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AA-D758A-TA

December 1978

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decidusgsbem

magnum

COS-310
New User’s Guide
Order

No.

AA-D758A-TA

1978

November

the
to
introductory manual
DIBOL
language,
procedures,
operating
conven—
programming
logical units, and

This

tions

associated

ating

System.

allow

COS—310

with
This

new

user

minimal

the COS—310
information
be

Oper—
will

operating with

amount

time.

introduced,
programs are herein
their actual operating instructions
in
contained
the
COS—310
are
System
Reference Manual.

Utility
but

Supersession/Update
Operating System

and

Information:
Version:

Software Version:

This

new

COS-310

8.00

COS—310

8.00

manual.

To order additional copies of this document, contact the Software Distribution

Center, Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts 01754

digital equipment corporation mognard, massachusetts
.

First
The
and

November

1978

change without notice
Digital Equipment
Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility

information in this document is subject to
should not be construed as a commitment by

Corporation.
for

Printing,

errors

any

that may

appear

this

document.

The software described in this document is furnished under a license
and may only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of such

license.

responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on
equipment that is not supplied by DIGITAL or its affiliated companies.

1978

by Digital Equipment Corporation

postage—prepaid READER'S
document requests the user's
paring future documentation.

COMMENTS

The

following

are

trademarks

critical

form on the last page of this
evaluation to assist us in pre-

Digital Equipment Corporation:

DIGITAL

DECSystem-lO

DEC

DECtape

OMNIBUS

PDP

DIBOL

05/8

DECUS

EDUSYSTEM

PHA

UNIBUS

FLIP CHIP
FOCAL

RSTS

INDAC
LAB-8

TYPESET—B
TYPESET-ll

DECSYSTEM-ZO
RTS-8

TMS-ll
ITPS-lO

COMPUTER LABS
COMTEX
DDT
DECCOMM

ASSIST-11

I¢/?9-1u

MASSBUS

RSX

CONTENTS

Page
PREFACE
ORGANIZATION
NOTATIONAL

CHAPTER

THE

MANUAL

CONVENTIONS

INTRODUCTION

1.1
1.2
1.3

OVERVIEW
HARDWARE

FOR

THIS

MANUAL

COS-310

REQUIREMENTS
COS-310

FUNCTIONAL VIEW OF
The System Monitor

1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3

OPERATING

COS-310

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
2.5.5
2.5.6

USING

THE

KEYBOARD

ERROR

CORRECTION

High-level Programming Language

ERROR MESSAGES
USING

THE

KEYBOARD

MONITOR

DIRECTORY,
RUN, SAVE,
ERASE
-

Line

AND

MONITOR
COMMANDS

EDITOR

FETCH,

and

and WRITE
Command
Number Command

Number

Commands
Commands

and RESEQUENCE
Command

DELETE

LOGICAL UNITS

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3

LOGICAL

UNIT

LIST

Commands

ASSIGNED

UNITS

ARE

Display Assignments
List Assignments on
Display an Expanded

DISPLAYED

AND

LISTED

the Screen (DFU/D)
the Printer (DFU/DL)
Table on the Screen
on

(DFU/E)
3.4.4

List

NNNNNN \DGJQNUIANWH
I

wwwww bhfiwwNI-d
I

Expanded Table

the

.5;

Printer

(DFU/EL)
3.5
3.6

[—4

TABLE

Assignments Through the Keyboard (DFU/K)
Assignments From the Edit Buffer (DFU/B)
Assignments From a Named File (DFU,filnam)
LOGICAL

LOGICAL UNIT NUMBERS
HOW LOGICAL UNITS ARE

HOW

5..-

HPHFHFJH NMNI—‘I—l

PROGRAMS

System Utility Programs

CALLING

ARRANGEMENT OF LOGICAL UNITS ON MEDIA
HOW A DIBOL PROGRAM USES LOGICAL UNIT NUMBERS

W W O‘U‘lnb
I

CONTENTS

(Cont.)

Page
CHAPTER

THE

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.1.1
4.2.1.2
4.2.1.3
4.2.1.4
4.2.1.5
4.2.1.6
4.2.1.7

DATA

4.2.1.8
4.2.1.9
4.2.2
4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2
4.2.2.3
4.2.2.4

4.2.2.5
4.2.2.6
4.2.3
4.2.3.1
4.2.3.2
4.2.3.3
4.2.3.4
4.2.3.5
4.2.3.6
4.2.3.7
4.2.4
4.2.4.1
4.2.4.2

4-1

LANGUAGE

DIBOL

4-1
4-2

DIVISION

RECORD and Field Labels
A or D
Field Types
Initial Values
PROCEDURE DIVISION

4—3
4—3
4-4

—

4-4
4-5
4-6
4-6
4—7
4—9

Manipulation Statements
Moving Alphanumeric Data
Moving Numeric Data
Moving Records
Calculating Arithmetic Expressions
Data

Data

Conversion

Formatting
Clearing Fields

4-11
4-12

Data

Using Literals

and
to

Records

Implement

4-13
4-14
4—14
4-14

Data

Incrementing Data
Input/Output Statements
DISPLAY
An Input/Output Statement
An Input/Output Statement
XMIT
INIT and FINI
Input/Output Statements
READ and WRITE
Input/Output Statements
An Input/Output Statement
ACCEPT
An Input/Output Statement
FORMS
-

4-15
4-16
4-18
4-19
4-19

4-20

Program Control Statements
IF
A Program Control Statement
A Program Control Statement
STOP
-

—

Program Control Statement

CALL and RETURN
Program Control Statements
A Program Control Statement
ON ERROR
-

CHAIN
TRAP

Program Control Statement
Program Control Statements

and

RETURN

—

Debugging

Statements

TRACE

Debugging Statement
A Debugging Statement

TRACE

A
—

4-20
4—21
4—21
4—21
4-22

4—23
4—24
4-25
4-25
4-26
A-l

APPENDIX A

GLOSSARY

Glossary-l
Index—1

INDEX

FIGURES

3-1

Arrangement of Logical Units

3—2

Flowchart

INIT

Operation

Devices

3-5

3-7

PREFACE

DIBOL
to
the
introduces
you
operating procedures,
units, and programming conventions associated with
logical
related
Actual installation procedures
the COS-310 Operating System.
to the hardware and mass storage media configurations are contained in

This

manual

language,

the COS—310

Release

This manual does

Notes

not

attempt
is

Installation Guide

and

written

puter concepts.
the following categories:

(AA-D759A-TA).

comteach fundamental programming or
for people who fall into one or more of

programmers unfamiliar with DIBOL or COS—310
programmers of DIGITAL's equipment configurations
Inexperienced—but-interested people seeking to understand

Experienced

New

operation

The COS-310 New User's Guide is
Reference Manual (AA-D647A-TC).

ORGANIZATION

THE

the

COS—310
a

supplement

COS—310

the

System

MANUAL

audience.
is written to meet the needs of
a
diversified
don't feel obligated
therefore, find familiar information;
may,
Three of the four chapters contain ex—
to read through such material.
to
guide you in practicing the skills associat—
amples and/or programs
or
advanced
Information on
ed with chapter information.
particular
applications is found in the COS—310 System Reference Manual.

This

manual

You

CHAPTER

provides

general

hardware
associated with the
the programs within COS—310.
CHAPTER

describes

Emphasis is given

introduction

COS-310

system,

COS—310,
and

listing

functional

a
the procedures for
operating
the Monitor and editor commands.

COS-310

the

view of

system.

CHAPTER

explains

the

use

logical units in

COS—310

the

Operating

unit within a mass storage device, the logical
The
System.
logical
unit table, and logical unit numbers are explained according to manner
of assignment, use, and arrangement.
CHAPTER

amples

4 introduces and explains the DIBOL
illustrate many DIBOL statements.

NOTATIONAL

CONVENTIONS

FOR THIS

language.

Executable

ex—

MANUAL

Press the RETURN key following information you input through the
key—
It is assumed
board.
No special RETURN symbol is used in this text.
that you will press the RETURN key at the end of each statement
line,
after a response to a program display, and at the end of each command.
to
format
minimize the probability of confusion with respect
the
characters
and
content
of
between
and
COS—310,
example
dialog
you
which you must input are printed in red.

uppercase alphabetic characters within program statements exactLowercase characters in a program statement are symbolic
ly as shown.
characters
which
are
representations of specific names, numbers, or
required in a particular application.
Enter

COS-310 will
fields in the example
lower case characters

Although

not recognize lowercase
programs in this manual
to make reading easier.

characters,
are

the

printed in

comment

upper

and

Monitor and editor commands are spelled out rather than
indicated
by
their
two-character
However, when you type these com—
designations.
The exceptions
to
mands, you only need to use the first two letters.
this
first—two-letter convention are the RUN command, the Line Number
RUN only requires
Line
Number
command, and the Number command.
R;
the Number command requires the statement line number.
requires LN;
The

following symbolic representations
Symbol
[

AV
[

are

used:

Meaning
character

Insert

one

Make

choice

space.

between

the

items

contained

within

the

braces.

]

dev

Decide
within
Use

the

media.

whether to
use
the brackets.

the

optional

items

contained

three-character designation of the mass
The first two characters designate the

storage
type of

Symbol

Meaning

the
indicates
is operating.

media.
The third
character
which the mass storage media
indicates
indicates
indicates

DK
RX
DY

cmndfl

Command

file

pronam

Program

name.

filnam

Unique

Channel

Numeric
unit or

label

an
an
an

RK05
RXOl
RX02

disk.
diskette.
diskette.

data

assigned

file.

expression associating

character-oriented

label

Reference

name.

name

drive

number
to
a
logical
input/output device.

assigned

time

their

statement

DIBOL

pro—

gram.

Other

The

symbols

following

are

explained

terms

are

the

this

text.

Meaning

Device media

are also called mass
or
disks
diskettes

and/or
Device

type

Drive

number

data

Device

are

storage media.
on

identifies
in

refers

the

These

are

the

operating system

stored.

the
the
the

order in which
cabinets.

media

when

type.
are

which

refers to the hardware drive
which
contains
the
mechanisms
to
read
or
write information onto or
from a mass storage media.

located

terms

particular importance

Term

Other

use.

explained in

the

Glossary.

the

device

loaded

types

into

are

device

CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION

1.1

COS-310

OVERVIEW

disk-resident operating system that operates on the DataDECstation 78, Datasystem 310 (D310), or DECstation
88 hardware configuration.
is
an
COS—310
development
applications
tool
for
data processing users who do such typical business applications as order entry, inventory control, back—order processing,
sales
and profit analysis, and accounting.
COS—310

system 308

1.2

(D308),

HARDWARE

REQUIREMENTS

Minimum hardware required:
of 16K bytes of memory).
0

Datasystem 310

(D310).

Datasystem 308

(D308).

DECstation
DECstation

drives.

the

following

(with

78/50, 78/70, 88/70, or 88/80.
(The RLOl
88/80 is not supported by COS—310.)

Optional hardware
0

One

with

D308

DECstation

minimum

the

78:

RX01

floppy disk drives, or up to 4 RX02 floppy disk
(RX01 and RX02 drives are not supported on the same

system.)
0

One

LA8,

Optional

LQP,

hardware

LA120

with

D310

Additional memory up

drives

RX01

(RX01

printer.

DECstation

system total of 64K bytes.

floppy disk drives,
and

RX02

88:

drives

or
are

up to 4 RX02 floppy
not supported on the

disk
same

system.)

1-1

1.3

One

RKOS

LA35,

cartridge disk drives

LA36R0,

LQP,

LAB,

LA8A,

(D310 only).
LA120

LP05

printer.

COS-310

FUNCTIONAL VIEW OF

provides the Operating System needed for applications develop—
and
execution on the D308, DECstation 78, D310, and the DECstaintion 88 hardware configurations.
The
COS—310
System
Operating
cludes
a
Monitor, a high-level programming language (DIBOL),
system
and system utility programs.

COS-310
ment

1.3.1

The

System Monitor

operation is controlled through the system Monitor.

The Mon—
divided into two parts:
one
residing in memory (a portion of
media.
the hardware) and the other residing on the
operating
system
The
Monitor
controls
program execution, maintains file directories,
controls
stores all of the I/O handlers necessary for the system, and
the source text editor.
Software

itor

The

source

text
and

editor

uses

line

numbers

reference

for

inserting,

information.
The editor can sequence
line
numbers.
to
comes
the
the
editor
through
resequence
Input
and
from
the
editor
can be displayed on the
screen,
keyboard.
Output
listed on the printer, or written to a mass storage device.

deleting,

1.3.2

changing

program

High-level Programming Language

Business Oriented Language (DIBOL) as its
proof statements which are divided
consists
between the Data Division and the Procedure
Division
in
a
program.
statements
are much
like English verbs and are mnemonic in na—
These
4
of
Each of these statements is introduced in
this
ture.
Chapter
and treated in detail of Chapter 1 of COS-310 System Reference
manual
Manual.
COS—310

uses

gramming

1.3.3

DIGITAL's

language.

DIBOL

System Utility Programs

COS-310 includes various programs written to perform specialized functions in the overall operation of COS—310.
These are introduced below
and are described in the COS-310 System Reference Manual.

1-2

INTRODUCTION TO COS-310

program called SYSGEN lets
another mass storage device for
lets you change the I/O handlers

utility

onto

and

variety of disk and
operations using conversato

adapt

these

(You

system
operating
start—up and backup,

the

copy

installation

configurations.
perform
prompted by the SYSGEN

printer
tional

you

statements

program.

The COS-310 Operating System depends upon the proper
use
of
logical
A
units
3
of
this
Data
File
manual).
(See
Chapter
Utility program
unit
(DFU) lets you make and examine
assignments.
Logical
logical
unit
can
be input to DFU from the keyboard, from a file
assignments
DFU
stored on the system device, or from a table in the edit buffer.
lets
current
you
display
logical unit assignments on the screen or
output them to the printer in either of two formats.
You

the

can
create a DIBOL program that
COS-310 utility program PRINT.

describe

the

report and

A flowchart generator
which illustrates the

then

run

the

will
You

generate
first

command

program (FLOW) lets
sequence of program

create

file

report
a

through

generate

you

using

command

file

PRINT.
a

flowchart

logic.

The Peripheral Interchange Program (PIP)
transfers files from one
vice
to
another, replaces an existing file with a new file, and
bines data files.
PIP accepts input from the
from
or
keyboard
disk and produces output on the screen, the disk, or the printer.

decom—

the

COS-310's

reorder
a
file
data
multiphase SORT lets you
containing
records
into
a
will indepenSORT
fixed-length
specified sequence.

dently
umes

sort

within

each volume
the file.

multivolume

file

and

then

merge

the

vol-

File Conversion program (FILEX) can copy a
file
a
COS—310
onto
flexible
diskette in a format directly readable by the IBM 3740.
IBM
files on flexible diskettes can also be converted to
COS-310
format.
FILEX
allows various file transfers not usually possible in functions
of COS—310.
The

created

program lets you select and execute commands from a
previously
command file.
The MENU program can potentially eliminate many

operator

errors.

DIBOL

aids
in
A
(DDT)
Debugging
Technique
program
debugging.
dump—and—fix
technique (DAFT) lets you search for, examine, list, and
DAFT is also used to make minor
to
a
change records.
data
changes
file.
A
cross—referencing
(CREF) provides an alphabetical
program

listing

each

of
label

all labels used
is defined, and

in a DIBOL program, the line
number
the line numbers where each label is

where
used.

INTRODUCTION TO COS-310

1-3

CHAPTER
OPERATING

COS-310

needed
This chapter provides the basic
information
COS—310 system.
Emphasis is given to the use of the
itor commands during program creation and editing.
This

basic

information

presented in

to
operate
keyboard and

logically applicable

the
Mon-

order.

is
to
various
COS-310 Operating System software
applicable
hardware configurations, starting instructions for particular hardware
and loading instructions for various devices are not
contained
here.
The
COS-310
Release Notes and Installation Guide is the best written
source
for this information.
Because

2.1

USING

The

keyboard

THE

KEYBOARD

enter data and interact with the
computer.
identical to a typewriter keyboard.
Unlike on
a typewriter,
does
not
pressing a key on the keyboard
automatically
a character.
display
Pressing a key causes the selected character to
be sent to the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
A
will
then
program
this
character
on
a
the
screen.
display
key
Consequently, pressing
will have no effect if the CPU is not running or is running a
program
that is not waiting for input from the keyboard.
Most

the

The

CAP

LOCK

by COS-310.

Adjacent
COS-310

allows

you
keyboard is

key
If
the

must

main

recognizes

be locked for alphabetic
not locked, only numbers

keyboard
keys

these

may
as

The following keys have special
other
keys
operate as if on a
pressed
register must still be
double-character key.
0

RETURN

the
command

Pressing
tor

another

smaller
numeric
key
of numeric keys.

used

panel.

set

functions when
normal

be
characters to
will be accepted.

used with

All
COS-310.
The shift

typewriter keyboard.

use

the

top

character

any

key

edikey indicates the end of COS-310 Monitor and
lines, of program statements, and of re5ponses to program

RETURN

inquiries.
2-1

DELETE

key

the DELETE key erases typing errors made while entering Moni—
editor commands.
The DELETE key erases the last character or
space typed and thus allows you to make character—by-character correcIf
It can be used on a line prior to pressing the RETURN key.
tions.
the
RETURN
key,
you find an error on a line after you have
pressed
make corrections with the Monitor Number commands.

Pressing
and

tor

CTRL

key

The CTRL (control) key is held down
is
while
another
pressed.
key
These combinations are represented in this manual by using a slash (/)
combinations
between CTRL and the designation for the other key.
The
and their effect are shown below.

Terminates

CTRL/C

and

CTRL/O

the
Stops
Characters
are

this

execution

returns

control

of
to

the currently
the Monitor.

display

sent

the

Resumes

CTRL/S

Suspends output

the

screen

char—
neither
loses
No input
command.
is
control.
Output

but

by CTRL/Q.

CTRL/U

Deletes

CTRL/Z

Indicates the end of
and
terminates
automatic
input
line
numbers.
Deletes the contents of a line if used
before pressing the RETURN key.

These

Use

entire

line

pressed before

typed.

BACKSPACE,

COPY,

BREAK,

ESC,

LINE

FEED

keys and their characters are not part
They produce unpredictable results.

keys

the COS—310

character

ERROR CORRECTION

the

DELETE

the

key

RETURN

line
before
CRTL/U to correct errors on a
you
The
DELETE
erases
individual
characters;
key.
key

press
the CTRL/U combination erases an entire line.
want to make a change after you press RETURN,

2-2

RETURN.

other
preceding combinations require neither a RETURN key nor any
the system performs the function as soon as the com—
key;

2.2

nor

resumed

terminator
bination is

set.

the
screen.
initial CTRL/O
will
CTRL/C
stop

output suspended by CTRL/S.

CTRL/Q

terminates the program
is possible while a CTRL/S is in

The

program

characters
on
screen after
an

Another CTRL/O
discarded.
loss of characters.

acters

running

OPERATING COS-310

If
use

you find an error or
the Number command.

2.3

ERROR MESSAGES

kinds
COS—310 is programmed to display error messages for certain
These messages are referenced in Appendix C
incorrect information.
the COS-310 System Reference Manual.

2.4

CALLING

THE

Once

and/or disks

these

and

Installation Guide),

the

date

are

is
turned
mounted and the system
in the COS—310 Release Notes
for a date by displaying:

instructions are
the Monitor asks

8.00

COS MONITOR V
DATE?

Enter

MONITOR

KEYBOARD

the diskettes
and booted (all

the

form:

dd-mmm-yy

.DA

where:

mmm

are

you

the

the
the

number

representing the
first three letters of
last two digits of the

type anything before the date,

the

day

the

name

year

the

month

designation

Monitor

the

month

displays:

DATE?

You

you

enter

the

BAD

DATE

must

enter

change

date

the

wrong

the

Monitor

displaying

indicates that it is ready
the COS MONITOR message.

2.5

MONITOR AND

The

Monitor

USING

Enter

(.)

Monitor

all

displayed by

acter

the

Monitor

displays:

date whenever
system date.

the

form,

blank

booted

accept further

whenever

commands

you

EDITOR COMMANDS

and editor
the system.
space

occurs

commands
An

error

between

immediately
message is
the dot and

the
dot
following
displayed if a char—
the

command.

The cursor will flash after the last character or space on a line
and
will
wait
for you to either enter more information, press CTRL/Z, or
on
press the RETURN key.
Pressing CTRL/Z will erase whatever else is
the same line.

OPERATING COS-310

2-3

2.5.1

DIRECTORY,

FETCH,

and

LIST

Commands

The three commands (DI, FE, and LI) are used
information contained on a system device.

Type DI/T
A

display

Directory

Logical unit

Beginning

Figure

the

3—1

Device

Beginning

Arrangement of Logical Units

the

Device

Devices

LOGICAL UNITS

3-5

3.6

DIBOL

HOW A

PROGRAM

LOGICAL UNIT NUMBERS

USES

uses
a
INIT
statement
following explanation illustrates how an
table.
unit
in
the
location
to
a
number
unit
logical
identify
logical
first
the
to
which
The table location contains information
points
The first
unit on mass storage device.
of
an assigned logical
block
volume
block of data on a logical unit is reserved for the file name,

The

creation
3-2.

and

number,
in

Figure

unit

logical

date.

number

flowchart

executed, the
logical unit table.

INIT

operation

shown

the
when
time,
compilation
number
unit
the
uses
logical
program

specified

statement

INIT

The information stored in the table
access
the
finds
the device where the logical unit (the storage area) is located
the
and reads the file name and volume number from the first block on
to
the
unit
is
from
the
The
file
name
unit.
compared
logical
logical
file name as specified in the INIT statement.
to

If
of

file
file

the
the

are

the

specified logical

logical unit,
fied

one
volume
program verifies that
If volume one is on the
unit.
the program associates the logical unit with the
speciThis association of channel with logical unit
number.

the

names

channel

same,

completes the purpose of the

INIT

statement.

when
If a logical unit number is not specified at
time,
compilation
the INIT statement is executed the program checks to see what mode was
mount
a
The program then
displays
specified in the INIT statement.
to
the
to
operator
specify a logical unit number.
message
prompt
is
unit
the
device
After the operator specifies a logical
number,
first
block
is
the
read, comparisons and verifications are
found,
made, and the channel number is associated with the logical unit.
different
is
If the file name on the first block of the logical unit
than the file name specified in the INIT statement, the program checks
If the specified
to see what mode is specified in the INIT statement.

input, the program displays a mount message to prompt the opAfter
the
number.
operator
specify another logical unit
a
specifies
logical unit number, the device is found, the first block
is read, comparisons and
verifications
and
the
channel
are
made,
number is associated with the logical unit.
is

mode

erator

the
file names are different and the specified mode is output,
checks to see if the file name on the logical unit is a tempo—
If the file name is temporary, the
replaces
program
rary file name.
with the name specified in the INIT statement and
the
name
temporary
associates the specified channel number with the logical unit.
If

the

prOgram

If the file names are different, the specified mode is output, but the
file
name
is not temporary, the program displays a replace message to
the
prompt the operator to decide whether to replace the file name on
unit.
If the name is replaced, the specified channel number
logical
If the
is
not
re—
is associated with the logical unit.
file
name
the
entire
placed,
operation
goes back to the mount messages which
for a new logical unit number.
ask

3-6

LOGICAL UNITS

INIT (channel,mode,lllnam[,loglcal unlt

#])
Wu

VES

Loglcal unlt
# apocmcd?

Mod.

ouiput 7

YES

Dlspllv

Dlsplly

"MOUNT "In-m #01

FOR INPUT"

FOR OUTPUT“

Walt for IogIc-I

unll # to ho

omorld

Uu logic-I unll #
In

lndox Into Ioglc-I

unlt tublu

Flnd dcvlco com-Inlng
dam m. and
road flat block

"In-m

Ill. name In

first block?

YES
Volume #

Mod.

017

output 7

"I. name
In first block

YES

lompornry Illa

Dlsplay
"REPLACE m. nlmo'
#017"
'me name In Ilm block

Rosponu

YES

Auocllh channel wlih

luglc-l unlt #
Fllo hu bun INchd

Figure

3-2

Flowchart of INIT

Operation

LOGICAL

UNITS

3-7

CHAPTER
THE

DIBOL

LANGUAGE

DIGITAL‘S Business
Oriented
is
to
run
DIBOL,
Language,
designed
commerical applications on COS—310 based systems.
COS-310 will recognize no other high—level language programs.
A

DIBOL

sion.
of

data

program

divided

into

Data

Division

and

Divi—

Procedure

The Data Division allocates data storage, designates the
records and fields, determines the type of fields
being

names

used

or
numeric), indicates the number of characters in each
(alphanumeric
The Proce—
field, and may contain initial values assigned to a field.

dure
data

Division
consists
of
English—like
information to develop programs.

4.1

THE

DATA

action

statements

used

with

DIVISION

Division optionally begins with
START.
This
nonexecutable
issues a top—of-page command.
A heading optionally follows
a semicolon
after START.
COS-310 prints this heading at
the
of
top
the page.
Any comment to accompany START follows a second semicolon.

The

Data

statement

The Data Division contains RECORD statements
and
field
accompanying
data
information.
The RECORD statement designates the beginning of a
the group is called a
record.
RECORD
state—
group of data fields;
ments
control
the location in memory where the data is stored during
Unnamed records (records without labels) cannot be
program execution.
used
for input/output operations.
The RECORD statement should have a
space but no punctuation between the word RECORD and the name assigned
(optional) to the record.

Field data information
fields
the
designate

always

accompanies

RECORD

statements.

Data

type of information (alphanumeric or numeric),
the number of characters, and optionally designate
an
initial
value
for

each
array is a
The

field.
series

Fields
optionally contain array information.
same—sized entries within the same field.

following example illustrates
COS-310 ignores
program.

Division
within
an
after the semicolon
after START and PROC).
Comments are optional and are used
in
program listings to explain and document the program.

DIBOL

Data

actual

comments

(except

source

Example:
START

RECORD

PFOl,
I

PF02,

;Record named XXPLIN.

XXPLIN

number.

A7
A2

;Account

A25

;Description.

;Invoice number.

PF03,

A2
A8
A2
A10

PF04,
I

PF05,

;Date.
;Amount.

RECORD

ACTNO,
DESC,
VENNO,
INVNO,
DATE,
AMT,

ACCT

record.
number.

account

;Input

;Account

A25
5A4
A8

;Description.
;Vendor

;Date.
;Amount.
;Column headings.

D8
RECORD

numbers.

;Invoice number.

XXHDOl

,'ACCOUNT'

Al9,'ACCOUNT DESCRIPTION'

V‘V“‘VD‘

A6
A7

A4
A6
A6

,'DATE'
,'AMOUNT'

RECORD

;Work

variation

(COS-310

4.1.1

area.

D2,00

LINE,
The

,'INVOICE'

in spacing
ignores it) but

and

RECORD

Field

in
is

the
for

preceding
convenience

example
and

ease

is
of

mandatory
reading.

not

Labels

A label
are
used to identify RECORD and field statements.
can
have
any number of alphabetic and numeric characters (the first charThe
six.
acter is alphabetic) but COS-310 works with only the first
A comma must follow
labels
referenced in the Procedure Division.
are

Labels

label in a field statement;
if no label is used, a comma must begin
field
statement.
Without proper placement of punctuation, the in—
formation within the Data Division will
be
incorrectly
interpreted.
Name
and
label are used interchangeably.
The following example contains statements and comments from a Data Division.
a

Example:
RECORD

4-2

PFOl,

PFOZ,

A25

THE

DIBOL

XXPLIN

LANGUAGE

;Record labeled XXPLIN.
;Field labeled PFOl.
;Unnamed field statement.
;Field named PF02.

Field Types

4.1.2

Numerics and the alphabetic characters A or D follow the
comma
first
in
a
field statement.
The alphabetic characters indicate the type of
D
A
for
numeric.
for
characters within the field;
alphanumeric,
Numeric
characters
before the A or D indicate the number of elements
D
within an array.
or
the
Numeric characters after the A
indicate
number of characters in the field or in each element of an array.
Elements in an
with
the
use
command

array can be referenced individually
A subscripted label
of subscripts.

where

statement

label

can

in combinations
be used in any

appropriate.

used
Numeric fields contain up to 15 characters.
Only numbers can be
if
want
to
in
numeric
fields
are
fields;
you
required
alphanumeric
use punctuation.
Calculations can only be done in numeric fields.

Alphanumeric fields
COS-310

character

can

contain

part

up
an

characters.
alphanumeric field.
to

The following example contains statement
field size, and array information.

510

labels,

and

Any

legal

designations,

Example:

DESC,
VENNO,

RECORD
A7
A25
5A4

;Alphanumeric field.
;Twenty—five character field.

INVNO,

;Eight-character alphanumeric

DATE,
AMT,

D6
D8

ACTNO,

characters each.
field.
;Six-character numeric field.
;Eight-character field.

;Five elements,

four

Initial Values

4.1.3

Initial values in the Data Division follow a comma after the type
and
character
count
designations.
Alphanumeric initial values begin and
end with single quotes.
All spaces and
characters
enclosed
between
the
are
included in the character count;
the single
single
quotes
Numeric initial values do not require quotes.
quotes are not counted.
No spaces are allowed
between numbers in a D (numeric) designation.

Example:

A4
A6
A6

LINE,

RECORD
D2
,00

,
,

,'DATE'

;Alphanumeric initial

value.

,'AMOUNT'

;Alphanumeric initial

value.

initial value on Record.
;Numeric initial value

;No

Notice that only fields contain initial values.
Initial values in the
Data Division must agree in type and character count with the information defined 1n the type and character count
designations.

THE

DIBOL

LANGUAGE

4-3

4.2

THE PROCEDURE

DIVISION

The Data Division is separated from the Procedure Division by the non—
PROC.
This statement indicates that
statement
executable
mandatory
the Data Division is complete and the Procedure Division is to begin.

Procedure Division contains DIBOL statements
tion, input/output of data, program control, and

The

The following example
dure Division.

contains

statements

and

for

data

program

comments

manipuladebugging.

from

Proce—

Example:
l

PROC

READ,

;Open the printer.
;Open account file in

INIT(6.LP)
INIT(1,IN,'ACCTFL',2)
XMIT(1,ACCT,EOF)

;Get the next account
;Move ACTNO to PFOl.

PF01=ACTNO
PF02=DESC
PF03=INVNO

;Move description to print record.
;Move INVNO to PF03.
;Move date to print record.
;Move amount to print record.
;Start new page if needed.
;Print this line.
;Decrement line counter.

PF04=DATE,'XX/XX/XX'
PF05=AMT,'XXX,XXX.XX'
IF(LINE.LE.0)CALL TOP
XMIT(6,XXPLIN)
LINE=LINE-l
XXPLIN=

;Clear print
;Continue.

READ

STOP

FORMS(6,0)
XMIT(6,XXHD01)
FORMS(6,1)

TOP,

record.

;Close account file.
;Close the printer.
;Stop program execution.

FINI(1)
FINI(6)

EOF,

input mode.
record.

;Start

new

page.

;Print column headings.
a line.
;Set line counter to 55.
;Return from subroutine.

;Skip

LINE=55

RETURN
END

4.2.1

Data

Manipulation

Statements

DIBOL data
statements
move
fields
data
between
manipulation
between
calculate arithmetic expressions, convert data
records,
one type of field to another,
clear data fields, and format data.

DIBOL

uses

the

following

destination

4-4

source

THE DIBOL LANGUAGE

form

data

manipulation

statement.

and
from

interprets this

COS-310
moved
Data

are
the
source
that the contents of
The destination is defined and named in the
is a variable, a literal, or an expression.

mean

the destination.
Division.
The source
to

data is moved from source to destination, the source remains
The following example
changed but destination is always altered.

When

tains

data

manipulation

un-

con—

statements.

Example:
PF01=ACTNO
PF02=DESC
PF03=INVNO

The

PF04=DATE,'XX/XX/XX'
PF05=AMT,'XXX,XXX.XX'

LINE=LINE-1

;Decrement

XXPLIN=

;Clear print

amples

account

;Move
;Move
;Move
;Move
;Move

two

are

number

description
invoice
date to
amount

number

and

will

work

you

to print record.
print record.
to print record.

print record.
to print record.

line counter.
record.

examples contain data manipulation

executable

input

statements.

them

These

ex-

properly.

Example:
RECORD

FLDl,

A7,

'DEVICES'

;Initial value

DEVICES.

PROC

FLD1=

'SEGMENT'

DISPLAY(0,0,FLD1)

into FLDl.
contains SEGMENT.

;Move

SEGMENT

;FLDl

now

STOP

Example:
RECORD

FLDl, A7,
FLD2, D7,

'NUMBERS'
1234567

;Initial value is NUMBERS.
;Initial value is 1234567.

PROC

FLD1=FLD2

;Move

DISPLAY(0,0,FLD1)
XMIT(8," ')
DISPLAY(0,0,FLD2)

;FLDl

1234567 to FLDl.
contains 1234567.
;Execute a carriage return/line
;FLD2 still contains 1234567.
now

feed.

STOP

4.2.1.1

Moving Alphanumeric

Data

data
alphanumeric source moved to an alphanumeric destination by a
statement
is
in
destination.
If the
manipulation
left—justified
source
has
fewer
characters
than
the
is
data
destination,
and
the
characters
in the destination are unleft—justified
rightmost
If the source has more characters
disturbed.
than
the
destination,

data

left-justified

and

the

rightmost characters

THE

from the

DIBOL

source

LANGUAGE

4-5

into

moved
of

are

not

the

moving

the

larger

illustrates

The following example
destination.
into a smaller destination.
source

Example:
RECORD ACCT

'BALANCE'
'TOTAL'

HEADl, A7,
HEADZ, A5,

;Seven-character alphanumeric field.
;Five—character alphanumeric field.

PROC

HEAD2=HEADl

;Move

the

seven

;five-character
HEADZ)

DISPLAY(0,0,

;Disp1ay

the

characters

the

into

area.

five—character

area.

STOP

Alphanumeric
only be

moved

4.2.1.2

records and fields are used in moving
into fields, and records can only be

Moving Numeric

Numeric source
tion statement
characters
If
source
characters

destination,

data

characters
moved.

not

are

can
Fields
into records.

Data

data moved to a numeric destination
is right-justified in destination.

than
has

data.
moved

data

source

manipulahas

fewer

filled.
is right—justified and zero
than destination, the leftmost source

sum
into
the
a
following example performs a calculation, moves
and displays the answer on the screen.
The sum of
area,
BILLS + TAXES + MORTG produces a 4 digit result (1075).
Since
costs
is only 3 digits in length, the most significant digit is lost.

The

destination

Example:
RECORD

D2,
D3,

BILLS,
TAXES,
MORTG,
RECORD

D3,

800
200

;Two-character numeric field.
;Three-character numeric field.
;Three-character numeric field.

COSTS,

;Three—character

numeric

field.

PROC

COSTS=BILLS+TAXES+MORTG

;Calculate
;store

XMIT

to
source
four-digit
three-digit destination.

;Disp1ay destination

(8,B)

and

(RECORD B).

STOP

4.2.1.3

Moving

Records

large
If

moved

Records

with

alphanumeric

source

has

left—justified

fewer
and

data
statement
are
treated
like
manipulation
fields.
Source and destination are record areas.
characters than defined for destination,
data
is
the rightmost characters in destination are undis—

turbed.

If source

4-6

DIBOL LANGUAGE

THE

has more characters

than defined

for

destination,

data is left-justified
moved to destination.
The
the

the

and

following example

moves

record

and

named

ENGR

rightmost

the

contents

ENGR

displays

source

of
on

characters

the record
the screen.

named

are

not

FRMR

into

Example:
RECORD

;Record named ENGR

ENGR

;Five-character unnamed field.
;Six—character unnamed field.

,A5
,A6
RECORD

;Record named

FRMR

FLDl, All,

'OCCUPATIONS'

FRMR

;Initial value is

OCCUPATIONS.

PROC

;Move OCCUPATIONS into ENGR.
;DISPLAY record named ENGR.

ENGR=FRMR
XMIT

(8,ENGR)

STOP

4.2.1.4

Calculating

Arithmetic

Expressions

Arithmetic expressions

are
used as the source in a
data
manipulation
value of the expression is moved to the destination.
data
elements,
Expressions can contain numeric elements, subscripted
literals, variables, and arithmetic operators (#, #, +, —, *, /).

The

statement.

The

arithmetic

(#),

adding
performed

are

calculated
The

and

operations of converting to internal code (#), rounding
subtracting (—), multiplying (*), and dividing (/)
on
of
the
is
a priority basis.
The value
expression
(+),

the

value

moved

the

destination.

following example performs calculations,
and displays the record named TOTAL.

stores

them

destina-

tion,

Example:
START

RECORD

QORDER,

D4,

0002

;Four—digit numeric with initial
;value.

UCOST, D4, 0200
ECOST, D10
Y, 5D3,000,007,100,025,023

;Four-digit initial value.
;Ten-digit numeric field.
;Five

RECORD

TOTAL

with

elements

array

;three-digit initial

values.

;RECORD named TOTAL.
;Only field in RECORD TOTAL.

PROC

and

ECOST=UCOST*QORDER

;Multiply

X=X+l

;Add one to X and store in X.
;Value of X determines subscript
Solve equation and store
;of Y.

Y(l)=Y(X)+(25*Y(2)+Y(3))/Y(4)

X=Y(3)+Y(4)+Y(1)
XMIT (8,TOTAL)

store

ECOST.

;in first element of Y.
;Add elements and store

;Display

RECORD

TOTAL

screen.

STOP

THE

DIBOL

LANGUAGE

4-7

char~
arithmetic operator # converts an alphanumeric or a numeric
the
for
returns
code
then
internal
code
and
to
its
equivalent
use as a decimal value
(see Appendix A for equivalent internal codes).
This converting to internal code is expressed with # inserted prior to

The

acter

the

source

the

destination
If

data
=

manipulation

statement.

#source

the
code
is
in
a
used
calculation,
preceded by #
takes place first and then the arithmetic calculations are
the value is moved to destination.

character

conversion
done

and

Example:
RECORD

CUSNAM,

A1,

FACTOR, D2,
RATING, A3

'0'

;Initial value Q

;code 50.
;Initial value 02.

equal

decimal

;Alphanumeric field.

PROC

RATING=#CUSNAM*FACTOR

DISPLAY(0,0,RATING)

;Multiply and store in RATING.
;Display alphanumeric field RATING.

STOP

Another

use

rounding

numbers

in
and
# is

1
7
for
through
conjunction with the digits
When
them into certain formats.
manipulating
placed after the element being rounded and bedigit indicates how many characters are removed

used for rounding,
fore
the
The
digit.
from the right of the number.
If a number larger than 7 is used,
the
number is divided by the maximum
number plus one (7+l=8) and the remainder is the number of characters to be removed. This is modulo 8.
The
and

to
following exercise rounds numbers, moves them
displays the record wherein the answer is stored.

destination,

Example:
START

RECORD

SUBl,

TOTALl
5D5

RECORD TOTAL2
SUBT, 5D5

;Record named TOTALl.
numeric
;Five-element
;SUBl.
;Record named TOTAL2.
numeric
;Five—element

array

named

array

named

;SUBT.
RECORD

SUBZ, D5,

;Unnamed record.
13579

;Five—digit

numeric

field

named

numeric

field

named

;SUBZ.

5083, D5,

86420

;Five-digit
;SUB3.

PROC

SUBl(1)=SUB2#2

SUBT(1)=SUB3#2
‘

XMIT
XMIT

(8,TOTAL1)
(8,TOTAL2)

STOP

4-8

THE DIBOL LANGUAGE

;Cut SUBZ by two digits and store
;the first element of array SUBl.
;Cut SUBB by two digits and store

in
in

;the first element of array SUBT.
;Display TOTALl (contents of SUBl).
;Display TOTAL2 (contents of SUBT).

addition

cutting

number

ing
off

was

COS-310
is
(#)

will

done
(+) and

#
the

the rightmost
leftmost number that

causes

remain—
cut

was

Rounding
operators in order of priority.
multiplying (*) and dividing (/) are done next;
subtracting (-) are done last.
Operators with the same
executed
left to right.
Operations within parentheses

are

arithmetic

first,

executed

characters,

greater.

executes

adding
priority

off

incremented

first.

The following example
different priorities.

performs calculations using the same numbers but
Answers are displayed on the screen.

Example:
START
RECORD

;Four-character

FLDI4A5

array,

five

charac-

;ters each.
PROC

FLD(1)=100*10/2+3-l

;Ca1culate expression and
;first element of FLD.

store

FLD(2)=100*10/(2+3)-1

store

FLD(3)=100*(10/2+3-1)

;Calculate expression and
;second element of FLD.
;Calcu1ate expression and

store

FLD(4)=100*10/(2+3-1)

;third element of FLD.
;Calcu1ate expression and

store

DISPLAY (0,0,FLD(1))
XMIT
(8," ')

(0,0,FLD(2))
(8," ')
DISPLAY (0,0, FLD(3))
XMIT (8,"
')
DISPLAY (0,0, FLD(4))
DISPLAY

XMIT

;fourth element of FLD.
;Display first element in array.
;Carriage return/line feed.
:Display second element in array.
;Carriage return/line feed.
;Disp1ay third element in array.
;Carriage return/line feed.
;Display fourth element in array.

STOP

4.2.1.5

Data

Conversion

manipulation statements allow alphanumeric fields to be converted
numeric
fields
for arithmetic operations and then converted from
numeric to alphanumeric for display.

Data
to

Signs usually
in

associated

with arithmetic calculations are alphanumeric
in numeric fields.
The actual display and
are simplified by this data conversion
capa-

type and cannot be used

computation requirements
bility.

following example converts data from alphanumeric to numeric form,
a
and displays the results of the calculation
calculation,
performs

The

and

conversion

the

screen.

ms DIBOL

LANGUAGE

4-9

Example:
A

RECORD

;Numeric field.

NUM1,D4
A1

;Numeric field.

NUM2,D4
Al

;Numeric field.

NUM3,D4
B

RECORD

ALFl, A4,

'—123'

;Alphanumeric field.

'-456'

;Alphanumeric field.

ALF2,

A4,

;Alphanumeric field.

ALF3, A4
PROC

into NUMl.
ALFZ into NUM2.
;Add NUMl to NUMZ and store in NUM3.
;Move NUM3 to ALF3.
;Display contents of RECORD A.
;Display contents of RECORD B.

NUMl=ALFl
NUM2=ALF2

;Move contents
;Move contents

NUM3=NUM1+NUM2

ALF3=NUM3

(8,A)
(8,B)

XMIT
XMIT

of
of

ALFl

STOP

least significant character in a numeric field may have a bit
set
indicate that the field has a negative value.
This saves one char—
acter of disk space for each numeric field.
If this negative
numeric
field
were
or
printed, it would have a Q through Y as its
displayed

The
to

last

character.

Numeric

Display

Alphanumeric Display
-0
-1
-2
-3
-4
U1

i<><S<CF3UISUIOTJ

The negative value of
numeric
for
display
numbers are displayed
the negative value of
seeing —1 which is an
This

direct

phanumeric
the

4-10

use

THE

appears in an
the
negative
in numeric form

alphanumeric display
value

All

—l.

The

negative

code
for
equivalent
using
significant digit.
People are used to
alphanumeric character combination.
the

least

data conversion from a numeric
field
allows
computation and

special formatting

DIBOL

of
the

LANGUAGE

statements.

an
alto
negative value
display or printing without

4.2.1.6

Data

Formatting

characters and punctuData
arithmetic calculations.
fields
alphanumeric
formatting requires converting numeric fields to
The format string must
with the use of a data manipulation statement.
The number of characters and spaces
begin and end with single quotes.
the
between
single quotes should agree with the character count deLabels can be used to reference for—
fined for the destination field.
mats contained in the Data Division.

Data

ation

fields can be formatted to contain
which
cannot
be present during

Formatting

uses

the

following

alphanumeric destination

form
=

special

the

numeric

data

statement.

manipulation
'format

source,

string'

in
be
used
character except X, Z, *, -, ., ', and , may
format string.
These restricted characters have special meanings
the
These meanings are explained in Chapter 1
and must be used with care.
of the COS-310 System Reference Manual.

Any COS—310

The

following example

formats

data

and

displays

the

screen.

Example:
START
RECORD

Al,A8
,A3
A2,A4
,A3
A3,A4
,A3
A4,All
,A3
RECORD

labeled

;Record

;Field

allocate

three

;Field

allocate

eleven

spaces.

EMT,A4,'X.XX'
DATE,D6,103078

format
;Field with initial value of
;field.
with
informa—
date
;Numeric field

;tion.
NUM,D3,123
COST,D3,999
TOT,D12,000007894211

;Numeric field with
;characters.

initial

twelve

PROC

Al=DATE,'XX/XX/XX'
A2=NUM,'ZZX'

;Format
;Format

date

for

field;

in Al.
lead-

stored

suppresses

ing
A3=COST,'XXXO'
A4=TOT,'*XXX,XXX.XX-'
XMIT (8,A)
A2=NUM, FMT

;zeros).
;Format with
;Format TOT;

(8,A)

preceded by
the

;replaces leading
;Display contents
;Use

format

;format
XMIT

;Display

NUM

from

and

Xs.

inserted

Record

statement
store

contents

and

zeros.

A.
FMT

A2.

RECORD

END

THE DIBOL LANGUAGE

4-11

Clearing Fields and

4.2.1.7

Records

or
field
entire
This data manipulation statement clears an
record,
characters within fields, or clears designatd eleclears
designated
ments within an array.
Clearing entire fields or records is done with
No source is used.
the following manipulation statement.

destination

characters

Clearing specific
field

(beginning
The

array name and
and ending) of

following example
of

contents

the
elements requires the use of both
These subscripts set the limits
characters or elements to be used.

subscripts.
the

clears

fields

within

and

records

displays

the

records.

the

Example:
START
RECORD

ACCTNG

D7,
D8,

ACCTNG.

24680864

;Eight-character numeric field.

INVNTR

FIFO,
LIFO,

named

1357975

,A3
ACCTRB,3D2,99,88,77
RECORD

;Record

;Array with two elements.
;Three-character temporary storage.
;Array with initialized values.
;Record named INVNTR.
;Seven-character numeric field.

ACCTPB,2A4,'0000','1111'

PROC

ACCTPB(2)=
ACCTRB(3)=
XMIT
(8,ACCTNG)
XMIT

(8,1NVNTR)

;Subscripted statement.
;Subscripted statement.
record
ACCTNG
;Display
;(channel

8).

;Display

record

INVNTR

screen

channel

END

The
Records may be cleared in a similar fashion as
arrays.
in an array must be in sequential order and must all be
used
The records do not have to have
length in the Data Division.
name.

Records

numeric

fields.

records
the same

the same
cleared to all spaces even if the record contains
This is illustrated in the following example.
are

Example:
START

RECORD

BUSNS

;First record

ENGR

;Second

ACCT

;Third record

Data

Division.

,A20
RECORD

record

Data

Division.

,D20
RECORD

Data

,D20
PROC

BUSNS(2)=
BUSNS(3)=
END

4-12

THE

DIBOL

LANGUAGE

;Clears second record.
;Clears third record.

Division.

Using Literals

Implement

alphanumeric literal

4.2.1.8

Data

series of

characters

delimited

single

A numeric literal is a series of up to 15 numbers
(not delimquotes.
A numeric or alphanumeric literal is used as a field
ited by quotes).
anywhere except as the destination in a data manipulation statement.

The

following example

uses

alphanumeric

and

numeric literals.

Example:
START

RECORD

;Record named

INVNTY

INVNTY.

ITEMl, A5
NUMl, D3
ITEMZ, A7
NUM2, D3
ITEM3, A9
NUM3, D3
RECORD

;Record

TOTAL

named

TOTAL.

ITEM4, A7
NUM4, D3
PROC

ITEM1='POTS'
NUM1=25

ITEM2=',

PANS

;Literal moved to ITEMl.
;Numeric literal moved to NUMl.
;Literal moved to ITEMZ.

NUM2=101

ITEM3=', DISHES'
NUM3=125
'
ITEM4='ITEMS=
NUM4=NUM1+NUM2+NUM3
(8,1NVNTY)
(8,TOTAL)

XMIT
XMIT

;Total moved

;Display
;Display

record
record

NUM4.
INVNTY.

TOTAL.

END
A

literal

quote

record
double
literals

is a
the

used

are

following example

of alphanumeric characters delimited by
and a single quote at the end.
Record
as
the source in a data manipulation statement.
The
shows the use of record literals.
sequence

beginning

Example:
START

RECORD

HDNG

;Record named HDNG.
;Ten-character field.
;Record named DATA.
;Fourteen-character field.

,AlO
RECORD

DATA

,Al4
PROC
HDNG="

MONTHLY'
DATA="BALANCE REPORT'

XMIT
XMIT

(8,HDNG)
(8,DATA)

;MONTHLY preceded by three spaces.
;Record literal moved to DATA.

;Display
;Display

contents

of
of

HDNG.
DATA.

END

Alphanumeric, numeric,
are

not

defined

record

literals cannot

altered.

These

in the Data Division of the program.

THE

DIBOL

LANGUAGE

4-13

4.2.1.9

Incrementing

Data

kind of data manipulation is done with the
is incremented by l with INCR faster than
source
pulation statement which uses destination
used to increment a counter.

Another

INCR

statement.

variable

with
+1.

the

The

following example increments

counter

total

data manioften
is

20.

Example:
START

RECORD

COUNT

CTR,D2
PROC

;Labe1 where control transfers.

LOOP,

INCR

:Add

CTR

;Control

IF(CTR.LT.20)GO TO LOOP

CTR.
transfer

statement.

(8, COUNT)

XMIT

END

4.2.2

Input/Output

4.2.2.1

DISPLAY

Statements

Input/Output

Statement

The DISPLAY statement is used to move the cursor to a particular location
on
the screen, to display a message beginning at that particular
be
either
The message can
cursor
location, and to clear the screen.
the contents of an alphanumeric data field or an alphanumeric literal.
The DISPLAY statement is also used to display questions on the screen.
The DISPLAY statement has the
fields
cannot
be
Numeric
displayed.
form:
following

DISPLAY

(x,y,

literal
afield
dfield

)

extwo
numeric
positioned according to the values of
The
in
the
format
a
comma
and
above).
(x
by
y
pressions
separated
if
the
value of the first expression indicates a line on the screen;
value
is
than
the number of lines on the screen, the cursor
larger

The

cursor

will

The
the last line on the screen.
a character position on
indicates
larger than the number of character

pression
value

width, the
4-14

THE

cursor

goes to the last

DIBOL LANGUAGE

position

value
the

positions
on

the

screen

the

second
if

ex—

width;

the

screen

width.

are

generated by

numeric

fields after

effects

Special
inserted

characters
select group of numeric
the cursor positioning information.
a

the cursor but displays no message.
from the cursor position to the end of screen.
from cursor position to the end of line.
the terminal alarm.

positions

\lNl-‘O

clears
clears
sounds

Any other numeric fields must be converted to alphanumeric fields
fore

they

can

used

be-

with DISPLAY.

Examples:
DISPLAY

;Display DATE beginning
position 10.

(5,10,'DATE')

line

char-

;acter
DISPLAY

;Display

(3,5,REC)

;on

DISPLAY

line

;Display

(0,0,‘RESPOND')

the

contents

character

RESPOND

the

beginning

REC

position

current

cursor

;location.
DISPLAY

(10,15,l)

;Clear to end of screen
;character position 15.

from

line

DISPLAY

(6,7,0)

;Position the

line

;acter

cursor

10,

char-

position

Example:
START

RECORD

LINEl,

A18,

'THIS

EXAMPLE'

;Field named LINEl.

PROC
the

;Clear

DISPLAY

(1,1,1)
(10,31,LINE1)
(12,37,'OF THE')

DISPLAY

(14,32,'DISPLAY STATEMENT')

;Begin display on line 14,
;character position 32.

DISPLAY

(0,0,7)

;Sound

DISPLAY
DISPLAY

screen.

;Display contents of LINEl.
;Begin display of literal
;on

line

12.

terminal

alarm.

STOP

4.2.2.2

XMIT

—

Input/Output

Statement

transfers a record between memory, storage
devices,
The transfer involves a channel over which
devices.
peripheral
in
the
of
the
involved
transfer will happen, the name
record
and
includes a label which indicates a program
transfer,
optionally
If a record exceeds
statement to branch to if an end—of—file is read.
the
size
of the record into which it is being read, an error message
is displayed.

XMIT

statement

and
the

THE

DIBOL

LANGUAGE

4-15

The

XMIT

literal
the record

record
when

label

record

the

for

substituted

can

form:

following

[,eof 1abel])

(channel,record

XMIT
A

the

has

statement

being output.

Example:
XMIT

(3,ACCT,TOTAL)

3
channel
;Transfers a record from
record called ACCT (3 must
a
;into
:have been open by an INIT statement
Branch to TOTAL at
;in input mode).
;end-of-fi1e.

XMIT

(8,SCRTST)

;0utput record
;onto

XMIT
on

allow

statements

the

records

the

displayed

test)

(screen
(channel 8).

SCRTST

screen

the

screen

listed

printer.

Example:
RECORD

SHOW

FLDl,Al8,'THIS
FLD2,All,' OF AN XMIT'
IS

EXAMPLE

;Record named SHOW.
;Field with initial value.
;Field with initial value.

PROC

of
SHOW
content
:Transfer
;channel 8 (screen).
transferred
7Record literal
;channel 8.

XMIT(8,SHOW)
XMIT

(8,

"STATEMENT')

over

STOP

the
be
read
from
allows data to
keyboard.
does not work with XMIT statements, use CTRL/U
acIf you type more data than the record can
to
This use of XMIT is not de—
cept, an error message will be displayed.
with
fewer
sirable because the ACCEPT statement does the same
thing
The

also
the DELETE key
correct any errors.
XMIT

statement

Because

complications.

4.2.2.3

DIBOL

INIT

uses

and

channel

FINI

Input/Output

numbers

(1-15)

Statements

reference

mass

storage

devices

and
character-oriented input/output devices during program execution.
If you stipulate a number greater than 15, it is treated modulo 16.
statement opens a device and associates
device.
The FINI statement closes a device
channel number from the device.

The
the

INIT

4-16

THE

DIBOL

LANGUAGE

channel number with
disassociates the

and

device, whether

Each

mass

storage

character-oriented,

has
The

mode

designadesignation
for
or
tions (I, O,
update)
(input, output,
allows
the
device
was
which
sequential reading
opened.
Input
storage
of data, output overwrites the data stored on a logical unit, and
upindi—
The designations (K, T, L, S)
date
is
a random I/O operation.
device
cate
the
character-oriented
terminal,
printer,
(keyboard,
source file)
and its relationship to program execution.
that is used along with
U) indicate the purpose

The

channel

the mode

statement.

INIT

designations

are

required

INIT
to

de—

and the terminal respectively.
the printer,
associated with any other mode, their
channel
numbers
are
is no longer in effect.

de-

statement.

fault
these
fault

number and
COS—310 is

the

shipped with
the keyboard,

numbers

channel

set

and
file

name
file
It is good programming practice to stipulate the data
the logical unit number referencing the logical unit in which the
The complete INIT statement has the following form:
is stored.

INIT

(channel,mode[,filnam][,logical unit #1)

Examples:
INIT

(9,U,BKLG,3)
-

9
for
(initializes) channel
the
file
BKLG
contains
;update.

;Opens
;name

INIT

(1,I,'INVNTY',7)

logical unit

1
for
channel
file found on

;Associates
;INVNTY

input.
logical

;unit 7.
INIT

;Associates the keyboard with
;nel 7.

(7,K)

the FINI statement disassociates the
related information, the FINI statement only
The FINI statement has the following form:
Because

FINI

chan-

from.
its
channel number
needs the channel number.

(channel)

Examples:
Assume
INIT

that

the

statements
FINI

(9)

FINI

statements

below

are

the

FINI

(1)

(7)

program

;Disassociates channel 9

the

closes

up-

logical

BKLG

;Closes

and

disassoci-

;ates

input

;date
mode;
;unit 3.
FINI

same

above.

file INVNTY
channel 1 from

;Disassociates channel
;board.

mode.
from

key—

THE DIBOL LANGUAGE

4-17

4.2.2.4

The

READ

DIBOL

files

The

READ
area

Both
ord

READ and WRITE move
of working memory during
the relative record number.

areas

data
between
records
associexecution
by
program
data

statement moves a data record from a specified
of working memory defined in the program's Data

The WRITE
to

Statements

Input/Output

statements

and

ating through

and WRITE

statement

moves

data

file.

specified
READ and
numbers.

READ

(channel,

READ

WRITE

from

record

statements use channel
and Write statements

WRITE

The

data

area

working

numbers,

records,

have

following

the

memory

and

rec-

forms:

rec#)

record,

(channel,

data
file
Division.

record,

rec#)

statement is the name of a
in
record
number
(rec#)

associated
with
in the READ
The
record into which data is to be read.
the
READ statement specifies the location

within

which

The

channel

devices

number

input

is
statement
(1—15) in the READ
The record
(I) or update (U) mode.

logical unit

from

data

label

read.

Example:
READ

(3,ACTPBL,5)

chan;Read record 5 of the file on
;nel 3 into record named ACTPBL.

READ

(10,ACTRCB,11)

;Read record 11 of the file on chan;nel 10 into record named ACTRCB.

READ

(ll,STKINV,REC+5)

;Read

record determined by
the
REC+5 into STKINV.

ex—

;pression
READ

The

associated
;Read EXAM from the file
;with channel 5 into CUSNAM.

(5,CUSNAM,EXAM)

channel
in

number

the

update

is
with
associated
record label in the
WRITE statement is the name of a defined record area
in
the
program
from
which
to
data
is
be output.
The record number (rec#) in the
WRITE statement is a number
or
the
location
expression
specifying
within a logical unit into which data is to be written.

devices

output

(1—15)
(0)

WRITE

(U)

statement

mode.

The

Example:
WRITE

(5,ADDRES,PLC+1)

ADDRES
;Write record PLC+l from
;file associated with channel 5.

WRITE

(11,PHONES,41)

;Write record 41 from PHONES
;associated with channel 11.

WRITE

(15,ZIPCOD,EXPR)

;Write record

EXPR

from

file

ZIPCOD

;file associated with channel 15.
4-18

THE

DIBOL

LANGUAGE

4.2.2.5

The

statement

Input/Output

ACCEPT
ACCEPT

statement

(dfield,

program execution to pause and
information through the keyboard.
used with the DISPLAY statement.

causes

while
you
input
statement is most often

mant

The

Statement

has

the

following

remain dorThe ACCEPT

form:

afield)

in
an
The ACCEPT statement stores the
alphanumeric
entry
keyboard
and
field
stores
the decimal equivalent of the terminator character
The decimal equivalent
(the last character typed) in a numeric field.
of COS—310 terminator characters is shown with the ACCEPT statement in
the COS-310

System Reference Manual.

Example:
ACCEPT

(FLDl,DETAIL)

DETAIL
named
;Store input in field
;and terminator character in FLDl.

(DIGl,SUMMRY)

;Store

;and

4.2.2.6

The

FORMS

Input/Output

input in
terminator

named
field
character in

SUMMRY

DIGl.

Statement

FORMS statement causes the printer to skip lines
The FORMS statement has the following form:

start

new

pages.

FORMS

The
The
the

(channel,
is

any

skip-code

channel

skip-code)

number (1-15) previously associated with a printer.
If 0, the form goes to
one of the numbers 0—4095.
top of the page.
Any skip-code other than 0 causes the printer to
skip that many lines before printing characters.

numbers
cause
results.
unpredictable
exceeds
4095, COS-310 will begin reading 4096 as
on.
This is modulo 4096.

Negative

the
4097 as

skip-code
1,

and

Example:
FORMS

(6,18)

channel
;Printer is associated with
18 lines from
;6.
Begin
printing
;the top.

FORMS

(15,4050)

channel
;Printer is associated with
;15.
Begin printing after skipping

;to
FORMS

(12,4099)

new

page.

channel
;Printer is associated with
;12.
Begin printing after skipping

;3 lines

(modulo 4096).

THE

DIBOL

LANGUAGE

4-19

4.2.3

Program Control

4.2.3.1

DIBOL

uses

course

Program Control Statement

the

statement

action.
The

compared.

Statements

The

expressions

statement

has

and

expressions

compare
must

the

determine

data

same

type

following form:

the

(expressionl.rel.expression2)statement

used
The following two-letter codes set between periods are
the relationships.
No spaces should separate the expressions
relational comparison codes.

show

from

the

Equal
Equal

.EQ.
.NE.

Not

.LT.

Than
Than or
Greater Than
Greater Than
Less

.LE.

Less

.GT.

.GE.
If

the relationship is
If
the
relationship
next line in sequence.
The

statement

the

Equal
or

the

true,
is

end

not

Equal

rest

true,

the

program

statement

execution

must

executed.
to the

continues

one

the

follow—

ing:
GO

CALL

label
label

STOP
TRACE
NO

RETURN
ON

ERROR

TRACE

label

The

expressions being compared

be
The

combination

expressions

are

must be of the same data type
and
can
of literals, variables, or arithmetic expressions.
made the same size before a comparison is made.

Example:
IF

(INCOME.LT.OUTGO)CALL

(EOJSW.EQ.1)

(DEBIT.GT.CREDIT+10)RETURN

HELP

STOP

;RETURN

;DEBIT

4-20

(ITAX.GE.RSTAX)TRACE

THE

DIBOL

LANGUAGE

INCOME

;Stop program if EOJSW equals 1.
to

;previous
IF

:Branch control to HELP
;is less than OUTGO.

first
CALL

statement

after
if
+ 10.

TRAP

statement

greater

than

CREDIT

:Branch to TRACE if ITAX
;than or equal to RSTAX.

greater

4.2.3.2

STOP

Program Control Statement

program execution and return control to the Mon—
does
not close files (FINI closes files) nor
to be the last
statement
in
a
does
(the
program
optional
END is the last statement).
If you do not close files that
statement
were
opened for output or update, the STOP statement may cause records
STOP

Use

itor.

terminate

This
it have

statement

lost.

STOP statement can be
Procedure Division of a

4.2.3.3

GO TO

—

used
DIBOL

anywhere and

number

any

times

the

program.

Program Control Statement

GO TO statement branches to the location indicated.
are
two
There
forms
of the GO TO statement, unconditional and computed.
The uncon—
a
ditional GO TO branches immediately to
a
location
identified
by
label.
The unconditional GO TO statement has the following form:

label

GO TO contains a number of
possible
variable which indicates which label is to
computed GO TO statement has the following form:

The
and

computed
a

GO TO

The

(labell

variable

labels
The
referenced.

referencing
be

labe12,...labeln),variable
numeric

value

expression representing

value.

Example:
GO

LOOP

;Branch control
;statement

to
LOOP
executed.

when

this

of
TO(LOOP,STOP,RETURN),EXPR ;Branch control to LOOP if value
;EXPR is l, to STOP if value of EXPR
;is 2, to RETURN if value of EXPR is
and
the next statement if EXPR
;3,
;has any other value.

4.2.3.4

CALL

and

RETURN

Program Control Statements

The CALL and RETURN statements branch to,
and
return
subroufrom,
A
tines.
subroutine
is a routine to be used a number of times in a
program or to be used only under certain conditions.
Write

subroutines

quential
tion

program
a

in places where they will not be run as part of
seA CALL statement branches program execuexecution.

subroutine;

RETURN

statement

branches

execution

from

subroutine.

THE

DIBOL LANGUAGE

4-21

The

CALL

which

includes
The
branch.

label

statement

CALL

form:

following

the

has

subroutine

the

identify

statement

label

CALL

Example:

CALL

LOOP

;Branch control

subroutine LOOP.

CALL

SUBRl

;Branch control

subroutine

many

CALL

may be used within subroutines.
used at a time.
This multiple

statement

statements

branches

be
CALL2

can

which

branches

CALL3,

and

CALL
so

SUBRl.

forth)

CALL

(CALLl

procedure

called

nesting.
a
subroutine.
executed in
of a subroutine.
Failure
stack
to use a RETURN statement will eventually overflow the pushdown
No
label
is
needed
the
to
abort.
and
will
cause
arrangement
program
with the RETURN statement because it automatically branches control to
the
next
statement
after the last CALL statement that was executed.
The RETURN statement has the following form:

The

RETURN

not

statement
a

use

the

last

statement

branch

out

RETURN
Do

not

use

TRAP

4.2.3.5

RETURN

statement

unless

corresponds

either

CALL

statement.

ERROR

Program Control Statement

A fatal
and nonfatal errors can occur during program execution.
A
crashes
and
a
a
restart.
requires
complete
program
program
nonfatal error is one where COS—310
an
an
detects
error,
displays
error message,
and waits for you to make the correction.

Fatal
error

ON ERROR statement branches execution to another
location
a
when
nonfatal
error
is encountered.
This branching prevents COS—310 from

No automatic corissuing error messages and waiting for corrections.
the
rection
of
error
is made;
the DIBOL program must be written to
shut-down
take some corrective action or at
least
make
an
orderly
of
the
files
before stopping.
Execution continues from the
(FINI)
statement to which control was branched.

Write

above)

ERROR

statement

requires

label

where

into

error

identify

the

program

might

just preceding

occur.

location

The

where

(on the

ERROR

line

statement

execution

branch.

Example:
ON

ERROR

LOOP

;Branch control
;statement

4-22

THE

DIBOL LANGUAGE

creates

LOOP
an

the

error.

common

is
to
that
of the ON ERROR statement
verify
keyboard
This verification involves using a data maninumeric data.
to
a
an
statement to move keyboard data from
alphanumeric
this
field.
The
verification
illustrates
following example

use

entry

pulation
numeric
process.

Example:
RECORD

ALF, A10
NUM, D10
PROC
ACCEPT
ON

;Alphanumeric

field.

;Numeric field.

(NUM,ALF)

;Enter

data.

ERROR NONNUM

NUM=ALF

;Move ALF

NUM.

(8,"NUMERIC')

XMIT

STOP

NONNUM,

XMIT

(8,

"NONNUMERIC')

STOP

4.2.3.6

CHAIN

—

Program Control

Statement

Programs whose size exceeds the capacity of working memory
executed

unless

they
sequentially

statement

effect

List
of

the
this
A

gram.
A

desired

CHAIN

from

are

divided

executes

the

these

oversized

cannot
be
A CHAIN
into
smaller programs.
smaller programs to produce
the

program.

to be chained following the RUN command.
The
order
listing determines the number (0—7) associated with the pro—
number larger than 7 results in an error message.

programs

written into a program must include
a
number
indicates which of the programs in the RUN command is
The CHAIN statement has the following form:

statement

This number
cuted next.
CHAIN

0-7.
exe-

number

program loaded by a CHAIN statement does not automatically return to
the calling program.
Once you have chained out of a program, the only
statement.
way to return to that program is with an appropriate CHAIN
Programs loaded by a CHAIN statement always begin execution immediate—
It
is
to
ly after the PROC statement in a program.
good
practice
close (FINI) files before chaining to another program.

Any DIBOL record

storage

area

program

loaded

the

RUN

command

is
if the
record is in a
However,
automatically cleared.
program
loaded by the CHAIN statement, the record retains whatever contents it
had in the previous program unless the clear option
(,C) is specified
for
the record.

THE DIBOL LANGUAGE

4-23

Example:
TRFFC+SCHDL+FLGTM+DEPTTM

.RUN

Div.

Data

Div.

Data

PROC

Div.

CHAIN

2———-

PROC

r..———>.

PROC

CHAIN

——>.

CHAIN

TRAP

CHAIN

4.2.3.7

Div.

Data

——>.

DEPTTM

FLGTM

SCHDL

TRFFC

and

RETURN

Program Control

Statements

with
overall
buffer
its
coordinates a printer and
into a
is
the
for
Information
execution.
put
printer
output
program
it
can
The buffer holds the data until
buffer one record at a time.
If information is output for the printer but the buffer
be
printed.
execution
statement
is filled, a program without TRAP halts
further
and
waits until the printer makes the buffer available for more char-

TRAP

statement

acters.

The

TRAP

allows
allows

statement
TRAP

taneously.

other task
buffer has
When

the
0
o
0

and

buffer

output

room

for

empties,

two

the
more

separate operations to take place simulDIBOL run-time system to interrupt the
data

the

printer

whenever

the

printer

data.
TRAP

implements

the

following procedure.

Program execution temporarily halts.
Dibol run-time system stores the location of the halt.
TRAP
transferred to the location specified in the
DIBOL
the
hwere
(most
program outputs
likely)
record to the printer and executes a RETURN.
was
execution
returns to the location where program

Control

statement
0

another
Control
halted.

Program statement execution then

runs

concurrently

with

the

printer.
The

TRAP

tine.

4-24

statement

The

TRAP

includes a
has

statement

TRAP

label

THE

DIBOL LANGUAGE

label which identifies
the following form:

printer

rou-

The last statement in the
RETURN
statement returns
execution.
gram

printer routine is
to

the

statement

RETURN

where TRAP

1-500
numbers
The following example program prints
while other program statements are being executed.

This

statement.

interrupted pro-

the

printer

Example:
RECORD A
D3
PROC

TRAP

SUB

FORMS

(6,0)

;Start

;Perform

IF(N.LT.500)GO TO LOOP

LOOP,

printer.

the

task.

;If the other task finishes
;first, wait for the

;printing
:stopping

finish

the

before

program.

STOP

N=N+l

SUB,

IF(N.GT.500)RETURN
(6,A)

;Print record A 500

XMIT

times.

RETURN

4.2.4

Debugging

4.2.4.1

TRACE

Statements

Debugging

Statement

When properly written and activated within a DIBOL program, TRACE pro—
vides a record of program execution by causing the line number of each
statement in the Procedure Division to be printed as it
is
executed.
These line numbers are printed in the following form:
AT

LINE

xxxx

line covered by
TRACE
a
contains
of
the
result
the manipulation will
in the following form:

statement

statement,
line number
AT

LINE

manipulation
printed with the

data
be

xxxx

result
The TRACE function is activated
which begins the execution of a

option

the

RUN

command

program.

THE

DIBOL

LANGUAGE

4-25

4.2.4.2

The

lines
ing of
The

TRACE

that
line

TRACE

Debugging

statement

the
written into a DIBOL program
following
The NO TRACE statement stops the print-

be traced.
numbers under the
to

are

Statement

following example includes

TRACE

statement.

and NO

TRACE

statements.

Example:
0110
0120
0130
0140
0150
0160
0170
0180
0190

RECORD
D5
ITEM,
HOURS, D2
SALARY,D5
WAGES, D7
PROC

HOURS=40
SALARY=300
TRACE

0200

WAGES=HOURS*SALARY

0210
0220

HOURS=10

0230
0240
0250
0260
0270
0280
0290

IF(WAGES.EQ.10000)NO

IF(HOURS.EQ.10)GO TO
NO

NEXT,WAGES=HOURS*SALARY
NO

TRACE

HOURS=20
WAGES=HOURS*SALARY
STOP

the TRACE statement is
for
the preceding
command
listed on the printer.
LINE

0200

0012000
AT

LINE

0210
0220

10
AT

LINE

0230
0250

0003000
AT

4-26

LINE

THE

TRACE

When

TRACE

0260

DIBOL

LANGUAGE

activated
program,

in
RUN
the
/T
option
following information will be

by the
the

APPENDIX

COS-310

CHARACTER

SET

and
both source and data files, characters (alphanumeric
numeric)
in
six-bit
word
stored
two
characters
binary.
Negative
per
set
numbers are stored with the high-order bit of the low—order digit
to
1.
For
the number 1234— is stored as two words in the
example,
following form:
In

are

22
l
24

23
2

WORD

65
4

WORD

(with high—order bit on)

in
This means
that
This number is recognized as 123T.
program
any
which the numeric—to-alphanumeric conversion is not made might produce
Refer to Table A-1 for a list of charnegative numbers with letters.
acters representing negative numbers.

Table A—1
Characters

Representing Negative

Negative

Equivalent

Decimal

Number

Character

Code

Numbers

Octal
Code

-0

-1

-2
-3
-4

51
52

62
63
64

53
54

65
66

56
57
58

70
71

—5
-6
-7
-8
-9

S
T

X
Y

Table A-2
COS-310 Character

Decimal
Code

00
01
02

01
02
03
04
05

03
04
05

06
07
08
09
10
11

06
07
10
11
12
13

13
14
15

15
16
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

16
17
18
19
20
21
22

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

A-2

Octal
Code

COS-310

Decimal
Character

Null

Space

CHARACTER SET

!
"

$
%
&
'

(
)
*

+
,
-

/
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
:

;

<
=

Code

32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47

48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

Set

Octal
Code

Character

43
44
45

46
47
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
70
71

C
D

E
F
G
H
I

J
K
L
M

0
P

Q
R

S
T

U
V
W

73
74

Tab

76
77

]

[

GLOSSARY

alphanumeric
character set that contains letters, digits, and other characters
such
as punctuation
marks. The COS—310 alphanumeric character set
includes the uppercase letters A-Z, the digits 0—9, and most of the
characters
on
the terminal keyboard.
Two of these char~
special
some
termi—
acters, back slash (\) and back arrow (<-—)
(shown on

nals

underscore),

illegal.

are

array
A

DIBOL

technique

for

specifying

than

field

one

the

same

and
The
length
type.
array 5D3 reserves space for five numeric
The array 2AlO describes two
fields, each to be three digits long.
alphanumeric fields, each to be ten characters long.
ASCII

American
method

Standard

Code

Information Interchange.
characters.

for

This

one

coding alphanumeric

batch

file
file containing a sequence
file will cause the commands

commands.

within

the

file

command
be

execute

executed

the

sequen-

tially.
batch processing
The technique of automatically
stored Monitor commands.

executing

previously

constants

group

binary operator
An

operator,

such

variables

(e.g., A=B-C).

binary
The

program
kind of program which

which

acts

upon

two

output by the compiler.

binary

scratch area
in memory where
tion.

The

area

the

binary

program

stored

during

execu—

GLOSSARY-l

bit
A

binary digit

1).

block
The basic COS'310 unit of
of up to 512 characters.

storage capacity.

mass

consists

block

bootstrap
short routine loaded at system start—up time
system software to be read into machine memory.

which

enables

the

branch
A

change in the sequence

execution

COS—310

for

input

state-

program

ments.

buffer
A

temporary storage

output

data

A byte is the smallest
as a unit.
addressed in a DIBOL program.

unit

used

usually

area

transfers.

bug
An

error

malfunction

program

machine.

byte
A

of bits considered
information that can be

group

channel
A number between 1 and 15 used
ment with a specified device.

associate

input/output

state-

character
A

letter, digit,

other

symbol

used

control

represent

data.

character
A

string

connected

linear

sequence

characters.

clear

Setting

alphanumeric field

spaces

numeric

field

zeros.

command
An

operator request

following

RETURN

for

Monitor

services;

usually

executed

key.

comments

for people to
read;
they
Comments are optional and follow a

Notes

are

ignored

semicolon

concatenated

Strung together without intervening space.

2-GLOSSARY

by
a

the

compiler.

statement

line.

conversational program
A program that prompts responses from an operator
pending upon the response from the operator.

and

reacts

de-

cursor

flashing light indicator which

The

screen

where

the

character

at
the
appears
will be displayed.

point

the

data

representation of information in a manner suitable for communicaor
interpretation,
processing by either people or machines.

tion,
In

COS-310

data

systems,

data entry
The process of collecting
files.
Data entry is key

represented by characters.

and
to

inputting

data management
The planning,

development, and operation
to
mechanize
its
organization

available

the

data

needed

into

data

the

computer data

disk.

system

information

like
COS—310
flow and make

by the organization.

debug
To

detect,

machine.

locate,

and

remove

errors

malfunctions

from

program

DEC

Acronym for

Digital Equipment Corporation.

decimal
Refers

base

ten

number.

delimiting
The

device

bounds

(beginning

and

end)

series

string.

designation

three-character designation for a mass storage device.
two
characters
the third
designate the type of device;
designates the number of the drive on which the device is
A

The first
character
mounted.

device independence
COS-310 system design permits data files and programs to be
stored
on
either
diskettes
or
disks.
At run time, the operator chooses
the most suitable or most available input and output devices.

device designations
A three-character
vices.

abbreviation

TTY

Screen

KBD

Keyboard

LPT

DKO-DK3

Printer
Disk drives
Disk drives
Disk drives

RXO—RX3
DYO—DY3

used

name

the

COS-310

I/O

de—

GLOSSARY-3

DIBOL

Digital's Business Oriented Language is
to write business application programs.
COS-310

direct

COBOL-like

The

source

used
language
language of the

system.

access

The process of obtaining data from, or placing data into, a storage
device
where the availability of the data requested is independent
in
or
obtained
of the location of the data most recently
placed
is
to
users
of
COS-310
Direct
access
available
systems by
storage.
For
exwriting the position number of any record in a data file.
ample, you can request the 5th, 35th, and 711th records in a file.

directory
A place
ed

for
the

with

listing information

for

reference.

Displayed

print-

command.

dump
To
to

copy the
external

contents

all

part of storage,

usually

from memory

storage.

edit

buffer
The work

in memory where

area

files

source

are

created

and

edited.

end-of—file mark
a
multivolume
control character which marks the physical end of
this
Monitor
detects
For
and
the
file.
both
input
output files,
next
EOF mark and types a message for the operator asking that the
volume in the file be mounted.

fatal

error

which

terminates

program

execution.

field
A

specified

data;

area

cannot

exceed

data record used for alphanumeric
the specified character length.

numeric

file
A

collection

records,

treated

logical unit.

records
record in a data file is the same length.
recFixed—length
are
the only type handled by COS—310 utility programs and the
type on which direct access to data files is allowed.

fixed-length
Each
ords

only

flowchart
flow
data
pictorial technique for analysis and solution of
processing problems.
Symbols represent operations, and
necting flowlines show the direction of data flow.

data

4-GLOSSARY

and
con-

handlers
A

specialized software function which interfaces
peripheral devices.

between

the

system

and

illegal character
to
the
COS-310
character that is not
valid
design
according
rules.
DIBOL
will not accept back slash (\) and back arrow (<¢—)
alunderscore) in
(back arrow is replaced on some terminals with

phanumeric strings.
initialization
Putting a device into
successfully function

the correct format or
in a configuration.

position where

can

input
flowing into

Data

input/output
Either input

the

computer.

output,

both.

I/O.

jump
A

departure from the normal

executing instructions in

sequence

computer.

justify
The process of positioning data in a field
size
is
whose
larger
than
the data.
In alphanumeric fields, the data is left—justified
and any remaining positions are space—filled;
in
numeric
fields
the
are
digits
right-justified and any remaining positions to the
left are zero—filled.

key
fields within a record used to match or
sort
file.
a
file is to be arranged by customer name, then the field that
contains the customers' names is the key field.
In a
sort
opera—
the
fields of two records are compared and the records
tion,
key

One

are

resequenced when necessary.

load
To

enter

data

programs

into main memory.

load-and-go
An operating technique in which
loading and executing phases of

there
a

are

between

stops

the

program.

location

Any place where data may be

stored.

logical unit

number
number (1—15) which identifies an
The
table
references
the
number
device.
A

entry in
to

logical unit

location

mass

table.

storage

GLOSSARY-5

units

logical
An

area

units

storage
be

may

file utility
in
listed
are

sizes

These areas and their assigned
program (DFU).
the logical unit table printed by DFU.

logical

to
device.
Up
storage
system start-up by the data

mass

assigned

loop
sequence of instructions
minal condition prevails.

until

that

executed repeatedly
commonly used programming

ter-

technique in

processing data records.
machine-level

programming
Programming using a sequence
cutable by the computer.

mass

binary instructions

form

exe-

storage device
device

having large storage capacity.

file
data file

master
A
as

memory
The

that

either

authority in

relatively permanent
particular job.

internal

computer's primary

that

treated

storage.

merge
combine records from two or more
is
another
that
string
arranged

similarly

phases of
mnemonic
Brief

LPT,

the

into
ordered strings
The latter
order.

same

operation.

sort

identifiers
and

which

are

easy

remember.

Examples

are

KBD,

TTY.

mode
A

designation

which

being

file

used

was

INIT

to indicate the
for
purpose
indicate the input/output device

statements

opened

used.

modulo
A condition where a specified number equals
or
the
base
exceeds
modulo
The base is then divided into the specified
(the
number).
number and the remainder is used as the variable.
In modulo 16,
if
17
17
were
would
be divided by 16 and the processor
specified,
would use 1 as the variable.

Monitor
A COS—310 system program
other useful tasks.

that

loads

and

runs

other

programs

and

performs

nest
To

embed

grams.

6-GLOSSARY

subroutines,

loops,

data

subroutines

pro-

nonfatal

error
.

which

error

will

completely terminate

not

program

execution.

nonsystem device
A

device
A

tor.

that does not contain the operating system and
device used exclusively for data storage.

Moni—

the

option switch
A

one—

two—character

conjunction

with

the

function
designation indicating a
special
a
slash
(/) in
Usually preceded by

command.

COS-310.

output
Data

flowing

out

technique

computer.

overlay
The
the

same

data.

several different
rules apply.

formats

record

specifying
Special

for

parameter
A

variable

that

given

constant

value

for

specific

purpose

process.

peripheral equipment
Data processing equipment which is distinct

from

the

computer.

pushdown stack
list of items where the last item entered becomes the first
item
the
list and where the relative position of the other items is
pushed back one.

random access
Similar to

direct

access.

RECORD
A statement

that

reserves

memory

for

DIBOL

data

language

programs.

segment
Sixteen blocks

storage.

sequential operation
Operations performed,
serial
The

screen

The

block

after

the

512

bytes long.

other.

access

data from, or
putting
time is dependent upon the
recently obtained or placed in storage.

process
where
the
most

one

getting

access

line number
number which

indicates

the

order

the

data

into,

location

horizontal

storage
the

lines

data

the

screen.

GLOSSARY-7

sign
is

number
Indicates whether a
do
not
numbers
require a
with the minus sign (—).

significant digit
A digit that is

needed

sign,

P081tive
or
positive.
negative
but negative numbers are prefixed

recognized

for

specified

purpose.

source

program
program written

in COS-310

DIBOL

language.

statement

instruction

source

program.

string
A

connected

linear

sequence

characters.

subscript
A designation

which clarifies the
particular parts
records) within a larger grouping or array.

values,
switch
A

character
letter

single

specified

command

following

language.

(characters,

slash

(/).

syntax
The

rules

the

governing

structure

system configuration
combination

The

puter

hardware

and

software

make

that

usable

com-

System,

and

system.

system device
A mass storage device reserved for Monitor,
other system and source programs.

Run-Time

systems directory
A

list

creation,

programs on the systems device
and other useful information.

with

lengths,

dates

system handlers

specialized software which interfaces
peripheral devices.
The

terminal
A

unary
An

alarm
emitted

signal

operator
operator,

constant

utility
A

such

the

from

the

between

system

and

variable

‘

terminal.

which

acts

upon

only

one

(e.g., A=-C).

program

system program which performs

programs.

8-GLOSSARY

Examples

are

SORT

and

common

PRINT.

services

and

requires

format

variable
A

quantity that

can

assume

any

one

set

record
in which the data records are not
to such records is not possible.

values.

variable—length
A

file

access

uniform

length.

Direct

accomplished

accu—

verify
To

determine

transcription

data has

been

rately.
word
A
zero

string

fill
fill

the

binary bits representing

two

remaining character positions

COS-310

characters.

numeric

field

with

zeros.

GLOSSARY-9

INDEX

A, alphanumeric field type, 4-3
ACCEPT,
4-16
see XMIT,
input/output statement, 4-19
often used with DISPLAY, 4—19

ICI

4—7, 4—8
terminal, 4-15
Alphabetic characters,
CAP LOCK key locked for, 2-1

Adding

(+),

Alarm,

sounds

lowercase,
uppercase,

vi
vi

without, 4—23
Calculations in numeric fields
only, 4-3
CALL and RETURN, program control
statements,
CALL

statement,
the

Calling

Alphanumeric data, moving, 4-5
Alphanumeric fields, records
treated

in a CHAIN statement, 4—23
record retains contents

like,

4-6

Alphanumeric literal,

4-13

Array,
clear elements in, 4-12
elements in, 4—3
information, fields contain,
4—1
number of characters in, 4—3
subscripts reference elements
in, 4-3

CAP

2—3
LOCK

4—21
form of,

4-22

keyboard Monitor,

key,

2-1

Central Processing Unit (CPU),
character sent to, 2-1
CHAIN statement, form of, 4-23
Chaining, close files before,
4—23

’

Arithmetic expressions,

calculating, 4—7
manipulation

data

calculate,

statements

4-4

Arithmetic operators,

expressions contain, 4—7
Assignments, logical unit
displayed and listed, 3-4
Automatic line numbers,
continue until CTRL/z,
CTRL/Z terminates, 2—2

Channel,
FINI

disassociates
4-16

statement, 4-14, 4—15
associates device with,
4—16
numeric expression, vii
with FORMS statement, 4-19
Channel number,
COS-310 shipped with, 4—17
in READ statement, 4—18
in WRITE statement, 4-19
XMIT

INIT

Character,

designations,

count

2-8

Data

Division

of,

(binary) files,
/B, DFU, 3-3

BACKSPACE

key,

not

2-5

part of

COS—310,_2—2
Backup, installation start-up
and,

1-3

Binary (B) files, 2—5
Binary scratch area, 2—6
program too big for, 2-7
Block, address of first, 3-2
Braces, choice of items within,
vi

Brackets,

optional items within,

vi
BREAK

key,

not

part of COS-310,

2-2

Buffer, TRAP coordinates

printer,

4-3

key erases, 2-2
Characters,
CAP LOCK key.to input
alphabetic, 2-1
DELETE

B
B

device

from,

indicates number

4-1

label can have number of, 4-2
lowercase alphabetic, vi
number in field, 4-3
numeric after A or D, 4—3
numeric before A or D, 4—3
numeric generate special
effects, 4—15
restricted in format string,
4-11
up to 15 in numeric field, 4—3
uppercase alphabetic,
Clear data fields, data

manipulation statements,
Clearing fields and records,

4-4

4—12

Cmndfl, command file name,
Code (#), converting to

vii

4-24

INDEX-1

INDEX

relational
4—20

Codes,

comparision,

follow label,
unlabeled field
4—2

must

4-2

statement,

Command,
(DE), 2-9
(DI), 2—4

DELETE

DIRECTORY
DI/T, 2—4

FETCH

(LI),

RESEQUENCE

deletes
to

editor,

2-8

numbers,

2-5

number,

fields

editor,
in
vi

notational,
Conversational

2—3

statements,

1—3

internal

code

2—2

Corrections, character—by—
character, 2-2
COS—310,
default channel numbers, 4—17
to,
multiphase SORT,

1-3

procedures for operating, v.
use of logical
units with, 1—3
utility programs, 1-3
CPU, central processing unit,

Cross-referenceing program
'

CTRL

key,

2-INDEX

2-2

1-3
2-2

location

position according

example

(#),
4-7, 4—8
COPY key, not part of COS-310,

(CREF),

2—2

error,

screen,

4-14

data manipulation
statements, 4-4

introduction

move

data,

Converting

4-14

2—5

programs,
Comments, 4—1
Comparison, relational codes,
4-20
Compilation Listing, 2-6
Compile source program, 2—5
Conventions for manual,

2—2

line,

last character, 2—3
location, display message at,

vi
and
2-8

correct

Cursor,
after

interrelationship of,
Monitor

2—5

2—2,

line numbers continue until,
2—8
terminates automatic line

RUN (R), 2-5
SAVE (SA), 2-5
WRITE
(WR),
Commands,

2-2

CTRL/Z,

2—7

2-4

(RE),

execution

to return to Monitor, 2-5
CTRL/O, stops display of
characters, 2—2
CTRL/Q, resumes terminal output,
2—2, 2-5
CTRL/S, terminates screen

output,

file name, vii
Line Number (LN),

Convert

terminates

CTRL/U,

2-7
2-4

(ER),
(FE),

ERASE

Comment

CTRL/C,
program,

Comma,

LIST

(Cont.)

values,

4—14

numeric

/DL, DFU,

field type, 4—3
list table on printer,

3-4

DAFT,

dump—and—fix technique,

1-3

Data,
data

manipulation

convert,
data

statements

4—4

manipulation

statements
4—4
fields, data manipulation
statements clear, 4-4
fields used in moving, 4-6

format,

file

name
(filnam), vii
files, display a list of, 3—4
files, print a list of, 3-4
formats referenced by labels,

4—11

formatting, data manipulation
allows,

4-11

moving alphanumeric, 4—5
moving numeric, 4-6
on logical unit,
first block
of, 3-6
RECORDS

used

moving,

4-6

INDEX

using literals
4—13
XMIT reads
Data

from

implement,
4—16

keyboard,

conversion, data
manipulation allows,

4-9

devices, arrangement of
storage on, 3-5
Data Division,
allocates data storage, 4-1
designates names of files, 4—1
destination defined in, 4-5
determines types of fields,
Data

4-1

in a program, 1-2
indicates number of
characters, 4-1
initial values in, 4—3
literals defined in, 4—3
may contain initial values,
4—1
optionally begins with START,
4-1
Data File Utility Program (DFU),
1-3
Data

Manipulation statements,

allow data
allow data

calculate

conversion,

4—9

formatting,

4—11

(DELETE)

command,

Default

88,
78,

channel

technique,
4-25

numbers,

COS-310

2-2

(DE),

2-9

DELETE

(DE)

DELETE

key to correct error, 2-2
key, will not work with

XMIT,

4-16
associates
4—16

from,

INIT

channel

with,

loading instructions for, 2-1
logical unit on mass storage,
3-1
media

loaded into, vii
order on nonsystem,

sequential
3-5

sequential order

system,

3-5

utility

DFU/g, display

table

DFU/E, display

program,

screen,

list

data

DFU, filnam, 3-3
DFU/K, 3-2
DFU option switches, 3-2
DI
(DIRECTORY) command, 2-4
DI/T command, 2—4
4-1

program,
program,
DIBOL

1—1

shipped with, 4-17
Delete a line, CTRL/U,

DELETE

arrangement of storage on
data, 3-5
arrangement of storage on
system, 3-5
FINI disassociates channel

DIBOL,
2-9

1-1

command

4-6

to,

source

files, 3-4
DFU/EL, print a list of data
files, 3—4

Debugging statements, 1—3,
Decimal equivalent, 4-19
DECstation
DECstation

example of
Device,

-4

(D308), l—l
(D310), l-l
asks for, 2-3

Date, Monitor
DDT, DIBOL debugging
1-3

three-character, vi
two-character, vi
Designations,
data manipulation statement
in, 4-4
defined in Data DivisiOn, 4—5

type,

INCR, 4-14
in TRACE, 4—25
4-4
move data,

Datasystem 308
Datasystem 310

character count, 4—3
of mass storage media,

DFU/B,

4-4
4-12

fields,
records, 4-12
convert records, 4-12
DIBOL form of, 4—4
examples of, 4-5
format data, 4-4
clear
clear

Designations,

vii
3—3
DFU, data file
1-3

arithmetic

expressions,

(Cont.)

labels

reference, vii

logical units in,
Debugging Technique,

3—6

(DDT), 1-3
Directories, Monitor maintains
file, 1—2
DIRECTORY (DI) command, 2-4
Directory, erase programs from,
2-9

Disk,

indicates RK05,

vii

4-16

INDEX-3

INDEX

(Cont.)

correction

Diskette,
RX

DISPLAY

statement,

Dividing

(/), 4-7,

form
4—8

DELETE

fatal

4-14

of,

disk, vii

indicates RK05

CTRL/U

RX02, vii
RX01, vii

indicates
indicates

1—1
1—1

(Datasystem 308),
(Datasystem 310),
Dump-and-fix technique

ESC

key,

part of COS-310,

not

2—2

Double quotes, record literal
delimited by, 4-13
Drive number, vii
D310

2-2

and nonfatal, 4—22
eliminates many operator,

1-3
2—3

displayed by the system,
Double-character key, shift
register on, 2-1

Dot

D308

2—2

of,

correct, 2-2
key to correct,

Example programs, comment fields
in, vi
Expression, source is an, 4—5
Expressions,
calculate arithmetic, 4—4
calculating arithmetic, 4-7

(DAFT),

with

compare

4-20

IF,

1—3
DY

indicates

RX02

diskette,

vii

F
Fatal

errors,

with,

ERROR

4—21

/E, DFU, display
files, 3—4
Edit
ER

buffer,
clears,

displays

logical

list

data

contents

unit

2—3
Editor commands

2—4

of,

assignments

source

text,

Elements,
4—3

Erase

programs
2-9

from

directory,

characters,

Messages,
Errors,
correct

4-INDEX

character

statement

in,

Field
Field

labels,

DELETE

key,

2-3

after RETURN

key,

2-2

4-3

designates
4—6
4-1

4-2

statement,
label

comma

in,

must

4-2
4-3

Field Types, A or D,
File conversion program (FILEX),
1—3
File directories, Monitor

maintains,

1-2

name,

command, vii
data, vii

Files,
binary
source

(B),
(S),

2—5
2—5

STOP

does

FILEX,

file

conversion

data

file

name,

DFU,

3-3

not close,
2—5
(V),
system
three types of, 2-5

1-3

2-2
Error

statements

4-12

4—4,

group of, 4-1
used in moving data,
Field data information

File

clear, 4—12
subscripts reference, 4-3
END, last entry in logical unit
table, 3—3
ER command, prevent mixing of
entries, 3—3
ERASE (ER) command, 2—7

Erase

number
RECORD

controls

array,
array,

manipulation

clear,

1-2

output from, 1—2
/EL, DFU, print a list of data
files, 3-4
in
in

2-4

command,

accompanies RECORD,
spelled out, vi

Editor,
Monitor
1—2

(FE)

comment,
2—7

through, 3—3
Edited, entire lines by number
command, 2-8
Editor commands, Monitor and,

input to,

FETCH

Field,

Filnam,
vii

4-21

program,

INDEX

(Cont.;

operation,

INIT

FINI,
closes device and
disassociates channel,
form of statement, 4—17
table
3-1

Flexibility,

4—16

values,

Data

Division

4-1,

4-3
4—14

only fields contain,

code, converting to
(#), 4—7
1/0 handlers, Monitor stores,

Internal

operation,

INIT

data manipulation
4—4
Format string, characters
restricted in, 4-11
FORMS, form of statement, 4-19

1-2

data,

Format

contains,

an,

Input/Output statements,

1-3

4—3

storage,
generator program
(FLOW),

Initial

enhances

Flowchart

Flowchart
3-7

flowchart

3—7

statements,

Input

1-2

editor,

Installation
Installation

procedures,

start-up

and

backup,
1—3

Instructions,
starting,

G
GO

out

Interrelationship

TO,
form

2—1

of statement,
of subroutine,

commands,

2—5

4-21
4-22

K
H

for

K, mode designation

keyboard,

Handlers,
address
Monitor

of,

/K, DFU, 3-2
Key panel adjacent

3—2

I/O,

stores

1-2

Hardware,
drive, vii
minimum

page,

data

1—1

3740,

IF,

1—3
form

for

input,

readable

statement,

Implement data,

by,

4—20

using literals

to, 4—13
INCR, form of statement,

information,
messages for, 2—3

Incorrect

Increment

by 1, #

error

causes,

4—9
are,

2-7

Incrementing data,
use

read

from,

4—16

4-19

with

computer,

2—1

logical unit assignments
through, 3—2
Monitor, calling the, 2—3
Keys, special function, 2—1
L

mode designation
4—17

for

printer,

Label,
4-14

Incremented, Line numbers

Increments,

interact

directly
of

keyboard,

input information through,

4-1

mode designation
4—17

IBM

Keyboard,

required,

starting instructions for, 2—1
Heading, COS-310 prints at top
of

4—17

4-14
to make

consistent, 2-8
Index, centralized, 3—1
INIT, form of statement, 4-17

comma

must

follow,

4-2

interchangeable with name,
RECORD and field, 4—2
reference
reference
reference

data
DIBOL

formats,

program,
in Procedure
Division, 4-2

4-2

4-11
vii

(DIBOL), high-level
programming, 1-2
LINE FEED key, not part of
COS-310, 2-2

Language,

INDEX-5

INDEX

Line Number (LN)
Line numbers,

references,

command,

2—7

(LI)

display at cursor
location, 4—14
Mode designation, 4-17

4-5

Command,

Modulo 16,
Monitor,

instructions

named file, 3—3
the edit buffer, 3- 3
through the keyboard, 3— 2
Logical unit numbers, 3—2
a

Name,
command

Logical units,

reassigned,
referenced

4—2

vii
unit
from, 3-3

assignments
Negative Numbers,

3-1

Logical unit table, 3—1
displayed on screen, 3—4
is
listed
END

Lowercase

last
on

printer,

characters,

3—4
vi

Manual,
notational

conventions for,
of this, v

organization

storage device,
unit

on,

logical

storage media

designations of, vi

Nonfatal errors, ON ERROR with,
4-22
Notational conventions for
manual, vi
NO TRACE, form of statement,
4-26
Number commands, 2-8

Numeric
called

mass

storage,
mass

into

vii

storage,

device, vii
loaded

4-10

device, vii

1—2

skip-codes with negative,

device, vii

Media,

designations

form,

Number, drive, vii
Numbers,
lines as reference,

3—1

called

numeric

skip-codes with, 4—19
Negative value, 4-10
Nesting, 4-22

3-3

entry in,

vii

program (pronam),
Named file, logical

3—l

by number,

file,

Division

designates, 4-1
interchangeable with label,

Data

media, 3—5
arrangement
COS-310 depends on, 1-3
explains use of, vi
how assigned, 3-2
on

6-INDEX

4—4

alphanumeric, 4-5
fields used in, 4-6
numeric, 4-6
records used in, 4-6
Multiplying (*), 4-7, 4-8

2-6

for

2—1

devices,

manipulation

Moving data,

Logical unit assignments,
displayed and listed, 3-4

also

data

statements,

storage-map, 2-6
two—part compilation,

data,

Move

2—4

4-16

and editor commands, 2-3
commands spelled out, vi
divided into two parts, 1-2
number commands, 2-2
system, 1—2

Listing,

also

errors,

Message,

source

Mass

bytes of,

MENU, eliminate operator
1-3

1-2

2—2

Mass

16K

1—1

incremented, 2—7
Literals,
alphanumeric, 4-13
defined in Data Division, 4-13
expressions can contain, 4-7
implement data, 4-13
numeric, 4—13
record, 4-13

from
from

minimum of

Memory,

CTRL/Z terminates automatic,

LIST

(Cont.)

4—19

characters,

after A or D, 4-3
before A or D, 4—3

generate special effects,
Numeric data,
moving, 4-6

4-15

INDEX

ERROR, verifies, 4—23
elements, expressions

(Cont.)

Program,

Numeric

contain,
Numeric fields,
can

compile

calculations only
up

in, 4-3
characters in, 4-3

and

comments explain
Vi 1 4-1

4-7

the

document,
2-5

source,

control

statements, 4—20
CTRL/C terminates execution

Numeric form of negative
numbers, 4-10
Numeric key panel, adjacent to

of, 2-2
labels reference DIBOL, vii
Monitor controls execution,
1-2'

keyboard, 2-1
literal, 4-13

Numeric

name

too
use

(pronam), vii
big, 2—7
of logical units,

3—6

Program execution,
mode designation
4-17

0,
ON

ERROR,

form of

for

TRACE

output,

TRAP

provides record of, 4—25
coordinates printer with,

4—24

statement,

4—22

Programs,
from the directory, 2—9
functional view of DIBOL, v
perform functions with, 1-2

Operating COS-310, procedures
for, v
Operators, expressions

erase

can

contain

arithmetic, 4—7
Option switches, DFU, 3—2
Optional hardware, 1—1
Organization of manual, v
Output, CTRL/S suspends
terminal, 2-2
Output from editor, 1-2

system utility,

1—2

language

Progragming

(DIBOL),

Punctuation,
in RECORD

4—1
4-2
numbers

statement,

placement of,

proper

Push-down sequence,

assigned in,

3—5

Pages, FORMS starts new, 4-19
Parentheses, operations within

Questions,

display

screen,

4-14

executed first, 4-9
Patch, official notification
from DIGITAL, 2-5

Quotes,

Peripheral interchange

program

1-3
COS-310

program,

double,

4-11,

single,

4—13

(PIP),
PRINT,

utility

1-3

Printer,

records

listed

routine,

4—25

TRAP

on,

4-16

coordinates

with

program,

4-24

statement,

mandatory,

4-7

on,

nonexecutable
4-4

Procedure Division,
contains DIBOL statements,

2—5
4-18
2-8
units, 3—1

statement,
(RESEQUENCE) command,

Reassigned, logical

in a program, 1—2
labels referenced

in,

4-2

installation,

label, 4-2
in READ statement, 4—18
in WRITE statement, 4-18

Record
Record
4-4

develop programs in, 4-1
example statements from, 4-4

Procedures,

command,

form of

Record

Priority, calculations
PROC

(RUN)

READ,

literal, 4-13
number (rec#),

in READ statement, 4—18
in WRITE statement, 4—18
RECORD

statement,

designates

group of

fields,

4-1

punctuation in, 4-1
INDEX-7

INDEX

(Cont.)

Segments

Records,

Shift register on
double—character

like alphanumeric
fields, 4—6
used in moving data, 4—6

to, 2—5
SORT, COS-310's

treated

Red,

printed in, vi
comparison codes,

characters

Relational
4-20

DIBOL

Report,

generate,

program will
1-3

Representatidns, symbolic, vi
(RE)

RESEQUENCE

Resume terminal
2—2
RETURN

2-1

key,

correct

Command, 2-8
output, CTRL/Q,

after, 2—2
symbol for, vi

errors

special
press following input, vi
no

form of statement, 4-21,
4-24
last statement in printer
routine, 4-25
with CALL, 4-21
with CALL or TRAP, 4-22
with TRAP, 4-24
RK05 disk, DK indicates, vii

RETURN,

Rounding
(R)

RUN

(#), 4—7, 4-8
command, 2—5

programs
4—23

/T activates TRACE,

Skip-code, 4—19
Skip lines, FORMS

follow,

4—25

2—1

key,

printer

causes

4—19

to,

unauthorized

Software,

changes
1-3

multiphase,

Source,
data manipulation statement,
4-4
example of, 4-6
expression as, 4—5
files (S), 2—5
literal as, 4-5
program, compile a, 2-5
record literal as, 4—13
text editor, Monitor controls,

1—2
variable

as,

for

ease

4-2

reading,
START,

4—5

variation

Spacing,

nonexecutable

statement,

4-1
address

Starting

first

block,

3—2

Starting instructions

for

hardware, 2—1
Start-up and backup,
installation, 1-3
Statements,
follow label

must

comma

chained

3—1

logical units,

cleared as in an array, 4—12
data manipulation statement
clears, 4—12
display or list, 4—16
field data information
accompanies, 4-1

in,

4—2

conversational, 1—3
1-2
are mnemonic,
from Procedure Division, 4—4
Stop display of characters,
DIBOL

RX indicates RX01 diskette, vii
RX01 and RX02 drives, 1-1
RX01 diskette, RX indicates, vii
RX02 diskette, DY indicates, vii
RX02 drives, RX01 and, 1-1

CTRL/O,

2-2

STOP,
does

not

program

files,

control

4-21

statement,

4—21

S,
S

designation for
file, 4-17
(source) files, 2—5
mode

SAVE

(SA)

Scratch

command,

area,

source

3-5

arrangement of system device,

2-5

binary,

3—5
2-6

Data

clear

the,

4—14

cursor

4-14
records

location

on,

displayed on, 4—16
suspend output to, 2-2
8-INDEX

Division

designations
flexibility,

Screen,
move

Storage,
arrangement of data device,

media, vii
Storage device,
mass,

allocates,
of mass,
3—1

4—1

logical unit

3—l

Storage-map listing, 2-6

INDEX

Terminates program execution,

Subroutines,
CALL

(Cont.)

with, 4-22
and RETURN from, 4-21
where to write, 4-21
Subscripted data elements,
expressions can contain,

STOP,

Terminator

elements

4—7

array,

4—3
to

clear
4—12

elements

character, 4—19
editor, Monitor controls

Text

Subscripts,
reference

2-2
4-21

CTRL/C,

statement

CALL

source, 1-2
Three—character

TRACE,

array,

designation, vi

Top-of—page command,
issues, 4—1

START

form of statement, 4—25
of records, 4-15
form of statement, 4—24

Transfer,

Subtracting (-), 4-7, 4-8
Symbolic representations, vi
SYSGEN, utility program called,

TRAP,

Type of fields,
determines,

Data

Division

4-1

1—3

System,
date, change the, 2-3
devices, arrangement of
storage on,
(V), 2-5

files

Monitor,

utility

mode

1-2

programs,

designation
terminal, 4-17

for

update,

4—1

system, 1-2
Uppercase alphabetic characters,

Utility

1-2

designation

4—17
Unnamed records,

3-5

programs,

V
mode

/T,

TRACE

function

activated

4-25

by,

(system)

Values,

contain

2-5
Division may
initial, 4—1

files,

Data

Table,

display

screen,

3-4

in
listed

END

logical unit, 3—3
on printer,
3—4
output an expanded, 3-4
Terminal alarm, 7 sounds, 4—15
Terminal output, CTRL/Q resumes,
2—2

(WR)

WRITE

WRITE,

form

command,
of

2-5

statement,

4—18

X
XMIT

statement,

form

of,

4-15

INDEX-9

COS-310

New User's Guide
AA-D758A-TA

READER'S COMMENTS

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