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Document:	Introduction to RT-11 Update Notice 1
Order Number:	AD-5281C-T1
Revision:	0
Pages:	12
Original Filename:

OCR Text

UPDATE NOTICE 1

Introduction to RT-11
AD-5281C—T1
|

July 1984
NEW AND CHANGED INFORMATION
This update contains changes and additions to the Introduction to
RT-11, AA-5281C-TC.

To order additional documents from within DIGITAL, contact the Software
Distribution

Center, Northboro, Massachusetts 01532.

To order additional documents from outside DIGITAL, refer to the instructions at

of this document.

the back

digital equipment cdrporotion - maynard, massachusetts

INSTRUCTIONS
The enclosed pages are replacements for or additions to current pages of the
Introduction to RT—11. On replacement pages, changes and additions are indicated by vertical
N

bars ( | ); deletions are indicated by bullets (e).

Keep this notice in your manual to maihtain an up-to-date record of changes.
- © Digital Equipm‘em Corporation 1984. |
All Rights Reserved.
Printed in U.S.A.

Old page

L ‘Newpage

Title/Copyright

2-3/2-4

Title/Copyright |

2-3/2-4

4-9/4-10

15-7/15-8

4-9/4-10

Reader's Comments/Mailer

15-7/15-8

Reader's Comments/Mailer

Introduction
to RT-11
AA-5281C-TC

March 1983
This document is an introductory manual for the RT—11 operating sys-

tem. Its purpose is to acquaint new users with the RT-11 commands

that perform common system operations. This manual presents the
background material necessary to understand the system operations. It
also contains a series of command examples and demonstration exer-

cises that complement the text.

This
manual
supersedes
the
Introduction
to
RT-11,
AA-5281B-TC. This manual contains Update Notice 1, AD-5281C-T1.

Operating System:

RT-11 Version 5.1

To order additional documents from within DIGITAL, contact the Software Distribution
Center, Northboro, Massachusetts 01532.
To order additional documents from outside DIGITAL, refer to the instructions at the back

of this document.

digital equipment corporation - maynard, massachusetts

First Printing, March 1980

Revised, March 1983
- Updated, July 1984

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not

be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment
Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this docu|

ment.

The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used
or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license.
No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software
on equipment that is
not supplied by DIGITAL or its affiliated companies.

A postage-paid READER’S COMMENTS form is included on the last page of this
document. Your comments will assist us in preparing future documentation.
The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:

Jolifolilta)1e

DEC

DECmate
DECsystem—10
DECSYSTEM-20

DECUS

DECwriter
DIBOL

~ MASSBUS

PDP
P/OS
|
Professional

Rainbow

|
|

RSTS
RSX

M32800

|
|

RT-11

"UNIBUS
- VAX
VMS

- Work Processor

Starting the

RT-11 Computer System

e A volume for program storage (for example, magtape or another disk or diskette); this volume should contain no important intormation since all information on it wfll be ermd
during a later computer exercise

e A copy of the RT-11 Automatic Installation Booklet or the
RT-11 Installation Guide

NOTE

You can find hardware configuration information in the
various hardware manuals provided with your system.
Instructions for starting (bootstrapping) your RT-11

system appear in the RT7-1 1 Automatic Installation

Booklet and the RT-11 Installation Guide. This information should be adequate for you to answer all the questions mked here. If you have trouble, see Appendix B,
uggestions for Bootstrapping the System. Do not continue to any other chapter in this manual until you understand the following configuration ntormation and can
bootstrap the system youmfl

1. What kind of terminal device are you using (for example,
LA120 DECwriter III, VT100 video terminal)?

Terminal

2. Is your computer a PDP-11/23-PLUS, PDP--;11124, or
PDP-11/44?

3. Does your computer operator’s console have pushbuttons or
switches?

4. How much memory does your computer have?

5. What kind of syatem volume are yon using (for example,
RLO2 disk, RX02 diskette)?

6. What is the two-letter mnemonic for this volume (typical
mnemonics are given in Table 2-1; respond with the mnemonic for your own volume)?

System Volume

Starting the

RT-11 Computer System
Table 2-1 - Representative System Volumes

Volume

Mnemonic

RD50/RD51 Disk (P0350)

~ RX01 Diskette

RX02 Diskette ;

RX50 Diskette (PC325/PC350)

RK05 Disk

RK-

RK06/07 Disk

V
S

' RC25/RD51 Disk, RX50 Diskette

RLO1/02 Disk

*Use DK to bootstrap from an RK05 disk.

Storage Volume

What volume are you using for program storage (for example, TS11 magtape, RL0O2 disk)?

In which device unit will you use this volume (choose any
available device unit — for example, 0, 1)?

9. What peripheral devices are part of your System (for ex-

Optional Devices

and Supported

ample, line printer, magtape, VT11 display hardware; list
all devices other than the terminal and the computer)?

Languages

10. What programming languages does your system support
(MACRO-11 or BASIC-11, for example)?

BOOTSTRAP

Once you have determined ‘your hardware configuration, you

~ are ready to bootstrap the system. The purpose of the bootstrap

PROCEDURE

- procedure is to load and start the RT-11 monitor in computer

memory, thus activating the RT-11 computer system for your

"usefl

NOTE
If your answer to qu&stlon 2 in the Hardware Configuration section is YES, continue to the next paragraph. Otherwise, read the section entitted Bootstrapping the
System, in Appendix A, for bootstrap instructions.

The bootstrappmg procedure for the RT-11 computer system on

Version 5.1, July 1984

a PDP-11/23-PLUS, PDP-11/24, or PDP-11/44 processor consists of the following steps. For more detailed instructions on

Using the Monitor Command Language

Typing the new time overrides the previous time.

The system’s clock stops when the system stops running. If you
want the time to be kept current, you must reenter it whenever

you bootstrap the system. If your system has a clock and you do
not set the time, the TIME command will return the time
elapsed since the last hardware boot.

To check the time or date at any time while you are using the

system, simply type either the DATE command or the TIME
command, followed by a carriage return only:

Long and Short Command Format
+ DATEGD

8-JAN-83
» TIMERED
15:06:19

The system responds by printing the date or the time, based on
the information you previously entered. If the system responds

to the DATE command with the message ?KMON-W-No date,

the

date has
bootstrapped.

not

been

set

since

the

system

was

last

Each hardware device in the RT-11 system is identified by a
two-letter mnemonic. The mnemonics, listed in Table 4-2, are

defined in the system software and are recognized and used by
the operating system. These are the device names that you generally use in command input and output lines. However, you

Assigning Logical
Names to Devices

may want to change any of these device names temporarily, for
a variety of reasons. The following paragraphs describe both
using the physical device names shown in Table 4-2 and as-

signing logical (temporary) device names to devices.

Table 4-2

Physical Device Names

Mnemonic
DUn:
DLn:

Device
RC25/RD51 Disk, RX50 Diskette
RL01/02 Disk

DMn:

RKO06/07 Disk

DW:

RD50/RD51 Disk (PC350)

DXn:

RX01 Diskette

DYn:

RX02 Diskette

DZn:

RX50 Diskette (PC325/PC350)

LP:

Line Printer

LS:

Serial Line Printer

MMn:
MSn:
MThn:
RKn:

TJU16 Magtape
TS11 Magtape
TM11 Magtape
RKO05/RK11 Disk

TT:

Console Terminal

4-9

Version 5.1, July 1984

Using the Monitor Command Language

'Two additional logical device names are used. These special

~names are describedin Table 4-3.

Table 4-3 Special Logical Device Names
Mnemonic

- SY:
DK:

Device

The volume from which the moni‘tor‘ was
bootstrapped; that is, the system volume.

The default storage volume (initially the same
- as SY:; that is, the system volume).

You use device names in the input and output portions of a
command line to identify where input information can be found
and where output information will be sent. If a file is involved,
you also include its file name and file type, in the following
- format:
devicename:filename.filetyre

The device name is followed by a colon and is always separated
from any file name and file type by a colon. The device name is
generally one of the mnemonics listed in Tables 4-2 and 4-3.

-When you use a device name in any command, you must also
include the device unit number (represented by the letter n in
Table 4-2) unless the number is 0. The system assumes unit 0
of the device if no unit number is given. Thus, diskette unit 0 is
DY: or DYO0:; diskette unit 1 is DY1:; RK: disk unit 2 is RK2:;
and so on. Note that, according
to Table 4-3, you can use the

device mnemonic SY: or DK: for your system volume in addi-

tion to its standard device name. However, since the system
volumeis initially the default storage volume for all operations,
you do not need to use a device name for your system volume.
-

The names listed in Tables 4-2 and 4-3 are the device names
“defined within the system software. However, you can change
any of these name assignments temporarily, either by reas-

signing existing names to different devices or by assigning new
logical names of your own choosing to devices.
You might want, for many reasons, to change a demce name
temporarily and assign it a logical name. You may, for example, have a program written for a device thatis not available
on your system. If you assign the program name to a device that
is available, the program then uses that device instead.!

Since not all RT-11 users have access to the same kind of

storage volume, you are instructed to assign the logical name
'VOL: to whatever volume you are using for storage. After you
'This is called device independence.

4-10

Using the Foreground/Background Monitor

The foreground job is still running and queuing its messages to
the monitor. Rerun the background program to collect all the
foreground messages while the background job was stopped and
the directory was printing.
L,RUN

DEMOBGGRED

RT-11

DEMONSTRATION

INCORRECTLY

WELL

PROGRAM

EDITED,

THIS

THE

LAST

LINE,

DONE.

The bell again rings several times in succession and then rings
once every two seconds. Stop the background job by using the
double CTRL/C command.
CRL/C)
CRL/C)
¢

Now stop the foreground job and remove it from memory. To do
this, you must first use the CTRL/F command to direct terminal
input to the foreground. Type:
,CTRL/F)
F>

The system prints the characters F> to remind you that you
are now directing command input to the foreground job. Use the
double CTRL/C command to interrupt and terminate the execution of the foreground job, and return control to the background
job.

You should unload the foreground job to reclaim memory space

for background use. Use the monitor UNLOAD command as
follows:

Long and Short Command Format
UNLOAD

FGEE

F represents the foreground job; you should use this code whenever you want to unload the foreground job. To unload any
loaded device handlers, you must use their two-letter device
mnemonics.

Check to see if the .LST files were produced as a result of this
demonstration.

15-7

UNLOAD

Using the Foreground/Background Monitor

Long and Short Command Format
L DIRECTORY

*.LST

08-Jan-83

DEMOBG.LST
2

Filesy

406

4
10

Free

08-Jan-83

DEMOFG.LST

08-Jan-83

BlocKs

blocKs

The foreground program has access to all the system features

available to a background program — opening and closing
files, reading and writing data, and so on. However, before you
begin to write and use programs in the foreground, read the
RT-11 Software Support Manual for coding restrictions.

SUMMARY:

COMMANDS USED
IN AN FB

ENVIRONMENT

CTRL/B
Direct

all
CTRL/F).

CTRL/F
Direct

all

keyboard input to the background job (until

keyboard

input

the

foreground job

(until

CTRL/B).
FRUN

Load and start execution of the foreground job.
LOAD dd

Bring the indicated device handler into memory; the handler
becomes resident in memory.
UNLOAD dd

Take the indicated device handler out of memory, reclaiming
its memory space; the handler becomes nonresident in
memory.

UNLOAD F

Reclaim the memory space used by the foreground job.

FILE MAINTENANCE

You assembled the source file DEMOFG.MAC and produced an
.OBJ file, linking it to produce DEMOFG.REL. You also created a .LST file named DEMOFG.LST on your system volume.
You should save on your storage volume the files
DEMOFG.REL and DEMOFG.MAC, and delete from your
system volume the files DEMOFG.OBJ and DEMOFG.LST. Do
not delete DEMOFG.MAC, since this file was distributed as
part of the RT-11 operating system. Do the same for the file
DEMOBG, which you created as a .SAV file instead of a .REL
file.

Version 5.1, July 1984

15-8

Introduction

READER’S COMMENTS

NOTE: This form is for document comments only. DIGITAL will use comments submitted on this form at the
company’s discretion. If you require a written reply and are eligible to receive one under Software
Performance Report (SPR) service, submit your comments on an SPR form.

Did you find this manual understandable, usable, and well organized? Please make suggestions for improvement.

Did you find errors in this manual? If so, specify the error and the page number.

Please indicata the type of user/reader that you most nearly represent.
—

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— Higher-level language programmer

—

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—

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