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Language Summary

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VAX CLanguage Summary
Order Number: AA-P788B-TE

April 1985
This document contains asyntax summary of the VAX Clanguage constructs, the VAX CRun-Time Library
functions and macros, and the VAX/VMS commands used to compile and link aVAX Cprogram.

Revision/Update Information:

T h i s r e v i s e d d o c u m e n t s u p e r s e d e s t h e VA X - 11 C L a n g u a g e
Summary (Order No. AA-P788A—TE).

O p e r a t i n g S y s t e m a n d Ve r s i o n :

VAX/VMS Version 4.0 or later.

Software Version:

VA X C Ve r s i o n 2 . 0 .

digital equipment corporation
maynard, massachusetts

Revised, April 1985

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a

commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any
errors that may appear in this document.

The software described in this document is furnished under alicense and may be used or copied only in
accordance with the terms of such license.

No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment that is not supplied by Digital
Equipment Corporation or its affiliated companies.

The postpaid READER'S COMMENTS form on the last page of this document requests the user's critical
evaluation to assist in preparing future documentation.
The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:
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This document was prepared using an in-house documentation production system. All page composition and

make-up was performed by TgX, the typesetting system developed by Donald E. Knuth at Stanford University.
TfX is aregistered trademark of the American Mathematical Society.

Contents

P R E FA C E

CHAPTER

1THE

I V

DCL

COMMAND

LINE

1-1

C H A P T E R 2 VA X C L A N G U A G E C O N S T R U C T S

2-1

C H A P T E R 3 VA X C R U N - T I M E L I B R A R Y F U N C T I O N S A N D M A C R O S

3-1

Preface

Conventions Used in This Document
Convention

Meaning

char

Language keywords, and VAX CRun-Time Library functions
and macros are represented in bold type.

file—spec, sfdio

Arguments to functions or macros, and .H library module
names are represented in italics.

$RUN CPROG IRETURNI

In interactive examples, the user's response to aprompt is
printed in red; system prompts are printed in black.

)

globaldef

VAX Cspecific constructs are represented in blue.

float x;

Avertical ellipsis indicates that not all of the text of aprogram
or program output is illustrated. Only relevant material is
shown in the example.

X=5;

option, ...

Ahorizontal ellipsis indicates that additional parameters,
options, or values can be entered. Acomma that precedes the
ellipsis indicates that successive items must be separated by
c o m m a s .

I V

Convention

Meaning

sc-specifier

In syntax definitions, items appearing on separate lines are are
mutually exclusive alternatives.

auto
static
extern

Braces surrounding two or more items separated by avertical
bar (1) indicate achoice; you must choose one of the two
syntactic elements.

Associated Documents
●Programming in VAX C—For acomplete guide to program development on VAX/VMS using the
VAX Cprogramming language
●Installing VAX C—For aguide to installing the VAX Csoftware
●VAX/VMS Master Index—For aguide to working with the VAX machine architecture or the VAX/VMS
system services
This index lists manuals which cover the individual topics concerning access to VAX/VMS.

Chapter 1

The DCL Command Line
This chapter describes the CC and LINK commands of the DIGITAL Command Language (DCL) and the
qualifiers used with both commands.
1.1 The CC Command

The DIGITAL Command Language (DCL) command, CC, compiles one or more VAX Csource files into
one or more object files. The source file or files compiled into an object module is called the compilation
unit.

Syntax:

CC[/qualifier ...

I1IIIII1I1 ]

] fi l e - s p e c - l i s t

File Specification Syntax:

file-spec[/qualifier ... ]
file-spec-list, file-spec[/qualifier ... 3
file-spec-list +file-spec[/qualifier ... ]
C o m m a n d Q u a l i fi e r s

Defaults

/[NO]CROSS_REFERENCE
/[NO)DEBUG[=option]
/[NO]DEFlNE[=(definition list)]

/NOCROSS_REFERENCE
/DEBUG=TRACEBACK

/DIAGNOSTICS
/ G _ F L O AT
/LIBRARY

/[NOjLlST

/NODEFINE
/NODIAGNOSTICS
/ N O G - F L O AT
/NOLIST {interactive mode)
/LIST (batch mode)
The DCL Command Line

1 - 1

C o m m a n d Q u a l i fi e r s

Defaults

/[NO]MACHINE_CODE[=option]
/[NO]OBJECT
/[NO]OPT}MtZE(=NODISJOINT]
/SHOW(=(option, ...)]

/NOMACHINE_CODE
/OBJECT
/OPTIMIZE
/SHOW=(NOBR!EF,
NODICTIONARY,
N O E X PA N S I O N .
NOINCLUDE,

NOINTERMEDIATE,
NOSTATISTICS,
NOSYMBOLS,
N O T R A N S L AT I O N .
SOURCE.

TERMINAL)
/STANDARD=NOPORTABLE
/NOUNDEFINE
/ WA R N I N G S

/STANDARD=[NO]PORTABLE
/(NO]UNDEFINE{=(undefine list)]
/[NO]WARNINGS[=(option-list)]

N O T E

The only qualifier that must be used with afile specification is the /LIBRARY qualifier. You
cannot place this qualifier on the CC command.
1.2 The LINK Command
The DCL LINK command combines one or more object modules into one image file. If your program

contains references to the VAX CRun-Time Library (RTL) functions, read “Specifying Libraries to the
Linker" in this section before you link your programs.
Syntax:

LINK[/qualifier ...

] file-spec[/qualifier ...

...

The DCL Command Line

1 - 2

C o m m a n d Q u a l i fi e r s

Defaults

/BRIEF
/[NO]CONTIGUOUS

None

/NOCONTIGUOUS
/NOCROSS-REFERENCE
/NODEBUG
/EXECUTABLE

/(NOICROSS-REFERENCE
/[NO]DEBUG[=file_spec]
/[NO]EXECUTABLE(=file_spec)
/FULL
/HEADER

None

/[NOjMAP[=file_spec]

/NOMAP

/POIMAGE
/PROTECT

None

/[NO]SHAREABLE[=ftie_spec]
/NOSHAREABLE
/[NO]SYMBOL_TABLE(=file_spec] /NOSYMBOl—TABLE
/(NOjSYSLIB
/SYSLIB
/(NOjSYSSHR
/SYSSHR
/[NO]SYSTEM[=base_address]
/NOSYSTEM
/TRACEBACK
/[NO]TRACEBACK
/[NO)USERLIBRARY(=tabie[, ...]] None

/INCLUDE=(module_name[, ...])

None

/LIBRARY
/OPTIONS

None

/SELECTIVE-SEARCH

None

NOTE

The only qualifiers that must be used with afile specification are the /INCLUDE, /LIBRARY,
/OPTIONS, and /SELECTIVE-SEARCH qualifiers. You cannot place these qualifiers on the
LINK command.

The DCL Command Line 1—3

Specifying Libraries to the Linker:

If you use any of the VAX CRun-Time Library functions, you must specify libraries for the linker
to search in order to resolve references to the functions. You can specify these libraries using the
/LIBRARY qualifier on the LINK command line, or you can define the logical name LNK$LIBRARY_n
to be the name of an object library. You must define the logicals LNK$LIBRARY_n as the libraries
SYS$LIBRARY:VAXCCURSE,OLB, SYS$LIBRARY:VAXCRTLG.OLB, and SYS$LlBRARY;VAXCRTL.OLB.

Depending on the needs of your program, you may have to access one, two, or all three libraries. In any
case, you must adhere to the following rules for defining libraries for the linker to search:
1. If you do not need to use the Curses Screen Management package of VAX CRTL functions and
macros, and you do not use the /G—FLOAT qualifier on the CC command line, you must define the
logical as follows:
$DEFINE LNKSLIBRARY SYS$LIBRARY:VAXCRTL.OLB IRETURN I

2. If you plan to use the /G—FLOAT qualifier with the CC command line, but do not plan on using
Curses, you must define the logicals as follows:

1I1 1

IIIIII1II

$DEFINE LNK$LIBRARY SYS$LIBRARY:VAXCRTLG.OLB IRETURN I
$DEFINE LNK$LIBRARY_1 SYS$LIBRARY;VAXCRTL.OLB IRETURNI

3. If you plan to use the Curses Screen Management package, but do not plan to use the /G—FLOAT
qualifier, you must define the logicals as follows:
$DEFINE LNKSLIBRARY SYS$LIBRARY:VAXCCURSE.OLB IRETURNI

$DEFINE LNK$LIBRARY_1 SYS$LIBRARY:VAXCRTL.OLB IRETURNI

4. Finally, if you plan to use both Curses and the /G—FLOAT qualifier, you must define the three
logicals in the following order:
$DEFINE LNKSLIBRARY SYS$LIBRARY:VAXCCURSE.OLB IRETURNI
$DEFINE LNK$LIBRARY_1 SYSSLIBRARY:VAXCRTLG.OLB IRETURNI

$DEFINE LNK$LIBRARY_2 SYSSLIBRARY :VAXCRTL. OLB IRETU^

The DCL Command Line 1-4

The order of the specified libraries determines which versions of the VAX CRTL functions are found
by the linker first. If the linker does not find the function code, or if LNK$LIBRARY_n is undefined,
it assumes that the function is not aVAX CRTL function, and checks other default libraries before it

assumes that the program is in error.

Instead of using the object code of the VAX CRTL functions, you can, as an option, use the VAX CRTL

as ashareable image. To use the VAX CRTL as ashareable image, check with your system manager
to make sure that the VAX Ccompiler and software were installed so as to allow access to the shared

images. Specifically, check to make sure that the system manager answered YES to step 4listed in
Installing VAX C. If that has been done, you can create an options file.
If you do not use the /G—FLOAT qualifier on the CC command, create an options file, OPTIONS—
FILE.OPT, containing the following line:
SYSSSHARE:VAXCRTL.EXE/SHARE

If you do use the /G—FLOAT qualifier on the CC command, create an options file containing the
following line:
SYSSSHARE;VAXCRTLG.EXE/SHARE
Yo u m u s t n o t i n c l u d e t h e l i b r a r i e s S Y S $ S H A R E : VA X C R T L . E X E a n d 5 Y S $ 5 H A R E : VA X C R T L G . E X E i n t h e

same options file.

Once you have created the appropriate options file, OPTIONS—FILE.OPT, you can compile and link your
program with the following commands:
$CC PROGRAM.C IRETUI^
$LINK PROGRAM.OBJ. 0PTI0NS_FILE/0PT IRETURN I

The DCL Command Line

1 - 5

Chapter 2

VAX CLanguage Constructs
This chapter describes the language keywords and other constructs needed for programming in VAX C.

2.1 Data Type Keywords
Ty p e S p e c i fi e r s :

32-bit signed or unsigned:
i n t

long
long Int

II1

]

IIIIIIII

IIII1 1

I1IIII1

unsigned lot
unsigned long

unsigned long int

16-bit signed or unsigned:
short
short

int

unsigned short
unsigned short int

8-bit signed or unsigned:
char

unsigned char

VA X C L a n g u a g e C o n s t r u c t s 2 — 1

F_floating formal:
fl o a t

D_floating or G_floating format:
double

long

fl o a t

Aggregate types:
s t r u c t

union

Enumerated type:
e n u f fi

Type of function return value:
void

Type declaration:
typedef

Storage class specifiers:
a u t o

globaldef
globalref
global?alue

VA X C L a n g u a g e C o n s t r u c t s 2 — 2

Storage class modifiers:
readonly
noshare

2.2 Precedence of Operators
The operators are listed from highest precedence to lowest. In the binary operator category, operators
appearing on higher lines within the category have ahigher precedence than the other binary operators.
Category

Association

Operator

Primary

Left to right

()

Unary

Right to left

Binary

Left to right

●

->●
(fm)

● & s i z e o f

I
<

I
<5=

I
>

& &

Conditional

Right to left

Assignment

Right to left

C o m m a

Left to right

●= /=

>>=

& =

VA X C L a n g u a g e C o n s t r u c t s 2 — 3

2.3 Statements
Syntax;
[expression] ;
identifier :

statement

{[declaration-list]

[statement-list]

case [ccmstant-ea^rression Idefault]

}
statement-list

if (expression) statement [else statement]
while (ea:pression) statement
do statement while (expression)

for ([expression] ;[expression] ;[ea^^ression])
s t a t e m e n t

switch (eapressicm) statement

[

(

[

I
break

continue

;

return [expression^ ;
goto

i d e n t i fi e r

entry'

Kcserveti for future

VA X C L a n g u a g e C o n s t r u c t s 2 - 4

2.4 Conversion Rules
Arithmetic

Conversion

Any operand of type:

Is converted to:

char

int

short

int

unsigned char
unsigned short

unsigned int

fl o a t

double

If operand type is:

The result and the other operands are:

double

unsigned

(

unsigned int

Otherwise, both operands are:

And the result is:

int

Function Argument Conversion

Any argument of type:

Is converted to type:

fl o a t

double

char

int

short

int

unsigned char
unsigned short

unsigned int

array

pointer to array

function

pointer to function

unsigned int

VAX CLanguage Constructs 2-5

2.5 VAX CEscape Sequences
Character

Mnemonic

Escape Sequence

newline

N L

horizontal tab

H T

vertical tab

V T

backspace

\ b

carriage return

C R

form feed

\ f

backslash

apostrophe

\‘

quotes

bit pattern

d d d

\ddd

IIIIIIIIII

In the previous list, the characters, ddd, signify from one to three octal digits that give the value of an
ASCII character. For example, \0 signifies the ASCII NUL character.

VA X C L a n g u a g e C o n s t r u c t s 2 - 6

2.6 Preprocessor Control Lines
Syntax:

# d e fi n e i d e n t i fi e r i i i p a r a m l , . . . p a r o m S ] ) ] t o k e n - s t r i n g
# u n d e f i d e n t i fi e r
#dictionary cdd-path
# i n c l u d e < fi l e - s p e c >

# i n c l u d e " fi l e - s p e c "
#include

module-name

#if constant-expression
# i f d e f i d e n t i fi e r
# l i n d o f i d e n t i fi e r

[

#[llne]

constant

string

#[llne]

constant

i d e n t i fi e r

#else
#eiidlf

^module identxfxer xdentxfxer
# m o d u l « i d e n t x fi e r s t r x n g

VA X C L a n g u a g e C o n s t r u c t s 2 - 7

2.7 Record Management Services (RMS)
The RMS functions can be expressed in terms of the following general descriptions.
Syntax:
t fi a c l u d e
i n t

rms-module

$naiue(po^ntc> ,

[success^fiA’i
struct rms.structure ‘poiiicej ,
i n t
(‘error.function)(). (*success_function)();
rms-module

The name of one of the modules in the following list:

I
M o d u l e

rab

Description

Structure Tag

File access block

FAB

Record access block
Name block

N A M

Allocation XAB

XABAl.L

Xilbdat

Date and time X/ -;

XABDAT

\ubfiii.

File header characteristics '● \13

.ABFHC

xab:.:"

Indexed file key ●B

XABKhV

XABrRO

Revision date and time XAB

XABRDT

Protection
xabriil

VA X C L a n g u a g e C o n s t r u c t s 2 - 8

Description

Structure Tag

Summary XAB

XABSUM

X i i l ’ l r r.

Te r m i n a l C o n t r o l X A B

XABTRM

rniiiii"

Completion status codes

r?/tb

All RMS modules

M o d u l e

All tags

sys$name

The name of the RMS function being called.
pointer

Apointer to an RMS structure which (optionally) has been initialized by the following prototypes:
Prototype

Description

v.‘$rm!- fab

Initializes the file access block (FAB)

●

(

Initializes the record access block (RAB)

'‘w...rab

(

[

(

[

c\$rn\s_nam

Initializes the name block (NAM)

cc$rms_xahall

Initializes the allocation XAB (XABALL)

cc$rms__xabdat

Initializes the date and time XAB (XABDAT)

I'cSrms—xabfhc

Initializes the file header characteristics XAB (XABI HC)

cc$rms_xabkey

Initializes the indexed file key XAB (XABKEY)

cc$rms_xabpro

Initializes the protection XAB (XABl’RO)

u'$rms_\abrdt

Initializes the revision date and time XAB (XABRDT)

cc$rms_xabsum

Initializes the summary XAB (XABSUM)

cc$rms_xabtrm

Initializes the terminal control XAB (XABTRM)

VAX CLanguage Constructs 2-9

error—function

The name of asignal handling function to be called if an error occurs (optional).
success—function

The name of afunction to be called if the

M*- function is successful (optional).

rms—structure

The type of structure being pointed to by pointer.
The

functions return an integer status value.

VAX CLanguage Constructs 2-10

Chapter 3

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros
This chapter describes the syntax of the VAX CRun-Time Library functions and macros,

3.1 Function and Macro Syntax Listing
abort

Function

abort()
Return

Va l u e s :

None.

I
abs

Function

#include

math

int abs(integer)
double fabs(x)
int

integer:

double

Return

Va l u e s :

Absolute value of x.

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros 3-1

access

Function

#include

int access if iLe_specifzcation, mode)
c h a r * fi l e . s p e c i fi c a t i o n ;
int

mode;

R e t u r n Va l u e s :

0, if the access (privilege) is allowed; -1, if not.
Notes:
mode

Argument

Checks to see if the file exists

Execute access

acos

Write access (implies delete access)

Read access

Function

#include maLi

double acos(x)
double

Return

Va l u e s :

Arc cosine of xin the range 0to pi .

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros

3 - 2

addch Macro and waddch Function
#include

curses

addch (ch.)
waddchCwin, ch)
WINDOW *win;
char
Return

ch;
Va l u e s :

OK on success; ERR, if illegal scrolling occurs.
addstr Macro and waddstr Function
#include

cursei;

addstr(str)
waddstrCwin, str)

III1II1

III

WINDOW *win;
char

*8tr;

R e t u r n Va l u e s :

OK on success; ERR, if illegal scrolling occurs.
alarm Function
int alarm(seconds)

unsigned seconds:
R e t u r n Va l u e s ;

The number of seconds remaining from aprevious alarm request.

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros

3 - 3

asin

Function

#include

v. a t h

double asinCi)
double

Return

Va l u e s :

Arc sine of xin the range -pi/2 to pi/2 .When lxl> I,this function returns 0and sets the variable,
ermo, to EDOM.
atan

Function

#include

ath

double atan(x)
double

I
Return

Va l u e s :

Arc tangent of xin the range -p»/2 to pi/2 .
atan2 Function
#include math

double atein2(x, y)
double X. y;
Return

Va l u e s :

Arc tangent of x/y in the range -pi to pi .

VA X C R u n - Ti m e L i b r a r y F u n c t i o n s a n d M a c r o s 3 - 4

atof, atoi, and atol Functions
#include

math

double atof(nptr)
int
atoi(nptr)
long atol(»^tr)
char

*nptr;

Return

Va l u e s :

Numeric value of the string as adouble (atof), as an int (atoi), and as along int (atol).
Notes:

In VAX C, atol is functionally equivalent to atoi.

I
atoi

Function

See atof.
atol

Function

See atof.

box Function
#lnclude

curses

boxCwin, vert, hor)
WINDOW *win;

char

vert,

Return

hor;

Va l u e s :

OK on success; ERR on failure.

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros

3 - 5

brk and sbrk Functions
char *brk(addr)
char

*sbrk(incr)

u n s i g n e d i n c r, a d d r ;
Return

Va l u e s :

Lowest virtual address not used by the program (brk) and the old break address if the new break
address is successfully set (sbrk). If the program requests too much memory, both return -1.
cabs and hypot Functions
#include

math

double cabsfz)

double hypot(x, y)

double X, y;
s t r u c t

{

double X, y:
> z ;
Return

Va l u e s :

Square root of the sum of their two squared arguments fsqrtf.r^r +yy)) .

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros 3-6

cailoc and malloc Functions
c h a r * c a l l o c ( T « i m b e r. s i z e )
char *malloc(si2e)

unsigned number, size;
R e t u r n Va l u e s :

Pointer to the first byte of the allocated space; 0, if the memory cannot be allocated.
ceil Function
#include

double ceiK®)

double

Return

Va l u e s :

Smallest integer that is greater than or equal to x.
cfree and free Functions

int cfree(pointer)
int free(pointcr)
char *pointer;
Return

Va l u e s :

0if the area previously allocated by calloc, malloc, or realloc is successfully freed; -1 if not.
Notes:

If porting programs across systems, use free with malloc and use cfree with calloc.
VA X C R u n - Ti m e L i b r a r y F u n c t i o n s a n d M a c r o s 3 - 7

chdir

Function

int

chdir(name)

char

*name;

Return

Va l u e s :

0, if the directory is successfully changed; -1 if not.
chmod

Function

int chmodCname, mode)
c h a r

♦name;

unsigned mode;
Return

Va l u e s :

0, if the change is successful; -1, if not.

(

[

Notes:

tnode Argument

Privilege

0400

OWNER:READ

0200

OWNER: WRITE

0100

OWNER:EXECUTE

0040

GROUP:READ

0020

GROUPiWRITE

0010

GROUPiEXECUTE

0004

WORLD:READ

0002

WORLD:WRITE

0001

WORLD:EXECUTE

VA X C R u n - Ti m e L i b r a r y F u n c t i o n s a n d M a c r o s 3 - 8

chown Function

int chown(noflje, ovmer. group)
char

♦name;

unsigned owner, group;
Return

Va l u e s :

0if the owner UIC of the file is changed; -1 if not.
clear Macro and wclear Function
^include

clear()
wclear(win)
WINDOW *win;

(

Return

Va l u e s :

OK on success; ERR on failure.
clearerr Macro
#include

stdio

clearerr(/ile.ptr)
F I L E * fi l e _ p t r ;
Return

Va l u e s :

None.

VA X C R u n - Ti m e L i b r a r y F u n c t i o n s a n d M a c r o s 3 - 9

clearok

Macro

#include

curses

clearok(win. boolf)
WINDOW
bool

boolf;

Return

Va l u e s :

OK on success; ERR on failure.
close Function

int closeC/ile.desc)
int

fi l e . d e s c ;

(

Return

Va l u e s :

(

0, if the file is successfully closed; -1, if the file descriptor is undefined or if an error occurs while
the file is being closed.
clrattr Macro and wcirattr Function
#include

curses

clrattr(attr)
wclrattr(u)in. ottr)
WINDOW *win,
int
Return

attr;
Va l u e s :

OK on success; ERR on failure.

VA X C R u n - Ti m e L i b r a r y F u n c t i o n s a n d M a c r o s 3 - 1 0

Notes:

atfr Argument
_B1.INK

Clear blinking attributi-

- B O L D

Clear bold fare attribute

-RI-VLRSL'

Clear reverse vidci’ attribute

- U N D E R L I N E

Clear underline attribute

This function and macro are V'AX Cspecific.
cirtobot Macro and wcirtobot Function
#include

curses

clrtobot()
wclrtobot(mn)
WINDOW

♦win;

II1III1IIII

R e t u r n Va l u e s :

OK on success; ERR on failure.
clrtoeol Macro and wcirtoeol Function
#include

curses

clrtoeoK)
wcirtoeol(win)
WINDOW twin;
Return

Va l u e s :

OK on success; ERR on failure.

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros

3 - 11

cos Function
#include

math

double cos (a:)
double

Return

Va l u e s :

Cosine of x.

cosh Function
t fi n c l u d e

math

double cosh(x)
double

int creat(/ile_spec, mode [,/-iLe_atts. .

] )

R e t u r n Va l u e s :

Hyperbolic cosine of x.
Great

Function

char

* fi l e _ s p e c ,

* fi l e _ a t t s ;

unsigned mode;
Return

Va l u e s :

Integer file descriptor, if the file is successfully created; -1, if an error occurs.

VA X C R u n - Ti m e L i b r a r y F u n c t i o n s a n d M a c r o s 3 - 1 2

Notes:

See chmod for adescription of the mode Argument.
file—alts Argument
"ak] n"

Decimal allocation quanlitv

"bk---n"

Decimal block size

"clx^ bin"

\o translation of

"deq= n"

Decimal default extension quantity

"dna=file-spec"

Default filename string

■'fop=val,vak -●

n' to terminal

bile processing options, where val is one of the following;

ctg

Contiguous

cht

ContigiH)us-be'-t-trv

tef

T r u n c a t e a t e n d - o f - fi l c

cif

Create if nonexistent

sup

Supersede

scf

Submit as command (i!e on dose

spl
t m d

Spool to svslem printer on close
Temporars' delete

imp

Temporary (no file directory)

nef

N o t c n d - o f - fi ! e

''fsz--^n''

Decimal fixed header size

"mbc--iT'

Decimal multihlock count

"mbf--n"

Decimal multibuffer count

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros 3-13

‘'mrs=n"

Decimal maximum record size

"rat=vaUvaI, ...'

Record attributes where val is one of the following;
Carriage-return control

c r

"rfm=val

bik

Records to span block boundaries

ftn

FORTRAN print control

prn

P r i n t fi l e f o r m a t

Record format, where val is one of the following:
fi x
Fixed-length record format

[

s t m

RMS stream record format

stmlf

Stream format, line-feed terminator

s t m c r

Stream, carriage-return terminator

v a r

Variable-length record format

vfc

Variable-length with fixed control

[

I
udf

"rop-=var

U n d e fi n e d

Record processing, where val is one of the following;
asy

Asynchronous I/O

i m o

Timeout I/O

VA X C R u n - Ti m e L i b r a r y F u n c t i o n s a n d M a c r o s 3 - 1 4

Fill* sharing, where ra/ is one of the following:

shr val"

del

A l l i n v. u s e r s t o J e l e t e

g e t

Allu'.. .users (o i\-ad

t i i -

Alloivs mainstream acc:. ;.s

n i

Prohihils file sharing

put

A!lu..'< users to wri'.;-

upd

Aiio

u p i

Allows one or more writers

susers to update

Deeimal I/O timeout value
[nojcrmode Macros
ttinclude

rursc:

crmodeC)
nocrmodeC)

[

I
Return

Va l u e s :

None.

Notes:

VAX Cprovides these macros only for portability; they have no functionality.

VA X C R u n - Ti m e L i b r a r y F u n c t i o n s a n d M a c r o s 3 - 1 5

ctermid

Function

#include

stdio

char *ctermid([string])
char

*string;

Return

Va l u e s :

Name of the controlling terminal is returned to siring. If no argument is given, the function returns
the address of an internal storage area containing the string.
ctime

Function

#include

time

char *ctime(bintim)
int

(

*bintim

Return

Va l u e s :

Pointer to the time in the format: wkd mmm dd hh:mm:ss 19yi/\n\0.
cusertd Function
^include

stdio

char *cuserid(string)
char

*string;

R e t u r n Va l u e s :

The name of the user who initiated the current process is returned to string. If no argument is given,
the function returns the address of the name.

VA X C R u n - Ti m e L i b r a r y F u n c t i o n s a n d M a c r o s 3 - 1 6

delch

Macro

and

#include

wdelch

Function

delch()
wdelch(win)
WINDOW *win;
Return

Va l u e s :

OK on success; ERR on failure.
delete

Function

# i n c l u d e

int

delete(/tle.spec)

c h a r + fi l e _ s p e c ;

Return

Va l u e s :

0, if the file is deleted; -1, if not.
deletein Macro and wdeletein Function
#include

curses

deletelnC)
w d e l e t e l n ( t i fi n )
WINDOW *win;
R e t u r n Va l u e s :

OK on success; ERR on failure.

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros

3 - 1 7

deiwin Function
#include

‘urses

deiwin(win)
WINDOW *win;
Return

Va l u e s :

OK on success; ERR on failure.

dup and dup2 Functions
int dup(/i le_desc_l)
int dup2(.file_desc_ 1, file_desc_S)

int

fi l e _ d e s c _ l ,

fi l e _ d e s c _ 2 ;

[

R e t u r n Va l u e s :

Anew file descriptor (dup) and anew descriptor pointing to the same file as file—desc—1 (dup2); -1,
if file—desc—1 does not point to an open file or if the new file descriptor cannot be allocated.
dup2 Function
See dup.
[nojecho Macros
#lnclude

curses

echo()
noecho()
Return

Va l u e s :

None.

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros 3—18

ecvt, fcvt, and gcvt Functions

char *ecvt(value, nd-igit, decpt. sign)
char *fcvt(value, ndigit, decpt. sign)

char *gcvt(value, ndigit. buffer)
double

value;

i n t

ndigit, *decpt, *sign;

char

♦buffer;

Return

Va l u e s :

ecvt and fcvt

The position of the decimal point relative to the first character in the string is returned by the
decpt argument. Anonzero integer is returned to the sign argument if the input value is negative;
otherwise, 0is returned,

gcvt

The converted string is placed in the buf argument and the address of buf is returned.

I
endwin

Function

ttinclude

curses

endwin()
Return

Va l u e s :

OK on success; ERR on failure,

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros

3 - 1 9

erase

Macro

and

#include

werase

Function

o s

erase()
werase(win)
WINDOW *win;
Return

Va l u e s :

OK on success; ERR on failure.
e x e c i , e x e c l e , e x e c v, a n d e x e c v e F u n c t i o n s

int execKnome, argO, ...
char ♦name. ♦argO, ...

,
.

argn,
*argn;

int execv(nome, argv)

char *name. *argv[];

int execle(name, argO

argn, 0, entip)

char *name. *argO. ...

. *argn, *envp[];

int execve(ncune. argv, envp)
char *nanie, *argv[], *envp[];
R e t u r n Va l u e s :
-1 on failure.

Notes:

See getenv for alist of the strings in the envp environment array.

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros 3-20

execle Function
See execl.
execv Function
See execl.
execve Function
See execl.

exit, and —exit Functions
exit([status])

_exit([status])
int

status;

Return

Va l u e s :

The process status is returned to the parent process, if any, or to the command language interpreter.

(

exp Function
#include

math

double exp (a:)
double
Return

x:
Va l u e s :

Base eraised to the power of the argument. If an overflow occurs, the function returns the largest
possible floating-point value and sets the variable, ermo, to ERANGE.

VA X C R u n - Ti m e L i b r a r y F u n c t i o n s a n d M a c r o s 3 - 2 1

fabs

Function

See abs.
fclose Function
#include

stdio

int fclose(/ile_ptr)
F I L E * fi l e _ p t r ;
Return

Va l u e s :

0, if the file is successfully closed; -1, if not.
fcvt

Function

See ecvl.

fdopen Function
#include

stdio

#include

fi l t

FILE *fdopen(/ile_desc, a^mode)
int

fi l e . d e s c ;

char *a_mode;

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros

3 - 2 2

feof Macro
^include

stdio
i

int feof(/ile.ptr)
FILE

* fi l e _ p t r :

Return

Va l u e s :

Nonzero integer on end-of-file; 0, otherwise.
terror

Macro

#include

stdio

int

f error(/i le.ptr)

FILE

* fi l e _ p t r ;

Return

Va l u e s :

(

Anonzero integer if an error occurs. Subsequent calls to ferror continue to return this value until
the file is closed or until clearerr is called.
f fl u s h

Function

#include

stdio

i n t f fl u s h ( / i l e . p t r )
FILE

* fi l e . p t r ;

R e t u r n Va l u e s :

0, if the file is successfully flushed; EOF, if not.

VA X C R u n - Ti m e L i b r a r y F u n c t i o n s a n d M a c r o s 3 - 2 3

fgetc and getw Functions, and getc Macro
#include

●●d:

int fgetc(/-ile.ptr)
int getw(/ile_ptr)
int getc(/ile_ptr)
F I L E * fi l e _ p t r ;
Return

Va l u e s ;

The next character in the file (fgetc and getc) and the next four characters from the file (getw); EOF
on

error.

Notes:

Since EOF is defined in the stdio module to be an integer, use feof and terror to check the success
of getw.

III[IIIII1I1 [

[

fgetname Function
#include

stdlo

c h a r * f g e t n a j n e ( / i l e _ p t r, b u ff e r [ . s t y l e ] )
FILE

* fi l e _ p t r ,

char

*buffer;

int

style:

Return

Va l u e s :

Address of the buffer containing the file specification on success; 0on error.

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros

3 - 2 4

Notes:

The third argument, style, can be either one of the integers 1or 0. If you specify 0, the function
fgetname returns the file specification in VAX/VMS format. If you specify 1, the function fgetname
returns the file specification in DEC/Shell format. If you do not specify this argument, this function
returns the file name according to your current command language interpretor.
fgets Function
#include

stdio

c h a r * f g e t s ( s t r , m a x c h a r , fi l e . p t r )
char

*8tr;

int

maxchar;

FILE

* fi l e _ p t r ;

Return

Va l u e s :

NULL on end-of-file; otherwise, the address of the first character in string.

fi l e n o M a c r o
#include
i n t

stdio

fi l e n o ( / i l e _ p t r )

F I L E * fi l e _ p t r ;
Return

Va l u e s :

Integer file descriptor that identifies the file.

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros 3-25

fl o o r F u n c t i o n
#include

math

d o u b l e fl o o r ( i )
double x;
Return

Va l u e s :

Largest integer that is less than or equal to x.
fopen Function
#include
F I L E

*fopen(/ile_spec, a_mode i, fi,le_atts, ...

]

)

c h a r * fi l e _ s p e c , * a _ m o d e ;

1IIII1IIII1 1

Return

Va l u e s :

Afile pointer for the named file, if the file was successfully opened; NULL on error.
Notes:
fl _ m o d c

Va l u e

Read access

Write access

Append access
Read update access

r +
w

“a+"

Write update access
Append update access

VA X C R u n - Ti m e L i b r a r y F u n c t i o n s a n d M a c r o s 3 - 2 6

Notes:

For adescription of file—alts, see creat.
fprintf and sprintf Functions
#include

stdio

int fprintf(/ilc.ptr, format_spec [.output^src, ...
int sprintfCstr, format_speci,output_src, ... ]
FILE

]

)
)

* fi l e _ p t r ;

c h a r * 8 t r, * f o r m a t _ s p e c ;
Return

Va l u e s :

The number of characters written to the file (fprintf) or to the string (sprintf); -1 on error.

Notes:

format—spec

Meaning

Expect adecimal integer in the input. The corresponding argument must point
to an int.

Expect an octal integer in the input (with or without aleading zero). The
corresponding argument must point to an int.

Expect ahexadecimal integer in the input (without aleading Ox). The corre¬
sponding argument must point to an int.

VA X C R u n - Ti m e L i b r a r y F u n c t i o n s a n d M a c r o s 3 - 2 7

format-spec

Meaning
Expect acharacter in the input. The corresponding argument must point to
achar. The usual skipping of white-space characters can be disabled in this
case, so that nwhite-space characters can be read with %nc. If afield width
is given with c, the given number of characters is read and the corresponding
argument should point to an array of char,
Expect astring in the input. The corresponding argument must point to
an array of characters that is large enough to contain the string plus the
terminating NUL character (\0). The input field is terminated by aspace, tab,
or newline.

e, f

Expect afloating-point number in the input. The corresponding argument
must point to afloat. The input format for floating-point numbers is
[+l-]nnn(.ddd]][{Ele}[+l-]nn], where the n's and the d's are decimal digits (as
many as indicated by the field width minus the signs and the letter E).

[

Id, lo, lx

Same as d, o, and x, except that along integer of the specified radix is
expected. (Retained for portability only, since long and int are the same in
VAX C.)

le. If

Same as e, and f, except that the corresponding argument is adouble instead
of afloat. The same effect can be achieved by using an uppercase Eor F.

hd, ho, hx

Same as d, o, and x, except that ashort integer of the specified radix is
expected.
Expect astring that is not delimited by white-space characters. The brackets
enclose aset of characters (not astring). Ordinarily, this set (or "character
class") is made up of the characters that comprise the string field. Any
character not in the set will terminate the field. However, if the first (leftmost)

character is an up-arrow, then the set shows the characters that terminate the
field. The corresponding argument must point to an array of characters.
VA X C R u n - Ti m e L i b r a r y F u n c t i o n s a n d M a c r o s 3 - 2 8

fputc and putw Functions, and putc Macro
#include

stdio

i n t f p u t c ( c h a r a c t e r , fi l e _ p t r )
i n t p \ i t v ( . i n t e g e r , fi l e _ p t r )
i n t p u t c C c h a r a c t e r , fi l e j p t r )
ch

character;

int

integer;

FILE

* fi l e _ p t r ;

Return

Va l u e s :

The argument, character in the file (fputc and pule) the four characters in integer (gelw); EOF on
e r r o r .

Notes:

Since EOF is defined in the stdio module to be an integer, use feof and ferror to check the success
of putw.
fputs Function
#include
i n t

'dio

f p u t s ( s t r , fi l e ^ p t r )

char

*str;

FILE

* fi l e _ p t r ;

Return

Va l u e s :

Last character written; EOF on error.

VAX CRun-Time Library Functions and Macros 3—29

fread Function
#include

stdio

int freadCpointer, 3ize_of_item, mmber_items, file_ptr)
i n t

n u m b e r. i t e m s . s i z e _ o f _ i t e m ;

FILE

* fi l e _ p t r ;

Return

Va l u e s :

T h e n u m b e r o f i t e m s r e a d ; 0 o n e n d - o f - fi l e o r e r r o r.
free Function
See efree.

freopen Function
#include

stdi'

F I L E * f r e o p e n s p e c , a _ m o d e , fi l e _ p t r [ , fi l e _ a t t s , . . . ] )

c h a r * fi l e _ s p e c , * a _ m o d e ;
F I L E * fi l e _ p t r ;
Return

Va l u e s :

File pointer that points to the newly opened file; NULL on error.
Notes: