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Equipment Corporation
Maynard, IVIassachusetts
Digital

SDSDDID

PDP-12
LAP 6-DIAL

PROGRAMMER'S
REFERENCE MANUAL

For addiHonal copies of this document, order No. DEC-12-ADRMA-A-D from the
Software Distribution Center, Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Mass. 01754
"

Price;

DIGITAL

EQUIPMENT

CORPORATION

•

$5.00

MAYNARD, MASSACHUSETTS

First Printing February 1970
Second Printing (Revised) August 1970
Third Printing May 1972
Fourth Printing (Revised) October 1972

(c)

19 72

by Digital Equipment Corporation

The material in this document is for information purposes and is subject to change without
notice.

The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment
Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts:
CDP
Computer Lab
Comtex
DEC
DECtape
Dibol

Digital
DNC
Flip Chip
IDAC
Indac
KAIO

LAB-8/e
OMNIBUS
OS/
PDF
PHA
PS/8
Quickpoint

RADRSTS
RSX
RTM
SABR
Typeset
Unibus

LAP6-DIAL IS an EdUor^ filing system, and Assembler for use with the PDP-12 computer. The Editor and filing
portion are derived from the basic

LINC program LAP6^ by Mary Allen Wilkes of Washington University* The

assembly portion is derived from several programs used for the PDP-8 computer including PAL-D

2
.

The Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) wishes to express to the author, Mary Allen Wilkes (Clark), and the

Computer Research Lxiboratory of Washington University, St,

Louis, Missouri,

its

appreciation for the develop-

ment set forth in LAP6, as well as its thanks for permission to use parts of the LAP6 program.

M. A. Wilkes, LAP6 Handbook, Computer Research Laboratory Tech. Rep. No. 2, Washington University,
St, Louis,

May 1, 1967,

Programming Languages 1972.

iii

CONTENTS
Page

CHAPTER

USING DIAL

1.1

infroducHon

1-1

1.2

System Operation

1-2

1.3

Source Programs

1-2

1.4

Binary Programs

1-3

1.5

Current Line

1-3

1.6

Line Calls

1-3

1.7

Files

1-4

1.8

Monitor Commands

1-4

1.9

Error

Recovery

1-6

CHAPTER 2 THE EDITOR
!

2.1

Text and Command Mode

2-1

2.2

Using the Editor Cursor

2-1

2.3

Character Edi ti na

2-2

2.4

Line Insertion

2-3

2.5

Current Line DeleHon

2-3

2.6

Large Section Deletion

2-4

2.7

Current Line Formatting

2-5

2.8

Handling Large Programs

2-6

2.9

Overlapped I/O

2-6

2.10

Use of EXIT

2-7

2.11

Leftmost Cursor Position

2-7

CHAPTERS ASSEMBLY UNGUAGE
3.1

Statement Syntax

3.1.1

Tags

A tag is the symbolic name used in the source program to identify the position of the statement in the program.
If

present, the tag is written first in a statement and is terminated by a comma.

(refer to Appendix C, Paragraph

A mnemonic machine instruction

C.4) or pseudo-op (refer to Appendix C, Paragraph C.2) may not be used as a

tag.

3. 1 .2

Operators

An operator may be one of the mnemonic machine Instruction codes (refer to Appendix C, Paragraph
C.4), or pseudo-op codes which directs assembly processing (refer to Section 3.5).

Operators are ter-

minated with a space if an operand follows or with a semicolon, slash, or carriage return if no operand
follows.

Note that a semicolon anywhere in a statement, except in a comment, is interpreted by the

DIAL-V2 Assembler as the logical end of the statement.

3-1

terminates the line at that location and in-

crements the prc^ram*s line numbers by

line for each semicolon; this causes the line numbers on an

Assembly listing to not agree with those seen on the scope.

This incrementation allows several instruc-

tions to be written on one line as, for example, RTR; RTR; RTR.

For DIAL -MS, semicolon does not in-

crement the listing line numbers so that they agree with those on the scope.

3.1.3 Operands
Operands are usually the symbolic address of the data to be accessed when an instruction is executed, or the
input data or arguments of a pseudo-op. In each case, interpretation of operands in a statement depends on the

statement operator. Operands are terminated by a carriage return, semicolon, or slash.

3.1.4 Comments
The programmer may add notes to a statement following a slash character. Such comments do not affect assembly
processing or program execution, but are useful in the program listing for later analysis or debugging.

3.2

SYMBOLS

3.2. 1

Types of Symbols

There are two main groups of symbols, as follows:
a. Permanent Symbols

The assembler has in its pjermanent symbol table definitions of its operation codes, operate commands,
and many input-output transfer (lOT) micro-instructions (refer to Appendix C, Paragraph C,4). Any
symbol in the Assembler's permanent symbols may be used without prior definition by the user.
Initially, the Assembler's permanent symbol table in memory contains the mnemonic op codes of the
machine instructions of LINC mode programming and the Assembler pseudo-op codes. The symbols for
PDP-8 mode programming remain on the DIAL system unit. As the source program is processed, new
symbols defined in the source program are added to the user's symbol table.
If the programming mode is to be changed to PDP-8 mode, the pseudo-op PMODE must precede the
new program input to alert the Assembler^ • This instructs the Assembler to retrieve the PDP-8 mode

permanent symbols in memory. (The same core memory block is used for the permanent symbols of
both modes.) Similarly, the pseudo-op LMODE must precede a change to LINC mode programming,
b. User-defined Symbols

User-defined symbols, to be used as statement tags, operators, or operands, are composed according to the following rules:
(1)

The characters must be alphabetic (A-Z) or numeric (0-9),

(2)

Tbe first character must be alphabetic. Leading numeric characters are ignored.

Distinguish between

PMODE and the LINC mode instruction PDP which modifies the hardware at run time.

3-2

(3)

Only fhe firsf six legal characters of any symbol are meaningful to the Assembler; the remainder,

if any,

are ignored.

(4)

The maximum number of symbols is 895.

(5)

The Assembler assigns values according to the following table:

Used after

LMODE

PMODE

Def ned

LMODE

10 blts^

12 bits

after

PMODE

12 bits

(See Section 3.6 for definition of LMODE and PMODE).

The programmer can use two methods to specify the value to be assigned to a symbol:
a.

When the first symbol of a statement is terminated by a comma, it is assigned a value equal to the
Current Location Counter (CLC). Any instruction or data word in the program may be so tagged.
For example:

TAG,

CLR

JMP A
STC B

The symbol TAG is assigned a value of 0100; the symbol B, a value of 0102; and the symbol A,
If o programmer attempts to define the same symbol as a label again. It
is redefined as the user requested, but the error message ID Is given. (Refer to Appendix B.)

a value of 0103.

The programmer may insert new symbols with their assigned values directly into the symbol table by
using a direct assignment statement of the form

symbol=value

where the value may be a number or expression. For example, the symbols ALPHA and BETA are
assigned numeric values by

ALPHA-5
BETA=7

There must be no spaces between the symbol and the equal sign.

A direct assignment statement may also be used to give a new symbol the same value as a previ
ously defined symbol.

Note that no check Is made on expression arithmetic.

For example.

TAG = TAG1+TAG2 where

TAGl = 1777 = TAG2, then TAG = 3776, which is more than 10 bits. Note also that an address defined in

LMODE IS not the same when referenced in PMODE.

3-3

BETA=17

GAMMA-BETA
The new symbol,

GAMMA, is entered Into the user's symbol table with the value

value assigned to a symbol may be changed.

17,

The

The statement

ALPHA-7
changes the value assigned to ALPHA in the first example from 5 to 7 for any future occurrence of
ALPHA, Direct assignment statements do not generate instructions or data in the object program.
These statements are used to assign values so that symbols can be conveniently used in other
statements.

3.2.2 Use of Symbols
Symbols are used in three ways,
a.

To tag an instruction or data word at any point in the program, the symbol must appear first in

the statement and must be immediately followed by a comma.

the symbol

redefined later, the

illegal definition error message is printed.
If a

symbol is to be used as an address in LINC mode,

should be assigned a 10-bit value.

As an operator, the symbol must be predefined by the Assembler or by the programmer. If a statement has no tag, the operator may appear first in the statement, and must be terminated by a
space, tab, semicolon, or carriage return. Examples of operators follow.

3.3

TAD

permanent symbol

OCAL

Assembler pseudo-op

ZIP

legal only if defined by the user

Symbols used as operands should have a value defined by the user. This value may be symbolic
references to previously defined labels where the arguments to be used by this instruction are to
be found, or may be constants or character strings.

NUMBERS

Any sequence of numbers delimited by a slash, semicolon, tab, or carriage return is interpreted numerically by
the Assembler.

COMMENT

12;

4372

The radix-control pseudo-ops,
ber Interpretation.

DECIMAL and OCTAL, Indicate to the Assembler the radix to be used in num-

DECIMAL indicates that all numbers are to be interpre*'ed as decimal until the next occur-

rence of the pseudo-op OCTAL, which indicates that all numbers are to be interpreted as octal until the next

3-4

occurrence of the pseudo-op DECIMAL. The radix is initially set to octal and remains octal unless otherwise
specified.

3.4 EXPRESSIONS
The arithmetic and logical operators used In numerical operations operations are:
2's complement addition (modulo
4096) after a PMODE pseudo-op.

Plus

!'s

complement addition (modulo

1024) after an

Minus

LMODE pseudo-op.

2*s complement subtraction

(mod-

ulo 4096) after a PMODE pseudo-

op.

Ts complement subtraction (modulo 1024) after an LMODE pseudo-

op.

Boolean inclusive OR (union).

E^sc tarnation

Mark

Boolean AND (intersection).

Ampersand
Space

Inclusive

OR when used to sepa-

rate two symbolic operators. For

example:

TAG, CLACLL
Note that there should be no spaces between operands and the operators.
Symbols and numbers (exclusive of pseudo-op symbols) may be combined by using the arithmetic and logical
operators to form expressions. Expressions are evaluated from left to right. These operations are shown in the

following example.

MODE

A+B

A-B

A!B

A&B

PDP-8

0002

0003

0005

7777

0003

0002

0007

0005

0014

0002

0007

0005

0700

0007

0707

0671

0707

0000

0002

0003

0005

7776

0003

0002

LINC

3.5 ADDRESS ASSIGNMENTS
The Assembler sets the origin, or starting address, of the source program to absolute address 4020, which may
then be changed by the programmer. As source statements are processed, the Assembler assigns consecutive

memory addresses to the instructions and data words of the object program. This is done by incrementing a lo-

3-5

A statement which generates a single object program

cation counter each time a memory location is assigned.

storage word increments the location counter by one. Another statement may generate six storage words, thus

incrementing the location counter by six. Direct assignment statements and most Assembler pseudo-ops do not

generate storage words and therefore do not affect the location counter.

The special character •(period^) always has a value equal to the value of the CLC.

may be used as any in-

teger or symbol (except to the left of an equal sign). The following is equivalent to the statement JMP 0202.

*200

JMP

.+2

The next example will produce in location 0300 the quantity 700.
*300
.+400

Consider the next example.

*20

LMODE
CALL=JMP

0027

The second line, CALL=JMP

does not increment the CLC; therefore, 0027 is placed in location 20 and

CALL is placed in the user's symbol table with an associated value of 6020 (the octal equivalent of JMP.),

3.5.!

Lega

C haracters

Programs processed under the DIAL Assembler are prepared by the system in the Assembler's internal code. (See

Appendix C.3 for a complete list of the characters with their 6-bit octal equivalents.) The following characters
are acceptable by the Assembler:
a.

The alphabetic characters

ABCD.

.XYZ

The numeric characters
0123456789

The special characters
I—I

Space

Separates symbols and numbers (refer to Expressions,

Section 3.4)

Plus

Combines symbols or numbers (add)

A period must be preceded by a delimiter or operator, or an erroneous code may result.

3-6

Minus

Combines symbols or numbers (subtract)

Exclamation Mark

Combines symbols or numbers (inclusive OR)

Carriage Return

Terminates a statement or a line

Tab

Formats symbols or numbers for source tape output

Comma

Assigns symbolic address

Equal Sign

Direct assignment of symbol values

;

Semicolon

Terminates coding statement (will not terminate com-

ment)
*

3.5.2

Asterisk

Sets CLC; redefines origin

Dot

Has value equal to CLC

Backslash

X\Y = lOOOg X+Y (X must be a single octal digit.)

Slash

Indicates start of comment

Ampersand

Combines symbols or numbers (AND)

t'wrr^«^

tocatioK

(^oisyyier

Illegal Characters

All characters other than those listed above are illegal

when not in a comment or TEXT field; their occurrence

causes the error message IC (Illegal Character) to be printed by the Assembler.

3.6

PSEUDO-OPERATORS

The programmer may use pseudo-operators (pseudo-ops) to direct the Assembler to perform certain tasks or to
interpret subsequent coding in a certain manner.

Some pseudo-ops generate storage words in the object program,

other pseudo-ops direct the Assembler on how to proceed with the assembly. Pseudo-ops are maintained In the

Assembler's permanent symbol table. Do not use pseudo-ops as variable names; erroneous logic and code may
result without generating an error message.

The function of each Assembler pseudo-op Is described next.

3.6.1

PMODE

The Assembler can assemble either LINC instructions (coding) or PDP-8 instructions. Each has a pseudo-op to
designate its assembly mode.

PMODE Indicates that PDP-8 coding follows. The Assembler remains in PDP-8

mode until explicitly changed to LINC mode by an LMODE pseudo-op.

3-7

3.6.2

LMODE

To designate LINC mode coding, the pseudo-op LAAODE is used. The initial mode of the Assembler is LMODE
and will remain in LMODE until the PMODE pseudo-op is given.

3.6.3

SEGMNTn (0<n<7)

SEGMNT resets the CLC to the first location of segment n, where n is an integer, a previously defined symbol,
or a symbolic expression. Each memory field

divided into four i024g word segments, generally Used when in

LMODE.
For example:

SEGMNT 2

sets

CLC to location 4000g

SEGMNT

sets

CLC to location 2000g

Without an argument, the CLC is reset to the first location of the succeeding segment. CLC = •+1777 & 6000;

more than 1 sequential SEGMNT pseudo-op with no arguments has the effect of I

SEGMNT pseudo-op with no

argument

3.6.4 FIELD n (n=0 or 1)
The FIELD pseudo-op indicates the 4K field, 0 or 1 . If the field is not specified, 0 is assumed as the initial
condition.

3.6.5

PAGE n {0<n<40J
o

PAGE is used to reset the CLC to the first location of the specified PDP-8 page. If n is not specified, the CLC
is

reset to the first location of the succeeding page.

CLC = .+177 & 7600. Multiple PAGE pseudo-ops with no

argument have the same effect as one PAGE pseudo-op with no argument.

3.6.6 LISTAPEn

(0<n< 7777) DIAL-MS only

The value of n specifies the operation performed by LISTAPE. If n is negative (4000 < n < 7777), the header
block (block 447) from the previous assembly
this bit table rather than destroy it. If n

taken as a unit number (0-17),

If the

read in and preserved. The present assembly will then alter

positive

(0< n <3777), the four low-order bits (bits 8-11) of n are

six console Sense Switches are all set to

encountered by the Assembler after LISTAPE is encountered in pass 1
block 0.

before an assembly, any output

written on the specified unit starting at

No check is made for existing files on that unit. The characters are placed one per word, right justi-

fied; the leftmost bits are meaningless. If the Sense

Switches are not all set to ! , any assembly error messages

3-8

are printed on the Teletype and the LISTAPE pseudo-op does nothing.

Remember that all listing occurs on

pass 2 of the Assembler and therefore goes to the indicated device regardless of the actual location of the

pseudo-op in the source.
^'^v^ce^

neyt

tl^^

^snr^

scy^ei^u)!

hcj^'c^l

usrAPe

4),^

^^vf

disk

wf//

Pis^aQQ-op
be

hjoJ

pi^^imA

vwss

siwaje

refn^^jUJ

be-^

tke

3.6.7 DECIMAL
Integers are usually taken to be octal numbers.

However, following the pseudo-op DECIMAL (and prior to a

succeeding OCTAL pseudo-op) all numbers are interpreted as decimal.

3.6.8

OCTAL

OCTAL is used to reset the radix to its original octal base. Note that if a decimal number is specified when
the radix is octal, the Assembler tries, often unsuccessfully, to interpret the number.

3.6.9 NOLIST

NOLIST is used to prevent printout during an LI assembly (refer to Section 4.2). The NOLIST appears in the
listing, but subsequent printout

suppressed until a LIST pseudo-op is encountered.

3.6.10 LIST
LIST is used to negate the

3.6.11

NOLIST state. The LIST statement does not appear in the listing.

TEXT

The pseudo-op TEXT enables the user to represent a character or string of characters in USASCII code trimmed
to six bits and

packed two characters to a word. The numerical values generated by TEXT are left- justified in

the storage words they occupy, with the unused bits of the last word filled with 00.

A string of text may be entered by giving the pseudo-op TEXT followed by a space, a delimiting character, a
string of text,

and the same delimiting character.

For example:

3-9

If this

example is at location 0200, the listing is as follows:
200

2324

201

2211

202
203
204
205
206

4017
0640
2405
3024

1607

TEXT ZSTRING OF TEXTZ
The first printing character following TEXT is taken as the delimiting character, and the text string is the
characters which follow until the delimiting character is again encountered o Any legal character may be
used
as a delimiting character

carriage

The Assembler will print out all the code, then print the entire line after it when a

RETURN is encountered. If the text goes past the end of the manuscript without finding the end of

string delimiter, the error message IE (illegal expansion) is printed,

and the assembly is immediately terminated.

3.6.12 EJECT

When a program is to be listed on a line printer, the command EJECT causes the next line to be printed at the
top of the next line printer paper page, thus permitting a logical splitting along page boundaries.
EJECT performs no operation if the listing is to the Teletype.

3.6.13 ASMIFx n
The conditional assembly pseudo-ops, of the general form ASMIFx, can have three possible forms:

In each

Pseudo-op

Meaning

ASMIFZ n

Assemble if zero

ASMIFN n

Assemble if nonzero

ASMIFM n

Assemble if minus

case the expression is evoluted, and If the value of the expression matches the condition specified

(zero, nonzero, minus), the next line

assembled.

If it

does not match, then the next line is not processed by

the Assembler. The next line may be any statement but will most frequently be an ASMSKP pseudo-op
(discus-

sed below). Sections of code may thus be altered or entirely deleted from a program just by setting some
values
in the

beginning of the assembly program.

When using the TEXT pseudo-op, remember that the formatting feature of the Editor may insert unwanted tabs
when a comma, slash, or carriage return is encountered.

3-10

3.6,14

ASMSKP

When the pseudo-op ASMSKP and the expression, n, following it are encountered, the expression on the right
iS

evaluated. The number of lines equal to the value of that expression, starting on the next line, are not as-

sembled. Thus, the ASMIFx class of pseudo-ops control the assembly of one statement; the ASMSKP pseudo-op
controls any number of lines and can be used to eliminate entire blocks of statements.

For both the ASMIFx family and ASMSKP pseudo-ops,

no expression is present, the next statement will be

assembled. If an attempt is made to go past the end of a manuscript with one of these pseudo-ops, no error results; the

end of the manuscript is simply treated as the end of the skip block. With both the ASMIFx and the

ASMSKP pseudo-ops, a line may be a normal assembly instruction, or it may be just a comment.
Note that with the ASMIFx family and ASMSKP pseudo-ops, the condition zero must be specified by 0000.
Consider the following program listing.

0042
0043
0044
0045
0046
0047
0050

0202

ASMIFN TAPE
JMS WRITE
ASMIFN TAPE-DISK
ASMSKP 2
JMS READ
JMS WRITE
TAD MIO

4401

0203

1005

The expression after the ASMIFN pseudo-op at

line 42,

TAPE, had a nonzero value so the next line, 43, was

assembled. The value of the expression TAPE-DISK also had a nonzero value, causing line 45 to be executed,
thus skipping lines 46 and 47. Assembly was continued at line 50.

The two pseudo-ops described next,

SAVSYM n and LODSYM, are sophisticated tools which should be used

only in large system programs. They are used to link sections of program where the source is not all in one file
or where more than one program or subroutine is to be assembled together. These pseudo-ops are discussed
briefly here and in detail in Appendix C, Paragraph C.2.

3.6.15

SAVSYM n (n =

or 2)

The pseudo-op SAVSYM n allows the programmer to save part or all of his user symbol table for use in later
assemblies.

followed by an expression,

which Is evaluated to a value of 1 or 2. There are two cases

when a user will v/ant to save his symbols; first, when the user has defined some common definitions which are
to be used with all his programs, and second,

when the program is too large and must be split into two or more

smaller programs that can communicate with each other.

3-11

3.6,16

LODSYM

The pseudo-op LODSYM loads a symbol table previously saved by a SAVAYM pseudo-op. When a LODSYM

command is given, all previously defined user symbols in core are erased. For this reason, a LODSYM should be
one of the first statements in a program. SAVSYM and LODSYM permit the user to do an assembly, save the
symbol table, do another assembly, and call back in the original symbol table.

3-12

Chapter 4

DIAL Monitor Commands
The DIAL Monlfor commands are discussed In this chapfer. Remember that the Monitor must be in command

mode to accept a command. To enter command mode,

the cursor must be under the first character (which must

be blank) on a new Ime, All commands are Issued by typing LINE FEED, the command In the correct syntax

and RETURN. All DIAL-V2 assembly operations require two tapes and can only access files on unit 0 or

4.1

ASSEMBLE PROGRAM

—AS (NAME,UNIT)^
NAME = name of filed program to be assembled
UNIT = tape or disk unit on which NAME file is to be found (0-17)

The AAonitor command AS performs on assembly of the NAMEd source file on the specified UNIT.
is given,

no NAME

the source program in the working area on unit 0 is assembled. With the command AS an assembly

listing is not produced^ but error messages with line numbers and a tag table are printed. (See Appendix B for

the Assembly Error Messages.)

Note that the assembly and tag table printout can be stopped and the Editor-

called back by typing carriage RETURN. The binary coding is placed in the binary working area which is on
tape

For all

if no

disks are present or on disk

(unit

1) if disks are in

the configuration.

DIAL programs, NAME can be one to eight characters long and must have at least

non-numeric char-

acter and no? or / characters. For a machine with a line printer, the Assembler will automatically put its listing

and symbol table on the line printer,

if it is in

the START or READY status. Otherwise, the output will go to

the Teletype.

4.2 ASSEMBLE AND LIST PROGRAM
--^Ll

(LINE NUMBER 1, LINE NUMBER 2,) (NAME,UNIT))

LINE NUMBER

= starting line number

LINE NUMBER 2 = terminating line number

NAME

= name of filed program to be assembled and listed

UNIT

= tape or disk unit on which NAMEd file is to be found (0-17)

The LIST command performs the same functions as the AS command, but, In addition, produces an octal-

symbolic listing on the Assembler output device.

will assemble and

list

from the working area if no program

NAME and UNIT are specified. In D1AL-V2, the value of UNIT can only be 0 or
command, AS, the binary working area on tape unit

4-1

As with the ASSEMBLE

used for the binary output and tag table.

two line numbers are supplied, the entire program in the working area or a NAMEd file is assembled, but only

the portion of the program between the two line numbers is listed. To assemble and
lines

list

only that part between

140 and 160 of the source working area, type

140,160^

ope *'i*^^0\-^

List

e^^ou^i^ter^i.

/n'v,

VeV

<?<-c*"<^ i

^<rjt

To assemble and list lines 300 to 310 of file MART on unit 1 , the correct command is

-^Ll

300, 310, MART, 1 )

a line printer is available and in the ready state, the listing will be output to that device. By using the

pseudo-operators LISTAPE, NOLIST, and LIST (refer to Section 3.6), the output listing can be controlled.

Carriage RETURN may be typed at any time to return to the Editor.

4.3 ASSEMBLE AND QUICK LIST

-^QL (LINE NUMBER 1,LINE NUMBER 2, )(NAME, UNIT)
LINE NUMBER

= starting line number

LINE NUMBER 2 = terminating line number

NAME

= name of filed program to be assembled and listed

UNIT

= tape or disk unit on which NAMEd file is to be found (0-17)

This command performs the same functions as the

command with the following exceptions:

Line numbers and all comments are deleted.

All tabs are printed out as spaces.

The QL command enables the user to examine his code without having to wait the extra time to receive a full
listing.

The QUICK LIST feature normally saves 1 to 2 seconds per line, more if the program contains many tabs

and comments.

DIAL-V2, UNIT must be 0 or 1 . No line numbers are printed with the QL command. To help

the user determine statement line numbers from the listing,

(FIELD, *,

QL takes advantage of the fact that the pseudo-ops

PAGE, PMODE, LMODE, etc.) generate no code and the line number is printed instead of the lo-

cation counter. The assembly may be interrupted by typing RETURN to go back to the Editor.

Two listings of the same program follow to illustrate the differences between a listing produced by a LIST com-

mand and one generated by a QUICK LIST command.

4-2

This

HsHng was produced by a LIST command.
Octal

Number

Mnemonic

Code

Location

*20

0000
0001

PMODE

/START IN PDP--8 MODE

0002
0003
0004
0005
0006
UUU/
0010

LINEP=0

/NO EJECTS

ASMIFN LINEP

/EJECT?

EJECT

/YES.

KCC

/CLEAR KEYBOARD FLAG
/SET TELETYPE FLAG

oon
0012
0013
0014
0015
0016
0017

4020
4021

6032 START,
6046

TLS,
PC /V\
AAI r
PKI
AA AJ
1

4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4030

6031

LOOP,

6041

TSF

5225
6046
5222

JMP

0000

*20

0001

PMODE /

0002
0003
0004
4020

ASMiFN LINEP /
EJECT /
START, KCC /

4Q2]

line

0007
0010
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027

number

core
locations

LINEP=0 /

6032
6046

6031

5222
6036
6041

_4030

0000

ERRORS

LINEP

0000
4022
4020

START

ASMIFN LINEP /

5225
6046
5222

LOOP

TLS

•

-1

EJECT /
LOOP, KSF /
JMP .-1 /
KRB /
TSF /
JMP .-1 /
TLS /
JMP LOOP /

4-3

/CHAR. TYPED?
/NO. WAIT
/YES. READ IT IN.
/TELEPRINTER READY?
/NO. WAIT
/YES. OUTPUT THE CHAR

TLS

JMP

/ CJcL.

/GO TO TOP OF PAGE,

KRB

was produced by a QUICK LIST commond.

locations

LI INCr

5222
6036

LINEP 0000
LOOP 4022
START 4020

numbers

EJECT
KSF

0000 ERRORS

Tliis listing

Comment

LOOP

/GO GET ANOTHER CHAR.

4.4 SAVE BINARY

-^SB NAME^UNlT(,MODE(ADDRESS)) )

NAME

= name to be assigned to saved binary file

UNIT

= unit on which binary file is to be saved

MODE

L if program is to start in
P if program is to start in

ADDRESS

LINC mode
PDP-8 mode

= starting address (5 digits)

The binary program most recently assembled with the AS,
as file

LI, or

QL command can be saved with the SB command

NAME on the specified UNIT, If another program is assembled before this assembled binary program is

stored, the one assembled first is destroyed.

Two tapes are required for this operation with DIAL-V2.

The SB command has a load-and-go option, so thot when a program is loaded into memory with the LO command,
it

will also automatically start to be executed. To use this option, the program

the program is to be started in

to start at 04020, the L is followed by typing

MODE must be specified.

LINC mode when loaded, the unit number is followed by an L, If fhe program

RETURN. If fhe program is to be started elsewhere, a full

5~digit address must be specified. The Data Field is always set to three when the program is started.

If the

program is to be started in PDP-8 mode, the unit number is followed by a P which causes the program to

be started at location 00200; otherwise the full 5-digit starting address should be specified.

the SB command is terminated after

UNIT with a carriage return, the loader will holt to location 7774 after

having loaded the program.

For example:

To save the program PGMNAM on unit

will load and start in

LINC mode at location 04020

-*SB PGMNAM, 1,Lj

To save the program PGMNAM on unit 0 so it will load and start in LINC mode at location 4020 of field 1
(location 20, segment 6)

^SB PGMNAM,0,LI4020j
To save the program PGMNAM on unit 0 so it will load and halt
--^SB PGMNAM,Oj

With each assembly, a binary header block is generated by the Assembler which maps the memory blocks used,
Ihe SAVE and LOAD BINARY commands use the data in the header to save or load the appropriate blocks.

4-4

(Block 4000 is always saved in DIAL-V2). Thus,

if a

program occupied blocks 4000 and 4400, three blocks

would be saved: the two program blocks and the header block.

a previous version of the same program is already present on the specified tape,

DIAL will display REPLACE?.

Type R to replace the existing file entry with this new entry; type RETURN if the existing file is not to be replaced. Control is then returned to DIAL.

4.5

LOAD BINARY
LO (NAME, UNI T)^

NAME = name of binary file to be loaded
UNIT = unit from which file is to be loaded

NAME is not specified, the program is loaded from the binary working area and the loader halts (at location

7774 for DIAL-V2 and at 7775

for DIAL-MS).

NAME is specified, but the designated program is not self-

starting, the program is loaded and the loader halts as above.

the

NAMEd program is self-storting, the loader

will start the program after loading.

Note that the DIAL-V2 loader overlays locations 776]-7777 of field 0; the DIAL-MS loader will not load
locations 7750-775] of field 0 and locations 7600-7777 of field

the starting segment for self-starting

4.6

1 .

For both versions of DIAL, location 0 of

LMODE programs is destroyed by the loader.

ADD BINARY (DIAL-MS only)
AB(ADDR,(FIELD,))NAME,UNIT^

ADDR
FIELD

NAME
UNIT

=
=
=
=

4-digit (12-bit) address
field number (0 or 1)

name of a binary file on UNIT
NAME may be found (0-17)

unit on which file

The binary file is copied to the binary working area, omitting zeroes. Typically,

ADD BINARY will be used

without specifying ADDRESS and FIELD to combine standard subroutines with user-written main programs. For

example,

if a

user has written a program which requires

QANDA which

a binary file on unit 0, and his

program is in the source working area, the correct sequence Is to ZERO the binary working area (refer to Section
4.7) and then assemble the program.

If there

are no errors, use ADD BINARY for QANDA, and test the result.

— ZERO^
^ AS^

— AB QANDA,0^
4-5

By oddfng

QANDA In binary form, rafher than source form with fhe ADD PROGRAM command, the user has

saved considerable assembly time and avoided the possibility of tag duplications between his progrom

and

QANDA.
If

his program also needs

FPP, for example,

can be added by the command

-*AB FPP,0^
Thus, many subroutines can be combined with the user's program, without necessitating re-assembling each pro-

gram. The result may be saved, with SAVE BINARY, as if the whole had been assembled together.

ADD BINARY is also useful for patching binary programs, as follows:
--^

ZERO

— AB
*X

/X IS THE FIRST LOCATION TO PATCH
/INSTRUCTIONS OF PATCH GO HERE

•

LISTAPE -1

/PRESERVE HEADER

-^AS
-^SB PROGRAM,

Refer to Section 3.6.6 for an explanation of the LISTAPE -1 pseudo-op.

Note that,

general, for ADD BINARY to function properly it must be used in conjunction with the ZERO

command. ZERO should always be used before assembling a program whose binary may later be added, and before adding a binary or binaries to the working area.

The binary file is added to the binary working area via a word-wise OR operation. Thus, each nonzero
word
from the binary file replaces the old word at the corresponding (relocated) location in the binary

working area.

All zero words in the binary file do not replace their counterparts.

Advanced users may want to use the ADDRESS and FIELD parameters to specify a new core location for the binary file,
If

ADDRESS and FIELD are not specified (or both are zero), if will be moved to its assembled address.

ADDRESS IS specified and FIELD Is nof. It will be moved to ADDRESS in field 0. FIELD can not be specified

without ADDRESS.

No address adjustment within fhe assembled code is performed.

ADDRESS, if specified, is taken to be the new address of the first word of the first block of the binary file. The
relocation of the binary is equal to

[(FIELD*10000 + ADDRESS) - ^RO"7400) ]

where ORG is the lowest origin in the assembly.

4-6

A binary may not be moved to field 0,

location 0, because this Is the condition recognized as no relocation.

Any program, therefore, which may be used starting at 0 must be assembled with origin 0* It may be

moved to

any other address by specifying the new address in the ADD BINARY command.

ADDRESS and FIELD are specified such that any portion of the binary file would be moved to an address

above 20000 (i.e.,

in field 2 or higher), that portion of the file

ignored.

No address adjustment Is performed by ADD BINARY when a binary Is relocated. It is thus necessary that a program which is to be moved Include self-relocating code, so that it can determine its location
The ADD BINARY facility allows the user to build large sophisticated programs (binary)

at execution time.

from the results of many

small assemblies and standard subroutine packages. This means that bugs con
be corrected by re-assembling a

small portion of the entire program,

A sophisticated program might consist of a main program, MAIN, user-written subroutines, SUB! and SUB2, and
standard subroutines,

QANDA and FPP. The binary might be constructed as follows (MAIN is assumed to be in

the source working area):

ZERO
AS SUBl, 0
SB SUB1,0

ZERO
AS SUB2,0
SB SUB2,0
AB SUB1,0
-^ AB 7000, QANDA,

AB FPP,

LISTAPE-1

^ AS
— LO
If a

/PRESERVE BIT MAP

bug is found In MAIN, the procedure to correct it is to restart DIAL-MS, change the
source, re-assemble

MAIN (using LISTAPE »1) and try again. Note that the Assembler will store explicitly defined zeros (HLT, AND
0, etc.), but will not zero storage skipped over by an origin or segment pseudo-op.

4.7

ZERO (DIAL-MS only)

The ZERO command fills the entire binary working area with zeroes and

clears the block map, guaranteeing

that any location not used In a subsequent assembly will be zero. There
are three major applications of ZERO:

0000 Is HLT In LINC mode,
filling

flierefore, filling the binary working area with zeroes Is equivalent to
unused core locations with HLT. Thus, a program being tested halts If It jumps to an unused

location.

4-7

The paper tape outpul- option in PIP, DZ, (refer to Section 5.5), when combined with the ZERO
command, allows the user to assemble and punch short patches to binary programs, with the resulting tape only as long as the patch,

The ADD BINARY command depends on the use of the ZERO command In two instances:
(1)
(2)

Before assembling a program to be saved and later added.
Before a group of ADD BINARY commands, the ZERO command is required because ADD
BINARY does not copy zeroes from the file in the working area. This is done to enable the
user to make effective patches and overlays easily.

Press the

RETURN key to return to the source working area display and text mode at any time.

4.8 SAVE PROGRAM

-*SP NAME,UNIT^

NAME = name to be assigned to saved program in file
UNIT = unit to contain the NAMEd progrom

DIAL saves the source program by NAME in one file on the UNIT specified. When saving a program, RETURN

may be pressed at any time. This will interrupt the command and return to the source display with no effect,
since

DIAL has not updated the index. To prevent saving two programs with the same NAME, DIAL displays

REPLACE?. The user may either type R to replace the file entry with this source or press RETURN to keep the
old file entry.

To save the source file PETE on disk unit 12, the command is

4.9

SP PETE, 12^

ADD PROGRAM
-^AP BN,UNIT^

-^AP (LN1,LN2,)NAME,UNITJ
BN - first block number of source program

NAME = name of filed program
UNIT = unit on which program is located

To add DIAL source to the current source at the current line in the source working area or to call a previously
stored source program into the working area for editing, etc., the AP command requires specifying only
starting block

number, BN, or its NAME. Two line numbers may be specified to add that portion of the

NAMEd program to the current source.

4-8

its

Tlie first line

of the program is added after the current line on the scope. Source lines which follow
the added

source are then renumbered; if there is no current source, e.g., a CLEAR command was issued,
source will be the entire source.

the added

the arguments are omitted, the command is ignored. Lines 15 through 361

of the source file EXP6 on unit 4 are added to the current source by the command

-*AP

15,361, EXP6,4^

4.10 CLEAR

-cl;
The source working area on tape unit 0 can be cleared by using the command CL. DIAL remains in
core and is
restarted with a clean buffer area, -^CL may be typed at any time to dear the source

working area without

having to manipulate any console switches.

4.11

DISPLAY INDEX

-DX (,UNIT)J
UNIT = unit whose index is to be displayed

The tape file index of the specified UNIT is displayed on the scope by the command

— DX.

For each program

on the tape, its name, source and/or binary, starting block number, and length in blocks are Indicated.
To view the entire index, use the following keys to modify the display.

A frame is the number of lines defined

by the setting of A/D knob 7.

Press the

Key

Action

Forward one frame

Forward one entry

Backward one frame

Backward one entry

RETURN key to return to the source working area display and text mode at any time.

Entries may be deleted from the index. Pressing the

RUBOUT key will delete the last line on the display. If the

wrong entry is deleted, type R to restore the index. The deletions are made permanent by typing the colon
(:) after erasing the desired entries. TTie

no index or an empty index,

key

DIAL working area display is returned to the scope. Note that if there

displayed on the scope. Consider the index of unit 1 1

4-9

BLK5

PDRS VS

5
B

NLORD
MRR

PRTCIS-F

Delete the binary file. A, by typing RUBOUT,

205
1&4

202

1-3

17 7

<i:4

-1

12<j:

175

:t2

Move the display forward to view the rest of the index by typing

NOME

BLKS

PRl C IZ-F

mmitlM

WIS''''

CLRR

^:42

12^

nil

JlflllliB

To delete the source file EXAMl, type

;

:III^^^Bl

.^5

EXRMl
H fl S

727
745
525

jHBHB^^^I

W twice so that

it is

the last entry on the display. Then type

RUBOUT.

Make this deletion permanent by typing colon.

4.12 PRINT INDEX

-^PXCUNIT)J
UNIT = unit of index to be printed

The command PX prints out the contents of the specified Index on the Teletype. Press RETURN at any time to
stop the printout and to return to the source working area display.

To check the modified index on unit 11 above, type

^PXJlj
The index printed is

SOURCE
NAME

FORSYS
BINLOAD
MAR
PRTC12-F
CLARK
A31J

BLKS

BLKS
16

205

154

201

202

177
126

2
12

525

6A2
6

65
6A

727

174

EXAMl

MASON

BINARY

4-10

4J3 PRINT SOURCE

—

(LNl,)(LN2,)(NAME,UNIT)j

NAME = name of file to be printed
UNIT =

unit on which

NAMEd file Is to be located

LNl =

starting line number

LN2 =

terminating line number

The NAMEd source program Is printed on the Teletype from the specified

working area is printed when no NAME and/or UNIT are designated.
portion of the

UNIT. Ihe source currently in the

two line numbers are specified, that

NAMEd file is printed.

Any DIAL source can be printed with the PS command. No words are split between Teletype

lines.

Printing

time Is approximately 1 minute per page for PDP-12 program sources.

Line numbers,
it is

specified, provide inclusive bounds for the printout.

When only one line number is specified,

assumed to be the start of the printout and the rest of the source on unit 1

printed. To print lines 23

through 151 of file 4JA-1 on to the Teletype, use the command

— PS 23,151, 4JA.l,lj
4.14 EXIT

The EXIT command completes the updating of the source working
the user of leaving

area from the memory buffers, thus assuring

DIAL without losing the current source program in the working area. An EXIT command

should be Issued when edifing is completed with the PDP-12. After

— EX J

DIAL halts. Press the CONTinue

console switch to return to DIAL. Ihe program that was In the working
area when the EXIT command
Issued is still there, and any legal

was

DIAL operation can now be performed.

4.15 USER'S MONITOR COMMAND

--^MC X(Y),UNITJ
X(Y) = argument(s) to be passed by the Editor to a user program via
optional )

UNIT = unit to be read

4-11

the AC (argument Y is

The user's MONITOR command allows access to the free blocks of a DIAL tape. When the MC command Is
issued, block 270 of UNIT is read into core locations 4000-4377; the arguments XY ore placed in the AC and

the Editor turns program control over to the initial free block of code at location 4020 in

Tape blocks 270 through 277 are defined as the free blocks of a DIAL system device.
Paragraph C.6 for tape and disk allocation.)
they are meant for the user.

Except for the MC command

LMODE,

(Refer to Appendix C,

DIAL never accesses these TBLKs;

The contents of block 270 are left to the user's discretion.

The MC command has

no meaning if the user's binary at block 270 is not aware of the Editor's action during the execution of an MC

command.

The MC command is obviously not meant for the beginning programmer.

Consider the following examples.

the user wanted to expand

DIAL to process additional Monitor commands, ^1^2

^3^4' ^^^^

fined in DIAL, they can be defined in the free area and called via the Editor by:

-«-MC X^X2,U^

-MC X^X^^Uj
Then, depending upon the contents of the AC, the program loaded from block 270 would either do the function
or Xj^^'

the user had a program to be loaded into Locations 7600-7777 of field

(the

DIAL loader does not access

these locations), the binary can be placed in the last 200 words of TBLK 270 and a bootstrap routine in the
first

200 words to move locations 4200-4377 to 7600-7777. Then the program can be loaded by

— MC A,[Jj

4-12

Chapter 5
Peripheral Interchange Program (PIP)
The Peripheral Interchange Program (PIP) for the PDP-.12 permits the user to
transfer source or binary files be-

tween I/O devices, including disk (RS08 or RK08), LINCtape, high-speed and
Teletype paper tape reader/
punch, card reader, and line printer.

INITIALIZING PIP (DIAL-MS)

Ihe command for calling PIP,-- Pl^

running without an RS08 or RK08 disk,

with RS08 or RK08 systems,

To Implement the

P\J

it is

loads PIP from the system unit; for DIAL-V2 users or DIAL-MS users

p\j

equivalent to the command

equivalent to-^LO PIP, 10^

LO PIP,0; for DIAL-MS users

command call on a system using DIAL-MS with an RS08 or RK08 disk, PIP must
be

copied onto unit 10 after Initialization (refer to Appendix A, Paragraph
A. 3).

Typing-*LO PIP,Oj

Responding to the PIP displays with Aj

just PIP

Copy tape 0 to disk unit 10 by

LOj

ROj

in that order.

be copied to the system device, respond to the PIP displays with Bj

LO;PIPj

RO;PIP^

that order.

Note that when using PIP, disk units may be called as 0 through 7 rather than 10 through

17, as required for

the other DIAL-MS programs. Either value is acceptable. Thus,
RO above is equivalent to RIO.

5.2

CONTROL COMMANDS

PIP implements four control

commands that may be Issued at any time while it is being used.

Command

Action

CTRl/'P

Return to PIP options display

CTRL/D

Return to DIAL

CTRL/U

Rewind each transport that is set to REMOTE and has a tape
on It and position unit 0 at block 0. Repeated typing of

CTRL/U will cause tape 0 to be unloaded also. This option
is used to minimize tape handling for
all units and to decrease duplication time for unit 0.

CTRL/T

Rewind all LINCtapes completely (as with CTRL/U) and
position tape 0 to block 300 to permit a faster
restart.

DIAL-MS

Typing CTRL/T several times will unload unit 0.

5-1

5.3

MODE OPTIONS

When PIP IS sfarted, the following message is displayed. Note that lower-case letters are used in this chapter
to indicate half-size characters on the scope.

PIP OPTIONS

auxiliary mode

binary mode

source mode

reply:

The file to be manipulated by PIP must be described at this time. Only one of the three single letter abbreviations above needs to be typed after reply.

This PIP display and all subsequent displays are followed by reply:
left

hand corner. When a response is typed,

it is

and a square-shaped cursor in fhe lower

seen at the location indicated by fhe cursor. The cursor moves

one character to the right for each character typed in. Terminate a reply with a carriage RETURN. When responding to any PIP display,

RUBOUT can be typed to delete the last character typed, or LINE FEED con be

typed to delete the entire line.

an illegal character is typed,

it is

ignored, and the PIP display is returned

to the scope.

5.4

BINARY OR SOURCE INPUT

After the mode has been selected, the input device must be specified.

the reply to the first PIP display was

8 or S, the second display Is shown as follows:

INPUT DEVICE
c

card reader

high speed reader

line tape

rs08,rk08 disk

teletype

reply:

The auxiliary mode option is described in Section 5.6.

If LI

NC tape or disk Is the selected input device, the user's response to the second PIP display must be in the

format Ln;NAME or Rn;NAME, where L indicates LINCtape, R indicates disk, n is the input unit number (0-17)

followed by a semicolon, and NAME is a 1- to 8-character file name. Thus,
from LINCtape unit 4, the correct command Is L4;ABC3.

5-2

to input a file named

ABC3

a card reader is to be the input device, type C after having chosen source mode. Columns 1-1
10^ are read

unless a response is given in the form Caa;THRU,bb,

where aa is the first column to be read and bb is the last

column to be read. To read columns 50 through 110 (octal), the correct reply string is C50;THRUJ10. Ihe
character codes used ore not the card reader codes in the PDP~12 User's Handbook. Instead, they are the
standard {BM~029 Keypunch codes (See Appendix B of Introduction to Programming, DEC-C-18). There
are

some minor changes in that set to be compatible v/ith standard ASCII.
Card Code

0-8-2

029 Character

DIAL Character

NONE

]

0-8-5

(underscore)

n-8-7

- (Logical not)

(Cent Sign)

[

(Vertical Bar)

12-8-2

12-8-7

{|:

the user desires, he may substitute an entirely different character set into PIP (with the
exception of BLANK).

Refer to the PIP Internal Description,

If,

DEC-1 2-ZW2A-D.

for binary Input, the device Is to be the high-speed reader or the Teletype (neither is file
or unit oriented),

the user's response must be in the form DF;Mode, Address, where D is the device abbreviation (H or T),
and

F IS the memory field and Is specified only for field 1 or larger.
P for PDP-8 mode, and Address Is the starting address.

Mode is indicated by L for LINC mode and by

Mode and Address are omitted, the program is not

automatically started when loaded. The Mode must be specified for the program to start after it has been read.

More than one tape can be input during one PIP session (refer to Section 5.5). Ihe punctuation marks are
always required If the Items after them are specified.
location 4020, and a

no Address is given, a LINC mode operation starts at

PDP-8 mode operation starts at location 200.

When the high-speed reader is in the input device, the tape must be in the reader before the carriage RETURN
Is

typed to terminate the output device command string. For ASCII paper-tape input, the character CTRl/Z

must terminate the input.

tape has been read In.

the tape was originally punched by PIP, a CTRl/Z is already present at the end of it.

must be present as the last character on the tape or typed on the Teletype after the

5-3

Consider the following examples,

H;P

Input" is

from the high-speed reader and the program,

will be started in

when loaded,

PDP~8 mode at location 200

when loaded,
field 1
in
at
location
memory
mode
1000
will be started in PDP-8
Input is from the high-speed reader and the program,

H1;P, 1000

Input is from the Teletype and the program, when loaded, will start

T;L,6000

LINC mode at location 6000.

Input is from the high-speed reader and the program,

when loaded,

will not be started.

the specified file is not at the indicated location,

NO will be displayed on the scope. Return to PIP by

typing CTRL/P or return to DIAL by typing CTRl/D at this time*

5.5 BINARY OR SOURCE OUTPUT

When a response to the input device display has been accepted, the output device must be specified. The
following display appears on the scope.

OUTPUT DEVICE
h

high-speed punch

Ifnc tape

p
r
t

—
—

line printer

rs08, rkOS disk

teletype

reply:

LINCtape or disk is to be the output device, a response in the same format as was used to specify them as the

input device is required.

Never ask to copy a file onto itself by using the same name and the same unit for both

the input and output commands. This destroys the NAMEd file. To locate the file PETE on

the correct command string is LO;PETE.

5-4

LINCtape unit 0,

When using UNCtape or disk (DIAL-MS) as the input or output device for these PIP operations, be sure to
pacify the name of the file.

the file name is omitted when specifying

LINCtape or disk output, the file is

assigned the name question mark (?) by PIP. The file will be accessible only by using PIP and the name ? or

no name.
?.

the file name

omitl-ed when specifying

there is no file with that name., then

can be generated at this time.

LINCtape or disk input, PIP can locate only a file named

NO will be displayed on the scope. Only a return to PIP or DIAL

no unit is specified when using PIP, unit 0 of the specified device type is

assumed.

there is not sufficient room on the indicated device to perform the requested action,

displayed. Type

CTRt/P to return to the first PIP display or CTRL/D to return to DIAL.

a file with the same name is already located on that tape, the message REPLACE? is displayed. Type R^

the present file is to replace the existing file or,

if it is

not to replace it, type CTRL/P to return to the first

PIP display or CTRl/D to return to DIAL.

For high-speed punch. Teletype, or line printer output, only the letter abbreviation is required. The punch
will generate leader tape automatically.

When the output device command string is terminated, typing a

carriage RETURN initiates the specified operation. Note that tape punched using PIP can be read directly into

DIAL by the Teletype reader.

the Teletype or high speed, paper-tape punch

zeros are not punched.

specified by the reply

chosen as the output device, an option may be used so that

T;DZ or H;DZ to the output device display. Note that

the tape produced does not contain a halt instruction if in

LINC mode. If zeros are removed from the middle of

a section, however, a new origin is punched, so that the remaining code will be loaded properly. This option
is

especially useful for patching programs in conjunction with the ZERO command (refer to Section 4.7). For

example, the following sequence generates a short paper-tape of the program SCW on the high-speed punch.
Ihe initial

ZERO command causes all locations to contain zeros and therefore are not punched by the H;DZ

statement.

ZERO

SEGMNT

*100
1

2
3

SBScw,n
PIP
B

Rn;SCW
H;DZ

5-5

If the

input device was the paper-tape reader, then after the first tape has been read in, the following display

appears on the scope •

MORE TAPES?
a

read another tape

no more tapes

reply:

Type the appropriate letter answer and a carriage RETURN. A reply of A will store the next file immediately
after the first one. Each tape must be terminated by a CTRL/Z; if CTRl/Z is not on the tape, it must be typed

on the Teletype after the tape has been read. Any operation can be interrupted by typing CTRL/P to return to
the first PIP display or by typing CTRL/D to return to DIAL.

5.6 AUXILIARY MODE
If

the letter A is typed in response to the PIP mode options display, the following is seen on the scope.

OPTIONS
c

^copy specified blocks

duplicate tape 0 onto

copy system
copy unit

r
iC L
tLfsM^ U^^^ hl,^hu
i

reply:

in addition to specifying

the option, a number can follow any of the replies to indicate the number of con-

secutive units onto which the specified blocks of tape are to be transferred.

The S option copies blocks 300-345 and 350-370, thus copying the entire DIAL system except for the index.

The U option duplicates the specified unit onto other specified units. A reply of D will perform that operation
immediately. A response of C, S, or U will produce the second PIP display requesHng the input device. The
only acceptable input devices are disk and LINCtape. For the C option, the reply must be in the format
Dn;fb,nb, or Ln;fb,nb where D is disk and L is LINCtape, n is the unit number, fb is the first block, and nb
is

the number of blocks to be read. Thus L2;63,24 will start input from

tinue for 24 blocks.

LINCtape un»^ 2, block 63, and con-

Note that block numbers are octal. For the S or U option, only the device and unit must

be specified; block limits are not required.

When the input response has been accepted, the PIP output display is seen on the scope for the C, S, and U
options. The only acceptable output devices are disk and LINCtape. For the C option, response must be in
the form Dn;fb or Ln;fb where

D is disk and L is LINCtape, n is the number of the first consecutive tape unit,

and fb is the block where output is to start. The S and U options require only that the device and unit number
be specified.

5-6

5.7 ERRORS
During all PIP operations, the program checks for errors. When one is encountered, fhe following message is
displayed.

DISK (TAPE) ERROR

AT BLOCK nnnn

accept as is
try again (repeat tape operation)

try to skip past error

reply;

For a disk error, the leftmost digit of the block number, nnnn,

It is

the disk unit number (0-7).

up to the user's discretion to choose one of the three options above. For a disk error, the disk status

the problem is a minor hardware error, for example,

the WRITE ENABLE switch was not set, then choice R can be used.

some of the block numbers have been

modified, then choice S may still yield a working system. The user can always type CTRL/P to return to PIP
or CTRl/D to return to DIAL.

For binary tape input, the error message,

CHECKSUM ERROR, can be followed only by a return to PIP or DIAL.

For an RK08 system, the message SEEK ERROR is displayed for 5 seconds if the movable head on the disk is mis-

positioned. PIP will automatically recalibrate the disk and try again.

should be serviced. Note that if this message appears during startup,

it is

this

message arises often, the disk

because the disk head may be ran-

domly positioned. Remember that systems with RK08 disks only permit units 10-15. Addressing additional units
with PIP will generate one of several error messages on the display, possibly SEEK ERROR.

the return commands CTRL/P and CTRl/D fail to operate, PIP may be restarted by stopping the processor,

setting the Left Switches = 0200, and pressing the START LS console keyo

5.8
If

RECOVERY

the Input for a PIP operation is binary paper tape and output is fo tape or disk and

displayed, a SAVE

BINARY command may be Issued after CTRL/D to save the program on another unit without reloading the tape.
Call the program from the unit to which it was output. (This procedure is illegal for systems with two or more

DF32 disks.) To reclaim a source program if PIP displays NO, issue the following appropriate command after
typing CTRL/D

no disk or a DF32 disk Is present

AP370, 1^

AP370, 1 ]j

if on

RS08 or RK08 disk is present

5-7

9 PIP EXAMPLES
e following command sequences are examples of PIP operations.

1 .

Copy the binary file BINFILE from unit 0 to unit 6.
B
LO; BINFILE

L6;BINFILE
2.

Copy the source file HOW from unit 3 to unit 7.
S

L3;HOW
L7;HOW
3.

Copy the binary file OLDNAME from unit

to unit 7 and call it

NEWNAME.

L1;OLDNAME
L7;

NEWNAME

Read in a binary tape via the high speed reader, and store it as file JIO on unit 0, where it will
start at location

200 in PMODE.

H;P
L0;J10
5.

Duplicate the source file COPYl on unit 2, and call it COPY2 on the same unit.
S

L2;COPYl
L2;COPY2

NOTE: Never copy a file onto itself on the same unit. For example;

Ll;COPYl

LhCOPYl
This sequence could result In the destruction of the file COPYl.

Punch the source file HERE on unit 3 by the high speed punch.
S

L3;HERE

H
7.

Read in a tape on the Teletype that was not originally punched by PIP, and store it as file

MARTY on tape unit 0.
S

LO;MARTY

When the tape is finished, type CTRl/Z on the Teletype (if PIP had punched the tape originally
there would be a CTRl/Z at the end of it).

5-8

Then type

if only this

tape is to be read

A
8.

if another

tape is to be read and added after the first tape.

Duplicate tape 0 onto tape 1

A
D
9.

Duplicate tape 0 onto tapes 1 , 2, 3, 4, and 5.

A
D5
10.

Copy blocks 300-317, unit 4, to blocks 200-217, unit 6.

A
C
L4;300,30
L6;200
1

1 .

Copy blocks 600-677, unit 2 to blocks 700-777 of units 5, 6, and 7.

A
C3
L2;600,100
L5;700
12.

Copy the system area tape from unit 0 to LINCtape unit 3.

A
S

LO
L3

13.

Copy the tape on unit

onto logical disk units 2 and 3.

A
U2
LI

5-9

Appendix A
DIAL-V2 vs. DrAL-MS
A.l
In

FEATURES

addition to the general system capabilities outlined in Section 1.1, the following features are unique to each

version of DIAL:

DIAL-V2
(1)

Overlapped tape I/O to accept user input during a tape read or write operation.
run on tape, input is not accepted while the tape is moving.)

(When DIAL-MS

(2)

4K system

DIAL -MS
(1)

Fully integrated tape -disk system with mass storage support for one or two DF32, one to four

RS08 or one RK08 disks,
(2)

Editor commands to clear the binary working area (which is used in conjunction with the PIP
option not to punch zeros) and to merge binary files.

(3)

I/O routines to read, write, or move data.

(4)

Increased Assembler facilities for processing large programs.

(5)

8K system

A. 2 SYSTEM BUILD FOR DIAL-MS
The following system-build procedure must be executed to "build" a DIAL-MS tape.

Part of the procedure is

running the program, GENASYS, provided on the system tape

Step

Procedure
Start the system by the procedure in Appendix A. 4,

Type -^LO GENASYS, 0^

to load

GENASYS to specialize a tape for DIAL-MS on this system

configuration

After the message

TAPE UNIT CONTAINING GENASYS:
is

printed, type 0.

GENASYS then asks
TAPE UNIT FOR DIAL-MS:
Type an octal digit to indicate the tape unit on which DIAL-MS is to be built. If the reply is
GENASYS does not initialize DIAL-'MS, the procedure in Section A. 3 must be performed
to initialize the tape. If the reply is 0, another message is printed on the Teletype after
not 0,

GENASYS has built DIAL-MS:
PRESS CONTINUE TO INITIALIZE DIAL -MS:
Press the CONTinue key.

The last message is

A-1

Procedure

Step

WHEN EDITOR DISPLAY APPEARS, TYPE (LINE FEED) EX (RETURN)
GENASYS mlHalizes DIAL-MS. When that is done, the Editor
Type—EX^ and then press CONTinue. DIAL-MS is ready to accept user

Aff-er the message is printed,

display appears.

Input.

The following error conditions can occur.
a.

GENASYS is not able to find 8K of core, the following message is printed and GENASYS returns

DIAL-V2.

THIS MACHINE HAS ONLY 4K, DIAL-MS REQUIRES 8K.
b.

GENASYS is not able to find one of the four binary files needed to build DIAL-MS, the following

message is printed:

THIS TAPE DOES NOT CONTAIN BINARY D!AL-MSx,

where x is a digit,
c.

to 4,

NEEDED FOR GENASYS.

Continue at Step 4 above.

one of the binary files is the wrong length, the following message is printed:

LENGTH ERROR IN DIAL-MSx.
where x is a digit,

to 4,

A.3 SYSTEM INITIALIZATION

A system using DIAL-MS must be initialized. This procedure causes:
a.

the initial tape to modify itself to become a startup tape by building a set of I/O routines for
handling the user's particular disk configuration,

the initialization routine to copy the DIAL-MS system area (blocks 270 to 345 and 350 to 467)
from tape 0 into the appropriate area on the disk.

System initialization may be automatically carried out by GENASYS (by a reply of 0 in Step 4) or may be

performed when the equipment configuration changes, if the contents of the disk are lost for any reason, or

GENASYS does not perform the procedure, e.g., because a tape unit other than 0 was specified in Step 4.
The procedure is
Step
1

Procedure

Mount the DIAL-MS tape on tape unit 0.
AAount another LINCtape on tape unit 1 (required if configuration has no disk or

only one DF32 disk).

& 2.

Set the scope chonnel knob to position

Set the switches of both tape units to REMOTE ond set unit 0 to WRITE ENABLE.

Set all disk units to WRITE ENABLE.

A single DF32 disk unit must be set to 0.
A second DF32, if present, must be set to
1

Set the mode switch to

LINC mode and press the I/O PRESET key.

A-2

Procedure

Step

Set the Left Switches to 0701

and the Right Switches to 7310 by pushing down the
and pushing down the bock part of those

front part of the switches indicated by t

indicated by | in the following diagram,

ttt iii ttt tti

ill tii

ttntt

Right Switches

Left Switches

DO key.

Press the

When the tape has stopped spinning^ press the START 20 key,

Type—^EX^ when part of the DIAL-MS program appears on the display in order
to preserve the DIAL-MS pointers. Press CONTinue. (This step is essential - It
updates the Edi tor's pointers.

1 1

Set the A/D knob 3 all the way to the right,

A DIAL command may now be issued,

PIP is to be used, refer to Section 5,1.

A. 4 SYSTEM STARTUP
The following procedure Is performed every time DIAL-MS (and DIAL-V2) is to be used. For DIAL-MS It Is

assumed that the tape and disk have been Initialized (refer to Section A, 3) so that the DIAL-MS system loaded
from tope Is aware of available disks and will use them appropriately.

Procedure

Step
1

A/bunt DIAL tape on tape unit Oc

Mount another LINCtape (scratch) on unit 1,

Set scope channel knob to position

Set the switches of both tape units to

Set all disk units to WRITE
if present,

6
7

& 2.

REMOTE and WRITE ENABLE.

ENABLE, A single DF32 disk must be set to 0; a second DF32,

must be set to 1

Set the mode switch to

LINC mode and press I/O PRESET,

Set the Left Switches to 0701 and the Right Switches to 7300 by pushing down the front
part of the switches Indicated by

In the

and pushing down the back part of those indicated

following diagram.

ttt

iU tu ttt ttt

iU ttt tti
Left Switches

Right Switches

Press the

DO key.

Press the

START 20 key when the tape has stopped spinning.

The version of DIAL on the tape is started and ready for any DIAL operation.

A-3

It is

possible for an error condiHon to result while initializing the system, causing the computer to halt with

the status register

for the device in the Accumulator; this informs the user of the

The Right Switches are then set to indicate the error recovery method.
anything but 7777 , the operation is tried again.
sole key.

It is

If the

exact nature of the error.

user sets the Right Switches to

This retry facility is activated by pressing the CONTinue con-

good practice to retry the operation that produced the error at least once.

If the

Right Switches

are set to 7777 , the data will be accepted by the computer after pressing the CONTinue key.

At the completion of this operation, the tape on unit 0 has been modified for the user's particular configuration.

may be copied with the auxiliary "S" option of PIP if multiple copies are needed (refer to Section 5.6).

The Initialization procedure may be repeated at any time, but it is necessary only when the DIAL-MS system
the disk is lost or when the configuration changes.

DIAL "MS

srsieMi

mn/

Refer to PDP-12 System Reference Manual,

DEC-12-SRZC-D.

A-4

Appendix B
Assembly Error Messages

During source program assembly, error messages in the form of a two-letter code ore included in the program
listing.

These messages, defining illegal syntax or insufficient space errors, are explained below.
Error Code

Explanation
Illegal

Character - An illegal character was processed in the instruction

field; the character is ignored and the assembly is continued.

Illegal reDefinlfion of a symbol - An attempt was made to give a previously

defined symbol a new value by means other than the equal sign; the symbol

was not redefined.
IE

Illegal Expansion - Delimiter missing in text.

Illegal

Symbol table Exceeded - Assembly is terminated and control is returned to
DIAL; up to 895 user symbols, maximum.

Reference - An off --page reference was made,

Undefined Symbol - A symbol has been processed during pass 2 that was not
defined before the end of pass 1

Binary Working Area exceeded - Assembly is terminated and control is returned
to

DIAL; more than lOOg blocks of source program have been input for assembly

(refer to Appendix C,

Paragraph C.2).

Q /1 .1

Push -down Stack exceeded ~ Too many symbols to be evo luted on one line.

^?h«^*ii\

error

B-1

Appendix C

Summaries
C.I

COMMAND SUMMARY

All commands are issued in the form

Command ^
Command

Function

AS (N,U)

Assemble

(L,L,)(N,U)

Assemble and List

QL(L,L,)(N,U)

Assemble and Quick List

LO (N, U)

Load Binary

PS (L,)(L,)(N,U)

Print Source

AB (A,)N,U

Add Binary

SB N,U(,M(FA))

Save Binary

SP N,U

Save Program (Source)

AP (L,L,)N,Uor B,U

Add Program (Source)

DX (, U)

Display Index

PX (,U)

Print Index

Clear Source Working Area

Zero Binary Working Area

Peripheral Interchange

Exit

MC X(Y),U

User's Monitor Command

Line Call

/
Legend:

Indicates an optional parameter

F = Field

N = File name

B = Tape block

U - Tape (0-7) or disk (10-17) unit

X(Y) = Characters in accumulator

= Line number

number

=LINE FEED

M = Mode (L or LINC or P for PDP-8)

J = Carriage RETURN

A = Address (4 digits)

C-1

C.2 PSEUDO-OPERATORS
Pseudo-Op

Mode

ASMIFM n

8A
8A
8A
8A
8A
8A
8A

ASMIFN n
ASMIFZ n

ASMSKP n
DECIMAL
EJECT
FIELD n
1

LIST
LI ^

TAPE

NOLIST

OCTAL
PAGE n

Operation
Assemble if n is negative
Assemble if n ^ 0
Assemble if n = 0
Continue Assembly after n lines
Set decimal radix for integer input
Print next line at top of next page of line printer

Defines each 4K of memory; n = 0 or 1

Indirect addressing

8A
8A

Negate NOLIST condition
neaaer diock ana AssemDier listing control

o
o

Causes subsequent coding fo be Interpreted as LINC instructions

8/L
O/L

Looa savea symooi tape vsee oeiow^

8A
8A
8A

Inhibit octal -symbolic listing during assembly

Set octal radix for integer Input
Start new page at n*200.

If no

parameter, start at next page

(0<n<40J

—

PMODE

Causes subsequent coding to be interpreted as PDP-8 instructions

SAVSYM n

8A
8A

Saves symbol table for later assembly (n = 1 or 2) (see below)

SEGMNT n

Starts new segment at

NX2000.

If no

parameter start at next segment.

(0<n <7)
TEXT

Packs two 6-bit words per cell

Page zero reference

The fwo cases requiring use of the SAVSYM pseudo-op and the procedure for assembling large programs with
the SAVSYM, LODSYM, and LISTAPE pseudo-ops are discussed in detail in this section.

Cose 1

Assume that the user has defined the following symbols for his program.

INDEX = 346

/set the Index pointer to 346

DISK =3

/three disks

TTYIN=7423

/address of Teletype input routine

TTYOUT=7520

/address of Teletype output routines

SAVSYM

/now save just these symbols (see below)

*XXXX

YYYY

/the rest of the program

c-2

The command SAVSYM 1 will cause the user-defined symbols INDEX, DISK, TTYIN, and TTYOUT to be
saved when the program is assembled.

Any user symbols occurring later in the program will not be saved.

At a later time in another program, a LODSYM command will load these symbols into the symbol table
without having to retype them.

Case 2.

If all

SAVSYM

symbols are to be saved in a common table, the SAVSYM 2 command is used.

Thus,

replaced by SAVSYM 2 in the previous example, then the four user-defined symbols and all

symbols to follow are saved in the symbol table.

symbols are to be saved.

If a

This

useful in breaking up large assemblies when all

symbol was redefined, the last definition assigned will be the one saved.

Note that the more symbols defined and saved, the slower the Assembler will run.
The symbol table is always stored in the working area on unit 1 near the binary output and the present symbol
table. With SAVSYM 1, the symbol table is saved at this point in pass 1 of the assembly. With

SAVSYM 2

the symbol table is saved at this point during pass 2. The user who wants to save a set of common definitions
or a common page zero with pointers should use the command SAVSYM 1 after the definitions on page zero.

No other symbols are saved. The user who wishes to save all his symbols because his program has to be split
into sections should put the command SAVSYM 2 at the end of his program, assuring that all symbols will be

properly defined.

In either case, the symbols will

C.2.1

be permanently saved unless one of the following conditions occurs:

The tape is erased.

The tope is used for unit 0 workspace (source) and is overwritten.

Another SAVSYM command is given at some later time and replaces the old symbol table with
a new one

Assembling Large Programs with SAVSYM, LODSYM, and LISTAPE

SAVSYM and LODSYM may be used to assemble a program that is longer than 100^ blocks by breaking the
o

program into several smaller files.

To avoid symbol communication difficulties, SAVSYM, LODSYM and LISTAPE
in the following manner.

C-3

(in

DIAL -MS) are employed

PART

PROGRAM

SAVSYM 2

LONGER
THAN 100

LODSYM

BLOCKS

LI S TAPE -1

PART 2

A SAVSYM 2 during the assembly of PART

will save all the symbols from PART

The LODSYM at the start

of PART 2 loads in the saved symbol table, thus putting all the symbols from PART 1 and PART 2 Into a common

symbol table.

For DIAL-MS , LISTAPE with a negative argument can be used to preserve the bit map from the

assembly of PART 1.

The program is then assembled by the commands

AS PART

-AS PART 2
This method will work only if all the symbols referenced in PART 2 are defined in

PART

Because most pro-

grams cannot easily be split so all references occur after definitions, the following technique Is employed.

PROGRAM

LONGER

LODSYM

0000

SAVSYM

THAN lOOg

BLOCKS

CLEARSYM

LODSYM
+

LISTAPE-1

SAVSYM 2

SAVSYM

PART 1

PART 2

The program Is assembled by the following command string.

-^AS CLEARSYM
AS PART 2
AS PART
--AS PART 2
1

The program named CLEARSYM produces a clean symbol table.
clean symbol table.
assembled.

The LODSYM In PART 1 then loads in this

PART 2 Is assembled first so that all symbols in that part will be defined when PART

Ignore any error messages generated at this time.

PART

C-4

and PART 2 are then assembled correctly

by using a SAVSYM 2 pseudo-op at the end of each part and a LODSYM at the start of each.
messages generated now Indicate real errors In the program.

Any error

When starting an assembly with DIAL-V2 only, the Assembler destroys the binary coding in locations 4000-4377.
Therefore, the user must assemble the port containing this section of code last.
locations 4000-4377 are

the program was split so that

m PART 2, then the sequence above will assemble the program correctly. If the pro-

gram was split so that locations 4000-4377 are in PART I, then the correct sequence of commands is as follows:

--AS CLEARSYM
-«-AS PART 2

— AS PART

-*AS PART 2
AS PART

Locations 4000-4377 must be in the lost part assembled, no matter into how many ports the program
has been
split.

The program may then be loaded directly, but in DIAL-V2 It cannot be saved by a SAVE BINARY command
directly because the binary header block for the file is incorrect.

Only the last part of the program to be

assembled is Included in the header block. Block 447, the header block, must be filled with correct Information. Each word of block 447 from word 340 to 377 represents
400g words of the file to be soved, as follows.

BLOCK 447
Word

Word Locations Represented

unused

336
total

number word blocks saved

337
0 -

377

340
341

377

400

777

17400 - \ 7777

any of the word locations represented contain data, then the corresponding word of block 447 must contain

the value 7177.

those word locations ore empty, then the appropriate word of block 447 contains 0000.

To correct the header block, load 7777 Into the correct word of block 447.

When completed, change word 337

of block 447 to the total number of words between 340 and 377 In block 447 that contain the
value 7777,

SAVE BINARY command may then be performed. Use of the LISTAPE pseudo-op In DIAL-MS Inhibits destruction
of the header block at the start of a new program assembly.

C-5

C.3 CHARACTER SET

External

Keyboard

(ASCII)

301

302
303
304
305
306
307
310

311

C
D
E
F

Internal

4
5
6
7

312
313
314
315
316
317
320

K
L

M
N

0
P

12
13

14
15
16

321

22
23

322
323
324
325
326
327
330

331

332
333
334
335
336
337
240

32
33
34
35
36

241

44
45
46

(

242
243
244
245
246
247
250

)

251

252
253
254
255

256
257
260

52
53
54
55
56
57
60

261

[

(SHIFT/K)

\ (SHIFT/L
1

(SHIFT/M)

—
f

SPACE
!

%
6

24
25

26
27
30

Illegal (not displayed)

C-6

External

Keyboard

(ASCII)

Infernal

262
263
264
265
266
267
270

62
63
64
65
66
67
70

271

272
273
274
275
276
277
300
212
215
375
377

72
73
74

4
5
6
7
8
9
:

;

>
?

@
LINE FEED

RETURN

ALTMODE
RUBOUT
CONTROL/I aAB)

76
77
Illegal (not displayed)

37
43 (not displayed)

None (not displayed)
None (not displayed)
47 (not displayed)

211

C.4 INSTRUCTIONS

C.4.1 PDP-8 Symbols

Mnemonic

AND

Octal

MEMORY REFERENCE INSTRUCTIONS
0000
logical AND

TAD

1000
2000
3000
4000
5000

ISZ

DCA
MS

JMP

GROUP

NOP

7000
7001

RAR
RTR

CML

CMA
CLL

CLA

2s cott^lement add
increment & skip if zero
deposit & clear AC

jump to subroutine
jump

OPERATE MICROINSTRUCTIONS

lAC
RAL
RTL

Operation

7004
7006
7010
7012
7020
7040
7100
7200

no operation
increment AC

AC & link left one
AC & link left two
rotate AC & link right one
rotate AC & link right two
rotate
rotate

complement link
complement AC
clear link

clear AC

C-7

Mnemonic

Octal

Operation

GROUP 2 OPERATE MICROINSTRUCTIONS
HLT

7402
7404
7410
7420
7430
7440
7450
7500
7510

OSR
SKP

SNL
SZL

SZA

SNA
SMA
SPA

halts the computer

inclusive OR switch register with AC
skip unconditionally
skiD on nonzero link
skip on zero link

skip on zero AC

skiD on nonzero AC
skiD on minus AC

skip on plus AC (zero is positive)

COMBINED OPERATE MICROINSTRUCTIONS
CIA

7041

complemenf & increment AC

STL

7120
7204
7240
7604

set link to

OLK
STA
LAS

get link (put link in AC, bit 11)

AC =-1
load AC with switch register

set

lOT MICROINSTRUCTIONS
Program Interrupt

ION
OF

6001

turn interrupt on

6002

turn interrupt off

K e yboard/Reade r
KSF

6031

skip if keyboard/reader flag = 1

6032
6034
6036

clear AC & keyboard/reader flag
clear AC & read keyboard buffer,

TSF

6041

skip if teleprinter/punch flag = 1

TCF
TPC

6042
6044
6046

clear teleprinter/punch flag

KCC
KRS
KRB

read keyboard/reader buffer

& clear keyboard flag

Teleprinter/lPunch

TLS

load teleprinter/punch buffer, select & print

load teleprinter/punch buffer, select & print, and clear

teleprinter/punch flag

Clock

CLSK
CLLR
CLA8

CLEN
CLSA
CLBA

CLCA

6131

6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137

skip on clock interrupt

load clock control register 1

AC to buffer preset register
load clock control register

clock status to AC
buffer preset register to AC

counter to AC

Extended Memory (Type MC8/I)

CDF

62n1

CIF

62n2
62n4
6224
6244
6234

RDF
RIF

RMF
RIB

change to data field n
change to instruction field n
read data field into AC
read instruction field into AC
restore

memory field

read interrupt buffer

C-8

Mnemonic

Octal

Operation

lOT MICROINSTRUCTIONS (cont)
Processor Mode Change

LINC

change to LINC mode processing

6141

C.4.2 LINC Symbols

Mnemonic

Octal

ADD
ADA
LAM

2000
1100
1140
1200

MUL

1240

LDA
LDH

1000
1300

SIC
STA
STH

4000
1040
1340

ROL N
ROR N
SCR N

0235
0300
0340

HLT

0000
0016

Operation

ADD

ADM

add memory to A (full address)
add memory to A (index class)
add A to memory (sum also in A)
add link and A to memory (sum also in A)

MULTIPLY
signed multiply

LOAD
load A,

full

load A, half register

STORE
and clear A (full address)
A (index class)
store half A
store

store

SHIFT/ROTATE
rotate left

N places

rotate right N places

scale right N places

OPERATE

NOP

halt

no operation

CLR

0011

clear AC and LINC

SET

0040
6000
0005

set register

QAC

N to contents of register Y

jump to register Y

MQ transfer to AC

LOGICAL OPERATIONS
BCL

1540
1600

bit set (any combination of 12-bits)

SCO

1640

bit

COM

0017

BSE

bit clear (any combination of 12-bits)

complement (any combination of 12-bits)
complement AC
SKIP
Skip next instruction if:

SAE

SHD

1440
1400

SNS N

0440+N

sense switch

SKP

0456
0450

unconditional skip

AZE

AC equals memory register, Y
right half AC unequal to specified half of memory
register, Y

N is set

AC equals 0000 or 7777
C-9

Mnemonic

Octal

APO

0451

AC contains positive number

LZE

0452
0454
0455

add overflow is set

Operation

SKIP (cont)

FLO

QLZ
SXL N
KST

SRO

link bit equals u

0415
1500

of Z register equals 0
external level N Is preset
bit

04004-N

keyboard has been struck
rotate memory register right one place; then If bit 0

of Y equals 0, skip next instruction

XSK
STD

0200
0416

ATR
RTA

0014
0015

contents of Y equal 1777; index memory register if 1 bit set

tape instruction completed

INPUT/OUTPUT
AC to relay buffer
relay buffer to AC

SAM N

0100+N

sample analog channel

DIS

0140
1740
0002
0516
0517
0500

display point on oscilloscope

DSC
PDP

RSW
LSW
lOB

display character on oscilloscope

(2x6 matrix)

change to PDP-8 mode

RIGHT SWITCH register to AC
LEFT SWITCH register to AC
I/O bus enable

MEMORY
LIF

LDF

0600
0640

change Instruction field
change data field

LINC TAPE
RDC

0702
0700

RCG

0701

read and check

WRI

write one block on tape

MTB

0706
0704
0705
0707
0703

XOA

0021

RDE

WRC

WCG
CHK

read one block into memory

read and check one block

N consecutive tape blocks

write and check one block
write and check N blocks
check one block of tape

move tape toward selected block
extended tape operations buffer to AC

EXTENDED OPERATIONS
ESF

TAC

TMA

0004
0003
0023

AXO

0001

DJR

0006
0000
0024

MSC
SFA

enable special functions
tape control register to AC
AC to tape control register
AC to extended operations buffer
disable Jump Return Save

miscellaneous
special functions to AC

C.5 OPERATORS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS
Char
*

Mode

Operation

8/L

Assign symbolic address

8/L

Origin - dependent on mode (LINC or PDP-8)

C-10

Mode

Char

Operation

8A
8A
0/L

Define parameters

Combine symbols or numbers

o /t

Combine symbols or numbers

8/L

Has value of current location counter

8/L

Comment

•

Add lOg to instruction

Add 20g to instruction
Add 400g to instruction

0/1
8/L

Terminate coding line

SPACE

8/L

lOR

8A
8A

Logical

AND

Logical I OR

Operator x\y = lOOOgX + y where x is a single

octal digit

C.6 LAP6-DIAL TAPE ALLOCATION DURING ASSEMBLY
Systems Unit:

Scratch Unit:

FILE

FREE

267
277

INDEX

345
347

FREE

267
277

INDEX

345
347

LAP6-DIAL

367

BINARY

SOURCE

WORKING AREA

USER SYMBOLS (4K only)

CORE MEMORY MAP
SAVSYM SYMBOL AREA

467

FILE

427
446
447

467

FILE

777

c-n

C.6.1 Allocation of LAP6-DIAL Area

DIAL-V2

DIAL -MS

Blocks

Content

Same as DIAL-V2 except:

300-321

EDITOR

DIOCKS

Content

322-345

ASSEMBLER

O lU

c vc

346-347

INDEX

322-323

I/O ROUTINES

350-353

FILECOMS

324-344

ASSEMBLER

354-355

LOADER

345

I/O CONTROLLER

356-360

SAVE BINARY

356-360

UNUSED

361-362

PX, DX

363

TTY

363

364

TTY

365-366

UNUSED

365-366

MASTER I/O ROUTINES

367

SCRATCH

Qi if 1 r\

C.6.2 DIAL-MS Disk AllocaHon
Disk allocation for the available PDP-12 mass storage configurations with DIAL -MS

Disk Used

DF32

as follows.

Contents
Disk contains

DIAL-MS system and source working area

2 DF32*s

First

1-4 RSOS's

First disk (logical Units 10 and 11) contains DIAL-MS system program and
source and binary working areas and files assigned to logical units 10 and
1 1 •

DF32 as above; second disk contains binary working area

Up to three additional units may be used, Eoch RS08 disk is equivalent
LINCtapes and each may be used for storage of source and/or binary

to two
files,
1

Logically equivalent to six LINCtapes; DIAL-MS system programs and source
working area are on first unit. Binary working area is on the second, source
and/or binary files are on all six units.

C.7 SAMPLE PROGRAM
The following listing is an example of a program which will read In a paper tape in image mode.
in

only source or binary.)

and packed with zeroes.

(PIP will

read

This program reads in 8 bits from the Teletype and puts it in one word, right justified,

The data is then written out onto the working area of unit 1.

to indicate when the end of the tope has been

reached and then to restart DIAL.

tape, it can be copied and used as input to another user program.

and is not the only way to do this task

C-12

Sense switch 0 is used

Once the data is written on

Remember that this program is an example

0000
0001
0002
0003
0004
0005
0006
0007
0010
0011
0012
0013
0014
0015
0016
0017
0020
0021
0022
0023
0024
0025
0026
0027
0030
0031
0032
0033
0034
0035
0036
0037
0040
0041
0042
0043
0044
0045
0046
0047
0050
0051
0052
0053
0054
0055
0056
0057
0060
0061
0062
0063
0064
0065
0066
0067
0070
0071

•20
/

THIS PROGRAH WILL READ IN A PAPER TAPE
AND PLACE THE CONTENTS OF IT ON LINC TAPE,
THE PAPER TAPE IS READ AS AN 8 BIT CODE
AND IS PACKED ONE CHARACTER PER WORD,
RIGHT JUSTIFIED WITH THE LEFT BITS
CONTAINING ZERO,
THE DATA IS WRITTEN ONTO THE WORKING
QTADTTKir AT Ql r\C*i/ tl Ol
ART A nr UW IT 1
SENSE SWITCH 0 IS THE END OF INPUT SIGNAL,
ir THERE IS TOO MUCH Data, the program
WILL HALT HITH 7777 IN THE AC,
WHEN FINISHED, THE PROGRAM WILL RESTART DIALi

/
/
/

/
/

/
/
/
/
/

•1
/
/

0001

0000

BLOCKN, 0

0002

0000

BLOCKC,

0003

0000

POINT.

0004

0000

BCOUNT, 0

/CURRENT BLOCK NUMBER
/BEING WRITTEN ON,
/NUMBER OF BLOCKS LEFT
/IN THE WORKING AREA.
/POINTS TO NEXT FREE
/SPACE IN BUFFER.
/NUMBER OF FREE WORDS
/LEFT IN BUFFER,

/
/

THIS IS THE BOOTSTRAP TO RESTART DIAL.

/
/

0015
0016
0017

0643
0701
7300

DIAL

"15
LDF
RCG
7300

/SET DATA FIELD TO 3
/READ IN DIAL
/8 BLOCKS FROM BLOCK 300

/
/

DIAL WILL START HERE,

•20
LDA

0020
0021
0022
0023
0024
0025
0026

1020
0020
0004
0061
0367
0062
7676

START,

0027
0030
0031
0032

6056
0460
6042
0500

LOOP,
JMP
INLOOP, SNS
JMP
I OB

4033

6031

0034

6030
0500

00 35

ESF
SET
BLOCKN
WKAREA-1
SET
BLOCKC
I

i^WKS IZE = 1

RESET
I

PMODE
KSF
LMODE
JMP

DUMP

/I-O PRESET CODE
/DO I-O PRESET
/INITIALIZE POINTER
/TO WORKING AREA»1
/SET COUNTER TO WORKING
/AREA SIZE*1 TO ALLOW
/FOR RESET
/START OF A NEW BLOCK
/SENSE SWITCH 0 NOT UP?
/IT IS UP,
DUMP BUFFER
/DO PQP-8 lOT
/IS A CHARACTER READY?

INLOOP

lOB

PMODE

C-13

/NO CHAR THERE,
/CHAR THERE

WAIT

0072
0073
0074
0075
0076
0077
0100
0101
0102
0103
0104
0105

4036

6036

KR8
LMOOE

0037
0040
0041
0042
0043
0044
0045
0046

1063
0224
6030
1000
0001
1560
7000
1620

STA
XSK
JMP
LOA

4047
0106
0107
0050
0110
0111
0051
0052
0112
0053
0113
0114
0054
0115
0055
0116
0117
0056
0120
0121
0057
0122
0060
0123
0061
0124
0062
0125
0063
0064
0126
0127
0065
0130
0066
0131
0067
0070
0132
0133
0134
0135
0136
0137
0140
0141
0142
0143
0144
0000 ERRORS
BCOUNT 4004
BLOCKC 4002
8L0CKN 4001
BUFFER 4400
4015
DIAL
4042
DUMP
INLOOP 4030
4027
LOOP
POINT 4003
RESET
4056
START 4020
WKAREA 0370
WKSI2E 0100

1000

DUMPi

/READ
POINT
BCOUNT
INLOOP

I
I

THE CHAR

/PLACE IN BUFFER
/BUFFER FULL?
/NO,
GET ANOTHER WORD.
WRITE OUT BUFFER
/YES,

BLOCKN
BCL I
s777
BSE I

/ONLY 9 BITS OF INTEREST
/AND WITH 777
/SET CORRECT FIELD BITS
PMOOE
/FOR 12 BIT CALCULATION
BUFFER*400&3000 /SETS CORRECT BITS ON
LMODE
STC
/GET BLOCKN NUMBER AND PLACE
/IN WRITE INSTRUCTION
WRC
/WRITE OUT ON UNIT 1
0000
/BLOCK NUMBER GOES HERE
SNS
0
/SENSE SWITCH 0 UP?
JMP
LOOP
/GO BACK AND GET SOME MORE
JMP
DIAL
/YES,
LOAD IN DIAL.

4052
0714
0000
0440
6027
6015
/
/

0221
0063
4377
0064
7377
0222
6000
1020
7777
0000
6065

RESET,

XSK
SET

I
I

BLOCKN
POINT

/INCREMENT BLOCK NUMBER
/SET BUFFER POINTER

BCOUNT
w WW wH

/SET BUFFER WORD COUNTER NOW
/400 0CTAL=256 DECIMAL
/TOO MUCH DATA?
RETURN
/NO,

BUFFERS-•1

SET I
s400
XSK
JMP
LOA I
7777
HLT
JMP
I

BLOCKC
0

/YES,
/ONLY

HALT WITH 7777 IN AC
RESTART PERMITTED NOW

/
/
/

WKSIEE= 100
WKAREA= 370
BUFFERS 4400
/
/

C-14

/WORKING AREA SIZE IS
/100 BLOCKS
/WORKING AREA STARTS FROM
/BLOCK 370
/TAPE BUFFER AREA

Appendix D
I/O Routines for DIAL-MS
D.l

CALLING THE ROUTINES

DIAL-MS provides a set of ready-to-go READ, WRITE, or MOVE I/O routines on tape 0 that may be colled to
perform block transfers on LINCtape or disks, thus eliminating the need to write or assemble these routines.

The DIAL-MS routines occupy blocks 322 and 323 of LINCtape 0 and may be loaded into locations 7000 through

7777 of any field.

A typical sequence to load the routines into locations 7000-7777 of field

As wilJ

follows.

be explained later, placing the routines In field 1 has a definite advantage over any other field.

LDF

— - —A322
RDC

RDC
7\323
Each of the three DIAL-MS routines, READ, WRITE, and MOVE, are called in PDP-8 mode and in the same
manner.

A typical call is:

/CURRENT IF
/SUBROUTINE

CDF N

CIFM
JMS ROUTINE

ARGUMENTS

The CDF instruction sets the data field fo the present instruction field so the routines will know where to
return.

(If the

data field is already set to the instruction field, this statement is not needed.)

struction sets the instruction field to the field of the routines.

calling programming, this statement may be removed.)

(If the

The GIF in-

routines are in the same field as the

The JMS (or JMS I) is the call

D.2 READ and WRITE
The READ and WRITE routines are called in the same manner, as:

JMS READ
POINTER

AETURN IS HERE
POINTER points to the following:
POINTER, UNIT NO

CORELOC
START

BLOCKS

(syjt^^
Sh-si

sufi-^H,

^-y^^

bhck^

^f^rl^
77nir

-^y-

r^i

'^k-e

XA?

pi''-i^'^et^:^f

rau.'^Uei

10 0'

i
'

UNIT # is the logical unit number of the I/O device for the READ or WRITE. CORELOC is the first location of
transfer divided by 400; thus 13 refers to location 5400.

START is the storting block number of the transfer.

BLOCKS is the number of blocks to transfer.

A program to read in eight blocks from block 30 on disk 0 into location 2000 is as follows:
LINC

LMODE
LDF

/ftEAD THE ROUTINES INTO SEGMENT 7

RDC
6\322

RDC
7\323
CLR
PDP

PMODE
CDF

CIF

JMS

/SAVE THE CURRENT IF FOR RETURN
/ROUTINES ARE IN SECOND PDP-8 FIELD

PREAD

HLT

/UNIT NO.
/CORE LOC.

PI, 10

04
39

/FBLK

/NO. BLOCKS

PREAD, READ

D.3

MOVE

The MOVE routine transfers core locations from one area of core to another, as:

JMS MOVE
CDF FROMF
FROML
CDF TOP^
TOL

WORDS
/teTURN IS HERE

FROMF is the "from" field, FROML is the first "from" location, TOF is the "to" field, and TOL is the first
"to" location.

Tlie

WORDS is the number of words to be transferred.

MOVE entry point is at 7200, the READ Is at 7774, and WRITE is at 7775. Remember that locations 7750 and

7751 of field 0 ore the data break locations and should not be written over for a DF32 or RS08 disks (refer to
Section 4.5).

If data

must be read from the disk into those locations,

it is advisable

to read the data into

another location and then use the MOVE routine to transfer the information to 7750 or 7751.

D-2

D.4 BOOTSTRAP ROUTINE
By JMPing to 7777 in field 1, the bootstrap location,

DIAL-MS is restarted. The bootstrap will not function

properly unless the routines are in field 1, thus the advantage of having the I/O routines in field 1

D-3

INDEX

A/D Knob 3, 2-1, 2-2

DECIMAL, 3-4, 3-9

A/D Knob 7, 2-1

Disks, 1-1, 1-5, 5-2,

ADD BINARY, 4-5

DISPLAY INDEX, 4-9

ADD PROGRAM, 4-8

Duplicate Tape, 5-6

C-12

Address Assignments, 3-5

ALT MODE, 1-3, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5
ASMIFx, 3-10

Editor, 1-2, 2-1

EJECT, 3-10

ASMSKP, 3-11
Error Messages (Assembler), B-1

ASSEMBLE, 4-1
Error Recovery, 1-6,

ASSEMBLE and LIST, 4-1

ASSEMBLE and QUICK LIST, 4-2
Assembler,

5-7

EXIT, 2-1, 2-7, 4-11
Expressions, 3-5

-2, 3-1

Auxiliary Mode, 5-6

FIELD, 3-8
Fields, 2-5, 3-1

Binary Input, 5-2
File Index, 1-4

Binary Output, 5-4

Files, 1-1, 1-4

Binary Programs, 1-3
Binary Working Area, 1-3, 4-5
Bootstrap Routine,

D-3

Hardware Requirements, 1-1

High-Speed Reader, 5-3, 5-5

Card Reader, 5-3
Character Editing, 2-2
Character Set, C-6, C-10

CLEAR, 2-1, 4-9

Command Mode, 2-1
Comments, 2-5, 3-2

Illegal Characters,

3-7

Initializing PIP, 5-1

Input Buffer, 1-2, 2-6
Instructions, 2-5, 3-2,

C-7

I/O Routines, D-1

Control Commands (PIP), 5-1

Copy, 5-6

Large Programs, 2-6

Current Line, 1-3

Large Section Deletion, 2-4

Deletion, 2-3
Formatting, 2-5

Current Location Counter, 3-3
Cursor, 2-1, 2-7

Legal Characters, 3-6

LINCtape, 1-1, 1-2, 5-2, 5-4
Line Calls, 1-3, 2-2

Line Insertion, 2-3

INDEX (cont)

Line Printer, 5-5

SAVE BINARY, 4-4

LIST, 3-9

SAVE PROGRAM, 4-8

LISTAPE, 3-8, C-2, C-4

SAVSYM, 3-11, C-2, C-4

LMODE, 3-7

SEGMNT, 3-8

LOAD BINARY, 4-5

Semicolon, 3-1

LODSYM, 3-12, C-2, C-4

Source Input, 5-2

Source Output, 5-4

Mode OpHons (PIP), 5-2

Source Progroms, 1-2

Moni for Commands, 1-2, 1-4, 1-5, 2-2, 4-1, C-1

Source Working Area, 1-1, 1-2, 2-1, C-11

MOVE, D-2

Statement Syntax, 3-1
Symbols, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5

System Build, A-1

NOLIST, 3-9
System Initialization, A-2

Numbers, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6
System Operation, 1-2
System Stortup, A-3

OCTAL, 3-4, 3-9
Operands, 3-2
Tabs, 2-5

Operators, 3-1, C-10
Tags, 2-5, 3-1

Overlapped I/O, 2-6
Tope Allocation, C-1

TEXT, 3-9

PAGE, 3-8

Text Mode, 1-2, 2-1

PIP, 1-2, 5-1

PMODE, 3-7
Unit Numbers, 1-5

PRINT INDEX, 4-10
User's Monitor Command, 4-11

PRINT SOURCE, 4-11
Pseudo-Operators, 3-7, C-2

Punch Zeros, 5-5

WRITE, D-1

Radix, 3-4

ZERO, 4-7

READ, D-1

RUBOUT, 2-2

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146

PDP-12LAP6-DIAL
Programmer's Reference Manual

DEC-12-ADRMA-A-D

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