 code not absolute (A error).
RADIX50 code does not end with 0 or 4 (Q error) •

3-56

PSEUDO-OPS
RELOC

FORMAT

RELOC expression
expression = an optional operand that specifies the
address at which sequential address assignment is
to continue.

FUNCTION

Sets the location counter to the value of expression,
and begins assigning relocatable addresses to the
instructions and data that follow.
In a PSECTed program, RELOC sets the
for the current PSECT.

location

counter

If no address is specified, the location counter is
restored to its value before the last RELOC, or before
the last LOC-LOC sequence, whichever is later.
(See
the first example below.)
If· no previous RELOC or
LOC-LOC sequence was encountered, the location counter
is set to o.
An implicit RELOC 0 begins every MACRO program.
To
switch to absolute address mode, use the pseudo-op LOC.
Note that RELOC-RELOC 'sequences (typically used to
switch between segments in a two-segment program) can
be interrupted and then resumed. This is demonstrated
in the first example below.
EXAMPLES

400000'
000000'
000000' 000000 000001
000001' 000000 000002
400000'
400000' 255 00 0 00 000000
000137

TWOSEG 400000 ;Set Ufo"' hiseS
RELOC
;Back. to lowses
[lEC 1,2

00013"7 000100
400001'

XWD 100,1
RELOC
;Back to hiseS

000001

RELOC
,JFCL
LOC

400001' 254 00 0 00 400000' JRST .-1
000002'
RELOC

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

;Back. to hises
;Deposit version
in absolute 137

;

; where left off

;Back to lowses

LOC, .ORG, TWOSEG
(Continued on next page)

3-57

PSEUDO-OPS

(Cont.)
COMMON
ERRORS

Using an EXTERNAL symbol or complex EXTERNAL expression
as the address.
Returning to the wrong segment when using RELOC with
TWOSEG.
The last four lines of the following example
show how this can occur:
400000'
400000'

TWOSEG
RELOC 400000 ;Sets first RELOC
; cC)IJnter to

000000'

RELOC 0

; 400000'

400000'
400000'
400001'
000000'
000000'
000001'
400002'
400000'

000000
000000

000001
000002

000000
000000

000003
000004

400002'
400000'
400000' 000000

000001

3-58

RELOC
EXP 1,2

;Saves 400000',
; sets to 000000'
; Swap,s counters
;Enter values here

RELOC
EXP 3,4

;Swaps again
; Mo
values heT'e

; SWcu:'s a!:iain
RELOC
RELOC 400000 H.ost. counter
; to 000002'
; SwaF'S a!:iain
RELDC
;SwaF's again
RELDC
;Overwrites 400000 "
EXP 1

PSEUDO-OPS
REMARK

FORMAT

REMARK text

FUNCTION

Text is a comment.

EXAMPLES

REMARK

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

A comment line can also begin with a semicolon.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

COMMENT

COMMON
ERRORS

Continuing REMARK text to next line without using the
continuation character (CTRL/underscore).

I CAN SAY ANYTHING HERE.

3-59

PSEUDO-OPS
[

FORMAT

REPEAT

REPEAT expression,<code>
expression = the repeat index, which gives the number
of times to repeat assembly of the code given;
the repeat index can be any expression having a
nonnegative integer value.

FUNCTION

Generates the code given in angle brackets n
REPEAT statements can be nested to any level.

times.

Line continuation is not allowed across end-of-REPEAT,
since a carriage return and linefeed are appended to
each expansion of the code.
Note that REPEAT O,<code> is logically equivalent to a
false conditional, and REPEAT l,<code> is logically
equivalent to a true conditional.
CDUNT=O

000000

EXAMPLES

TABLE:
002020' 000000
002021' 000000
002022' 000000
002023' 000000

002024' 000000
002025' 000000
002026' 000000

000000
000001
000001
000002
000002
000003
000003
000004

COUNT
COlJNT=COUNT+l
COUNT

002024'
002025'
002026'

•
•
•

4, <COUNT'

COUNT
COUNT::::CDUNT+l
COUNT
COUNT:=C()UNT+l

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

DEFINE, IRP, IPRC

COMMON
ERRORS

No comma after n (A error) .

3, <.:::-

Using an EXTERNAL symbol or complex EXTERNAL expression
as the repeat index.
Mismatching angle brackets.

3-60

PSEUDO-OPS
.REQUEST

FORMAT

.REQUEST filespec

FUNCTION

Causes the specified file to be loaded only to satisfy
a global
request;
that is,
the file is loaded in
library search mode.
(See Chapter 7 for
a discussion
of files.)
The filespec must not include a file extension.
If you
specify a path, only the project-programmer number is
allowed;
SFDs are not allowed.
MACRO generates a REL Block Type
Reference Manual.)

EXAMPLES

.REQUEST DSK:MACROS
.REQUEST MACROS

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

DSK:

17.

{See

the

is the default device.

Your default path at load time is the default path •
RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

. REQUIRE,

. TEXT

3-61

!d!ilS.

PSEUDO-OPS
.REQUIRE

FORMAT

.REQUIRE filespec

FUNCTION

Causes the specified file to be loaded automatically,
independent of any global requests.
(See Chapter 7 for
discussion of files.)
The filespec must not include a file extension.
If you
specify a path, only the project-programmer number is
SFDs are not allowed.
MACRO generates a REL Block Type
Reference Manual.)

EXAMPLES

.REQUIRE DSK:MACROS
• REQUIRE MACr,OS
.REQUIRE SYS:MACREL

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

DSK:

16.

(See

the

is the default device.

Your default path at load time is the default path.
RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

.REQUEST, .TEXT

3-62

LINK

PSEUDO-OPS
SALL

FORMAT

SALL

FUNCTION

Causes suppression of all macro and repeat expansions
and their text;
only the input file and the binary
generated will be listed. SALL can be nullified by
either XALL or LALL.
Using SALL generally produces the
tidiest listing file.

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Use the

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

LALL, LIST, XALL, XLIST

1M switch described in Table 7-1.

3-63

PSEUDO-OPS
SEARCH

FORMAT

SEARCH tablename(filename) , ... ,tablename(filename)

FUNCTION

Defines a list of symbol tables for MACRO to search if
a symbol is not found in the current symbol table. A
Tables are
maximum of ten tables can be specified.
searched in the order specified.
When the SEARCH pseudo-op is seen, MACRO checks its
UNIVERSAL
table
for
a memory-resident
internal
(See the UNIVERSAL
UNIVERSAL of the specified name.
pseudo-op for further discussion of memory-resident
UNIVERSAL tables and use of the /U switch.)
If no such entry is found in the UNIVERSAL table, MACRO
reads
in the symbol table using the
file
specification. If no file specification 1S given,
MACRO reads tablename.UNV from the default path. If no
such file is found, MACRO then tries UNV:tablename.UNV
and SYS:tablename.UNV, in that order.
When all the specified files are found, MACRO builds a
table for the search sequence. If MACRO cannot find a
given symbol in the current symbol table, the UNIVERSAL
tables are searched in the order specified. When the
symbol is found, it is moved into the current symbol
table.
This procedure saves time (at the expense of
core) on future references to the same symbol.
A UNIVERSAL file can search
provided all names in the
assembled.

other UNIVERSAL files,
search list have been

The internal table of UNIVERSAL names is cleared on
each run
(.R MACRO) or START command, but is not
cleared when MACRO responds with an asterisk.
In a PSECTed program, all UNIVERSAL symbols
the blank PSECT.

belong

EXAMPLES

SEARCH MONSYM,MACSYM

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Omit the filename and its enclosing
MACRO
then looks on DSK:, UNV:, and SYS:
(in that order) for
tablename.UNV.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

UNIVERSAL

COMMON
ERRORS

Not purging a macro that redefines itself (P error) .
If a macro is found in a universal file, the definition
is
copied into the current macro table and the
auxiliary table is not searched on Pass 2.
Thus, a
macro that redefines itself can cause P errors similar
to enclosing
macro by IFI. Such macros should be
purged before Pass 2.

3-64

PSEUDO-OPS
SIXBIT

FORMAT

SIXBIT dtextd
d

FUNCTION

first nonblank character, whose
appearance terminates the text.

second

Enters strings of text characters in 6-bit format. Six
characters per word are left justified in sequential
storage words. Any unused bits are set to
Lowercase letters in SIXBIT text strings are treated as
uppercase. Otherwise, only the SIXBIT character set is
allowed.
(See Appendix A for SIXBIT characters and
their octal codes.)

EXAMPLES

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

64 45 70 64 00 63
64 62 51 56 47 00

SIXBIT \TEXT STRING\

644570

EXP SIXBIT fTEXTf

640000

This is not
Omi t the space or tab after SIXBIT.
allowed if the delimiter is a letter, number, dot,
dollar sign, or percent sign (that is, a possible
symbol constituent) , or if the ASCII value of the
delimiter character is less than 040 or greater than
172.

Right-justified SIXBIT can be entered by
quotes to surround up to six characters;
006251

475064

using single
for example,

'RIGHT'

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

ASCII, ASCIZ, .DIRECTIVE FLBLST

COMMON
ERRORS

Using the delimiter character in the text string.
Missing the end delimiter (that is, attempting to use a
carriage return as a delimiter) •
Using more than six characters in a right-justified
SIXBIT string, or more than three characters if in the
add res s fie 1 d (Q er r 0 r) •
Using non-SIXBIT characters in the text string.

3-65

PSEUDO-OPS
SQUOZE

FORMAT

SQUOZE code,symbol

FUNCTION

SQUOZE is a mnemonic for RADIX50.

EXAMPLES

126633
126633

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

RADIX50 code,symbol

472376
472376

SQUOZE ,symbol

RADIX50 10,SYMBOL
SaUOZE 10,SYMBOL

(code is

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

RADIX50

COMMON
Errors

Code not absolute (A error).

as 0).

Code does not end with 0 or 4 (Q error) •

3-66

PSEUDO-OPS
STOPI

FORMAT

STOPI

FUNCTION

Ends an IRP or
IRPC before all subarguments
or
characters
are
used.
The current expansion is
completed, but no new expansions are started.
STOPI
can be used with conditionals inside IRP or IRPC to end
the repeat if the given condition is met.

EXAMPLES

J...ALL

ONETWO(A><
IRP A,<IFIDN<A><ONE>,<STOPI
EXP 1»
IRP A,<IFIDN<A><TWO>,<STOPI
EXP 2»
ONETWO <A,B,D>'"'
IRP
IFIDN<A><ONE>,<STOPI
IFIDN<B><ONE>,<STOPI
IFIDN<D><ONE),<STOPI

EXP 1>
EXP 1>
EXP 1>

IRP
IFIDN<A><TWO>,<STOPI
IFIDN<B><TWO>,<STOPI
IFIDN<D><TWO>,(STOPI

EXP 2>
EXP 2>
EXP 2>

ONE TWO

IRP
IFIDN<A><ONE>,<STOPI

000000

000001

IFIDN<ONE><ONE>,<STOPI

EXP 1>
EXP 1>

IRP
IFIDN<A><TWO>,<STOPI
IFIDN<ONE><TWO),<STOPI
IFIDN<B><TWO>,<STOPI
IFIDN<ONE><TWO>,<STOPI
000000

000002

IFIDN<TWO><TWO>,<STOPI

EXP 2>
EXP 2>
EXP 2>
EXP 2:::·
EXP 2>

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

IRP, IRPC

COMMON
ERRORS

STOPI not inside IRP or IRPC.

3-67

PSEUDO-OPS
SUBTTL

FORMAT

SUBTTL subtitle

FUNCTION

Defines a subtitle (of up to 80 characters)
to be
printed at the top of each page of the listing file
until the end-af-listing or until another
SUBTTL
statement is found.
The initial SUBTTL usually appears on the second line
of the first page of the input file, immediately
following the TITLE statement.
For subsequent SUBTTL statements, the following rule
applies:
if the new SUBTTL is on the first line of a
new page, then the new subtitle appears on that page;
if not, the new subtitle appears on the next page.
NOTE
The statements

...

F'RGEND
TITLE FOO
SUBTTL BAR
do not cause BAR to appear as the subtitle
the first page of the listing of FOO.

SUBTTL affects only the listing file, and subtitles can
be changed as often as desired.
EXAMPLES

SUBTTL THIS SECTION CONTAINS DEVICE-DEPENDENT ROUTINES

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

TITLE

3-68

PSEUDO-OPS
SUPPRESS

FORMAT

SUPPRESS symbol, ... ,symbol

FUNCTION

Turns on a suppress bit in the symbol
table for
the
specified symbols.
The suppress bit will be turned off
for
any symbol later
referenced
in the
program.
Symbols whose suppress bits are on at the end of
assembly are not listed in the symbol table, but will
be listed in any tables built by CREF unless they are
XCREFed.
When an appended parameter file
(as opposed
to a
UNIVERSAL file)
is used in an assembly, many symbols
may be defined but never used.
These take up space in
the binary file and complicate listing of the file.
Unused and unwanted symbols can be removed from tables
by SUPPRESS or ASUPPRESS.
These pseudo-ops control the
suppress bit in each entry of the symbol table;
if the
bit is on, the symbol in that location is not output.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

ASUPPRESS

COMMON
ERRORS

Attempting to suppress an undefined symbol.

3-69

PSEUDO-OPS

SYN

FORMAT

SYN syml, sym2

= a defined symbol.
sym2 = a symbol to be defined as synonymous with syml.

syml

FUNCTION

Defines sym2 as synonymous with syml.
If syml is defined as both a label
sym2 assumes the label definition.

EXAMPLES

and

operator,

The following are legal SYN statements:

SYN X,I\
SYN FAD,AI:rD
SYN END,XEND
To turn XLIST into a null operator,
DEFINE .XL <: >
SYN .XL,XLIST
TO restore its operation,
PURGE XLIST
RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

DEFINE, OPDEF

COMMON
ERRORS

Missing symbol (A error).
Unknown symbol - first operand not defined (A error).
Missing comma (A error) .
Using a variable as one
error).

3-70

the

symbol

arguments

PSEUDO-OPS
TAPE

FORMAT

TAPE

FUNCTION

Causes the assembler to begin assembling the program
contained in the next source file in the MACRO command
string.

EXAMPLES

(Interactive)
.R MACRO
*DSK:BINAME,LPT:=TTV:,DSK:MORE
PARAM=6
TAPE
;THIS COMMENT WILL BE IGNORED

,...z

This sets PARAM to 6 and assembles the remainder of the
program from the source file DSK:MORE. Since MACRO is
a two-pass assembler, the TTY: file must be repeated
for Pass 2.
[MCREPI END OF PASS lJ
PARAM=6
TAPE

,..z

Note that all text after the TAPE pseudo-op is ignored.

3-71

PSEUDO-OPS
TEXT

FORMAT

.TEXT dtextd
d

FUNCTION

= delimiter;

first nonblank character, whose
appearance terminates the text.

second

Generates an ASCIZ REL Block Type for LINK and inserts
the text string directly into the .REL file output as a
separate block.
(See the LINK Reference Manual.)
The text inserted in the .REL file is interpreted as a
Therefore a MACRO program
command string for LINK.
loaded by user commands to LINK can contain additional
LINK commands, carried out when the MACRO program is
loaded .

EXAMPLES

• TEXT '/SET:.HIGH.:SOOOOO'

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Omit the space or tab after .TEXT. This is not allowed
if the delimiter is a letter, number, dot, dollar sign,
or
percent
sign
(that
is,
a possible symbol
constituent), or if the ASCII value of the delimiter
character is less than 040 or greater than 172 •

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

. REQUEST, .REQUIRE

COMMON
ERRORS

Using the delimiter character in the text string.
Missing the end delimiter (that is, attempting to use a
carriage return as a delimiter).

3-72

PSEUDO-OPS
TITLE

FORMAT

TITLE title

FUNCTION

Gives the program name and a title to be printed at the
top of each page of the program listing.
The first characters (up to six characters, or up to
the first non-RADIX50 character) are the program name.
This name is used when debugging with DDT to gain
access to the program's symbol table.
The entire text of
the program listing.

title is printed on each page of

Only one TITLE statement is allowed
programs with PRGEND statements can
statement for each module.

in a module;
use one TITLE

A TITLE statement can appear anywhere in the program;
it usually appears as the first line of the program.
If no TITLE statement is used,
the program name ".MAIN".
EXAMPLES

the

assembler

inserts

TITLE FLOATING-POINT NUMBER PACKAGE
The program name is FLOATI; the words FLOATING-POINT
NUMBER PACKAGE will appear at the head of each page and
subpage of the listing.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

SUBTTL, UNIVERSAL

COMMON
ERRORS

Using more than one TITLE in a program.
Using TITLE and UNIVERSAL in the same module (M error).

3-73

PSEUDO-OPS
TWOSEG

FORMAT

TWOSEG expression
expression = any expression glvlng a nonnegative value
as the beginning of the program high segment;
cannot be EXTERNAL.

FUNCTION

MACRO to assemble a two-segment program with
the high segment beginning at the given address. MACRO
sets the location counter to the given address, and
generates a REL Block Type 3, which tells LINK to
expect two segments.
(The address is reduced to the
next lower multiple of 2000 (octal). If this result is
0, the address defaults to 400000.)
Only one TWOSEG pseudo-op is allowed in a program.
High-segment code is controlled by using RELOC with a
value
at least as large as the TWOSEG address.
Low-segment code is controlled by smaller RELOC values.
NOTE
Using TWOSEG without an argument sets the
beginning address for the high segment to
400000.
However, this does not
set
the
location counter to 400000.

EXAMPLES
DATA:
START:

TWOSEG
RELOC 0
BLOCK 10000
RELOC 400000
EXIT 0

;Low

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

LOC, .ORG, RELOC

COMMON
ERRORS

Using an EXTERNAL symbol or complex EXTERNAL expression
as the address argument.
Using TWOSEG more than once in a program

error) •

Generating relocatable code before the TWOSEG pseudo-op
(Q error) .
Using PSECT and TWOSEG in the same program.

3-74

PSEUDO-OPS
UNIVERSAL

FORMAT

UNIVERSAL tablename

FUNCTION

Declares the symbol
table of the current program
and stores the given
available to other programs,
The
tablename in MACRO's internal UNIVERSAL table.
tablename is also taken as the program name, and
appears in the heading of each page of the listing
file.
When an END or PRGEND statement is found,
the symbol
table is placed
immediately after
the assembler's
pushdown stacks and buffers.
In addition to this
memory-resident copy of the UNIVERSAL symbol table, the
file tablename.UNV is generated.
(This file can be
suppressed by the /U switch described in Table 7-1.)
UNIVERSAL files can be used to generate data,
but are
more commonly used to generate symbols, macros, and
OPDEFs.
The symbols and OPDEFs generated
in
a
UNIVERSAL program need not be declared INTERNAL, since
its local symbols are available to accessing programs.
(See the SEARCH pseudo-op.)
Memory-resident UNIVERSAL symbol tables are cleared on
each run (.R MACRO) or START, but are not cleared when
MACRO responds with an asterisk.
This saves redundant
lookups when many programs search a common set of
UNIVERSALs.
Note that if a sequence of programs
(or even one
program)
searches more than ten UNIVERSAL symbol
tables, a SEARCH table overflow occurs.
This overflow
forces reinitialization of the assembler by a run (.R
MACRO) or START command.
For a UNIVERSAL program that does not generate data
(that
is,
it has only symbol, macro,
and OPDEF
definitions), you can save time by using
I-pass
assembly.
However,
such a
file must not contain
forward references to symbol definitions.
A UNIVERSAL file cannot contain PSECTs.
(Continued on next page)

3-75

PSEUDO-OPS

(Cont.)
NOTES

EXAMPLES

For COMPILE-class commands, the existence
of
the file tablename.REL may prevent
recompilation
of
UNIVERSAL
file
the
To
this, force
tablename.MAC.
avoid
compilation of the .MAC file by including
/COMPIL in the command string.

Generally, a UNIVERSAL file need not be
reassembled when referencing programs are
assembled with newer versions of MACRO.
However,
if
the UNIVERSAL's assembler
version is newer than the program's, you
may get the MCRUVS message, indicating
skewed UNIVERSAL versions.
In this case,
reassembly or one or both files is required
(using the same assembler version).

UNIVERSAL Sl
START='765
ACt=l
F=O

END
RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

SEARCH, TITLE

COMMON
ERRORS

Using TITLE and UNIVERSAL in the same module (M error) •

3-76

PSEUDO-OPS
VAR

FORMAT

VAR

FUNCTION

Causes variable symbols (defined in previous statements
by suffixing the number sign
(#), or by ARRAY or
INTEGER statements)
to
be
assembled
as
BLOCK
statements.
This
has
no
effect on subsequent
definitions of symbols of the same type.
If the VAR statement does not appear in the program,
all variables are stored at the end of the program.
If the pseudo-op TWOSEG is used, the variables reserved
by an array statement must be assigned to the low
segment; thus a RELOC back to the low segment is
required before using the VAR pseudo-oPe

EXAMPLES

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

402003'
402004'
402005'
402006'
402007'
402010'
402011'
001052'
001052'
001055'

201.
202
201
202
140
200
263

01 0
01 0
02 0
02 0
01 0
01 0
17 0

01
00
02
00
00
00
00

000000
402012'
000000
402013'
000002
402014'
000000

ADD2:

MOVEl 1,()(1)
MOVEM t,FlRSTt
MOVEl 2,0(2)
MOVEM 2,SECONDt
ADD 1,2
MOVE 1.,SUMt
POF'J 17,
VAR
BLOCK ....

ARRAY, BLOCK, INTEGER

3-77

PSEUDO-OPS

XALL

FORMAT

XALL

FUNCTION

Resumes standard listing after previous LALL
(XALL is the default among these three.)
XALL suppresses all lines of the program
that do not generate binary code.

SALL.

listing

file

XALL does not suppress REPEAT expansions.
NOTE
Under XALL only one listing line is output for
each source line generating binary code in a
macro expansion. Occasionally, a single line
of a macro definition expands into several
lines of listing text. When this occurs, part
of a binary-generating source line may not be
listed.
You can avoid this by temporarily setting the
listing
mode to LALL
(list all)
or SALL
(suppress all) around such lines.
RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

LALL, LIST, SALL, XLIST

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Use the

IX switch described in Table 7-1.

3-78

PSEUDO-OPS

.XCREF

FORMAT

.XCREF symbol, .•. ,symbol

FUNCTION

Suspends output of cross-referencing for the specified
symbols.
References to these symbols between this
statement and the next .CREF or the end of the program
will not appear in the cross-reference listing .

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

• XCREF
If no symbol names are specified,
cross-referencing for all symbols •

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

• CREF

COMMON
ERRORS

Specifying a nonexistent symbol

3-79

MACRO

(A error).

suspends

PSEUDO-OPS
XLIST

FORMAT

XLIST

FUNCTION

Suspends output to the program listing file.
This
output occurs only in Pass 2;
XLIST does not affect
Pass 1. To resume output, use the pseudo-op LIST.

EXAMPLES

The following sequence of code shows an XLIST pseudo-op
suppressing listing of literals:
EXIT
XLIST
l.IT
LIST

;End
program
;Don1t list literals

END

This sequence of code lists as:
401023 1

104 00 0 00 000170

HALTF
XLIST
LIST

;End of program
;Don1t list literals

END

Note that the high-segment break will be greater
than
401023'
because the literals are assembled after the
HALTF.
RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

LALL, LIST, SALL, XALL

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

Use the /S switch described in TabLe 7-1.

3-80

PSEUDO-OPS
XPUNGE

FORMAT

XPUNGE

FUNCTION

Deletes all local symbols during Pass 2. This reduces
the size of the
.REL file and speeds up loading.
XPUNGE should immediately precede the END statement.

RELATED
PSEUDO-OPS

PURGE

3-81

PSEUDO-OPS

XWD

FORMAT

XWD lefthalf,righthalf

FUNCTION

Enters two halfwords in a single storage word.
Each
half is formed in a 36-bit register, and the low-order
18 bits are placed in the halfword.
The high-order
bits are ignored.
XWD statements are used to set up pointer words for
block transfer instructions.
Block transfer pointer
words contain two 18-bit
the left half is
the starting location of the block to be moved, and the
right half is the first location of the destination.

EXAMPLES

MOVE 2,CXWD FROM1,T01J
BLT 2,TOENDl

200 02 0 00
251 02 0 00
FROM1:
T01:

OPTIONAL
NOTATIONS

...

BLOCK 100
BLOCK 100
TOEND1=.-1

lefthalf"righthalf
BYTE (18)lefthalf,righthalf

COMMON
ERRORS

Using halfword with absolute
(Q error).

value larger than 18 bits

Using two commas between the arguments to XWD.
For
example, XWD A,3 is
XWD A,,3 is incorrect.

3-82

PSEUDO-OPS

z
FORMAT

Z accumulator, address

FUNCTION

Z is treated as if it were the null machine language
mnemonic.
An instruction word is formed with zeros in
bits 0 to 8. The rest of the word is formed from the
accumulator and address.
(See Section 4.7.1.)

EXAMPLES

403036' 000 00 0 00 000000
403037' 000 01 0 04 000002

3-83

CHAPTER 4
MACRO STATEMENTS AND STATEMENT PROCESSING

A MACRO statement has one or more of the following:
a
label,
an
operator, one or more operands, and a comment.
The general form of a
MACRO statement is:
label:

operator operand,operand

;comment

A carriage return ends the statement.
NOTES

4.1

Direct-assignment statements receive
special
handling.
(See Section
2.4.2.2.)

Processing
of
macros
is
not
discussed here because a macro call
produces a text substitution.
After
substitution,
the text is processed
as described
ln
this
chapter.
Macros are discussed in Chapter 5.

LABELS

A label is always a
symbol with a suffixed colon.
(See Section
2.4.2.1.) The assembler recognizes a label by finding the colon.
If a
statement has labels (you can use more than one),
they must be the
first elements in the statement.
A label can be defined only once;
its value is
first word of code generated after it.

the

address

the

Since a label gives an address, the label can be either absolute or
relocatable.
A label is a local symbol by default.
You can declare a
label INTERNAL global or EXTERNAL global.
(See Section 2.4.5.)

4-1

MACRO STATEMENTS AND STATEMENT PROCESSING
4.2

OPERATORS

After processing any labels, ths assembler views
nonblank, nontab characters as a possible operator.
one of the following:
I.

All
A MACRO-defined mnemonic.
Appendix C, and are discussed
Manual.

A user-defined operator.

the following
An operator is

mnemonics are listed in
in the Hardware Reference

(See the pseudo-op OPDEF in Chapter

3. )

A pseudo-oPe

(See Chapter 3.)

If the characters found do not form one of the above, then MACRO views
them as an expression.
An operator is ended by the first non-RADIX50 character:
if it is
ended by a blank or tab, operands may follow;
if it is ended by a
semicolon, there are no operands and the comment field begins;
if it
is ended by a carriage return, the statement ends and there are no
operands or comments.

4.3

OPERANDS

After processing labels and the operator, if any, the assembler views
as operands all characters up to the first unquoted semicolon or
carriage return. Commas delimit the operands.
The operator in a statement determines the number (none, one, two or
more)
and kinds of permitted or required operands. Any expected
operand not found is interpreted as null.
An operand can be any
expression or symbol appropriate for the operator.

4.4

COMMENTS

The first unquoted semicolon in a statement begins the comment field.
You can use any ASCII characters in a comment; however, angle
brackets in a comment may produce unpredictable results.
You can
continue a comment to the next line by typing CTRL/ , followed by a
carriage return.
If the first nonblank, nontab character in a line is a semicolon, the
entire line is a comment. You can also enter a full line of comment
with the pseudo-op REMARK, or a multiline comment with the pseudo-op
COMMENT.
(See Chapter 3.)
Comments do not affect binary program output.

4-2

MACRO STATEMENTS AND STATEMENT PROCESSING
4.5

STATEMENT PROCESSING

MACRO processes your program as a linear stream of data. During Pass
1, MACRO may find references to symbols not yet defined. These
symbols are entered in the user symbol table. Whenever a symbol is
defined,
it is entered in the table with its value, so that on Pass 2
all definitions can be found in the table. The values then replace
the symbols in the binary code generated.
NOTE
Delayed definition is allowed only for
labels and direct-assignment symbols. A
symbol
that
contributes
to
code
generation
(for example, an OPDEF, a
macro, or a REPEAT index) must
be
defined before any reference to it.
Statement processing proceeds as follows:

4.6

Labels are found and entered in the user symbol table.

The next characters up to the first unquoted
blank, tab, comma, or equal sign are processed.

semicolon,

Equal sign:
the characters form a symbol, and the
following characters form an expression. The symbol and
the value of the expression are entered in the user
symbol table.

Other delimiter: the characters form an expression or an
operator.
If an operator, it is found in a table and
assembled.
If an expression, its value is assembled.

If the operator takes operands, the next characters up to the
fIrst unquoted semicolon or carriage return form operands.
Unquoted commas delimit operands. For each operand, leading
and trailing blanks and tabs are ignored. Operands are
evaluated and assembled for the given operator.

The first unquoted semicolon ends processing of the line.
Any further characters up to the first carriage return are
comment.

The first unquoted carriage return ends the
following Characters begin a new statement.

statement.

Any

ASSIGNING ADDRESSES

MACRO normally (and by default) assembles statements with relocatable
addresses.
Assembly begins with the zero storage word and proceeds
sequentially. Each time MACRO assembles a word of binary code,
it
increments its location counter by 1.

4-3

MACRO STATEMENTS AND STATEMENT PROCESSING
A mnemonic operator generates one word of binary code.
Directassignment statements and some pseudo-ops do not generate code. Some
pseudo-ops generate more than one word of code.
You can control address assignment by setting the assembler's location
counter using the pseudo-ops LOC and RELOC.
(See Section 9.1.)
You can also reference addresses relative to the location counter by
using the dot symbol (.). For example, the expression .-1 used as an
address refers to the location immediately preceding the current
location.
In revising MACRO programs, you can cause an incorrect address to be
assembled by adding or removing statements within the range of a .+n
expression. For example, in the sequence
SKIPE O(AC)
,JRST GOT ONE
AO,JA AC • ---2

000000' 332 00 0 01 000000
000001' 254 00 0 00 001020'
000002' 344 01 0 00 000000'

the expression .-2 gives the address of the SKIPE statement.
If you
revise this sequence by inserting a statement, you should change the
expression to .-3 so that it still refers to the correct statement.
000000'
000001'
000002'
000003'

332
254
350
344

00
00
00
01

0
0
0
0

01
00
00
00

SKIF'E O(AC)
JRST GOrONE
AOS NULCNT
AOJA AC, .-3

000000
001020'
000014
000000'

;Added 1 i
;Chansed line

For this reason, use great care with such expressions other
and .-1. Using labels avoids this problem entirely.

4.7

than

.+1

MACHINE INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS AND FORMATS

There are two kinds of machine instruction mnemonics:
primary and
input/output.
Primary instructions generate binary code in primary
instruction format;
input/output instructions generate binary code in
input/output instruction format.

4.7.1

Primary Instructions

A primary instruction is in one of the forms

mnemonic accumulator,address
mnemonic accumulator,
mnemonic address
where mnemonic is a machine instruction mnemonic, accumulator is an
accumulator register address, and address is a memory address. The
memory address can be modified by indexing, indirect addressing, or
both.

4-4

MACRO STATEMENTS AND STATEMENT PROCESSING
list of machine instruction mnemonics and their octal codes
IS gIven in Appendix C, and these mnemonics are discussed in the
Hardware Reference Manual.
The accumulator address gives the address of a register, and can be
any expression or symbol whose value is an integer in the range a to
17 octal.
The memory address gives a location in memory, and can be any
expression or symbol whose value is an integer in the range a to octal
777777.
You can modify the memory address by indirect addressing, indexed
addressing, or both. For indirect addressing, prefix an at sign (@)
to the memory address in your program. For indexed addressing, suffix
an index register address in parentheses to the memory address in your
program. This address can be any expression or symbol whose value is
an integer in the range 1 to octal 17.
NOTE
To assemble the index, MACRO places the
index register address in a fullword of
storage, swaps its halfwords, and then
adds the swapped word to the instruction
word.
For an example of a primary instruction (assuming that AC17, TEMP, and
XR have the octal values 17, 100, and 3, respectively), the statement
ADD AC17,@TEMP(XR)
generates the binary code
instruction
code.
010 III 000

indirect
bit
1 III

accumulator

memory
address

a all

000 000 000 001 000 000

index
register

which appears in the program listing as
270 17 1 03 000100

ADD AC17,@TEMP(XR)

The mnemonic ADD has the octal code 270, and this is assembled into
bits a to 8.
The accumulator goes into bits 9 to 12. Since the @
appears with the memory address, bit 13 is set to 1.
The index
register goes into bits 14 to 17. Finally, the memory address is
assembled into bits 18 to 35.
If any element is missing from a primary
assembled in its instruction word field.

4-5

instruction,

zeros

are

MACRO STATEMENTS AND STATEMENT PROCESSING
4.7.2

Mnemonics With Implicit Accumulators

A few mnemonics set bits in the accumulator field as well as in the
instruction field. Therefore these mnemonics do not take accumulator
operands, and are of the form
mnemonic address
These mnemonics and their octal codes
Appendix C.

are

listed

Table

C-5

For example, the mnemonic JFOV gives the octal code 25504; JFCL gives
255. Therefore both give the opcode 255 in bits 0 to 8, but JFOV also
sets the accumulator bits (9 to 12) to binary 0001. This makes JFOV
100 equivalent to JFCL 1,100:
JFOV 100
JFCL 1,100

255 01 0 00 000100
255 01 0 00 000100

4.7.3

Input/Output Instructions

An input/output statement in your program resembles a
primary
instruction statement except that the first operand gives a device
number instead of an accumulator. The general format is:
mnemonic device,address
In an input/output instruction, the indirect, index, and address
fields (bits 13 to 35 inclusive) are assembled exactly as in a primary
instruction.
Unlike a primary instruction word, however, an input/output word has a
split instruction code in bits 0 to 2 (always set to III binary) and
10 to 12, and a device code in bits 3 to 9. The device code can be
any expression or symbol giving a valid device code for your system.
(MACRO-defined I/O instruction mnemonics and device code mnemonics are
listed in Tables C-2 and C-3 in Appendix C.)
For example
statement

(assuming

that

NVR

has

the

octal

value

1037),

the

DATAl CDR,@NVR(4)
generates the binary code
device
code
III

001 001 1

indirect
bit
00 1

instruction
code

memory
address

o 100
index
register

which appears in the listing as
7 114 04 1 04 001037'

DATAl CDR,@NVR(4)

4-6

000 000 001 000 011 III

MACRO STATEMENTS AND STATEMENT PROCESSING
The octal code for the mnemonic DATAl is 70004, which is written in
bits 0 to 14.
The octal device code 114 (for card reader) is then
overwritten in bits 3 to 9. The @ in the statement sets bit 13 to 1.
The index register and memory address are placed in bits 14 to 17 and
18 to 35, as in a primary instruction.

4.7.4

Extended Instructions

The KLIO Extended Instruction Set is a multifunction instruction set
that performs character-string editing, decimal-to-binary conversion,
string move with left or right justification, string move with offset
or translation, and string compare.
The Extended Instruction Set consists of a single KLIO instruction
(EXTEND, octal 123) and a set of 16 extended operators.
(See the
Supplement to the Hardware Reference Manual.)
The KLIO EXTEND instruction mnemonics
Appendix C.

4-7

are

listed

Table

C-4

CHAPTER 5
USING MACROS

A macro is a sequence of statements defined and named in your program.
When you call a macro
(by invoking its name in your program), the
sequence of statements from its definition is generated in line,
replacing the call. A macro can have arguments.
By using macros with arguments, you can generate passages of code that
are similar, but whose differences are controlled by the passed
arguments. This saves repetition in building a source file.

5.1

DEFINING MACROS

Before you can call a macro, you must define it.
You can also
redefine a macro if you wish; the new definition simply replaces the
old one.
To define (or redefine) a macro, use the pseudo-op DEFINE:
DEFINE macroname (darglist)<macrobody>
where macroname is the name of the macro, darglist is an optional list
of dummy-arguments, and macrobody is a sequence of statements.
The macroname is a symbol;
you must follow the rules
symbols in selecting a macroname.
(See Section 2.4.1.)

for

valid

The optional dummy-argument list can give one or more dummy-argument
symbols through which values are passed to the sequence of statements.
If a macro definition has dummy-arguments, they must be enclosed in
parentheses.
Use commas as delimiters between dummy-arguments. For
each dummy-argument, leading and trailing spaces and tabs are ignored.
The macrobody is the sequence of statements you want to generate when
you call the macro. The macrobody must be enclosed in angle brackets.
Here is an example of a macro definition:

5-1

USING MACROS
DEFINE VMAG (WHERE,LENG) <
;Vector
routine
MOVE O,WHERE
;Get first
; component
FMP 0
;Sauare it
MOVE 1,WHERE+1
;Get second
; component
FMP 1,1
;Sauare it
FAD 1
;Add souare
; of second
;Get third
MOVE1,WHERE+2
; component
;SQuare it
FMP 1,1
;Add souare
FAD 1
; of third
SaRT
PUSHJ 17,FSaRT
; routine
;Store the
MOVEM LENG
;

>
NOTE

Comments in a macro use storage. If you
begin a comment with a double semicolon,
the comment is listed in the definition
but
not
stored
for
listing with
expansions.

5.2

CALLING MACROS

You can call a macro by putting its name in your program. Recall that
you must define the macro before you can call it. You can use the
macroname as a label, an operator, or an operand.
If the macro's definition has dummy-arguments, the macro call can have
arguments.
The arguments passed to the macro are inserted into the
defined sequence of statements as it is generated. The first passed
argument
replaces the first dummy-argument;
the second passed
argument replaces the second dummy-argument; this treatment continues
for each argument passed. Any missing arguments are passed as nulls
(zeros) or filled in by default arguments (see Section 5.5).
NOTE

If Faa is a macro with four dummyarguments, the call Faa A"C passes A
and C as the first and third arguments.
The second argument is passed as nulls;
it is not considered missing and cannot
be replaced by a default argument. The
fourth argument is missing and will be
replaced by a default argument if one
has been defined;
otherwise it
is
passed as nulls.
(See Section 5.5.1.)

5-2

USING MACROS
After argument substitution, the defined sequence of statements
replaces the macroname and argument list in the source text. For
example, suppose you have defined VMAG(A,B} as shown in Section 5.1
above, and VMAG appears in your program as

TAG1:
TAG2:
TAG3:

LALL
P7=245
VLEN=11
PLACE=15
MOVE 1,P7
;Get P7
MOVEM PLACE
;Put it in PLACE
VMAG PLACE,VLEN
MOVE 1,VLEN
;Get

Then the code to be assembled is:
000245
000011
000015
200 01 0 00 000245
202 00 0 00 000015

TAG1:
TAG2:

200 00 0 00 000015
160 00 0 00 000000
200 01 0 00 000016
160 01 0 00 000001
140 00 0 00 000001
200 01 0 00 000017
160 01 0 00 000001
140 00 0 00 000001
264 00 0 00 001007"
202 00 0 00 000011
200 01 0 00 00001:L

TAG3:

LALL
P7=245
VLEN=11
PLACE=15
;
P7
MOVE 1,P7
;Put it in PLACE
MOVEM PLACE
VMAG PLACE,VLEN'"'
;Vector length rOIJtine
;Get fi T'st
MOVE O,PLACE
; cOITIPonent
;SGuare it
FMP 0
;Get second
MOVE 1,PLACE+1
; cOITIPonent
;
it
FMP 1,1
;Add souare
FAD 1
; of second
;Get third
MOVE 1,PLACE+2
; cOITIPonent
; SW.Jare it
FMP 1,1
;Add SWJare
FAD 1
; of third
;Floatirrg SQRT
JSR FSQRT
; T'outine
;Store
MOVEM VLEN
; 1
MOVE 1,VLEN

;Get length

Notice that the macro definition has the dummy-arguments A and B in
the macrobody. The call VMAG PLACE,VLEN causes PLACE to replace each
appearance of A, and VLEN to replace each appearance of B.
NOTES
1.

Under LALL, when the text of a
macrobody is listed at call, it is
enclosed in up-arrows (A).

Under XALL, the beginning of the
text of a macrobody is marked by an
up-arrow; the ending is marked by
an up-arrow only if the last line of
the macrobody generates binary code.

5-3

USING MACROS
5.2.1

Macro Call Format

In a macro call, delimit the macroname with
tabs.

one

blanks

If the macro has arguments, the first nonblank, non tab character
begins the argument list. Each argument ends with a comma, a carriage
return, or a semicolon. These three characters cannot be used within
arguments unless enclosed by special quoting characters.
(See Section
5.2.2. )
Leading and trailing spaces and tabs are stripped from each argument
unless they are within special quoting characters. Embedded spaces
and tabs are not stripped.
You can continue an argument
to
the
next
line
by
using
CTRL/underscore.
Otherwise an unquoted carriage return or semicolon
ends the argument and the argument list. An unquoted semicolon also
begins the comment field.

5.2.2

Quoting Characters in Arguments

The special quoting characters for macro argument handling are:

< >
(

)

[

]

" "

angle brackets
parentheses
square brackets
quote marks
NOTE
Single quote marks (apostrophes) are not
special quoting characters.

Any character, including the semicolon (i), enclosed in special
quoting characters is treated as a regular character. If one of the
special quoting characters is to be passed as a regular character, it
must be enclosed by different special quoting characters.
Here are the rules for macro argument handling.
is assumed to be a defined macro:
1.

In the examples,

Faa

The special quoting characters are not argument delimiters.
They only tell the assembler to treat the enclosed characters
as regular characters.

Faa C<A,B> has one argument:

C<A,B>.

Faa C,O<A,B> has two arguments:

5-4

C and D<A,B>.

USING MACROS

With the two exceptions explained below, special
characters are always included in passed arguments.
Faa A, (B,C) has two arguments:

A and (B,C).

Faa [XWD 1,Ll]-1(AC) has one argument:
Faa

(",0 has two arguments-:

quoting

II ( "

[XWD 1, L1] -1 (AC) •

and O.

Exception 1: If the first character of the argument list is
a
left
parenthesis,
then it and its matching right
parenthesis delimit the argument list. They are not treated
as special quoting characters and are not included in passed
arguments.
All nested quoting characters except
angle
brackets
are
disabled.
After
stripping
the
outer
parentheses, angle brackets are handled as described in
Exception 2 below.
Faa (A,B,C) has three arguments:

A, B, and C.

FDa (?LENGTH >132) has one argument:
Faa ([A,B]) has two arguments:
Faa «A,B»

has one argument:

?LENGTH >132.

[A and B].
A,B.

Exception 2: If a left angle bracket is the first character
of the argument list, or the first character after an
unquoted comma, then it and its matching right angle bracket
are treated as special quoting characters, but are not
included in passed arguments.
Faa <A,B>,C has two arguments:

A,B and C.

Faa C,<A,B> has two arguments:

C and A,B.

You can alter this argument handling by using the pseudo-op .DIRECTIVE
with MACMPD, • ITABM, and • XTABM.
(See Chapte r 3.)
NOTE
To pass special characters in a macro
call, we suggest defining the macro so
that the delimiters are part of the
passed argument. For example, use
DEFINE T1 (A) <OUTSTR CABelZ AJ>
rather than
DEFINE T2 (A) <OUTSTR [ASeIZ \A\J>
The call Tl "»" will work, but T2
will not.

5-5

"»"

USING MACROS
5.2.3

Listing of Called Macros

You can control the listing of called macros by using the pseudo-ops
XALL, SALL, and LALL. LALL causes macro expansions to be listed in
full; XALL suppresses part of the listing; LALL suppresses all of
the listing. The default among these three is XALL.
The following example shows the action of these
listings:

pseudo-ops

macro

DEFINE FOO (N)<
IFE N,<2>
IFN N,<l>
000000
000000

000002
000001

000000

000002

000000

000001

000000

000002

000000

5.3

0000()1

SALL
FOO(O)
FOO(l)
XAL..L
FOO(O)'"'
IFE 0,<2>
FOO(l)'"'
IFN 1,<:1>
LALL
FO()(O)'"'
IFE 0,<2>
IFN 0,<1>
FOO(l)'"'
IFE 1,<2>
IFN 1,<1>

NESTING MACRO DEFINITIONS

You can nest macro definitions. That is, you can define a macro
within the body of another macro definition. Notice, however, that
the nested macro is not defined to the assembler until the nesting
macro is called.
Here is an example:
DEFINE PERSON (A) <:
DEFINE CHILD (B) <:
DEFINE GRANDCHILD (C)
EXP A,B,C>

5-6

USING MACROS
until the DEFINE PERSON statement is assembled, calls to PERSON,
CHILD, and GRANDCHILD are illegal. These macros are not yet defined
to the assembler.
When the DEFINE PERSON statement is reached and assembled, PERSON can
be called, but not CHILD or GRANDCHILD. The call PERSON 1 generates
the text
PERSON 1 ....
DEFINE CHILD (B) <
DEFINE GRANDCHILD (C)
EXP 1,B,C>

thus defining CHILD to the assembler.
generates the text

The

CHILD 2 ....
DEFINE GRANDCHILD (C)
EXP 1,2,C>

and GRANDCHILD is defined
GRANDCHILD 3 generates
000000
000000
000000

000001
000002
000003

the

following

call

CHILD

call

assembler.

Finally,

GRANDCHILD 3'"'

Notice the result of a subsequent call to CHILD 10. The text
CHILD 10'"

DEFINE GRANDCHILD (C) <
EXP 1,10,C>

is generated, and this definition replaces the old definition of
GRANDCHILD;
the definitions of PERSON and CHILD are not changed.
After this, the call GRANDCHILD 3 generates
GRANDCHILD 3'"'
000000
000000
000000

000001
000010
000003

NOTE
Using multiple angle brackets for a
passed argument preserves the argument
as one unit. For example passing the
argument
«A,B,C»
to nested macros
causes the outer macro to pass <A,B,C>
as one argument; the first nested macro
passes A, B, and C as three arguments.

5-7

USING MACROS
5.4

CONCATENATING ARGUMENTS

The apostrophe (') is the concatenation operator for macro calls.
If
you insert an apostrophe immediately before or after a dummy-argument
in the body of a macro, the assembler removes it at call.
This
removal joins (concatenates)
the passed argument to the neighboring
character in the generated text.
(One application of this concatenation is shown
for the ASCIZ pseudo-op.)

under

COMMON

ERRORS

If the apostrophe precedes the dummy-argument, the passed argument is
suffixed to the preceding character; if the apostrophe follows the
dummy-argument, the passed argument is prefixed to the following
character.
You can use more than one apostrophe with a dummy-argument.
In this
case only apostrophes next to the dummy-argument will be removed (at
most one from each side). Other apostrophes are treated as regular
characters
in the macrobody.
The following example shows the
treatment of apostrophes on both sides of the dummy-argument, and of
double apostrophes.
DEFINE 0 (PREFIX,MIDFIX) <
DEFINE OCOMP (SUFFIX) <
PREFIX'O'MIDFIX"SUFFIX>

Now the call 0 A,J generates
DEFINE OCOMP (SUFFIX) <
AOJ'SUFFIX>

because when the assembler replaces PREFIX with A, the apostrophe
following is removed to form AO.
When J replaces MIDFIX, the
preceding apostrophe and first following apostrophe are removed to
form AOJ'SUFFIX.
Now the call OCOMP LE generates
OCOMP
343

00 0 00 000000

since the apostrophe is removed to join AOJ to LE.

5.5

DEFAULT ARGUMENTS AND CREATED SYMBOLS

Ordinarily, an argument missing from a macro call is passed as
For example, the macro defined by

nulls.

DEFINE WORDS (A,B,C)
EXP A,B,C>

when called by WORDS 1,1 generates three words containing 1, 1, and 0,
respectively.
WORDS
000000
000000
000000

000001
000001
000000
5-8

EXP

USING MACROS
You can, however, alter this handling by specifying
other than nulls, or by using created symbols.

5.5.1

default

values

Specifying Default Values

If you want a missing argument to default to some value other than
nulls, you can specify the default value in your DEFINE statement. Do
this by inserting the default value in angle brackets immediately
after the dummy-argument. For example, the macro defined by
DEFINE WORDS (A,B(222),C(333»(
EXP A,B,t)

when called by WORDS 1,1 generates three words containing
333, respectively.

and

WORDS 1,1000000
000000
000000

EXP 1,1,333

000001
000001
000333

NOTE
An
argument
passed
as
nulls
by
consecutive commas is not considered
missing and cannot invoke a default
value.
Therefore missing arguments can
occur only at the end of the list of
passed arguments.

5.5.2

Created Symbols

A symbol used as a label in a macrobody must be different for each
call of the macro (since duplicate labels are not allowed). Therefore
for each call a different symbol for the label must be passed as an
argument.
If you do not refer to such a label from outside the macro, you can
simply let the assembler provide a new label for each call. This
label is called a created symbol, and is of the form •• nnnn where nnnn
is a 4-digit number.
To use a created symbol in place of a passed argument, use the percent
sign (%) as the first character of the dummy-argument in your DEFINE
statement. The assembler then creates a symbol for use in the macro
expansion if that argument is missing from a call to the macro.
If
you provide an argument in the call, the passed argument overrides the
created symbol.

5-9

USING MACROS
NOTES
1.

A null argument
(indicated by two
adjacent delimiters) is not treated
as missing.

Avoid
symbols of the
form
.. nnnn,
SInce they could interfere
with created symbols.

The following example shows a macro defined with a created symbol, the
macro called using the created symbol, and the macro called overriding
the created symbol:

DEFINE COMf'AR (TEST,SAVE,INDEX,XHERE) .:::
MOVE SAVE, TEST
XHERE:
SETZ INDEX,
CAME SAVE,TABLE(INDEX)
JRST XHERE

COMPAR T1,T2,T3'"'
•• 0001: MOVE T2,Tl
SETZ T3,
CAME T2,TABLE(T3)
JRST •• 0001
COMf'AR
HERE1:
MOVE T2,T1
SETZ T4
CAME T2,TABLE(T4)
JRST HEREl

5.6

INDEFINITE REPETITION

The pseudo-ops lRP, lRPC, and STOPl give a convenient way to repeat
all or part of a macro;
you can change arguments on each repetition
if you wish, and the number of repetitions can be computed at assembly
time.
You can use these three pseudo-ops on1y within the body of a
macro definition.
To see how lRP works, assume the macro definition

DEFINE DOEACH (A) <
IRF' A,<A»
The call DOEACH <ALPHA,BETA,GAMMA> produces the code

000000
000000
000000

000200
000300
000400

ALF'HA:::200
BETA:::::300
GAMMA:::400
DOEACH <ALPHA, BETA,

000200
000300
000400

ALPHA
BETA
GAMMA

because each subargument passed to IRP generates one repetition of the
code.
Notice that the range of lRP must be enclosed in angle
brackets.

5-10

USING MACROS
NOTE
Using angle brackets in the call to
DOEACH is critical, since they make the
string
ALPHA,BETA,GAMMA
a
single
argument for IRP.
IRP then sees the
commas as delimiting subarguments.

IRPC is similar to IRP, but an argument passed to IRPC
repetition for each character of the argument.

generates

one

STOPI ends the action of IRP or IRPC after assembly of the current
expansion. You can use STOPI with a conditional assembly to calculate
a stopping point during assembly. For example:
;Enter value of 111 for each radix from 2 to K
DEFINE CONVI (L) <
RADIX L ;Set radix
111
;Evaluate and enter
RADIX 8 ;Back to radix 8

DEFINE CONVERT (A) <
IRP A,<IFE K-A,<STOPI> ;Still OK?
CONVl A> ;CONVI

000004

000000

000007

000015

000025

K=4
CONVERT
IRP
IFE K-2,(STOPI) ;Still OK?
CONVI 2RADIX 2 ;Set radix
111
;Evaluate and enter
RADIX 8 ;Back to radix 8
IFE K-3,<STOPI> ;Still OK?
CONVI 3RADIX 3 ;Set radix
111
;Evaluate and enter
RADIX 8 ;Back to radix 8
IFE K-4,<STOPI> ;Still OK?
CONVI 4RADIX 4 ;Set radix
111
;Evaluate and enter
RADIX 8 ;Back to radix 8
;CONVI

5.7

ALTERNATE INTERPRETATIONS OF CHARACTERS PASSED TO MACROS

The normal argument passed by a macro call is simply the string of
characters
given with the call.
MACRO offers three alternate
interpretations of the passed argument.

5-11

USING MACROS
If you prefix a backslash (\) to an expression argument, the argument
passed is the ASCII numeric character string giving the value of the
expression.
If you prefix a backslash-apostrophe (\') to an expression argument,
the argument passed is the string whose value is the SIXBIT string
with the integer value of the expression.
If you prefix a backslash-quotemark (\") to an expression argument,
the argument passed is the string whose value is the ASCII string with
the integer value of the expression.
To show how these work, the following example defines a macro to print
the argument passed. Then four different arguments are passed using
the various argument interpretations.

000060

635170

425164

LALL
DEFINE LOOKIE (ARG) <
REMARK The passed argument is!

ARG

LOOKIE 60'"
REMARK The passed argument is:

LOOKIE \60'"'
REMARK The passed a rgUIT.ent is!

LOOKIE \'60'"
REMARK The passed argument is!

LOOKIE \-60'"
REMARK The passed argument is:

Z=60

LOOKIE Z'"
REMARK The passed argument is:

LOOKIE \Z ....
REMARK The passed argument is:

LOOKIE \'Z ....
REMARK The passed argument is:

LOOK IE \ -1'"'
REMARK The passed argument is:

ZZ:::'SIXBIT'

LOOKIE ZZ ....
REMARK The passed argument is!

LOOK IE \ZZ'"
REMARK The passed argument is!

635170425164

LOOKIE \' 2Z'"'
f<EMARK The

fUXBIT

is:

5-12

USING MACROS
203234

162311

LOOKIE
REMARK

The passed

is:

ZIZ

LOOKIE
REMARK

The passed

is:

203234162311

LOOKIE
REMARK

The passed arSument is:

5-13

ASCII

CHAPTER 6
ASSEMBLER OUTPUT

MACRO can generate three kinds of output files:

6.1

A program listing (.LST) file

A binary program (.REL) file

A UNIVERSAL (.UNV) file

THE PROGRAM LISTING FILE

MACRO outputs the program listing file to the device you specify,
usually your terminal or a disk file.
You can control the form of the
program listing by using the pseudo-ops .DIRECTIVE FLBLST,
.DIRECTIVE
SFCOND, LIST, XLIST, LALL, XALL and SALL.
(See Chapter 3.) All MACRO
programs begin with the implicit pseudo-ops LIST and XALL.
The listing has a heading at the top of each page and subpage.
The
first line gives the program name, the assembler version, the time and
date of assembly, and the page number.
The second line gives the
program filename (including extension), the date and time of creation,
and an optional program
Example:
TIMER
TIMER

MACRO
MAC

10:07
27-AUG-77

27-APR-77
10:06

PAGE 2
MACDEP

The listing has up to 55 lines per page. You can change this by using
the L switch; /nnL specifies nn lines per page. A formfeed (CTRL/L)
in your program begins a new page and increments the page number.
If
the linecount exceeds lines-per-page before a formfeed is found, a
subpage number is formed. For example, the subpages following page 6
are 6-1, 6-2, and so forth. A formfeed would begin page 7.

6-1

ASSEMBLER OUTPUT
The five columns in the program listing give:
1.

The CREF line number
CREF switch on).

(if the program was assembled

The line sequence number

The 6-digit octal address of the
sequential location assignment.

with

the

(if the input file is sequenced).
storage

word,

usually

400066'
400067'
400070'

An apostrophe
relocatable.

(')

after

the

address

shows

that

first word

For a PHASE pseudo-op, the phased address is given.
For a BLOCK pseudo-op, only the address of
given.

For a program with PSECTS, the 2-digit PSECT number of the
current PSECT immediately follows the address.
For example,
000100'02

For a LOC or RELOC pseudo-op, only the address to which
the
location counter is set is given;
the next word of code will
be assembled at that address.
4.

The assembled binary code

(if any)

in one of eight formats.

Fullword:
all zeros with number
sign
(000000000000#),
showing that a
fullword Polish fixup is required
for the word of code.
Halfword:
two 18-bit bytes.
Each halfword can be
followed by an apostrophe (') to indicate that it
is relocatable, or by a pound sign (#) to
indicate
that a
Polish fixup is required for it. When you
use the .HWFRMT pseudo-op, all code is listed
in
halfword format.
Instruction:
9-bit op-code;
4-bit accumulator code;
I-bit indirect code;
4-bit index;
18-bit address.
Input/output:
3-bit
I/O code;
7-bit device code;
3-bit operand;
I-bit indirect code;
4-bit index;
18-bit address.
Byte pointer:
6-bit byte position;
unused bit;
I-bit
indirect
18-bit address.
ASCII:

five 7-bit bytes;

SIXBIT:

six 6-bit bytes.

6-2

6-bit byte size;
1
code;
4-bit index;

one unused bit.

ASSEMBLER OUTPUT
BYTE:

binary representation of specified bytes.
Bytes
appear on the program listing only to the extent
that available horizontal space permits.
For
example,
36 I-bit bytes cannot be represented as
individual bytes on the listing. Any halfword byte
containing
an
address can be flagged by an
apostrophe (I) or by a pound sign
(#).
See the
halfword format above.

OPDEF or assignment:
needed.

one

two

18-bit

bytes,

These examples show some code in each format:
000056'

OOOOOOOOOOOOt

B::::A+C
AC 1'7, ,1

;Halfword
H1al fword

000061' 255 01 0 00 OOOl,OO
000062' 255 01 0 00 000100

-lFOV 100
JFCL 1 ',1. 00

; InstT'uction
; InstT'lJction

000063' '7 114 04 1 04 00103'7'
000064' 7 110 20 1 05 000004

jI/O
DATAl CDR,@NVR(4)
(5 )
;1/0
CONO CDF' ,

000057' 000001
000060' 000017

000017'

OOOOOl

;[fyte pointer
pointer
;

000065' 21 06 0 00 000067'
000066' 44 10 0 00 000070'

Pl:
F'2:

POINT 6,Bl,lS
PDINT B,B:.?

000067' 07 00 01 000000
000070' 006 004 002 000 00

Bl:
B2:

;
BYTE (6)'7,(),1
BYTE (S)6,4,2,0 ;Byte

017000
026000

000000
000000

OPfiEF Zl[17BS::J
OF'DEF Z2C26BSJ

;OPDEF
;OPDEF

000071' 061 062 063 064 065
000072' 101 102 103 104 105

ASCII 1123451
ASCII \ABCDE\

;ASCII
;ASCII

000073' 21 ,22 23 24 25 26
000074' 41 42 43 44 45 46

SIXBIT 11234561 ;SIXBIT
SIXBIT \ABCDEF\ ; SIXrnr

An apostrophe
(I)
shows the code as relocatable.
The
examples show reloca table val ues in- the r igh thaI f of some
words. The left half can also be relocatable.
An asterisk (*) shows a symbol to be EXTERNAL or undefined.
A number sign (i) shows that a Polish expression is
to resolve the value.
5.

required

Source statements and comments.

If the assembler finds errors in a line of text, it suffixes one or
more letters to the sequence number as error codes. These error codes
are discussed in Chapter 8. A code is not repeated for multiple
errors of the same type in a line.

6-3

ASSEMBLER OUTPUT
At the end of the listing, the assembler gives the total number of
errors, followed by break addresses. The program break is the largest
relocatable address assembled, plus 1.
The absolute break is the
largest absolute address assembled.
The high-segment break is the
largest high-segment address assembled. For a program with PSECTs,
the break for each PSECT is also given.
The listing gives CPU time in the form mm:ss.sss where mm is minutes
and ss.sss is seconds.
Core used is given in K's: one K is 1024
words (2000 octal).
In the symbol table at the end of the listing, some symbols
the following codes:
ent
ext
int
pol
sen
sex
sin
spd
udf

may

have

result of ENTRY pseudo-op
EXTERNAL symbol
INTERNAL symbol
defined in terms of EXTERNAL symbols
suppressed result of ENTRY pseudo-op
suppressed EXTERNAL symbol
suppressed INTERNAL symbol
suppressed for debugger
undefined symbol

If you use the /C switch with MACRO, you can generate three additional
tables in the program listing.
The /C switch directs MACRO to
generate the listing file in a format suitable for input to CREF, the
cross-referencing program. This is a .CRF file rather than the usual
.LST file.
After assembly, the .CRF file can be used as input to CREF, and the
output is the cross-referenced .LST file. This file contains the
program listing and symbol table as described above.
In addition,
it
has a cross-referenced symbol table, a table of macros and OPDEFs,
and, if you use the /0 switch with CREF, a cross-referenced table of
opcodes and pseudo-ops.
The cross-referenced symbol table lists each user-defined symbol
(except macros, OPDEFs, and SYN symbols), and lists the sequence
number of each line containing the symbol.
The table of macros and OPDEFs shows each reference to macros, OPDEFs,
and SYN symbols.
The opcode table shows each reference to MACRO-defined opcodes and
pseudo-ops, giving the sequence number of each line containing the
opcode or pseudo-oPe

6-4

ASSEMBLER OUTPUT
6.2

THE BINARY PROGRAM FILE

MACRO outputs the binary program file to the device you specify,
usually a storage device. The default device is a disk. Most of the
file is the binary expansion of your program instructions.
These
instructions are formatted into groups called REL Blocks; each block
is labeled so that LINK can recognize it. Details of this formatting
and labeling are discussed in the LINK Reference Manual.
A relocatable binary program file can be stored on any input/output
device.
The output format is not related to either block types or
logical divisions of the device.

6.3

THE UNIVERSAL FILE

THE UNIVERSAL file is output only if the source file contains the
UNIVERSAL pseudo-op.
(See the discussions at UNIVERSAL in Chapter 3
and in Section 9.2.)
A UNIVERSAL file contains only symbols and definitions.
These
definitions are available to any program, and can be obtained by using
the SEARCH pseudo-op.

6-5

CHAPTER 7
USING THE ASSEMBLER

To assemble a MACRO program, use one of the following:
1.

The operating system command COMPILE.
manual for details.)

(See the Monitor Calls

The $MACRO card for the BATCH program.
Reference Manual.)

(See the GALAXY Batch

The MACRO command level.

To assemble a program in the command level of MACRO, type R MACRO to
the system.
The system then runs MACRO, which responds with an
asterisk (*):
.R MACRO

Then define files for MACRO by typing a command of the form
relfile,listfile=sourcefile, .•. ,sourcefile
where:
relfile is a filespec for the binary program output file.
listfile is a filespec for the program listing output file.
each sourcefile is a filespec for a source program
MACRO assembles source files in the order given.

input

file;

The default device for each file is DSK:, but you can override this by
prefixing devicecode:
to any of the files. Default file extensions
are .REL for relfile, .LST for listfile
(.CRF if you use the IC
switch), and
.MAC for each sourcefile. You can override these by
suffixing a file extension to any of the files.
You can specify a directory for any of these files
project-programmer number (PPN) in square brackets.

suffixing

You can set switches by suffixing Ichar or (char)
to a file, where
char is a switch code. Switch codes and their meanings are given in
Table 7-1.

7-1

USING THE ASSEMBLER
You can suppress the binary file by omitting
(but keeping the comma):

its

file

specification

You can suppress the listing file by omitting its
and the comma:

file

specification

,listfile=sourcefile, ••• ,sourcefile

relfile=sourcefile, ... ,sourcefile
You can suppress both output files
by
specifications (but keeping the equal sign):

omitting

their

file

=sourcefile, ... ,sourcefile
You can access an indirect file (containing valid asterisk-level MACRO
command strings) by typing a command of the form:
@indirectfile
where indirectfile is the file specification for the file.
Examples:
DATE,DATE=DATE

Assemble source file DATE.MAC from disk
into binary program file DATE.REL on
disk, and put the listing in
file
DATE.LST on disk.

DATE=DATE

No listing file.

,DATE=DATE

No binary file.

=DATE

No binary or listing file.
Print
error diagnostics on the terminal.

DATE,TTY:=DATE

Send the listing to the terminal.

DATE,DATE=TTY:

Accept source code from the terminal.

DATE,DATE=TTY:,DSK:DATE

Accept source code from the terminal
(usually symbol definitions), followed
by more source code from the disk.
Notice
that DSK must be specified;
otherwise, TTY would be assumed.
NOTE

Many programmers use
the
following
commands to check assembly of short code
sequences:
*,TTY!==TTY!
PASS2
This displays the assembled code line by
line as you type it in.

7-2

all

USING THE ASSEMBLER
Table 7-1
MACRO Switch Options
Switch

Meaning

Advance magnetic tape reel by one file.
The /A
switch must immediately follow the device to which
the switch refers.

Backspace magnetic tape reel by one file.
The /B
switch must immediately follow the device to which
the switch refers.

Produce listing file in a format acceptable as input
to CREF.
Unless the filename is given, CREF.CRF is
assumed; if no file extension is given,
.CRF is
assumed; if no listing device is specified, DSK: is
assumed.
The /C switch can be used only with the file
specification for the program listing file;
it must
appear between the comma and the equal sign.

List macro expansions (same as LALL pseudo-op) .

Output binary listing in multiformat (same as
pseudo-op) •

Output binary listing in
.HWFRMT pseudo-op) •

Print HELP text (list of switches and explanations).

Reinstate listing (same as LIST pseudo-op) .

List only the call and binary produced
expansion (same as SALL pseudo-op).

halfword

format

.MFRMT

(same

macro

Suppress error printouts on the terminal.

End literal with CR-LF or right square bracket
as MLOFF pseudo-op) .

(same

Increase the size of the pushdown list. This switch
can appear as many times as desired. The pushdown
list is initially set to a size of 80 (decimal)
locations;
each
/P increases the size by 80
(decimal). /P must appear on the left of the -.

Suppress
listing.

Q
(questionable) warning errors on
/Q must appear on the left of the =.

the

(Continued on next page)

7-3

USING THE ASSEMBLER
Table 7-1 (Cont.)
MACRO Switch Options
Meaning

Switch
/S

Suppress listing (same as XLIST pseudo-op) .

Skip to the logical end of the magnetic tape. The /T
switch must immediately follow the device to which
the switch refers.

Do not generate a .UNV file on DSK.
The /U switch
must appear immediately after the specification for
the binary program file;
that is, it must appear
between the file specification and the comma.

Rewind the
immediately
refers.

Suppress listing of macro expansions (same as XALL).

magnetic tape.
The /W switch
must
follow the device to which the switch

7-4

CHAPTER 8
ERRORS AND MESSAGES

MACRO has three kinds of messages:

8.1

Informational messages

Single-character error codes

MCRxxx messages (where xxx is a 3-letter mnemonic code)

INFORMATIONAL MESSAGES

MACRO's informational messages are printed at the foot of the program
listing.
These messages and their explanations are given in Table
8-1.

8-1

ERRORS AND MESSAGES
Table 8-1
MACRO Informational Messages
Explanation

Message
ABSLUTE BREAK

The highest absolute address over 137.

CORE USED

The size of the low segment
assemble the source program.

CPU TIME USED

The CPU time for assembly
seconds.

ERRORS DETECTED

The number of errors detected by MACRO
during
assembly (errors marked on the
listing by single-character codes other
than Q).

HI-SEG. BREAK

The length of the high segment.

PROGRAM BREAK

The length of the low segment.

PSECT n BREAK

The length of PSECT n.

UNASSIGNED DEFINED
AS IF EXTERNAL

Undefined symbol;

WARNINGS GIVEN

The number of Q errors found.
is terminated if under BATCH.

8-2

used

minutes

and

treated as EXTERNAL.
Processing

ERRORS AND MESSAGES

8.2

SINGLE-CHARACTER ERROR CODES

Single-character error codes are printed in the program listing near
the left margin of the line where the error occurs. If more than one
kind of error occurs in the same line, more than one character will be
printed;
if more than one error of the same kind occurs in the line,
the code is printed only once.
Codes for M, P, V, and X errors are typed during Pass 1.
If you use CREF to produce a cross-referenced listing file, all the
single-character error codes will appear in the cross-reference table
as %•••• x, where x is the code character.
Table 8-2 gives
explanations.

the

single-character

8-3

error

codes

and

their

ERRORS AND MESSAGES
Table 8-2
MACRO Single-Character Error Codes
Code

Explanation

Argument error in pseudo-oPe This is a broad class of
errors that can be caused by an improper argument in a
pseudo-oPe The A errors include:

Symbol used is improperly formed.

IFIDN comparison string is too large.

OPDEF of macro or SYN.

Invalid SIXBIT character.

Byte size in BYTE more than 36.

RADIX50 code not absolute.

End of line of IF reached before < character seen.

Assignment made in an address field;
for example,
MOVEI A=lO.
(However, MOVEI <A=lO> is valid.)

Assignment of a label;

10.

Missing symbol in SYN.

11.

Unknown symbol in SYN.

12.

Missing right parenthesis in an index.

13.

Missing left parenthesis in a BYTE statement.

14.

No comma after repeat count.

15.

IRP or IRPC not in a macro.

16.

Argument for IRP or IRPC is not a dummy symbol;
example, DEFINE GO (A) IRP B.

17.

IRP or IRPC argument is a created symbol.

18.

STOPI not in IRP or IRPC.

for example, TAG:

TAG=l.

for

Multiply defined symbol. The statement contains a tag
that refers to a multiply defined symbol. The first
definition is used for assembling the statement.
(Continued on next page)

8-4

ERRORS AND MESSAGES
Table 8-2 (Cont.)
MACRO Single-Character Error Codes
Code

Explanation

Improper use of an EXTERNAL symbol.

The E errors include:

Symbol both EXTERNAL and internal.

EXTERNAL symbol used as accumulator register address.

EXTERNAL symbol used with IF.

EXTERNAL symbol used as address for LaC, RELOC, PHASE,
HISEG, or TWOSEG.

EXTERNAL symbol used for array name or size in ARRAY.

EXTERNAL symbol used as REPEAT count.

Literal generates less than 1 or more
data.

than

Symbol defined more than once;
retains
its
first
def ini tion.
If a ·symbol is fir st defined as a var iable
and later as a label, it retains the label definition.
This error can be caused by multiple appearances of TITLE,
or TITLE with UNIVERSAL.

Number error.

words

The N errors include:

Number exceeds the permitted range.

B shift not absolute.

Digits exceed current radix.
If radix is 8, the
single character 9 is acceptable but the number 19 is
not acceptable.

Character after up-arrow not B, 0, F, L, D, !, or -

Illegal expression after E.

Operation code undefined.

Phase error.
In general, the assembler generates the same
number of program locations in Pass 1 and Pass 2. Any
discrepancy causes a phase error.
Phase errors
allocation.

can

It is assembled as zeros.

caused

incorrect

literal

If a symbol is used as a macro to generate code in Pass 1,
and is used as a label in Pass 2, a phase error can occur.
A relocatable label that is defined in a literal and then
used in an arbitrary expression; MACRO generates a Polish
expression instead of treating the label as EXTERNAL.
(Continued on next page)

8-5

ERRORS AND MESSAGES
Table 8-2 (Cont.)
MACRO Single-Character Error Codes
Code

Explanation

Questionable. This is a broad class of warnings in which
the
assembler
finds ambiguous language.
Statements
causing Q errors may not generate correct code.
The Q
errors include:

Too many ASCII characters in double quotes (").
the first five are used.

Only

Too many SIXBIT characters.
used.

are

Value too large;

Illegal expression after E.

Illegal control character.

Comma detected after all required fields filled;
example, MOVE 1,2,.

for

HISEG or TWOSEG
assembled.

code

Instruction memory address operand does not have
either all D's or a l I I ' s in its left half; for
example, 1,,0 or -4,,-1.

More than l8-bit values used in XWD.

Relocation error.

Only the

first

high-order bits are lost.

found

after

relocatable

The R errors include:

Expression neither absolute nor relocatable.

LaC or RELOC used improperly.

Relocatable BLOCK size given.

Relocatable accumulator address given.

PSECT usage error.

six

The S errors include:

More than 64 distinct PSECT names used.

More than 16 levels of PSECT nesting used.

PSECT name given with .ENDPS is not the
current PSECT.

name

Undefined symbol.

Symbol used to control the assembler is
the definition precede the reference.

Error in defining or calling a macro during Pass 1.

8-6

undefined.

the

Make

ERRORS AND MESSAGES

8.3

MCRxxx MESSAGES

The MCRxxx messages are issued to the terminal during assembly.
xxx represents a 3-letter code.)

(The

Any MCRxxx message that is preceded by a question mark is normally
fatal
under
batch
processing.
A
few
MCRxxx messages are
informational; these are issued within square brackets.
Table 8-3 gives all the MCRxxx messages. Each 3-letter code and its
message
are printed in boldface type.
For some messages, an
explanation is printed in lightface type.

8-7

ERRORS AND MESSAGES
Table 8-3
MCRxxx Messages
Code
ATS

Message and Explanation
LINES/PAGE ARGUMENT TOO SMALL
The argument given must be greater than three to allow space
for the page heading.

CAP

CORE ALLOCATION PROBLEM WITH MEMORY-RESIDENT UNIVERSALS
UNIVERSAL programs assembled with the /U switch must have
the same output specifications as succeeding files.
(See
the pseudo-op UNIVERSAL in Chapter 3.)
However, if none of
the
memory-resident UNIVERSALS are to be searched by
subsequent files in the command sequence, you can clear
the
UNIVERSALs and force the needed memory allocation by typing
CTRL/C, followed by START.

CFU

CANNOT FIND UNIVERSAL
Correct the request for the UNIVERSAL file, or assemble
required UNIVERSAL file.

CME

the

COMMAND ERROR
The last command string contains an error.

CTL

COMMAND LINE TOO LONG
The last input
characters.

ECF

command

string

contains

than

200

because

input

ERROR READING COMMAND FILE
This is a file status error.

EPI

END OF PASS 1
Manual input is required to begin Pass 2
from cards or terminal.

EPP

EXPRESSION PARSING PROBLEM
An expression was misinterpreted because MACRO interpreted a
slash as a division operator, or a hyphen as a subtraction
operator.

ERU

UNEXPECTED END-OF-FILE

EWE

ERROR WHILE EXPANDING

UNIVERSAL FILE

MACRO has an internal error in expanding a macro.
Rewrite
the macro, and submit a Software Performance Report.
(Continued on next page)

8-8

ERRORS AND MESSAGES

Table 8-3 (Cont.)
MCRxxx Messages
Code
IBL

Message and Explanation
INPUT BLOCK TOO LARGE DEVICE

An input block from the specified device is too
ICP

INPUT CHECKSUM OR PARITY ERROR DEVICE

This is a hard-data error.
IDE

INPUT DATA ERROR DEVICE

This is a hard-data error.
ISC

ILLEGAL SYNTAX IN CONDITIONAL OR REPEAT

ISO

ILLEGAL SYNTAX IN MACRO DEFINITION

The macro is improperly defined.
lSI

ILLEGAL SYNTAX IN [IRP or IRPC] INSIDE MACRO

ISR

ILLEGAL SYNTAX IN REPEAT

LNF

LOAD THE NEXT FILE

The command string specifies the next file device as card
reader or terminal. Input the file through the appropriate
device.
LRE

(1)

LOOKUP, RENAME, OR ENTER ERROR

LRE

(0)

FILE WAS NOT FOUND

LRE

(1)

NO DIRECTORY FOR PROJECT-PROGRAMMER NUMBER

LRE

(2)

PROTECTION FAILURE

LRE

(3)

FILE WAS BEING MODIFIED

LRE

(4)

RENAME FILE NAME ALREADY EXISTS

LRE

(5)

ILLEGAL SEQUENCE OF UUO'S

LRE

(6)

BAD UFO OR BAD RIB

LRE

(7)

NOT A SAV FILE

LRE

(10) NOT ENOUGH CORE

LRE

(11) DEVICE NOT AVAILABLE

LRE

(12) NO SUCH DEVICE

LRE

(13) NO TWO RELOC REG.

CAPABILITY

(Continued on next page)

8-9

ERRORS AND MESSAGES
Table 8-3 (Cont.)
MCRxxx Messages
Code

Message and Explanation

LRE

(14) NO ROOM OR QUOTA EXCEEDED

LRE

(15) WRITE LOCK ERROR

LRE

(16) NOT ENOUGH MONITOR TABLE SPACE

LRE

(17) PARTIAL ALLOCATION ONLY

LRE

(20) BLOCK NOT FREE ON ALLOCATION

LRE

(21) CAN'T SUPERSEDE (ENTER) AN EXISTING DIRECTORY

LRE

(22) CAN'T DELETE (RENAME) A NON-EMPTY DIRECTORY

LRE

(23) SFD NOT FOUND

LRE

(24) SEARCH LIST EMPTY

LRE

(25) SFD NESTED TOO DEEPLY

LRE

(26) NO-CREATE ON FOR SPECIFIED PATH

LTL

LITERAL TOO LONG

MDE

MONITOR DETECTED SOFTWARE INPUT ERROR DEVICE
The input file is not in a valid mode.

MPA

MISSING CLOSE PAREN AROUND ARG LIST

NEC

INSUFFICIENT CORE
Not enough memory is available to assemble the program.

NES

NO END STATEMENT ENCOUNTERED ON INPUT FILE

NUF

NOT A REAL UNIVERSAL FILE
No such UNIVERSAL file was found.

OBL

OUTPUT BLOCK TOO LARGE DEVICE
This is a fiLe-status error.

OCP

OUTPUT CHECKSUM OR PARITY ERROR DEVICE
This is a hard-data error.

ODE

OUTPUT DATA ERROR DEVICE
This is a hard-data error.

OQE

OUTPUT QUOTA EXCEEDED ON DEVICE

OUF

UNIVERSAL FILE DEFAULT ARGUMENTS LOST, REASSEMBLE
(Continued on next page)
8-10

ERRORS AND MESSAGES
Table 8-3 (Cont.)
MCRxxx Messages
Code
PDL

Message and Explanation
PDP OVERFLOW, TRY
See the

IP switch in Table 7-1.

PET

INPUT PHYSICAL END OF TAPE DEVICE

PGE

PRGEND ERROR
See the PRGEND pseudo-op for proper use of PRGEND.

PTC

POLISH TOO COMPLEX
A Polish expression is too complex
Restructure or split the expression.

SOC

for

MACRO

handle.

STATEMENT OUT OF ORDER .COMMON
The .COMMON pseudo-op must precede all
statements
generate code, and all references to the COMMON block.

STO

SEARCH TABLE OVERFLOW, CANNOT SEARCH UNIVERSAL

TMU

TOO MANY UNIVERSALS

that

Too many UNIVERSAL files are being searched.
The number
permitted
is an assembly parameter;
it can be increased by
reassembling MACRO.
UVS

UNIVERSAL VERSION SKEW, REASSEMBLE UNIVERSAL
The UNIVERSAL file was assembled with a
later version of
MACRO than you are
using now.
Reassemble the UNIVERSAL
file.

UWU

UNABLE TO WRITE UNIVERSAL FILE

WLE

OUTPUT WRITE-LOCK ERROR DEVICE

8-11

CHAPTER 9
PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS

The previous chapters of this manual define the MACRO language
elements.
In particular,
the pseudo-op definitions in Chapter 3
However,
the
define many of MACRO's most important features.
usefulness of some pseudo-ops can be seen only in the context of a
"family" of pseudo-ops.
In this chapter, we discuss three such families
programming features concerned are:

9.1

Program segmentation

UNIVERSAL files

Conditional assembly

pseudo-ops.

The

PROGRAM SEGMENTATION

MACRO's relocation counters can accommodate three types of programs:

9.1.1

A single-segment program uses only one relocation counter.

A two-segment program also uses one relocation counter,
is characterized by its use of the TWOSEG pseudo-oPe

A program with PSECTS can use many relocation counters, and
is characterized by its use of the
.PSECT and
.ENDPS
pseudo-ops.

and

Single-Segment Programs

This
A single-segment program uses only one relocation counter.
The
counter can be used to assign any address from 0 to 777777.
initial setting of the counter is o.
As MACRO assembles your program,
it places code and data at the
address given by the current value of the relocation counter,
incrementing the counter's value for each word assembled.
For example, a statement can require assembly of one word of code,
incrementing the relocation counter by 1.
Another statement can
require assembly of five words of code,
incrementing the relocation
counter by 5. Still another statement may not generate code, leaving
the relocation counter unchanged.
9-1

PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS
You can reset the value of the relocation counter by using the
pseudo-op RELOC with an argument. For example, using RELOC A sets the
value of the relocation counter to the value of A.
In the following example, 100 words are allocated for a table,
incrementing the relocation counter by 100. Then the table length is
calculated as TABLEN. A RELOC TABLE returns to the top of the table,
where the first three words are initialized.
Finally a RELOC
TABLE+TABLEN sets the relocation to the foot of the table to continue
assembly.
000100

TABLE:

BLOCK 100
TABLEN=.-TABLE
RELOC TABLE

EXP 1,2,3

000000 000001
000000 000002
000000 000003

;Allocate table
;Table
;Top of table
;Init first 3

RELOC TABLEfTABLEN ;Continue

9.1.2

Two-Segment Programs

By using the TWOSEG pseudo-op, you can divide your program into a high
segment and a low segment. This pseudo-op must precede any statement
in your program that generates code.
The TWOSEG pseudo-op tells MACRO that there will be two segments, and
MACRO generates a REL Block Type 3, which tells LINK to expect two
segments for loading.
You can use TWOSEG either with or without an address argument.
are important differences between the two:

There

TWOSEG without an argument specifies that the high segment
begins at the address 400000.
The initial value of the
relocation counter is at the address 0 in the low segment.

TWOSEG with an argument specifies that the high segment
begins at the given address, and further specifies that the
initial value of the relocation counter is that address.
(The given address is reduced to the next lower multiple of
2000 octal; if this result is 0, MACRO treats the TWOSEG as
if no argument were given.)

The high-segment starting address divides all code into two segments.
MACRO and LINK consider all code at addresses above the high-segment
address to be in the high segment, and all other code to be in the low
segment.
MACRO always remembers the value the relocation counter had before the
last RELOC found.
(This stored value is initially 0.)
Therefore in a two-segment program, you can begin in one segment, and
then RELOC to the other. From then on, you can switch segments simply
by using RELOC with no argument. MACRO will begin assigning addresses
at the first unused location in the opposite segment.

9-2

PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS
For example,

400000'
000000'
000001 '
400000'
400000 '
400001'
000002 '
000002'
000003'
400002'
400002'
400003 '

9.1.3

000000
000000

000001
000002

000000
000000

000003
000004

000000
000000

000005
000006

000000
000000

000007
000010

TWOSEG
EXP 1,2

; LO'-'ses

RELOC 400000
EXP 3,4
RELOC
EXP 5,6

; LO'-'ses

RELOC
EXP 7,10

Hh-seg

Programs With PSECTs
64 segments by using
the
pseudo-ops control switching

You can construct a program having up to
.PSECT and
.ENDPS pseudo-ops.
These
among program segments (PSECTs).

Each PSECT has
its own relocation counter;
each
is separately
relocated at load
time.
Therefore a program with two PSECTs is
different from a two-segment program in that the PSECTed program has
two relocation counters, while the two-segment program has only one.
The pseudo-op .PSECT specifies that code should be assembled
for
a
given PSECT.
For example,
.PSECT A specifies that code is to be
assembled in the program segment
(PSECT)
called A.
The pseudo-op
.ENDPS ends assembly in the current PSECT.
PSECTs can be nested up to 16 levels.
In a nested PSECT,
the
.ENDPS
pseudo-op begins assembly in the next outer PSECT;
in an unnested
PSECT, .ENDPS begins assembly in the blank PSECT.
(You can think of
the blank
PSECT as being outside of all your explicitly declared
PSECTs. )
Here is an example showing three PSECTs

000000'00
000001'00
000000'01
000000'01
000001'01
000000'02
000000'02
000001'02
000002'01
000002'01
000003 / 01
000002'00
000002'00
000003'00
000000'03
000000'03
000001'03
000004'00
000002 / 02
000002'02
000003'02
000004'00

000000
000000

000001
000002

000000
OOOO()O

000003
000004

000000
000000

000005
000006

000000
000000

000007
000010

000000
000000

000011
000012

000000
000000

000013
000014

000000
000000

000015
000016

(A,

B, and C) :

EXP 1,2

;Blank PSECT

.F'SECT A
EXF' 3,4

;lst F'SECT

.PSECT B
EXP 5,6

;2nd PSECT (nc·?sted)

.ENDPS B
EXP 7,10

;1st PSECT

.ENDPS A
EXF' 11,12

;Blank F'SECT

.PSECT C
EXP 13,14

;3rd F'SECT

.ENDPS C
.F'SECT B
EXP 15,16

;Blank F'SECT
;2nd PSECT

.ENDPS B

;Blank F'SECT

9-3

PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS
In the example, the blank PSECT surrounds everything.
blank PSECT are:
1.

PSECT A (which also nests some of PSECT B)

PSECT C

Another segment of PSECT B

Embedded in the

Each PSECT used in a program generates the PSECT name as a global
symbol.
At load time, this symbol will take the value of the origin
specified for the PSECT.
When LINK loads your program, all the parts of the same PSECT are
loaded together.
These parts can be in more than one program, or in
more than one file. For details of LINK's handling of PSECTs at load
time, see the LINK Reference Manual.

9.2

UNIVERSAL FILES

A UNIVERSAL file contains direct-assignment symbol
symbols defined can have any attributes.

definitions.

The

A UNIVERSAL file is convenient because it can contain definitions that
you want for many programs.
Those programs can then obtain the
definitions by your use of the SEARCH pseudo-oPe This searching adds
to the assembly only those definitions that are needed; other
definitions in the UNIVERSAL file are not used.
To build a UNIVERSAL
pseudo-op

file

from

MACRO

source

file,

insert

the

UNIVERSAL filespec
where the filespec gives the file for output of the UNIVERSAL file.
This file will contain all the symbols and definitions given in the
program.
Another program can obtain these definitions if it contains the SEARCH
pseudo-op:
SEARCH filespec
where filespec names the UNIVERSAL file.
At the end of Pass I
assembly, MACRO will search the UNIVERSAL file for any undefined
symbols. If a definition is found in the UNIVERSAL file, MACRO moves
it into the symbol tables of the current program.
For example, a UNIVERSAL file can
mnemonics:

contain

definitions

UNIVERSAL REGS
000000
000001
000002
000003
000004
000005
000016
000017

9-4

RO=O
R1=1
R2=2
R3=3
Tl=4
T2=5
SP=16
P=17

END

for

PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS
Then another assembly can
pseudo-op:

these

obtain

using

the

REGS

SEARCH Ii:EGS
000000'
000001'
000002'
000003'
000004'
000005'
000006'
000007'

000 00 0
000 01 0
000 02 0
000 03 0
000 04 0
000 05 0
000 16 0
000 17 0

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000

Z RO,
Z Rl,
Z R2,
Z R3,
Z Tl,
Z T2,
Z SF',
Z F',

A UNIVERSAL file can contain definitions for any user-defined symbols.
You may find it convenient to build UNIVERSAL files containing macros,
OPDEFs, and direct-assignment symbols that you use often in your
programs.
An example of a UNIVERSAL program appears in the program
Appendix D.

9.3

examples

CONDITIONAL ASSEMBLY

Using conditional assembly in your programs can make programming
easier,
and can make your assembled programs shorter.
The pseudo-ops
used for conditional assembly are IRP, IRPC, STOPI, .IF, .IFN, and the
IFx group.
IRP, IRPC, and STOPI are discussed fully in Chapter 3 and
Section 5.6.
We will confine the discussion here to a
few
remaining conditional assembly pseudo-ops.

classic

uses

the

The first of these is the use of IFNDEF to establish default switch
settings for
a program.
The example here is from the MACRO program
itself, and concerns assembly of F40-switch-dependent symbols.
Near the beginning of the code, MACRO has the statement:
IFNDEF F40 <F40==O>
This statement has effect only if the symbol F40 is
which case the statement F40==O is assembled.
switch to "off."

not defined,
in
This sets the F40

But if a file defining F40 is assembled with (and before)
the MACRO
source file,
then the statement F40==O is not assembled, leaving the
"outside" definition in force.
Therefore the statement IFNDEF F40 <F40==O> serves as a default
definition for
F40, and this default is used only if no other
definition overrides it.
Another
symbol
symbols
the F40

application of conditional assembly is connected with
the
F40.
In MACRO's program segments on symbol searching, some
will be defined (and therefore found in the search)
only if
switch is "on."

9-5

PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS
Here is how MACRO's code handles
sequence as follows:
;MACRO TO HANDLE F40 UUOS
IFE F40,<
DEFINE XF (SS,CD) <»
IFN F40,<SYN X,XF>

these

symbols.

There

code

;NULL MACRO
;USUAL X MACRO

The "usual X macro" is merely a macro to set up symbols to be defined
and the code to assemble on finding them. The macro XF will be used
to handle definitions for F40 DUOs.
Now if the F40 switch is on, the macro XF is made synonymous with the
macro X, and the F40 UUOs are defined in the same way as other
operators. But if the F40 switch is off, XF is made a null macro so
that all the F40 UUOs are ignored during assembly and are not defined
to MACRO.
The assembly of the F40 UUOs depends on the value of the F40 switch,
and the value of the switch depends on its definition. If MACRO had
no IFNDEF F40 statement, an "outside" file would have to define the
switch at every assembly of MACRO. But the default definition allows
assembly of MACRO alone, and the outside file is needed only to turn
the switch on.
Examples of conditional assembly are shown in the program examples
Appendix D.

9-6

APPENDIX A
MACRO CHARACTER SETS

Table A-I gives the 101 ASCII characters allowed in MACRO and
their
octal ASCII codes;
the 64 SIXBIT characters and their octal SIXBIT
codes;
and the 40 RADIX50 characters and their octal RADIX50 codes.
Table A-I
MACRO Character Sets
SIXBIT
Code

RADIX50
Code

040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047

00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07

050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Character

ASCII
Code

(horizontal tab)
(linefeed)
(vertical tab)
(formfeed)
(carriage-return)

011
012
013
014
015

(CTRL/Z)
(CTRL/_)

032
037

(blank)

#
$
%
&

(
)

46
47

(Continued on next page)

A-I

MACRO CHARACTER SETS
Table A-I (Cont.)
MACRO Character Sets
ASCII
Code

SIXBIT
Code

RADIX50
Code

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
10

070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077

30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

11
12

100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107

40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47

13
14
15
16
17
20
21

110
III
112
113
114
115
116
117

50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57

22
23
24
25
26
27
30
31

120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127

60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67

32
33
34
35
36
37
40
41

Character

9
:
;

<
=
>
?

A
B
C
D
E

F
G
H

I
J
K
L

M
N

0
p
Q

R
S
T
U
V
W

(Continued on next page)

A-2

MACRO CHARACTER SETS
Table A-I (Cont.)
MACRO Character Sets

Character
X
y

z
[

]

a
b
c
d
e
f
9

h
i
j
k

1
m

n
0

P
q

r
s
t
u

v
w

x
y

ASCII
Code

SIXBIT
Code

RADIX50
Code

130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137

70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77

42
43
44

141
142
143
144
145
146
147
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
170
171
172

A-3

APPENDIX B
MACRO SPECIAL CHARACTERS

Characters and combinations having special interpretations in MACRO
are given in Table B-1.
These interpretations apply only in the
contexts described. In particular, they do not apply within text
strings or comment fields.
For each usage of special characters, a cross-reference to a text
discussion is given in the rightmost column of the table. For
references to pseudo-ops, only the pseudo-op name is given;
all
pseudo-ops are discussed in alphabetical order in Chapter 3.

B-1

Table B-1
Interpretations of Special Characters
Characters

Form

Interpretation

between two
integer
expressions

mBn

causes the binary representation
of m to be placed with rightmost
bit at bit n (decimal).

2.2.6

shows that n is a binary number.

2.2.2
2.2.2

before integer
expression
D
to
I
N

Discussed in
Section

Context

before integer
expression

shows that n is a decimal number.

between floatingpoint decimal
number and signed
decimal integer

fE+n

multiplies f by the
+nth power of 10.
2.2.5

before integer
expression

shows that n is a fixedpoint decimal number.

2.2.4

after integer

suffixes nine zeros to n.

2.2.3

after integer

suffixes three zeros to n.

2. 2. 3

before decimal
integer
expression
M

after integer

generates the number of leading
zeros in the binary representation of n.

suffixes six zeros to n.

2.2.3

(Continued on next page)

MACRO SPECIAL CHARACTERS
Table 8-1 (Cont.)
Interpretations of Special Characters
Characters

0:1
I

: !

:: !

; i

Context

Form

Interpretation

Discussed in
Section

before integer
expression

. . On

shows that n is an octal number.

2.2.2

after symbol

sym:

shows that sym is a label.

2.4.2.1, 4.1, 4.5

after symbol

sym: :

shows that sym is a
global INTERNAL label.

2.4.2.1, 4.1, 4.5

shows that
is a label,
but not to be outout by debugger.

2.4.2.1, 4.1, 4.5

shows that sym is a global
INTERNAL label, but not to be
output by

2.4.2.1, 4.1,

after symbol
after symbol

sym: !
sym::!

before end of
line

;text

before end of
line (usually
in a macro)

;;text

shows that text is a comment.
4.4, 4.5

as expression
embedded in
numerals

4.5

int.fr

shows that text is a comment
to be printed in the macro
definition but not at call.

4.4, 4.5

generates current value of the
location counter.

2.3, 4.6

shows that int.fr is a
floating-point decimal number.

2.2.5

(Continued on next page)

MACRO SPECIAL CHARACTERS
Table B-1 (Cont.)
Interpretations of Special Characters
Characters

Context

Form

among numbers
and symbols

Interpretation

Discussed in
Section

delimits operands, accumulator,
arguments.

4.3, 4.5
5.1, 5.2

among numbers
and symbols

delimits a null macro argument.

5.2, 5.5

between two
expressions

Ihw, ,rhw

delimits left halfword (lhw)
from right halfword (rhw).

2.5.4.1

between two
expressions

A!B

generates the loqical
inclusive OR of A and B.

2.5.2

generates the logical
exclusive OR of A and B.

2.5.2

generates the logical
AND of A and B.

2.5.2

generates one's complement of value
of A (logical NOT).

2.5.2

OJ
I

between two
expressions
&

between two
expressions

A&B

before expression

"'-A

between two
expressions

A*B

between two
expressions

A/B

between two
expressions

A+B

generates product of A and B.
2.5.1

generates quotient of A by B.
2.5.1

generates sum of A and B.
2.5.1

(Continued on next page)

MACRO SPECIAL CHARACTERS
Table B-1 (Cont.)
Interpretations of Special Characters
Characters

o:l
I

Context

Form

Interpretation

between two
expressions

A-B

generates difference of A and B.

before an
expression

-A

generates the two1s complement
of the value of A.

2.2.1, 2.2.4,
2.2.5

around text

"text"

shows that text is a 7-bit ASCII
string, to be right justified
in field of five characters.

ASCII, ASCIZ

shows that text is a SIXBIT
string, to be right justified
in field of six characters.

SIXBIT

2.5.1

L11

around text

Discussed in
Section

Itextl

adjoining dummy
argument in
macro body

text'darg
or
darg'text

concatenates passed argument to
text at call to macro.

after symbol

sym#

shows that sym is a variable
symbol, whose address is usually
at the end of the binary program.

2.4.3

sym##

shows that sym is a global
EXTERNAL symbol.

2.4.5.2

\expr

directs that the argument passed be
the string for the ASCII value of
expr in the current radix.

5.7.1

after symbol
prefixed to
expression
in macro call

5.4

(Continued on next page)

MACRO SPECIAL CHARACTERS
Table 8-1 (Cont.)
Interpretations of Special Characters
Characters

lJ:l
I
0'\

CTRL/_
(CONTROLunderscore)

Context

Form

Interpretation

prefixed to
expression
in macro call

\Iexpr

directs that the argument passed be
the strinq whose SIX8IT code is
the value of expr.

5.7. 3

prefixed to
expression
in macro call

\"expr

directs that the argument passed be
the string whose ASCII code is
the value of expr.

5.7.3

before CR-LF

CTRL/_

continues argument to next line; does
not operate across end-of-macro.

5.2. I

shifts the binary representation
of A to the left 8 positions.
(If 8 is negative, shift is to right.)

2.2.6

sets bit 13 of the instruction word,
indicating indirect addressing.

4.7.1

directs that %darg be replaced by a
created symbol at macro call; MACRO
will substitute a different symbol
for it on each use of the macro.

5.5.2

encloses index field; encloses dummy
arguments in macro definition;
quotes characters for macro
argument handling; swaps the two
halves of enclosed value.

4.7.1, 5.1
5.2.2

between two
expressions
prefixed to
address

@address

1st character
%darg
of dummy argument
in macro definition

(

A_8

)

(

... )

Discussed in
Section

(Continued on next page)

MACRO SPECIAL CHARACTERS
Table B-1 (Cont.)
Interpretations of Special Characters
Characters

Context

< >

Interpretation

< ••• >

nests expressions; encloses
conditional assembly codej
encloses code in REPEAT, IRP,
and IRPC pseudo-opsj encloses
macrobody in DEFINE pseudo-oPi
quotes characters for macro
argument handlingj forces
evaluation of symbol.

2.5.4
IFx, .IF, .IFN,
REPEAT, IRP,
IRPC, DEFINE,
5.1, 5.2.2

delimits literals;
in ARRAY, .COMMON,
pseudo-ops; quotes
for macro argument

2.3, ARRAY,
.COMMON, OPDEF,
5.2.2

to
I

-....J

[

]

Discussed in
Section

Form

... ]

delimits argument
and OPDEF
characters
handling.

between symbol
and expression

sym=exp

assigns value of exp to sym.

between symbol
and expression

sym==exp

assigns value of exp to sym but
sym is not output by debugger.

2.4.2.2, 4.5

between symbol
and expression

sym=:exp

assigns value of exp to sym and
declares sym as global INTERNAL.

2.4.2.2, 4.5

==:

between symbol
and expression

sym==:exp

assigns value of exp to sym and
declares sym as global INTERNAL,
but sym is not output by debugger.

2.4.2.2, 4.5

2.4.2."2,4.5

APPENDIX C
MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS

This appendix contains tables showing all of MACRO's defined mnemonics
and the code they generate.
These mnemonics, together with the
pseudo-ops and the special characters given in Appendix B, make up the
entire MACRO language.
NOTE
Throughout this appendix, the
notes apply to the tables:

following

* Indicates mnemonic defined only if MACRO
is assembled with the KLIO switch on.

** Indicates mnemonic defined only if MACRO
is assembled with the KIlO switch on.

*** Indicates mnemonic defined only if MACRO
is assembled with the F40 switch on.

C.I

MACHINE INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS

Table C-I shows MACRO's machine instruction mnemonics and the code
assembled by each mnemonic.
See Section 4.7 for a discussion of
machine instructions used in programs.

C-l

MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS
Table C-l

Machine Instruction Mnemonics
270
273
271
272
133
105
404
407
410
413
411
412
440
443
441
442
420
423
421
422
405
406
253
252
340
344
342
347
345
341
343
346
350
354
352
357
355
351
353
356
320
240
244
251
300
304
302
307
305
301

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000

a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000

a 00 000000

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
I I I 00
234 00
237 00
235 00
236 00
120 00
124 00
121 00
125 00
116 00
137 00
115 00
444 00
447 00
445 00
446 00
250 00
123 00
140 00
143 00
141 00
142 00
144 00
147 00
145 00
146 00
170 00
173 00
171 00
172 00
303
306
310
314
3'12
317
315
311
313
316
400
403
401
402
114
117
110
113
112
131

ADD
ADDB
ADDI
ADDM
*ADJBP
*ADJSP
AND
ANDB
AN DCA
AND CAB
ANDCAI
ANDCAM
ANDCB
ANDCBB
ANDCBI
ANDCBM
ANE>CM
ANDCMB
ANDCMI
ANDCMM
AND!
ANDM
AOBJN
AOBJP
AOJ
AOJA
AOJE
AOJG
AOJGE
AOJL
AOJLE
AOJN
AOS
AOSA
AOSE
AOSG
AOSGE
AOSL
AOSLE
AOSN
ARG
ASH
ASHe
BLT
CAl
CAlA
CAlE
CAlG
CAlGE
CAlL

a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000

a 00 000000

a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000

CAlLE
CAIN
CAM
CAMA
CAME
CAMG
CAMGE
CAML
CAMLE
CAMN
CLEAR
CLEARB
CLEARl
CLEARM
*DADD
*DDIV
**DFAD
**DFDV
**DFMP
DFN
**DFSB
DlV
DIVB
DlVl
DlVM
**DMOVE
**DMOVEM
**DMOVN
**DMOVNM
*DMUL
DPB
*DSUB
EQV
EQVB
EQVl
EQVM
EXCH
*EXTEND
FAD
FADB
FADL
FADM
FADR
FADRB
FADRl
FADRM
FDV
FDVB
FDVL
FDVM

(Continued on Next Page)

C-2

MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS
Table C-1 (Cant.)
Machine Instruction Mnemonics

174
177
175
176
126
127
160
163
161
162
164
167
165
166
150
153
151
152
154
157
155
156
132
500
530
531
532
533
501
502
520
521
522
523
503
510
511
512
513
544
574
575
576
577
545
546
564
565
566
567

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

FOVR
FOVRB
FDVRI
FOVRM
**FlXR
**FLTR
FMP
FMPB
FMPL
FMPM
FMPR
FMPRB
FMPRl
FMPRM
FSB
FSBB
FSBL
FSBM
FSBR
FSBRB
FSBRl
FSBRM
FSC
HLL
HLLE
HLLEl
HLLEM
HLLES
HLLl
HLLM
HLLO
HLLOl
HLLOM
HLLOS
HLLS
HLLZ
HLLZl
HLLZM
HLLZS
HLR
HLRE
HLREl
HLREM
HLRES
HLRl
HLRM
HLRO
HLROl
HLROM
HLROS

547
554
555
556
557
504
534
535
536
537
505
506
524
525
526
527
507
514
515
516
517
540
570
571
572
573
541
542
560
561
562
563
543
550
551
552
553
133
230
233
231
232
136
134
220
223
221
222
434
437

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

HLRS
HLRZ
HLRZl
HLRZM
HLRZS
HRL
HRLE
HRLEl
HRLEM
HRLES
HRLl
HRLM
HRLO
HRLOl
HRLOM
HRLOS
HRLS
HRLZ
HRLZl
HRLZM
HRLZS
HRR
HRRE
HRREl
HRREM
HRRES
HRRl
HRRM
HRRO
HRROl
HRROM
HRROS
HRRS
HRRZ
HRRZl
HRRZM
HRRZS
lBP
lDlV
IOlVB
lDlVl
lOlVM
lOPB
lLOB
lMUL
lMULB
lMULl
lMULM
lOR
lORB

(Continued on Next Page)

C-3

MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS
Table C-l (Cant.)
Machine Instruction Mnemonics

435
436
255
243
267
254
266
265
264
104
320
324
322
327
325
321
323
326
135
242
246
257
200
201
202
203
214
215
216
217
210
211
212
213
204
205
206
207
224
227
225
226
434
437
454
457
455
456
470
473

00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 0 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000

471
472
464
467
465
466
435
436
262
263
261
260
241
245
424
427
425
426
450
453
451
452
460
463
461
462
414
417
415
416
474
477
475
476
400
403
401
402
330
334
332
337
335
331
333
336
360
364
362
367

IORI
IORM
JFCL
JFFO
JRA
JRST
JSA
JSP
JSR
JSYS
JUMP
JUMPA
JUMPE
JUMPG
JUMPGE
JUMPL
JUMPLE
JUMPN
LDB
LSH
LSHC
**MAP
MOVE
MOVEI
MOVEM
MOVES
MOVM
MOVMI
MOVMM
MOVMS
MOVN
MOVNI
MOVNM
MOVNS
MOVS
MOVSI
MOVSM
MOVSS
MUL
MULB
MULl
MULM
OR
ORB
ORCA
ORCAB
ORCAI
ORCAM
ORCS
ORCBB

00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 0 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000

ORCBI
ORCBM
ORCM
ORCMB
ORCMI
ORCMM
ORI
ORM
POP
POPJ
PUSH
PUSHJ
ROT
ROTC
SETA
SETAB
SETAl
SETAM
SETCA
SETCAB
SETCAI
SETCAM
SETCM
SETCMB
SETCMI
SETCMM
SETM
SETMB
SETMI
SETMM
SETO
SETOB
SETOI
SETOM
SETZ
SETZB
SETZI
SETZM
SKIP
SKIPA
SKIPE
SKIPG
SKIPGE
SKIPL
SKIPLE
SKIPN
SOJ
SOJA
SOJE
SOJG

(Continued on Next Page)

C-4

MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS

Table C-l (Cont.)
Machine Instruction Mnemonics
365
361
363
366
370
374
372
377
375
371
373
376
274
277
275
276
650
654
652
656
610
614
612
616
670
674
672
676
630
634
632
636
641
645
643
647
601
605
603
607
661
665
663

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000

667
621
625
623
627
640
644
642
646
600
604
602
606
660
664
662
666
620
624
622
626
651
655
653
657
611
615
613
617
671
675
673
677
631
635
633
637
130
256
430
433
431
432

SOJGE
SOJL
SOJLE
SOJN
SOS
SOSA
SOSE
SOSG
SOSGE
SOSL
SOSLE
SOSN
SUB
SUBB
SUBI
SUBM
TDC
TDCA
TDCE
TDCN·
TDN
TDNA
TDNE
TDNN
TDO
TDOA
TDOE
TDON
TDZ
TDZA
TDZE
TDZN
TLC
TLCA
TLCE
TLCN
TLN
TLNA
TLNE
TLNN
TLO
TLOA
TLOE

C-5

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00

TLON
TLZ
TLZA
TLZE
TLZN
TRC
TRCA
TRCE
TRCN
TRN
TRNA
TRNE
TRNN
TRO
TROA
TROE
TRON
TRZ
TRZA
TRZE
TRZN
TSC
TSCA
TSCE
TSCN
TSN
TSNA
TSNE
TSNN
TSO
TSOA
TSOE
TSON
TSZ
TSZA
TSZE
TSZN
UFA
XCT
XOR
XORB
XORI
XORM

MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS
C.2

I/O INSTRUCTION AND DEVICE CODE MNEMONICS

Table C-2 shows MACRO's I/O instruction mnemonics and
the code each
assembles.
Note that I/O machine instructions are executable only in
executive mode.

Table C-2
I/O Instruction Mnemonics
7
7
7
7
7

000
000
000
000
000

00
10
24
20
34

a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000

BLKI
BLKO
CONI
CONO
CONSO

7
7
7
7

000
000
000
000

30
04
14
04

a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000

CONSZ
DATAl
DATAO
RSW

Table C-3 shows MACRO's I/O device code mnemonics.
Each is assembled
with
the
I/O instruction mnemonic DATAl so that the value of the
device code will be in its proper field.
In the first
table entry,
for example, the assembled code is:
7 024 04 0 00 000000
where the 7 and 04 are generated by the DATAl instruction, and the 024
by the ADC device code mnemonic.
NOTE
MACRO leaves these device code mnemonics
as undefined symbols during Pass 1. At
the end of Pass 1,
the mnemonics are
found
in MACRO's tables only if one or
more I/O instructions have been found.
Therefore, if a device code mnemonic
is
not assembled
in Pass 1, or if no I/O
instruction mnemonics were found,
MACRO
will not have defined the device code
mnemonic.

C-6

MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS
Table C-3
I/O Device Code Mnemonics
7 024
7 030
7 000
7 014
7 110
7 114
7 070
7 074
7 000
7 150
7 154
7 200
7 204
7 300
7 304
7 270
7 274
7 270
7 130
7 134
7 060
7 160
7 064
7 164
7 240
7 244
7 250
7 254
7 260
7 264
7 464
7 474
7 170
7 174
7 460
7 470
7 320
7 330
7 324
7 334
7 124
7 234
7 260
7 264
7 220
7 230
7 224
7 010

04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 oooaoo
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 0 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000
04 a 00 000000

DATAl ADC,
DATAl ADC2,
DATAl APR,
DATAl CCI,
DATAl CDP,
DATAl CDR,
DATAl CLK,
DATAl CLK2,
DATAl CPA,
DATAl CR,
DATAl CR2,
DATAl DC,
DATAl DC2,
DATAl DCSA,
DATAl DCSB,
DATAl DDC,
DATAl DDC2,
DATAl DF,
DATAl DIS,
DATAl DIS2,
DATAl DLB,
DATAl DLB2,
DATAl DLC,
DATAl DLC2,
DATAl DLS,
DATA! DLS2,
DATAl DPC,
DATAl DPC2,
DATAl DPC3,
DATAl DPC4,
DATAl DSI,
DATAl DSI2,
DATAl DSK,
DATAl DSK2,
DATAl DSS,
DATAl DSS2,
DATAl DTC,
DATAl DTC2,
DATAl DTS,
DATAl DTS2,
DATAl LPT,
DATAl LPT2,
DATA! MDF,
DATAl MDF2,
DATAl MTC,
DATAl MTM,
DATAl MTS,
DATAl PAG,

(Continued on Next Page)

C-7

MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS

Table C-3 (Cont.)
I/O Device Code Mnemonics
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

004
140
144
100
104
340
350
344
354
120
210
214

04
04
04
04
04
0,4
04
04
04
04
04
04

a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000

C-8

DATAI
DATAI
DATAI
DATAI
DATAI
DATAI
DATAI
DATAI
DATAI
DATAI
DATAI
DATAI

PI,
PLT,
PLT2,
PTP,
PTR,
TMC,
TMC2,
TMS,
TMS2,
TTY,
UTC,
UTS,

MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS
C.3

KL10 EXTEND INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS

Table C-4 shows the KLIO EXTEND instruction mnemonics and the code
assembled by each. All of these mnemonics are defined only if MACRO
is assembled with the KLIO switch on.
See the Supplement to the Hardware Reference Manual for
of these EXTEND instructions.

discussion

Table C-4
KLIO EXTEND Instruction Mnemonics
002
007
005
001
003
006
012
013

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000

*CMPSE
*CMPSG
*CMPSGE
*CMPSL
*CMPSLE
*CMPSN
*CVTBDO
*CVTBDT

010
011
004
016
014
017
015
020

C-9

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000

*CVTDBO
*CVTDBT
*EDIT
*MOVSLJ
*MOVSO
*MOVSRJ
*MOVST
*XBLT

MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS
C.4

JRST AND JFCL MNEMONICS

Table C-5 shows mnemonics that assemble both operator and accumulator
fields in the machine instruction. The left side of the table shows
the mnemonics and the code they generate;
the right side shows JRST
and JFCL mnemonics with accumulators generating the equivalent code.

Table C-5
JRST and JFCL Mnemonics
Code and Mnemonic
254
255
255
255
254
255
255
254
254
254
254
254
254

a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
as a 00 000000
07 a 00 000000
14 a 00 000000

04
06
04
02
12
01
10
02
01
06

Equivalent Code and Mnemonic
HALT
JCRY
JCRYO
JCRYI
JEN
JFOV
JOV
JRSTF
PORTAL
*XJEN
*XJRSTF
*XPCW
*XSFM

254
255
255
255
254
255
255
254
254
254
254
254
254

C-lO

a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a DO 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
as a 00 000000
07 a 00 000000
14 a 00 000000

04
06
04
02
12
01
10
02
01
06

JRST 4,
JFCL 6,
JFCL 4,
JFCL 2,
JRST 12,
JFCL 1,
JFCL 10,
JRST 2,
JRST 1,
JRST 6,
JRST 5,
JRST 7,
JRST 14,

MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS
C.5

DECsystem-lO MONITOR CALL MNEMONICS

Tables C-6 through C-9 show MACRO's
mnemonics and related mnemonics.

DECsystem-lO

monitor

call

Table C-6 shows DECsystem-lO monitor calls and their assembled code.
Tables C-7 through C-9 show DECsystem-lO CALLI, TTCALL, and MTAPE
mnemonics and their assembled code. These mnemonics are defined only
if MACRO's UUOSYM switch is on when MACRO is assembled.

Table C-6
DECsystem-lO Monitor Calls
040
047
070
077
062
056
064
041
066
076
072
050
057
065

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000

CALL
CALLI
CLOSE
ENTER
GETSTS
IN
INBUF
INIT
INPUT
LOOKUP
MTAPE
OPEN
OUT
OUTBUF

067
052
071
055
060
061
062
063
051
073
100
074
075

C-ll

00 a 00
00 a 00
00 a 00
00 a 00
00 a 00
00 a 00
00 a 00
00 a 00
00 a 00
00 a 00
00 a 00
00 0 00
00 a 00

000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000

OUTPUT
*RDCLK
RELEAS
RENAME
SETSTS
. STATO
STATUS
STATZ
TTCALL
UGETF
UJEN
USETI
USETO

MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS
Table C-7
DECsystem-l0 CALLI Mnemonics
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

0
0
0
0
0

00
00
00
00
00
a 00
a 00
a 00
a 00
a 00
a 00
a 00
0 00
a 00
0 00
a 00
0 00
a 00
a 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
a 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
a 00
a 00
0 00
0 00
a 00
0 00
a 00
a 00
a 00
0 00
0 00
a 00
0 00
0 00
a 00
0 00

000161
000016
000104
000125
000156
000074
000100
000134
000130
000147
000011
000065
000105
000102
000014
000005
000001
000003
000007
000137
000152
000004
000076
000107
000064
000055
000101
000054
000053
000121
000045
000122
000123
000151
000153
000132
000160
000012
000155
000106
000052
000006
000034
000024
000040
000041
000066
000072
000071
000127

ALLOC.
APRENB
ATTACH
CALlI.
CAL78.
CHGPPN
CHKACC
CLRST.
CNECT.
COMPT.
CORE
CTLJOB
DAEFIN
DAEMON
DATE
DDTGT
DDTIN
DDTOUT
DDTRL
DEBRK ..
DEQ.
DEVCHR
DEVGEN
DEVLNM
DEVNAM
DEVPPN
DEVSIZ
DEVSTS
DEVTYP
DISK.
DSKCHR
DVRST.
DVURS.
ENQ.
ENQC.
ERLST.
ERRPT.
EXIT
FILOP.
FRCUUO
FRECHN
GETCHR
GETLIN
GETPPN
GETSEG
GETTAB
GOBSTR
HIBER
HPQ
IONDX.

047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047
047

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
a 00
0 00
0 00
a 00
0 00
a 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
a 00
0 00
0 00
a 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
a 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0 00

000144
000142
000143
000113
000103
000047
000061
777777
000062
000060
000015
000017
000111
000023
000126
000112
000131
000157
000077
000145
000110
000033
000162
000135
000141
000140
000136
000030
000114
000021
000037
000117
000000
000057
000035
000027
000150
000056
000133
000002
000043
000032
000075
000036
000031
000042
000050
000146
000020
000051

IPCFQ.
IPCFR.
IPCFS.
JBSET.
JOBPEK
JOBSTR
JOBSTS
L'IGHTS
LOCATE
LOCK
LOGIN
LOGOUT
METER.
MSTIME
MTAID.
MTCHR.
MVHDR.
NODE.
OTHUSR
PAGE.
PATH.
PEEK
PERF.
PIINI.
PIRST.
PISAV.
PISYS.
PJOB
POKE.
REASSI
REMAP
RESDV.
RESET
RTTRP
RUN
RUNTIM
SCHED.
SEEK
SENSE.
SETDDT
SETNAM
SETPOV
SETUUO
SETUWP
SLEEP
Spy
STRUUO
SUSET.
SWITCH
SYSPHY

(Continued on Next Page)

C-12

MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS
Table C-7 (Cont.)
DECsystem-l0 CALLI Mnemonics
047
047
047
047
047
047
047

00
00
00
00
00
00
00

a 00 000046
a 00 000154
a 00 000022
a 00 000044
a 00 000115
a 00 000116
a 00 000026

SYSSTR
TAPOP.
TIMER
TMPCOR
TRMNO.
TRMOP.
TRPJEN

047
047
047
047
047
047
047

00
00
00
00
00
00
00

a 00 000025
a 00 000120
a 00 000013
a 00 000010
a 00 000073
a 00 000063
a 00 000124

TRPSET
UNLOK.
UTPCLR
WAIT
WAKE
WHERE
XTTSK.

Table C-8
DECsystem-l0 TTCALL Mnemonics
051
051
051
051
051
051
051

11 a 00
12 a 00
06 a 00
02 a 00
00 a 00
05 a 00
04 a 00

000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000

CLRBFI
CLRBFO
GETLCH
INCHRS
INCHRW
INCHSL
INCHWL

051
051
051
051
051
051
051

15
01
03
10
07
13
14

a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000
a 00 000000

IONEOU
OUTCHR
OUTSTR
RESCAN
SETLCH
SKPINC
SKPINL

Table C-9
DECsystem-l0 MTAPE Mnemonics
072
072
072
072
072
072

00
00
00
00
00
00

a 00 000013
a 00 000017
a 00 000007
a 00 000100
a 00 '000003
a 00 000010

MTBLK.
MTBSF.
MTBSR.
MTDEC.
MTEOF.
MTEOT.

072
072
072
072
072
072

C-13

00
00
00
00
00
00

a 00 000101
a 00 000001
a 00 000016
a 00 000006
a 00 000011
a 00 000000

MTIND.
MTREW.
MTSKF.
MTSKR.
MTUNL.
MTWAT.

MACRO-DEFINED MNEMONICS
C.6

F40 UUO MNEMONICS

Table C-IO shows mnemonics that are defined only if MACRO is assembled
with the F40 switch on.
These mnemonics generate UUOs, which are
handled properly if the program is running under control of the FORSE
object-time system.

C-IO
F40 UUO Mnemonics
020
021
016
026
024
031
032

00 a 00 000000 ***DATA.
00 a 00 000000 ***FIN.
00 0 00 000000 ***IN.
00 a 00 000000 ***INF.
00 0 00 000000 ***MTOP.
00 0 00 000000 ***NLI.
00 a 00 000000 ***NLO.

017
027
015
022
025
023

C-14

00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 a 00 000000
00 0 00 000000
00 0 00 000000
00 0 00 000000

***OUT.
***OUTF.
***RESET.
***RTB.
***SLIST.
***WTB.

APPENDIX D
PROGRAM EXAMPLES

The following pages contain examples of MACRO programs.
Each program
has been assembled with the /C (CREF) switch on;
this produces a .CRF
file for the program listing (instead of the usual .LST file).
The /0
switch has been used with the CREF program to produce a .LST file that
includes all operators in an operator symbol table.

D-1

MACFWS
EXAMF'I...

MACRO %53(1017) 16:12 2-Mar-78
1
MAC
2-Mar-78 15:03
ExaffiPle One
SUBTTL [xdffiPle One
UN I VERSAL MACROS

:-3
4
.::-

,.J

6
"7
8
9

to
11
:1.2
13
14

;This UNIVERSAL
contains the ffidcro QUIT, which uses
conditional asseffibly to
a
exit ffionitor
call.
If the TOPSI0 switch is on when QUIT is called (or if
it is undefined), QUIT
"EXIT"; if the switch
is off, QUIT
"HALTF",
DEFINE QUIT
IFNDEF TOPSI0,::"
TDF'S 1 0::: ::" .... :1.
IFE T()PS1(),::"
HALTF

16
IFN TOPS1(),<
EXIT

113
19

a
I

RGEND

NO ERRORS DETECTED
PR()GRAM BREAK IS 000000
CPU TIME USED 00:00.411
lOP CORE USED

•

;;Default is TOPSI0

Second Example of MACRO Program MACRO %53(1017) 16:12
EXAMPL MAC
2-Mar-78 15:03
Example Two

a
I

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
3?
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

2-Mar-78 Page 2

SUBTTL Example Two
TITLE Second Example of MACRO Program
;This program contains the macros CLEAR, CONCAT, and EXPAND.
These can be used to append arbitrary text into a buffer,
and to recall the text later.
Two seauences of calls
to the macros show possible uses.
;The following points are of interest:
1.

The buffer is cleared by calling CLEAR. Text is added
(on the right side of the buffer) by calling CONCAT.
EXPAND, when used in a context allowed for macro calls,
expands the contents of the buffer into source code.

A call to CLEAR defines the text buffer, EXPAND, to
contain no text.
It also defines the macro CONCAt in
such a way that the first call to CONCAT redefines
EXPAND to contain the first piece of text, and CONCAT
redefines itself so that further calls to CONCAT will
call the internal macro CON1. Following the second
call to CONCAT, each further call merely appends new
text to the old.

A key feature of EXPAND is that it contains no carriage
returns.
If it did, then each concatenation of new'
text would also insert a carriage return into the text.

The first use of these macros shows that EXPAND can be
placed in contexts where more than one argument will
result (as in the BYTE pseudo-op). 'Note that because
angle brackets are used internally (inside the macros)
to delimit text, all concatenated text must contain
matched angle brackets.

Note that carriage returns, if desired, can be easily
concatenated to the buffer; this is done in the second
use of the macros.

46
47
48
49
50
51
52

53
54
JJ

56
57
58
59
60
61

Second Example of MACRO Program MACRO X53(1017) 16:12
EXAMPl MAC
2-Mar-78 15:03
Example Two

2-Mar-78 Page 3

0
I

63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104

DEFINE CLEAR <
DEFINE CONCAT (FTXT)
DEFINE CON CAT (TEXT)
CON1 <TEXT>,<FTXT>

DEFINE EXPAND <FTXT>

DEFINE EXPAND <>

DEFINE CONl (NTXT,OTXT) <
DEFINE CON CAT (TEXT) <
CON1 <TEXT>,<OTXT'NTXT>

DEFINE EXPAND <OTXT'NTXT>

SALL
CLEAR
CONCAT
CONCAT
CONCAT
CONCAT
000000' 010 101 006 00000

<10>
<,>
<-A->
<,«-1,,6>&177»

LALL
BYTE (7)EXPAND-10,-A·,«-1,,6>&177>SALL
CLEAR
CONCAT <DEF>
CONCAT <INE FOO C>
CONCAT <N»
CONCAT «2*N>
DEFINE>
CONCAT < BAR eN) <3*N>

Second Example of MACRO
MACRO %53(1017) 16:12
EXAMPL MAC
2-Mar-78 15:03
Example Two
106
107
108
109
110
111

112
113
114
115

LALL
DEFINE
000001'
000002'
000003'
000004'

000000
000000
000000
000000

116
117

NO ERRORS DETECTED
PROGRAM BREAK IS 000005
CPU TIME USED 00:00.180
lOP CORE USED

o
I

2-Mar-78

000004
000006
000006
000011

FOO
FOO
BAR
BAR
PRGEND

FOO (N){2*N>
(N) {3*N>

Third Example of MACRO
MACRO %53(1017) 16:12
EXAMPL MAC
2-Mar-78 15:03
Example Three
118
119
120

SUBTTL Example Three
TITLE Third Example of MACRO Program

121

1??
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157

2-Mar-78 Page 5

uses the macros NUMLST and X to generate parallel
tables.
;This example generates a table that contains
suitable
for comparison to user input; the second table generated
contains addresses of routines that handle those
the third table contains useful values.
;
;The keyword table is arranged
to speed searching;
the other two tables correspond
to the
keyword table.
;
features of this program include:
1.

Changing the SIze of the tables is
For example,
if a new entrY, FIFTH, is needed, adding the word and
a dummy label to the definition of NUMLST will update
both tables; no separate update is reQuired.

The macro NUMLST calls the macro X.
Before each call
to NUMLST, X is redefined so that the proper kind of
table is built.
Note that a definition of X need not
use both arguments in the
(However, X should
define both arguments.)

The second definition of X uses concatenation to build
mnemonic labels for the table LBLTBL.

The program uses the macro QUIT so that it can be used
for either TOPS-IO or TOPS-20.
The SEARCH MACROS statement
makes the definition of QUIT available; since the default
for QUIT is TOPS-IO, the program will run on TOPS-IO if
either it defines TOPS10=-1 or does not define TOPS10;
the program will run on TOPS-20
if it defines
TOPSIO=O.

Third Example of MACRO Program MACRO %53(1017) 16:12
EXAMPL MAC
2-Mar-78 15:03
Example Three

a
I

-.I

159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
16f:l
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
18?
188
IB9
190
191
192
193
194
195

2-Mar-78 Page 6

SEARCH MACROS
.DIRECTIVE SFCOND
DEFINE NUMLST -:::
x (FIRST,l)
X (FOURTH,4)
X (SECOND,2)
X <THUW,3)
DEFINE X (TEXT, JUNK) -:::EXP SIXBIT ITEXT/>
000000'
000000' 465162
000001'
000002' 634543
1
00000;-5'

NAMTBL: NUMLSr'
636400
626450
624400
000004

X
X
X
TBLLEN:==. ··-NAMTBL

SIXBIT
SIXBIT
SIXBIT
SIXBIT

DEFINE X (JUNK,LABL) <$'LABL>
000004'
000004'
000005'
000006'
OOOOO?'

LBL TBL: NUMLSr'
000000
000000
000000
000000

000014'
000017'
000015'
000016'

X
X
X

DEFINE X (JUNK,VALU) <DEC VALU>
000010'
000010'
000011 '
000012'
000013'

000000
000000
000000
000000

000001
000004
000002
000003

VALTBl..:
X
IX (FOURTH,4)-DEC 4X (SECOND,2)-DEC
X
3-

Third ExaffiPle of MACRO ProSraffi MACRO %53(1017) 16:12
EXAMPL MAC
2-Mar-78 15:03
ExaffiPle Three
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208

000014'
000014'
000015'
000015'
000016'
000016'
000017'
000017'

XALL
$1:
047 00 0 00 000012
047 00 0 00 000012
047 00 0 00 000012

EXIT
EXIT

047 00 0 00 000012

PROGRAM BREAK IS 000020
CPU TIME USED 00:00.142
lOP CORE USED

$3:

EXIT

$4:

NO ERRORS DETECTED

$2:

EXIT
F'RGEND

2-Mar-78

Third Example of MACRO Prosram MACRO %53(1017) 16:12
EXAMPL MAC
2-Mar-78 15:03
SYMBOL TABLE
EXIT
LBLTBL
NAMTBL
TBLLEN
TOPS10
VALTBL
$1
$2
$3
$4

o
I

\.0

047000

777777

000012
000004'
000000'
000004 spd
777777 spd
000010'
000014'
000015'
000016'
000017'

2-Mar-78 PaSe S-1

Fourth Example of MACRO
MACRO %53(1017) 16:12
EXAMPL MAC
2-Mar-78 15:03
Example Four

0
I

209
210
21 1
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255

2-Mar-78 PaSe 8

SUBTTL Example Four
TITLE Fourth Example of MACRO ProSram
;This program contains a complex and useful macro, COMMON.
The macro allows declaration of variable names for a
FORTRAN-compatible COMMON block.
Note that the pseudo-op
.COMMON allows declaration of a COMMON block, but not of
variable names within the block.
;The COMMON macro uses two arSuments:
1.

The name of the COMMON block.

An
list of the variable names for the block.
The list can contain either variable names onlw (with
an assumed length of one word for each variable), or
can contain an angle-bracketed pair
the name and
the length in decimal.
features of the prosram include:

Lensths for variables are Siven in decimal numbers,
io that the definitions look much like those in the
FORTRAN language.
This is accomplished bw storins
the current radix in a created swmbol, and restoring
it at the end of the macro.

The macro uses the techniGue of IRPing more than once
on the IRP list.
The first IRP counts the length of
the entire COMMON block, so that the .COMMON pseudo-op
can be used; the second IRP declares variable names
for each entrw in the block.

The pseudo-ops .XCREF and PURGE are used often
in the macro; this is to remove references to created
swmbols from the CREF listing and the swmbol table.

Created swmbols are used in the macro for swmbols that
are used onlw within the macro itself.
This minimizes
the chance that other definitions will conflict with
these swmbols.

Once the COMMON macro has been called, swmbols in the
COMMON block maw be used much as anw other swmbols;
this is shown in the IFIX and ZERO routines.

Fourth Example of MACRO
MACRO Z53(1017> 16:12
EXAMPL MAC
2-Mar-78 15:03
Example Four

256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289

2-Mar-78 Page 9

DEFINE COMMON (COM,VARS,ZRAD,ZLEN,ZVAL,ZCOM,ZPAS>
.XCREF ZRAD,ZLEN,ZVAL,ZCOM,ZPAS
;;Temp macro to strip one pair of angle brackets from
;; a macro argument and pass it to another macro
DEFINE ZPAS (A,B> {A B)
;;Temp macro to compute length of COMMON
DEFINE ZCOM (VAR,LEN{I»

{ZlEN==ZLENtLEN)

ZRAD==10
RADIX 10
ZLEN==O
IRP VARS{ZPAS ZCOM,VARS)
.COMMON COM[ZLENJ

;;Save current radix, use 10
;; so defs read like FORTRAN
;;Set to count length of COMMON
;;Get length of this COMMON
;;Allocate the whole COMMON

DEFINE ZCOM (VAR,LEN{I»
VAR=ZVAl
ZVAL==ZVAL+LEN

;;Set UP another temp macro
;;Define COMMON block
to next

)

ZLEN==O
ZVAl==COM
IRP VARS{ZPAS ZCOM,VARS>
RADIX ZRAD

;;Reinitialize length
;;Start to define entries in
;;Define next COMMON
;;Restore current radix

IF2,{PURGE ZLEN,ZRAD,ZVAL,ZCOM,ZPAS) ;;Keep
)

table clean

Fourth Example of MACRO ProSram MACRO %53(1017) 16:12
EXAMPL MAC
2-Mar-78 15:03
Example Four

o
I

I-'

290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315

2-Mar-78 PaSe 10

INTEGER SNGLE,ARRAY,MULTI
REAL REAL
DOUBLE PRECISION DOUBLE
COMMON IAREA/SNGLE,REAL,DOUBLE,ARRAY(10),MULTIC5,10)

;Sample routine to do SNGLE=IFIXCREAL)
000000' 122 01 0 00 0000001
000001' 202 01 0 00 000000*
000002' 263 17 0 00 000000

IFIX:

FIX 1,REAL
MOVEM 1,SNGLE
POPJ 17,

;Sample routine to set all elements in ARRAY to 0
000003'
000004'
000005'
000006'

200 01 0 00 000007'
402 00 0 00 0000001
251 01 0 00 0000001
263 17 0 00 000000

000007'
000007' 0000001 0000001

NO ERRORS DETECTED
PROGRAM BREAK IS 000010
CPU TIME USED 00:00.228
lOP CORE USED

ZERO:

MOVE 1,[XWD ARRAY,ARRAY+1J
SETZM ARRAY
BLT
POPJ 17,

LIT
END

Fourth Example of MACRO ProSram MACRO
EXAMPL MAC
2-Mar-78 15:03
AREA
ARRAY
DOUBLE
IFIX
MULTI
REAL
SNGLE
ZERO

000001' e}-:t
pol
0000000000001
pol
0000000000001
000000'
pol
0000000000001
pol
0000000000001
000000*
000003'

16:12
SYMBOL TABLE

2-Mar-78 PaSe S-2

AREA
ARRAY
DOUBLE
IFIX
LBLTBL
MUL.TI
NAMTBL
REAL
SNGLE
TBLL.EN
TOF'S10
VALTBL
ZERO
$1
$2
$3
$4

2981:
2981:
2981:
3011:
1811:
298t
172=1=
2981:
2981:
1771:
200
1891:
3071:
182
184
185
183

298
307

308

309

204

206

177
301
302
202
1991:
2011:
2031:
2051:

t1j

::0

G')

......

trl

,J::o.

3:
t1j

t"'I
trl

(J)

BAR
CLEAR
COMMON
CONl
CONCAT
EXIT
EXPAND
FOO
NUMLST
QUIT
X
•• 0004
•• 0005

1091
641
2581
741
831
98
200
831
1081
1631
101
1701
193
298
298

114
83
297
86
85
981
202
851
112
172
199
173
2981

115
94
87
851
99
204
861
113
181
201
174

88
86
100+
206
871
189
203
175

97
861
101

98
87
102+

100
871

102
88

881

941

961

88+

94+

961

97+

981

1001

1021

108

205
176

1791

182

183

184

185

1871

190

191

971

192

BLT
BYTE
DEC
DEFINE

0"1

END
EXP
FIX
IF2
IFE
IFN
IFNDEF
IRP
LALL
LIT
MOVE
MOVEM
F'OPJ
F'RGEND
PURGE
RADIX
SALL
SEARCH
SETZM
SIXBIT
SUBTTL
TITLE
UNIVER
XALL
XWD
.COMMO
.DIREC

309
91
190
10
108
315
173
301
298
200
200
200
298
90
312
307
302
303
21
298
298
81
160
308
173
1
23
2
198
307
298
161

191
64
109

192
74
163

193
83
1'70

174

175

176

202
202
202

204
204
204

206
206
206

85
179

86
187

87
258

88
298

100

102

107

310
117

208

rc
Ii)

93
174
22

119

175
118
210

176
209

tXJ

e
til

APPENDIX E
PSEUDO-OPS FOR PROGRAM COMPATIBILITY

The pseudo-ops in this appendix
included only for compatibility of
old programs to be assembled using MACRO Version 53.

E-l

PSEUDO-OPS FOR PROGRAM COMPATIBILITY
HISEG
FORMAT

HISEG address
address = program high-segment origin address. Must be
equal to or greater than 400000 and must be a
multiple of 1000.

FUNCTION

Directs the loader to load the current program into the
high segment if the program has reentrant (two-segment)
capability. HISEG should appear at the beginning of
the source program.
HISEG does not affect assembler operation.
The code
produced by HISEG will execute at either relocatable 0
or relocatable 400000, depending on
the
loading
instructions given.
The code following HISEG looks as if it
to start at relocatable o.

was

This pseudo-op has been replaced by TWOSEG.

E-2

assembled

PSEUDO-OPS FOR PROGRAM COMPATIBILITY
RIM

FORMAT

RIM

FUNCTION

Specifies a format for absolute binary programs (useful
only for PDP-6 systems), and consists of a series of
paired words.
The first word of each pair is a paper-tape read
instruction giving the memory address of the second
word. The last pair of words is a transfer block: the
first is an instruction obtained from the END statement
and executed when the transfer block is read, and the
second is a dummy word to stop the reader.

E-3

PSEUDO-OPS FOR PROGRAM COMPATIBILITY
[

RIMIO

FORMAT

RIMIO

FUNCTION

Causes a program format in which programs are absolute,
unblocked,
and
not checksummed.
When the RIMIO
statement follows a LOC statement in a program, the
assembler punches out each storage word in the object
program, starting at the absolute address specified in
the LOC statement.
RIMIO writes an arbitary "paper
tape": if it is in the format given below, it can be
read by the DECsystem-IO Read-In Mode hardware.
IOWD n,first
where n is the length of the program including the
ending word transfer, and first is the first memory
location to be occupied.
The last location must
contain a transfer instruction to begin the program,
such as
JRST 4,GO

For example, if a program with RIMIO output has its
first location at START and its last location at
FINISH,you can write

IOWD FINISH-STARTtl,START
NOTE
If the location counter is increased but no
binary output occurs (for example, BLOCK, LOC,
and VAR pseudo-ops), MACRO inserts a zero word
into the binary output file for each location
skipped by the location counter.

E-4

PSEUDO-OPS FOR PROGRAM COMPATIBILITY
RIMIOB

FORMAT

RIMIOB

FUNCTION

If a program is assembled into absolute locations (not
relocatable), a RIMIOB statement following the LOC
statement at the beginning of the source program causes
the assembler to write out the object program in RIMIOB
format. This format is designed for use with the
DECsystem-lO Read-In Mode hardware.
The program is punched during Pass 2, starting at the
location specified in the LOC statement. If the first
two statements in the program are
LOC 1000
RIM10B
MACRO assembles the program with absolute addresses
starting at 1000 and punches the program in RIMIOB
format, also starting at location 1000. You can reset
the location counter during assembly, but only one
RIMIOB statement is needed to punch the entire program.
In RIMIOB format, the assembler punches the RIMIOB
Loader, followed by the program in 17-word (or less)
data blocks, each block separated by blank tape.
The
assembler inserts an I/O transfer word (IOWD) preceding
each data block, and also inserts a 36-bit checksum
following each data block. The word count in the IOWD
counts only the data words in the block, and the
checksum is the 36-bit added checksum of the IOWD and
the data words.
Data blocks can contain less than 17 words.
If the
assembler
assigns
a nonconsecutive location, the
current data block is terminated,
and
an
IOWD
containing the next location is inserted, starting a
new data block.
The transfer block consists of two words.
The first
word of the transfer block is an instruction obtained
from the END statement. This first word is executed
when the transfer block is read. The second word is a
dummy word to stop the reader.

E-5

APPENDIX F
STORAGE ALLOCATION

MACRO allocates storage in two directions:
1.

User symbols and macronames are entered in the symbol tables.

Macros and literals are entered in free space.

A symbol table entry is two words long.
The first word is the symbol
name in SIXBIT.
The second word has flags in the left half, and
either the value or a pointer in the right half.
The flags
indicate
symbol type and attributes.
The following list shows how symbols and values are stored.
Type

How Stored

l8-bit symbol

Value in right half of second word.

36-bit symbol
(includes OPDEFs
and negative numbers)

Value
in free
symbol table.

EXTERNAL symbol

Pointer in symbol table to a 2-word block in
free storage.
The first word is the va;ue
that is the last reference in a chain of
references to the symbol;
the second word is
the symbol name in SIXBIT.

Polish symbol

The symbol table entry
block:
word 1:
word 2:

storage

with a pointer

points

2-word

0
negative number"address

Word 1 is the relocation word and is always
zero.
Word
2 gives the address of a Polish
stack in free storage. The Polish stack is
of the form:
word
word
word
word
word
word

F-l

1:
2:
3:

4:
5:
6:

opcode
relocation constant
value
relocation constant
value

STORAGE ALLOCATION
Words 3 and 4 designate an operand.
If the
operator is binary, words 5 and 6 designate
the second operand;
if the operator is
unary, the stack contains only four words.
If an operand is EXTERNAL, its two
and 4, or 5 and 6) are:

words

word i: pointer to EXTERNAL symbol
word i+l: 0
If an operand is itself a Polish symbol,
two words are:

its

word i: Polish pointer
word i+l: 0
Inter-PSECT reference

Polish stack containing:
word
word
word
word
word
word

1:
2:
3:

5:
6:

15
-2

referenced PSECT index
relocation constant
address

Synonym operator
(SYN argument)

SIXBIT operator name in free storage with a
pointer in the symbol table.

Macroname

Value in free storage with a pointer
text string in symbol table.
The text string is stored in a
of the form:
word 1 :
word 2 :
word 3 :
word 4 :

word 2 :
word 3 :
word 4 :

4-word

the
block

link to next block
(0
last) , ,two characters
five characters
five characters
five characters

However, the first
special:
word 1 :

such

block

link to next block"link
to last block
pointer
to
default
arg. , ,number
of
args
expected + reference count
five characters
five characters

The number of args expected is the number
dummy-arguments in the macro definition.

The reference count is incremented when the
macro is called and decremented when the
macro is exited. When this count goes to
zero, the macro is removed from free space.

F-2

STORAGE ALLOCATION
Macro arguments

Stored in the same linked block, but
in
the symbol table.
Repeats (two or more
times) are also stored in the same way.
The
text blocks are removed when the macro exits
or the repeat exits, since the reference
count has gone to zero.
The addresses of the actual argument blocks
are stored in a pushdown stack in order of
generation.
Default arguments are stored in the same way,
except that the list is in free core. The
pointer to the default arg list is stored in
the left half of the second word of the first
block of the macro definition.

Macros

The macrobody is stored as is, except that
dummy-arguments
are
replaced by special
symbols. ASCII 177 (RUBOUT) signals that the next
character is a special character, as follows:
001
002
003
004
005

iend of macro
;end of dummy symbol
iend of REPEAT
iend of IRP or IRPC
;RUBOUT

If the character is more than 5 and less than
100, it is illegal.
If the character is greater than or equal to
100, it is a dummy symbol; the value of the
character is ANDed with 37 to get the dummy
symbol number, and the corresponding pointer
retrieved from the stack of actual arguments.
If the symbol was not specified (that is, has
no pointer), and if the 40 bit is on, this
symbol requires a created symbol, and one is
created; otherwise the argument is ignored.
NOTE
Verbose macros
storage space.

F-3

can

use

too

much

STORAGE ALLOCATION
Literals

Four-word block for each word generated
word
word
word
word

1:
2:
3:
4:

form word
relocation bits
code
pointer to next block

Form word is the word used for listing.
This word is not checked when comparing
literals, so
that
different
forms
producing the same code are classed as
equal.
Relocation bits are 0,
pointers.

EXTERNAL

Pointer is the address of the zero
of the next block.
NOTE
Long literals slow assembly and
use storage;
they should be
written as subroutines or inline
code.

F-4

word

INDEX (Cont.)

Number pseudo-ops (Cont.)
EXP, 3-20
OCT, 3-44
RADIX, 3-55
RADIX50, 3-56
SQUOZE, 3-66
Z, 3-83

10, 7-3
"'0, B-3
OCT, 3-44
• OKOVL , 3-16
One's complement, 2-14
Op-code table, 2-9
Opcode table, 6-4
OPDEF (pseudo-op), 3-45
OPDEF operator, 4-2
OPDEF storage, F-l
Operand, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4
Operation,
hierarchy, 2-14
Operator, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4
Operator,
arithmetic, 2-13
logical, 2-13
OR, 2-13
• ORG, 3-46
Output,
assembler, 6-1
Overflow,
arithmetic, 3-16

Pound-sign (i), 6-2, B-5
PRGEND, 3-51
Primary instruction format,
4-4
PRINTX, 3-52
Program,
single-segment, 9-1
two-segment, 9-2
Program compilation, 7-1
Program file,
binary, 6-5
Program listing file, 6-1
Program name, 3-73
Program segmentation, 9-1
Program with PSECTs, 9-3
.PSECT, 3-53
PSECTs,
program with, 9-3
Pseudo-op,
format, 3-1
Pseudo-op operator, 4-2
Pseudo-ops,
compatibility, E-l
PURGE, 3-54

IQ,

7-3
Querying bit pattern, 2-6
Quotation marks ("),
double, B-5
Quotation marks ('),
single, B-5
Quoting characters in
argument, 5-4

IP,

7-3
P22, 3-21
PAGE, 3-47
Parentheses, B-6
Pass 1, 3-17, 4-3
Pass 2, 3-17, 4-3
Pass control pseudo-ops,
END, 3-17
PASS2, 3-48
PRGEND, 3-51
PASS2 (pseudo-op), 3-48
Passed argument, 5-1, 5-2
Percent-sign (%), B-6
PHASE, 3-49, 6-2
Plus sign (+), B-4
POINT, 3-50
Pointer,
byte, 3-50
Pol code, 6-4
Polish expression, 2-14
Polish symbol storage, F-l
Pound-sign (ii),
double, B-5

Radix, 2-2
RADIX (pseudo-op), 3-55
RADIX50, 3-56
RADIX50 character codes,
A-I
Register,
index, 4-4
RELOC, 3-57
Relocatable address, 3-46,
3-57
Relocatable code, 1-3
Relocatable expression,
2-15
Re10catable symbol, 2-12
REMARK (pseudo-op), 3-59
Repeat,
indefinite, 3-30, 3-31,
3-67, 5-10
REPEAT (pseudo-op), 3-60
.REQUEST, 3-61
.REQUIRE, 3-62

Index-S

INDEX (Con t • )

RIM, E-3
RIMI0, E-4
RIMIOB, E-5

IS, 7-4
SALL, 3-63
SEARCH, 3-64
Segmentation,
program, 9-1
Semicolon (;), B-3
Semicolon (;;),
double, B-3
Sen code, 6-4
Sex code, 6-4
SFCOND, 3-16
Shifting,
binary, 2-6
underscore, 2-6
Sin code, 6-4
Single quotation marks ('),
B-5
Single-character error code,
8-3
Single-segment program, 9-1
SIXBIT (pseudo-op), 3-65
SIXBIT character codes, A-I
Slash <I), B-4
Spd code, 6-4
Special characters, 2-2
Square brackets ([]), B-7
SQUOZE, 3-66
Start{ng address, 3-17
Statement format, 4-1
Statement processing, 4-3
STOPI, 3-67, 5-10
Storage, 3-2, 3-8, 3-11,
3-27, 3-35, F-l
Storage,
symbol, F-l
Storage allocation, F-l
Storage pseudo-ops,
ARRAY, 3-2
BLOCK, 3-8, 6-2
BYTE, 3-9
DEC, 3-13
EXP, 3-20
INTEGER, 3- 2 7
IOWD, 3-29
LIT, 3-35
OCT, 3-44
POINT, 3-50
REPEAT, 3-60
VAR, 3-77
XPUNGE, 3-81
XWD, 3-82
Z, 3-83
Subroutine entry, 3-19

Subtraction, 2-13
SUBTTL, 3-68
SUPPRESS, 3-69
Switches,
MACRO compiler, 7-3
Symbol, 2-9
absolute, 2-12
created, 5-9
direct-assignment, 2-11,
4-3
EXTERNAL, 2-12, 2-13,
2-14
global, 2-12, 2-13
INTERNAL, 2-12
label, 2-10
local, 2-12
relocatable, 2-12
val id, 2-9
variable, 2-11, 3-77
Symbol attributes, 2-12,
3-23, 3-24
Symbol definition, 2-10,
3-70, 4-3
Symbol pseudo-ops,
.ASSIGN, 3-6
.CREF, 3-12
DEFINE, 3-14
.DIRECT MACPRF, 3-16
ENTRY, 2-12, 3-19
EXTERN, 2-13, 3-21
INTERN, 2-12, 3-28
.NODDT, 3-42
OPDEF, 3-45
PURGE, 3-54
RADIX50, 3-56
SEARCH, 3-64
SQUOZE, 3-66
SYN, 3-70
UNIVERSAL, 3-75
VAR, 3-77
.XCREF, 3-79
Symbol storage, F-l
Symbol table, 2-9, 3-7,
3-43, 3-54, 3-64, 3-69,
3-75, 3-81, 6-4
Symbol table,
user, 2-9, 2-12
Symbol table codes, 6-4
SYN (pseudo-op), 3-70
SYN symbol storage, F-2
IT, 7-4
Table,
cross-reference, 3-12,
3-79, 6-4
macro, 2-9, 2-12, 6-4
op-code, 2-9
opcode, 6-4

Index-6

INDEX (Cant.)

Table (Cont.)
symbol, 2-9, 3-7, 3-43,
3-54, 3-64, 3-69, 3-75,
3-81, 6-4
user symbol, 2-9, 2-12
TAPE, 3-71
.TEXT, 3-72
Text entry pseudo-ops,
ASCII, 3-3
ASCIZ, 3-4
SIXBIT, 3-65
.TEXT, 3-72
TITLE, 3-73
TTCALL mnemonics, C-13
Two's complement, 2-2
Two-segment program, 9-2
TWOSEG, 3-74

/U, 7-4
Ud f cOQe, 6-4
UndersCore, B-6
Underscore shifting, 2-6
UNIVERSAL, 3-75

UNIVERSAL file, 6-5, 9-4
User symbol table, 2-9,
2-12
Valid symbol, 2-9
VAR, 3-77
Variable symbol, 2-11, 3-77
/W, 7-4

/X, 7-4
XALL, 3-78
.XCREF, 3-79
XLIST, 3-80
XOR, 2-13
XPUNGE, 3-81
.XTABM, 3-16
XWD, 3-82

Z, 3-83

Index-7

INDEX

/A, 7-3
Absolute address, 3-38,
3-46
Absolute expression, 2-15
Absolute symbol, 2-12
Accumulator, 4-4
Accumulator,
implicit, 4-6
Addition, 2-13
Address, 1-3, 4-4
Address,
absolute, 3-38, 3-46
relocatable, 3-46, 3-57
starting, 3-17
Address assignment, 4-3
Allocation,
storage, F-l
Ampersand (&), B-4
AND, 2-13
Angle brackets «», B-7
Apostrophe ('), 6-2, B-5
Argument,
concatenating, 5-8
default, 5-8
dummy, 5-1, 5-2
missing, 5-2
null, 5-2
passed, 5-1, 5-2
quoting characters in,
5-4
Argument handling, 5-4
Argument interpretation,
5-11
Argument list, 5-4
Argument storage,
macro, F-3
Arithmetic expression, 2-13
Arithmetic operator, 2-13
Arithmetic overflow, 3-16
ARRAY, 3-2
ASCII (pseudo-op), 3-3
ASCII character codes, A-I
ASCII characters, 2-1
ASCIZ, 3-4
Assembler output, 6-1
Assembly,
conditional, 3-23, 3-24,
3-25, 9-5
. ASS IGN, 3-6
Assignment,
address, 4-3
Asterisk (*), 6-2, B-4
ASUPPRESS, 3-7
At-sign (@), B-6
Attributes,
symbol, 2-12, 3-23, 3-24

B, B-2

/B, 7-3

"B, B-2
Backslash (\), B-5
Backslash-apostrophe (\'),
B-6
Backslash-quote (\"), B-6
Binary program file, 6-5
Binary shifting, 2-6
Bit 0 (sign bit), 2-2
Bit pattern,
querying, 2-6
BLOCK, 3-8, 6-2
Brackets «»,
angle, B-7
Brackets ([]),
square, B-7
BYTE, 3-9
Byte pointer, 3-50

/C, 7-3
Call,
macro, 5-2
CALLI mnemonics, C-12
Character codes, A-I
Characters,
ASCII, 2-1
MACRO, 2-1
special, 2-2
Code,
error, 6-3
relocatable, 1-3
Codes,
symbol table, 6-4
Colon, B-3
Colon (:), B-7
Colon (::),
double, B-3
Comma (,l, B-4
Comma (,,),
double, B-4
Command level,
MACRO, 7-1
Comment, 3-10, 3-59, 4-2,
4-3
COMMENT (pseudo-op), 3-10
Comment pseudo-ops,
COMMENT, 3-10
REMARK, 3-59
.COMMON, 3-11
Compatibility pseudo-ops,
E-l
Index-l

INDEX (Cant.)

Compilation,
program, 7-1
Compiler switches,
MACRO, 7-3
Complement,
one's, 2-14
two's, 2-2
Concatenating argument, 5-8
Conditional assembly, 3-23,
3-24, 3-25, 9-5
Conditional pseudo-ops,
.IF,3-23
. IFN, 3-24
IFx group, 3-25
Counter,
location, 2-8, 3-15, 3-38,
3-46, 3-49, 3-57, 3-74,
4-4, 8-3
Counter pseudo-ops,
• ENDPS, 3-18
LOC, 3-38
.ORG, 3-46
.PSECT, 3-53
RELOC, 3-57
TWOSEG, 3-74
Created symbol, 5-9
.CREF, 3-12
Cross-reference table, 3-12,
3-79, 6-4
CTRL/underscore, 8-6

. . D, 8-2
DEC, 3-13
Decimal number,
fixed-point, 2-3
floating-point, 2-4
Decimal point (.), 8-3
Default argument, 5-8
DEFINE (pseudo-op), 3-14
Definition,
label, 2-10
macro, 5-1
nested macro, 5-6
symbol, 2-10, 3-70, 4-3
DEPHASE, 3-15
Device code, 4-6
Device code mnemonics,
I/O, C-6
Direct-assignment symbol,
2-11, 4-3
.DIRECTIVE, 3-16
Division, 2-13
Dot (location counter), 2-8,
4-4, 8-3
Double colon (::), 8-3
Double comma (,,), 8-4
Double equal sign (==), 8-7

Double pound-sign (##), 8-5
Double quotation marks ("),
8-5
Double semicolon (;;), 8-3
Dummy-argument, 5-1, 5-2

E, 2-5, 8-2
/E, 7-3
END, 3-17
.ENDPS, 3-18
Ent code, 6-4
ENTRY, 2-12, 3-19
Equal sign (=), 8-7
Equal sign (==),
double, 8-7
. EROVL , 3 -16
Error code, 6-3
single-character, 8-3
Error messages,
MCRxxx, 8-7
Evaluating expressions,
2-14, 2-15
Examples,
program, D-1
Exclamation point (!), 8-3,
8-4
EXP, 3-20
Expression,
absolute, 2-15
arithmetic, 2-13
evaluating, 2-15
logical, 2-13
nested, 2-15
Polish, 2-14
relocatab1e, 2-15
Expressions,
evaluating, 2-14
Ext code, 6-4
EXTEND, 4-7
EXTEND mnemonics,
KLlO, C-9
Extended Instruction,
KL-lO, 4-7
EXTERN, 2-13, 3-21
EXTERNAL symbol, 2-12, 2-13,
2-14
EXTERNAL symbol storage,
F-l
/F, 7-3
. . F, 8-2
F40-switch-dependent
mnemonics, C-14
File,
listing, 6-1
UNIVERSAL, 6-5, 9-4

Index-2

. INDEX (Cant.)

Fixed-point decimal number,
2-3
FLBLST, 3-16
Floating-point decimal
number, 2-4

G, 2-3, B-2
/G, 7-3
Global symbol, 2-12, 2-13

/H, 7-3
Halfword, 1-3, 3-82
Halfword notation, 2-15
Hierarchy of operations,
2-14
HISEG, E-2
.HWFRMT, 3-21
Hyphen (-), B-4

I/O device code mnemonics,
C-6
I/O instruction format, 4-6
I/O instruction mnemonics,
C-6
.IF, 3-23
IFl, 3-25
IF2, 3-25
IFB, 3-25
IFDEF, 3-25
IFDIF, 3-25
IFIDN, 3-25
• IFN, 3-24
IFNB, 3-25
IFNDEF, 3-25
Implicit accumulator, 4-6
Indefinite repeat, 3-30,
3-31, 3-67, 5-10
Index register, 4-4
Indexed addressing, 4-4
Indirect addressing, 4-4
Informational messages, 8-1
Instruction format,
I/O, 4-6
primary, 4-4
Int code, 6-4
Integer, 2-2, 3-55
INTEGER (pseudo-op), 3-27
inter-PSECT reference
storage, F-2
INTERN, 2-12, 3-28
INTERNAL symbol, 2-12
Interpretation,
argument, 5-11

IOWD, 3-29
IRP, 3-30, 5-10
IRPC, 3-31, 5-10
. ITABM, 3-16

JFCL mnemonics, C-IO
JRST mnemonics, C-IO

K, 2-3, B-2
KAIO, 3-16
KIlO, 3-16
KL-IO Extended Instruction,
4-7
KLIO, 3-16
KLIO EXTEND mnemonics, C-9
/L, 7-3
. . L, B-2
Label, 4-1, 4-3
Label definition, 2-10
Label in literal, 2-8
Label symbol, 2-10
LALL, 3-32
• LINK, 3-33
Linkage pseudo-ops,
.COMMON, 3-11
DEPHASE, 3-15
.DIRECT KAIO, 3-16
.DIRECT KIlO, 3-16
.DIRECT KLIO, 3-16
ENTRY, 2-12, 3-19
EXTERN, 2-13, 3-21
INTERN, 2-12, 3-28
· LINK, 3-33
• LNK END, 3 - 3 7
PHASE, 3-49, 6-2
.REQUEST, 3-61
.REQUIRE, 3-62
.TEXT, 3-72
TWOSEG, 3-74
XPUNGE, 3-81
LIST, 3-34
Listing file, 6-1
Listing format, 6-2
Listing pseudo-ops,
ASUPPRESS, 3-7
.CREF, 3-12
.DIRECT FLBLST, 3-16
.DIRECT LITLST, 3-16
,DIRECT SFCOND, 3-16
· HWFRMT, 3-21
LALL, 3-32
LIST, 3-34
· MFRMT, 3-39

Index-3

INDEX (Cont.)

Listing pseudo-ops (Cont.)
. NODDT, 3-42
NOSYM, 3-43
PAGE, 3-47
SALL, 3-63
SUBTTL, 3-68
SUPPRESS, 3-69
TITLE, 3-73
XALL, 3-78
.XCREF, 3-79
XLIST, 3-80
XPUNGE, 3-81
LIT, 3-35
Literal, 2-7, 3-35, 3-40,
3-41
Literal,
Label in, 2-8
Literal storage, F-4
LITLST, 3-16
.LNKEND, 3-37
LOC, 3-38
Local symbol, 2-12
Location counter, 2-8, 3-15,
3-38, 3-46, 3-49, 3-57,
3-74, 4-4, B-3
Logical expression, 2-13
Logical operator, 2-13

M, 2-3, B-2

/M, 7-3

Machine tnstruction
mnemonics, 3-83, 4-4,
C-l
MACMPD, 3-16
MACPRF, 3-16
Macro argument storage, F-3
Macro call, 5-2
Macro call format, 5-4
MACRO characters, 2-1
MACRO command level, 7-1
MACRO compiler switches,
7-3
Macro definition, 5-1
nested, 5-6
Macro listing, 5-6
Macro pseudo-ops,
DEFINE, 3-14
.DIRECT .ITABM, 3-16
.DIRECT MACMPD, 3-16
.DIRECT MACPRF, 3-16
.DIRECT .XTABM, 3-16
IRP, 3-30, 5-10
IRPC, 3-31, 5-10
PURGE, 3-54
REPEAT, 3-60
STOPI, 3-67, 5-10
Macro table, 2-9, 2-12, 6-4

MACRO-defined mnemonics,
2-16, 4-2, C-l
Macrobody, 5-1
Macrobody storage, F-3
Macroname, 5-1
Macroname storage, F-2
MCRxxx error messages, 8-7
Memory, 1-3
Message pseudo-ops,
PRINTX, 3-52
Messages,
MCRxxx error, 8-7
.MFRMT, 3-39
Minus sign (-), B-5
Missing argument, 5-2
MLOFF, 3-40
MLON, 3-41
Mnemonics,
CALLI, C-12
F40-switch-dependent,
C-14
I/O device code, C-6
I/O instruction, C-6
JFCL, C-IO
JRST, C-IO
KLIO EXTEND, C-9
machine instruction, 3-83,
4-4, C-lp
MACRO-defined, 2-16, 4-2,
C-l
monitor call, C-ll
MTAPE, C-13
TTCALL, C-13
Monitor call mnemonics,
C-ll
MTAPE mnemonics, C-13
Multiplication, 2-13

/N, 7-3
Nested expression, 2-15
Nested macro definition,
5-6
NO (with .DIRECTIVE), 3-16
.NOBIN, 3-16
.NODDT, 3-42
NOSYM, 3-43
NOT, 2-13
Null argument, 5-2
Number, 2-2, 3-55
Number,
fixed-point decimal, 2-3
floating-point decimal,
2-4
Number pseudo-ops,
. ASS IGN, 3-6
DEC, 3-13
.DIRECT .EROVL, 3-16
.DIRECT . OKOVL , 3-16

Index-4

MACRO ASSEMBLER
Reference Manual
AA-C780C-TB
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