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DEC-08-NGCC-D

August 1970

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Document:	PDP-8 Family Paper Tape System User's Guide
Order Number:	DEC-08-NGCC-D
Revision:	000
Pages:	155
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PDP-8 FAMILY
PAPER TAPE

SYSTEM USER’S GUIDE

For additional copies order No. DEC-08—NGCC-D From Program

Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Mass.
DIGITAL

EQUIPMENT

CORPORATION

Library, Digital
Price

$3.00

MAYNARD, MASSACHUSETTS

Ist Printing August 1968
2nd Printing January 1969

3rd Printing March 1969

4th Printing June 1969
5th Printing September 1969
6th Printing January 1970

1968, 1969, 1970 by Digital Equipment Corporation

The material

in this manual is for informa-

tion purposes and is subject to change without notice.

The Following are trademarks of Digital Equipment

Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts:
DEC

PDP

FLIP CHIP

FOCAL

DIGITAL

C OM PUTER LAB

CONTENTS

SECTION I
INTRODUCTION

Console Switch Positioning
Introduction
How To Use The Guide

System And Utility Programs

Computer Console Switches And Indicators
Switches
Indicators

ASR33 Teletype
Power Controls
Printer

Keyboard
Paper Tape Reader
Paper Tape Punch

High-Speed Tape Reader And Punch Units
Reader Unit

Punch Unit

DECtape Control And Transport Units
Control Unit

Transport Unit
Initializing The System
Paper Tape Formats
Abbreviations
SECTION 2
SYSTEM PROGRAMS
Read-In Mode

(RIM) Loader

Purpose
Storage Requirements
Loading

Binary (BIN) Loader
Purpose

CONTENTS

Storage Requirements
Loading
HELP Loader

Purpose
Storage Requirements
Loading

Symbolic Tape Editor
Purpose
Storage Requirements
Loading

Operating Modes
Restart Procedures

Special Key Functions
Search Feature In Command Mode
Switch Register Options
Commands

Buffer Overflow

Diagnostics
PAL III Symbolic Assembler

Purpose
Storage Requirements

Output Control
Diagnostics
MACRO-8 Symbolic Assembler

Purpose
Storage Requirements

Symbol Table Modification
Switch Register Options

Diagnostics
8K SABR Assembler

Purpose

(Cont)

CONTENTS

Storage Requirements
Loading

Symbol Table
Reserved Locations

Linking Loader I/O Options
8K

Library Subprograms

Error Messages

SABR

Linking Loader

Library Program
DDT-8

Purpose
Storage Requirements
Loading
Restart Procedure

Editing Notes
Commands

Diagnostics
ODT-8

Purpose
Storage Requirements

Loading
Commands

Relocating The Breakpoint
Restrictions

Diagnostics
FOCAL

Purpose
Storage Requirements

Optional Equipment
Loading
Initial

Dialogue

Commands

(Cont)

CONTENTS

Special Characters
Restart From

Keyboard

Input, Program

Output, Data
Overload

Recovery

Modify
The Trace Feature

Estimating Program Size

Summary of Functions

Calculating Trigonometric Functions
Error Messages

4K FORTRAN

Purpose
Storage Requirements
Loading

Symbolprint

Input/Output Control
DECtape I/O Statements Option
Dynamic Error Correction
Diagnostics
8K FORTRAN

Purpose
Storage Requirements

Equipment Requirements
Loading

Symbol Table
Reserved Locations

Linking Loader I/O Options
8K

Library Subprograms

Error Messages

Linking Loader

Library Program

(Cont)

CONTENTS

(Cont)

SECTION 3
DECTAPE

TCOI

Bootstrap Loader
Purpose
Storage Requirements

Required Equipment
Loading

DECtape Library System
Purpose
Storage Requirement

Equipment Requirement
Loading

Library System
SECTION 4
DISK MONITOR SYSTEM

Disk System Builder

Purpose
Storage Requirements

Equipment Requirements
Loading

Building A Monitor
System Modes
Disk System Bootstrap Loader

Purpose
Storage Requirements

Required Equipment
Loading
Disk System Program

Library

Purpose
Storage Requirements
Loading
Disk Library

vii

CONTENTS (Cont)

SECTION 5
SYSTEM DEMONSTRATIONS

System Demonstrations
A 4K FORTRAN

Program Calling A PAL III Subprogram

A FOCAL Program Calling A PAL III Subprogram

A FOCAL Program

APPENDIX A
USASCII CHARACTER SET
APPENDIX B
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
APPENDIX C
OFF-LINE TAPE PREPARATION AND EDITING

APPENDIX D

SUMMARY OF PDP-8/I SUBROUTINES
ILLUSTRATIONS
INT RO-I

PDP—8/I Computer Console

INT RO-2

ASR33 Teletype Console

INT R0 -3

ASR33 Teletype Keyboard

INT RO-4

High-Speed Paper Tape Reader and Punch Units

INT R0 -5

DECtape TranSport Unit

RIM-I

Loading the RIM Loader

RIM-2

Checking the RIM Loader

BIN-I

Loading the BIN Loader

BIN-2

Loading A Binary Coded Obiect Tape Using BIN

HELP-I

Loading the HELP Loader

HELP-2

Checking the HELP Loader

HELP—3

Loading the HELP Bootstrap Tape Into Core

EDIT-I

Generating a Symbolic Program On—Line Using Editor

EDIT-2

Generating a Symbolic Tape Using Editor

EDIT-3

Loading a Symbolic Tape Using Editor

PAL-I

Assembling with PAL III Using Low—Speed Reader/Punch

PAL-2

Assembling With PAL III Using High-Speed Reader/Punch

viii

ILLUSTRATIONS

(Cont)

MACRO—I

Assembling a MACRO-8 Source Program Using the Low-Speed Reader/Punch

MACRO—2

Assembling a MACRO-8 Source Program Using the High-Speed Reader/Punch

8K SABR-I

Assembling an 8K SABR Source Program Using the Low-Speed Reader/Punch

8K SABR-2

Listing an Assembled Program Using the Low-Speed Reader/Punch

8K SABR-3

Assembling an 8K SABR Source Program Using the High-Speed Reader/Punch

8K SABR-4

Listing an Assembled Program Using the High-Speed Reader/Punch

8K SABR-5

Loading Programs and Subprograms Into Core Using the 8K Linking Loader

8K SABR-6

Recovering From Linking Loader Error Message

8K SABR-7

Loading RIM Coded Tape Using RIM Loader

8K SABR-8

Executing SABR Programs Using the Run-Time Linkage Routines

DDT-I

Loading and Executing DDT-8

DDT—2

Loading External Symbol Table Tapes (LSR Only)

DDT-3

Appending New Symbols to External Symbol Table

DDT—4

Generating New External Symbol Tape Off-Line (TTY and LSP Only)

ODT-l

Loading and Executing ODT-8

ODT—2

Generating Binary Tape Using High-Speed Punch

FOCAL-l

Loading and Starting FOCAL (and Segments)

FOCAL-2

Saving a FOCAL Program (Teletype Console)

FOCAL-3

Restart Procedure, Computer Console

4K FORTRAN-l

Compiling a FORTRAN Program

4K FORTRAN-2

Generating a Memory Map Using Symbolprint

4K FORTRAN-3

Loading a Compiled FORTRAN Program

4K FORTRAN-4

Executing 0 Compiled FORTRAN Program

8K FORTRAN-l

Compiling an 8K FORTRAN Source Program

8K FORTRAN-2

Assembling (Methods I & 2) an 8K FORTRAN Compiled Program into a
Relocatable Binary Program

8K FO RTRAN-3

Listing an Assembled 8K FORTRAN Program

8K FORTRAN-4

Loading Programs and Subprograms Into Core Using the 8K Linking Loader

8K FORTRAN-5

Recovering From Linking Loader Error Message

8K FORTRAN-6

Loading RIM Coded Tape Using RIM Loader

8K FORTRAN-7

Executing SABR Programs Using the Run-Time Linkage Routines

DECtGpe-I

Toggling in TCOI Bootstrap Loader

DECtape-Z

Loading the TCOI Bootstrap Loader Using RIM

ILLUSTRATIONS

(Cont)

DECtape-3

Checking TCOi Bootstrap Loader

DECtape-4

Loading DECtape Library System Using TCOi Bootstrap Loader

DISK—i

Loading the Disk System" Builder Using the BIN Loader

PREFACE

The purpose of this guide is twofold:

(i) To Familiarize the new user

with the PDP-8 Family of computers and many of its input/output devices, and
to serve as a

useful reference for the experienced user.

instructions on how to

(2) To Furnish precise

load, execute, and operate DEC's system and utility

programs with and without extended memory.

The first section explains the use of switches and indicators on the

computer, Teletype, high-speed paper tape reader/punch, and DECtape transport

consoles, and other general information.

Precise operating procedures for using

DEC's software is found in the second section.
of paper tape with the

Subsequent sections cover the use

DECtape transport unit, the Disk Monitor System, and

demonstrations of the system in use.

The appendices include a glossary of terms,

and other useful information.

Unless specified, flowcharts apply equally to the PDP-8/I, 8/L, 8,
and 8/5 computers, as does the text even though reference is usually made only
to

the PDP-8/I.
Details on peripherals not covered in this guide can be Found in the

PDP-8/I and PDP-8/L User's Handbook (ABM), and other DEC publications
referenced herein

SECTION I
INTRODUCTION

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Figure INTRO—l

PDP—8/I Computer Console

[CONSOLE SWITCH POSITIONINQ
PDP-8/I

When the top of a switch is out (push the bottom of the switch in) it

represents a binary l or is considered set,

conversely, when the bottom

of the switch is out it represents a binary 0 or is not set.

PDP—8, 8/S,
and 8/L

When the switch is up it represents a binary l or is considered set,

conversely, when the switch is down it represents a binary O or is not
set

Note:

PDP and Programmed Data Processor are registered trademarks of Digital

INTRO-—0

Equipment Corporation.

INTRODUCTION

This System User's Guide is intended for use at the PDP-8/I computer1 console when opera-

ting with DEC's software.
on

The purpose of; the guide is to furnish the user precise instructions

how to load, execute, and operate DEC's system and utility programs with and without

extended memory,

DECtape, and DECdiskZ.

This section briefly defines each program” in Section 2, and familiarizes the new user with
the switches and indicators on the computer console, as well as the controls, keys, and

switches on the Teletype, high-speed paper tape reader/punch, and DECtape transport
consoles.

Subsequent subsections describe the various paper tape formats, the procedures

for initializing the computer and input/output (I/O) devices, a list of the abbreviations
used herein, and other general information.
as a

For the experienced user, this section serves

handy reference.

Section 2 is indexed by system and utility program.

The purpose of each program is given,

followed by specific core memory requirements and program origin, possible optional hardware,

step-by-step instructions (detailed in flowcharts) for loading, executing, and opera-

ting the program, summaries of on-line commands, error messages, and other useful information

Section 3 covers the use of DECtape.

The purpose of the TCOl/TU55 Bootstrap Loader and

Library System are briefly described, and their operation is explained

The five permanent

Library System subprograms are defined, and where applicable, system questions are shown,
explained, and answered

Section 4 explains the purpose of the Disk System Builder and briefly describes the) library of

system and utility programs presently available with the Disk Monitor System.
Section 5 contains three runnable programs to demonstrate the ease with which DEC's system,

utility, and service programs can be used. The new user can familiarize himself with his

PDP-8/I and DEC-supplied software by duplicating the demonstration programs.
l Unless specified, reference to the PDP-8/I computer also applies to the PDP-8,

PDP-8/S and PDP-8/ L computers.
2 DEC's disk system is thoroughly documented in the PDP-8/I Disk Monitor System

(DEC-D8—SDAB- D).

INTRO-l

The appendices include a list of the USASCII (USA Standard Code for Information Inter-

change) Character Set, a short glossary of terms, and a summary of the presently available
PDP- 8/1 subroutines

HOW TO USE THE GUIDE

The user should be acquainted with the material in Section 1 before attempting to operate
the system, and then the guide should be made available to the user during system operation

The programs herein are arranged generally in their order of use, i.e. first the loaders, then
the editor, then assemblers and compilers, and then the debugging programs.

Therefore, as

the user progresses from one phase of operation to the next he will also progress from one
section of the guide to the next.
access

to the essential operating

By scanning bleeds on the right margins, the user has fast
information for any system or utility program

SYSTEM AND UTILITY PROGRAMS
All system and utility programs require at least a 4K

PDP-8/I computer with an ASR33 Tele-

type, and can utilize a high-speed paper tape reader/punch, with the Following exceptions.
a .

The HELP Bootstrap tape of the HELP Loader is read into core using the low-speed

(Teletype) reader only
b.

8K FORTRAN requires at least an 8K

PDP-8/I computer with a high-speed paper

tape reader/punch.
Each program in Section 2 is briefly defined below.
Read-In Mode (RIM) Loader,used to load into core memory programs punched on paper tape
in RIM format

(see PAPER TAPE FORMATS).

It is primarily used to load the BIN Loader.

(See DEC-08- LRAA-D.)
Binary (BIN) Loader, used to load into core memory programs punched on paper tape in BIN
format (see PAPER TAPE FORMATS), which includes the user's object programs and all

system programs in Section 2, excluding the RIM, BIN, and HELP Loaders.

DEC-supplied

paper tapes in BIN format are identified by a blue Digital label on the leader portion of the

tape (red Digital labels denote USASCII format).
HELP

Loader, used to load into core memory programs punched on paper tape in BIN format.

HELP is in two parts:
core

(See DEC-08- LBAA-D.)

the first part consists of “8 instructions which must be toggled into

using the computer console switches; the second part is the HELP Bootstrap tape which

INTRO

is read into core using the

low—speed (Teletype) reader—-the HELP Bootstrap tape contains

the RIM and BIN Loaders.

(See DEC—O8—LHA‘A—D.)

Symbolic Tape Editor, used to prepare, edit, and generate symbolic (source) program tapes
on-line from the Teletype keyboard.

(See DEC-08-ESAB—D.)

PAL III Symbolic Assembler, used to translate source programs written in the PAL III language
into obiect programs in two passes through the Assembler.
an

The optional third—pass produces

octal/symbolic listing of the assembled program. (See DEC—08—ASAB—D.)

MACRO-8 Assembler, used to translate source programs written in the MACRO—8 language,

containing macros and literals, into obiect programs in two passes through the Assembler.
This Assembler also generates indirect linkages to off-page references.
pass produces an octal/symbolic assembly listing.

The optional third—

(See DEC—O8-CMAA—D.)

SABR, used with source programs written in the SABR language.

SABR is core page inde-

pendent, it automatically generates off-page and off-field references for direct and indirect
statements, it automatically connects instructions on one page to those that overflow onto the
next, and it contains an impressive list of pseudo—ops which include external subroutine call—

ing, argument passing, and conditional assembling.
tape in binary relocatable code.

The assembled output is punched on paper

SABR offers an optional second pass to produce a

side octal/symbolic listing of the assembled

program.

side—by-

(See DEC—O8—ARXA—D)

Dynamic Debugging Technique (DDT-8), used to aid the user in finding mistakes in his
program by allowing him to execute small sections at a time, to stop execution where he

wishes, and to change portions of his program, all from the keyboard using the symbolic

language of the source program.
Octal

(See DEC—08—CDDB-D.),

Debugging Technique (CDT-8), used for the same purpose as DDT—8 (above) except

that the user communicates in the octal representation of the program.
core area

CDT—8 requires less

than DDT—8, and it can be loaded in either the upper or lower portion of core,

depending on where the user's program is loaded. (See DEC-08—COCO-D.)
FOCAL (FOrmula CALculator), an on-line, conversational, interpretive program used to solve
numerical problems of any complexity; used as a programming tool
and engineers.

(See DEC-08—AJAD—D.)

I NTRO-3

by students, scientists,

FORTRAN, used to compile, debug, and operate a user program written in the 4K

PDP-8/I version of the FORTRAN language; compilation requires only one pass through the
compiler. (See DEC—08—AFCO-D.)

FORTRAN, used to compile, assemble,‘ load, and execute user programs written in the 8K

language (a version of FORTRAN II).

FORTRAN

The system consists of the 8K FORTRAN Com-

piler which compiles the user's source program into symbolic language, the 8K SABR Assembler
which assembles the compiled program into relocatable binary code, and the 8K Linking Loader
which loads and executes the relocatable binary program and library of subprograms.

(See

DEC-08—KFXB—D)
TCOl

Bootstrap Loader, used to load and start the DECtape Library System. (See DEC-08-

LUAA-D.)

DECtape Library System, is a collection of five programs (INDEX, ESCAPE, UPDATE,
DELETE, and GETSYS), used to load named files into core memory, define new named files,
delete named files, and to create a new skeleton

library system. (See DEC-08-SUBO-D.)

Disk System Builder, used to build a customized Disk Monitor System suited to the user's

particular machine configuration. (See DEC-D8-SDAB-D.)
Disk System Program

Library, is a collection of system and utility programs.

The standard

package includes an Editor, Assembler, DDT, FORTRAN system, Peripheral Interchange
Program (PIP), and a transparent Loader.

(See DEC-D8-SDAB-D.)

Certain programs can operate using extended memory,

DECtape, and Disk facilities.

They are:
a.

Extended Memory

DECtape

Disk

8K SABR and 8K FORTRAN.

DECtape Bootstrap Loader and Library System.

Disk Monitor System programs.

COMPUTER CONSOLE SWITCHES AND INDICATORS
Manual control of the PDP-8/I computer is by means of switches on the computer console.

lamps on the console light to denote the presence of a binary one in specific

Indicator

bits

of the various registers and to indicate the status of the computer or of the program being
executed

See PDP-8/I and

PDP-8/L User's Handbook for details.
INTRO-4

The locations of the switches and indicators are shown in Figure INTRO-I

The purpose of

each switch and indicator on the computer console is explained below.
SWITCHES

POW ER

This key-operated switch applies and removes the computer's primary
power supply

PANEL LOCK

This key-operated switch when turned clockwise disables all console
switches except the SR; turned counterclockwise, all console switches
function normally.

START

Executes the stored computer program, starting at the address specified in
the PC
.

LOAD ADDress

Sets the contents of the SR into the PC, and INST FIELD into the IF, and

the DATA FIELD- into the DF.
DEPosit

Deposits the contents of the SR into the location specified by the PC, and
increments the PC by I.
I

PDP-8/I

-—

The DEP switch is activated when the top of the
switch is depressed.

PDP-8, 8/S,

—-

and 8/L

EXAMine

The DEP switch is activated when the switch is

raised.

Displays the contents of the location in the PC in the MB, and increments
the PC by I.

CONTinue

Continues program execution at the location specified by the PC.

STOP

Stops program execution.

SIN G le STEP

When set, the computer executes instructions one cycle at a time for each
depression of CONT.

SINGle
INSTruction

When set, the computer executes one instruction at a time for each de—

SWITCH
REGISTER

When LOAD’ ADD is depressed, the contents of the SR is loaded into the
PC. When DEP is depressed, the contents of the SR is loaded into the MB

(SR)

pression of CONT.

read in octal

DATA FIELD

The 12 positions represent a 12-bit binary word,

and memory.

usually

(DF)

Denotes the core memory field of data storage and retrieval when LOAD
ADD is depressed.

INSTruction
FIELD (IF)

Denotes the core memory field from which instructions are taken when
LOAD ADD is depressed.

INDICATORS
PROGRAM
COUNTER

Contents represent the address of the next instruction to be executed.

(PC)

INTRO-5

Contents represent the address of the word currently being read or written.
After depressing DEP or EXAM, the contents represent the address of the

MEMO RY

ADDRESS

(MA)

word previously read or written.

MEMORY
Contents represent the word being read or written.

BUFFER

(MB)
ACCUMULATOR Indicates the contents of the AC.

(AC)
Indicates the contents of the Link.

(L)

LINK

MULTIPLIER

QUOTIENT

Activated only with the EAE option.
contents represent the

the product.

(MG)

At the start of a multiplication the

at the end

the least significant half of
multiplier;
At the start of a division the contents represent the least

significant half of the dividend; at the end the quotient.
Instruction

Located to the right of the above indicators.

and Status

Indicates the type of instruc-

tion being executed, and the status of the program being executed.

Indicators

ASR33 TELETYPE
The ASR33 Teletype is the basic input/output device for PDP-8/I computers.
a

It consists of

printer, keyboard, paper tape reader, and paper tape punch, all of which can be used

either on-line under program control or off—line.
are

The Teletype controls (Figure INTRO-2)

described as they apply to the operation of the computer.

Appendix C

See PDP-8/I and

For off-line operations,

PDP-8/L Users Handbook for details.

OFF

REL.

3. SP.

START
STOP

FREE

OFF
LINE

Figure INTRO—2

ASR33 Teletype Console

INTRO—6

0 LOCAL

see

POWER CONTROLS

The Teletype is energized and connected to the computer as an input/output

LINE

device, under computer control.
OFF

The Teletype is de—energized.

LOCAL

The Teletype is energized for off-line operation.

PRINTER

The printer provides a typed copy of input and output at 10 characters per second maximum.

KEYBOARD
The Teletype keyboard is similar to a typewriter keyboard.

However, certain operational

Functions are shown on the upper part of some of the keytops.

These Functions are activated

by holding down the CTRL key while depressing the desired key.
the Symbolic Editor,

For example, when using

CTRL/FORM causes Editor to enter command mode.

Although the left and right square brackets are not visible on the keyboard keytops, they
are

shown in Figure INTRO-3 and are generated by typing SHIFT/K and SHIFT/M, respec-

tively.

The ALT MODE key is identified as ESC (ESCape) on some keyboards.

OO0000000OOOO
0OO00000000OO
9 O g 000OOO0O000

.OOOO0OOOOO.
l—l
Figure INTRO—3

SPACE

ASR33 Teletype Keyboard

PAPER TAPE READER
The paper tape reader is used to input into core memory data punched on eight-channel

perforated paper tape at a rate of 10 characters per second maximum.
are

shown in Figure INTRO-2 and described below.

INTRO-7

The reader controls

START

Activates the reader; reader sprocket wheel is engaged and operative.

STOP

Deactivates the reader; reader sprocket wheel is engaged but not operative.

FREE

Deactivates the reader; reader sprocket wheel is disengaged.

Positioning Tape in Tape Reader
The Following procedure describes how to properly position paper tape in the low-speed
reader.
a.

Raise the tape retainer covers.

Set reader control to FREE.

Position the leader portion of the tape over the read pens with the sprocket (feed)

holes over the sprocket (teed) wheel and with the arrow (printed or cut) pointing
outward.

Close the tape retainer cover.

PAPER TAPE PUNCH

The paper tape punch is used to perforate eight-channel rolled oiled paper tape at a rate of
10 characters per second.

The punch controls are shown in Figure INTRO-2 and described

below.
RELease

Disengages the tape to allow tape removal or loading.

Back SPace

Backspaces the tape one space For each firm depression of the B.SP. button.

Activates the punch.

OFF

Deactivates the punch.

HIGH—SPEED TAPE READER AND PUNCH UNITS
A high-speed paper tape reader and punch unit is pictured in Figure INTRO-4 and descrip—
tions of the reader and punch units follow.

(See PDP'B/I and PDP-8/l. User's Handbook

for details.)
READER UNIT

The high-speed paper tape reader is used to input data into core memory from eight—channel
fan—folded (non-oiled) perforated paper tape photoelectrically at 300 characters per second.

Primary power is applied to the reader when the computer POWER switch is turned on. The
reader is under user control From the keyboard through the computer or under program con-

trol.

However, tape can be advanced past the photoelectric sensors without causing input

by pressing the tape feed button (the white rectangular button located in the center of
Figure INT RO—4)

INTRO—8

Figure INTRO—4

High-Speed Paper Tape Reader
and Punch Units

Loading Instructions
a.

Raise tape retainer cover (located beneath the tape Feed button).

Put tape into right—hand bin with channel one

(see PAPER TAPE FORMATS) of the tape

toward the rear of the bin.
c

Place several Folds of blank tape through the reader and into the left-hand bin.

Place the tape over the reader head with feed holes engaged in the teeth of the
sprocket wheel
.

Close the tape retainer cover.

t'.

Depress the tape Feed button (white rectangUlar button above the reader head) until
leader tape is over the reader head.

CAUTION
Oiled paper tape should not be used
in the high-speed reader--oil collects
dust and dirt which can cause reader
errors.

PUNCH UNIT

The high-speed paper tape punch is used to record computer output on eight—channel Fan—
folded perforated paper tape at 50 characters per second.
program control from the computer.

All characters are punched under

Blank tape (Feed holes only,

INTRO—9

data) may be produced

by pressing the FEED button (see Figure INTRO—4). Primary power is available to the punch
when the computer POWER switch is turned on.
POWER button is depressed to on
on

Power ‘is applied to the punch when the

(the punch motor can be heard). The two labeled buttons

the punch enclosure are described below.
POWER

This microswitch is depressed to turn the punch ON and OFF.

FEED

While this button is depressed, the punch produces Feed-hole—only punched

tape for leader/trailer purposes.

CAUTIO N
Oiled paper tape should not be used
oil collects
in the high-speed punch
dust and dirt which can cause reader
--

errors.

DECTAPE CONTROL AND TRANSPORT UNITS

DECtape is a fast, convenient, reliable input/output data storage facility and updating
device.

The standard DECtape transport unit is pictured in Figure INTRO-5 and descriptions

of the control and transport units Follow.

(See PDP-8/I and PDP-8/L User's Handbook

for details.)

+—
...

...._

wane
Emnan
Fm...

=‘

"w“

fil'

r...

LOCAL

Figure INTRO—5

DECtape Transport Unit

INTRO—IO

CONTROL UNIT
The DECtape control unit interprets and controls the transfer oF data between the computer
and the transport unit.

The DECtape control unit is usually located inside the rack contain—

ing the DECtape transport and can control up to eight separate DECtape transports.

TRANSPORT UNIT
The DECtape transport unit IS a bidirectional magnetic tape transport utilizing a IO-track

recording head to read and write Five duplexed channels. Tape movement can be controlled

by commands From the computer program or by commands From the manual operation oF switches
located on the Front panel oF the transport; however, manual operation does not transfer data
to

the computer.

Only CertiFied DECtapes (prerecorded with timing and marking tracks) should be used.
Otherwise, the blank tape must be certified using the DECTOG program (DEC—O8—EUFA-D).

Transport Controls
*

When depressed (must be in LOCAL mode), tape Feeds onto right spool.

REMOTE

Transport is energized and under program control.

OFF

Transport is de-energized.

LOCAL

Transport is energized and under user control From external transport switches.

Unit Selector

Identifies the transport to the control unit.

WRITE

ENABLED
WRITE LOCK

DECtape is available For search, read, and write activities.

DECtape is available For search and read activities only.
When depressed (must be in LOCAL mode), tape Feeds onto leFt spool.

The REMOTE and WRITE ENABLED lamps light to indicate the status oF the

transport.

Operating Procedure
a.

Set switch to OFF.

Place DECtape on leFt spindle with DECtape label out.

Wind at least Four turns oF tape on right Spool.

Set switch to LOCAL.

Wind a Few turns on right spindle with

Dial correct unit number on unit selector (number 8 is equivalent to O).

—->

INTRO—II

switch to make sure tape is properly mounted.

Depress REMOTE switch.

Depress WRITE ENABLED or WRITE LOCK switch.

DECtape transport is now under program control.

INITIALIZING THE SYSTEM
Before using the computer system, it is good

the system,

ensure

practice to initialize all units. To initialize

that all switches and controls are as specified below.

Main power cord is properly plugged in.

lo.

Teletype is turned OFF.

Low-speed punch is OFF.

Low—speed reader is set to FREE.

Computer POWER key is ON.

PANEL LOCK is unlocked.

Console switches are set to
DF=000

IF=OOO

SR=OOOO

SING STEP and SING INST are not set

High-speed punch is OFF.

DECtape REMOTE lamps OFF.

The system is now initialized and ready For your use.

INTRO-12

PAPER TAPE FORMATS

CHANNELS

87654

321

E
Data are recorded (punched) on paper tape by groups of holes arranged
in a definite format along the
into channels which

run

0....

0..

C—COLUMN

length of the tape. The tape is divided

the length of the tape, and into columns which

extend across the width of the tape as shown in the adjacent diagram.

The paper tape readers and punches used with the PDP-8/I computers

accept 8-channel paper tape.

The various formats are briefly explained

and identified below.

SPROCKET
HOLE

CHANNEL 8

Leader/Tra iler Format
Leader/trailer tape is used to introduce and conclude the object program
when punched on paper tape.
a

Leader/trailer tape can be recognized by

consistent channel 8 punch only as shown in the adiacent diagram.

INTRO-13

CHANNEL 7

E
I

LOCATION

RIM Format
O

0
0

I 1

CONTENTS

O
O

12
77

LOCATION
O

Paper tape punched in RIM format can be identified by the absence of a
channel 8 punch, and by a channel 7 punch in every fourth column. The
channel 7 punch indicates the start of a line of coding, and that

(the
O

I 3

CONTENTS

LOCATION

first) column and the second column contain the location and the third

CONTENTS

LOCATION
00

and fourth columns contain the contents of the location.

CONTENTS

W
USASCII Format

O
O

USASCII (USA Standard Code for Information Interchange) format uses

all eight channels to represent a single character (letter,

symbol) as shown in the adjacent diagram.

323

31 1

323

240
301

323

303

31 1

311

240

o
I

240

31 1

324

310

number, or

LOCATION

306

322

315

301

317

/\I\/.\/\
O

Binary Format
.

ORIGIN

INSTRUCTION
O

Binary format can be recognized by the absence of a channel 8 punch,
an

occasional channel 7 punch, and frequent sections of blank tape.

The channel 7 punch denotes an origin of a program or subprogram or
a

l NS TRUCTI 0 N

I NS TRUCTI 0 N

INSTRUCTION
O

56
.

01
76

INSTRUCTION

INTRO—I4

change in origin, and subsequent columns contain the instructions

(two columns per instruction) or data of succeeding locations.

1 NS 'TR UC Tl ON

INSTRUCTION

ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations listed below are used

throughout the guide.

Abbreviations

Meaning

AC
ADDR

Accumulator
Address

B.SP.
mN

Back Space

CLC

Current Location Counter

Binary

CONT

Continue

DEP

Carriage Return
Carriage Return-Line Feed
Control/L (represents holding down the CTRL
key while depressing the L key or the key
following the slash)
Digital Equipment Corporation
Deposit

Data Field

CR/LF
CTRL/L

DEC

EAE

Extended Arithmetic Element

EXAM

Examine

Instruction Field

INST

Instruction

Link

Line Feed

LOAD ADD
LOC

Load Address

LSP

Low-Speed Punch
Low-Speed Reader
High—Speed Punch
High-Speed Reader
Keyboard

LSR
HSP

HSR
KBRD

PC
PROG

Location

Program Counter
Program

Memory Address
Memory Buffer

Multiplier Quotient

MRI

Memory Reference Instruction

REL

Release

Read-In Mode

Starting Address
Shift/P (similar to CTRL/L)

SHIFT/P
SING INST
SING STEP

Single Instruction
Single Step
Switch Register

SR
sw

Console Switches

TTY

Teletype

USASCH

USA Standard Code for Information Interchange

INTRO-I5

SECTION 2

SYSTEM PROGRAMS

READ—IN MODE (RIM)

PURPOSE

LOADEfl

The RIM Loader is used to load into core memory programs punched on paper

tape in RIM format, e.g., the Binary Loader.

(See DEC—08—LRAA-D For

details.)

WMENTS

RIM requires locations 7756-7776

RIM is loaded (toggled) into core memory using the console switches.
can use

(218 locations). Starting Address=7756.
RIM

either the low- or high-speed readers when loading RIM coded

program tapes into core.

The locations and corresponding instructions For

both input devices are listed below.
Instruction
Locafion

Low~Speed Reader

High-Speed Reader

7756

6032

7757

6031

6014
6011

7760

5357

7761

6036

6016

7762

7106

7763

7006

7764

7510

7765

7510
5357

7766

7006

7767

6031
5367

7770

5374
7006
6011
5367

7772

6034
7420

7773

3776

7774

3376

7775

5356

5357

7776

0000

7771

RIM-1

6016

7420

Using

Set

Extended

DF= Desired Field
IF: Desired Field

Memory
.?

DECtope users should
loud RIM into field 0.

Ye 5

Set SR = First
Instruction

ALL
Instructions
In

RIM ls Loaded

Figure RIM—1

Loading the RIM Loader

RIM-2

Using
Extended

Memory
?

Yes

Set
DF= Correct Field
IF = Correct Field

Depress EXAM

ME =

Instruct ion
?

All

Instructions
Checked
?

Instruction

RIM ls Loaded

Figure RIM-2

Checking the RIM Loader

RIM—3

[BINARY (BIN) LOADERJ
PURPOSE

The BIN Loader is used to load into core memory binary coded programs

punched on paper tape.

When in core, BIN can be destroyed only by the

user's program because DEC's programs (excluding Disk Monitor) do not
use

the last page of core (location 7600-7777). Gee DEC-OB- LBAA-D

For details.)

STORAGE

REQUIREMENTS

BIN occupies locations 7625-7752 and 7777

(I238 locations). Starting

Address=7777

RIM is used to load BIN into core.
as

BIN must be loaded into the same Field

RIM, and the input device (low— or high—speed reader) must be that which

was

selected when loading RIM.

BIN—l

Load RIM

—I See Figures RIM-18 -2

——————

Using

SeI
DF = Correct Field

Extended

Memory

CorrecI Field

Se? 5R = 7756

Depress LOAD ADD

High-Speed Reader

Low

Put BIN Tape
In HSR

Speed Reader

Turn TTY To LINE

PuI LSR To FREE

Depress START.

PuI BIN Tape
In LSR

Pu? LSR To START

HSR SIops AI
End Of Tape

Depress START

Ye S

Depress STOP

LSR Stops AI
End 0! Tape

Remove Tape
From Reader

BIN ls Loaded

Same field seIIinqs
as

Figure BIN—1

Loading the BIN Loader

BIN-2

RIM

——————

SM
DF- Oulrad Field
IF INCH! 0' BIN

Exvondod

Mamory

Tap. Stops
Beginning of
Trailer Tape
?

Depress CONT

Obiect Tape
Is

Figure BIN-2

Loaded

Loading A Binary Coded Obiecf Tape Using BIN

BIN-3

] HELP LOADER |

PURPOSE

The HELP Loader is used to quickly load into core memory the RIM and
BIN Loader programs.

STORAGE
REQUIREMENTS

HELP uses locations 0005-0036
core.

(See DEC-08—LHAA—D For details.)

(328 locations) to load the HELP tape into

The HELP tape contains the RIM and BIN Loaders.

HELP is in two parts:

The First part consists of the

I18 instructions shown

below, which are toggled into core using the console switches.

The second

part is the HELP Bootstrap Loader punched on paper tape, which is loaded
into core using the low-speed reader.

Location

Instruction

0027

603 I

0030

5027

003 I

6036

0032

7450

0033

5027

0034

70 I 2

0035

70 I 0

0036

3007

0037

2036

0040

5027

HELP-I

Using

Set
DF= Desired Field

Extended

Memory

IF= Desired Field

Instruction

All

Instructions
In

HELP Is Loaded

Figure HELP—i

Loading the HELP Loader

HELP-2

Using
Extended

Memory
?

Yes

Set
DF = Correct Field
IF = Correct Field

MB =
Instruction
?

Depress LOAD ADD

Set SR=Correct
Instruction

All
Instructions
Checked
?

Depress DEP

HELP Is Loaded

Figure HELP-2

Checking the HELP Loader

HELP-3

Togglelln

_______

Instructions

Using

Yes

Extended

Memory

-| See Figure HELP-t

Set
DF= Correct Field
IF = Correct Field

Set SR

0027

Depress LOAD ADD

Turn TTY To LINE

Put HELP

Tape In LSR

Set LSR To START

Depress START

Tape
Reed: In

?
Yes

Wait For

Tape To Stop

Set

LSR To FREE

Depress STOP

HELP. RIM, And
BIN Are Loaded

Figure HELP-3

Loading the HELP Bootstrap Tape Into Core

HELP-4

SYMBOLIC TAPE

PURPOSE

The Symbolic Tape Editor is used to prepare, edit, and generate symbolic
program tapes on line.

STORAGE

(See DEC-08—ESAB-D for details.)

Editor requires locations 0-l577 (1600

REQUIREMENTS

EDITOR]

locations).

BIN is used to load Editor into core memory.

Starting Address=0200.

The loading of the user's

symbolic tapes is performed by Editor itself under keyboard control.

EDIT-l

——————

L:—

Initialize

Using
Extended

Memory
?

Set

Yes

DF= Desired Field
IF = Field Of Editor

———~

Responds

With CR/LF

Yes

Edilor
Command

is In

Mode

Type A And
RETURN Keys

Type Symbolic
Program

Symbolic Program
I: In Texl Buffer

Type CTRL/FORM

Editor Is In
Command Mode And
Available For Use

Figure EDIT-i

Generating a Symbolic Program On-Line Using Editor

EDIT-2

Completed Source
Program Is In
Text Buffer

High-Speed Punch

Low

Speed Punch

Select Switch

Depress HSP 0N

Type T And
RETURN Keys And
Depress LSP ON

Type T And
RETURN Keys

After Leader Tape
Depress LSP OFF

Type Command
(P nP Or m,nP)
And RETURN Key

Depress CONT
Depress LSP ON

Text ls Punched

Depress CONT

Punch
More Text
?

Yes

Text Is Punched
And Typed

Depress LSP OFF
T pe F And
R TURN Keys

Type F And
RETURN Keys And

TypeTAnd

Depress LSP ON

RETURN Keys

After Trailer Tape
Depress HSP OFF

Depress LSP OFF

Type T And
Keys And
Depress LSP ON

RETURN

After Trailer Tape
Depress LSP OFF

Figure EDIT-2

Generating a Symbolic Tape Using Edit-or

EDIT-3

Load Editor

——————

—| See Figure BIN-2

Initialln

So!
OF - Duind Hold
IF - Flold 0' Editor

SR I 0200

Sal

Dapron LOAD ADD

Deprua START

I
Low -Speod Reader

High-Speed Reader

Put Tape In HSR

Turn TTY To LINE

Select SR Option

Pu! Tap. In LSR

Type R And
RETURN Kay

RETURN Key

Tape Reads In

Put LSR To START

Bell Rings A!
Form Feed And
End Of Tape

Tape Reads In

Type R And

Ball Ring A!
End 0! Tape

Symbolic Top.

I s Loodod

Typo

CTRL/FORM

Bell Rings

‘DE
Edilor I! In
Command Mada

Figure EDIT-3

Put LSR To FREE

S mbol'c TO

yIs Laadedpo

Loading a Symbolic Tape Using Editor

EDIT-4

OPERATING MODES
Editor is always in one of the following modes.

Command Mode:

All characters typed on the teleprinter are interpreted
as

Text Mode:

commands to the Editor.

All characters typed or tapes being read in are interpreted as
buffer in the manner specified by
the previous command and the SR options.
text to be put into the text

Transition between modes:

Type a command.
then depress
RETURN Key

Type desired
input, then
CTRL/FORM

RESTART
PROCEDURES

Keys

If the user stops the computer for any reason, he may restart it at location
0177 without disturbing the text in the buffer. A CR/LF will follow.
If no CR/LF is desired, restart at location 0200.

CAUTION
If Editor is restarted at location 0176,
all text currently in the buffer is wiped
out, and the text buffer is re—initialized
for a new program.

SPECIAL KEY FUNCTIONS

Key
RETURN
<-

RUBOUT

Command Mode

Text Mode

Execute preceding command

Enter line in text buffer

Cancel preceding command
(Editor responds with ? CR/LF)

Cancel line to the left margin

Same as

Delete to the left one character

for each depression;a \ (back—
slash) is echoed (not used in

READ command)
Return to command mode (bell

CTRL/FORM

rings)

EDIT-5

Command Mode

Key

Used as argument alone or
with + or

—

Text Mode

Legal text character.

and a number

(.=, .+5L, .—25) (a space
is equivalent to a +)

Value equal to number of last
line in buffer; used as argument

Legal text character

(/—5GI /l-)
LINE FEED

List next line

Used in SEARCH command to
insert CR/LF into line

ALT MODE (ESC)

List next line

List next line
List previous line

Used with

and / to obtain

their value (.=27)

(gives value of any
legitimate argument)

Same as

CTRL/TAB

Produces a tab which on output
is interpreted as ten spaces or
a

tab/rubout, depending on SR

option.

SEARCH FEATURE IN COMMAND MODE

Following a n5 command, Editor waits for the user to specify the search character which
when typed is not echoed.

When Editor locates and types the search character, typing

stops and all or any combination of the following operations may be carried out.
a.

Type new text and terminate line with the RETURN key

delete entire line to the left

RETURN

delete entire line to the right

RUBOUT

delete from right to left one character for RUBOUT typed (a \ is
echoed for each RUBOUT typed)

LINE FEED

insert a CR/LF, thus dividing line into two

CTRL/FORM

search for next occurrence of search.character

CTRL/BELL

change search character to next character typed by the user

EDIT-6

SWITCH REGISTER OPTIONS

Switch Register options are used with input and output commands to control the reading and

punching of paper tape.
SR Bit

Position

Input text as is

Convert all occurrences of 2 or more spaces to a tab

Output each tab as IO spaces
Tab is punched as tab/rubout

I
0
I

0
I

O
I

Function

Output as specified
Suppress output"
Low—speed punch
High—speed punch

Low—speed reader
High—speed reader

COMMAN DS

Input

>21

Read incoming‘text from tape reader into core

Append incoming text from keyboard into core
List entire text buffer

Editing
nL

List line n

m,nL

m,nC

List lines m through n inclusively
Change line n
Change lines m through n inclusively

Insert before line n

Insert before first line

Delete entire text buffer
nD

Delete line n

m,nD

Delete lines m through n inclusively
Move lines m through n to before line k
Print next tagged line (if none, Editor types ?)
Print next tagged line after line n (if none, ?)

m,n$kM
n6

Search buffer for character specified after RETURN key and

m,nS

allow modification (search character is not echoed on printer)
Search line n, as above
Search lines m through n inclusively, as above

Punch entire text buffer
Punch line n

m,nP

Punch lines m through n inclusively

Output

*Bit 2 allows the user to interrupt any output command and return immediately to command mode.

EDIT-7

Punch leader tape, a Form Feed, and trailer tape
Punch about 6 inches of leader/trailer tape

Do P, F, K, and R commands n times

where m and n are decimal integers, and m is smaller than n; k is a decimal number; P and
N halt to allow user to select SR option.

Press CONT to execute command.

Commands are executed upon depressing the RETURN key.

BUFFER OVERFLOW
Editor has storage for about

500010 characters (approximately 60 heavily commented lines

340 uncommented lines).

When the text buffer is exceeded, operation continues, but

bell rings for every location used beyond the buffer limit.

The user may expand the text

buffer by changing location 0001 to contain the address of the last location (should not be

greater than location 7570) used prior to buffer overflow.

Very large programs should be

divided into sections.

DIAGNOSTICS
a.

Editor checks commands for nonexistent information and incorrect formatting, and
when an error is detected Editor types a ? and ignores the command. However, if an
argument is provided for a command that doesn't require one, the argument is ignored
and the command is executed properly.

Corrections and additions to the user's program may be either typed in from the tele-

printer keyboard or read in from the paper tape reader.
c.

Since Editor does not recognize extraneous and illegal control characters, a tape con-

taining these characters can be corrected by merely reading the tape into Editor and

punching out a new tape.

E DIT-8

PAL III SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLER

PURPOSE

The PAL III Symbolic Assembler is used to translate symbolic (source) pro—
grams into binary
an

(object) programs.

PAL III is a two—pass assembler with

optional third pass which produces a program assembly listing.

Pass I:

Assembler reads the source tape and defines all symbols used.

The

user's symbol table and any error diagnostics are typed out.
Pass 2:

Assembler reads the source tape and generates the obiect tape
using the symbols defined during Pass I. Ignore meaningless
characters typed when using the low—speed punch, but note any
error

Pass 3:

diagnostic typed.

Assembler reads the source tape and types and/or punches the
program assembly listing.

A PAL III program is assembled in the System Demonstration section of this

guide.

(See DEC-08-ASAC-D For details.)
STORAGE

REQUIREMENTS

PAL III requires locations 0-2735

Symbol Table Capacity:

(27368 locations)

LSR allows 590 user symbols
HSR allows 495 user symbols

Starting Address=0200

BIN is used to load PAL III into core.

bolic tapes during assembly.

PAL-I

PAL III is used to read in the sym-

Initialize

Load PAL HI

Using
E‘m‘dw

—

Yes

—

{See Figure BIN-2

Set
DF = Desired Field
IF . Field Oi PAL m

”9",?”
No

Se?

0200

Depress LOAD ADD

Turn TTY To LINE

Put

Symbolic
Top. In LSR

Depress STOP

Pass 1

Pass 3

Which

Pass
?

Pass 2

Set

2200

Se!

4200

Set

Se? LSR To START

Set LSR To START

Punch

Se? LSR To START

D "r." LSP ON

Yes

SR I 6200

Yes

Symbol Table

Punch

Listing Table
?

Depress LSP ON

Depress START

Depress CONT

Depress LSP 0N

Depress CONT

Wait For End
Of Object Tape

Wait For

End 0' Listing

Tape
Reads In

Set LSP OFF

Set LSR FREE
Wait For

Inished

If Any

I_____

Remove Tape
From LSR

Error

Diagnostic
7

Correci Error
And Reassemble

Figure PAL-I

Assembling wifh PAL III Using Low-Speed Reader/Punch

PAL-2

Load PAL

III

——————

Using

Set
DF = Desired Field
leField Of PAL EU

Extended

Memory

Set

—| See Figure BIN—2

SR l10200

Depress LOAD ADD

Turn

TTY To LINE

Put

Symbolic
Tape 1n HSR

Depress STOP

Pan 3

Pass l

Set SR = 2201

Punch

Set SR I 620!

Set SR =4201

Depress HSP

Y“

Prm'

POWER To ON
And FEED

Symbol Table
?

Set

Depress HSP
POWER To ON
And FEED

Punch Or Print

Program Listing

SR I6200

Depress CONT

Depress LSP ON

Depress HSP
POWER To ON
And FEED

Wait For End
Of Binary Tape

Depress CONT

Remove

Tape
Wait For
End Of Listing

Error

w°" F°"

Yes

Diagnostic

Symbol Table

On TTY
No

Yes

Next
Pass

Correct Error

Finished

Figure PAL-2

Assembling With PAL III Using High-Speed Reader/Punch

PAL—3

OUTPUT CONTROL

Output is controlled by the setting of switch register bit II as shown below.
Pass l:

Bit lI=O

ll=l

Type and punch symbol table on TTY
Punch symbol table on HSP
No effect; binary tape will be punched on the HSP if it

Pass 2:

is turned on.

Pass 3:

Bit ll=0

ll=l

DIAGNOSTICS

Format:

Type and punch program listing on TTY
Punch program listing on HSP

yyyyyy

nnnn

where xx is the error message (see below), yyyyyy is the symbol or octal

value of the symbol of the error occurring AT location nnnn.
Pass l:

Pass 2:

Illegal Character

ReDitinition

DT
ST

Duplicate Tag
Symbol Table full

Undefined Address

Illegal Reference

PAL—4

| MACRO-8 SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLER]
PURPOSE

The MACRO—8 Symbolic Assembler is used to translate symbolic (source)
programs into binary

(object) programs.

MACRO-8 is a two-pass assembler

with an optional third pass which produces a program assembly listing.
Pass 1:

Assembler reads the source tape and defines all symbols and macros
used and places them in respective tables.

Pass 2:

Assembler reads the source tape and generates the object tape using
symbols and macros defined during Pass l. The Assembler then types
and/or punches the user's symbol table, for use with DDT-8, followed
by any error diagnostic.

Pass 3:

Assembler reads the source tape and types and/or punches the pro-

listing.

gram assembly

See DEC—O8-CMAA—D for details.

STORAGE
REQUIREMENTS

MACRO-8 requires locations 0-7577 (76008 locations).

Symbol Table Capacity:

2278 symbols (expandable

5248 symbols using the

switch options)

Starting Address=0200

BIN is used to load MACRO-8 into core.

There are two versions of

MACRO—8:
Low version:

Uses the low-speed reader for all
speed punch for all output.

input and the low-

High version: Uses the high-speed reader for all input, the highspeed punch for binary output, and the Teletype and
low—speed punch for output of error diagnostics,
symbol table, and third-pass assembly listing.

MACRO-i

Load MACRO

-----

Using

Set

Extended

DF = Desired Field
IF = Field Of MACRO-B

Memory

Set

-I See Figure BIN-2

SR = 0200

Depress LOAD ADD

Turn TTY To LINE

Pass 1

P055 3

Set SR I 4200

Set SR =0600

Put Tape In LSR

Put Tape in LSR

Put LSR To START

Punch

Program Listing
?

[ Depress
"I

LSP ON

Depress START

Depress LSP

OFF‘l

Depress STOP

[

Depress CONT

Put

Tape Stops

Tape In LSR
Error

Diagnostic

Correct Error

Using Editor

Depress STOP

Yes

More Tape
For Some Pass
?

Depress STOP

Figure MACRO-i Assembling a MACRO-8
Source Program Using the Low-Speed Reader/Punch
MAC RO-2

Yes

Load MACRO-8

------

-l See Figure BIN-2

Set
DF- Desired Field
IF - Field Of MACRO~8

Exiended

Memory
?

MACRO-8

Set SRIOZOO

Depreu LOAD ADD

Turn

TTY To LINE

Pass 1

Se!

Pass 3

Se. SR '0600

SR I4200

Put Tape In HSR

Put Tape ln HSR

Program
Lining
?

Sec Loca'ion

0004 - 0600

Depreu HSP

Deprns NSFi

Degree: HSP

POWER To ON

POWER To OFF

POWER To ON

I Depress

HSP FEED

Depreu LSP ON

Depreu START

Tape
Reads In

Tape Siopl
Depress CONT

Errot
Put Tape In HSR

Correci Errot

Diagnostic

Ueinq Editor

Depreu STOP
Reset Location
0004 I 2600.

"Changed During Pan 3

Tape

For Some Pou
?

Figure MACRO-2 Assembling a MACRO-8 Source Program
Using the High-Speed Reader/Punch
MAC RO-3

Depren HSP FEED

SYMBOL
TAB LE

MO DIFICATION

There are ”348 locations available for the user's symbols and the macro
There are three ways to increase the size of this storage area.

table.

I to add I008 locations; the double prePrior to Pass I, set bit IO
cision integer and floating—point processors are deleted.
=

Prior to Pass I, set bit II

I to add

number processors are deleted.

I758 locations; the macro and

Use the pseudo-ops EXPUNGE and FIXTAB to remove unnecessary in—

struction mnemonics.

SWITCH REGISTER
OPTIONS

Result

EL
0-“

Enter next pass.
Erase symbol table excluding permanent symbols and

—'O

enter Pass I;

OJM.‘ —l—J-—l—I

Enter pass I without erasing defined symbols.

Enter pass 3.

Delete double precision integer and double precision
floating-point processors; this increases the symbol
table size by 1008 symbols.

depress STOP then CONT.

Enter pass 2 to generate another binary tape.

Delete macro and number processors; this increases

—l

the symbol table size by

I758 symbols.

Bits IO and II are sensed whenever pass I is entered. Therefore, MACRO-8
would have to be reloaded to handle subsequent programs that use macros,
double precision integers, or floating-point numbers.
In the high version, the high-speed punch may be used as the output device

by changing the contents of location 0004 from 2600 to 0600. This is useful
for long third pass listings, since the punched output from the high-speed
punch can be subsequently listed off line. It is advised that this change
not be made until pass 3,

that pass I and 2 error diagnostics will be

anted.
DIAGNOSTICS

Format:

ERROR CODE

ADDRESS

where ERROR CODE is a two-letter code listed below, and ADDRESS is
either the absolute address of the error or the address of the error relative
to the last symbolic tag on that page.
Error Code

Explanation

MACRO-8 internal tables have overlapped

Illegal character

Illegal redefinition of a symbol

MACRO—4

Explanation

Error Code
IE

Illegal equal sign

Illegal indirect address

Illegal format in a macro definition

Link generated to off-page address*

Missing parameter in macro call

Current, nonzero page exceeded

Symbol table exceeded

Undefined symbol

Page zero exceeded

*This is to inform the user of off-page references which may not be an error.

This diag-

nostic can be suppressed to speed up pass 2 assembly by setting location l234=7200.

MACRO-5

8K SABR ASSEMB LER

PURPOSE

The 8K SABR Assembler (Symbolic Assembler for Binary Relocatable pro-

grams) is an advanced one-pass assembler for use with source programs
written in the SABR

language.

SABR is core page independent, it auto-

matically generates off-page and off—field references for direct and
indirect statements, it automatically connects instructions on one page

that overflow onto the next, and it contains an impressive list

to those

of pseudo-ops which include external subroutine calling, argument pas-

sing, and conditional assembling.

The assembled output is punched on

paper tape in binary relocatable code.

SABR offers an optional second

pass to produce a side-by-side octal/symbolic
program

listing of the assembled

(See DEC-08-ARXA-D for details.)

STORAG E
REQUIREMENTS

8K SABR requires locations:

0-777 in field 0

0600-1100 and 2000-2427 in field 1

Starting address: 0200 (field 0)
8K

Linking Loader requires locations:
0-777 in field I5

0-177 and 6200-7577 in highest available field
0-177 in all available fields
Starting address: 0200 (in highest field)
8K

Library Subprograms require locations:
0020-0032 in field where used

The Binary Loader is used to load the 8K SABR and 8K Linking Loader
into core.

and 8K

The 8K

Linking Loader is used to load the assembled program

Library Subprograms into core.

8K SABR

Load

SABR
——————

Into

Field 0

Flg

BIN‘Z

Inrlialize

DF=O
———————

Place

Tape

Source
LSR

—i

IF=O
SR=OZOO

SABR Types
I/O Queslions

Answer Questions

Depreee LSR To 0N

Excessive
In

Delay
Selling LSR

Set

LSR To START

START

Error

Message E
?

Correcl

Source

P roqram

Depress

Tape

Conl

Error

Yes

Wait For All

Message

Program
Checked

Place Nexl
Seclion Of Tape
In

LSR

Source

All

Tapes Loaded
7

Relocalable Binary
Tape ls Punched

Program

Sections

Symbol Table Is
Typed

Punched Or

Symbolic
Listing
7

———I

Fig. 8K SABR-2

Depress LSP
To

OFF

Remove Tape
From LSP

Assemble
Another

Program

Finished

Figure 8K SABR-i

Assembling an 8K SABR Source Program
Using the Low-Speed Reader/Punch.
8K SABR-2

Fig.8K SABR-1

———————

Sev LSR To FREE

Piece

Symbolic
Tape In LSR

Se? LSR To START

De ress
LS To ON

Punch

Listing Tape
.9
No

Depress

For End

W011

CONT

Llshng

Place Nex'
SecO'
fTa P e

Source

Tope In Sections
?

Remove

Listing

————

Figure 8K SABR-2

Fig.8KSABR-1

Listing on Assembled Program
Using the Low-Speed Reader/Punch.

8K SABR-3

Load

8K SABR

lnto

Field

_______

IF'g

initialize

Assemble
”My...“

Verve

W--~

Check For Errors
7

Assemble

Deposit 5370
In Location

5.: sw‘ooozoo

,__~,

3165

———————

0200

LOADADD

Depress

Set TTY To LINE

Place Source

Tape lnHSR

Depress START

SABR Types
[/0

Questions

Answer Questions

'—

Y
_

N a

yes
no

Depress HSP To ON

Tape Reads In

Correct Source

Program Tape

Wait For All

Program

To Be Checked

Yes

Error

Message
Depress CONT

Place Next
Section or Tape

Relocotoble Binary
Tape ls Punched

in HSP

Source

All

Program in

Tapes Loaded

Sections
7
No

Symbol Table 1e
Punched Or Typed

Depress HSP To OFF

Remove Tape From HSP

Symbolic Listing

Assemble
Another

Program

a ———1

Fig. ax SABR—a

‘

—-—

Finished

Figure 8K SABR-3

Assembling on 8K SABR Source Program
Using the High-Speed Reader/Punch.

8K SABR-4

——————

Place

To On

Fig. 8K SABR—3

Source
In HSR

Tape

Depress HSP

SABR

Punch

Listing Tape
?

For End

Waif

Listing

Place Nex?
Section Of Tape
In
HSR

Source

Tape In
Sections
7

HSP
OFF

Depress
To

Remove

Listing

Assemble
Another

Program
?

Figure 8K SABR-4

Q» ———I

Fig. 8K SABR-3

Listing on Assembled Program
Using the High-Speed Reader/Punch

8K SABR-5

Load BK Linking

——~—-—A‘—‘<l

Loader lnlo

Highesl Core Field

Fig

BIN~2

InIHOIJE:
Se!

swznnOZOO

*—

“

—

~——-<l

Highesl Field

SelTTY To LINE

High‘Speed

Low—Speed

First

Place

Relocalable

Place Relocalable

Binary Tape ln LSR

COMMON Storage

Select Switch
________

Sel

Tape Musl

ReQUire Larges?

Binary Tape lnHSR

See

Linking Loader

Select

HSP To ON

Set

Depress START

Swilch

_______

I/O Options

,i"

___

LSR To START

Sel LSP To ON

Dala

Tape Reads In

—————————

Overlayinq
Linking Loader will Be

Punched ln RIM Code

———I

Fig. BK

SABR-e

Dearess CONT

Loader Halls
Set

SR Field

AHer

Bile 9,10,“

Place Relocalable

Binary Tape
In Reader

Load Next

Program Tape

SetSR Bits

O and

See

_______

Linking Loader

1/0 Opiions

Load

RIM Code Tape

-—

—

--I

Fig. BK

SABR —7

Finished

Figure 8K SABR-5

Loading Programs and Subprograms Info Core
Using the 8K Linking Loader.

8K SABR-6

«I

___________

See

Linking Loader
Messages

Fig. 8K SABR-S

_______

Error

——————

«I

Fig.8K SABR—l

Reposilion Tape
In

Reader

Error 0002

Change Field Bils

Depress CONT

__________

«1

Fig. 8K SABR—5

C:
m

<
w

:6
oo

Figure 8K SABR-é

Recovering From Linking Loader Error Message

___________

Load RIM Loader
_______

Into

Highest Field

Sel SW=nn7756

———————

«I

I
—|

Fig. 8K SABR—S

‘

F'g' RIM—1

=highesi

field

Depress LOAD ADD

High—Speed

Which Reader

Low—Speed

V
i

Place RIM Coded
Tape In HSR

Place RIM Coded

Tape In LSR

Depress START

Sel

TTY

To LINE

Set LSR To START

Tape Reads In

Figure 8K SABR-7

Depress START

Loading RIM Coded Tape Using RIM Loader.

8K SABR-7

Load Programs
and Subprograms

Iniliallze

Set

)

‘
_______

Turn

Sei

SW=SA Of

Main

Program

L
Depress LOAD ADD

Depress START

Program is
Being Executed

Figure 8K SABR-8

a 7

Siorage Map for
Starring Address

See

———————————

TTY T0 LINE

punch ON

and/or place
tape in reader,

—

_________4

data

Fig. SABR

Executing SABR Programs Using
the Run-Time Linkage Routines.

8K SABR-8

SYMBO L
TAB LE

The symbol table is listed at the end of assembly; each symbol is listed
with its relative address.

Special symbols are identified as follows:

ABS

The address is absolute.

COM

The address is in COMMON

The symbol is an operator.

EXT

The symbol is an external, and thus may or may
not be defined.

If not defined, there is no

it is in another program.

difficulty,
UNDF

The symbol is not an external and has not been
defined in the program.
n:
m

RESERVED

LOCATIO NS

<1:

Locations reserved for special use are below.

:4
OO

Library Linkage Routines require:
0200-0777

in field zero

0007, 0033-0073

in every field

0020-0032

in field where routines reside

I/O Handler Routines require:
0176-0177

in field where routines reside

Available to user, in every field:
0000-0006

interrupts

0010-0017
0020-0022

auto-index registers

0023- 0032
0074- 01 77

debugging

etc

floating-point AC (use with care)
arbitrary
a
‘

8K SABR

rb i tra ry

LINKING LOADER

DO OPlIONS

When loading programs and subprograms using the 8K
.

Linking Loader, the
-

the Followmg sw1tch register optlons are read to perform the Followmg

I/O options

Switch Register"
0

3 ta"?

5, 3
7a

co
m

(D
I

371’

\——-—\/—-J
Numberof
Loading Field

a.
*All other switch register bits are irrelevant.

Any time the Linking Loader halts, the user may access memory directly
via the DEPosit and EXAMine console switches.

After this is done the

Linking Loader may be restarted via the console switches at location
7200 (in the highest field, where the

8K LIBRARY

BPRO
W

Linking Loader resides).

These subprograms are contained on two tapes, organized as shown below.

Each subprogram is separated From the other by a noticeable length of
blank tape.
program

Tape 1.

Load only those subprograms required by the relevant user

IOH

contains

FLOAT

contains

IOH, READ, WRITE
FAD, FSB, FMP, FDV, STO, FLOT,
FLOAT, FIX, IFIX, IFAD, ISTO, CHS,

INTEGER

contains

UTILITY

contains

ERROR

contains

SETERR, CLRERR, ERROR

contains

SUBSC

CLEAR

IREM, ABS, IABS, DIV, MPY, IRDSW
TTYIN, TTYPUT, HSIN, HSOUT,OPEN
CKIO

‘

Tape 2.

SUBSC
POWERS

contains

IIPOW, IFPOW, FIPOW, FFPOW,EXP,
ALOG

SQRT

SQRT
TRIG

contains

SIN, COS, TAN

ATAN

contains

ATAN

contains

8K SABR-10

ERROR

MESSAGES

All assembly and execution time errors are fatal.

Therefore, punched out-

put by the assembler should be suppressed until the source program is
correct.

Always examine the assembly symbol table listing for undefined

symbols before loading and executing the assembled program

Do not attempt to load and execute a program which has an assembly error.

Unpredictable results will occur.

Do not attempt to proceed after an

execution time error by depressing CONT.

Unpredictable results will

occur.

SABR

During assembly, error messages are typed as they occur.
Format:

LOC

+0004

where C (an illegal character) occurred at the 4th instruction after location tag LOC

Line counts include comment and blank lines.

During listing, error messages are typed in the address field of the instruction line containing the error.

Error Code

Explanation

Too many or too few ARGs to a CALL statement.

Illegal character.

No END statement.

Illegal syntax:
pseudo-op with improper argument,
quote mark with no argument,
text string not terminated,
MRI with improper address, or

illegally combined microinstruction.
Multiple defined symbol (appears only during assembly)

Either:

symbol table overflow,
storage is full, or
than 64 different user-defined symbols

common
more

in a core page.

UNDF

Undefined symbol (appear only in symbol table listings).

All errors are fatal; correct error and reassemble.

8K SABR-ll

LINKING
LOADER

During loading, the error message is typed as it occurs, and the partially
loaded program or subprogram is ignored (removed from core).

Format:

ERROR xxxx

where xxxx is the error code number.
Error Code

Explanation

000]

Symbol table overflow (more than 64 subprogram names)

0002

Current field is full.

0003

Program with largest common storage was not loaded
first.

0004

Checksum error in input tape.

0005

Illegal relocation code.

To recover from errors 2, 4, and 5, reposition the tape in the reader at the

leader code of the program or subprogram and depress CONTinue.
error

2, load into a different field

With

LIBRARY
PROGRAM

During program execution, error messages are typed as they occur.
Format:

"xxxx" ERROR AT LOC nnnn

where xxxx is the error code and nnnn is the location of the error.
Error Code

Explanation

"FMT4”

Attempt to comput log of negative number.
Result exceeds capacity of computer.
Attempt to divide by zero.
Result exceeds capacity of computer.
Error in raising a number to a power.
Multiple decimal points.
in integer.
E or
Illegal character in I, E, or F field.
Multiple minus signs.

”ALOG"
"ATAN”

”DIVZ"
”EXP”

”FIPW”
"FMTI"
"FMT2"
”FMT3"

"FMT5”

Invalid FORMAT statement.

"FLPW”

Negative number raised to floating power.

"FPNT"

Floating-point error.
Attempt to square root a negative number.

"SQRT"

When an error occurs, execution stops; correct error and reassemble.

8K SABR- I 2

To pinpoint the location of the error:

i.
From the Storage Map, determine the next lowest
numbered location (external symbol) which is the entry
point of the program or subprogram in error.

Subtract in octal the entry point location From the
location in the error message.

error

From the assembly symbol table, determine the

relative address of the external symbol Found in step 1
and add that relative address to the result of step 2.

The sum of step 3 is the relative address of the
error, which can then be compared with the relative
address of the numbered statements in the program
4.

When multiple error messages are typed, the location of the last error
message is relevant--the other errors are to subprograms called
statement at the relevant location

8K SABR-l3

by the

PURPOSE

The

Dynamic Debugging Technique for the PDP-8 computers Facilitates pro-

gram debugging by allowing the

user

to examine

core

memory locations

(registers) and change and correct their contents, place and remove strategic
halts and

automatically restore and execute the instructions replaced by the
Communication is via the Teletype keyboard using

halts, and much more.

defined commands and the symbolic

language of the source program or octal

representation, with DDT-8 performing all translation to and from the binary

(See DEC-08—CDDB-D for details.)

representation.

STORAGE
REQUIREMENTS

DDT—8 requires locations 0004 and 5237-7577

(23418 locations)

Permanent Symbol Table requires locations 5237-5000

External Symbol Table is allotted locations 5000-3030 (250 symbol capacity)

Starting Address

5400

BIN is used to load DDT-8 and the object program into core.

The user should have at the console the Pass 3 listing of his obiect program
so

that the listing can be updated

to the program

reflect any debugging change made

Loud

L°°d DDT'B

-| See Figure BIN-2
.

"""""

Object Program

——————

See Figure BIN-2

Set SR =54OO

Depress LOAD ADD

Depress START

Debug Object Program
DDT-B Is In
Command Mode

[5
Figure DDT-I

Loading and Executing DDT—8

DDT-I

Turn TTY To LINE

Put Symbol Table

Tape In LSR

Type ALT MODE
AndThonR Keys

Set LSR To START

Tape Stops

Set LSR To FREE

Depress CONT

Octal Address Typed
Is Lower Limit Of
External

Symbol Table

External Symbol
Table I5 Loaded

Figure DDT-2

Loading External Symbol Table Tapes
(LSR Only)

DDT—2

In Command Mode

Symbol Table

Type ALT MODE
AndThen R Keys

Type Octal Value
01‘ Definition Of
New Symbol

Symbols
?
No

Type CR/LF And EOT

Depress CONT

Address Typed
ls Lower Limit Of

External

Symbol Tabl

Figure DDT-3 Appending New Symbols l‘stxlernal Symbol Table

DDT-3

Initialize

Turn

TTY To LOCAL

Depress LSP

Depress HERE

Type RUBOUT

Type CR/LF

Type

New

Or More

Type

Symbol

Spaces

Type Octal Value

Definition Of New

.( 0 LI

.fl
More Symbols

Type CR/LF And EOT

Depress HERE IS

Depress LSP OFF

Remove

Tape

Figure DDT-4 Generating New External Symbol Tape OFF-Line
(TTY and LSP Only)

D DT-4

RESTART PROCEDURE

Restart at location 5400 and DDT—8 will be in control.

If the user wishes to restart DDT-8 before he has punched a complete tape

with checksum, he must restart at location 540i

EDITING NOTES

Do not open any symbol table location.

to perserve the checksum.

To enter a combined operate class and IOT instruction into an open loc-

cation, the combination must contain no more than two mnemonics, the
second of which must be CLA.

c .

The symbol table tape is loaded using the LSR only.

Each user symbol occupies four locations in the symbol table area

COMMANDS

Any other combination is ignored

Input is interrupted when symbol table storage is full.

Mode Control

Explanation

Sets DDT-8 to type out in octal mode.

Sets DDT-8 to type out in symbolic mode.

Input

Read symbol tape into external table from LSR, or

define new symbol from keyboard

Program Examination and Modification

k/
RETURN

Open location k (k may be octal or symbolic).
Close location currently open; enter modification,
if any

LINE FEED

i (SHIFT/N)

Close location currently open and open next sequential location; enter modification, if any.
Close location currently open and open location ad—
dress therein; enter modification , if any

Breakpoint Insertion and Control

Remove current breakpoint

k[B

Insert a breakpoint at location k

k[G

Go to location k and start program execution

n[C

Continue from breakpoint, execute breakpoint n times
and return control to user.
to be I

If n is absent, it is assumed

Word Search

NEW

Begin word search for all occurrences of expression
N masked by the contents of [M between the limits
imposed by l: L and EU. EM, EL, and [U are loca—
tions within DDT-8 which may be opened, modified,
and closed exactly as any general register k in the
user's program

DDT -5

Output
Punch leader/trai ler code.

Punch binary tape from memory bounded by addresses
and b.

a;b [P

Address Tags

Punch end of tape (i .e. , checksum and trailer).

Command

Explanation

Accumulator storage (at breakpoints)

Lower limit of search

Upper limit of search

Mask; used in search

Link storage (at breakpoints)

The left bracket (D which precedes a command letter is printed in response to typing the ALT MODE

(or ESC) key, i.e.

type ALT MODE

(or ESC, whichever is on your keyboard) key and then the desired command letter key.

Special Characters

Character

Explanation

(space)

Separation character

(plus)

Specifies address arguments relative to symbols

(minus)

Same as +

(period)

Current location; used in address arguments

(equal)

Type last quantity as an octal integer

RETURN

Make modifications, if any, and close register

LI NE FEED

Make modifications, if any, close location, and
open next sequential location
.

(slash)

Location examination character; when following the

location, the location is opened and its conprinted

address
tents

DIAGNOSTICS

(up-arrow)

When following a location printout, the location
addressed therein is opened

(back-arrow)

Delete the line currently being typed

DDT-8 checks for the errors listed below and types a ? when any is deAll data between the error point and the previous tab or carriage

tected.

return is
a.

ignored.

Undefined or illegal symbol

Illegal character

Undefined control command

Off-page addressing
DDT-6

l ODT—8 |
PURPOSE

The Octal Debugging Technique For the PDP-8/I is a debugging program which facilitates communication with and alteration of the obiect

program.

Communication with the program is From the Teletype keyboard,

using octal numbers.

(See DEC-08-COCO-D For details.)

STORAGE

ODT—8 requires 6008 consecutive

REQUIREMENTS

breakpoint location
Low version:

locations, and I

location on page 0 for

locations IOOO-l577

High version: locations 7000-7577

Breakpoint is initially at location 0004.
Starting Addressiis l000 (low) or 7000 (high)

BIN is used to load ODT-8 and the obiect program into core.

should have at the console the octal

The user

listing of his object program so that

the listing can be updated to reflect any debugging change made to the
program

Load

Object Program

Load CDT-8

------

——————

-{See Figure

‘I

See

BIN-2

Figure BIN-2

Set
SR =tOOO (low)
SR= 7000 (hi)

Depress LOAD

ADD

Depress START

Debug

Object Program,

CDT-8 Is In
Command Mode

Figure ODT-l

Loading and Executing ODT-8

ODT-I

With ODT‘ B

in Control

Type Command

Depress LOAD ADD

mmmm ;n nn n P

Set

SR=1231 (low)

SR=7231(hi)
Core Image Of
mmmm;nnnn
Is Punched

Set

Set
SR = 1222 (low)

SR= 1000 (low)
SR s 7000 (hi)

SR = 7222(hi)

Depress LOAD ADD

Set

Depress START

Depress LOAD ADD

Depress START

SR = 1225(|ow)

SR: 7225(hi)

Accumulated
Checksum E! Trailer
Tape Is Punched

ODT-B Is Ready
For Next Command

Depress STOP

Depress HSP OFF

Remove Tape
Is Punched

Set
SR = 1231(low)
SR = 7231 (hi)

Set
SR

1203(low)

SR = 7203(hi)

Figure CDT-2

39
Generating Binary Tape Using High-Speed Punch

ODT-2

C OMMA N DS

Command

Explanation

Reopen latest opened location

nnnn/

Open location nnnn.

RETURN

Close previously opened location

LINE FEED

Close location and open next sequential location.

l (SHIFT/N)

Close location, take contents of that register as a
memory reference and open it.

*(SHIFT/O)

Close location, open indirectly.

nnnnG

Transfer program control to location nnnn

Remove the breakpoint and restore original contents

of that location

nnnnB

Establish the breakpoint at location nnnn

Open location containing AC.

Proceed from the breakpoint

nnnnC

Continue from the breakpoint and iterate past the
breakpoint nnnn times; stop at breakpoint

Open the search mask. Initially set to 7777
LINE FEED

LINE FEED

Open lower search limit
Open upper search limit

Search defined upper and lower limits of core for
nnnn of search mask

nnnnW

Punch

mmmm;nnnnP

leader/trailer tape

Punch binary core image of locations mmmm through
nnnn.

Punch checksum and trailer tape

RE LOCATING THE

BREAKPOINT

ZPAT (the breakpoint symbol) is initially set to location 0004.

The break-

point location can be relocated to any location on page 0 by setting ZPAT

equal to the desired location.
RESTRICTIONS

Although ODT-8 is relocatable to any page, it will not operate outside the
field in which it is located.
ODT-8 will not turn on the program interrupt.

However, it does turn off

the interrupt when a breakpoint is encountered.

This prevents disrupting

interrupts

CDT -3

The user's program must not use or reference any location occupied or used

by DDT-8

The breakpoint location must not be used by the user program.

DIAGNOSTICS

When CDT-8 detects an error it types a ? Followed by a carriage returnline feed.
a .

ODT-8 checks for the following conditions.

Only legal control characters and octal digits are acceptable, any
other character causes the character or whole line to be ignored

c .

G typed alone is an error; control will be transferred to location 0000.

Typing a P command with the punch ON is an error; ASCII characters
will be punched on the binary tape.
Octal numbers must be from I to 4 digits; more than four digits is an
error .

An illegal character (neither a valid control character nor a l- to
4-digit octal number) causes the current line to be ignored.

CDT-4

PURPOSE

FOCAL (FOrmula CALculator) is an on-line, conversational,

interpre-

tive program used by students, engineers, and scientists in solving vir-

tually any mathematical problem, and much more. Additional segments

(overlays) expand FOCAL's power, Flexibility, and capability:
Utility Segments
4-WORD

increases calculating accuracy to 10 digits.

provides space For large user programs on an 8K computer.

EXTEN.BIN

removes or

restores extended Functions.

Graphics Segments
CLINE
PLOTR

permits the interaction of an oscilloscope (34D).
permits the interaction of an incremental plotter

GRAPH

permits the interaction of a storage tube display

(CALcomp plotter).

(KV8/I).
Multi-User Segments
QUAD
LIBRA

permits Four users to share FOCAL on an 8K computer,
permits seven users to share FOCAL on an 8K computer with disk (not covered herein, see DEC-08AJAD-D For details).

FOCAL may be combined with one or more segments as shown below

Combination

Segment
4-WORD
8K

xxxxxx
xxxxx

EXTEN.BIN

CLINE

PLOTR

GRAPH

QUAD

LI BRA

A FOCAL program calling a machine language subprogram is used in the
System Demonstration section of this guide.

(See DEC-08-AJAD-D For details.)

FOCAL

STORAGE

FOCAL occupies locations 1-330 and 4600-7576

REQUIREMENTS

(6300

locations)

Exten ed functions occupy locations 4600—5377

(1000

locations)

Starting Address
OPTIONAL

0200

PDP-IZ, LINC-8, or LAB-8 computer; analog-to-digital converter; stor-

EQUIPMENT
age

tube display; incremental plotter; DECdisk; extended memory.

The BIN Loader is used ‘to load FOCAL and segments into core.

FOCAL

accepts user programs from the Teletype keyboard, low-speed tape reader,
or

high-speed tape reader.

Initial Dialogue (alternate responses)
CONGRATULATIONSI!
YOU

HAVE

SHALL

SUCCESSFULLY

RETAIN

LOG:

'EOCAL:

LOADED

EXP:

ATN?:

1969'

PDP-8

COMPUTER.

(about 70010 locations

YES

For user programs)

PROCEED.
*

CONGRATULATIONSII
YOU

HAVE

SHALL

SUCCESSFULLY

RETAIN

LOG:

'EOCAL:

LOADED

EXP;

ATN?:

1969'

PDP-8

COMPUTER.

(about 90010 locations

For user programs)

PROCEED.
*

CONGRATULATIONSII
YOU

HAVE

SHALL
SHALL

SUCCESSFULLY

RETAIN
RETAIN

LOG:
SINE:

'EOCAL:

LOADED

EXP:

ATN?:

COSINE?:

1969'

PDP-8

COMPUTER.

(about 110010 locations

For user programs)

PROCEED.
*

If the above functions are not retained, they may be restored by

the First section of the EXTEN.BIN overlay tape.
and are no

If they are retained

longer desired, they may be removed by loading the last

section of the EXTEN.BIN overlay tape.

with the graphics and multi-user segments.

FOCAL

This overlay must not be used

Load

FOCAL

FOCAL in Fleld 1 when
.._

lnlo Field

¥,,

mlh QUAD.

Fig, BIN-2

FOCAL

Types Inillul
Dialogue
7
Yes

Answer FOCAL's

Queslions

FOCAL Types
PROCEED, and -)(-

Depress STOP

Load

Segmenl

Into

Field

Another

_______

Segment

in Field 1 when

with QUAD.

Fig.BlN-2

Segmenl

Depress STOP

Set

SW2000200

Depress LOAD ADD

Depress START

Fg‘CAL Types
*?O0.00

FOCAL
For

Figure FOCAL-l

ls Ready

User

Input

Loading and Sterling FOCAL (and Segments).

FOCAL

With

FOCAL

Program In Core

Type WRITE ALL

Type The

————————

—-|Do

not

type RETURN key

Set LSP To ON

RETURN Key

Generate
_____________

“I

Leader Tape

I ProgramIs‘lyped I

Type The

RETURN Key

Depress and hold down
the SHIFT,REPT,and
P keys in that order;
release in reverse order

Program is Punched
and/or Typed

—————r—-—————|

l
|

Generate
Trailer Tape

Set LSP

To OFF

Remove

Copy Of
Program

FOCAL

Figure FOCAL-2

____________

Saving a FOCAL Program (Teletype Conso|e)

Core

Reload and
‘

————————

sum

For User

FOCAL

A‘

FIo.FOCAL—l

Input

Figure FOCAL-3

Restart Procedure, Computer Console

FOCAL

COMMANDS

Command

Abbreviation

Example of Form

ASK

COMMENT

X, Y, Z

Explanation

types.

FOCAL
a colon for each variable
the user types a value to define each
variable.
If a line begins with the letter C, the
remainder of the line will be ignored.

CONTINUE

Dummy lines

DO 4.l

Execute line 4.]; return to command
following DO command.

DO 4.0

Execute all group 4 lines; return to corr

DO ALL

mand Following DO command, or when
RETURN is encountered.

ERASE

FOR

ERASE

Erases the symbol table.

ERASE 2.0

Erases all group 2 lines.

ERASE 2.l

Deletes line 2.].

ERASE ALL

Deletes all user input.

FOR i=x,y,z;
FOR i=x,z;

(commands)

Where the command Following is executed at each new value.
x=inital value ofi

y=Value added to i until i is greater thc
z .

(30

GO ?

Starts indirect program at lowest numbe
ed line number.
Starts at lowest numbered line number
and traces entire indirect program until

another ? is encounted, until an error
is encountered, or until completion of
program

GOTO

GOTO 3.4

Starts indirect program (transfers contro
to line 3.4)
Must have argument.
.

IF (X)

Ln, Ln, Ln

IF (X)

Ln, Ln; (commands)

IF (X) Ln;

(commands)

Where X is a defined identifier,a value
or an expression, followed
by three lint
numbers.
If X is less than zero, control is transferred to the first line number.
If X is equal to zero, control is trans-

ferred to the second line number.
If X is greater than zero, control is

transferred to the third line number.

FOCAL- 5

Command

LOCATIO NS*

Abbreviation

Example of Form

Explanation
FOCAL types four locations indicating

start and end of text area, end of vari-

able list, and bottom of pushdown list.
(void with PLOTR)
MODIFY

Enables editing of any character on

MODIFY 1.15

line 1.15 (see below).
Returns control to the user.

QUIT

Terminates DO subroutines, returning to

RETURN

the original sequence.
SET

SET A=5/B*C;

Defines identifiers in the symbol table.

TYPE.

TYPE A+B-C;

Evaluates expression and types out
and result in current output format.

TYPE A-B, C/E;

Computes and types each expression
separated by commas.

TYPE "TEXT STRING”

Types test. May be followed by l to
generate carriage return-line feed, or
# to
generate carriage return.
FOCAL types out the entire indirect

WRITE
WRITE ALL

program

WRITE 1 .0

FOCAL types out all group 1 lines.

WRITE 1 .1

FOCAL types out line 1 .1

*Before using the LOCATIONS command

deposit 5177 into location 7600.

FOCAL

SPECIAL CHARACTERS

Mathematical operators:

Multiplication

Order of precedence is as listed; properly
paired enclosures are evaluated first; other-

Division

wise evaluation is from left to right.

Addition

Exponentiation

Subtraction

Control characters:

Output format delimiter
Carriage return and line feed
Carriage return
Type symbol table contents

!
#

55
()

Parentheses

[ ]
<
"

>
”

? ?
*

Square brackets
Angle brackets

(expression enclosures)

Quotation marks
Question marks
Asterisk

(text string)
(trace feature)

(high-speed reader input)

Terminators:
SPACE key (names)
RETURN key (lines)
ALT MODE key

(nonprinting)

(with ASK statement)

Comma (expressions)

Semicolon (commands and statements)
CTR L/key combinations:

CTRL/BELL Used with MODIFY
CTRL/C
Keyboard restart of FOCAL
Used with MODIFY
CTRL/L
RES TART FROM
K EYBOARD

Type the CTRL/C keys.

FOCAL will type ?Ol .00 indicating a keyboard

restart, and an asterisk on the next line indicating it is ready for user input.

CTRL/C indicates holding down the CTRL key while depressing the C key.

FOCAL

INPUT, PROGRAM

Low-Speed Tape Reader

When loading a long program tape into FOCAL the user can suppress
the echo (printing) Feature by changing the content oF location 2475

This will cause only asterisks to be typed as the tape is being

to 7000.

read; there will not be a carriage return-line Feed at the end oF the
line.
Entries From the keyboard will not echo unless each entry is preceded by
0

Output will be typed in the normal manner.

TYPE command.

To restore the echo Feature, depress the STOP key on the computer con-

sole and deposit 4277 into location 2475.

High-Speed Tape Reader
**

The second * was typed by the user.
until occurrence oF next *.

Input is From the high-speed reader

FOCAL types * For each line number read

in From the reader.

*I.I0*;

Input is taken From the high-speed reader until

User typed

I.IO*;

occurrence

oF next *.

IF there is no tape in the high-speed reader or when an end-oF-tape
condition occurs, FOCAL automatically switches back to keyboard

input.

OUTPUT, DATA

Output Format

where x is the total number oF
digits, and y is the number oF
digits to the right oF the decimal

TYPE % x.y

point.
TYPE %6.3, 123.456

FOCAL types:

TYPE %

Resets output Format to Floating

123.456

point.

Symbol Table

TYPE $

OVER LOAD RECOVERY

When the program and symbol table areas become too large the error

Other statements may not Follow
on this line.'

diagnostic ?06.54 will be typed out. The user should then do one oF the
Following
a.

Type ERASE and depress RETURN.

FOCAL

Restart at location 2216, if ?06.54 follows a

legitimate command.

This erases all variables.
c.

MODIFY

As a last resort, restart at 2213.

This erases the text.

After a MODIFY command, the user types a search character, and
FOCAL types out the contents of that line until the search character

The user may then perform any of the following operations.

is typed.
a .

Type in new characters.
point of insertion.

Type a CTRL/L.

FOCAL will add these to the line at the

FOCAL will proceed to the next occurence of

the search character.
c

Type CTRL/BELL. After this, the user may change the search
character.

This deletes characters to the left, one character

Type RUBOUT.

for each time the user strikes the RUBOUT key.
e.

Type

Deletes the line over to the left margin, but not the

line_number
f.

Type RETURN.
the right margin

Terminates the

line, deleting characters over to

Type LINE FEED.

Saves the remainder of the line from the point

at which LINE FEED is typed over to the right margin

THE TRACE FEATURE

Special

Example

Character

of Form

Explanation
Those parts of the program enclosed in
question marks will be printed out as

they are executed
?.

If only one ? is inserted, the trace fea-

ture becomes operative, and

the program
is printed out from that point until another

? is encountered, until an error is encountered, or until program completion.

ESTIMATING
PRO GRAM SIZ E

FOCAL requires five words for each identifier stored in the symbol table,
and one word for each two characters of stored program

This may be

calculated by
55 +

where

I .01

length of user's program
Number of identifiers defined
Number of characters in indirect
program

FOCAL

The Following routine allows the user to Find out how many core loca-

(applicable with 4K systems only).

tions are left For his use

*FOR
?@ 6

12113995

*TYPE
=+

SET

ACI)=I

(disregard error code)

795

%4:

1*5;

LOCATIONS

LOCATIONS
LEFT

LEFT

SUMMARY OF

FUNCTIONS

FSQT( )
FABS( )
FSGN( )
FITR( )
FRAN( )
FEXP( )
FSIN( )

Square Root
Absolute Value

Sign Part
Integer Part
Random Number

Exponential*
Sine*

FCOS( )
FATN( )
FLOG ()
FDIS(x ,y)
FADC( )
FNEW()
FCOM( )
FX()

Cosine*
Arc Tangent*

Logarithm*
Scope Function
A-D Input
User Function

LIBRA Common Storage

Graphics (KV8/I)

*Extended functions; may be restored using the EXTEN.BIN overlay
used with graphics segment).

(not

CALCULATING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Function

FOCAL Representation

W
Range

Moll—
Range

Sine

FSIN(A)

OSIA|<IOT4

05] Flgi

Cosine

FCOS(A)

Tangent

FSIN(A)/FCOS(A)

oglA|<ioi4
og|A|<10r4

oglrlgl
oglF|<1016

[A|:,é(2N+l)1r/2
Secant

OglAI<IOT4

1/FCOS(A)

[AI #(2N+l)1r/2

l_<_lFl<lOté

FATN(FSQT(]-At2)/A)

oglA|<1014
IN #Nn
og|A|<ior4
[AI flNn
og|A| <1
o< |A| g]

og| F| 9/2
03] Fl _<_1T/2

Arc tangent

FATN(A)

ogAg 1016

O_<_F<1r/2

Arc secant

FATN(FSQT(A12—l))

l_<_A<1016

O£F<1r/2

Arc cosecant

FATN(l/FSQT(A12-]))

l<A<lOt300

0<F<1r/2

Arc cotangent

FATN(i/A)

O<A<101615

0<F<1r/2

Hyperbolic sine

(FEXP(A)—FEXP(—A))/2

03 JAI <7oo

03] F|_<_5* 101300

Cosecant

l/FSIN(A)

Cotangent

FCOS(A)/FSIN(A)

Arc sine

FATN(A/FSQT(]-A12))

Arc cosine

FOCAL- IO

15|F|<1016

og|F|<10144o

Function

FOCAL Representation

Argument

Function

Rang-e.

BEE

Hyperbolic cosine

(FEXP(A)+FEXP(-A))/2

0§|Al <700

l5F<5*lOT300

Hyperbolic tangent

(FEXP(A)- FEXP(-A))/
(FEXP(A)+FEXP(-A))

0_<_|Al <700

0_<_|F|_Sl

Hyperbolic secant

2/(FEXP(A)+FEXP(-A))

0_<-|Al <700

Hyperbolic cosecant

2/(FEXP(A)- FEXP(—A))

0<lAl <700

Hyperbolic cotangent

(FEXP(A)+FEXP(-A))/

O<|A| <700

0<FSl
o<| Fl <IOT7
i<lFl<1017
-12<F<1300

(FEXP(A)- FEXP(-A))
Arc hyperbolic sine

FLOG(A+FSQT(A 2+l))

-lOT5<A<lOt600

Arc hyperbolic cosine

FLOG(A_FSQT(A 2-1))

l_<_A<lOt300

0_<F<700

Arc hyperbolic tangent

(FLOG(l+A)-FLOG(l-A))/2

0_<|Al <l

olel <8.3l777

Arc hyperbolic secant

FLOG((i/A)+FSQT((1/A 2)-1))

0_<_F<700

Arc hyperbolic cosecant

FLOG((l/A)+FSQT((l/A 2)+l))

0<|A|51
0<|Al <101300

Arc hyperbolic cotangent

(FLOG(X+l)-FLOG(X-l))/2

l<A<101616

0§F<8

ERROR MESSAGES

Format:

Code
?00.00
?Ol .00
?0] .40
?01.78
?01 .96

?0.l:5
?01 .;4

?nn .nn @ nn .nn

(error code @ line number)

Meaning
Manual start given From console.
Interrupt From keyboard via CTRL/C
Illegal step or line number used.

Group number is too large.
Double periods Found in a line number.
Line number is too large.
Group zero is an illegal line number.

?02.32
?02.52

Nonexistent group reFerenced by 'DO'

?02.79

Storage was Filled by push-down-list.

?03.05

Nonexistent line used aFter 'GOTO' or 'IF'

?03.28

Illegal command used
LeFt oF "=" in error in 'FOR' or 'SET'

?04.39
?04.52
?04.60

?04.:3
?05.48
?06.06
?06.54
?07.22

Nonexistent line reFerenced by 'DO'

Excess right terminators encountered

Bad argument to 'MODIFY'

Illegal terminator in 'FOR' command.
Missing argument in display command

Illegal use oF Function or number.
Storage is Filled by variables.
Operator missing in expression or double 'E'

?07.38
?07.:9

No operator used beFore parenthesis.

?07.;6

Illegal Function name or double operators

?08.47

Parentheses do not match.

?09. ll

Bad argument in 'ERASE'

No argument given aFter Function call.

FOCAL- ll

05 |F|<l400

Code
?lO.:5

Meaning

?ll.35

Storage was filled by text.
Input buffer has overflowed

?20.34

Logarithm 'oF zero requested

?23.36
?26.99

Literal number is too large.

?28.73

?30.05
1931.0

Exponent is too large or negative.
Division by zero requested
Imaginary square roots required.
Illegal character, unavailable command, or
.

unavailable Function used.

Note:

The above error codes apply only to FOCAL, 1969.

FOCAL- 12

4K FO RTRAN

PURPOSE

4K FORTRAN (FORmula TRANS lator) For the PDP-8 computer is used to

compile, debug, and operate a user program written in the PDP-8 version of the 4K FORTRAN

language. Compilation requires only one pass.

A 4K FORTRAN program using a PAL III subprogram is in the System
Demonstration section of this guide.

STORAGE

REQUIREMENTS

(See DEC-08—AFCO—D For details.)

Compiler and symbol table requires locations 0003-7577 (75748 locations)
Starting Address=0200

Symbolprint requires locations 0600-0777 (2008 location)
Starting Address=0600

Operating System requires:
locations 0-5177 for paper tape 1/0

locations 0-5777 for DECtape I/O

(5200

locations)

(60008 Tocations)

Starting Address=0200

BIN is used to load the Compiler,
into core.

Symbolprint, and Operating System

The user's program is loaded by the appropriate 4K FORTRAN

system program above.

4K FORTRAN

Depress

Load

STOP

Usung
Memory

Eltondad

Depress

STOP

}"‘*

Sc!

Depress

Turn

High- Speed Reader

DF - Desired

0200

LOAD

TTY

You
n.

4 Sn. Figur. BIN—2

______

COMDI'M

FORTRAN

kiiwuud

ADD

To LINE

Low-Spud

Rooder

Which

Finld

Field Of Comp“.

Reader

Sat

LSR To FREE

Soloc!

1/0 Control

Dion" CONT

mic
Set

B" “‘1

Correction Mode

Set LSR To START

—Dopross
LSP

Put

Tape Reads

Source Tm. In LSR

SM LSR To START

Depress START
Error

Diagnostics

Correc!

Error

Tape

Roads In
?

Compiled Two I: Rmcned
YO!

Compile More Tapes
?

DynOMIC
Correchon Mode
7

Figure 4K FORTRAN-1

Compiling a FORTRAN Program

4K FORTRAN

SYMBOLPRINT

The Symbolprint program is used to print out a memory map of the compiled
source

program.

The memory map is useful when debugging the program.

Symbolprint is run immediately after compiling a source program and before
compiling another or loading the Operating System.

NOTE

Symbolprint destroys the Compiler's DECtape I/O proTherefore, the Compiler must be reloaded to
compile a source program containing DECtape I/O statecessors.

ments.

Compile

We FORTRAN) .
:3"
.

______

Load Symbolprint

——————

—I See Figure BIN-2

Memory Map Is
Printed On Teletype

Figure 4K FORTRAN-2

Generating a Memory Map Using Symbolprint

4K FORTRAN -3

L°°d

FORTRAN

——————

Operating System

Yes

552/555 DEClape
?

—| See Figure BIN-2

Load
-

552 Overlay

Tape
Using BIN

Yes

Using

Set

DF= Desired Field

Extended Memory
?

Field Of Op Sys

Set

SR =0200

Depress LOAD ADD

High-Speed Reader

Which
Reader

Low-Speed Reader

Put

Compiled
Tape In HSR

Compiled
Tape ln LSR

Select Swilch Options

Turn TTY To LINE

And Activale
Selected l/O Devices

Turn LSR To START

Depress START

Tape

Reads In

Ye 8

Tape Stops

Remove Compiled
From Reader

Tape

Compiled Program
19

Figure 4K FORTRAN-3

Loaded

Loading 0 Compiled FORTRAN Program

4K FORTRAN

Load

Compiled
Program

——————

FORTRAN

—{ See Figure FORTRAN(4)-3

Select I/O Control

Turn

TTY To LINE

Punch

Output

High—Speed Punch

Low— Sp eed

Depress HSP
POWER

punch

Depress LSP ON

Generate Leader Tape

Generole Leader Tape

Depress

CONT

Error

Diagnostics

Correct Error

Outpul Is Result
OF

FORTRAN

Program

Depress LOAD ADD

Re- Execule
Set SRIOZOT

Progra m

NOTE
If the FORTRAN program has been

debugged, the internal slack overflow/underflow lest can be removed

to speed up program execution

0404

by selling location

7000.

Figure 4K FORTRAN-4

Execu’ring 0 Compiled FORTRAN Program
4K FORTRAN -5

INPUT/OUTPUT
CONTROL

The selection of I/O devices for both the Compiler and Operating System
is controlled by setting the console switches as shown below.

SR Bit

Set To

Results
The program contains only paper tape I/O
statements.

The program contains

Compiler:
source

DECtape I/O statements.

Use low-speed reader For input of

program

Operating System: Use low-speed reader for
input of obiect program and the keyboard for
ACCEPT statements.

Use the high-speed reader.

Compiler: Use Teletype and low—speed punch
For compiler output (interpretive code) and
diagnostics

Use Teletype and low—speed
punch For TYPE statements.

Operating System:
1

Use the high-speed punch (diagnostics still
appear on the printer).

I/O selections cannot be changed without reloading the compiler.

DECTAPE I/O
STATEME NTS OPTIO N

DY NAMIC ERROR

CORRECTION

The DECtape I/O statements are the READ and WRITE Statements.
statements option must be set before compiling or

The 1/0

running a program.

Results

SR Bit

Set To

Delete DECtape I/O processing routines.

Use DECtape I/O processing routines.

When compiling in the dynamic correction mode (see Note, below) the
user can

correct a statement,

which the compiler has determined contains

source-language error, by reentering the offending line From the key-

board.

To implement the dynamic correction mode set SR bit 1]

shown in Figure 4K FORTRAN—l

4K FO RTRAN -6

T as

If an error is detected, the diagnostic is

typed out in the normal fashion and the computer halts.
statement:

To correct the

Set LSR to FREE

Depress CONT

Type the new line in its entirety (excluding the statement number if
any) followed by a carriage return-line feed.

Set LSR to START and compilation will continue.

To leave the dynamic correction mode, restart the compiler at location

0200 with SR bit II

NOTE

This feature applies only to the low-speed paper tape
reader.

DIAGNOSTICS

Format:

Compiler

xxxx

where xxxx is statement number of last numbered statement, yy is
numbered statement, yy is number of statements since the last numbered statement, and 22 is error code (numbers in octal).
Code

Explanation

Fixed- and floating-point modes are mixed.

Two operators next to each other.

02
03

Compiler error; reload compiler.
Illegal comma in arithmetic statement.

Too many operators in a statement.

05
06

Function argument is in fixed mode.
Variable subscript in floating-point mode, or an operator

More than 6410 variable names in program.

Program too large.

Unpaired parentheses.
Illegal character.

is missing.

Error in statement Format.

I3
'

I4
I5

Program too large, or duplicate statement numbers.
Subscripted variable defined prior to DIMENSION statement,
or

subscripted variable not in DIMENSION statement, or

operator missing in fixed-mode expression.
16

Statement too long.

Floating-point operand should be fixed-point.

20
2]
22

More than 4010 numbered statements in program.

More than 2010 statements referenced before being defined.

Illegal attempt to compile READ or WRITE statement.

Referenced statement number not in program.
Too many incompleted operations in statement.

4K FORTRAN

"TILT"

Format:

Operating System

where nn is the error code.

I I

Action Taken When
CONT is Depressed

Possible Cause

Code

Attempt to divide by zero.

Quotient set to + or
largest
number representable in computer
-

and execution continues.

Floating-point exponent on input
greater than + or

System executes next instruction.

2047.

Illegal operation code.

System executes next instruction.

Transfer to location 0 or I.

No recovery possible;

Nonformat statement used as

Next instruction is executed.

recompile.

FORMAT statement.
I6

Illegal FORMAT statement

Rest of statement is examined.

Attempt to fix large floating-

Ignored

point number.
20

Attempt to square root a negative

Square root of absolute value is

number.

taken.

Attempt to raise a negative num-

Absolute value is raised to power

ber to a power.

specified.

Attempt to find logarithm of 0
or

negative number.

Attempts to find logarithm of absolute value.

system halts with
called unit in bits 0—2 of AC
(0-3 with DECtape 552/555).
Select error:

Recovered by correcting logical
unit and depressing CONT.

System halts with error status in

Physical tape error.

AC.
33

DECtape buffer exceeded.

Ignored

DECtape control switch set incorrectly.

Ignored

System stack overflow

No recovery possible.

System stack overflow

4K FO RTRAN -8

Same as above

Recompile.

8K FORTRAN

PURPOSE

The 8K FORTRAN System is used to compile, assemble, load, and execute
user

programs written in the 8K FORTRAN

TRAN II).

language (a version oF FOR-

The system consists oF the 8K FORTRAN Compiler which com-

piles the user's source program into symbolic language, the 8K SABR
Assembler which assembles the compiled program into relocatable binary

code, and the 8K Linking Loader which loads and executes the relocatable binary program and library oF subprograms.

(See DEC-08—KFXB-D

For details.)

[n:

STORAGE

8K FORTRAN Compiler requires locations 0-7577 (Field

l).

Starting Address

l000 (Field 1).

8K SABR Assembler requires locations 0-777 (Field 0) and 0600—2200,
2000-2427 (Field

1).
Starting Address

0200 (Field 0)

Linking Loader requires locations 0—777 (Field 0); 0—177, 6200—7577

(highest Field); 0-l77 (all Fields).
Starting Address
8K

0200 (highest Field)

Library Subprograms require locations 0020-0032 in Field where used.

PDP-8/I, -8/L, -8, -8/S, or -5 computer with 8K or more core and highspeed paper tape reader and punch unit. The PDP-5 requires a PDP-8
extended memory control modification.

g
00

REQUIREMENTS

EQUIPMENT

The Binary Loader is used to load the 8K FORTRAN Compiler, 8K SABR

Assembler, and 8K Linking Loader into core. The 8K Linking Loader is
used to load the relocatable binary program and 8K
into core.

8K FORTRAN

Library Subprograms

Load

< )

8K FORTRAN
———

Compiler Inlo Field

F'q' BIN

Sel TTY To LINE

Check

Compile or
Check For Errors
7

Deposil 3075
In

Deposit 3l54

Compile

Localion 0356

SelSW=011000

Place Source

Tape In HSR

Depress HSP To ON

Depress LOAD ADD

Depress START

8K FORTRAN

Types ID Number

Tape Reade In

Correcl Source

Program Tape

Wail For All

Ol Program

——>

To Be Checked

Tape is punched in 2
seclione.eeparaled
by blank lope

Wail For Bolh
________

Seclione or Tape

Compuler Hall:
Label
Remove 8 Label

COMPHM Tape

"c‘afisc'w"

2nd

eec."Secl'ion l"

________

Depreu STOP

Figure 8K FORTRAN-I

Compiling cm 8K FORTRAN Source Program
(High-Speed Reader/Punch Only)
8K FORTRAN

Load BIN Loader

Into

Field 0

F'°' BIN

Load 8K SABR

‘

qu.BIN—2

_______

Into FieldO

Set TTY To LINE

Check

Assemble

Deposit 6026

Check For Errors

Deposit 5370

In Location 3165

Assemble

In Location 3165

sn sw-ooozoo

D:
Place Section 1

or Compiled

—

———————

Section 1 is last

section of

compiled tape

Tape [n HSR

Depress LOAD ADD

Depress START

SABR Types
l/O Questions
_..________

Answer Y (yes) to first
Answer Questions

Fig.

FORTRAN-1

Tape Reads In

Program Tape

or Program

questions; third
question is optional.
two

Depress HSP To 0N

Correct Source

WaitFor All

———————

Yes

Depress CONT

Error Message

To Be Checked

?
No
Place Section 1

0! Compiled

Relocatable Binary

Tape In HSR

Tape ls Punched

Both
Sections

“

?
Yes

Symbol Table ls
or Typed

Symbolic Listing

Punched

Depress HSP To OFF

—

——{

Figs 8K FORTRAN—3

Remove Tape From HSP

Figure 8K FORTRAN-2 Assembling (Methods 1 & 2) an 8K FORTRAN
Compiled Program info a Relocafable Binary Program.

(High-Speed Reader/Punch Only)
8K FORTRAN

Place Section

,,_

A-

-.l

Fig.8K FORTRAN-2

Of Compiled
Tape In HSR

Punch

Yes

Only iwaas

Depress

Listing Tape

————

HSP T OON

Depress CONT

Place Section 2 Of

Compiled Tape in HSR

Both
Sections Loaded

Wait For End

Listing

———————

4::

Assemble
Another

Figure 8K FORTRAN-3

Program

—

—~{ Fig.

ax FORTRAN-2

Listing on Assembled 8K FORTRAN Program

(High-Speed Reader/Punch Only)

8K FORTRAN

answer

to
.

3rd question.

Load BK Linking
Loader Into
Highest Core Field

Set

——————

5w:nn0200

—I

______

—|

Fig.

BIN—2

Highest Field

Depress LOAD ADD

Set TTY To LINE

Low-Speed

High—Speed

Which Reader
?

First Tape Must
Require Largest

Place Relocatable

Binary Tape In HSR

Select Switch

Place Relocatable

Binary Tape In LSR

COMMON Storage

_______

See Linking Loader

Set LSR To START

Sel HSP To ON

Depress START

Set LSP To ON

Tape Reade 1n

———————

—i

Data Overlaylng
Linking Loader Will Be
Punched In RIM Code

Error Message

Depress CONT

Set

Switch

Select
_______

1/0 Option:

——

—

—I Fig.8K

FORTRAN-5

Loader Halts
Alter Loading

5R Field

Bite 9.10.11

Place Relocatable

Binary Tape
In Reader

Yes

Load Next

Program Tape
?

No
Set SR Bits
o and t- 0

Set SR For Core Avail.

_______

0r Storage Map

See Linking Loader
1/0 Options

Depress CONT

Map Is Typed

Load
RIM Code Tape

Figure 8K FORTRAN-4

Y”

—

—| Fig.8K

FORTRAN-6

Loading Programs and Subprograms Into Core
Using the 8K Linking Loader.

8K FORTRAN

—————————————

See

Linking Loader
Messages

Error

Recoverable

| Fig,8K

FORTRAN—4

——~—-

——————

Reposition Tape
In

Biis
_______

9J0.“

—iFig.eK FORTRAN—1

Reader

Error 0002

Change Field Bits

———————————

Figure 8K FORTRAN-5

I Fig.

8K FORTRAN—4

Recovering From Linking Loader Error Message.

—————————————

Load RIM Loader

Inlo Highesl Field

I”

SelSW=nn7756

_______

________

lFig.8K

—|

FORTRAN—4

Flg. RIM—l

ln=highesl

field

Depress LOAD ADD

High—Speed

Low—Speed
Which Reader

V
Place RIM Coded

Place RIM Coded

Tape In HSR

Tape In LSR

Depress START

Set

TTY

To LINE

Set LSR To START

Tape Reads In

Figure 8K FORTRAN-6

Depress START

Loading RIM Coded Tape Using RIM Loader.

8K FORTRAN

Load Programs

_______

TTY To LINE

Set

Sei

SW=SA Of

Main

Program

________

Turn

punch ON
and /or place
da1a tape in reader.

i———_——
See Storage Map for
Starting Address

<
——————————

O:
l—

~—‘

Depress LOAD ADD

0
LL

:6
Depress START

Program is
Being Executed

Figure 8K FORTRAN-7

Executing SABR Programs Using
the Run-Time Linkage Routines.

8K FORTRAN

SYMBO L
TAB LE
—-—-—-———

The symbol table is listed at the end of assembly; each symbol is listed
with its relative address.

Special symbols are identified as follows.

ABS

The address is absolute.

COM

The address is in COMMON.

The symbol is an operator.

EXT

The symbol is an external, and thus may or may
be defined" If not defined, there is no
difficulty, it is defined in another program.
not

UNDF

The symbol is not an external and has not been
defined in the program.

RESERVED

Locations reserved for special use are below.

LOCATIO NS

Library Linkage Routines require:
0400-0777

in field zero

0007, 0033-0073

in every field
in field where routines reside

0020-0032

I/O Handler Routines require:
0176-0177

in field where routines reside

Available to user, in every field:
0000-0006

Interrupts, debugging, etc

0010-0017

auto-index registers

0020-0022

floating-point AC (use with care)
arbitrary
arbitrary

0023-0032

0074-0177

8K FORTRAN

LINKING LOADER

I/O OPTIONS

When loading programs and subprograms using the 8K Linking Loader,
the following switch register options are read to perform the Following

I/O options

Switch Register*
0

\_—\/-_—J

2:.

NumberoF

% g

‘71:}

‘5’

Loading Field

Q
-a

§ 2%
Q-

o
3-

FORTRAN

*All other switch register bits are irrelevant.

Any time the Linking Loader halts, the user may access memory directly
via the DEPosit and EXAMine console switches.

After this is done the

Linking Loader may be restarted via the console switches at location
7200 (in the highest Field, where the Linking Loader resides).

8K LIBRARY

These subprograms are contained on two tapes, organized as shown below

mSUBPROGRAMS

Each subprogram is separated From the other by a noticeable length of
blank tape.
program

Tape 1.

Load only those subprograms required by the relevant user

IOH

contains

FLOAT

contains

INTEGER

contains

UTILITY

contains

ERROR

contains

SETERR, CLRERR, ERROR

SUBSC

contains

SUBSC

POWERS

contains

IOH, READ, WRITE
FAD, FSB, FMP, FDV, STO, FLOT,
FLOAT, FIX, IFIX, IFAD, ISTO, CHS,
CLEAR

IREM, ABS, IABS, DIV, MPY, IRDSW
TTYIN, TTYPUT, HSIN, HSOUT, OPEN,
CKIO

Tape 2.

IIPOW, IFPOW, FIPOW, FFPOW, EXP,
ALOG

SQRT
TRIG
ATAN

contains

SQRT

contains

SIN, COS, TAN

contains

ATAN

8K FORTRAN

All compilation, assembly, and execution time errors are fatal.

ERROR
MESSAG ES

There-

fore, punched output by the compiler and assembler should be suppressed
until the source program is correct.

Always examine the assembly

symbol table listing for undefined symbols before loading and executing
the assembled program

Do not attempt to load and execute a program which has an assembly
error.

Unpredictable results will occur.

Do not attempt to proceed

after an executiOn time error by depressing CONT.

Unpredictable re-

sults will occur.

8K FORTRAN Compiler

During compilation, error messages are typed as they occur.

Format:

/ A=B+M(6) + N(I)
1

MIXED MODE EXPRESSION
and the arrow (l) points to the incorrect statement,

indicating that the

is the character directly above the arrow or is somewhere to the

error

left of the arrow.

These error messages are self-explanatory:

ILLEGAL CO NTINUATIO N

ILLEGAL ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION

ILLEGAL STATEMENT NUMBER

ILLEGAL VARIABLE
MIXED MODE EXPRESSION

ILLEGAL STATEMENT
EXC ESSIVE SUBSCRIPTS
ILLEGAL CONSTANT
ILLEGAL EQUIVALENCING
SYMBOL TAB LE EXCEEDED
SYNTAX ERROR (usually illegal punctuation)
ILLEGAL OR EXCESSIVE DO NESTING
ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION TOO COMPLEX

If an error occurs in a series of continuation

lines, all remaining lines

in that statement will be printed with ILLEGAL CONTINUATION.

.8K SABR Assembler

During assembly, error messages are typed as they occur
C

\IO

Format:

+0004

where C (illegal character occured AT the 4th instruction after location tab \lfl, which would correspond to statement lg in the source
program

During listing, the error code is typed in the address field of the instruction line.

8K FORTRAN

Error Code

Explanation

Too many or too few ARGs to a CALL statement.

Illegal character.

No END statement.

Illegal syntax:
pseudo-op with improper argument,
quote mark with no argument,
text string not terminated
MRI with improper address, or
,

illegally combined microinstruction.
Multiple defined symbol (appears only during
assembly)

Either:

symbol table overflow,
storage is full, or
than 64 different user-defined symbols

common
more

in a core page.

Undefined symbol (appears only in symbol table

UNDF

listings).
All errors are fatal; correct error and recompile.

LINKING

LOADER

During loading, the error message is typed as it occurs, and the parti-

ally loaded program or subprogram is ignored (removed from core).
Format:
ERROR xxxx

where xxxx is the error code number.
Error Code

Explanation

0001

Symbol table overflow (more than 64 subprogram

0002

Current field is full.
Program with largest common storage was not

names).
0003

loaded first.
0004
0005

Checksum error in input tape.
Illegal relocation code.

To recover from errors 2, 4, and 5, reposition the tape in the reader at

the leader code of the program or subprogram and depress CONTinue.

With error 2, load into a different field

LIBRARY
PRO GRAM

During program execution, error messages are typed as they occur.
Format:

"xxxx" ERROR AT LOC nnnn

where xxxx is the error code and nnnn is the location of the error.

8K FORTRAN

Explanation

Error Code

"ALOG"
"ATAN"
"DIVZ"
”EXP"

"FIPW"
"FMTl"
"FMT2"
"FMT3"

"FMT4"
”FMT5"
"FLPW"

Attempt to compute log of negative numbers.
Result exceeds capacity of computer.
Attempt to divide by zero.
Result exceeds capacity of computer.
Error in raising a number to a power.
Multiple decimal points.
in integer.
E or
Illegal character in I, E, or F field.
Multiple minus signs
.

Invalid FORMAT statement.
Negative number raised to Floating power.

"FPNT"

Floating-point error.

"SQRT"

Attempt to square root a negative number.

When an error occurs, execution stops; correct error and reassemble.
To pinpoint the location of the error:
i
From the Storage Map, determine the next lowest
numbered location (external symbol) which is the entry
point of the program or subprogram in error.
.

2.
error

Subtract in octal the entry point location from the
location in the error message.

3.
From the assembly symbol table, determine the
relative address of the external symbol Found in step 1
and add that relative address to the result of step 2
.

The sum of step 3 is the relative address oF the
which can then be compared with the relative
address of the numbered statements in the program.
4.

error,

When multiple error messages are typed, the location of the last error
message is relevant--the other errors are to subprograms called by the
statement at the relevant

8K FORTRAN

location

SECTION 3

DECTAPE

| TCOI BOOTSTRAP LOADER
PURPOSE

The TC01

Bootstrap Loader is used to load the DECtape Library System

programs into core memory.

See DEC—08-LUAA-D and Section 4 of this

manual For details.

STO RAGE

REQUIREMENTS

The TCOI

Bootstrap Loader requires locations 7600—7623 (248 locations).

Starting Address=7600

REQUIRED
EQUIPMENT

DECtape Control (TCOI) and at least one DECtape Transport (TU55)

The TC01

Bootstrap Loader may be toggled into core using the console

switches or it may be read into core using the RIM Loader.
and corresponding instructions are listed below.

The locations
U)

Location

Instruction

7600
7602

6224
6774
1221

7603

4213

7604

1222

7605

3355

7601

.—
U)

7606

1223

7607

4213

7610

0000

7611

0000

7612

0000

7613

0000

7614

6766

7615

3354

7616

6771

7617

5216

7620

5613

7621

0600

7622

7577

7623

0220

DECTAPE—l

>.
CD
Lu
0.

<
.—
U
LU

Set
DF= Field 0 011
IF= Field O OH

Depress LOAD ADD

Set

SR= First

Insfrucfion

Depress DEP

Set

SR=Nexf
.

Instruction

Depress DEP

AI |

Instructions
In

Figure DECTAPE—l

Toggling in TC01 Boo’rsfrap Loader

DECTAPE-2

______

Set

Using
Extended Memory
?

High-Speed Reader

Pu!

—I See Figure

or = FieldO
=
Fietd or Rm"

Low— Speed Reader

Bootstrap

Pu!

Boats'rap
Tape In LSR

Tape In HSR

Turn TTY To LINE

L———>|

Depress START

h—Eun

LSR To START

Tape
Reads In

?
Yes

Tape Srops

Remove Tape
From Reader

RIM must be in

Field 0

T601

Boatsfrap

Loader Is Loaded

Figure DECTAPE-2

Loading The TCO]
Loader Using RIM.

DECTAPE

Bootstrap

RIM-T 8-2

Load TCOt
——————

Bootstrap Loader

Set

--I See Figure DECTAPE-Z

SR = 7600

Depress LOAD ADD

Depress

EXAM

MB- First
Instruction
?

Set

SR=MA

Depress EXAM
Depress LOAD ADD

Set

SR*Correct

MB = Next

Instruction

Depress DEP
All
Instructions

Figure DECTAPE—3

Checking TCO] Bootstrap Loader

DECTAPE-4

DECTAPE LIBRARY SYSTEM

PURPOSE

The DECtape Library System is a collection of five programs (INDEX,

ESCAPE, UPDATE, DELETE, and GETSYS) stored on DECtape. They are
used to load named files into core memory, define new named files, delete
named files, and to create a new Library System.

See DEC—08—SUBO-D

For details.

STORAGE

REQUIREMENT

EQUIPMENT
REQUIREMENT

The Five library programs will occupy the First

408 blocks of

certified

DECtape.

The

DECtape Library System requires a DECtape control (TCOI) and at least

one

DECtape transport (TU55).

The TCOI

Bootstrap Loader is used to load the DECtape Library System From

DECtape into core memory.
Y

Load

Bootstrap

TCO I
Loader

——————

-I See Figure DECTAPE-2

Library System
DECtape On Transport
Put

DECtape Library
System Is Loaded
Into

Core

Figure DECTAPE-4 Loading DECtape Library System
Using TCOI Bootstrap Loader
DECTAPE-5

T‘PE
DE

LIBRARY SYSTEM
The

Library System tape contains the Five permanent programs explained below.

INDEX

causes

ESCAPE

causes

UPDATE

the names oF all Files on the library tape to be typed.

the Library System to exit core, and restores the RIM, BIN, and
DECtape Bootstrap Loaders in core.

allows the user to add Files to the library tape. When called, UPDATE
types questions to be answered by the user (questions are underlined):
NAME OF PROGRAM:

FRTRAN

user types a program name consisting of From one to six
characters delimited by a carriage return.

SA (OCTAL) :
user

0200

types on octal address delimited by a carriage return.

PAGE LOCATIONS:
user

types the locations required by his program.

causes

DELETE

removes

<0, 2200><2400><4600,7577>;
A typing error

UPDATE to retype the question.

specified user program From the library tape.

DELETE types a

question to be answered by the user:
NAME OF FILE TO BE DELETED:
user

GETSYS

FRTRAN

types name oF program to be deleted.

creates, on a specified tape unit, a new Library System tape consisting oF
the loaders and the system programs. When called, GETSYS types a
question to be answered by the user:
SKELETON TAPE WILL BE CREATED ON

UNIT#

user types a single digit From I to 8 terminated
by a
carriage return. Unit number 8 should always be the
First unit assigned
.

DECTAPE—é

SECTION 4
DISK MONITOR SYSTEM

'
PURPOSE

DISK SYSTEM BUILDER

The Disk System Builder program is an easy-to—use dialogue technique
used to build the customized Monitor suited to the particular machine

configuration and to store the created Monitor on the system device.
The Monitor is then used to create and save the System Program Library
on

the system device.

See DEC- D8-SDAB-D For details.

STORAGE
REQUIREMENTS

See DEC-D8—SDAB-D For specific core requirements.

EQUIPMENT
REQUIREMENTS

A 4K PDP-8/I computer with 3-cycle data break, an ASR33 Teletype, a

high-speed reader/punch, and a DF32 Disk.

A TCOI

DECtape Control

with at least one TU55 DECtape Transport unit-may also be used.

BIN is used to load the Disk System Builder program into core.

t
z

E
a:

2
o

DISK-I

““““““

------

Load Disk
______

System Builder

-I See Figure: RIM-t 8-2

-|Soo Figure BIN-1
-| See Figure BIN-2

Set SR-OZOO

Depress LOAD ADD

Depress START

Answer

System

Builder

Questions

Figure DISK-I

BUILDING A MONITOR

——————

-l See Building A Monitor

Loading the Disk System Builder
Using the BIN Loader

When the System Builder is first loaded into core it will ask the following

questions, which the user answers according to his machine configuration.
(User response is underlined, and each response is terminated by depressing
the RETURN key.)
*TYPE

SIZE

CORE

(IN

*§*HIGH

User enters core size of his computer
SPEED

PAPER

TAPE?

*EE

User answers YES or NO

*PDP-S/S?

User answers YES or NO

*_I.\l_0_
*DISK?

User answers YES or NO

*_Y_E§_

:FIFYPE

NUMBER

DISK

UNITS'9

User types number of disk units in his machine

configuration

*TAPE?

*2}:

User types YES if he has DECtape, NO if he does
not

NOTE:

If specified as present, the disk is automatically selected as the system device; if not, DEC—

tape unit 8 is selected.

DISK—2

SYSTEM MODES

The system is always running in either Monitor mode or user mode.
Monitor Mode

is entered whenever the Monitor is started or when CTRL/C is typed;

Monitor responds with a dot (
User Mode

) typeout.

is entered whenever the system is executing a system or user program; user

mode is indicated by an asterisk (

) typeout.

*:
z

o
E
s:

1’
a

DISK-3

DISK SYSTEM BOOTSTRAP LOADER

PURPOSE

The Disk System Bootstrap loaders are used to load the Disk Monitor into
core.

The bootstrapping of Monitor into core is necessary only when the

resident Monitor area

(locations 7600—7777) has been cleared orits contents

have been otherwise destroyed.

System Builder leaves the resident portion

of Monitor in core after building.

There are two bootstrap routines, de—

pending upon the type of system device.

See DEC-D8-SDAB-D For

details.

STORAGE

REQUIREMENTS

Disk requires locations 200—204 and 7750—7751

Address=0200

(7 locations). Starting

DECtape requires location 200—222 (23 8 locations). Starting Address=0200.
REQUIRED

EQUIPMENT

A 4K PDP-8/I computer with 3-cycle data break; and ASR33 Teletype; a

high-speed reader/punch; a DF32 Disk and/or a TCOI DECtape Control with
at

least one TU55 DECtape Transport.

Disk and DECtape Bootstrap loaders are loaded (toggled) into core memory

using the console switches.

The locations and corresponding instructions

For both system devices are listed below.

Disk Bootstrap Loader
Location

Instruction

0200

6603

0201

6622

DFSC

0202

5201

JMP

0203

0204

5604
7600

JMP I .+1
7600

7750

7576

7751

7576

0200

7600

Symbolic
DMAR

DECtape Bootstrap Loader

—1

*200
BEG ,

7600

0201

1216

TAD MVB

0202

4210

0203

1217

JMS DO
TAD M201

0204

3620

DCA I CA

0205

1222

TAD RF

0206

4210

JMS DO

0207

5600

0210

0000

DISK-4

JMP I BEG
DO ,

0000

Location

Instruction

Symbolic

0211

6766

0212

3621

DTXA DTCA
DCLA IVVC

0213

6771

DTSF

0214

5213

JMP .—1

0215

5610

JAAPI DC)

0216

0600

0217

7577

0220

7755

0221

7754

0222

0220

ANVB,
AA201,
CA”
VVC,
RF,

0600
-201
7755

7754
0220

After toggling in one of the above bootstrap routines, set the SR to 0200
and depress LOAD ADDress and START.

dot (

Monitor should respond with a

) after it has been brought into core.

O
I—-

2‘
O
E
a:

22
a

DISK-5

DISK SYSTEM PROGRAM LIBRARY

The Disk System Program

PURPOSE

Library is a collection of programs in an open

ended Monitor Librarian which allows For easy additions and deletions.

The standard package of programs includes an Editor, DDT, Assembler,

FORTRAN, Peripheral Interchange Program (PIP), and a Loader.

The

above programs are device independent and may use the disk For source

Files, binary output, symbol table space, and overlay.

The system is

File structured and hardware independent via the System Builder program.

See DEC-D8-SDAB-D For specific storage requirements.

STORAGE

REQUIREMENTS

The Disk System Programs are loaded using the Monitor.

See DEC- D8-

SDAB-D For details.

DISK LIBRARY

The library system includes the following programs.

See DEC-D8-

SDAB-D For complete details.

DDT-D

is the standard DDT-8 but is overlayed to appear to be only two pages

long, and it has three breakpoints.
EDITOR- D

is a device independent version of the Symbolic
to be edited

tion

PAL-D

using disk, high-speed reader, or Teletype in any combina-

is a device independent version of the MACRO-8 Assembler (without
macros

and floating-pointpseudo-ops) which allows storage For over

I000 symbols
FORTRAN-D

is a device independent version of 4K

load-and-go operation
PIP

Editor, allowing sources

FORTRAN, and is capable of

is a general utility program; it relieves the programmer of tape copying

tasks.

It includes directory list and delete Functions.

LOADER

is a transparent, device independent version of the BIN Loader.

SAVE/CALL

are

Monitor commands which allow the user to save and retrieve, on a

page basis, segments of core.

DISK

SECTION 5
SYSTEM DEMONSTRATIONS

SYSTEM

DEMONSTRATIONSTI

The demonstration programs convert the decimal numbers 20 through 30 into octal and type

the octal numbers on the Teletype printer.

These runnable programs demonstrate the ease with which

DEC's system, utility, and service programs can be used.

Each major step involved in writing,

loading,

assembling, compiling, and executing the programs is explained; For most- operations, the reader is reFerred to the appropriate Flowchart in Section 2.

The machine configuration being used is a 4K PDP-8 computer, an ASR33 Teletype, and a

high-speed paper tape reader/punch.
A 4K FORTRAN PROGRAM This 4K FORTRAN program calls a PAL III subprogram to convert the

CALLING A PAL III
SUBPROGRAM

decimal numbers 20 through 30 into octal and to type the octal numbers
on

the Teletype printer.

All tape input is through the high-speed reader, and all tape output is From
the high—speed punch.

The Teletype keyboard is used to issue on—line com-

mands and write the programs using the Editor program.

The Teletype

printer provides hard copy of all typed input, symbol tables, diagnostics,
memory map, program listings, and program results.

Initialize (Section l, Initializing the System)

To Use the System

Load RIM Loader (using high-speed reader version) (Figure RIM-I)
Load BIN Loader (Figure BIN-l)

Load Editor (Figure BIN-2)

To Generate Source

Program Ta Bes

Start Editor at location 0200

Command Editor to append incoming text to text buffer; type source program.
E
4

COLD

THE

TYPE

DECIMAL

NUMBERS

FROM

OCTAL

E
g
(I)

D1 MENSI 0N

TOCTC9 ) ,

NUM(1)“"""'Reserve I location for number.

38M???

I :29 ’ 3%

Reserve 27 locations (3 x 9) for the subprogram TOCT

PAUSE

39423 t

Pause number

TYPE

503

CONTINUE

603

FORMAT(/)

396710—27]0=3940]0

(396710‘75778)

STOP
END

DEMO-l

Output is on the high-speed punch

(Figure EDIT-2)
Generate leader tape
Command Editor to punch entire text buffer;

depress CONT
Insert FORM FEED character onto tape

Generate trailer tape
Remove punched tape From HSP and write some

identification on its leader tape, e.g. ,

FORTRAN Source, 6/19/68.
Restart Editor at location Ol76 to clear
text buffer

Command Editor to append incoming text
to text buffer;

type source program

/ASSEMBLY

PROGRAM

NUM:

TOCT:

TAD

LOOP:

TYPE

OCTAL

NUMBER

Compute this address by subtracting the number

*7543

of words reserved in the DIMENSION stateNUM

CLL

RAL

DCA

TEM

TAD

DCA

INDX

TAD

TEM

RTL

ment above from 7577

2710+ t

2810: 348

75778 348 75438
-

RAL
DCA

TEM

TAD

TEM

AND

TAD

C26@

TSF
JMP

o-l

TLS
CLA
ISZ

INDX

JMP

LOOP

JMP

TEM:

INDX:

M4:

-4

C7:

C260:

26%

TOCT

Type CTRL/FORM to return to command mode
Output is on the high-speed punch (Figure EDIT-2)
Generate leader tape

Command Editor to punch entire text buffer;

depress CONT
Insert FORM FEED character onto tape

Generate trailer tape
Remove punched tape from HSP and write identification on leader tape, e.g. , PAL III Source, 6/]9/68.

DEMO—2

Load PAL 111 (Figure BIN-2)

To Generate PAL III

Obiect Program Tape

Perform Pass I of assembly (Figure PAL-2)
Note error diagnostics, it' any.

C260

7574

7573

INDX

7571

LOOP

7552

7572

NUM

7543

TEM

7570

TOCT

7544

Symbol table is typed on printer.

Perform Pass 2 of assembly (Figure PAL-2)
PAL III object tape is punched on the high-

speed punch
Perform Pass 3 of assembly to get the program

listing
/ASSEMBLY

PROGRAM

TYPE

(Figure PAL-2)

OCTAL

NUMBER

*7543

7543

0000

NUM:

7544

0000

TOCT:

NUM

7545

1343

TAD

7546

7104

CLL

RAL

7547

3370

DCA

TEM
M4

7550

1372

TAD

7551

3371

DCA

INDX

7552

1370

TAD

TEM

7553

7006

7554

7004

RAL

7555

3370

DCA

TEM

7556

1370

TAD

TEM

LOOP:

RTL

7557

0373

AND

7560

1374

TAD

C260

7561

6041

TSF

7562

5361

JMP

7563

6046

TLS

7564

7200

CLA

7565

2371

ISZ

INDX

7566

5352

JMP

LOOP

7567

5744

JMP

7570

0000

TEM:

7571

0000

INDX;

7572

7774

M4:

-4

7573

0007

C7:

7574

0260

C260)

260

C260

The program listing is
typed on the printer.

o-l

TOCT

SYSTEM

7574

7573

INDX

7571

LOOP

7552

7572

NUM

7543

The symbol table concludes
the program listing
.

TEM

7570

TOCT

7544

DEMO-3

To Com ile the

FORTRAN Obiect Tape

Load 4K FORTRAN Compiler (Figure BIN-2)

Compile the 4K FORTRAN obiect program
using the high-speed reader/punch
(Figure 4K FORTRAN-I)
Load Symbolprint (Figure BIN-2)

7576

I
MUN

52$6

7575
7575

Execute Symbolprint to get memory map

(Figure 4K FORTRAN-2)
Lower and upper limits of the program

To Execute the Program

Load PAL III subprogram (Figure BIN-2)
Load 4K FORTRAN Operating System

(Figure BIN-2)
Load compiled 4K FORTRAN program
(Figure 4K FORTRAN-3)
@024
@025
@026

Execute the stored 4K FORTRAN and PAL III
programs

(Figure 4K FORTRAN-4)

@027

@030
@031
@032

@833
0Q34
@035
@036

The program results are typed on the printer.

The I (exclamation point) indicates that the
Operating System has come to the END of
the 4K FORTRAN program.

A FOCAL PROGRAM CALLING A PAL III SUBPROGRAM

This is a demonstration of a FOCAL program calling an assembled PAL III subprogram to covvert the decimal numbers 20 through 30 into octal and to type

the octal numbers on the Teletype printer.

A thorough knowledge of PAL III and FOCAL are required for this program.

All tape input is through the low-speed reader, and all tape output is from the low-speed

punch. The Teletype keyboard is used to write the PAL III subprogram, to issue on-line
the Editor program, and to communicate with FOCAL.

As in the previous demonstration program, the

Teletype printer provides hard copy of all input and output.

DEMO

commands to

To Use the

Initialize (Section I, Initializing the

sttem

System)
Load RIM Loader (using low-speed reader

version) (Figure RIM-l)
Load BIN Loader (Figure BIN-l)
To Generate PAL III

Load Editor (Figure BIN-2)

Source Tape

Start Editor at location 0200

Command Editor to append incoming text
to text buffer.

Type the source program.

*410

/FOR

ONLY

1969

FOCAL,

XFNE W

*4550

JMS

XFNEW:

LOOP:

TAD

FLAC

CLL

RAL

DCA

TEM

TAD

DCA

INDX

TAD

TEM

INTEGER

/GET

INTEGER

/AND

BRING

/INITIALIZE

PART

INTO

FLOATING

COUNTER

RTL

RAL

DCA

TEM

TAD

TEM

AND

TAD

0260

JMS

ISZ

INDX

JMP

LOOP

JMP

OUTDEV

EFUN

/CALL

FOCAL'S

/RETURN

TYPE

MAIN

ROUTINE

PROGRAM

TEM:

C7)
INDX:
M4:

®~4®
I

INTEGER=5 3

OUTDEV=63
'

EFUN3I=13 6
FLAC=44
C260=113
*35

BOTTOM:

4550 -1

/SHORTEN

DEMO

TEXT

BUFFER

FOR

FNEW

SYSTEM

Line 4 is listed
4L

JMS

XFNEW,

INTEGER

PART

INTEGER

/GET

FLOATING

The extra tab character is removed
4C

XFNEw,

JMS

INTEGER

/GET

PART

INTEGER

FLOATING

Type CTRL/FORM to return to Command
Nbde

Punch source tape on low-speed punch

(Figure EDIT-2)
T

Generate leader tape

Command Editor to punch entire text buffer;
*410

/FOR

FOCAL;

1969

ONLY

XFNEW

*4550
XFNEW:

LOOP,

JMS

TAD

FLAC

INTEGER

CLL

RAL

DCA

TEM

TAD

DCA

INDX

TAD

TEM

/GET

INTEGER

/AND

BRING

PART

INTO

/INITIALIZE

FLOATING

COUNTER

RTL
RAL
DCA

TEM

TAD

TEM

AND

TAD

0260

JMS

ISZ

INDX

JMP

LOOP

JMP

OUTDEV

EFUN

/CALL

FOCAL'S

/RETURN

TYPE

MAIN

ROUTINE

PROGRAM

TEM,

C7,

INDX:

M4,

—4

INTEGER=53

OUTDEV=63
EFUN31=136

FLAC=44
C260=113
*35

BOTTOM,

4550-1

/SHORTEN

TEXT

BUFFER

FOR

FNEW

Generate trailer tape
Remove punched tape from LSP and write some

identification on its leader tape, e.g., PAL III
Source Tape, 6/19/58.

DEMO

Load PAL III Assembler (Figure BIN-l)

To Assemble and Generate

PAL III Obiect Tape

Perform Pass 1 of assembly

(Figure PAL-I)

Note error diagnostics, if any

BOTTOM

0035

C260

0113

4572

EFUNSI

0136

FLAC

0044

332:6];

33;;

LOOP

4556

4574

OUTDEV

0063

TEM

4571

XFNEW

4550

Symbol Table is typed on printer

Perform Pass 2 of assembly

BD% (E < S +2990 98899 : $3 ; +

? <@% '

—

(Figure PAL-I)

Disregard meaningless characters typed
Note error diagnostics, if any

Perform Pass 3 of assembly (Figure PAL-l)
0410

*410

4550

/FOR

ONLY

1969

FOCAL,

XFNEW

*4550
INTEGER

/GET

INTEGER

/AND

BRING

JMS

1045

TAD

FLAC

4552

7104

CLL

RAL

4553

3371

DCA'TEM

4550

4453

4551

XFNEW,

4554

1374

TAD

4555

3373

DCA

INDX

TAD

TEM

4556

1371

4557

7006

RTL

LOOP;

/INITIALIZE

4560

7004

RAL

4561

3371

DCA

TEM

4562

1371

TAD

TEM

4563

0372

AND

4564

1113

TAD

C260

4565

4463

JMS

4566

2373

152

INDX

4567

5356

JMP

LOOP

4570

5536

JMP

OUTDEV

/CALL

FLOATING

COUNTER

FOCAL'S

/RETURN

EFUN3I

PART

INTO

TYPE

MAIN

ROUTINE

PROGRAM

4571

0000

TEM,

4572

0007

C7,

4573

0000

INDX,

4574

7774

M4,

-4

INTEGER=53
OUTDEV=63
EFUN3I=136
FLAC=44

C260=113
*35

0035

4547

BOTTOM,

/SHORTEN

4550-1

DEMO

TEXT

BUFFER

FOR

FNEw

BOTTOM

@035

C260

0113

4572

EFUNBI

@136

FLAC

@044

INDX

4573

INTEGE

@053

LOOP

4556

4574

OUTDEV

@063

TEM

4571

XFNEW

4550

Symbol Table concludes the program
listing

To Execute the Programs

Load FOCAL (Figure BIN-2)
Start FOCAL at location 0200 and reply
to

Initial

Dialogue

CONGRATULATIONSII
YOU

HAVE

SHALL

RETAIN

PROCEED

SUCCESSFULLY

LOG:

LOADED

EXP:

'FOCAL:

ATN?:

1969'

PDP-8

COMPUTER.

YES

Load PAL III Obiect Program tape

(Figure BIN-2)
*

*mg

Restart FOCAL at location 0200 and type

the FOCAL program
(?00.00 denotes a manual restart)

.gg
TYPE

THE

*1.10

“.20

*1.3@

FOR

1:20:

*2.l@

SET

A=FNEW

*2.20

TYPE

DECIMAL
3G;

NUMBERS

THRU

OCTAL

2.@

(I)

*GO
@fl24

0025

33:7
M30

0031

Execute the FOCAL program and it will call

the PAL III subprogram to type the results
on the
printer

@GGZ
@Q33
@O34

0035
@O36
*

DEMO

A FOCAL PROGRAM

This program demonstrates the ease and convenience of FOCAL.

In three lines of programming,

FOCAL alone converts the decimal numbers 20 through 30 into octal and types them on the Teletype

printer. The other line, line I .I, is used to title the columns of typed numbers.
FOCAL is loaded into core memory using the high-speed reader.

FOCAL is through the Teletype keyboard

Communication with

The Teletype printer, as before, provides hard copy of all

typed input and output.

Initialize (Section I, Initializing the System)

To Use the System

Load HELP Loader (Figures HELP-I and 2)
Load FOCAL (Figure BIN-2)

Start FOCAL at location 0200 and reply to

To Activate FOCAL For Use

Initial

Dialogue

CONGRATULATIONSII
SUCCESSFULLY

HAVE

YOU

SHALL

LOG:

RETAIN

LOADED

EXP,

'FOCAL:

ATN?:

1969'

PDP-8

COMPUTER.

YES

PROCEED.

Type the FOCAL program

FOCAL

Usin
*

*glogg

TYPE

*QI-IG

FOR

"NUMBER)DECIMAL
N=2@:303

NUMBER500TAL")!
TYPE

",P,!

%3:N:"

*02.1@

P=03

*02.2@

J=O:45

M=N

A=8t(4-J)3

D=FITR(M/A55

M=M-D*A3S

P=P+D*101(4-J)

*GO

NUMBER’DEC IMAL

NUMBER’OCTAL

Execute the FOCAL program

DEMO

mung—02m“?
APPENDICES

APPENDIX A
USASCII CHARACTER SET*

8-Bit

6-Bit

Character

Octal

30]

302

6-Bit

Octal

241

242

303

02
03

43
44
45

304

243
244

305

245

306

246

307

(
)

247
250

25l

310

3] l

l l

252

253
254

312
3l3
314

315

3l6

3l7
320
321

20
2]

;

Q
R

S
T
U

V
W
X
Y
Z

0
l

3
4
5
6

7
8
9

8-Bit

Character

322
323
324
325
326
327
330
33l
332
260
26]
262
263
264
265
266
267
270
271

,
-

23
24
25
26
27
30
3]
32

74
75

277

300

C
\

333

334
335
336

34
35
36

337
200
2i2

Line Feed
RETURN

Space
RU BO UT

Blank
ALT MODE (ESC)
CT RL

274
275

Leader/Trai ler

57'

272
273

276

64
65

256
257

255

215
240

377
000
375
2nn**

An abbreviation for USA Standard Code for Information Interchange.

M'The CTRL (Control) key is used in coniunction with certain alphabetic characters. When used, the
8-bit octal representation is 100 less than the normal octal representation For the alphabetic character, e.g., CTRl/L=214, where L is normally 3T4.

A-l

APPENDIX B

GLOSSARY OF
The Following list of computer/programming terms is by no means complete.

TERMSJ

However, it

does include many of the terms used in data processing.

Words underlined are defined elsewhere in this glossary.

Absolute

Address

(I) An address that is permanently assigned by the machine designer to a
storage location. (2) A pattern of characters that identifies a unique storage
location without further modification.

Accumulator

A register in which the result of an operation is formed; Abbreviation:

Acronym

A word formed From the First letter or letters of the successive words of a

multiple word term.
Accuracy

The degree of Freedom From error, i.e. , the degree oF conformity to truth
to a rule.

Address

A label, name, or number which designates a register or a location where
information is stored. That part of an instruction which specifies the location
of an operand.

Address

A register in which an address is stored.

Algorithm

A prescribed set of well—defined rules or processes for the solution of a

problem in a Finite number of steps.

Alphabet

An ordered set of unique representations called characters, e.g. , the 26

letters of the Roman alphabet.

Alphanumeric

Pertaining to a character set that contains both letters and numerals, and

usually other characters
Arithmetic Unit

The component of a computer where arithmetic and logical operations are

performed.
ASCII

An abbreviation for USA Standard Code For Information Interchange.

Assemble

To translate From a symbolic (source) program to a machine language (obiect)
program by substituting binary operation codes for symbolic operation codes
and absolute or relocatable addresses for symbolic addresses.

Assembler

A program that assembles.

Auto -Indexing

When an absolute location OOIO through 00I7 is addressed indirectly, the
content of that location is incremented by one, rewritten in that same location, and then read as the effective address of the next instruction.

Auxiliary
Operation

An operation performed by equipment not under direct control of the computer.

Auxi l iary

Storage that supplements the primary storage.

Off-line operation.

Storage

3-]

Binary

(l) Pertaining to a characteristic or property involving a selection, choice,
condition in which there are two possibilities. (2) Pertaining to the

numeration system with a radix of two.

Binary Digit

One of the symbols 1

Aflitjn the binary scale of notation; called

chit:
Bit

Blank Character

A character used to produce a space on an output device.

Block

A set of things, such as words,

Bootstrap

binary digit.
characters, or digits, handled as a unit.

A technique or device designed to bring itself into a desired state by means

of its own action, e.g. , a routine whose first few instructions are sufficient
to bring the rest of itself into the computer from an

Branch

input device.

A point in a routine where one of two or more choices is made under control
of the routine, i.e. , a conditional transfer (jump).

Buffer Storage

A part of core memory where information is stored temporarily during transfer;

computation and the I/O device, thus permitting simultaneous computation and input/output.
it may attempt to match the speeds of internal

Byte

A group of binary digits usually operated upon as a unit, e.g. , 8—bit or

6-bit byte.
Call

To transfer control to a specified routine.

Calling
Sequence

A specified set of instructions and data necessary to set up and call a given

Carriage Return

The Teletype operation that causes the next character to be printed at the
left margin.

Central Processing

The unit of a computing system that includes the circuits controlling the interpretation and execution of instructions; the computer proper, excluding

Unit

routine.

I/O and other peripheral devices.
numeral, or space mark used to represent information.

Character

A single letter,

Clear

To erase the contents of a storage location by replacing the contents with

blanks or zeros
Closed
Subroutine

A subroutine not stored in the main part of a program.

Such a subroutine is

entered by a iump operation and provision is made to return control to the
main routine at the end of the subroutine.

Coding

To write instructions for a computer using symbols meaningful to the computer.

Command

A control signal, usually written as a character or group of characters, to
direct action by a system program.
To produce a machine

Compile

language routine from a routine written in source
selecting
appropriate subroutines from a subroutine library, as
language by
directed by the instructions or other symbols of the original routine, supplying
the linkage which combines the subroutines into a workable routine and
translating the subroutines and linkage into machine language.

Compiler

A program that compiles.

Complement

To form the negative of a binary word by replacing all 0 bits with 1 bits
and vice versa.

Computer

A device capable of accepting

information, processing it, and providing the

results in a usable form.

Computer Program

A plan or routine for solving a problem on a computer.

Computer Word

A sequence of 12 bits treated as a unit and capable of being stored in one

computer location.
Console

Usually the external front side of a device where controls and indicators are
available for manual operation of the device.

Control

A character whose occurrence in a particular context initiates, modifies, or

Character

stops a control operation, e.g.

character to control carriage return.

Control Panel

The part of a device console that contains manual controls.

Convert

To change the representation of data from one form to another.

COPY

To reproduce data,

Core Memory

The main storage device in the PDP-8 in which binary data is represented by
the direction of magnetization in each unit of an array of magnetic material.

Cycle

To repeat a set of operations until a stated condition is met.

Cycle Time

An interval of time in which one set of events is completed.

Data

A general term used to denote any or all facts,

leaving the original data unchanged.

numbers, letters, and symbols.

It connotes basic elements of information which can be processed or produced

by a computer.
Data Break

A facility which permits I/O transfers to occur simultaneously with program
execution on a cycle-stealing basis.

locate, and correct mistakes in a program.

Debug

To detect,

Decision

A determination of future action.

Delay

The amount of time by which an event is retarded.

Del imiter

A character that separates and organizes items of data.

Diagnostic

Pertaining to the detection and isolation of a malfunction or mistake.

Digit

A character used to represent one of the non-negative integers smaller than

the radix, e.g. , in binary notation, either 0 or i.

Digital Computer

A device that operates on discrete data,
and logical operations on

this

performing sequences of arithmetic

data.

Direct Address

An address that specifies the location of an operand.

Display

A visual presentation of data.

Document

A medium on which information is recorded for human or machine use.

Double Precision

Pertaining to the use of two computerm to represent a number.

Downtime

The time interval during which a device is inoperative.

Dummy

An artificial address, instruction, or record of information inserted solely to
fulfill prescribed conditions.

Dump

To copy the contents of all or part of core memory, usually onto an external

storage medium

B—3

Dynamic Dump

A dump that is performed during the execution of a program.

Edit

To rearrange information for machine input or output.

Effective Address

The address actually used in a particular execution of a computer instruction.

End—Around Carry

The action of adding the most significant bit of a binary number to the least

significant bit.
Execute

To carry out an instruction or run a program on the computer.

Executive Routine

A routine that controls or monitors the execution of other routines.

External Storage

A facility or device, not an integral part of the computer, on which data

usable by the computer is stored, such as paper tape,
File
Fixed Point

A collection of related records treated as a unit.
In a numeration system the position of the radix point is fixed with respect to
one

Flip—Flop
Floating Point

DECtape, or DECdiskr.

end of the numerals, according to some convention.

A basic computer circuit or device capable of assuming either one of two
stable states at a given time.
A numeration system in which the position of the radix point is indicated by

part (the exponent part), the other part represents the significant digits
(the fractional part).

one

Flowchart

A graphical representation of the sequence of instructions required to carry
out a data

processing operation.

Format

The arrangement ofgg_t_a_.

Function

A specific purpose of an entity or its characteristic action.

Hardware

Physical equipment, e.g.

Head

A device that reads, records, or erases data on a storage device.

Heuristic

Pertaining to exploratory methods of problem solving.

I/O

Input or output or both.

Identifier

A symbol whose purpose is to identify, indicate, or name a body of data.

Indirect Address

mechanical, electrical, or electronic devices.

An address in a computer instruction which indicates a location where the
address of the referenced operand is to be found.

Initialize

To set counters, switches, and addresses to zero or other starting values at
the beginning of, or at prescribed points in, a computer routine.

Input

The transferring of data from auxiliary or external storage into the internal

storage of the computer.
Instruction

A set of bits (in an object program) or characters (in a source program) which
as a

Internal Storage

unit cause the computer to perform an operation.

The storage facilities forming an integral physical part of the computer and

directly controlled by the computer.

Also called main memory and core

memory.

Interrupt

To stop a process in such a way that it can be resumed.

Jump

A departure from the normal sequence of executing instructions in a computer.

3-4

Label

An identifier.

Language

A set of representations, conventions, and rules used to convey information.

Leader

The blank section of tape at the beginning of the tape.

Least Significant

The rightmost digit of a binary number.

Digit

Library

An organized collection of standard and proven routines and subroutines which
can

be incorporated in larger routines.

Library Routine

A proven routine that is maintained in a program

Load

To place data into internal storage.

Location

library.

A place in storage or memory where a unit of data or an instruction may be

stored.

Loop

A sequence of instructions that is executed repeatedly until a terminal
dition prevails.

Machine
Instruction

An instruction written in machine language.

Machine

A language designed for interpretation and use by the machine without

Language
Macro
Instruction

translation.
An instruction in a source

language that is equivalent to a specified sequence

of machine instructions.

Manual Input

The entry of data by hand into a device at the time of processing.

Manual Operation

The processing of data in a system by direct manual techniques.

Memory

con-

(I) The erasable storage in the computer. (2) Pertaining to a device in which
data can be stored and from which it can be retrieved.

No Op

An instruction that specifically instructs the computer to do nothing, except
to proceed to the next instruction in sequence.

Obiect Program
Octal

The machine language program which is the output after translation from the
The binary program which runs on the computer.
source language.

(I) Pertaining to a characteristic or property involving a selection, choice,
condition in which there are eight possibilities. (2) Pertaining to the
numeration system with a radix of eight.

Off Line
On Line

Pertaining to equipment or devices not under direct control of the computer.
Pertaining to equipment or devices under direct control of the computer; also
operating directly and immediately to user commands, e.g.

to programs

FOCAL and DDT.

Open Subroutine

A subroutine that must be relocated and inserted into a routine at each place
it is used.

Operand

That which is effected, manipulated, or operated upon.

Origin

The absolute address of the beginning of a program.

Output

Information transferred from the internal storage of a computer to output devices or external storage.

B-5

Overflow

The generation of a quantity beyond the capacity of a register.

Page

PDP-8/I, a unit of 200 (octal) locations which may be addressed
directly.

Patch

To modify a routine in a rough or expedient way.

Predefined

A named process consisting of one or more operations or program steps that

Process

In the

are

specified elsewhere in a routine.

Procedure

The course of action taken for the solution of a problem.

Processor

A computer program that includes the compiling, assembling,
and re ated functions for a specific programming

Program

translating,

language.

The complete sequence of instructions and routines necessary to solve a

problem

Program Library

A collection of available computer programs and routines.

Programming
Language

A language used to prepare computer programs.

Protected

A storage location reserved for special purposes in which data cannot be
stored without undergoing a screening procedure to establish suitability for

Location

storage therein.
Punched

A paper tape on which a pattern of holes is used to represent data.

Paper Tape
Pushdown List

A list that is constructed and maintained so that the next item to be retrieved
is the most recently stored item‘ in the

Radix

list, i.e.

last in, first out.

The quantity of characters for use in each of the digital positions of a num-

bering system.
Read

To transfer information from an
to the

Real Time

input device to internal storage; also refers

internal acquisition of data from memory.

Pertaining to computation performed while the related physical process is
taking place so that results of the computation can be used in guiding the

physical process.
Record

A collection of related items offl treated as a unit.

A device capable of storing a specified amount of data, such as one word.

Reset

To restore a storage device to a prescribed state.

Restart

To reestablish the execution of a program.

Routine

A set of instructions arranged in proper sequence to cause the computer to

perform a desired task

Run

A single, continuous performance of a program.

Scan

To examine sequentially part by part.

To examine a set of items for those that have a desired property.

Set

To place a storage device into a specified state.

Single Step

Operation of the computer in which each instruction is performed in response
operation.

to a single manual

B-6

ignore one or more instructions in a sequence of instructions.

Skip

Software

The collection of programs and routines associated with the computer.

Source Language

A symbolic

Source Program

A program written in a symbolic

Statement

A meaningful expression or generalized instruction in a source

Step

One operation in a routine.

Storage

The assignment of blocks of data to specified blocks of storage.

language that is an input to a given translation process.
(source) language.

language.

Allocation

Storage Capacity
Storage Device

The amount of data that can be contained in a storage device.
A device into which data can be entered, in which it can be held, and from

which it can be retrieved.
Store

To enter_d__a_t_'_a_into a storage device.

String

A connected sequence of entities such as characters in a command string.

Subroutine

A routine that can be part of another routine.

Switch

A device or programming technique for making selections.

Symbolic Address

An address expressed in symbols convenient to the programmer.

Symbolic Coding

Writing

Ai‘lbil-

instructions using symbolic notation instead of actual machine

instruction notation.

System

An assembly of software and hardware united to form an organized whole.

Tape Drive

A device that moves tape past a head.

Temporary Storage

Storage locations reserved for intermediate results.

Terminal

A point in a system at which data can either enter or leave.

Time Sharing

The interleaving of the time of a device.

Toggle

Pertaining to the operation of a flip—flop or switch.

Translate

To convert from one language to another.

Underflow

The condition that arises when a computation yields a result whose magnitude
is smaller than the system is capable of representing.

Variable

A quantity that can assume any of a given set of values.

Word

A 12-bit unit of data in the PDP-8/I which may be stored in one addressable

location.
Word Length

The number of bits in a word.

Write

To' transfer information from internal storage to an output device or to

auxiliary storage.

B-7

APPENDIX C
OFF-LINE TAPE PREPARATION AND

EDITINGW

In order 1'0 run a program on the computer, instructions and data must first be fed into the

computer from the input device.
The program and data could be typed into the computer on-line.
is valuable, and hunt-and-peck typing on—line can be an expensive process.

However, computer time
For this reason, it may

be desirable to prepare the program and data off—line, that is, to punch the program and data onto paper

tape using a separate machine, one not actually connected to the computer.
The ASR33 Teletype can be used off-line to prepare source program tapes,

tapes, and to edit tapes previously punched in the ASCII format.

duplicate

(Tapes punched from the Teletype

keyboard are in ASCII format.)
When the Teletype power control switch is turned to LOCAL, the unit becomes an off-line

tape preparation facility.

Procedures for using the Teletype off-line are listed below.

The Teletype

controls are described in Section I, ASR33 Teletype, and are shOWn in Figure INTRO—2.

DU PLICATING TAPES

Turn TTY to LOCAL.

Set LSR to FREE.

Put original tape into LSR.

Depress LSP ON.

Depress HERE IS key to generate leader tape.

Set LSR to START.

After the original tape is read in, depress HERE IS key to generate trailer tape ._

Remove tapes from LSR and LSP.

(New tape is punched and data is typed on printer.)

PREPARING NEW PROGRAM TAPES

When preparing a program tape off—line, the user should observe the same conventions of
his programming language as when preparing a program on-line using Editor.

operating procedures for off-line tape preparation.
a.

Turn TTY to LOCAL.

Depress LSP ON.

Following are the manual

Depress HERE IS key to generate leader tape.
Type the source program, observing the conventions of the programming language
being used.

NOTE

The RETURN and LINE FEED keys must be depressed at
the end of each line.

Depressing the CTRL/TAB keys perforates the tab charthe tape, and the typewheel moves only one
to
the right. When the computer reads the
position
tab
character on output, it will cause the
punched
to
tab
(a tab is usually equal to I0 spaces).
typewheel

acter onto

After the source program is punched, depress HERE IS to generate trailer tape.

Remove the source program tape from LSP.

CORRECTING TYPING ERRORS

Typing errors can be corrected using the B. SP. button and the RUBOUT key. The B. SP.
button backspaces the tape one column for each depression‘of the button, and the RUBOUT key perforates all eight channels of the tape (this perforation is ignored by the computer).

EDITING

Punched tapes can be edited off-line.
tions on the tape,

However, the user must be able to read the perfora-

otherwise, off-line editing is virtually impossible.

Turn TTY to LOCAL.

Set LSR to FREE.

Put tape to be edited into LSR.

Depress LSP ON.

Depress HERE IS to generate leader tape.

Set LSR to START.

Observe the printer as the program is being typed, and

Set LSR to STOP a few characters ahead of the text to be edited.

Advance the tape one character at a time by toggling the LSR control from START to
STOP.

For Minor Edit:

Advance tape past the text to be edited and use the B. SP. and RUBOUT

keys to erase old text, then type and punch new text.

C-2

For Ma'lor Edit:

(l)

Set LSR to STOP one character ahead of the text to be edited

(2) Type new text.
(3) Depress LSP OFF.
(4)

Set LSR to START to advance tape past edited area

(printing but not

punching tape), then set LSR to STOP.
(5) Depress LSP ON.
(6)

Set LSR to START.

Repeat From step t until editing is completed

Set LSR to START.

After new source program tape is punched, depress HERE IS to generate trailer tape.

Remove old tape From LSR and discard .*
Remove new tape From LSP and save.

*It's good programming practiCe to list the new‘tape before discarding the old, ensuring that the new

tape is correct.

APPEN DIX D
SUMMARY OF PDP—8/I

Memory

DEC

Name

SUBROUTINES]

Cal ling Sequence*

Number

Locations

(Decimal)
Function Subroutines

Square Root
Single Precision

FMAA

2. Signed Multiply

FMBA

/Square in AC
JMS SQRT

/Mu|tip|ier in AC
JMS MULT

Single Precision

ADDRESS

/Call
/Return with root
44

/Call
/Address of multipli/cand
/Return. High order
product in AC; low
order in MP1

Signed Divide
Single Precision

FMCA
JMS DIVIDE
LOWD
DIVSOR

/High dividend in AC
/Call
/Low dividend

/Divisor
/Return quotient in AC;
remainder in HDIVND

Signed Multiply

FM DA

JMS DMUL

Double Precision

HORDMD
HORDMR

/AC ignored
/Call
/Address of high order
multiplicand
/Address of high order
multiplier
/Return high order product in

125

AC.

Remainder of product
in

/Address of high order

FM EA

Signed Divide

B, C, D.
105

dividend in AC

Double Precision

JMS DUBDIV /Call
HORDDR

/Address of high order
divisor

/Return. High order quotient in AC; low order
quotient in DIVND4.
High and low remainder
in DIVND i and DIVND2

*All of the calling sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and
that there are no overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the
data and indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate
program write-up

D-l

Name

Memory

DEC

Cal ling Sequence*

Number

Locations

(Decimal)
Function Subroutines (Cont)

6. Sine Routine

FMFA

Double Precision

/AC 0000
/Call
/Address of high order

248

JMS DSIN
ADDRESS

word

(+ double
precision
mu

/Return. AC

l ti ply)

01: 0

Answer in ADDRESS
and ADDRESS + 1

7. Cosine Routine

FMGA

Double Precision

/AC 0000
/Call
/Address of high order
=

JMS DCOS

ADDRESS

word

sine and

/Return. AC

8. Four-Word Floating

FMHA

Signed Multip|y(EAE)

double

Answer in ADDRESS

precision

and ADDRESS + 1

multiply)
1041

/Mu|tiplier in AC
JMS MU LT
ADDRESS

Signed Divide (EAE)
Single Precision

01: 0

See Floating Point System Program-

8—21-F

Single Precision

10.

ming Manual, Digital-8-5-S

Point Package

(+ double
precision

/Call
/Address ofmultiplicand
/Return. Most significant product in AC;
least significant in MP1

/High dividend in AC

8-22-F
JMS SPDIV
LOWD
'DIVSOR

/Call
/Low dividend
/Divisor
/Return. Quotient in
AC; remainder in
DVD.

11.

Signed Multiply (EAE) 8-23-F
Double Precision

JMS DMUL

HORDMD
HORDMR

/AC ignored
/Call
/Address of high order
multiplicand
/Address of high order
multiplier
/Return high order pro-

104

duct in AC; remainder
in B,

C, and D.

*All of the calling sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and that
there are no overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the data and
indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate program writeup.

Memory

DEC

Name

Number

Calling Sequence"

Locations

(Decimal)
Function Subroutines (Cont)

12. EAE Floating Point

8-25-F

See Floating Point System Program—

See 8-5-S

ing Manual, Digital—8-5-S

Package

Utility Programs
Punch Programs
1. RIM Punch

PMPO

2. BIN Punch

8-5—U

Binary tape (see write-up)
Binary tape (see write-up)

ASR33
75A
Processor Programs
1.

FMIA

Logical Subroutines
Inclusive OR

JMS INCOR

ADDRES

/One argument in AC
/Call
/Address of second

argument
-

Exclusive OR

JMS EXCOR

ADDRES

/Return
/One argument in AC
/Ca||
/Address of second

argument

2. Arithmetic Shift

FMJA

(General Calling Sequence)
-

/Negative number of
shifts in AC

JMS**
ADDRES
—

/Call
/Address to be shifted
/Return with shifted
number in AC

Shift Left, Single Prec.

**SPSL

Shift'Right,Si.ngle Prec.

**SPSR

**DPSL (Least significant part in LSH)

Shift Left, Double Prec.

**DPSR (Least significant part in LSH)

Shift Right,Double Prec.

Logical Shift

FMKA

Shift Right,$ingle Prec.

**LSRSP

Shift Right, Double

**LSRDP (Least significant part in

Prec.

LESTSG)

(Left Shift Logical;
identical to left shift

arithmetic)
*All of the calling sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and that
there are no overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the data and
indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate program writeup.

D-3

Name

Memory

DEC

Calling Sequence*

Number

Locations

(DeCImal)

Utility Programs (Cont)
4. EAE Instruction
Set Simulator

BCD
l.

8-l7-U

Binary Conversion

BCD-to-Binary

8-lO-U

BCD-to-Binary

/BCD number in AC

JMS DCDBIN /Call

Conversion

(See write—up)

8-ll-U

Conversion

Binary-to-BCD

8-l4-U

JMS BCD
-

Binary-to-BCD

8-l5-U

/Binary number in AC

/Call
/BCD number in AC
/AC contains binary

number

Conversion

(Used primarily for writing

/Call
/Return.

JMS BCD

mag tape in BCD Format)

BCD number

in ONE and TWO

Teletype Message SubRoutines

Alphanumeric

8-l8-U

/AC ignored

JMS MESAGE/Call

Message

/First two characters of

message

)
)
)
)

/Remaining characters
"XX" represents the last

character
XXOO
-

2. Teletype Output

Package
Type One Character

8-l9-U

/ End of message code
/Return

Return is to location following "call"

0000
-

(/AC 0-5
(/AC 6-H

00
=

trimmed

code

JMS TYPE

Type Two Characters

/Call

JMS TY2

/AC 0-5 lst character
/AC 6-H =2ncl character
/Call

JMS TDIG

/AC 8-ll
/Call

Type (:1 Digit

digit

*All of the calling sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and that
there are no overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the data and
indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate program writeup.

Memory

DEC

Name

Calling Sequence*

Number

Locations
.

(DeCImal)

Utility Programs (Cont)
'

Type a Space

JMS TYSP

/Call

Type a CR and LF

JMS TYCR

/Call

Type a Tab

JMS TYTB

/Call

3. Character String

8-20-U

Typeout

/AC initial address
/Call of string
/Return. AC clear

/AC contains numbers
/Cal|
/Return. AC clear

/AC contains number
/Call
/Return. AC clear

/AC ignored

—

JMS TYPSTG
-

Decimal Print Subroutines
l.

Unsigned Decimal
Print, Single Prec.

8-22-U

JMS DECPRT
-

2. Signed Decimal
Print, Single Prec.

8—23-U

JMS SSPRNT
—

3. Unsigned Decimal
Print, Double Prec.

8-24-U

—

JMS UDPRNT /Cal|

/Address of high order

ADRESS

word

/Return.

—

4. Signed Decimal
Print, Double Prec.

8-25-U

AC clear

/AC ignored
/Ca|l
/Address of high order

JMS SDPRNT

ADRESS

word

/Return.

AC clear

Decimal Input Routines
i. Decimal to Binary Input. Signed or Un-

8-28—U

/AC ignored

JMS SICONV/Call

signed, Single Prec.

/Return.

—

AC contains

number

2. Decimal to Binary In-

8—29—U

/AC ignored

JMS DICONV/Call
ADRESS
/Address for high order

Un-

put, Signed
signed, Double Prec.
or

word

/Return.

Miscellaneous

AC clear

‘

i. Octal Memory Dump

8-6-U

None

2. 'DECtape Library
System Loader

8-3-U

(See write—up)

*All of the calling sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and that
there are no overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the data and
indicators for overflow conditions, the user-is referred to the appropriate program write—
up.

Name

DEC

Number

Memory
Calling Sequence*

Locations
.

(Dec Ima I)

Utility Programs (Cont)
3. Incremental Plotter

8-12—U

(See write-up)

8—2l-U

(See write-up)

SUBO-D

(See write-up)

128

Subroutines
4.

Symbolic Tape Format

—

Generator

DECtape Subroutine

256

*All of the calling sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and that
there are no overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the data and
indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate program writeup.

READER’S COMMENTS

PAPER TAPE
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