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DIGITAL-8-35-S

December 1965

20 pages

Original

1.2MB

Document:	digital-8-35-s-d1
Order Number:	DIGITAL-8-35-S
Revision:
Pages:	20
Original Filename:	https://svn.so-much-stuff.com/svn/trunk/pdp8/src/dec/digital-8-35-s/digital-8-35-s-d2.pdf

OCR Text

IDENTIFICATION
I .I

Digital-8-35—S-LB

I .2

680 8-8” Character Assembly Subroutines

I .3

November 8, I965

pop-fl
LIBRARY

Digital-8—35-S—B
Page l
2

ABS TRACT

The 680 Data Communication System 8-Bit Character Assembly Subroutines concentrate
Teletype data by assembling serial-bit data into 8-bit characters and present the user with data similar to
that obtained by using a 630 DCS and scanner. They also add start and stop bits to 8-bit characters and
transmit them in serial-bit fashion. Full duplex lines are assumed, but the subroutines will work with half

duplex if the user handles the expected echo.
3.

REQUIREMENTS

3 l

Storage

The subroutines as presently coded occupy 400 octal locations plus space for internal bufferthe
of
input and output characters and for the TTI instructions. In addition, space is used in memory
ing
page 0 and a limited number of autoindex registers are used as explained below. Within the limits described, the program can be placed anywhere in the first 4K of PDP-8 memory. The total amount of mem-

ory used

including the autoindex registers and the locations in page 0 is as follows:

4228

where n is the number of Teletype lines to the next even multiple of eight lines if’the number of lines is
not already an even multiple of eight.

Subprograms and/or Subroutines

3.2

Digital-8-35-S-A
680 5-Bit Character Assembly Subroutines
for reference or in the event the user's re CT uirements include a mixture of 5-bit and 8-bit lines.

3.3

Equipment
Minimum configuration PDP-8

680 Data Communication System hardware
Miscellaneous

3.4

3.4.1
can

The tag TT8BGN must be defined as the address of the start of the Teletype subroutines.

be defined as anywhere in memory, but must be equated to the start of a PDP-8 memory page

3.4.2
3.4.3

Teletype

Three autoindex registers called T8AXl ,

T8AX2, and T8AX3 must be defined.

The tag TT8PGO must be defined as the start of an area in memory page 0 where the necessary
be stored. An area of 178 registers must be reserved.

constants can

The tag TBOBF must be defined as the start of the area reserved for outputting the Teletype
3.4.4
characters. It must be equal in length to the number of lines (even multiple of 8) attached to the particular
set of subroutines.
It can be anywhere in memory and need not start at the beginning of a memory page
.

The tag T8OBF2 must be defined as an area equal in length to TBOBF.
3.4.5
buffering the output characters to allow maximum output rate

It is used for double—

3.4.6

numbers.

The tag T8lBF must be defined as the area for storing incoming Teletype characters and line
It must be

equal in length to twice the number of lines attached to the particular set of subroutines.

Digital-8-35-S-B
Page 2
The tag T8lN must be defined as the start of the area used by the subroutines for generating

3.4.7

the appropriate number of TTI instructions.

plus one register.

It must be equal in length to three times the number of lines

Here again it need not be defined as the start of a memory page.

3.4.8

The tag TTCHAR must be defined as a single register in page 0.

3 .4.9

ln-the interrupt service routine the following set or sets of instructions must appear:

/SKlP ON CLOCK FLAG
/TEST FOR NEXT INTERRUPT CAUSE
/JUMP TO APPROPRIATE CLOCK INTERRUPT
/ROUTlNE

T8S KP
SKP

JMP

T8DlS

handling, the checks for clock interrupts should be the first
interrupt service interrogation loop; the link bit and accumulator contents should not be saved
prior to interrogation of the appropriate clock flag. If necessary for other interrupts, the link and accumulator contents should be saved only after all clock interrupts have been checked.

Because of the speed necessary for Teletype
ones

in the

Clock lOT's

3.4.l0

The lOT's to test the clock for the l state, turn the clock on, and turn the clock off must be

given the correct octal definitions:

Mnemonic

Clock l

Clock 2

Clock 3

Clock 4

T88 K P

642i

643l

644i

645 l

TT8ON

6424

6434

6444

6454

TT8OFF

6422

6432

6442

6452

USAGE

4.2

Calling Sequence

The pseudo command T8lNlT must be executed before the instruction TTBON and also before
either of the other pseudo commands T8SOF or T8SlR is executed. (See Section 4.4.l, 4.4.2 and 4.4.3
for definitions of the pseudo commands.)

Switch Settings

4.3

None

Start up and/or Entry

4.4

Three pseudo commands for using this set of subroutines are provided to the main program.
They are defined as jumps to subroutines and their definitions and instructions are included in the package.
commands necessary in the main program for gathering and outputting the Teletype
These are the

only

characters.
ters

The user should note that no subroutines are included for packing or unpacking of the charac-

by word or even line number.

4.4.l

Teletype Initialize (T8lNlT)

This command (which must be used only once in the main program) assumes that the user
enters with the number of lines in the accumulator and that the register following the initialize command

Digital-8-35-S—B
Page 3
contains the first line number for this type of Teletype line.

This subroutine initializes all of the buffer

areas, counters, and pointers, and generates the proper number of TTI instructions.

4.4.2

Skip if Output Free (T8SOF)

This instruction skips the next register in memory and transmits the character contained in
register TTCHAR if the indicated output line is free. If the output line is not free, the instruction does

The instruction requires that the line number over which the character is to be transmitted be
The pseudo command takes 24 psec minimum time,
and 42 psec maximum time. The accumulator will be cleared when exiting from the command.
not skip.

in the accumulator at the time the instruction is issued.

4.4.3

Skip if Input Ready (TBSIR)

This instruction skips the next location in memory and returns with the line number in the
accumulator and the character placed at TTCHAR if an input character is available. If no character is

available, the instruction does not skip and the accumulator is -I
Only the low order eight bits of the
character at TTCHAR should be used, as additional bits representing the stop codes are also present in the
.

character.
If no character is available, l5 psec are used by the pseudo instructions; if a character is

available,

37.5 psec are used; and if the end of the storage area is reached, a maximum of 48 psec is

used by the instruction.

4.4.4

Skip if Either Input is Ready (TBSIE)
This command is used when more than one type of Teletype line is being used.

As presently

coded, it assumes that two are being used, that one is an 8-bit line, and one is a 5-bit line. It skips if
character is available from either of the two types of lines being used and presents the user with the line
number in the accumulator and the character in location TTCHAR. If no character is available, 37.5 psec
are used; if a character is available, 60 psec are used; if the end of a buffer area is found, a maximum of
70.5 psec is used. As stated, the command assumes that two types of lines are being used. However, if
a single type of line at two different speeds is used, the instructions, which occupy approximately 10 locations, can easily be changed to reference the correct set of subroutines.

NOTE:
user can

Since the pseudo operation references the pseudo-operation T5SlR, the
expect an assembly error if the 8-bit subroutines are not assembled with

the 5-bit subroutines. However, assuming that the user's requirements include
only 8-bit lines and that the operation TSSIE would not be used, the error may
either be ignored or the coding for TBSIE be deleted from the ASCII tape.

RESTRICTIONS

5 .I

Status Active Registers

The autoindex registers defined as T8AXI , T8AX2, and T8AX3 must not be disturbed after
the pseudo operation T8INlT.

DESCRIPTION

6 I

Discussion

These subroutines are designed to accumulate 8-bit Teletype characters to and from multiple
They handle input data in serial-bit format and present the user

Teletype lines connected to a POP—8.

Di gitaI-8-35-S-B

Page 4
The user presents the routines with line identification and charwith character and line identification
acter format data, and the routines transmit the information in serial-bit format.
.

Most of the PDP-8 memory is available for data buffering and for packing. A large proportion of the time however is used in buffering the Teletype lines themselves. Assuming even minor data

handling is necessary before transmission (possibly to a larger computer), present estimates indicate the
cannot handlel28 8-bit linesat llObaud. Exact timing information is shown in Section 9.
The user
should note that the programming described involves the handling of the Teletype lines only and does not
user

lines, or messages. The main program communicates with
the Teletype subroutines via a group of pseudo commands which are described fully in Section 4.4 with

include any packing or unpacking of words,

examples of their usage in Section 6.2.
If the user's requirements include a mixture of 8-bit and 5-bit lines, it is necessary that the

5-bit Character Assembly Subroutines (Digital—8—35-S-A) be included with the user's programs.
6.2

Examples and/or Applications

6.2.I

To initialize the subroutines, coding similar to the following should appear in the user's

program:

TAD

NUMLIN

T8INIT
SLN
ION

TTBON

/GET NUMBER OF LINES
/INITIALIZE SUBROUTINES
/STARTING LINE NUMBER
,l/ENABLE INTERRUPTS
/TURN ON CLOCK

Following these lines of coding it is necessary that the user wait 8 clock
interrupts before using the pseudo-instruction TBSOF. Otherwise, the first
NOTE:

character transmitted will be erroneous.

6.2 .2

To output a character,

coding similar to the following should appear:

TAD

CHARAC

DCA

TTCHAR

TAD

LINE NO

/OUTPUT, SKIP IF FREE

TBSOF
JMP

OUTNA

CONTINUE
6.2.3

/GET OUTPUT CHARACTER
,I’FOR OUTPUT SUBROUTINE
/GET LINE NUMBER

/OUTPUT NOT FREE
/CHARACTER ACCEPTED, CONTINUE

To test for an input character available,

/CHECK FOR INPUT

T8S|R
JMP

.-I

DCA

SAVLIN

TAD

TTCHAR

AND

THREE7

METHODS

7.I

Discussion

coding similar to the following should appear:

/WAIT FOR A CHARACTER
/SAVE LINE NUMBER
/GET CHARACTER INPUT
/377, CLEAR STOP BIT

Digital-8-35-S-B
Page 5
Input Character Assembly

7.1 .I

The 8-bit Character Assembly Interrupt Subroutine executes a TTI instruction for each line
selected every clock interrupt.

The program then scans one eighth of the character assembly words to see

input character has been assembled for any of the lines. If a fully assembled character is found,
the program stores the character and line number in the input buffer, zeros the TTI status word, and sets

if a full

the TTI character assembly word to 2000.
to a I

Note that bit I of the character assembly word is initially set

and the rest of the character assembly word is zeros.

As the character is assembled, the character

assembly word is shifted one bit position to the right for the start bit and each data bit.
can be set to a l by a RTR, the character is fully assembled.
7.l .2

When the link

Output Character Handling

Initially, the pseudo operation T8SOF adds start and stop bits to the output characters and
Eventually, the interrupt subroutine transfers the characters from the second output buffer to the first output buffer (T8OBF)
One eighth of the lines are scanned
for output every clock interrupt. That is, for any one line one bit may be output every eight clock interplaces them in the second output buffer (TBOBFZ)

The first output buffer location for a line is tested for zero or non-zero. If it is non-zero the program outputs one bit of that location and stores the remaining information back in the first output buffer.

rupts.

If the TSOBF location is zero, the second output buffer is tested for zero or non-zero.

The second buffer

location in the zero state indicates no new output.

bit,
8

If the location is non-zero, the program outputs one
stores the remaining bits in the first output buffer, and zeros the second output buffer.

8 .I

FORMAT

Input Data (TBSIR)
If the pseudo operation T8SIR skips, the input data is the following format:

8.I .I

Accumulator contains line number.

8.I .2

The lower eight bits of the register TTCHAR contain the input character.

8 .3

Output Data (T8SOF)
The user presents the pseudo operation T8SOF with output characters in the following format:

8 .3.I

The lower eight bits of register TTCHAR contain the output character.

8 .3.2

The accumulator contains the number of’the line on which the character is to be output.

EXECUTION TIME

9.I

Minimum

9.2

Maximum

9.3

Average
The table below indicates the percentages of machine time used for IIO baud 8-bit systems
Any additional features which maybe required for the Teletype

and is as accurate asis presently possible.

handling would add appreciably to the times shown:
TIMING TABLE

Digita l-8-35-S-B
Page 6
Numbers indicate the percentage of available machine time used in the average case

9.4

No. of Lines

8-Bit llO Baud

34.] 0/0

57.7 %

8l .3 %

l28

l04.9 %

Timing Equations
Where n

8.38n+ll9.5 psec.

the number of lines, the 8—bit subroutines require an average time of

Clock flags (at 110 baud) occur every ll35 usec.

10.

PROGRAM

l0.3

List of Items and Pseudo Commands

10.3.1

List of Items

/BEGINNING OF SUBROUTINE. MUST BE
/EOUATED TO START OF A PAGE. (AREA
/INCLUDES Two PAGES).
/AUTOINDEX REGISTER.
/AUTO|NDEX REGISTER.
/AUTO|NDEX REGISTER.
/START OF CONSTANT AREA IN PAGE 0.
/(LENGTH 178 REGISTERS.)
/START OF OUTPUT BUFFER. (LENGTH n.)
/START OF SECOND OUTPUT BUFFER.
/(LENGTH n.)
/START OF INPUT BUFFER. (LENGTH 2n.)
/START OF TTI AREA. (LENGTH 3n+l .)
/CHARACTER AREA PAGE 0. (SINGLE REGISTER.)

TTBBGN

T8AX l
T8AX2

T8AX 3
TT8P GO

TBOBF

T808 F2

T8lBF

T8IN

TTCHAR
l0.3.2

List of Pseudo Command

Times (users)

Command

Minimum

Average

Maximum

T8lNlT

Initialize

TBSOF

Skip if output Free

T8S|R

Skip if input ready

37.5

T8SIE

Skip if either input ready

37.5

60.0

70.5

Digital-8-35-S-B
Paga7
10.4

Program Listing
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6421
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6461
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6436

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6416
6456
6476

6126
6414
6434
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6431
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6121

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DigHul-8-35-S-B
Page 9
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DCA

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CHARACTER

7142

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5263

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ASSEMBLY

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T8CNT1
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LINE

NUMBER

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T8AX1

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3334

3067

1334

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T8LC
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SMA

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FTC

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134m

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/CHECK INPUT
TBSVLN /LINE NUMPER

5M73

6413

3074

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3077

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LINK

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/UPDATE FOR NEXT INPUT LINE
/UPDATE FOR NEXT INPUT LINE
/ARE ONE-EIGHTH OF LINES CHECKED?
NEXT LINE

T8LN

13PM

OUTPUT

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T8DUTK

3w47

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NORD

CHARACTER

TTRL

T8CON4.

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TRANSMIT

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4096

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DigHUI-8-35-S-B
Page 13
TTI+1

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EYIT

Digital-8-35-S-B
Page 14
H.

DIAGRAMS

11.1

Flow Charts

T8605

CLR AC TO LAST
8 BITS

INITIALIZATION
=
NUMBER OF LINES
ENTRY

(AC)

l
STORE Ac
IN TBNL

OF LINE
EVEN MULT

YES

OF 8

LOADABC

INTO

CLEAR Ac

J
(AC) +
AC

(TBNL) CLR
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I
.

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=
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MULTIPLE OF 8.

(TBNL)

‘
ITBNL) TO
T8CNT3

‘
LOAD INDEX
REGISTERS

Team" 'NPUT COUNTER
_

AX1= TTI

LOAO EXIT JUMP
INTO TTI TABLE

TABLE

AXZ = OUTPUT AREA
Ax3= DOUBLE BUFFER
CNT4 = NO. OF LINES

T8602
LOAO AC WITH
TTINCR ANO
TTIINSTR.

DCA I AXI
sz
DCA I
SET INCR AND
TTI INTO TTI
TABLE

LOAD AC
2000

WITH

OCAI AXI
OCA I we
DCAI AX3
SET TTI + 2
CLR BUFFERS

Digital-8-35-S-B
Page I5
INITIALIZATION
(ACI= NUMBER OF LINES

ITBMNC)8 # LINES l8
NUMBER
DIVIDE
OF LINES BY 8

I
MAKE NEGATIVE
STORE IN TBMNC

I
SET T8CNT4
TO ALL IS

‘

(sz)

TBIBF -I

SET INPUT
BUFFER POINTER

‘

TBCNTI MAJOR LOOP
COUNTER = -8

SET TSCNTI
TO -e

(AX1)=T8IN +I

SET TTI
POINTER

(T80UTK)=T808F

SET OUTPUT
BUFFER POINTERS

”30”?)

NO—I=(T8K9)
=

7803‘?

COMPLEMENT
STARTING LINE N0.-1

STARTING LINE

(T8K9)

_
'

(TBSLI = COMPL OF
STARTING LINE -1

STARTING LINE

TBOUTS

STEP EXIT
AOORESS PAST
STARTING LINE NO.

RESET
LEVEL

(T8LC)

INTERRUPT
COUNTER

ALL IS

OUTPUT
SKIP IF OUTPUT IS FREE AND
TRANSMIT CHARACTER AT TTCHAR

CLEAR AC TO
NUMBER
LINE

I
SUBTRACT STARTING
LINE NUMBER

I
ADD OUTPUT
BUFFER STARTING
ADDRESS

I
LOAD AC WITH
CONTENTS OF
2ND BUFFER

YES

PICK UP
CHARACTER

I
INSERT START
AND STOP CODES

STORE IN
BUFFER

OUTPUT

INCREMENT
EXIT FOR SKIP

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Digifa I-8-35-S-B
Page 17

TBDIS
ENTRANCE BY
CLOCK INTERRUPT

340usec
IST

LEVEL
INTERRUPT
(ISZ TBLC)

2ND LEVEL
*

SAVE AC 8: L
INTERRUPT ADDRESS
NUMBER
LINE
AND CLEAR CLOCK

SAVE LINK
SAVE I ADDRESS
SAVE LINE #

60
4.5

Cl OCK ON

T8053

SAVE AC

4.5

19.511 sec
CLR

CLOCK
ION
**

ION

SET LINE

I.5
4.5

JMP T8IN

3.0

TBDISZ
* *

SET LINE
REGISTER TO

** *

ZEROS SECOND BUFFER
ADDS 4.5

STARTING LINE

_H'O~)

annue

155

3.0

3.0
60

TSIN
“—-

TEST INPUT
LINES

TBCOM
6.0

SET MINOR
LOOP COUNTER

4.5

SET LINE
REGISTER = (TBLN)

I—

I
I
I

(T8CNT2)=#LINES/8

5-0

ANYTHING

TO TRANSMIT

2
ITADI TeOUTKI
(SNA)

‘5

“0

ANYTHING
SECOND
BUFFER

”0

YES

* 44*

INCREMENT
LINE REGISTER
AND OUTPUT

SKIP CLA
T8COM6

TeCOMI
YE
****

SAVE REST
OF CHARACTER
7.5

I
L

I
I
I

'NCREMENT LINE
REG'STER

TRANSMIT

1-5

T8COM8

T8COMO

34.5
47.5

HA2
IN U T

CHARACTER BEEN
ASSEMBLED

TSCONIS

CL“
TBOUT" + ‘
T80TK2 +1
AX1+2

”0

sec

NO INPUT/PARTIAL OUTPUT LEFT

43.0

sec

NO INPUT/NEW OUTPUT CHARACTER

ADD 395 FOR EACH COMPLETE INPUT

sec

CHECKED
1/8 OF LINES
7

NO INPUT/ NO NEw OUTPUT

____________________

I
_I

DigififOI-8-35-S-B
Page 18

T8COM4

TBCOMG

4.5
SAVE LINE
NUMBER

LAST
1/8 OF LINES

PROCESSED

REMOVE
START
CODE FROM
CHARACTER

READ LINE
NUMBER AND

YES

RESET MAJOR
LOOP COUNTER

4.5

STORE INPUT
CHARACTER IN
INPUT BUFFER

STORE

(TBCNT1)=-8

INPUT

IT IN

BUFFER

9.0

EIEIsEELqu'tEI-T

T8AXI ~2
=
T8AXI

(TEAM) = TBIN + I

“355.8%“

I
RESET OUTPUT
POINTERS

ITBLN)

ZERO STATUS AND
COUNTER AND
RESET CHAR
ASSEM WORD

STARTING LINE # -1

ITBOUTKI= TBOBF
ITSOTK2I:TSOBE2

I
SET INPUT
READY FLAG

TBCOMS
15

IOF

‘
INTERRUPT LEVEL
COUNTER-4

ISINPUT
BUFFER FULL
I5

INTERRUPT
LEVELS TD

I5
'ON

4.5 LINE #
ANY MORE

RESTORE

LINK
-AC AND
LINE REGISTER

PRogESS

12.

6.0

REFERENCES (NOT Applicable)

45 LINK
3.0 AC

RESET INPUT
INDEXES

BUFFER

4.5
7.5

3.0