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Digital Equipment Corporation
Maynard, Massachusetts

PDP-I 2

LAP6-DIAL

PDP-12
LAP 6-DIAL
PROGRAMMER’S REFERENCE MANUAL

For additional copies o f this document, order No. DEC-12-SEZB-D from Program Library,
Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, Mass. 01754
Price $1 .OO

DIGITAL

EQUIPMENT

CORPORATION

MAYNARD, MASSACHUSETTS

1 9 6 9 by D i g i t a l Equipment C o r p o r a t i o n

The f o l l o w i n g a r e t r a d e m a r k s of D i g i t a l
Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts:
DEC

PDP

FLIP CHIP
DIGITAL

FOCAL
COMPUTER LAB

LAP6-DIAL i s an e d i t o r , f i l i n g s y s t e m and a s s e m b l e s f o r u s e w i t h t h e
PDP-12 computer.

The E d i t o r and f i l i n g p o r t i o n are d e r i v e d from t h e

b a s i c L I N C program LAP6l by Mary A l l e n Wilkes o f Washington University.

The assembly p o r t i o n i s d e r i v e d from several programs used

f o r t h e PDP-8 computer i n c l u d i n g PAL-D'.

The D i g i t a l Equipment C o r p o r a t i o n w i s h e s t o e x p r e s s t o t h e author,
Mary A l l e n Wilkes (Clark), and t h e Computer Research L a b o r a t o r y of
Washington U n i v e r s i t y , S t . L o u i s , M i s s o u r i , i t s a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h e
development s e t f o r t h i n LAP6 as w e l l as i t s t h a n k s f o r p e r m i s s i o n
t o u s e p a r t s of t h e LAP6 program.

IM. A. Wilkes, LAP6 Handbook, Computer Research L a b o r a t o r y Tech.
Rep. No. 2 , Washington U n i v e r s i t y , S t . L o u i s , May 1, 1967.
2

PAL-D A s s e m b l e r Programmer's R e f e r e n c e Manual DEC-D8-ASAA-D.

CONTENTS
Page
C h a p t e r 1 USING DIAL

1.1

Introduction

1-1

1.2

System D e s c r i p t i o n

1-1

1.3

System O p e r a t i o n

1-2

1.4

Source Programs

1-3

1.5

Current Line

1-3

1.6

Line C a l l s

1-4

1.7

Files

1-5

1.8

Commands

1-6

Chapter 2

THE E D I T O R

2.1

Using t h e E d i t i n g Cursor

2-1

2.2

Character Editing

2-2

2.3

C u r r e n t Line Deletion

2-3

2.4

Large S e c t i o n D e l e t i o n

2-4

2.5

C u r r e n t Line Formatting

2-6

2.6

Handling Large Programs

2-8

2.7

Assembly B u f f e r s

2-8

2.8

Use of EXIT

2-9

2.9

Leftmost Cursor P o s i t i o n

2-9

Chapter 3

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

3.1

S t a t e m e n t Syntax

3-1

3.2

Symbols

3-3

3.3

Numbers

3-7

3.4

Expressions

3-7

Page
3.5

Address Assignments

3-8

3.6

Pseudo-operators

3-11

Chapter 4

ASSEMBLY PROGRAMS

4.1

A s s e m b l e Program

4-1

4.2

L i s t Program

4-1

4.3

Quick L i s t

4-3

4.4

Save B i n a r y

4-6

4.5

Load B i n a r y

4-8

4.6

Assembly O p e r a t i o n Notes

4-8

Chapter 5

U T I L I T Y PROGRAMS AND COMMANDS

5.1

Save Program

5-1

5.2

A d d Program

5-1

5.3

C l e a r Working A r e a

5-2

5.4

D i s p l a y Index

5-2

5.5

P r i n t Index

5-3

5.6

P r i n t Source

5-3

5.7

Exit

5-4

5.8

U s e r ' s Monitor Command

5-4

5.9

Peripheral Interchange P r o g r a m (PIP)

5-5

Appendix A

I N I T I A L STARTING PROCEDURE

A-l

Appendix B

ASSEMBLY ERROR MESSAGES

B-1

Appendix c

SUMMARIES

Page

C.l

Commands

c-1

C.2

Pseudo-operators

c-2

C.3

Character Set

c-9

C.4

Instructions (PDP-8 and LINC modes)

c-11

C.5

Operators and Special Symbols

C-16

C.6

D I A L Tape Allocation

C-17

C.7

Sample Program

C-18

C.8

Work Flow in the DIAL System

c-21

CHAPTER 1
U S I N G DIAL

1.1

INTRODUCTION

LAP6-DIAL

PDP-12

( h e r e a f t e r r e f e r r e d t o as D I A L f o r b r e v i t y ) p r o v i d e s t h e

u s e r w i t h a keyboard o p e r a t i n g s y s t e m t h a t i n c l u d e s e d i t i n g ,

a s s e m b l i n g , and f i l e h a n d l i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s .

An i n t e r a c t i v e CRT

d i s p l a y p e r m i t s q u i c k u s e r r e s p o n s e ; a f i l e Index and p e r i p h e r a l
d e v i c e i n t e r c h a n g e program f a c i l i t a t e f i l e m a n i p u l a t i o n .

The m i n i -

mum hardware c o n f i g u r a t i o n f o r u s i n g D I A L i s a PDP-12B s y s t e m ,
composed o f :

4096-word 1 2 - b i t , 1 . 6 us Core Memory

TC12 LINCtape Automatic C o n t r o l

Two TU55 Magnetic Tape T r a n s p o r t s

V C 1 2 LINCscope C o n t r o l and C h a r a c t e r B u f f e r

V R 1 2 7 " x 9 " CRT D i s p l a y

ASR33 T e l e t y p e w r i t e r

(Scope)

I t s h o u l d be n o t e d , however, t h a t t h e D I A L c h a r a c t e r E d i t o r i s

d e s i g n e d t o be o p e r a t e d w i t h a n A D 1 2 A n a l o g - t o - D i g i t a l

Converter

and M u l t i p l e x e r .

1.2

SYSTEM D E S C R I P T I O N

T h e D I A L system i s p r o v i d e d t o t h e u s e r on LINCtape.'

Each t a p e

contains :
1.
1

A r e s e r v e d a r e a o c c u p i e d by D I A L

A LINCtape c o n t a i n s 5 1 2

b l o c k s of 2 5 6 1 2 - b i t words e a c h .

1-1

A Working A r e a f o r temporary s t o r a g e of u s e r f i l e s

A f i l e area f o r permanent s t o r a g e o f u s e r f i l e s

The D I A L area o f t h e t a p e c o n t a i n s t h e D I A L E d i t o r , Assembly and
u t i l i t y programs, and a f i l e I n d e x .

The I n d e x s t o r e s t h e name,

s t a r t i n g b l o c k number, and l e n g t h i n b l o c k s o f e a c h s t o r e d f i l e .
U s e r programs a r e s a v e d a s named f i l e s i n t h e f i l e a r e a o f t h e s y s t e m

tape.

D I A L t a p e a l l o c a t i o n i s d e t a i l e d i n Appendix C .

The PDP-12

i n c l u d e s a d i s p l a y f o r v i e w i n g source programs i n t h e Working A r e a .
Up t o 1 7 l i n e s w i t h 40 c h a r a c t e r s p e r l i n e can be d i s p l a y e d a t a t i m e
on t h e s c o p e .

I n t h e e d i t mode, any p o r t i o n o f a program i n t h e

Working Area c a n be d i s p l a y e d by a n a p p r o p r i a t e l i n e c a l l .

1.3

SYSTEM OPERATION

A LINCtape c o n t a i n i n g D I A L must be d e s i g n a t e d as t h e s y s t e m t a p e and

a s s i g n e d t o t a p e t r a n s p o r t fl.

Some D I A L o p e r a t i o n s may be performed

w i t h o n l y one LINCtape c o n t a i n i n g D I A L , b u t many p r o c e d u r e s , s u c h as
a s s e m b l i n g programs, r e q u i r e two t a p e s .

M o s t e f f i c i e n t operation i s

a c h i e v e d when b o t h t a p e s c o n t a i n D I A L .

When t h e s y s t e m i s s t a r t e d

(see Appendix A ) , it a u t o m a t i c a l l y e n t e r s t h e e d i t mode.
program may be t y p e d i n v i a t h e T e l e t y p e keyboard.

A source

The program w i l l

r e s i d e i n t h e Working A r e a and w i l l be d i s p l a y e d on t h e s c o p e
character-by-character

as i t i s e n t e r e d .

The D I A L E d i t o r may b e u s e d

t o a d d , modify, o r d e l e t e c h a r a c t e r s , l i n e s , o r l a r g e s e c t i o n s of t h e
program.

A command may be i s s u e d a l s o v i a t h e T e l e t y p e keyboard t o

a s y s t e m program.

When c a l l e d , t h e Monitor w r i t e s o u t i t s b u f f e r

1-2

p o i n t e r s and i s r e p l a c e d by t h e c a l l e d program.

When t h e s y s t e m p r o -

gram o p e r a t i o n i s completed, t h e Monitor i s a u t o m a t i c a l l y c a l l e d back
i n t o c o r e and r e t r i e v e s i t s b u f f e r p o i n t e r s .
The r e s t of t h i s c h a p t e r d e t a i l s b a s i c c o n c e p t s and t e r m i n o l o g y of

t h e D I A L system.

1.4

SOURCE PROGRAMS

A s o u r c e program i s a group o f l i n e s of program i n p u t v i a t h e key-

board.

Using D I A L , t h e program c a n be a l t e r e d w i t h t h e E d i t o r , s t o r e d

i n a named f i l e , o r l i s t e d on t h e s c o p e o r T e l e t y p e keyboard.

A line

number (1 - 7 7 7 7 8 ) a p p e a r s t o t h e l e f t of e a c h l i n e on t h e s c o p e and
i n d i c a t e s t h e s e q u e n t i a l l o c a t i o n of t h a t l i n e i n t h e s o u r c e .
The programs a r e c o l l e c t e d i n b l o c k s o f memory; e a c h b l o c k c o n t a i n s

51210 keyboard c h a r a c t e r s .
input t o DIAL.

Up t o 6 4 b l o c k s of s o u r c e program c a n be

A s b l o c k s are f i l l e d , t h e y

are saved on t h e D I A L t a p e

i n t h e s o u r c e program Working A r e a w h i c h s t a r t s a t b l o c k 37g (see
t a p e fl i n Appendix C ) .
edited.

Only t h e program i n t h e Working A r e a can be

I f s o u r c e program i n p u t e x c e e d s

l o o 8 b l o c k s or 77768 l i n e s ,

t h e s i z e of t h e s o u r c e program must be r e d u c e d o r t h e program can be

d i v i d e d i n t o two o r more p a r t s by u s i n g t h e A s s e m b l e r pseudo-ops
SAVSYM and LODSYM,

1.5

e x p l a i n e d i n Appendix C.2.

C U R N N T LINE

Every s o u r c e d i s p l a y h a s a c u r r e n t l i n e number.
t h e l a s t l i n e number on t h e d i s p l a y .

By d e f i n i t i o n , it is

The c u r r e n t l i n e i s n o t e d by an

i n d i c a t o r ( 2 d a s h e s ) on t h e r i g h t - h a n d s i d e of t h e s c o p e on t h e same

1-3

d i s p l a y l i n e as t h e c u r r e n t l i n e .

The number 1 a p p e a r s as t h e c u r -

r e n t l i n e number whenever t h e Working A r e a h a s been c l e a r e d . '

Each

t i m e RETURN i s t y p e d t o t e r m i n a t e a s o u r c e l i n e , t h e n e x t s e q u e n t i a l
c u r r e n t l i n e number a p p e a r s on t h e s c o p e .

From 1 t o 17* l i n e s c a n

be d i s p l a y e d a t a t i m e on t h e s c o p e , a s d e t e r m i n e d by t h e s e t t i n g o f

A/D knob 7.

A f t e r knob 7 h a s been s e t and t h a t number of l i n e s i s

p r e s e n t on t h e s c o p e , an a d d i t i o n a l l i n e i s added a t t h e b o t t o m , c a u s i n g
t h e lowest numbered l i n e t o b e removed from t h e t o p of t h e s c o p e ,
t h e r e b y m a i n t a i n i n g a c o n s t a n t number of l i n e s on t h e d i s p l a y .

1.6

L I N E CALLS

When u s i n g DIAL, any l i n e i n t h e source program can b e d e s i g n a t e d as
the current line.

B y i s s u i n g a l i n e c a l l , a n o t h e r s e c t i o n of t h e

s o u r c e program w i l l be d i s p l a y e d on t h e s c o p e w i t h a new l i n e as t h e
cuxrent l i n e .

T o o b t a i n a new c u r r e n t l i n e , u s e e i t h e r of t h e f o l l o w i n g

methods :

Type +nJ

where n i s t h e number of t h e l i n e t o b e t h e

new c u r r e n t l i n e .

The r i g h t arrow i n d i c a t e s p r e s s i n g

t h e L I N E FEED key.

The d i s p l a y w i l l now be p o s i t i o n e d

w i t h l i n e n as t h e l a s t l i n e d i s p l a y e d .
2.

Type ALTMODE and one o f t h e f o l l o w i n g k e y s :

'When o n l y l i n e 1 i s s e e n on t h e s c o p e a t s t a r t u p , i t may m e r e l y
i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s o u r c e program h a s been p o s i t i o n e d t o l i n e 1 and
t h e Working A r e a i s n o t c l e a r .

1-4

key

action

Reposition the display forward one frame

Reposition the display forward one line

Reposition the display backward one frame

Reposition the display backward one line

These ALTMODE key combinations must be the first characters on a new line.
The last line of the source program can be designated as the current
line by requesting a line number greater than the last line number.
Similarly, the first line of the source program can be the current
line by calling line JY or line 7 7 7 7 .

1.7

FILES

The D I A L system tapes are file oriented.

A program, either source

or binary, is saved as a file in contiguous blocks of tape.
files require a header block for pointers.

Binary

Every tape contains a

file Index for the binary and/or source programs on that tape.

DIAL

file entries occupy blocks g through 2 6 7 and blocks 47j3 through 777.
Blocks 3 4 6 and 3 4 7 contain the file Index.
names, starting block, and length in blocks.

The Index records file
When a file is entered,

it is given a name which must be 1 to 8 displayable keyboard characters in length, of which at least one is non-numeric.

The charac-

ters slash, question mark, and comma should not be used.

Only spaces

in the middle or at the end are considered to be part of the'name;
leading spaces are ignored.

Any name in the Index can describe a

1-5

s o u r c e and a b i n a r y program, t h e r e b y d o u b l i n g t h e number of p o s s i b l e
entries.

Because a f u l l I n d e x can accommodate 6 3 d i f f e r e n t names,

up t o 1 2 6 s e p a r a t e f i l e e n t r i e s c a n be s t o r e d .
When a f i l e i s b e i n g s a v e d , t h e unused f i l e s p a c e n e a r e s t t h e I n d e x
w i t h i n t h e r e s e r v e d area t h a t i s l a r g e enough t o c o n t a i n t h e f i l e
b e i n g s a v e d i s t h e n e x t area u s e d .

Thus, t h e l o c a t i o n of e n t r i e s on

t h e t a p e can be c o n t r o l l e d by t h e i r o r d e r o f f i l i n g .

T o minimize

t a p e movement, t h e m o s t f r e q u e n t l y u s e d f i l e s s h o u l d be p l a c e d n e a r e s t

t o blocks 346

1.8

- 347 d u r i n g f i l e assignment.

COMMANDS

The DIAL programs are r e q u e s t e d t h r o u g h D I A L Monitor Commands.

i s s u e a command:

Press L I N E FEED and observe r i g h t arrow on t h e s c o p e

Type t h e command

Press RETURN

I l l e g a l commands are i g n o r e d and e r a s e d from t h e s c o p e .
The Monitor Commands are summarized i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e and
treated i n greater d e t a i l i n later chapters.

I n t h i s manual, a refer-

e n c e t o u n i t (a means t h e e i g h t h c h a n n e l of t h e TU55 L I N C t a p e t r a n s port.

I t e m s i n p a r e n t h e s e s i n t h e following t a b l e are o p t i o n a l and,

i f o m i t t e d , t h e u s e r ' s program t h a t w a s m o s t r e c e n t l y m a n i p u l a t e d i s

used.

1-6

Command

Function

+AS ( N , U )
+LO

Assemble

(U=fl,l)

Load B i n a r y

(N,U)

Assemble and L i s t ( U = f l , l )
Assemble and Q u i c k L i s t

(U=g,l)

P r i n t Source
Save B i n a r y
+SP N , U

Save Program ( S o u r c e )

+AP ( L , L , ) N , U o r B,U

Add Program ( S o u r c e )
D i s p l a y Index

P r i n t Index
4CL

C l e a r Working A r e a

+PI

Peripheral Interchange
Exit
U s e r ' s M o n i t o r Command

Legend:
N = F i l e name
U = Tape u n i t
L = L i n e number
M = S t a r t Mode ( L f o r L I N C or P f o r PDP-8)
A = Address ( 5 d i g i t s

- used o n l y i f mode i s s p e c i f i e d )

B = Tape b l o c k number

x = C h a r a c t e r i n Accumulator
( ) = Optional parameter

The meanings of s p e c i a l symbols u s e d i n t h i s manual are:
+

Press LINE FEED key

1-7

Press RETURN key

I f a l e g a l Monitor Command i s i s s u e d , b u t can n o t be honored ( e . g . ,

program n o t on t h e t a p e ) NO i s d i s p l a y e d on t h e s c o p e .

t o r e t u r n t o DIAL.

Press RETURN

I f no u n i t i s s p e c i f i e d , J
ils assumed.

commands A S , L I , QL, AND SB r e q u i r e t w o L I N C t a p e s .
o p e r a t i o n also r e q u i r e s t w o L I N C t a p e s .

1-8

The

A binary PIP

CHAPTER 2
THE EDITOR

2.1

U S I N G THE E D I T I N G CURSOR

D I A L p r o v i d e s a p o w e r f u l and f l e x i b l e c h a r a c t e r E d i t o r w h i c h i s con-

t r o l l e d by a c u r s o r t h a t a p p e a r s on t h e s c o p e w i t h t h e t e x t .

Dele-

t i o n of a s i n g l e c h a r a c t e r , t h e c u r r e n t l i n e , o r an e n t i r e p o r t i o n

of t h e d i s p l a y , and a d d i t i o n of t e x t a t any l o c a t i o n i n t h e program
a r e f e a t u r e s of t h e E d i t o r .
The e d i t i n g c u r s o r a p p e a r s on t h e s c o p e as an i n v e r t e d T

(a)
which

moves i n i t s own a l l e y below a l i n e of t e x t and can s c a n up t o 256

c h a r a c t e r s back from t h e l a s t scope c h a r a c t e r i n a d i s p l a y .

The

exact l o c a t i o n of t h e c u r s o r i s d e t e r m i n e d by t h e s e t t i n g o f A/D
knob 3 .

T h a t s e t t i n g c o n t r o l s how many s p a c e s back rrom t h e l a s t

character on t h e scope t h e c u r s o r i s t o be p l a c e d .

A f t e r the cursor

h a s been s e t , i t w i l l move a l o n g w i t h t h e t e x t a t t h a t number of

s p a c e s from t h e end of t h e t e x t .

A t any t i m e t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e

c u r s o r may be changed by simply r o t a t i n g knob 3 .

R o t a t i n g t h e knob

c l o c k w i s e moves t h e c u r s o r t o t h e r i g h t a l o n g t h e t e x t .

When t h e

end of a l i n e i s r e a c h e d , t h e c u r s o r advances t o t h e l e f t of t h e
next l i n e .

S i m i l a r l y , r o t a t i n g t h e knob c o u n t e r c l o d w i s e moves t h e

cursor t o t h e l e f t along t h e t e x t .
F o r normal i n p u t of d a t a , knob 3 i s r o t a t e d a l l t h e way t o t h e
right.

A s each character i s e n t e r e d , t h e c u r s o r f o l l o w s a l o n g .

When a m i s t a k e h a s been n o t e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s t e x t , t h e c u r s o r i s

2-1

u s e d t o i n d i c a t e where t h e c o r r e c t i o n i s t o be made.

After t h e cor-

r e c t i o n h a s been c o m p l e t e d , knob 3 i s a g a i n r o t a t e d a l l t h e way t o
t h e r i g h t and i n p u t c o n t i n u e d .
Monitor Commands and l i n e c a l l s c a n be i s s u e d o n l y when t h e c u r s o r

i s l o c a t e d a t t h e s t a r t of a new l i n e .

Turn knob 3 a l l t h e wav t o

t h e r i g h t and p r e s s t h e RETURN key b e f o r e i s s u i n g a Monitor Command

or a l i n e c a l l t o locate t h e c u r s o r c o r r e c t l y .
A/D knob 7 c o n t r o l s t h e maximum number of l i n e s d i s p l a y e d a t a t i m e .

By r o t a t i n g knob 7, from 1 t o 17

l i n e s c a n be d i s p l a y e d on t h e
8
s c o p e , up t o a maximum of 256 c h a r a c t e r s .

For a PDP-12B s y s t e m , t h e R i g h t and L e f t S w i t c h e s a r e u s e d i n s t e a d
o f knobs 7 and 3 r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The s e t t i n g of R i g h t S w i t c h e s 8-11

d e t e r m i n e s t h e maximum number o f l i n e s d i s p l a y e d .

The L e f t S w i t c h e s

c a n be s e t t o v a l u e s from 1 t o 2047 t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p o s i t i o n o f
the c u r s o r .

The v a l u e of t h e s w i t c h e s l o c a t e s t h e c u r s o r t h a t many

c h a r a c t e r s from t h e end of t h e t e x t .

2.2

CHARACTER EDITING

A single

texr c h a r a c t e 3 may be d e l e t e d o r added a t any p o i n t i n t h e

displayed t e x t .

To d e l e t e a c h a r a c t e r , t u r n knob 3 t o ' l o c a t e t h e

c u r s o r u n d e r t h a t C h a r a c t e r and t y p e RUBOUT.

The c h a r a c t e r w i l l be

removed and t h e rest of t h e l i n e and the cursor will move one char-

acter t o t h e l e f t .

I n t h e f o l l o w i n g example, t h e l e t t e r D i s d e l e t e d

f r o m l i n e 4.
'To i n s e r t a l i n e a f t e r l i n e n
(1) i s s u e l i n e c a l l for l i n e n and
i n s e r t new l i n e as t h e c u r r e n t l i n e ; o r (2) p o s i t i o n t h e c u r s o r t o t h e
l a s t character p o s i t i o n of l i n e n ( i . e . , t h e b l a n k r e p r e s e n t i n g RETURN)
and t y p e t h e new l i n e , i n c l u d i n g i t s RETURN.
2-2

before

( p r e s s RUBOUT)

after

JMP TAG
11,

I n t h e same manner, c h a r a c t e r s may be i n s e r t e d i n a l i n e of t e x t t o
t h e r i g h t of t h e character above t h e c u r s o r .

After typing i n the

a d d i t i o n s , t h e c u r s o r moves one c h a r a c t e r t o t h e r i g h t for each char-

acter t h a t i s inserted.

The characters AD are added t o l i n e 2 below.

before

T I 20
&

after

TAD I 2 0

( t y p e AD)

scope.

A s o u r c e d i s p l a y always h a s a c u r r e n t l i n e number and is so

d e n o t e d by t h e h o r i z o n t a l i n d i c a t o r a t t h e f a r r i g h t of t h e scope.
The c u r r e n t l i n e of a program may be d e l e t e d a t any t i m e by s t r i k i n g
t h e keys ALTMODE and D.

operation.

Only t h e c u r r e n t l i n e i s removed by t h i s

Line 5 of t h e s o u r c e d i s p l a y i s o m i t t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g

example.

2-3

Any l i n e of t h e source program may be d i s p l a y e d as t h e c u r r e n t l i n e .

The two ways t o c a l l t h e c u r r e n t l i n e d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t i o n 1.6
used w i t h t h e E d i t o r .

are

B o t h r e q u i r e t h e c u r s o r t o be t h e f i r s t c h a r -

a c t e r on a new c u r r e n t l i n e .

2.4

LARGE SECTION DELETION

To d e l e t e a l a r g e s e c t i o n of t h e d i s p l a y e d t e x t , t h e E d i t o r h a s a
command t h a t p e r m i t s d e l e t i o n of a l l t h e d i s p l a y e d t e x t t o t h e r i g h t

or l e f t o f t h e c u r s o r .

By s e t t i n g t h e c u r s o r a t t h e l a s t l e t t e r t o

be d e l e t e d from a s t r i n g of t e x t t o i t s l e f t and t y p i n g t h e keys
ALTMODE and L , t h e c h a r a c t e r above t h e c i l r s o r and a l l t h e c h a r a c t e r s

t o i t s l e f t on p r e c e d i n g l i n e s o f t h e d i s p l a y a r e d e l e t e d .

When t h e

d e l e t e l e f t o p e r a t i o n i s p e r f o r m e d , t h e c h a r a c t e r s on t h e l i n e t o
t h e r i g h t of t h e c u r s o r and s u f f i c i e n t l i n e s a f t e r i t are d i s p l a y e d

t o fill t h e number of l i n e s d e f i n e d by knob 7 .

The c u r s o r i s

l o c a t e d t h e same number o f s p a c e s from t h e end of t h e t e x t as i t had
been p r i o r t o t h e d e l e t e l e f t command.
characters on l i n e s 1 and 2 a r e d e l e t e d .

2-4

I n t h e f o l l o w i n g example, a l l

To d e l e t e a l a r g e s e c t i o n of code:
1.

Turn knob 3 a l l t h e way t o t h e r i g h t .

Turn knob 7 a l l t h e way t o t h e r i g h t .

Type a l i n e c a l l s o t h e l a s t l i n e t o b e d e l e t e d i s
the current l i n e .

Type ALTMODE and L a s needed u n t i l t h e f i r s t l i n e
of t h e s e c t i o n of code t o be d e l e t e d a p p e a r s on
t h e scope.

Type ALTMODE and D t o d e l e t e t h e program t h r o u g h
that line.

Typing t h e k e y s ALTMODE and R p e r f o r m s a d e l e t e - r i g h t o p e r a t i o n ,
removing t h e c h a r a c t e r above t h e c u r s o r and a l l t h e c h a r a c t e r s t o

i t s r i g h t on s u c c e e d i n g l i n e s of t h e d i s p l a y .

The r e m a i n i n g t e x t i s

r e d i s p l a y e d w i t h enough p r e c e d i n g l i n e s t o s a t i s f y t h e knob 7 d i s -

2-5

p l a y e d l i n e number r e q u i r e m e n t .

The c u r s o r i s p o s i t i o n e d t h e s a m e

number of s p a c e s from t h e new end of t h e t e x t .

In t h e following

example, t h e c u r s o r i s l o c a t e d e i g h t characters from t h e end of t h e
(Remember t h a t t a b s and c a r r i a g e r e t u r n c o u n t as one c h a r a c t e r

text.

each.)

2.5

CURRENT L I N E FORMATTING

When a new l i n e i s t y p e d i n as t h e c u r r e n t l i n e of t h e d i s p l a y e d
t e x t , i t i s a u t o m a t i c a l l y formatted by t h e E d i t o r .

The t e x t l i n e i s

c o n s i d e r e d t o be composed of 3 f i e l d s , e a c h w i t h a n a l l o t t e d number

2-6

of d i s p l a y a b l e l i n e s p a c e s .

The f i r s t 8 s p a c e s are p r o v i d e d f o r t h e

t a g f i e l d , t h e n e x t 1 6 f o r t h e i n s t r u c t i o n f i e l d , and t h e l a s t 1 6
f o r t h e comment f i e l d .

A h o r i z o n t a l t a b i s t a k e n as 8 s c o p e s p a c e s ,

When a new l i n e i s e n c o u n t e r e d ,

thus permitting 5 tabs per line.

t h e f i r s t characters a r e d i s p l a y e d i n t h e i n s t r u c t i o n f i e l d , u n l e s s
the first character w a s a slash.

I f a comma i s t h e n t y p e d b e f o r e

t h e s e v e n t h c h a r a c t e r i s i n p u t , t h e p r e c e d i n g c h a r a c t e r s a r e moved

t o t h e t a g f i e l d and s u b s e q u e n t i n p u t i s d i s p l a y e d s t a r t i n g f r o m t h e
instruction field.

This o p e r a t i o n i s demonstrated w i t h t h e i n p u t

l i n e TAG,ISZ 300.
during

TAG
&

after

TAG,

I S Z 30&

I f a s l a s h i s e n c o u n t e r e d as any c h a r a c t e r b u t t h e f i r s t on a l i n e , i t

i s p o s i t i o n e d i n t h e comment f i e l d a l o n g w i t h t h e c h a r a c t e r s t y p e d
a f t e r it b e f o r e a c a r r i a g e r e t u r n .

If a slash i s the f i r s t character

of a l i n e , it i s d i s p l a y e d i n t h e t a g f i e l d .

Consider t h e following

user input:
Keys t y p e d

Displayed a s

/L
P

P,/L

P f

P t a b /L

N o t e t h a t t e x t d i s p l a y e d on t h e scope and t e x t p r i n t e d on t h e T e l e t y p e

by t h e commands P S , Lr, o r QL w i l l have t h e same f o r m a t .

2-7

2.6

H A N D L I N G LARGE PROGRAMS

D I A L can e d i t o r a s s e m b l e programs t h a t a r e up t o 6 4 b l o c k s l o n g .

(Assuming an a v e r a g e of 16 c h a r a c t e r s p e r l i n e , t h i s w i l l accommodate
about 2048 l i n e s of code.)

Only Monitor Commands o r d e l e t i o n s c a n

be a c c e p t e d by t h e E d i t o r when t h e program i s 6 4 b l o c k s l o n g .

f a c i l i t a t e t h e p r o c e s s i n g o f programs whose s o u r c e w i l l be g r e a t e r
than 64

b l o c k s , t h e program can b e e d i t e d i n two o r more s e c t i o n s
10
and t h e n combined d u r i n g Assembly by u s i n g t h e assembly pseudo-ops
SAVSYM and LODSYM ( r e f e r t o Appendix C . 2 ) .
I f a l i n e i s e n t e r e d when t h e Working A r e a i s f u l l , t h e l i n e i s de-

l e t e d when RETURN i s t y p e d .

I f any c o r r e c t i o n s a r e r e q u i r e d t o a

s o u r c e o f t h a t l e n g t h b e f o r e a s s e m b l y , one whole b l o c k m u s t be del e t e d from t h e f i l e f i r s t .

U s e t h e ALTMODE and L d e l e t i o n p r o c e d u r e

t o remove one b l o c k from t h e program.
t h i s h a s been a c c o m p l i s h e d . )

( T h e L I N C t a p e w i l l move when

U s e t h e E X I T command (see s e c t i o n 5.71,

t h e n p r e s s t h e CONT key on t h e computer c o n s o l e t o p e r f o r m t h e req u i r e d e d i t i n g w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g t h e c u r r e n t s o u r c e program.
The E d i t o r w i l l n o t a c c e p t more t h a n 1 2 0 c h a r a c t e r s on a l i n e .

c a r r i a g e r e t u r n i s a u t o m a t i c a l l y g e n e r a t e d as t h e 1 2 1 s t c h a r a c t e r .
T h i s 1 2 0 c h a r a c t e r l i m i t h o l d s b o t h b e f o r e and a f t e r any e d i t i n g

o p e r a t i o n , s u c h a s d e l e t i n g s e v e r a l c a r r i a g e r e t u r n s t o make one
long l i n e .

2.7

ASSEMBLY BUFFERS

A s t h e core b u f f e r s a r e b e i n g f i l l e d , t h e E d i t o r w r i t e s them o u t on

2-8

tape.

While a t a p e o p e r a t i o n i s i n p r o c e s s , up t o 2 0 a d d i t i o n a l

c h a r a c t e r s may be t y p e d .

The d i s p l a y w i l l n o t be u p d a t e d w i t h t h e

a d d i t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r s u n t i l t h e t a p e o p e r a t i o n h a s been completed.
H o w e v e r , t h e c h a r a c t e r s a r e echoed on t h e T e l e t y p e t o a s s u r e t h e

user t h a t h i s i n p u t i s being accepted.

If the auxiliary buffer

space i s f i l l e d during a tape o p e r a t i o n , t h e E d i t o r w i l l i n d i c a t e
t h i s t o t h e u s e r by n o t e c h o i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r s on t h e T e l e t y p e .

2.8

USE O F E X I T

A t t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f a n e d i t i n g s e s s i o n , an E X I T command ( + E X ) )

s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o b e s u r e t h e E d i t o r h a s s a v e d i t s p o i n t e r s on t a p e ,
t h u s e n a b l i n g r e s u m p t i o n of t h e program a t a l a t e r t i m e .

2.9

LEFTMOST CURSOR P O S I T I O N

I f t h e s e t t i n g v a l u e o f t h e c u r s o r i s e v e r g r e a t e r t h a n t h e number

of c h a r a c t e r s on t h e s c o p e , t h e c u r s o r moves a l o n g a t t h e value d e t e r mined by t h e l a s t c h a r a c t e r on t h e s c o p e a t t h e t i m e t h e c u r s o r w a s
set.

When enough c h a r a c t e r s have been added t o e q u a l t h e c u r s o r

s e t t i n g v a l u e , t h e c u r s o r jumps back from i t s p r e v i o u s v a l u e t o t h e
l o c a t i o n d e t e r m i n e d by i t s a c t u a l knob 3 s e t t i n g .

F o r example, i f

t h e c u r s o r was s e t t o 1 0 c h a r a c t e r s from t h e end o f t h e t e x t , b u t o n l y

6 c h a r a c t e r s a r e d i s p l a y e d a t f i r s t , t h e c u r s o r w i l l jump back when
f o u r more c h a r a c t e r s
before

,AG,T

have been added.
TAD 2 0

i
during
after

TAGTAD 2 0

i
TAG,TAD 2 0

li
2-9

CHAPTER 3
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

The DIAL Assembler processes a source program by translating
mnemonic operation codes into binary codes for machine instructions, relating symbols to their numeric values, assigning
absolute core addresses for data and instructions and listing the
program with error messages.
This section discusses the DIAL syntax and semantics.

3.1

STATEMENT SYNTAX

DIAL source programs are usually prepared on a Teletype with the
aid of the Editor, as a sequence of statements. Each statement is
written on a single line and is terminated by a carriage return.
DIAL statements can be typed in without having to adhere to a
strict column format.
There are four fields in a DIAL statement; they are identified by
the order of appearance in the statement, and by the separating,
or delimiting, character which follows or precedes the field.
Statements are written in the general form:
label, operator operand /comment
The Assembler interprets and processes these statements, generating
one or more binary instructions or data words, or performing an
assembly process.

A statement must contain at least one of these

3-1

f i e l d s and may c o n t a i n a11 f o u r .
1.

Labels
A l a b e l i s t h e s y m b o l i c name u s e d i n t h e s o u r c e program

t o i d e n t i f y t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e s t a t e m e n t i n t h e program.
I f p r e s e n t , t h e l a b e l i s w r i t t e n f i r s t i n a s t a t e m e n t and

t e r m i n a t e d by a comma.
(see Appendix C.4)

A mnemonic machine i n s t r u c t i o n

o r pseudo-op

(see Appendix C . 2 )

may

n o t be used as a l a b e l .
2.

Operators
An o p e r a t o r may b e one o f t h e mnemonic machine i n s t r u c t i o n c o d e s (see Appendix C . 4 ) ,

o r pseudo-op c o d e s which

d i r e c t s assembly p r o c e s s i n g (see S e c t i o n 3 . 5 ) .

Operators

are terminated w i t h a space i f an operand f o l l o w s o r w i t h

a semicolon, s l a s h , o r carriage r e t u r n .

Note t h a t a s e m i -

c o l o n l o c a t e d by t h e Assembler anywhere i n a s t a t e m e n t ,
e x c e p t i n a comment, w i l l t e r m i n a t e t h e l i n e a t t h a t
l o c a t i o n and i n c r e m e n t t h e p r o g r a m ' s l i n e numbers by 1
l i n e f o r each semicolon;

t h u s t h e l i n e numbers on an

Assembly l i s t i n g w i l l n o t agree w i t h t h o s e s e e n on t h e s c o p e .
3.

Operands
Operands a r e u s u a l l y t h e s y m b o l i c a d d r e s s o f t h e d a t a t o
be a c c e s s e d when a n i n s t r u c t i o n i s e x e c u t e d , o r t h e i n p u t
d a t a o r arguments o f a pseudo-op.

I n e a c h case, i n t e r -

p r e t a t i o n o f o p e r a n d s i n a s t a t e m e n t depends on t h e
statement operator.

Operands a r e t e r m i n a t e d by a c a r r i a g e

r e t u r n , semicolonor s l a s h .

3-2

4. Comments
The programmer may add notes to a statement following a
slash character.

Such comments do not affect assembly

processing or program execution, but are useful in the
program listing for later analysis or debugging.

3.2

SYMBOLS

Types of Symbols
There are two main groups of symbols.

1. Permanent Symbols
The assembler has in its permanent symbol table definitions
of its operation codes, operate commands, and many inputoutput transfer (IOT) microinstructions (see Appendix C . 4 ) .
Any symbol in the Assembler's permanent symbols may be used
without prior definition by the user.
Initially, the Assembler's permanent symbol table in memory
contains the mnemonic op codes of the machine instructions
of L I N C mode programming and the Assembler pseudo-op codes.
The symbols for PDP-8 mode programming remain on tape.

the source program is processed, symbols defined in the
source program are added to the user's symbol table.
If the programming mode is changed to PDP-8 mode, the
pseudo-op PMODE must precede the new program input.

This

instructs the Assembler to retrieve the PDP-8 mode permanent
symbols in memory.

(The same L I N C memory block is used

37 3

f o r t h e permanent symbols o f b o t h modes.)

S i m i l a r l y , LMODE must p r e -

c e d e a change t o L I N C mode programming.
2.

U s e r - d e f i n e d Symbols
U s e r - d e f i n e d symbols, t o be u s e d as s t a t e m e n t l a b e l s , o p e r a t o r s , or o p e r a n d s , are composed a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w i n g
rules:

The c h a r a c t e r s m u s t be a l p h a b e t i c (A-Z)

o r n u m e r i c (0-9).

The f i r s t c h a r a c t e r must be a l p h a b e t i c .

Leading numeric

c h a r a c t e r s are i g n o r e d .
C.

Only t h e f i r s t s i x l e g a l c h a r a c t e r s o f any symbol a r e
m e a n i n g f u l t o t h e Assembler; t h e r e m a i n d e r , i f a n y , a r e
ignored.

The Assembler a s s i g n s v a l u e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w i n g

rules :
(see s e c t i o n 3.6 f o r d e f i n i t i o n of LMODE and P M O D E ) .
Used a f t e r

Defined

LMODE

after

PMODE

LMODE

10 bits'
12 bits

PMODE

12 bits
12 b i t s

The m a x i m u m number of symbols i s 8?6.

The programmer h a s 2 methods o f s p e c i f y i n g t h e v a l u e t o b e a s s i g n e d
t o a symbol.

When t h e f i r s t symbol o f a s t a t e m e n t i s t e r m i n a t e d by a

' N o t e t h a t n o check i s made on e x p r e s s i o n a r i t h m e t i c .
For example,
i f TAG = TAGl+TAG2 where TAG1 = 1 7 7 7 = TAG2, t h e n TAG = 3776, which
i s more t h a n 1 0 b i t s .

3-4

comma, it is assigned a value equal to the Current Location Counter (CLC).

Any instruction or data word in the

program may be so "labeled".
For example:
TAG ,

*loo
CLR
JMP A

STC B

The symbol TAG is assigned a value of 0100, the symbol B,
a value of 0102, and the symbol A, a value of 0103.
If a programmer attempts to define the same symbol as a
label again, it is redefined as the user requested, but
the error message ID is given.
2.

The programmer may insert new symbols with their assigned
values directly into the symbol table by using a direct
assignment statement of the form
symbol=value

where the value may be a number or expression.
For example:
ALPHA=5
BETA=17
There must be no spaces between the symbol and the equal
sign.
A direct assignment statement may also be used to give a
new symbol the same value as a previously defined symbol.

3-5

BETA=17
GAMMA=BETA
The new symbol, G A P ! ! , is entered into the user's symbol
table with the value 17.
The value assigned to a symbol mav be changed.
ALPHA=7
changes the value assigned in the first example from 5 to 7.
Direct assignment statements do not generate instructions
or data in the object program.

These statements are used

to assign values so that symbols can be conveniently used
in other statements.
U s e of Symbols

Symbols are used in 3 ways.
1.

A symbol may be used to label an instruction or data word at
any point in the program.

The label must appear first in

the statement and must be immediately followed by a comma.
If the symbol is redefined later, the illegal definition
error message is printed.
2.

Symbols used as operators must be predefined by the Assembler

or by the programmer.

If a statement has no label, the opera-

tor may appear first in the statement, and must be terminated
by a space, tab, semicolon, or carriage return.

The follow-

ing are examples of operators:

TAD

a permanent symbol

OCTAL

an Assembler pseudo-op

zIP

l e g a l only if defined by the user

3-6

Symbols used as o p e r a n d s s h o u l d have a v a l u e d e f i n e d by
the user.

These may be symbolic r e f e r e n c e s t o p r e v i o u s l y

d e f i n e d l a b e l s where t h e arguments t o be u s e d by t h i s i n s t r u c t i o n a r e t o be f o u n d , o r t h e v a l u e s of symbolic
o p e r a n d s may be c o n s t a n t s o r c h a r a c t e r s t r i n g s .

3.3

NUMBERS

Any sequence of numbers d e l i m i t e d by a s l a s h , s e m i c o l o n , t a b o r

c a r r i a g e r e t u r n i s i n t e r p r e t e d n u m e r i c a l l y by t h e Assembler.
1/

COMMENT

12;

4372

The r a d i x c o n t r o l pseudo-ops

i n d i c a t e t o t h e Assembler t h e r a d i x

t o be used i n number i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .

The pseudo-op DECIMAL i n -

d i c a t e s t h a t a l l numbers a r e t o be i n t e r p r e t e d as d e c i m a l u n t i l
t h e n e x t o c c u r r e n c e of t h e pseudo-op OCTAL.

The pseudo-op OCTAL

i n d i c a t e s t h a t a l l numbers a r e t o be i n t e r p r e t e d as o c t a l u n t i l t h e
n e x t o c c u r r e n c e of t h e pseudo-op DECIMAL.

The r a d i x i s i n i t i a l l y

s e t t o o c t a l and remains o c t a l u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c i f i e d .

3.4

EXPRESSIONS

The a r i t h m e t i c and l o g i c a l o p e r a t o r s u s e d i n n u m e r i c a l o p e r a t i o n s

are :

Plus

2 s complement a d d i t i o n (modulo 4 0 9 6 )
a f t e r a PMODE pseudo-op.

Is complement a d d i t i o n a f t e r a n LMODE
pseudo-op.

3-7

2s complement subtraction (modulo
4 0 9 6 ) after a PMODE pseudo-op.

Minus

Is complement subtraction after an
LMODE pseudo-op.
!

Exclamation Mark

Boolean inclusive OR (union).

Ampersand

Boolean AND (intersection)

L.J

Space

Interpreted as inclusive OR when used
to separate two symboloc operators.
For example:
TAG,

CLA CLL

Note that there should be no spacp,s between operands and the above
operators.
Symbols and numbers (exclusive of pseudo-op symbols) may be combined by using the arithmetic and logical operators to form expressions.

Expressions are evaluated from left to right.

MODE

A+B

A-B

A!B

A&B

PDP-8

0002

0003

0005

7777

0003

0002

0007

0005

0014

0002

0007

0005

0700

0007

0707

0671

0707

0000

0002

0003

0005

7776

0003

0002

LINC

3.5

These

ADDRESS ASSIGNMENTS

The Assembler sets the origin, or starting address, of the source
program to absolute address 4020, which may then be changed by the
programmer.

As source statements are processed, the Assembler

3 -8

a s s i g n s c o n s e c u t i v e memory a d d r e s s e s t o t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s and d a t a

words of t h e o b j e c t program.

T h i s i s done by i n c r e m e n t i n g a

l o c a t i o n c o u n t e r e a c h t i m e a memory l o c a t i o n i s a s s i g n e d .

s t a t e m e n t w h i c h g e n e r a t e s a s i n g l e o b j e c t program s t o r a g e w o r d
i n c r e m e n t s t h e l o c a t i o n c o u n t e r by o n e .

Another s t a t e m e n t may

g e n e r a t e s i x s t o r a g e words, t h u s i n c r e m e n t i n g t h e l o c a t i o n c o u n t e r
by s i x .

Direct a s s i g n m e n t s t a t e m e n t s and most Assembler pseudo-

o p s do n o t g e n e r a t e s t o r a g e words and t h e r e f o r e do n o t a f f e c t t h e
location counter.
The s p e c i a l c h a r a c t e r

. ( p e r i o d ) ’ a l w a y s has a v a l u e e q u a l t o t h e

v a l u e of t h e C u r r e n t L o c a t i o n C o u n t e r .

I t may be u s e d a s any

i n t e g e r o r symbol ( e x c e p t t o t h e l e f t of a n e q u a l s i g n ) .

The

f o l l o w i n g i s e q u i v a l e n t t o JMP 0 2 0 2 .
*200

JMP .+2

The n e x t example w i l l produce i n l o c a t i o n 0300 t h e q u a n t i t y 7 0 0 .
*300

.+400

C o n s i d e r t h e n e x t example.
*20
LMODE
CALL=JMP

0027
The second l i n e , CALL=JMP

. , does n o t increment t h e Current

’ P e r i o d must be p r e c e d e d by a d e l i m i t e r o r o p e r a t o r , or e r r o n e o u s
code may r e s u l t .

3-9

L o c a t i o n C o u n t e r , t h e r e f o r e 0 0 2 7 i s p l a c e d i n l o c a t i o n 2 0 and
CALL i s p l a c e d i n t h e u s e r ' s symbol t a b l e w i t h a n a s s o c i a t e d v a l u e

of 6 0 2 0 ( t h e o c t a l e q u i v a l e n t of JMP

. 1.

Legal C h a r a c t e r s
Programs p r o c e s s e d under t h e D I A L Assembler are p r e p a r e d by t h e
system i n t h e A s s e m b l e r ' s i n t e r n a l c o d e .

See Appendix C.3 f o r a

c o m p l e t e l i s t of t h e c h a r a c t e r s w i t h t h e i r 6 - b i t o c t a l e q u i v a l e n t s .
The f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r s a r e a c c e p t a b l e by t h e Assembler:
a.

The a l p h a b e t i c c h a r a c t e r s
ABCD...XYZ

The numeric c h a r a c t e r s
0123456789

The s p e c i a l c h a r a c t e r s

Separates symbols and numbers
(see e x p r e s s i o n s i n s e c t i o n

Space

3.4)

Plus

Combines symbols o r numbers
( add 1

Minus

Combines symbols o r numbers
(subtract)

E x c l a m a t i o n Mark

Combines symbols o r numbers
( i n c l u s i v e OR)

C a r r i a g e Return

Terminates a statement or a
line

Tabulation

Formats symbols o r numbers for
source tape output

Assigns symbolic a d d r e s s

Comma

3-10

Equal S i g n

Direct a s s i g n m e n t of symbol
values

Semicolon

Terminates coding statement
( w i l l n o t t e r m i n a t e comment)

Asterisk

Sets c u r r e n t l o c a t i o n c o u n t e r ;

redefines origin
Period

H a s value equal t o current
location counter

Backslash

X\Y

Slash

I n d i c a t e s s t a r t of comment

Ampersand

Combines symbols o r numbers

= lOOO*X+Y

(AND)

A l l c h a r a c t e r s o t h e r t h a n t h o s e l i s t e d above a r e i l l e g a l when n o t

i n a comment o r TEXT f i e l d a n d , b e i n g i l l e g a l , t h e i r o c c u r r e n c e
c a u s e s t h e e r r o r message I C ( I l l e g a l C h a r a c t e r ) t o be p r i n t e d by
t h e Assembler.

3.6

PSEUDO-OPERATORS

The programmer may u s e p s e u d o - o p e r a t o r s

(pseudo-ops) t o d i r e c t t h e

Assembler t o perform c e r t a i n t a s k s o r t o i n t e r p r e t s u b s e q u e n t
c o d i n g i n a c e r t a i n manner.

Some pseudo-ops g e n e r a t e s t o r a g e w o r d s

i n t h e o b j e c t program, o t h e r pseudo-ops d i r e c t t h e A s s e m b l e r on
how t o p r o c e e d w i t h t h e assembly.

Pseudo-ops a r e m a i n t a i n e d i n

t h e A s s e m b l e r ' s permanent symbol t a b l e .

D o n o t u s e pseudo-ops

a s v a r i a b l e names; e r r o n e o u s l o g i c and code may r e s u l t w i t h o u t
g e n e r a t i n g an e r r o r message.
The f u n c t i o n of e a c h A s s e m b l e r pseudo-op

3-11

i s described next.

PMODE
The Fssembler can assemble either LINC instructions (coding) or
PDP-8 instructions.
mode.

Each has a pseudo-op to designate its assembly

PMODE indicates that PDP-8 coding follows. The Assembler

remains in PDP-8 mode until explicitly changed to LINC mode by an
LMODE pseudo-op.
LMODE

To designate LINC mode coding, the pseudo-op LMODE is used.

The

initial mode of the Assembler is LMODE and will remain in LMODE
until the PMODE pseudo-op is given.
SEGMNT n (O<n<7)
-SEGMNT resets the CLC to the first location of segment n, where n
is an integer, a previously defined symbol, or a symbolic expression.

Each memory bank is divided into four 1024-word segments.

For example:
SEGMNT 2

sets CLC to location 4 0 0 0

SEGMNT 1

sets CLC to location 2000

Without an argument, the CLC is reset to the first location of the
succeeding segment.
FIELD n (O<n<l)
-The FIELD pseudo-op indicates the field 0 or 1.

If the field is

not specified, 0 is assumed as the initial condition.

3-12

DECIMAL

I n t e g e r s a r e u s u a l l y t a k e n t o be o c t a l numbers.

However, f o l l o w i n g

t h e pseudo-op DECIMAL (and p r i o r t o a s u c c e e d i n g OCTAL pseudo-op)

a l l numbers a r e i n t e r p r e t e d a s d e c i m a l .
OCTAL
OCTAL i s used t o r e s e t t h e r a d i x t o i t s o r i g i n a l o c t a l base.

s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t i f a decimal number i s s p e c i f i e d when t h e
r a d i x i s o c t a l , t h e Assembler t r i e s , o f t e n u n s u c c e s s f u l l y , t o
i n t e r p r e t t h e number.
NOLIST
NOLIST i s u s e d t o p r e v e n t p r i n t o u t d u r i n g a n L I assembly.

The

NOLIST a p p e a r s i n t h e l i s t i n g , b u t t h e n t h e p r i n t o u t i s s u p p r e s s e d

u n t i l a L I S T pseudo-op i s e n c o u n t e r e d .
LIST
L I S T i s used t o n e g a t e t h e NOLIST s t a t e .

The L I S T s t a t e m e n t d o e s

n o t appear i n t h e l i s t i n g .
TEXT

The pseudo-op TEXT e n a b l e s t h e u s e r t o r e p r e s e n t a character o r

s t r i n g of characters i n U S A S C I I code trimmed t o s i x b i t s and
packed two c h a r a c t e r s t o a w o r d .

The n u m e r i c a l v a l u e s g e n e r a t e d

by TEXT a r e l e f t - j u s t i f i e d i n t h e s t o r a g e words t h e y occupy, w i t h
t h e unused b i t s of t h e l a s t word f i l l e d w i t h 0 0 .

3-13

A s t r i n g o f t e x t may b e e n t e r e d by g i v i n g t h e pseudo-op

TEXT f o l -

lowed by a s p a c e , a d e l i m i t i n g c h a r a c t e r , a s t r i n g of t e x t , and
the same delimiting character.
F o r example:
TEXT

ZSTRING O F TEXTZ

I f t h i s example i s a t l o c a t i o n 0 2 0 0 , t h e l i s t i n g i s as f o l l o w s :
200
201
202
203
204
205

2324
2211
1607

206

3024

4017
0640
2405

TEXT ZSTRING O F TEXTZ

The f i r s t p r i n t i n g c h a r a c t e r f o l l o w i n g TEXT i s t a k e n as t h e del i m i t i n g c h a r a c t e r , and t h e t e x t s t r i n g i s t h e c h a r a c t e r s which
follow u n t i l t h e d e l i m i t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s again encountered.
l e g a l c h a r a c t e r may be used as a d e l i m i t i n g c h a r a c t e r !

Any

The

Assembler w i l l p r i n t o u t a l l t h e c o d e , t h e n p r i n t t h e e n t i r e l i n e
a f t e r i t when a c a r r i a g e r e t u r n i s e n c o u n t e r e d .

I f t h e t e x t goes

p a s t t h e end of t h e manuscrjr>t t h e e r r o r message I E ( i l l e g a l
e x p a n s i o n ) i s p r i n t e d and t h e assembly i s immedj-ately t e r m i n a t e d .
PAGE n

(O<n<408)
--

PAGE i s used t o r e s e t t h e C u r r e n t L o c a t i o n C o u n t e r t o t h e f i r s t
l o c a t i o n o f t h e s p e c i f i e d PDP-8 page.

I f n i s not specified, the

C u r r e n t L o c a t i o n Counter i s r e s e t t o t h e f i r s t l o c a t i o n o f t h e
1

When u s i n g t h e TEXT pseudo-op, remember t h a t t h e f o r m a t t i n g f e a t u r e
o f t h e E d i t o r may i n s e r t unwanted t a b s when a comma, s l a s h , or
carriage r e t u r n i s encountered.

3-14

succeeding page.

EJECT
When a program is to be listed on a line printer, the command
EJECT causes the next line to be printed at the top of the next

line printer paper page, thus permitting a logical splitting along
page boundaries.
ASMIFx n
The conditional assembly pseudo-ops, of the general form ASMIFx,
can have 3 possible forms:
Pseudo-op

Meaning

ASMIFZ n

Assemble if zero

ASMIFN n

Assemble if non-zero

ASMIFM n

Assemble if minus

In each case the expression is evaluated and if the value of the
expression matches the condition specified (zero, non-zero, minus),
the next line is assembled.

If it does not match, then the next

line is not processed by the Assembler.

The next line may be any

statement, but will most frequently be an ASMSKP pseudo-op
(discussed below).

Sections of code may thus be altered or entire-

ly deleted from a program just be setting some values in the

beginning of the assembly program.
ASMSKP n
When the pseudo-op ASMSKP and the expression n following it are

3-15

e n c o u n t e r e d , t h e e x p r e s s i o n on t h e r i q h t i s e v a l u a t e d .

The number

of l i n e s e q u a l t o t h a t v a l u e o f t h a t e x p r e s s i o n , s t a r t i n g on t h e
n e x t l i n e , a r e n o t assembled.

Thus, t h e A S M I F x c l a s s of pseudo-ops

c o n t r o l t h e assembly of one s t a t e m e n t ; t h e ASKSKP c o n t r o l s any
number of l i n e s and c a n be u s e d t o e l i m i n a t e e n t i r e b l o c k s of
statements.

For b o t h t h e A S M I F x f a m i l y and ASMSKP pseudo-ops,

i f no e x p r e s s i o n

i s p r e s e n t , t h e n e x t s t a t e m e n t w i l l be a s s e m b l e d .

I f an a t t e m p t

i s made t o go p a s t t h e end of a m a n u s c r i p t w i t h one of t h e s e
pseudo-ops n o e r r o r r e s u l t s ; t h e end of t h e m a n u s c r i p t i s s i m p l e
t r e a t e d as t h e end of t h e s k i p b l o c k .
ASMSKP pseudo-ops

With b o t h t h e ASMIFx and t h e

a l i n e may be a normal assembly i n s t r u c t i o n o r i t

may be j u s t a comment.

Note t h a t w i t h t h e ASMIFx f a m i l y and ASMSKP pseudo-ops,

the condition

" z e r o " must b e s p e c i f i e d by JJggj7.

C o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g program l i s t i n g .
8JJ42
JJ843

8044

8282

4481

JJ845
8g46
8847

8850

8283

1%85

ASMIFN TAPE
JMS I WRITE
ASMIFN TAPE-DISK
ASMSKP 2
JMS I READ
J M S I WRITE
TAD M 18

The e x p r e s s i o n a f t e r ASMIFN pseudo-op a t l i n e 42, TAPE, had a nonz e r o v a l u e s o t h e n e x t i i n e , 43, w a s assembled.
e x p r e s s i o n TAPE-DISK

The v a l u e of t h e

a l s o had a non-zero v a l u e , c a u s i n g l i n e 45

3-16

t o b e e x e c u t e d , t h u s s k i p p i n g l i n e s 46 and 47.

Assembly w a s con-

tinued a t l i n e 50.
The l a s t 2 pseudo-ops,

SAVSYM n and LODSYM, a r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d t o o l s

which s h o u l d be used o n l y i n l a r g e system programs.

These pseudo-

o p s a r e d i s c u s s e d b r i e f l y h e r e and i n d e t a i l i n Appendix C . 2 .
SAVSYM n ( n = l or 2 )
The pseudo-op SAVSYM n allows t h e programmer t o s a v e p a r t o r all of
h i s u s e r symbol t a b l e f o r u s e i n l a t e r assemblies.

I t i s followed

by an e x p r e s s i o n , n , which i s e v a l u a t e d t o a v a l u e of 1 o r 2 .
There are 2 c a s e s when a u s e r w i l l want t o s a v e h i s symbols.

Case

1 i s when t h e u s e r h a s d e f i n e d some common d e f i n i t i o n s which a r e
t o be used w i t h a l l h i s programs; case 2 i s when t h e program i s
t o o l a r g e and must b e s p l i t i n t o 2 o r more smaller programs t h a t
can communicate w i t h e a c h o t h e r .
LODSYM

The pseudo-op LODSYM l o a d s a symbol t a b l e p r e v i o u s l y s a v e d by a

SAVSYM pseudo-op.

When a LODSYM command i s g i v e n a l l p r e v i o u s l y

d e f i n e d u s e r symbols i n c o r e a r e e r a s e d .

For t h i s r e a s o n , a LODSYM

s h o u l d be one of t h e f i r s t s t a t e m e n t s i n a program.

SAVSYM and

LODSYM p e r m i t t h e u s e r t o do an a s s e m b l y , s a v e t h e symbol t a b l e ,

do a n o t h e r assembly and c a l l back i n t h e o r i g i n a l symbol t a b l e .

3-17

CHAPTER 4
ASSEMBLY PROGRAMS

4.1

ASSEMBLE PROGRAM
+AS (NAME, UNIT) 2

NAME = name of filed program to be assembled
UNIT = tape unit on which named file is to be found ( g or 1)
The Monitor Command AS performs an assembly of the NAMEd source
file on the specified UNIT.

If no NAME is given, the source pro-

gram in the Working Area on unit fl is assembled.

With the command

AS, an assembly listing is not produced, but error messages with
line numbers and a tag table are printed.
assembly error messages.)

(See Appendix B for the

Note that the assembly and tag table

printout can be stopped and the Editor called back by typing
RETURN.
The Assembler requires that the program to be assembled be on tape
unit j f o r 1.

The Working Area of tape unit 1 is always used for

binary output and tag table storage.
For all DIAL programs, NAME can be 1 to 8 characters long and must
have at least 1 non-numeric character and no ? or / characters.

4.2

LIST PROGRAM
+LI (LINE NUMBER1, LINE NUMBER2,) (NAME, UNIT) 2

4-1

LINE NUMBER 1 = starting line number
LINE NUMBER 2 = terminating line number
NAME

= name of filed program to be listed

UNIT

= tape unit on which NAMEd file is to be found
( B or 1)

The list program performs the same functions as the assemble program, but in addition produces an octal-symbolic listing on the
Assembler output device.

It will assemble and list from the

workspace if no program NAME and UNIT are specified.

The value

of UNIT can only be B or 1. As with the assemble command, AS, the
Working Area on the tape unit 1 is used for the b i n z y output and
tag table.
If two line numbers are supplied, it will cause the entire program
in the workspace or a NAMEd file to be assembled and will list only
the portions of the program between the two line numbers.

assemble and list only that part between lines 140 and 160 type
+LI 1 4 0 , 1 6 0 3

To assemble and list lines 300 to 310 of file MART on unit 1, the
correct command is
+LI 300,310 MART,1>
If a line printer is available and in the ready state, the listing
will be output to that device.

By using the pseudo-operators

NOLIST and LIST, the output listing can be controlled.
RETURN may be typed at any time to return to the Editor.

4-2

4.3

Q U I C K LIST
+QL (LINE

NUMBER 1, LINE NUMBER 2 , )

(NAME,

UNIT)>

LINE NUMBER 1 = s t a r t i n g l i n e number
LINE NUMBER 2 = t e r m i n a t i n g l i n e number

t o be l i s t e d

NAME

= name of f i l e d program

UNIT

= t a p e u n i t on which NAMEd f i l e i s t o be found

(0 or 1)
T h i s command p e r f o r m s t h e same f u n c t i o n s as t h e L I command w i t h t h e
following exceptions:
a.

L i n e numbers and a l l comments are d e l e t e d .

A l l tabs a r e p r i n t e d out a s spaces.

The QL command e n a b l e s t h e u s e r t o examine h i s code w i t h o u t h a v i n g
t o w a i t t h e e x t r a t i m e t o receive a f u l l l i s t i n g .

The Q U I C K LIST

f e a t u r e normally saves 1 t o 2 s e c o n d s p e r l i n e , more i f t h e program
c o n t a i n s many tabs and comments.

Only u n i t $Y o r 1 may be s p e c i f i e d .

N o l i n e numbers are p r i n t e d o u t w i t h t h e QL command.

To h e l p t h e

u s e r d e t e r m i n e s t a t e m e n t l i n e numbers from t h e l i s t i n g , QL t a k e s
a d v a n t a g e of t h e f a c t t h a t t h e pseudo-ops

(FIELD,

*, PAGE, PMODE,

LMODE, e t c . ) g e n e r a t e no code and t h e l i n e number i s p r i n t e d i n s t e a d
of t h e l o c a t i o n c o u n t e r .

The assembly may be i n t e r r u p t e d by t y p i n g

RETURN t o go back t o t h e E d i t o r .

Two l i s t i n g s of t h e same program f o l l o w t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a l i s t i n g produced by a l i s t command and one g e n e r a t e d
by a q u i c k l i s t command.

4-3

This listing was produced by a List command.

0000
0001
0002
0003
0004
0005
0006
0007
0810
001 1
0012
0013
0014
0015
0016
0017

*20

4020
402 1

6032
6046

START,

4022
4023
4024
4025
402 6
4027
4030

6031
5222
6036
6041
5225
6046
5222

LOOP,

0000

ERRORS

LINEP
LOOP
START

0000
4022
4020

PMODE
LINEP=0
ASMIFN LINEP
EJECT
KCC
TL S
ASMIFN L I N E P
EJECT
KSF
JMP
*-i
KRB
TSF
JMP
0-1
TL 5
JMP
LOOP

4-4

/START I N PDP-8 MODE
/NO E J E C T S
/EJECT?
/YES*
/CLEAR KEYBOARD FLAG
/ S E T TELETYPE FLAG
/EJECT?
/GO TO TOP OF PAGE*
/CHAR* TYPED?
/NO
WAIT
/YES* READ I T I N .
/ TELEPRI MTER READY?
/NO* WAIT
/YES* OUTPUT THE CHAR
/GO GET ANOTHER CHAR*

T h i s l i s t i n g w a s p r o d u c e d by a q u i c k l i s t command.

0000
0001
0082
0003
0004
4020
402 1
0007
0010
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4830

6032
6046
6031
5222
6036
6041
5225
6046
5222

0000

ERRORS

LINEP
LOOP
START

0000
4022
4020

*20
PMODE /
LINEP=0 /
ASMIFN L I N E P I
EJECT /
STARTI KCC /
TLS I
ASMIFN L I N E P /
EJECT /
LOOPI KSF I
JMP 0 - 1 /
KRB /
TSF /
JMP 0 - 1 /

JMP LOOP /

4-5

4.4

SAVE BINARY
+SB NAME,

UNIT

NAME

name t o be a s s i g n e d t o s a v e d b i n a r y f i l e

UNIT

= u n i t on which b i n a r y f i l e i s t o be saved

MODE

= L i f program s h o u l d s t a r t i n LINC mode

(,MODE)

{ADDRESS))

P i f program s h o u l d s t a r t i n PDP-8

mode

ADDRESS = s t a r t i n g a d d r e s s
The b i n a r y program most r e c e n t l y assembled w i t h t h e A S , L I , o r QL
command can be s a v e d w i t h t h e SB command as f i l e NAME on t h e s p e c i f i e d UNIT.
The S B command h a s a l o a d and go o p t i o n s o t h a t when a program i s
l o a d e d i n t o memory w i t h t h e LO command, i t w i l l a l s o a u t o m a t i c a l l y
s t a r t t o be e x e c u t e d .

T o u s e t h i s o p t i o n , t h e program mode must

be s p e c i f i e d .
I f t h e program i s t o b e s t a r t e d i n LINC mode whenever l o a d e d , t h e

I f t n e program i s t o s t a r t a t

u n i t number i s f o l l o w e d by an L.

J84$2@, t h e L i s f o l l o w e d by t y p i n g RETURN.

I f t h e program i s t o

be s t a r t e d e l s e w h e r e , a f u l l f i v e d i g i t a d d r e s s must be s p e c i f i e d .
T h e Data F i e l d i s always s e t t o t h r e e when t h e proqram i s s t a r t e d .

I f t h e program i s t o be s t a r t e d i n PDP-8 mode, t h e u n i t number i s
f o l l o w e d by a P which w i l l c a u s e t h e program t o be s t a r t e d a t
l o c a t i o n J8B2.0Ba; o t h e r w i s e t h e f u l l f i v e d i g i t s t a r t i n g a d d r e s s
should be s p e c i f i e d .

If t h e S B command i s t e r m i n a t e d a f t e r UNIT w i t h a c a r r i a g e r e t u r n ,

t h e l o a d e r w i l l h a l t t o l o c a t i o n 7774 a f t e r having loaded t h e
program.
F o r example:
T o s a v e t h e program PGMNAM on u n i t 1 s o it w i l l l o a d and s t a r t i n
L I N C mode a t l o c a t i o n @4@2@
+SB PGMNAM,l,L

To save t h e program PGMNAM on u n i t @ s o i t w i l l l o a d and s t a r t i n
L I N C mode a t l o c a t i o n 482gof t h e second band

L14@2@

+SB PGMNAM,fl,

To save t h e program PGMNAM o r u n i t
+SB P G M N A M , ~

(IF = 6)

s o i t w i l l l o a d and h a l t

With e a c h assembly, a b i n a r y h e a d e r b l o c k i s g e n e r a t e d by t h e
Assembler which maps t h e memory b l o c k s u s e d .

The Save and Load

B i n a r y commands u s e t h e d a t a i n t h e h e a d e r t o s a v e o r l o a d t h e
appropriate blocks.

(Block 4 0 0 0 i s always 5 a v e d ) .

Thus, i f a

program o c c u p i e d b l o c k s 4 0 0 0 and 4 4 0 0 , t h r e e b l o c k s would be saved:
t h e t w o program b l o c k s and t h e h e a d e r b l o c k .

I f a previous version

of t h e same program i s a l r e a d y p r e s e n t on t h e s p e c i f i e d t a p e ,
D I A L w i l l d i s p l a y REPLACE?. S t r i k e R t o r e p l a c e t h e e x i s t i n g f i l e

e n t r y w i t h t h i s new e n t r y ; s t r i k e RETURN i f t h e e x i s t i n g f i l e

i s n o t t o be r e p l a c e d .

4-7

4.5

LOAD B I N A R Y
+LO

(NAME,

UNIT)

NAME = name o f b i n a r y f i l e t o b e l o a d e d

UNIT = u n i t from which f i l e i s t o b e l o a d e d

I f t h e NAMEd program w a s s a v e d by a Save B i n a r y command and no mode
w a s s p e c i f i e d , t h e program i s l o a d e d i n t o core memory and t h e com-

p u t e r h a l t s a t l o c a t i o n 7774.

When a UNIT i s a l s o s p e c i f i e d , t h e

NAMEd b i n a r y program i s r e a d i n t o memory from c h e s e l e c t e d f i l e .
If no NAME i s g i v e n , t h e l a s t b i n a r y program assembled by DIAL i s

r e a d i n t o memory from u n i t 1 and t h e computer a g a i n h a l t s a t 7 7 7 4 .

I f t h e f i l e had been s a v e d w i t h a mode and a d d r e s s s p e c i f i e d i n
t h e Save B i n a r y command, t h e n t h e Load B i n a r y program w i l l l o a d
and go.

Program e x e c u t i o n w i l l s t a r t a u t o m a t i c a l l y from t h e NAMEd

f i l e on t h e s p e c i f i e d L W I T .

T h i s command w i l l e x i t from D I A L

b e f o r e r e a d i n g t h e b i n a r y program.

Note t h a t t h e l o a d e r o v e r l a y s

l o c a t i o n s 7 7 6 1 - 7 7 7 7 w i t h a b o o t s t r a p r o u t i n e and t h e s e l o c a t i o n s ,
t h e r e f o r e , c a n n o t be u s e d by t h e program.

4.6

ASSEMBLY
OPERATION NOTES
-

The Assembler l o o k s a t t h e t a p e on u n i t 1 t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e r e i s

a copy of t h e Assembler on t a p e 1.

I f t h e r e i s a copy, t h e n

symbols c a n be swapped i n and o u t on t a p e u n i t 1 r a t h e r t h a n on
u n i t !J,

r e s u l t i n g i n a c o n s i d e r a b l e s a v i n g of t a p e motion and t i m e

Note t h a t i t i s n o t n e c e s s a r y t o have an Assembler on u n i t 1, b u t

it is faster.

4-8

For users with 8 K of core, the Assembler uses the extra 4K rather
than swap user symbols in and out from the tape.

In addition, the

pseudo-op processor will then always be resident and double buffering from tlw input file can be used.

Such a system greatly in-

creases the speed of assembling a program over a 4 K machine.
For an 8 K machine with a line-printer, the Assembler will automatically give its listing and symbol table on the line-printer,
if it is in the START or READY status.
go to the Teletype.

4 -9

Otherwise, the output will

CHAPTER 5
UTILITY PROGRAMS AND COMMANDS

5.1

SAVE PROGRAM
+SP

NAME,

UNIT

NAME = name t o b e a s s i g n e d t o s a v e d program i n f i l e

UNIT = u n i t t o c o n t a i n t h e named program
DIAL saves t h e s o u r c e program by NAME i n one f i l e on t h e UNIT s p e c i -

fied.

When s a v i n g a program, RETURN may b e t y p e d a t any t i m e .

This

w i l l i n t e r r u p t t h e command and r e t u r n t o t h e s o u r c e d i s p l a y , w i t h
no e f f e c t once DIAL h a s u p d a t e d t h e Index.

To p r e v e n t s a v i n g two

programs w i t h t h e same NAME, D I A L d i s p l a y s REPLACE?.

The u s e r may

e i t h e r type R t o r e p l a c e t h e f i l e e n t r y w i t h t h i s source o r p r e s s
RETURN t o k e e p t h e o l d f i l e e n t r y .

5.2

ADD PROGRAM
+AP BN, UNIT 3
+W

CLN1, L N 2 , )

NAME,

UNIT 3

BN = F i r s t b l o c k number o f source program
NAME = name of f i l e d program

UNIT = u n i t on which program i s l o c a t e d
To add D I A L source t o t h e

c u r r e n t source a t t h e c u r r e n t l i n e , t h e AP

command r e q u i r e s s p e c i f y i n g o n l y i t s s t a r t i n g b l o c k number, BN, o r

i t s NAME.

Two l i n e numbers may be s p e c i f i e d t o add t h a t p o r t i o n of

t h e NAMEd program t o t h e c u r r e n t s o u r c e .

5-1

The f i r s t l i n e of t h e program i s added a f t e r t h e c u r r e n t l i n e on t h e

scope.

S o u r c e l i n e s w h i c h f o l l o w t h e added s o u r c e a r e t h e n renum-

b e r e d ; i f t h e r e i s no c u r r e n t s o u r c e , e . g . ,

a CLEAR command was

i s s u e d , t h e added s o u r c e w i l l be t h e e n t i r e s o u r c e .

If t h e arguments

are o m i t t e d , t h e command i s i g n o r e d .

5.3

CLEAR

-FcL3
The Working A r e a on t h e t a p e u n i t JJ can be c l e a r e d by u s i n g t h e

command CL.
buffer area.

D I A L r e m a i n s i n c o r e and i s r e s t a r t e d w i t h a c l e a n

3 c L may be t y p e d a t any t i m e t o c l e a r t h e Working A r e a

w i t h o u t h a v i n g t o m a n i p u l a t e any c o n s o l e s w i t c h e s .

5.4

DISPLAY I N D E X
+ D X ( ,UNIT)>

U N I T = u n i t whose I n d e x i s t o be d i s p l a y e d
T h e f i l e I n d e x of t h e s p e c i f i e d UNIT i s d i s p l a y e d on t h e s c o p e by

t h e command +DX.

For each program, i t s name, s o u r c e o r b i n a r y , s t a r t -

i n g b l o c k number, and l e n g t h i n blocks i s i n d i c a t e d .
To v i e w the e n t i r e Index, use t h e following keys:

Action

Key

Forward one frame

Forward one e n t r y

B a c k w a r d one f r a m e

Backward one e n t r y

5-2

P r e s s t h e RETURN key t o r e t u r n t o t h e s o u r c e d i s p l a y a t any t i m e .
E n t r i e s may b e d e l e t e d from t h e d i s p l a y a l s o .

P r e s s i n g t h e RUBOUT

key w i l l d e l e t e t h e l a s t l i n e on t h e d i s p l a y .

I f t h e wrong e n t r y

i s d e l e t e d , t y p e R t o r e s t o r e t h e Index.

The d e l e t i o n s are made

permanent by p r e s s i n g t h e c o l o n key ( : ) .

The s o u r c e d i s p l a y i s

r e t u r n e d t o t h e scope.

P r e s s i n g t h e RETURN key w i l l c a u s e a r e t u r n

t o t h e s o u r c e d i s p l a y a f t e r one o f t h e above o p e r a t i o n s .

Note t h a t

i f t h e r e i s no I n d e x o r a n empty I n d e x , NO i s d i s p l a y e d on t h e scope.

5.5

PRINT INDEX

+PX ( ,UNIT)J

U N I T = u n i t o f I n d e x t o be p r i n t e d

The command +PX p r i n t s o u t t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e s p e c i f i e d Index on
t h e Teletype.

Press RETURN a t any t i m e t o s t o p t h e p r i n t o u t and t o

r e t u r n t o t h e source display.

5.6

P R I N T SOURCE

jPs

m i , 1 ( 1 ~ 2 ), (NAME ,UNIT) 3

NAME = name of f i l e t o be p r i n t e d
UNIT = u n i t on which named f i l e i s t o be located

L N 1 = s t a r t i n g l i n e number
LN2 = t e r m i n a t i n g l i n e number

The NAMEd s o u r c e f i l e i s p r i n t e d on t h e T e l e t y p e f r o m t h e s p e c i f i e d
UNIT.

The c u r r e n t s o u r c e i s p r i n t e d when no NAME and/or U N I T are

designated.

I f two l i n e numbers a r e s p e c i f i e d , t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e

NAMEd f i l e w i l l be p r i n t e d .

5-3

source c a n be p r i n t e d w i t h t h e PS command.

Any D I A L

N o words w i l l

P r i n t i n g t i m e i s approximately

b e s p l i t between T e l e t y p e l i n e s .

1 m i n u t e p e r page f o r PDP-12 program s o u r c e s .
L i n e numbers, i f s p e c i f i e d , p r o v i d e i n c l u s i v e bounds f o r t h e p r i n t out.

When o n l y one l i n e number i s s p e c i f i e d , i t i s assumed t o be

t h e i n i t i a l bound and t h e r e s t of t h e s o u r c e i s p r i n t e d .

5.7

EXIT
+EX 2

The E x i t command c o m p l e t e s t h e u p d a t i n g of t h e working area from

t h e memory b u f f e r s , t h u s a s s u r i n g t h e u s e r o f l e a v i n g D I A L w i t h o u t
l o s i n g t h e c u r r e n t s o u r c e program.

A f t e r +EX,

DIAL h a l t s .

Press

t h e CONT c o n s o l e s w i t c h t o r e t u r n t o D I A L .

5.8

U S E R ' S MONITOR COMMAND
+MC

X = v a l u e i n l e f t of Accumulator
( X ) = v a l u e i n r i g h t o f Accumulator ( o p t i o n a l )

U = u n i t t o be read
T h e U s e r ' s Monitor command a l l o w s t h e DIAL u s e r t o d e f i n e an

individualized function to the Editor.

The MC command i s s i m i l a r t o

t h e Load B i n a r y command, b u t w i t h twc a d d i t i o n a l f e a t u r e s :

B l o c k 270 of the free area is read i n t o core-

Arguments are p a s s e d by t h e E d i t o r u s i n g t h e
Accumulator.

5-4

When the MC command is issued, block 2 7 0 of unit U is read into core
Locations 4 0 0 0 to 4 3 7 7 and the program is started in LINC mode at
location 4 0 2 0 .

Block 2 7 0 is the first block of an eight block free

area on the DIAL tape and is accessed by the MC command.

Since DIAL

will never use these blocks, the user can retrieve any or a l l by
using absolute references; there is no need to access the DIAL
directory.

The DIAL code of the alphabetic character X is placed in

the left half of the Accumulator.

The value of the second character,

which can be alphabetic or numeric, is placed in the right half of
the Accumulator.

I f the second character is omitted, the value 7 7

is placed in the right half of the Accumulator automatically.

5.9

PERIPHERAL INTERCHANGE PROGRAM [ P I P )
+PI

P I P for the PDP-12

permits the user to transfer source or binary

files between devices such as a LINC tape, high-speed paper tape
reader/punch, card reader, or line printer.
P I P is a user's program, residing in the file area, and is not

necessarily resident on unit @ with the DIAL source programs.
ing P I P by the command +PI k

equivalent to +LO P I P , B .

P I P is moved to a unit other than

Call-

Thus, if

the + P I command is inoperable.

The appropriate tape unit may be substituted for unit j3 in the
+LO P I P command above to call the program.
Mode Options
When P I P is started, tne following message is displayed.

5-5

Note that

lower case l e t t e r s a r e used h e r e t o i n d i c a t e h a l f s i z e c h a r a c t e r s
on t h e s c o p e .
P I P OPTIONS

a--- a u x i l i a r y mode
b--- b i n a r y mode
s---source

mode

reply:
The f i l e t o be m a n i p u l a t e d by P I P must be d e s c r i b e d a t t h i s t i m e .

Only one of t h e 3 s i n g l e l e t t e r a b b r e v i a t i o n s n e e d s t o be t y p e d
a f t e r reply.

A c a r r i a g e r e t u r n t e r m i n a t e s a l l P I P command s t r i n g s .

T h i s P I P d i s p l a y and a l l t h e s u b s e q u e n t o n e s a r e f o l l o w e d by r e p l y :
and a s q u a r e - s h a p e d c u r s o r i n t h e l o w e r l e f t hand c o r n e r .

When a

r e s p o n s e i s t y p e d , i t i s s e e n a t t h e l o c a t i o n i n d i c a t e d by t h e c u r sor.

The c u r s o r moves one c h a r a c t e r t o t h e r i g h t f o r e a c h c h a r a c t e r

typed i n .

When r e s p o n d i n g t o any P I P d i s p l a y , RUBOUT c a n be t y p e d

t o d e l e t e t h e l a s t c h a r a c t e r t y p e d o r L I N E FEED c a n be t y p e d t o
delete the entire line.

I f an i l l e g a l c h a r a c t e r i s typed, it i s

i g n o r e d and t h e P I P d i s p l a y i s r e t u r n e d t o t h e s c o p e .

Typing CTRL/P

w i l l a l s o r e t u r n t h e P I P O P T I O N S d i s p l a y t o t h e s c o p e a t any t i m e .
CTRL/D may b e t y p e d t o r e t u r n t o D I A L .

B i n a r y o r Source I n p u t
A f t e r t h e mode h a s been a c c e p t e d , t h e i n p u t d e v i c e must b e s p e c i f i e d .
I f t h e r e p l y t o t h e f i r s t P I P d i s p l a y w a s B o r S , t h e second P I P

5-6

d i s p l a y i s shown, as f o l l o w s :
INPUT DEVICE
h---high

speed reader

I---l i n c t a p e
t--- t e l e t y p e
c--- c a r d r e a d e r
reply :
The a u x i l i a r y mode o p t i o n s a r e d e s c r i b e d l a t e r i n t h i s s e c t i o n .
I f L I N C t a p e i s t o be t h e i n p u t d e v i c e , t h e u s e r ' s r e s p o n s e t o t h e

second PIP d i s p l a y m u s t be i n t h e f o r m a t Ln;NAME where L i n d i c a t e s
t h e L I N C t a p e o p t i o n , n i s t h e LINC t a p e i n p u t u n i t number ((a

- 7)

f o l l o w e d by a semicolon, and NAME i s a 1 t o 8 c h a r a c t e r f i l e name.
Thus, t o i n p u t a f i l e named ABC3 from LINC t a p e u n i t 4 t h e Correct
command i s L4;ABC3.
I f s o u r c e mode w a s chosen a s t h e f i r s t o p t i o n , t h e n d a t a may be
i n p u t from t h e c a r d r e a d e r by t y p i n g a r e p l y o f CJ.

Columns 1 - 1 1 0 8

a r e r e a d u n l e s s a r e s p o n s e i s g i v e n i n t h e form Caa;THRU,bb where aa

i s t h e f i r s t column t o be r e a d and bb i s t h e l a s t column t o b e read.
T o r e a d columns 5 0 t o 1 1 0 ( o c t a l ) t h e c o r r e c t s t r i n g i s C50;THRU,110.

The c h a r a c t e r c o d e s used are n o t t h e c a r d r e a d e r c o d e s i n t h e PDP-12
U s e r Handbook.

I n s t e a d , t h e y a r e t h e s t a n d a r d IBM-029 Keypunch

codes (see Appendix B of " I n t r o d u c t i o n t o Programming" DEC-C-18).

5-7

There are some minor changes in that set to be compatible W ~ L I
standard ASCII.
CARD CODE

029 CHARACTER

DIAL CHARACTER

8-8-2

NONE

8-8-5

- (Underscore)

11-8-7

---I(Logical not)

12-8-2

(Cent Sign)

12-8-7

I (Vertical Bar)

If the user desires he may substitute an entirely different character set into PIP (with the exception of BLANK).

If, for binary input, the device is to be the high-speed reader or
the Teletype, neither of which is file or unit oriented, the user's
response is in the form DF;Mode,Address where D is the device
abbreviation ( H or T), and F is the memory field and is specified
only for field 1 or larger.

Mode is indicated by L for L I N C Mode

and by P for PDP-8 Mode and Address is the starting address.

Mode and Address are omitted, the program just loaded will not start.
The mode must be specified for the program to start after it has been
read.
The punctuation marks are always required if the items after them
are specified.

If no Address is given, a L I N C Mode operation will

start at location 4020 and a PDP-8 mode operation will start at
location 200.

A carriage return terminates the command string.

5-8

C o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g examples.
H;P

I n p u t i s from t h e high-speed reader and w i l l s t a r t
i n PDP-8 mode a t l o c a t i o n 2 0 0 .

Hl;P,1000

I n p u t i s from t h e high-speed r e a d e r and w i l l s t a r t
i n PDP-8 mode a t l o c a t i o n 1 0 0 0 i n memory f i e l d 1.

T;L,6000

I n p u t i s from t h e T e l e t y p e and w i l l s t a r t i n L i n c
Mode a t l o c a t i o n 6 0 0 0 .

I n p u t i s from t h e high-speed r e a d e r and w i l l n o t
be s t a r t e d .

I f t h e s p e c i f i e d f i l e i s n o t a t t h e i n d i c a t e d l o c a t i o n , NO w i l l be

d i s p l a y e d on t h e s c o p e .

R e t u r n t o PIP by t y p i n g CTRL/P o r r e t u r n

t o D I A L by t y p i n g CTRL/D a t t h i s t i m e .
When t h e high-speed

reader i s t h e i n p u t d e v i c e , t h e t a p e must b e i n

t h e reader u e f o r e t h e c a r r i a g e r e t u r n i s t y p e d t o t e r m i n a t e t h e o u t -

p u t d e v i c e command s t r i n g .

For A S C I I p a p e r t a p e i n p u t , t h e c h a r a c t e r

CTRL/Z must t e r m i n a t e t h e i n p u t .

I t must be p r e s e n t a s t h e l a s t

c h a r a c t e r on t h e t a p e o r t y p e d on t h e T e l e t y p e a f t e r t h e t a p e h a s
been read i n .
CTRL/Z

I f t h e t a p e had o r i g i n a l l y been punched by PIP, a

w i l l a l r e a d y be p r e s e n t a t t h e end o f it.

B i n a r y o r Source O u t p u t
When a r e s p o n s e t o t h e i n p u t d e v i c e d i s p l a y h a s been a c c e p t e d , t h e
o u t p u t d e v i c e must be s p e c i f i e d .
t h e scope.

5-9

The f o l l o w i n g d i s p l a y a p p e a r s on

OUTPUT DEVICE

h--- h i g h s p e e d punch
l---linc

tape

t--- t e l e t y p e
p---line

printer

reply:
I f t h e L I N C t a p e i s t o be t h e o u t p u t d e v i c e , a r e s p o n s e i n t h e same
f o r m a t as w a s used t o s p e c i f y L I N C t a p e a s t h e i n p u t d e v i c e i s required.

Never a s k t o copy a f i l e o n t o i t s e l f by u s i n g t h e same

name and t h e s a m e u n i t f o r b o t h t h e i n p u t and o u t p u t commands.

w i l l d e s t r o y t h e named f i l e .
unit

This

T o l o c a t e t h e f i l e PAUL on L I N C t a p e

fl t h e c o r r e c t command s t r i n g i s Lfl;PAUL.

When u s i n g L I N C t a p e as t h e i n p u t o r o u t p u t d e v i c e f o r any P I P o p e r a t i o n , b e s u r e t o s p e c i f y t h e name o f t h e f i l e .

I f t h e f i l e name i s

o m i t t e d when s p e c i f y i n g L I N C t a p e o u t p u t , t h e f i l e i s a s s i g n e d
name q u e s t i o n mark ( ? ) by P I P .

the

The f i l e w i l l be a c c e s s i b l e o n l y by

u s i n g P I P and t h e name ? o r no name.

I f t h e f i l e name i s o m i t t e d

when s p e c i f y i n g L I N C t a p e i n p u t , P I P c a n l o c a t e o n l y a f i l e named ?
I f t h e r e i s no f i l e w i t h t h a t name, t h e n NO w i l l b e d i s p l a y e d on t h e

scope.

Only a r e t u r n t o P I P o r D I A L c a n be g e n e r a t e d a t t h i s t i m e .

I f no u n i t is s p e c i f i e d when u s i n g P I P t o p e r f o r m a L I N C t a p e o p e r a tion, unit

fl is assumed.

I f t h e r e i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t room on t h e i n d i c a t e d t a p e , NO i s d i s played.

Type CTRL/P

t o r e t u r n t o t h e f i r s t P I P d i s p l a y o r CTRL/D

5-10

t o r e t u r n t o DIAL.

I f a f i l e w i t h t h e same name i s a l r e a d y l o c a t e d

on t h a t t a p e , t h e message REPLACE? i s d i s p l a y e d .

Type R J

i f the

p r e s e n t f i l e i s t o r e p l a c e t h e e x i s t i n g f i l e o r , i f it i s n o t t o rep l a c e i t , t y p e CTRL/P

t o r e t u r n t o t h e f i r s t P I P d i s p l a y o r CTRL/D

t o return t o DIAL.
F o r high-speed punch, T e l e t y p e , o r l i n e p r i n t e r o u t p u t , o n l y t h e

letter abbreviation is required.

The punch w i l l t y p e l e a d e r t a p e

When t h e o u t p u t d e v i c e command s t r i n g i s t e r m i n a t e d ,

automatically.

typing a carriage r e t u r n i n i t i a t e s t h e s p e c i f i e d operation.

Note

t h a t t a p e punched u s i n g P I P can b e r e a d d i r e c t l y i n t o D I A L by t h e
Teletype reader.
If t h e i n p u t d e v i c e w a s t h e p a p e r t a p e r e a d e r , t h e n a f t e r t h e f i r s t

t a p e h a s been read i n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d i s p l a y a p p e a r s on t h e s c o p e .
MORE TAPES?

a--- r e a d a n o t h e r t a p e
n--- no more t a p e s
reply:
Type t h e a p p r o p r i a t e l e t t e r answer.
f i l e immediately a f t e r t h e f i r s t o n e .
by a CTRL/Z.

A r e p l y o f A w 11 s t o r e t h e n e x t

Each t a p e must b e t e r m i n a t e d

Any o p e r a t i o n can be i n t e r r u p t e d by t y p i n g CTRL/P

r e t u r n t o t h e f i r s t PIP d i s p l a y o r by t y p i n g CTRL/D t o r e t u r n t o DIAL.
A u x i l i a r y Mode
I f t h e l e t t e r A w a s typed i n response t o t h e f i r s t P I P d i s p l a y , t h e
f o l l o w i n g i s s e e n on t h e s c o p e .
OPTIONS
C---

copy s p e c i f i e d b l o c k s

d---duplicate tape
reply :

5-11

onto unit I

I n a d d i t i o n t o s p e c i f y i n g t h e o p t i o n , a number c a n f o l l o w a
r e p l y o f C o r D t o i n d i c a t e t h e number of c o n s e c u t i v e u n i t s o n t o
which t h e s p e c i f i e d b l o c k s o r whole f i l e i s t o be t r a n s f e r r e d .
A r e p l y of D w i l l p e r f o r m t h a t o p e r a t i o n immediately.

A response

o f C w i l l produce t h e second P I P d i s p l a y r e q u e s t i n g t h e i n p u t
device.

The o n l y a c c e p t a b l e i n p u t d e v i c e i s L I N C t a p e .

The r e p l y

must be i n khe f o r m a t L n ; f b , n b where f b i s t h e f i r s t b l o c k and nb

i s t h e number o f b l o c k s t o be r e a d .

Thus, L2;63,24 w i l l s t a r t

i n p u t from L I N C t a p e u n i t 2 , b l o c k 63, and c o n t i n u e f o r 2 4 b l o c k s .
N o t e t h a t b l o c k numbers a r e o c t a l .

When t h e i n p u t r e s p o n s e h a s been a c c e p t e d , t h e P I P o u t p u t d i s p l a y

i s s e e n on t h e s c o p e .
tape.

The o n l y a c c e p t a b l e o u t p u t d e v i c e i s L I N C

The r e s p o n s e must be i n t h e form L n ; f b where n i s t h e number

of t h e f i r s t c o n s e c u t i v e t a p e u n i t and f b i s t h e b l o c k where o u t p u t
is t o start.
During a l l P I P o p e r a t i o n , t h e program c h e c k s f o r t a p e errors.
one i s e n c o u n t e r e d , t h e f o l l o w i n g message i s d i s p l a y e d .
TAPE ERROR
AT BLOCK nnnn

a---accept
r---try
s---

as i s

again (repeat t a p e operation)

t r y t o skip past error

reply:

5-12

When

I t i s up t o t h e u s e r ' s d i s c r e t i o n t o choose o n e of t h e t h r e e above

options.

I f t h e problem i s a minor hardware e r r o r , s u c h as t h e

WRITE ENABLE s w i t c h w a s n o t s e t , t h e n c h o i c e R can b e u s e d .

some o f t h e b l o c k numbers have been m o d i f i e d , t h e n c h o i c e S may
s t i l l y i e l d a working system.

The u s e r c a n always t y p e CTRL/P

r e t u r n t o PIP o r CTRL/D t o r e t u r n t o D I A L .

For b i n a r y t a p e i n p u t ,

t h e e r r o r message CHECKSUM ERROR c a n o n l y b e f o l l o w e d by a r e t u r n t o
P I P o r DIAL.

I f t h e r e t u r n commands CTRL/P and CTRL/D ever f a i l t o o p e r a t e , PIP
may b e r e s t a r t e d by s t o p p i n g t h e p r o c e s s o r , s e t t i n g t h e L e f t
S w i t c h e s = 0 2 0 0 and p r e s s i n g t h e START LS c o n s o l e key.
The f o l l o w i n g command sequences a r e examples o f PIP o p e r a t i o n s .
1.

Copy t h e b i n a r y f i l e BINFILE from u n i t

g t o u n i t 6.

LB; BINFILE
L 6 ; BINFILE
2.

Copy t h e s o u r c e f i l e PSL from u n i t 3 t o u n i t 7 .
S

L3; PSL
L7 ;PSL
3.

Copy t h e b i n a r y f i l e OLDNAME from u n i t 1 t o u n i t 7 and c a l l
it NEWNAME.
B
L1;OLDNAME
L7 ;NEWNAME

D u p l i c a t e t h e s o u r c e f i l e COPY1 on u n i t 2 and c a l l it COPY2
on t h e same u n i t .

5-13

S
L2 ;C O P Y 1
L2 ;COPY2

Warning:

Never copy a f i l e o n t o i t s e l f on t h e same u n i t .

For

example:
B
L 1 ; COPY1
L 1 ; COPY1

T h i s w i l l p o s s i b l y r e s u l t i n t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e f i l e COPY1.
5.

Punch t h e s o u r c e f i l e HERE on u n i t 3 by t h e h i g h - s p e e d punch.
S
L 3 ;HERE
H

Read i n

I tape

on t h e T e l e t y p e t h a t w a s n o t o r i g i n a l l y punched

by P I P and s t o r e it as f i l e MARTY on t a p e u n i t (a.
S
T
L(a ;MARTY

When t h e t a p e i s f i n i s h e d t y p e CTRL/Z on t h e T e l e t y p e ( i f P I P
had punched t h e t a p e o r i g i n a l l y t h e r e would b e a CTRL/Z

t h e end o f i t ) .
Then t y p e
N

i f o n l y t h i s t a p e i s t o b e read
or

A
7.

i f a n o t h e r t a p e i s t o be r e a d and added
a f t e r t h e f i r s t tape.

D u p l i c a t e t a p e (a o n t o t a p e 1.
A

D
8.

D u p l i c a t e t a p e @ o n t o t a p e s 1, 2 , 3, 4 , and 5.

5-14

A
D5

Copy b l o c k s 3 0 0 - 3 1 7 ,

u n i t 4 , t o blocks 200-217,

unit 6.

A
C
L4;300,20
L6;200

10.

Copy b l o c k s 6 0 0 - 6 7 7 ,

u n i t 2 t o b l o c k s 7 0 0 - 7 7 7 of u n i t s 5 ,

6 , and 7 .
A

c3
L2;600,100
L5; 700

11.

Read i n a b i n a r y tape v i a t h e high-speed r e a d e r and s t o r e

i t as f i l e J10 on u n i t g , where i t w i l l s t a r t a t l o c a t i o n 2 0 0

i n PMODE.
B
H;P
Lfl;JlO

5-15

APPENDIX A
I N I T I A L STARTING PROCEDURE

Mount a D I A L t a p e on t a p e u n i t ,0.

( U n i t fl i s i n d i c a t e d by

s e t t i n g t h e t a p e c h a n n e l i n d i c a t o r t o 8 on TU55 t r a n s p o r t s . )
Mount a n o t h e r t a p e on u n i t 1, i f r e q u i r e d .

( R e f e r t o commands,

c h a p t e r 1.)
S e t t h e s w i t c h e s of b o t h t a p e u n i t s t o REMOTE and s e t u r l i t $l

t o WRITE ENABLE.
S e t t h e mode s w i t c h t o L I N C mode and p r e s s I / O PRESET t o

i n i t i a l i z e L I N C I n s t r u c t i o n F i e l d t o 2 and L I N C Data F i e l d
t o 3.
5.

S e t t h e L e f t S w i t c h e s t o g7/al and t h e R i g h t S w i t c h e s t o 73gg
by r a i s i n g t h e s w i t c h e s i n d i c a t e d by
i n d i c a t e d by

and p u s h i n g down t h o s e

i n t h e f o l l o w i n g diagram.

++++++++++++

+ + + + + + + + + +++

Le f t S w i t c h e s

Right Switches

P r e s s t h e DO c o n s o l e s w i t c h .

When t h e t a p e h a s s t o p p e d moving, p r e s s t h e START 20 key.

A- L

APPENDIX B

ASSEMBLY ERROR MESSAGES

During s o u r c e program a s s e m b l y , e r r o r messages i n t h e form of a
2 l e t t e r code a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e program l i s t i n g .

These messages

d e f i n e i l l e g a l s y n t a x o r i n s u f f i c i e n t s p a c e e r r o r s and a r e e x p l a i n e d
below.

E r r o r Code
IC

Explanation
I l l e g a l C h a r a c t e r - An i l l e g a l c h a r a c t e r w a s
processed i n t h e i n s t r u c t i o n f i e l d ; the
c h a r a c t e r i s i g n o r e d and t h e assembly i s
continued.
I l l e g a l r e d e f i n i t i o n o f a symboJ - An a t t e m p t
w a s made t o g i v e a p r e v i o u s l y d e f i n e d symbol a
new v a l u e by o t h e r means t h a n t h e e q u a l s i g n ;
t h e symbol w a s n o t r e d e f i n e d .
I l l e g a l expansion
I l l e g a l equals
wrong c o n t e x t .

- D e l i m i t e r missing i n text.

- An e q u a l s i g n w a s u s e d i n t h e
- An o f f page r e f e r e n c e w a s

I l l e g a l reference
made.

Symbol t a b l e exceeded - Assembly i s t e r m i n a t e d
and c o n t r o l i s r e t u r n e d t o D I A L ; t h e symbol
t a b l e may be expanded t o c o n t a i n up t o 8 9 6
u s e r symbols.

Undefined symbol - A symbol h a s been p r o c e s s e d
during pass 2 t h a t w a s not defined before the
end of p a s s 1.

Working A r e a exceeded - Assembly i s t e r m i n a t e d
and c o n t r o l i s r e t u r n e d t o D I A L ; more t h a n
1 0 0 8 b l o c k s of source program have been i n p u t
for assembly.

Push-down s t a c k exceeded - Too many symbols t o
be e v a l u a t e d on one l i n e .

B-1

APPENDIX C
SUMMARIES

C.l

COMMAND SUMMARY

All commands are issued in the form
+Command ,)
Command

Function
Assemble ( U = f l , l )
Load Binary
Assemble and List (U=B,l)
Assemble and Ouick List (U=fl,l)
Print Source
Save Binary
Save Program (Source)
Add Program (Source)
Display Index
Print Index
Clear Working Area

Peripheral Interchange

Exit

MC X(X), U

User’s Monitor Command

Legend :
(

) indicates an optional parameter

N = File Name
U = Tape Unit

C-1

Legend:

(Cont. )

L = L i n e Number
MA = Mode

(L f o r L I N C o r P f o r PDP-8)

and Address (5 d i g i t s )

B = Tape Block Number

X = Accumulator

+ = L i n e Feed

>
C. 2

= C a r r i a g e Return

PSEUDO-OPERATORS

Operation

Pseudo-op

Mode

ASMIFM n

8/L

Assemble i f n i s n e g a t i v e

ASMIFN n

8/L

Assemble i f n # 0

ASMIFZ n

8/L

Assemble i f n = 0

ASMSKP n

8 /L

Continue assembly a f t e r n l i n e s

DECIMAL

8/L

Sets decimal r a d i x f o r i n t e g e r i n p u t

EJECT

8 /L

P r i n t n e x t l i n e a t t o p o f n e x t page
of l i n e p r i n t e r

FIELD n

8/L

D e f i n e s each 4 K o f memory: n = 0 o r 1

I n d i r e c t addressing

LIST

8/L

Negate NOLIST c o n d i t i o n

LMODE

Causes LINC-8 i n s t r u c t i o n s and pseudoops t o be d e f i n e d s u b s e q u e n t l y

LODSYM

Load s a v e d symbol t a b l e (see below)

NOLIST

I n h i b i t octal-symbolic l i s t i n g

OCTAL

Sets o c t a l r a d i x f o r i n t e g e r i n p u t

PAGE n

S t a r t new page a t 11.200.

m e t e r , s t a r t a t n e x t page
(0 < n < 408)

I f no p a r a -

Pseudo-Operators (Cont.)
Pseudo-op

Mode

Operation

PMODE

Causes PDP-8 instructions to be defined
subsequently

SAVSYM n

8/L

Saves symbol table for later assembly
(n = 1 or 2) ( s e e b e l o w )

SEGMNT n

8/L

Starts new segment at NX2000. If no
parameter start at next segment.
(0 < n < 7)

TEXT

8/L

Packs two 6-bit words per cell

Page zero reference

The 2 cases requiring use of the SAVSYM pseudo-op and the procedure
for assembling large programs with the SAVSYM and LODSYM pseudo-ops
are discussed in detail in this section.
Case 1. Assume that the user has defined the following symbols for
his program.
INDEX=34 6

/set the index pointer to 346

DISK=3

/ 3 disks

TTYIN=7423

/address of Teletype input routine

TTYOUT=7520

/address of the Teletype output routines

SAVSYM 1

/now save just these symbols (see below)

"XXXX
YYYY

/the rest of the program

The command SAVSYM 1 will cause the user defined symbols INDEX,
DISK, TTYIN, and TTYOUT to be saved when the program is assembled.
Any user symbols occurring later in the program will not be saved.
At a later time in another program a LODSYM command will load
these symbols into the symbol table without having to retype them.

c-3

Case 2.

If all symbols are to be saved in a common table, the

SAVSYM 2 command is used.

Thus, if SAVSYM 1 is replaced by

SAVSYM 2 in the previous example, then the 4 user-defined symbols
and all symbols to follow will be saved in the symbol table.

This

is useful in breaking up large assemblies, when all symbols are to
be saved.

If a symbol was redefined, the last definition assigned

will be the one saved.

Note that the more symbols defined and

saved, the slower the Assembler will run.
The symbol table is always stored in the Working Area on unit 1
near the binary output and the present symbol table.

With SAVSYM 1

the symbol table is saved at this point in pass 1 of the assembly.
With SAVSYM 2 the symbol table is saved at this point during
pass 2 .

The user who wants to save a set of common definitions or

a common page zero with pointers

should use the command SAVSYM 1

after the definitions on page zero.
saved.

No other symbols will be

The user who wishes to save all his symbols because his

program has to be split into sections should put the command
SAVSYM 2 at the end of his program, assuring that all symbols will
be properly defined.
In either case, the symbols will be permanently saved unless one
of the following occurs:
1.

The tape is erased.

The tape is used for unit
overwritten.

c-4

workspace (source) and is

Another SAVSYM command is given at some later time and
replaces the old symbol table with a new one.

Assembling Large Programs with SAVSYM and LODSYM
SAVSYM and LODSYM may be used to assemble a program that is longer
than l o o 8 blocks, by breaking the program into several smaller
files.
To avoid symbol communication difficulties, SAVSYM and LODSYM are
employed in the followina
., manner.
PART 1
FROGRAM

~SAVSYM2

LGNGER

THAN 1 0 0 8
BLOCKS

A SAVSYM 2 during the assembly of PART 1 will save all the symbols
from PART 1.

The LODSYM at the start of PART 2 loads in the saved

symbol table, thus putting all the symbols from PART 1 and PART 2
into a common symbol table.
The program is then assembled by the commands
+ AS PART 1
+ AS

PART 2

This method will only work if all the symbols referenced in PART 2
are defined in PART 1.

Because most programs cannot easily be

split so all references occur after definitions, the following

c-5

t e c h n i q u e i s employed.

PROGRAM

LONGER
THAN

LODSYM

SAVSYM 2

BLOCKS
CLEARSYM

loos
PART 1

PART 2

The program i s assembled by t h e f o l l o w i n g command s t r i n g .
+ A S CLEARSYM
+AS PART 2
+ A S PART 1
+ A S PART 2

The program named CLEARSYM p r o d u c e s a c l e a n symbol t a b l e .

The

LODSYM i n PART 1 t h e n l o a d s i n t h i s c l e a n symbol t a b l e .

PART 2

i s assembled f i r s t so t h a t a l l symbols i n t h a t p a r t w i l l be
d e f i n e d when PART 1 i s a s s e m b l e d .
generated a t t h i s t i m e .

I g n o r e any error messages

PART 1 and PART 2 a r e t h e n assembled

c o r r e c t l y by u s i n g a SAVSYM 2 pseudo-op a t t h e end of e a c h p a r t
and a LODSYM a t t h e s t a r t of e a c h .

Any e r r o r messages g e n e r a t e d

now i n d i c a t e r e a l e r r o r s i n t h e program.
When s t a r t i n g a n a s s e m b l y , t h e Assembler d e s t r o y s t h e b i n a r y
c o d i n g i n l o c a t i o n s 4000-4377.

T h e r e f o r e , t h e u s e r must a s s e m b l e

t h e p a r t c o n t a i n i n g t h i s s e c t i o n of code l a s t .
s p l i t so t h a t l o c a t i o n s 4000-4377

a r e i n PART 2 , t h e n t h e sequence

above w i l l a s s e m b l e t h e program c o r r e c t l y .
s p l i t so t h a t l o c a t i o n s 4000-4377

C- 6

I f t h e program w a s

a r e i n PART 1, t h e n t h e c o r r e c t

sequence of commands i s a s f o l l o w s .
+AS
+AS
+AS
+AS
+AS

CLEARSYM
PART 2
PART 1
PART 2
PART 1

L o c a t i o n s 4 0 0 0 - 4 3 7 7 must be i n t h e l a s t p a r t a s s e m b l e d , no m a t t e r
i n t o how many p a r t s t h e program h a s been s p l i t .
The program may t h e n be l o a d e d d i r e c t l y , b u t c a n n o t be saved by a
Save B i n a r y command d i r e c t l y b e c a u s e t h e b i n a r y h e a d e r b l o c k f o r
the f i l e is incorrect.

Only t h e l a s t p a r t of t h e program t o be

assembled i s i n c l u d e d i n t h e h e a d e r b l o c k .

Block 4 4 7 , t h e h e a d e r

b l o c k , must be f i l l e d w i t h c o r r e c t i n f o r m a t i o n .

Each word of

b l o c k 4 4 7 from word 340 t o 3 7 7 r e p r e s e n t s 4008 words of t h e f i l e
t o be s a v e d , a s f o l l o w s .
BLOCK 4 4 7

Word

Word L o c a t i o n s R e p r e s e n t ed

--la,I

-4

336,

3 3 7-.

I _

34gi

unused
t o t a l number word b l o c k s saved

377

.
377!

- .-

174gP-17777

If any of t h e word l o c a t i o n s r e p r e s e n L e d c o n t a i n d a t a , t h e n t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g word of b l o c k 4 4 7 must c o n t a i n t h e v a l u e 7 7 7 7 .

t h o s e word l o c a t i o n s a r e empty, t h e n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e word of b l o c k
447 contains 0000.

c-7

T o c o r r e c t t h e h e a d e r b l o c k , l o a d 7 7 7 7 i n t o t h e c o r r e c t word of

block 4 4 7 .

When c o m p l e t e d , change word 337 of b l o c k 4 4 7 t o t h e

t o t a l number of words between 340 and 377 i n b l o c k 4 4 7 t h a t c o n t a i n
t h e value 7777.

A Save B i n a r y command may t h e n be performed.

C-8

c.3

CHARACTER SET

Kevboard
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

I
J
K
L
M
N
0

Q
R

S
T
U
V

w
X
Y
Z
[

(SHIFT/K)

\ (SHIFT/L)

(SHIFT/M)

-f
f

SPACE
I
II

#
$
%
Ed
1

(

External
(ASCII)
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
31 7
320
321
322
232
324
325
326
327
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
250
251
252

c -9

Interna 1
1
2
4
5
6
7
10
11
12

13
14
15
16
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

Illegal (not displayed)
40
41
42

Illegal (not displayed)
44
45
46

Illegal (not displayed)
50
51
52

C. 3 C h a r a c t e r S e t ( C o n t )

Keyboard

+
I

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
I

<
>
?

@
L I N E FEED
RETURN
ALTMODE
RUBOUT
CONTROL/I (TAB)

External
(ASCII)
253
254
255
256
257
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
300
212
215
375
377
211

c-10

Internal
53
54
55
56
57
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77

I l l e g a l (not displayed)
37
43
( n o t displayed)
It
None
11
N o n e I'
11
It
47

C.4

INSTRUCTIONS
PDP-8 SYMBOLS

Mnemonic

Octal

Operation

AND
TAD
ISZ
DCA
JMS
JMP

MEMORY REFERENCE INSTRUCTIONS
0000
logical AND
1000
2s complement add
2000
increment & skip if zero
3000
deposit & clear AC
4000
jump to subroutine
5000
jump

NOP
IAC
RAL
RTL
RAR
RTR
CML
CMA
CLL
CLA

GROUP 1 OPERATE MICROINSTRUCTIONS
7000
no operation
increment AC
7001
7004
rotate AC & link left one
7006
rotate AC & link left two
7010
rotate AC & link right one
7012
rotate AC & link right two
complement link
7020
7040
conplement AC
7100
clear link
7200
clear AC

SPA

GROUP 2 OPERATE MICROINSTRUCTIONS
7402
halts the computer
7404
inclusive OR switch register with AC
7410
skip unconditionally
7420
skip on nonzero link
7430
skip on zero link
7440
skip on zero AC
7450
skip on nonzero AC
7500
skip on minus AC
7510
skip on plus AC (zero is positive)

CIA
STL
GLK
STA
LAS

COMBINED OPERATE MICROINSTRUCTIONS
7041
complement & increment AC
7120
set link to 1
7204
get link (put link in AC, bit 11)
7240
set AC = -1
7604
load AC with switch register

HLT
OSR
SKP
SNL
SZL
SZA
SNA
SMA

c-11

PDP-8 Symbols (Cont)
Mnemonic

Octal

Operation

IOT MICROINSTRUCTIONS
Program Interrupt
turn interrupt on
ION
6001
turn interrupt off
6002
IOF
Keyboard/Reader
KSF
6031
KCC
6032
KRS
6034
KRB
6036
Teleprinter/Punch
TSF
6041
TCF
6042
TPC
6044
TLS

6046

Clock
CLSK
CLLR
CLAB
CLEN
CLSA
CLBA
CLCA

6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137

skip if keyboard/reader flag = 1
clear AC & keyboard/reader flag
read keyboard/reader buffer
clear AC & read keyboard buffer, &
clear keyboard flag
skip if teleprinter/punch flag = 1
clear teleprinter/punch flag
load teleprinter/punch 'buffer, select
& print
load teleprinter/punch buffer, select
& print, and clear teleprinter/punch
flag
skip on clock interrupt
load clock control register 1
AC to buffer preset register
load clock control register
clock status t o AC
buffer preset register to AC
counter to AC

Extended Memory (Type MC8/I)
CDF
62111
change to data field n
CIF
62n2
change to instruction field n
RDF
6214
read data field into AC
RIF
6224
read instruction field into AC
RMF
6244
restore memory field
RIB
6234
restore instruction field
Processor Mode Change
LINC
6141

change to LINC mode processing

c-12

LINC SYMBOLS
Operation

Mnemonic

Octal

ADD
ADA
ADM
LAM

2000
1100
1140
1200

MUL

MULTIPLY
1240
signed multiply

LDA
LDH

1000
1300

STC
STA
STH

4000
1040
1340

ROL N
ROR N
SCR N

SHIFT/ROTATE
240
rotate left N places
300
rotate right N places
340
scale right N places

ADD
-

LOAD
-

add memory to A (full address)
add memory to A (index class)
add A to memory (sum a l s o in A)
add link and A to memory (sum also
in A)

load A, full register
load A, half register

STORE
store and clear A (full address)
store A (index class)
store half A

OPERATE
HLT

NOP
CLR
SET

16
11
40

JMP
QAC

6000
5

BCL
BSE
BCO
COM

Halt
no operation
clear A and LINC
set register N to contents of
register Y
jump to register Y
MQ transfer to A

LOGICAL OPERATIONS
1540
hit clear (any combination of 12-bits)
1600
bit set (any combination of 12-bits)
1640
bit complement (any combination of
12 bits)
17
complement A

C-13

LINC Symbols (Cont)

Mnemonic

Octal

Operation
SKIP

Skip next instruction if:
SAE
SHD

1440
1400

SNS N
SKP
AZE
APO
LZE
IBZ
FLO
QLZ
SXL N
KST
SR0

0440+N
0467
0450
0451
0452
0453
0454
0455
0400+N
0415

XSK

0200

STD

0416

1500

A equals memory register Y

right half A unequal to specified half
of memory register Y
SENSE switch N is set
unconditional skip
A equals 0000 or 7 7 7 7
A contains positive number
link bit equals 0
between blocks on LINC tape
add overflow is set
bit 11 of Z register equals $3
external level N is preset
keyboard has been struck
rotate memory register right one place;
then if bit 0 of Y equals 0, skip next
instruction
contents of Y equal 1 7 7 7 ; index memory
register if I bit set
tape instruction completed

LSW
IOB

INPUT/OUTPUT
0014
A to relay buffer
0015
relay buffer to A
0100+N
sample analog channel N
0140
display point on oscilloscope
1740
display character on oscilloscope
( 2 x 6 matrix)
0002
change to PDP-8 mode
0516
RIGHT SWITCH register to A
0517
LEFT SWITCH register to A
0500
I/O bus enable

LIF
LDF

0600
0640

ATR
RTA
SAM N
DIS
DSC

PDP

RSW

MEMORY
change instruction field
change data field

c-14

L I N C Svmbols (Cont)

Mnemonic

Octal

RDE
RDC
RC G
WRI
WRC
WCG
CHK
MTB

0702
07 0 0
0701
0706
07 04
07 0 5
0707
0703

Operation

L I N C TAPE

r e a d one b l o c k i n t o memory
r e a d and check one b l o c k
r e a d and check N c o n s e c u t i v e
w r i t e one b l o c k on t a p e
w r i t e and check one b l o c k
w r i t e and check N b l o c k s
check one b l o c k of t a p e
move t a p e toward s e l e c t e d b l o c k
a

EXTENDED OPERATIONS

ESF
TAC
TMA

AX0
DJR
MSC
SFA

0004
0003
0023
0001
0006
0000
0024

enable s p e c i a l functions
tape control register t o A
A t o tape control register
A t o extended o p e r a t i o n s b u f f e r
d i s a b l e Jump R e t u r n Save
miscellaneous
special functions t o A

C-15

C.5

OPERATORS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS
Char

ODeration

Mode

Assign symbolic address

Origin - dependent on mode (LINC or
PDP-8)
Define parameters

Combine symbols or numbers
Combine symbols or numbers
Has value of current location counter
Comment
L

Add l o 8 to instruction

L
8

Add 208 to instruction
Add 4008 to instruction
Terminate coding line

SPACE

IOR
Logical AND

Logical IOR
L

Operator x\y= 1o0o8~+y

C-16

Systems U n i t :

S c r a t c h Unit: 1

FILE

FREE

W6-Drn
INDEX

267
277

FREE

!67
!77

145
147

345
347

367

167

BINARY OUTPUT ( 4 0 8 )
127

WORKING AREA
146
:47
166
167

$67

FILE

'77

777

C-17

C. 7

SAMPLK PROGRAM

The f o l l o w i n g l i s t i n g i s a n example of a program which w i l l r e a d

i n a p a p e r t a p e i n image mode.
binary).

(PIP w i l l read i n only source o r

T h i s program r e a d s i n 8 b i t s from t h e T e l e t y p e and p u t s

i t i n one word, r i g h t j u s t i f i e d , and packed w i t h z e r o e s .
i s t h e n w r i t t e n o u t o n t o t h e Working A r e a of u n i t 1.

The d a t a

Sense s w i t c h

pI i s u s e d t o i n d i c a t e when t h e end of t h e t a p e h a s been r e a c h e d
and t h e n t o r e s t a r t D I A L .

Once t h e d a t a i s w r i t t e n on t a p e , it can

be c o p i e d and used as i n p u t t o a n o t h e r u s e r program.

Remember

t h a t t h i s program i s a n example and i s n o t t h e o n l y way t o do t h i s
task.

*2a
/
/
/
/

gL3aQl
0@Zll
00@2
arila3
3004
0005
@go6
8887

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/

jllY11@

gal1
gal2
ala13

a014
0015
811116
0017

/
/

0 0 2 ~

011121
0022
Bid23
0024
8025
0026
0027

0030
0031
0832
m033

T H I S PROGRAM WILL R E A 0 I N A P A P E R T A P E
AND P L A C E THE CONTENTS OF I T ON L I N C TAPE.
THE PAPER TAPE IS READ AS AN 8 B I T CODE
AND IS P A C K E D ONE C H A R A C T E R PER WORD,
R I G H T J U S T I F I E D i W I T H THE L E F T B I T S
C O N T A I N I N G ZERO.
THE DATA IS W R I T T E N ONTO THE WORKING
A R E A OF UNIT 1, STARTING
A T B L O C K 370.
S E N S E S W I T C H 0 IS THE END OF I N P U T S I G N A L ,
I F THERE IS T O O MUCH DATA, THE PROGRAM
N I L L H A L T W I T H 7777 I N THE A C ,
WHEN F I N I S H E D , THE PROGRAM WILL RESTART D I A L .

91
CjBkJl

d@Bm

/
/
BLOCKNi 0

L<6@2 ddB0

BLOCKC,

21803

O0OB

POINT,

f4!$@4

8gBd

BCOUNT,

/CURRENT BLOCK NUMBER
/ B E I N G W R I T T E N ON,
/NUMBER OF BLOCKS L E F T
/ I N THE W O R K I N G A R E A ,
/ P O I N T S TO NEXT F R E E
/SPACE I N BUFFER,
/NUMBER OF F R E E WORDS
/LEFT I N BUFFER,

C-18

8834
8835
0836

/
/
/

0@37
@04@
a841
dg42
d843
a1344
8345
Om46
2847
16650
0051
0052
a853
a054
5055
0056
0d57
08 63
!la41

915
DIAL,

6J 5 6
g460
hd42
d508

LOOP #
INLOOP,

4833
C634

6d38

@Y35

a500

4036

6036
SO63

E224
6030
1GlLJB
Oak71
1560
70p10
1620

DUMP

0104

0106
0107

4847

1000
4052

LOA I
2121
ESF
SET I
BLOCKN
WKAREA-1
SET I
BLOCKC
-WKS I Z E - I
JMP
RESET
SNS I
0
JMP
DUMP
IOB
PMOOE
KSF
LMODE
JMP
INLOOP
106
PMOOE
KRB
LMODE
STA I
POINT
XSK I
BCOUNT
JMP
INLOOP
LOA
BLOCKN
BCL I
-777
BSE I
PMODE
BUFFER+40083000
LMODE
e +2
STC

0110
0111

a112
0113
0114
0115
0116

/ S E T DATA F I E L D 70 3
/READ I N D I A L
/ 8 BLOCKS FROM BLOCK 300

a20

START,

aim3
0105

LDF
RCG
380

DIAL WILL START HERE,

0862
8663
0864
0865
8066
0067
W07a
0@71
0072
0073
0074
80 75
0076
a077
010B
0101
0102

T H I S IS THE BOOTSTRAP TO RESTART DIAL,

0714
0000
044fl
6027
6015

WRC
0000

SNS

0
LOOP
DIAL

JMP
JMP
/

c-19

/I-0 PRESET CODE
/ D O 1-0 PRESET
/ I N I T I A L I Z E POINTER
/ T O WORKING A R E A - 1
/ S E T COUNTER T O WORKING
/AREA S I E € * l T O ALLOW
/FOR RESET
/ S T A R T O F A NEW BLOCK
/SENSE S W I T C H 0 NOT U P ?
/ I T IS UP, DUMP BUFFER

/ D O PDP-8
/IS

IOT
A CHARACTER READY?

/NO CHAR THERE,
/CHAR THERE

/READ

WAIT

I N THE CHAR

/ P L A C E I N BUFFER
/BUFFER F U L L ?
/ N O * G E T ANOTHER WORD.
/ Y E S , WRITE OUT BUFFER

/ONLY 9 B I T S OF I N T E R E S T
/AND W I T H 7 7 7
/SET
CORRECT FIELO B I T S
/FOR 1 2 B I T C A L C U L A T I O N
/ S E T S CORRECT B I T S ON
/GET BLOCKN NUMBER AND PLACE
/ I N WRITE I N S T R U C T I O N
/ W R I T E OUT O N U N I T 1
/BLOCK NUMBER GOES HERE
/SENSE S W I T C H 0 U P ?
/ G O BACK AND GET SOME M O R E
/ Y E S , LOAD I N D I A L ,

'0117
0120
0121
0122
0123
0124
0125
0126
0127
0130
01 3 1
0132
0133
0134
0135
a136
0137
014P
a141
Ii3142
0143
0144

t
0G56
@IT157
flu60
PB61
8062
0063
@a64

0 2 2 1 RESET,
B063
4377
0064
7377
0222
60@0

Od65

la2Q

8866
MB67
PO70

7777

XSK I
BLOCKN
SET I
POINT
BUFFER-1
SET I
BCOUNT
-400
XSK I
BLOCKC

000Q

JMP
LDA I
7777'
HLT

6065

JMP

-3

/INCREMENT BLOCK NUMBER
/SET BUFFER POINTER
/SET BUFFER WORD COUNTER NOW
/ 4 0 0 OCTAL=256 DECIHAL
/ T O O MUCH D A T A ?
/NO, RETURN

/YES.
/ONLY

HALT WITH 7 7 7 7 I N A C
A RESTART PERMITTED NOW

/
/
WKSIZE=100
WKAREA=370
BUFFER=4400

/
/

BCOUidT 403114
BLOCKC 4 0 0 2
BLOCKN 41;2)81
BUFFE8 4 4 0 d
DIAL
4015
DUMP
4a42
INLOOP 4 0 3 0
LOOP
4027
POINT
4003
RESET 4056
START
4020
WKAREA E 3 7 0
W K S I Z E El00

c-20

/ W O R K I N G AREA S I Z E IS
1100 BLOCKS
/WORKING AREA S T A R T S FROM
/BLOCK 3 7 0
/ T A P E BUFFER AREA

I
I

I
I
I
?

I
I
I

.
3

3'
%I

!I
I
I
I

c-21

INDEX

Add Program, 5-1
Address Assignment, 3 - 8
A/D Knob 3 , 2 - 1
A/D Knob 7, 1 - 4 , 2-2
A s s e m b l e , 4-1
Assembler, 3-1
Assembly Programs 4 - 1
Assemble, 4-1
L i s t , 4-1
Load B i n a r y , 4-7
Q u i c k L i s t , 4-3
Save B i n a r y , 4-5
A u x i l i a r y Mode, P I P , 5-10

Hardware R e q u i r e m e n t s , 1-1
Header Block, 1-5, 4-6, C-7

Index, 1 - 2
I n p u t O p t i o n s , PIP, 5-6

Instructions
LINC, C-13
PDP-8, C - 1 1

L a b e l , 3-2, 3-6
Large Programs, 2-8
Large S e c t i o n D e l e t i o n , 2-4,
L i n e C a l l , 1-4
L i s t , 4-1
Load B i n a r y , 4-7

B u f f e r , s e c o n d a r y , 2-8

C h a r a c t e r E d i t i n g , 2-2
C h a r a c t e r s , L e g a l , 3-10,
C l e a r , 5-2
Commands, 1 - 6 , C - 1
Comment, 3-3
C u r r e n t L i n e , 1-3
D e l e t i o n , 2-3
F o r m a t t i n g , 2-6
Cursor, 2-1

C-9
M

Mode O p t i o n s , PIP, 5-5

Numbers, 3-7
D

Delete L e f t , 2-4
Delete R i g h t , 2-5
D i s p l a y I n d e x , 5-2

Operand, 3-2, 3-7
O p e r a t o r , 3-2, 3-6, 3-7, C - 1 6
Output O p t i o n s , PIP, 5-9

Editor, 2-1
E r r o r Messages, B - 1
Exit,

5-4

PDP-12B,

E x p r e s s i o n s , 3-7

F
F
i l e s , 1-5
-

? 6

1-1, 2-2

P I P , 5-5
A u x i l i a r y Mode, 5-11
I n p u t O p t i o n s , 5-6
Mode O p t i o n s , 5-5
O u t p u t O p t i o n s , 5-9
P r i n t I n d e x , 5-3
P r i n t S o u r c e , 5-3

C-5

P s e u d o - o p e r a t o r s , 3-11, C - 2
ASMIFx, 3-14
ASMSKP, 3-14
DECIMAL, 3-12
EJECT, 3-14
F I E L D , 3-11
LIST, 3-12
LMODE, 3-11
LODSYM, 3-16, C-5
NOLIST, 3-12
OCTAL, 3-12
PAGE, 3-13
PMODE, 3-11
SAVSYM, 3-16, C - 3 , C-5
SEGMNT, 3-11
TEXT, 3-12

Tape A l l o c a t i o n , C-17

U s e r ' s Monitor Command, 5-4
U t i l i t y Programs and Commands, 5-1
Add Program, 5-1
C l e a r , 5-2
D i s p l a y I n d e x , 5-2
E x i t , 5-4
P e r i p h e r a l I n t e r c h a n g e ( P I P ) , 5-5
P r i n t I n d e x , 5-3
P r i n t S o u r c e , 5-3
Save Program, 5-1
U s e r ' s Monitor Command, 5-4

Q
Quick L i s t ,

4-3
V

V a l u e s , 3-4,

3-5

Sample Program, C-18
Save B i n a r y , 4 -5
Save Pcogram, 5-1
S o u r c e Programs, 1-3
S t a r t i n g Procedure, A-1
S t a t e m e n t S y n t a x , 3-1
Symbols, 3-3
P e r m a n e n t , 3-3
U s e r - d e f i n e d , 3-4
System D e s c r i p t i o n , 1-1

Working A r e a ,

1-2

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