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Digital Equipment Corporation
Maynard, Massachusetts

mflEflIEn

DEC-08-NGCB-D

SYSTEM. USER’S

GUIDE

FOR

PDP-S/I
PDP-B/L
AND

PDP—B

PDP—B/S
PUP—5

For additional copies order No. DEC—08-NGCB-D from Program

Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Mass.

DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION

Library, Digital
Price

$3 .00

MAYNARD, MASSACHUSETTS

Printed in U.S.A.

Ist Printing December 1966
2nd

Printing (Rev) August 1968

3rd Printing February 1969

4th Printing (Rev) March 1969
5th Printing May 1969

Your attention is invited to the last two pages of this manual.

The How To Obtain Revisions and Corrections offers you a means
of keeping up-to-date with DEC's software. The Reader's Comments Card, when filled in and returned, is beneficial to both
you and DEC.

Each card received is considered when document—

ing subsequent manuals, and where the comments imply or ask
for assistance, a knowledgeable DEC representative will contact
you.

Read-In Mode Loader

DEC-08- LRAA-D

Binary Loader

D EC- 08- LBAA- D

HELP Loader

D EC—08- LHAA- D

Symbolic Tape Editor
PAL III Symbolic Assembler

D EC- 08- ESAB- D

MACRO-8 Assembler
DDT-8
ODT-8

DEC—08-CMAA- D
D EC-08-C DAA- D
DEC—O8—COCO- D

FOCAL

DEC—08—AJAC-D
DEC—08-AFCO-D
DEC-08-A2A0-D
D EC—O8— LUAA-D
DEC-O8-SUBO-D
D EC-08- EUFA- D
D EC- D8-S DAA- D

FORTRAN (4K)
FORTRAN (8K)

TC01 Bootstrap Loader

DECtape Programming

TC01/TU55 DECtape Formatter
Disk Monitor System
PDP-8 Users Handbook
Small Computer Handbook

DEC-08—ASAC-D

F-85

C-800

The Following are registered trademarks of Digital

Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts:
DEC

PDP

F LIP CHIP

FOCAL

DIGITAL

COMPUTER LAB

CONTENTS

SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION

Console Switch Positioning
Introduction

How To Use The Guide

System and Utility Programs
Computer Console Switches and Indicators
Switches
Indicators

ASR33 Teletype
Power Controls
Printer

Keyboard
Paper Tape Reader
Paper Tape Punch

High-Speed Tape Reader and Punch Units
Reader Unit

Punch Unit

DECtape Control and Transport Units
Control Unit

Transport Unit

Initializing the System
Paper Tape Formats
Abbreviations
SECTION 2

SYSTEM PROGRAMS
Read—In Mode

(RIM) Loader

Purpose

Storage Requirements
Loading
Binary (BIN) Loader

Purpose
Storage Requirements

CONTENTS

Loading
HELP Loader

Purpose
Storage Requirements
Loading

Symbolic Tape Editor
Purpose

Storage Requirements
Loading

Operating Modes
Restart Procedures

Special Key Functions
Search Feature In Command Mode
Switch Register Options

Commands
Buffer Overflow

Diagnostics
PAL III Symbolic Assembler

Purpose
Storage Requirements
Loading

Output Control
Diagnochs
MACRO-8 Symbolic Assembler

Purpose
Storage Requirements
Loading

Symbol Table Modifications
Switch Register Options

Diagnostics
DDT-8

Purpose
Storage Requirements

(Cont)

CONTENTS

(Cont)

Restart Procedure

Editing Notes

Commands
Diagnostics
CDT-8

Purpose
Storage Requirements

Loading
Commands

Relocating the Breakpoint
Restrictions

Diagnostics
FOCAL

Purpose
Storage Requirements

Optional Equipment
Loading
Initial Dialogue
Commands

The Trace Feature
Control Characters

Summary of Functions
Arithmetic Operations

Overload Recovery

Loading Program Tapes
Estimating Length of User's Program

Calculating Trigonometric Functions
Diagnostics
FORTRAN

(4K)

Purpose
Storage Requirements
Loading

Symbolprint

CONTENTS (Cont)

Input/Output Control
DECtape I/O Statements Option
Dynamic Error Correction
Diagnostics
FORTRAN

(8K)

Purpose
Storage Requirements

Equipment Requirements
Loading
Diagnostics
SECTION 3
DECTAPE
TC01

Bootstrap Loader

Purpose
Storage Requirements
Required Equipment
Loading

DECtape Library System
Purpose
Storage Requirements

Equipment Requirement
Loading

Library System
SECTION 4
DISK MONITOR SYSTEM

Disk System Builder

Purpose
Storage Requirements

Equipment Requirements
Loading
Building a Monitor
System Modes

CONTENTS (Cont)

Disk System Bootstrap Loader

Purpose
Storage Requirements
Required Equipment

Loading
Disk System Program Library

Purpose
Storage Requirements
Loading
Disk Library
SECTION 5
SYSTEM DEMONSTRATIONS

System Demonstrations
A FORTRAN Program Calling a PAL III Subprogram
A FOCAL Program Calling a PAL III Subprogram
A FOCAL Program
APPENDIX A

ASCII CHARACTER SET
APPENDIX B
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
APPENDIX C

OFF-LINE TAPE PREPARATION AND EDITING
APPENDIX D

SUMMARY OF PDP—8/I SUBROUTINES
ILLUSTRATIONS
INTRO-I

PDP—8/I Computer Console

INTRO-2

ASR33 Teletype Console

INTRO—3

ASR33 Teletype Keyboard

INTRO-4

High-Speed Paper Tape Reader and Punch Units

INTRO-5

DECtape Transport Unit

RIM—I

Loading the RIM Loader

RIM-2

Checking the RIM Loader

BIN-i

Loading the BIN Loader

vii

ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont)

BIN-2

Loading a Binary Coded Object Tape Using BIN

HELP-l

Loading the HELP Loader

HELP-2

Checking the HELP Loader

HELP-3

Loading the HELP Bootstrap Tape Into Core

EDIT—I

Generating a Symbolic Program On-Line Using Editor

EDIT—2

Generating A Symbolic Tape Using Editor

EDIT-3

Loading a Symbolic Tape Using Editor

PAL-l

Assembling with PAL III Using Low-Speed Reader/Punch

PAL-2

Assembling with PAL 111 Using High-Speed Reader/Punch

MACRO—T

Assembling a MACRO-8 Source Program Using the Low-Speed Reader/Punch

MACRO-2

Assembling a MACRO-8 Source Program Using the High—Speed Reader/Punch

DDT-I

Loading and Executing DDT-8

DDT—2

Loading DDT—8 and External Symbol Table Tapes (LSR Only)

DDT-3

Appending New Symbols to External Symbol Table

DDT—4

Generating New External Symbol Tape Off-Line (TTY and LSP Only)

ODT—i

Loading and Executing CDT-8

ODT-2

Generating Binary Tape Using High-Speed Punch

FOCAL-i

Activating FOCAL For Use

FORTRAN (4)-l

Compiling a FORTRAN Program

FORTRAN (4)-2

Generating a Memory Map Using Symbolprint

FORTRAN (4)—3

Loading 0 Compiled FORTRAN Program

FORTRAN (4)-4

Executing 0 Compiled FORTRAN Program

FORTRAN (8K )-i

Loading BIN into Data Field l Using RIM with HSR

FORTRAN (8K )-2

Loading FORTRAN Compiler (Pass I or 2) Into Field 1 Using BIN with HSR

FORT RAN (8K )—3

Executing Pass 1 of the FORTRAN Compiler

FORTRAN (8K )-4

Executing Pass 2 at" the FORTRAN Compiler

FORTRAN (8K )-5

Loading Relocating Linking Loader using BIN with HSR

FORTRAN (8K )-6

Loading Relocatable Binary Tapes Using the Relocating Linking Loader

FORTRAN (8K)-7

Executing Stored FORTRAN (8K) Program

DECTAPE—i

Toggling in TCOI Bootstrap Loader

DECTAPE—Z

Loading the TCOI Bootstrap Loader Using RIM

DECTAPE-3

Checking TCOl Bootstrap Loader

DECTAPE-4

Loading DECtape Library System Using TCOI Bootstrap Loader

DISK-l

Loading the Disk System Builder Using the BIN Loader
viii

PREFACE

The purpose of this guide is twofold:
new user

(T) To familiarize the

with the PDP-8 Family of computers and its input/output devices,

and to serve as a useful reference for the experienced user.

(2) To fur—

nish precise instructions on how to load, execute, and operate DEC's

system and utility programs with and without extended memory, DECdisk,
and

DECtape facilities.
The first section explains the use of switches and indicators on

the computer, Teletype,

high-speed paper tape reader/punch, and DECtape

transport consoles, and other general information.

Precise operating pro-

cedures for using DEC's software is found in the second section.

Subsequent

sections cover the use of the DECtape transport unit, the Disk Monitor

System, and demonstrations of the system in use.
a

The appendices include

glossary of terms, and other useful information.
Unless specified, flowcharts apply equally to the PDP—8/l, 8,

8/5, and 8/L computers, as does the text even though reference is usually
made only to the PDP-8/l.

Details on peripherals not covered in this guide can be found
in the PDP-8 Users Handbook (F-85),

(C-800), and other DEC publications.

PDP-8/l Small Computer Handbook

SECTION I

INTRODUCTION

mmommmww

Figure INTRO-l

CONSOLE SWITCH

PDP-8/I Computer Console

POSITIONINCfl

PDP—8/I

When the top of a switch is out (push the bottom of the switch in) it

represents a binary l or is considered set, conversely, when the bottom
of the switch is out it represents a binary 0 or is not set.

PDP-8, 8/S,
and 8/L

When the switch is up it represents a binary l or is considered set,

conversely, when the switch is dOWn it represents a binary 0 or is not
set.

Note:

PDP and Programmed Data Processor are registered trademarks of Digital

INTRO-0

Equipment Corporation.

INTRO DUCTION

This System User's Guide is intended for use at the PDP-8/I computer

ting with DEC's software.
on

console when opera-

The purpose of the guide is to furnish the user precise instructions

how to load, execute, and operate DEC's system and utility programs with and without

DECtape, and DECdisk2.

extended memory,

This section briefly defines each program (see tabs) in Section 2, and will familiarize the
new user

with the switches and indicators on the computer console,

well as the controls,

keys, and switches on the Teletype, high—speed paper tape reader/punch, and DECtape
transport consoles.

Subsequent subsections describe the various paper tape formats, the

procedures for initializing the computer and input/output (I/O) devices, a list of the abbre—
viations used herein, and other general information.
serves as a

For the experienced user, this section

handy source of frequently needed information.

Section 2 is tab indexed by system and utility program.

The purpose of each program is

given, followed by specific core memory requirements and program origin, possible optional
hardware, step—by-step instructions (detailed in flowcharts) for loading, executing, and

operating the program, summaries of on-line commands and error diagnostics if any, and other
useful information

Section 3 covers the use of DECtape.
are

The TCOl/TU55 Bootstrap Loader and Library System

briefly described, and their operation is thoroughly detailed.

The five permanent Library

System subprograms are defined, and where applicable, system questions are shown, explained,
and answered.

Section 4 explains the use of the Disk System Builder and briefly describes the library of

system and utility programs presently available with the Disk Monitor System.
Section 5 contains three runnable programs to demonstrate the ease with which DEC's system,

utility, and service programs can be used.

The new user can familiarize himself with his

PDP-8/I and DEC-supplied software by duplicating the demonstration programs.
1 Unless specified, reference to the PDP-8/I computer also applies to the PDP—8,

PDP-8/S and PDP—8/L computers.
2 DEC's disk system is thoroughly documented in the PDP-8/I Disk Monitor System
(DEC-D8—SDAA-D).

INTRO-i

The appendices include a list of the ASCII (USA Standard Code for Information Interchange)
Character Set, a short glossary of terms, and a summary of the presently available PDP-8/I
subroutines.

HOW TO USE THE GUIDE

The user should be acquainted with the material in Section I before attempting to operate
the system, and then the guide should be made available to the user during system operation.

The programs herein are arranged generally in their order of use, i.e.
the assemblers and the assemblers precede the debugging programs.

the loaders precede

Therefore, as the user

progresses from one phase of operation to the next he will also progress from one section of

the guide to the next.

By scanning the tabs, the user has fast access to the essential opera-

ting information for any system or utility program.

SYSTEM AND UTILITY PROGRAMS

All system and utility programs require at least a 4K PDP-8/I computer with an ASR33 Tele—

type, and can utilize a high-speed paper tape reader/punch, with the following exceptions.
a.

The HELP Bootstrap tape of the HELP Loader is read into core using the low—speed
(Teletype) reader only.

FORTRAN (8K) requires at least an 8K PDP—8/I computer with a high-speed paper

tape reader/punch

Each tabbed program in Section 2 is briefly defined below.
Read—In Mode (RIM) Loader, used to load into core memory programs punched on paper tape
in RIM format (see PAPER TAPE FORMATS),

Loader.

however, it is primarily used to load the BIN

(See DEC-08—LRAA-D.)

nary (BIN) Loader, used to load into core memory programs punched on paper tape in BIN

format (see PAPER TAPE FORMATS), which includes the user's obiect programs and all programs
tabbed in Section 2,

excluding the RIM, BIN, and HELP Loaders. DEC-supplied paper tapes

in BIN format are identified by a blue Digital label

the leader portion of the tape (red

Digital labels denote ASCII format). (See DEC-08-LBAA-D.)
HELP

Loader, used to load into core memory programs punched on paper tape in BIN format.

HELP is in two parts:
core

the first part consists of

H8 instructions which must be toggled into

using the computer console switches; the second part is the HELP Bootstrap tape which

INTRO—2

is read into core using the low-speed (Teletype) reader--the HELP

the RIM and BIN Loaders.

Bootstrap tape contains

(See DEC-OB-LHAA—D.)

Symbolic Tape Editor, used to prepare, edit, and generate symbolic (source) program tapes
on—line From the Teletype keyboard.

(See DEC-OB-ESAB—D.)

PAL III Symbolic Assembler, used to translate source programs written in the PAL III language
into obiect programs in two passes through the Assembler.
an

The optional third-pass produces

octal/symbolic listing of the assembled program. (See DEC-08—ASAB-D.)

MACRO-8 Assembler, used to translate source programs written in the MACRO-8 language,

containing macros and literals, into obiect programs in two passes through the Assembler.
This Assembler also generates indirect linkages to off-page references.
pass produces an octal/symbolic assembly listing.

The optional third-

(See DEC-O8—CMAA-D.)

Dynamic Debugging Technique (DDT-8), used to aid the user in finding mistakes in his
program by allowing him to execute small sections at a time, to stop execution where he

wishes, and to change portions of his program, all From the keyboard using the symbolic

language of the source program. (See DEC—OB-CDDA-D.)
Octal

Debug_gi_ng Technique (CDT-8), used for the same purpose as DDT—8 (above) except

that the user communicates in the octal representation of the program.
core area

ODT-8 requires less

than DDT-8, and it can be loaded in either the upper or lower portion of core,

depending on where the user's program is loaded. (See DEC-08—COCO-D.)
FOCAL (FOrmula CALculator), an on—line,

conversational, service program used to solve

numerical problems of any complexity; used as a programming tool by students, scientists,
and engineers.

(See DEC—OB-AJAC—D.)

FORTRAN (4K), used to compile and operate a user program written in the 4K PDP-8 version
of the FORTRAN language; compilation requires only one pass through the compiler.

(See

DEC-08—AFCO—D.)
FORTRAN (8K), used to compile, debug, and operate a user program written in Basic FORTRAN

(as described in USA Standards); consisting of a two-pass compiler, Linking Loader,

Run-Time Monitor, Operating System, and a library of subprograms.

INTRO-3

(See DEC-08—A2AO-D.)

TCOl

Bootstrap Loader, used to load and start the DECtape Library System. (See DEC—O8-

LUAA-D.)

DECtape Library System, is a collection of five programs (INDEX, ESCAPE, UPDATE, DELETE,
and GETSYS), used to load named files into core memory, define new named files, delete

named files, and to create a new skeleton library system.

(See DEC—08-SUBO-D.)

Disk System Builder, used to build a customized Disk Monitor System suited to the user's

particular machine configuration. (See DEC-D8-SDAA-D.)

Disk/DECtape Bootstrap Loader, is used only when the resident Monitor area has been cleared
or

its contents otherwise destroyed.

(See DEC-D8—SDAA-D.)
The [standard

Disk System Program Library, is a collection of system and utility programs.

package includes an Editor, Assembler, transparent DDT, FORTRAN system, Peripheral
Interchange Program (PIP), and a transparent Loader. (See DEC-D8-SDAA-D.)
Certain programs can operate using extended memory,

DECtape, and/or Disk facilities.

They are:
a.

Extended Memory

FORTRAN (8K); Disk Monitor System programs.

DECtape
DECtape Bootstrap Loader and Library System; Disk Monitor
System programs; FORTRAN (4K) with DECtape option (see DEC-O8-AFCO-D).
--

Disk

Disk Monitor System programs.

COMPUTER CONSOLE SWITCHES AND INDICATORS

Manual control of the PDP—8/I computer is by means of switches on the computer console.
Indicator lamps on the console light to denote the presence of a binary one in specific bits
of the various registers and to indicate the status of the computer or of the program being

executed.

See PDP-B Users Handbook (F-85) for details.

The locations of the switches and indicators are shown in Figure INTRO-l

The purpose of

each switch and indicator on the computer console is explained below.

SWITCHES
POWER

This key-operated switch applies and removes the computer's primary
power supply.

INTRO-4

PANEL LOCK

This key-operated switch when turned clockwise disables all console
switches except the SR; turned counterclockwise, all console switches
function normally.

Executes the stored computer program, starting at the address specified in

START

the PC.
LOAD ADDress

Sets the contents of the SR into the PC, and INST FIELD into the IF, and

the DATA FIELD into the DF.
DEPosit

Deposits the contents of the SR into the location specified by the PC, and
increments the PC by I.

PDP-8/l

The DEP switch is activated when the top of the

switch is depressed.

PDP-8, 8/5,

-—

and 8/L

The DEP switch is activated when the switch is
raised.

EXAMine

Displays the contents of the location in the PC in the MB, and increments
the PC by I.

CONTinue

Continues program execution at the location specified by the PC.

STOP

Stops program execution.

SIN Gle STEP

When set, the computer executes instructions one cycle at a time for each

depression of CONT

SINGle
INSTruction

When set, the computer executes one instruction at a time for each de-

SWITCH

When LOAD ADD is depressed, the contents of the SR is loaded into the

(SR)

pression of CONT
PC.

When DEP is depressed, the contents of the SR is loaded into the MB
The I2 positions represent a I2-bit binary word, usually

and memory.

read in octal.

DATA FIELD

(DF)

Denotes the core memory field of data storage and retrieval when LOAD
ADD is depressed.

INSTruction
FIELD (IF)

Denotes the core memory field from which instructions are taken when
LOAD ADD is depressed.

INDICATORS

PROGRAM
COUNTER

Contents represent the address of the next instruction to be executed.

(PC)
MEMO RY

ADDRESS

(MA)

Contents represent the address of the word currently being read or written.
After depressing DEP or EXAM, the contents represent the address of the
word previously read or written.

MEMORY
BUFFER

Contents represent the word being read or written.

(MB)
ACCUMULATOR Indicates the contents of the AC.

(AC)
LINK (L)

Indicates the contents of the Link.
INTRO-5

MULTIPLIER

QUOTIENT

(MQ)
Instruction
and Status
Indicators

Activated only with the EAE option. At the start of a multiplication the
contents represent the multiplier; at the end the least significant half of
the product. At the start of a division the contents represent the least
significant half of the dividend; at the end the quotient.
Located to the right of the above indicators.

Indicates the type of instruc-

tion being executed, and the status of the program being executed.

ASR33 TELETYPE
The ASR33 Teletype is the basic input/output device For PDP-8/I computers.
a

It consists of

printer, keyboard, paper tape reader, and paper tape punch, all of which can be used

either on-line under program control or off-line.
are

The Teletype controls (Figure INTRO-2)

described as they apply to the operation of the computer.

Appendix C.

For oft-line operations,

See PDP-8 Users Handbook (F-85) For details.

OFF

REL.

START

STOP
FREE

—

OFF

LINE

Figure INTRO-2

ASR33 Teletype Console

INTRO-6

0 LOCAL

see

POWER CONTROLS
LINE

The Teletype is energized and connected to the computer as an input/output
device, under computer control.

OFF

The Teletype is de-energizecl.

LOCAL

The Teletype is energized for off-line operation.

PRINTER

The printer provides a typed copy of input and output at 10 characters per second maximum.

KEYBOARD
The Teletype keyboard is similar to a typewriter keyboard.

However, certain operational

Functions are shown on the upper part of some of the keytops.

These Functions are activated

by holding dOWn the CTRL key while depressing the desired key.
the Symbolic Editor,

For example, when using

CTRL/FORM causes Editor to enter command mode.

Although the left and right square brackets are not visible on the keyboard keytops, they
are

shown in Figure INTRO-3 and are generated by typing SHIFT/K and SHIFT/M, respec-

tively.

Also the ALT MODE key is identified as ESC (ESCape) on some keyboards.

OO”.....OOOO
........OOOO.
O.........OOOO

WOOOOOOOOO
i
Figure INTRO-3

S PAC E

]

ASR33 Teletype Keyboard

PAPER TAPE READER

The paper tape reader is used to input into core memory data punched on eight-channel

perforated paper tape at a rate of To characters per second maximum.
are

shown in Figure INTRO-2 and described below.

INTRO-7

The reader controls

START

Activates the reader; reader sprocket wheel is engaged and operative.

STOP

Deactivates the reader; reader sprocket wheel is engaged but not operative.

FREE

Deactivates the reader; reader sprocket wheel is disengaged.

Positioning Tape in Tape Reader
The following procedure describes how to properly position paper tape in the low-speed
reader.
a.

Raise the tape retainer cover.

Set reader control to FREE.

Position the leader portion of the tape over the read pens with the sprocket (feed)

holes over the sprocket

(feed) wheel and with the arrow (printed or cut) pointing

outward.

Close the tape retainer cover.

PAPER TAPE PUNCH

The paper tape punch is used to perforate eight—channel rolled oiled paper tape at a rate of
10 characters per second.

The punch controls are shown in Figure INTRO-2 and described

below.
RELease

Disengages the tape to allow tape removal or loading.

Back SPace

Backspaces the tape one space for each firm depression of the B.SP. button.

Activates the punch.

OFF

Deactivates the punch

HIGH-SPEED TAPE READER AND PUNCH UNITS
A high—speed paper tape reader and punch unit is pictured in Figure INTRO-4 and descrip—
tions of the reader and punch units follow.

(See PUP-8 User's Handbook (F-85) for details.)

READER UNIT

The high—speed paper tape reader is used to input data into core memory from eight-channel
fan-folded (non—oiled) perforated paper tape photoelectrically at 300 characters per second.

Primary power is applied to the reader when the computer POWER switch is turned on.

The

reader is under user control from the keyboard through the computer or under program con-

trol

However, tape can be advanced past the photoelectric sensors without causing input

by pressing the tape feed button (the white rectangular button located in the center of
Figure INTRO—4)

INTRO—8

FEED

POWER

Figure INTRO-4

High—Speed Paper Tape Reader
and Punch Units

Loading Instructions
a.

Raise tape retainer cover (located beneath the tape Feed button).

Put tape into right-hand bin with channel one

(see PAPER TAPE FORMATS) of the tape

toward the rear of the bin.
c.

Place several folds of leader tape through the reader and into the left—hand bin.

Place the tape over the reader head with feed holes engaged in the teeth of the
sprocket wheel
.

Close the tape retainer cover.

Depress the tape feed button (white rectangular button above the reader head) until
leader tape is over the reader head.

CAUTION
Do not use oiled paper tape in the high-speed

reader--oil collects dust and dirt which can
cause

reader errors.

PUNCH UNIT
The high—speed paper tape punch is used to record computer output on eight—channel Fan—
folded perforated paper tape at 50 characters per second.
program control From the computer.

All characters are punched under

Blank tape (Feed holes only,

INTRO-9

data) may be produced

by pressing the FEED button (see Figure INTRO-4). Primary power is available to the punch
when the computer POWER switch is turned on.
POWER button is depressed to on
on

Power is applied to the punch when the

(the punch motor can be heard). The two labeled buttons

the punch enclosure are described below.
POWER

This microswitch is depressed to turn the punch ON and OFF.

FEED

While this button is depressed, the punch produces feed-hole-only punched

tape for leader/trailer purposes.

CAUTIO N
Do not use oiled paper tape in the high-speed

punch
cause

oil collects dust and dirt which can

reader errors.

DECTAPE CONTROL AND TRANSPORT UNITS

DECtape is a fast, convenient, reliable input/output data storage facility and updating
device.

The standard DECtape transport unit is pictured in Figure INTRO—5 and descriptions

of the control and transport units Follow.

(See PDP—8 User's Handbook (F-85) for details.)

+—

Ifluri

:Makm

Figure INTRO—5

DECtape Transport Unit

INTRO—10

CONTROL UNIT
The DECtape control unit interprets and controls the transfer of data between the computer
and the transport unit.

The DECtape control unit is usually located inside the rack contain—

ing the DECtape transport and can control up to eight separate DECtape transports.

TRANSPORT UNIT
The DECtape transport unit is a bidirectional magnetic tape transport utilizing a IO—track

recording head to read and write five duplexed channels. Tape movement can be controlled

by commands from the computer program or by commands from the manual operation of switches
located on the front panel of the transport; however, manual operation does not transfer data
to the

computer.

Only Certified DECtapes (prerecorded with timing and marking tracks) should be used.
Otherwise, the blank tape must be certified using the DECTOG program (DEC-OB—EUFA—D).

Transport Controls
When depressed (must be in LOCAL mode), tape feeds onto right spool.

REMOTE

Transport is energized and under program control.

OFF

Transport is de—energized.

LOCAL

Transport is energized and under user control from external transport switches.

Unit Selector

Identifies the transport to the control unit.

WRITE
ENABLED
WRITE LOCK

DECtape is available for search, read, and write activities.
DECtape is available for search and read activities only.
When depressed (must be in LOCAL mode), tape feeds onto left spool.

‘-

The REMOTE and WRITE ENABLED lamps light to indicate the status of the

transport.

Operating Procedure
a.

Set switch to OFF.

Place DECtape on left spindle with DECtape label out.

Wind four turns of tape on right spool

Set switch to LOCAL.

Wind a few turns on right spindle with

Dial correct unit number on unit selector (number 8 is equivalent to 0).

INTRO—ii

switch to make sure tape is properly mounted.

Depress REMOTE switch.

Depress WRITE ENABLED or WRITE LOCK switch.

DECtape transport is now under program control.

INITIALIZING THE SYSTEM
Before using the computer system, it is good practice to initialize all units.

the system,

ensure

that all switches and controls are as specified below.

Cl.

Main power cord is properly plugged in.

Teletype is turned OFF.

Low-speed punch is OFF.

Low-speed reader is set to FREE.

Computer POWER key is ON.

PANEL LOCK is unlocked.

Console switches are set to
DF=000

IF=OOO

SR=0000

SING STEP and SING INST are not set

High-speed punch is OFF.
DECtape REMOTE lamps OFF.

The system is now initialized and ready For your use.

INTRO-12

To initialize

PAPER TAPE FORMATS

CHANNELS

87654

321

i
Data are recorded (punched) on paper tape by groups of holes arranged
in a definite format along the

into channels which run the

length of the tape.

0....

.OOOOIOOIOI

The tape is divided

length of the tape, and into columns which

extend across the width of the tape as shown in the adiacent diagram.
The paper tape readers and punches used with the PDP—8/I computers

accept 8-channel paper tape.

.0.

The various formats are briefly explained

and identified below.

rLeader/Trailer Format

Leader/trailer tape is used to introduce and conclude the object program
when punched on paper tape.
a. consistent

G—COLUMN

Leader/trailer tape can be recognized by

channel 8 punch only as shown in the adjacent diagram.

INTRO-l3

SPROCKET
HOLE

CHANNEL 8

[—
o

RIM Format
o

CHANNEL 7

o
o

Paper tape punched in RIM format can be identified by the absence of a
channel 8 punch,

CONTENTS

O
o

LOCATION

12
77

LOCATION
52
13

CONTENTS

and by a channel 7 punch in every fourth column. The

channel 7 punch indicates the start of a line of coding, and that (the

o
o

LOCATION

CONTENTS
o

first) column and the second column contain the location and the third

10
o

coo-coo

and fourth columns contain the contents of the location.

W
ASCII Format

o
0

ASCII (USA Standard Code for Information Interchange) format uses

all eight channels to represent a single character (letter, number, or

symbol) as shown in the adjacent diagram.

323

311

323

240
a

301

323

303

311

240

o
.

240

324

310
311

LOCATION

CNTENTS
0

LOCATION

306

317

322

315

301

/\l\/.\/\
O

Binary format can be recognized by the absence of a channel 8 punch,
an

occasional channel 7 punch, and frequent sections of blank tape.

The channel 7 punch denotes an origin of a program or subprogram or
a

0°
00

0', .

o
o
'

56
.

.77

01
76

INSTRUCTION

o
o

I NSTRUC TI ON

ORIGIN

INTRO-I4

change in origin, and subsequent columns contain the instructions

(two columns per instruction) or data of succeeding locations.

Binary Format

INSTRUCTION

ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations listed below are used throughout the guide.
Abbreviations

Meaning

AC
ADDR

Accumulator

B.SR

Back Space

Address

Binary

CLC

Current Location Counter

CONT

Continue

DEP

Carriage Return
Carriage Return—Line Feed
Control/L (represents holding down the CTRL
key while depressing the L key or the key
Following the slash)
Digital Equipment Corporation
Deposit

Data Field

EAE
EXAM

Extended Arithmetic Element
Examine

Instruction Field

INST

Instruction

Link

Line Feed

LOADADD

Load Address

LOC

Location

Low-Speed Punch
Low-Speed Reader
High-Speed Punch
High-Speed Reader

cmmF
CTRL/L
DEC

LSR
HSP
HSR
KBRD

Keyboard

Program Counter
Program
Memory Address
Memory Buffer

Multiplier Quotient

REL

Release

Read-In Mode

PROG
MA

Starting Address
Shift/P (similar to CTRL/L)
Single Instruction
Single Step
Switch Register

Console Switches

TTY

Teletype

SHIFT/P
SING INST

SING STEP

INTRO-15

SECTION 2
SYSTEM PROGRAMS

READ-IN MODE (RIM) LOADER

PURPOSE

The RIM Loader is used to load into care memory programs punched on paper

tape in RIM format, e.g., the Binary Loader.

(See DEC-08-LRAA-D for

details.)

%QR_Alf—RIIEMENTS

RIM requires locations 7756-7776

RIM is loaded (toggled) into core memory using the console switches.
can

use

(2I8 locations). Starting Address=7756.
RIM

either the low- or high-speed readers when loading RIM coded

program tapes into core.

The locations and corresponding instructions for

both input devices are listed below.
Instruction
Location

Low-Speed Reader

High—Speed Reader

7756

6032
603 I

60 I4

77?
7760

5357

776 I

6036

60I6

7762

7 I 06

7763

7006

7764

75 I 0

75 I0

7765

5357

5374

7766

7006

7767

603I

60I I

7770

5367

777I

6034

60 I6

7772

7420

7773

3776

7774

3376

7775

5356

5357

7776

0000

RIM-I

60I I

Using

Se!

Extended

‘

DF= Desired Field

Margery

IF=Desired Field

Se? SR = 7756

Depress
LOAD ADD

DECiape users should
lead RIM info field 0.

Yes

Se! SR= Firs!
Instruction

Acvivme DEP

Set SR: Next
Insirucvion

Activate DEF

Yes

RIM Is Loaded

Figure RIM-1

Loading the RIM Loader

RIM-2

Using
Exiended

Yes

Se!
DF: Correcv Field
IF = Correc' Field

Memory
?

Se! SR = 7756

Depress LOAD ADD

Depress EXAM

M8 =

Yes

Instruction

Set SR = MA

Depress LOAD ADD
All

lnsiruciions

Checked

Set SR=Correct
Instruction

Depress DEP

Figure RIM-2

RIM is Loaded

Checking fhe RIM Loader

RIM-3

BINARY (BIN)

PURPOSE

LOADEfl

The BIN Loader is used to load into core memory binary coded programs

punched on paper tape.

When in core, BIN can be destroyed only by the

user's program because DEC's programs (excluding Disk/DECtape Monitor)

do not use the last page of core (location 7600-7777).

(See DEC-O8—LBAA—D

for details .)

STO RAGE

REQUIREMENTS

BIN occupies locations 7625-7752 and 7777

(1238 locations). Starting

Address=7777

RIM is used to load BIN into core.
as

BIN must be loaded into the same Field

RIM, and the input device (low- or high-speed reader) must be that which

was

selected when loading RIM.

BIN-l

Load RIM

-| See Figures RIM-18 -2

------

Using

Sei

Yes

Exvended

‘

0F = Correct Field
IF = Correc' Field

Memory
?

Set SR

7756

Depress LOAD ADD

High-Speed Reader

Which

Law-Speed Reader

Reader

?
Pu! BIN Tape
In HSR

Depress START

Tape

Turn TTY To LINE

Pu! LSR Ta FREE

Reads In

HI I I
Put BIN Tape
In LSR

Pu! LSR To START

Yes

HSR 50095 A!
End 0 f Tape

Depress START

Tape

Reads In

LSR Stops A0
End 0! Tape

Depress STOP

Same field settings
as

RIM

Remove Tape
From Reader

BIN Is Loaded

Figure BIN-1

Loading the BIN Loader

BIN—2

Loud BIN

——————

—I See Figure BIN-I

Ini'ializu

Ulinq

Extended

DF-Dnlrod Flold

Momor y
?

IF I Hold Of BUN

S" SRI 7777

Dunn“ LOAD ADD

Low Spud Rica-r

High-Spud Roodor

Sat $R= 3777

Turn TTV To LINE

Put Top: In HSR

Pu!

Tape ln LSR

Sn LSR To START

Depress START

Tape
Reads In

.7
Yes

Top. Svops
A! Beginning 0'

Trailer Tum
?

Daprels CONT

Object Tape
1:

Figure BIN-2

Lemma

Loading A Binary Coded Obiecf Tape Using BIN

BIN-3

HELP LOADER

PURPOSE

The HELP Loader is used to quickly load into core memory the RIM and
BIN Loader programs.

STORAGE

(See DEC—O8-LHAA-D For details.)

HELP uses locations 0005-0036
core.

(328 locations) to load the HELP tape into

The HELP tape contains the RIM and BIN Loaders.

HELP is in two parts:

The first part consists of the

”8 instructions shown

below, which are toggled into core using the console switches. The second
part is the HELP Bootstrap Loader punched on paper tape, which is loaded
into core using the low-speed reader.

Location

Instruction

0027

603 I

0030

5027

003 l

6036

0032

7450

0033

5027

0034

70 I 2

0035

70 I 0

0036

3007

0037

2036

0040

5027

HELP-I

Using

Extended

Memory
?

Se.
DF= Desired Field
IF= Desired Field

Set SR=0027

Depress LOAD ADD

PC= 0027

Se! SR = Firs!

Instruction

Activcne DEP

Se?

SR= Next

Instruction

Aciivaie

DEP

All

Instructions
In

HELP Is Loaded

Figure HELP—I

Loading the HELP Loader

HELP-2

Using
Extended

Memory
?

Yes

Set

DF = Correct Field
IF = Correct Field

Set SR = 0027

Depress LOAD ADD

MB=
Instruction

Depress LOAD ADD
All

Instructions

Set SR=Correct

Checked

Instruction

Depress DEP

HELP ls Loaded

Figure HELP-2

Checking the HELP Loader

HELP-3

Toggle In

______

Instructions

Using

—-I See Figure HELP-1

Set

Extended

DF= Correct Field
IF = Correct Field

Memory
?

Tape In LSR

Tape
Reads In

?
Yes

Wait For

Tape To Stop

Set

LSR To FREE

HELP, RIM, And
BIN Are Loaded

Figure HELP-3

Loading the HELP Bootstrap Tape Into Core

HELP-4

SYMBOLIC TAPE EDITOR

PURPOSE

The Symbolic Tape Editor is used to prepare, edit, and generate symbolic
program tapes on line.

STORAGE

(See DEC-08-ESAB—D for details.)

Editor requires locations 0-1577 (I600

REQUIREMENTS

locations).

BIN is used to load Editor into core memory.

Starting Address=0200.

The loading of the user's

symbolic tapes is performed by Editor itself under keyboard control.

EDIT-I

Load Editor

——————

Using
Extended

Memory
?

-I See Figure BIN-2

Set
DF= Desired Field
IF = Field Of Editor

Se? SR = 0200

Depress LOAD ADD

Turn TTY To LINE

Depress START

TY Responds
With CR/LF
7

Yes

Editor Is In
Command Mode

Type A And
RETURN Keys

Type Symbolic
Program

Symbolic Program
Is In Tut Buffer

Type CTRL/FORM

Editor I: In

Command Mode And

Available For Use

Figure EDIT—l

Generating a Symbolic Program On-Line Using Editor

EDIT—2

Compleied Source
Program Is In
Teii Buffer

High-Speed Punch

Low- Speed Punch

Selecv Switch

Selec' Switch

Depress HSP 0N

Type T And
RETURN Keys And

Depress

LSP ON

Type T And
RETURN Keys

Depress LSP OFF

Type

Command

(P nP Or

m,nP)
Key

Type

And RETURN

Command

(P nP 0r m.nP)
And RETURN Key

Depress CONT

And Typed

Type F And
RETURN Keys
Type F And
RETURN Keys And

Type T And
RETURN Keys

Depress LSP ON

Depress LSP OFF

Figure EDIT-2

Generating a Symbolic Tape Using Edi’ror

EDIT-3

Load Ednov

——————

—I See Figure BIN-2

Inmatua

Sal
OF I Dulrod Field

Fuld 0! Editor

SR ' 0200

Deprass LOAD ADD

Depress START

High-Speed Reader

O
Which

Low -Spaed Reader

Rqadu
7

Pu! Tape In HSR

Sclccv SR Ophon

Turn TTY To LINE

Pu! Tap! In LSR

Type R And

RETURN Key

Tape Reads In

Put LSR To START

Bell Rings A!
Form Feed And
End Of Tape

Tape Reads In

Bell Ring A!

Symbolic Tape

End 0! Tape

Is Loaded

Typo CTRL/FORM

Fur LSR To FREE

Symbol lc Tape
Is Loaded

Ediior I: In
Command Mode

Figure EDIT—3

Loading a Symbolic Tape Using Editor

EDIT-4

OPERATING MODES
Editor is always in one of the Following modes.

Command Mode:

All characters typed on the teleprinter are interpreted
as

commands to the Editor.

Text Mode: All characters typed or tapes being read in are interpreted as
text to be put into the text

buffer in the manner specified by

the previous command and the SR options.
Transition between modes:

Type a command.
then depress
RETURN

Key

Command Mode

Text Mode

Type desired
input, then
CTRL/FORM

RESTART
PROCEDURES

Keys

If the user stops the computer For any reason, he may restart it at location
0177 without disturbing the text in the buffer. A CR/LF will follow.

If no CR/LF is desired, restart at location 0200.

CAUTION
IF Editor is restarted at location 0176,

all text currently in the butter is wiped
out, and the text butter is re-initialized
For a new program.

SPECIAL KEY FUNCTIONS
Key
RETURN
<—

Command Mode

Text Mode

Execute preceding command

Enter line in text butter

Cancel preceding command

Cancel line to the left margin

(Editor responds with ? CR/LF)
RUBOUT

Same as

Delete to the left one character

<—

for each depression;a \ (back-

slash) is echoed (not used in
READ command)

CTRL/FORM

Return to command mode (bell

rings)

EDIT—5

Command Mode

Key

Used as argument alone or

with + or

Text Mode

Legal text character.

and a number

—

(.=, .+5L, .-25) (a space
is equivalent to a +)

Value equal to number of last
line in buffer; used as argument

Legal text character

(/-5GI /l-)
List next line

LINE FEED

Used in SEARCH command to
insert CR/LF into line

ALT MODE (ESC)

List next line

List next line
List previous line

Used with
and / to obtain
their value (.=27)
.

Same as

(gives value of any

legitimate argument)

CTRL/TAB

Produces a tab which on output
is interpreted as ten spaces or
a

tab/rubout, depending on SR

option.

SEARCH FEATURE IN COMMAND MODE

Following a n5 command, Editor waits for the user to specify the search character which
when typed is not echoed.

When Editor locates and types the search character, typing

stops and all or any combination of the following operations may be carried out.
a.

Type new text and terminate line with the RETURN key

delete entire line to the left

RETURN

delete entire line to the right

RUBOUT

delete from right to left one character for RUBOUT typed (a \is
echoed for each RUBOUT typed)

LINE FEED

insert a CR/LF, thus dividing line into two

CTRL/FORM

search for next occurrence of search character

CTRL/BELL

change search character to next character typed by the user

EDIT-6

SWITCH REGISTER OPTIONS

Switch Register options are used with input and output commands to control the reading and

punching of paper tape.
SR Bit

Position

Input text as is

Convert all occurrences of 2 or more spaces to a tab

Output each tab as 10 spaces
Tab is punched as tab/rubout

0
l

0
1

Function

Output as specified
Suppress output*

Low—speed punch
High-speed punch
Low-speed reader
High-speed reader

COMMANDS

Input

Editing

Read incoming text from tape reader into core

Append incoming text from keyboard into core \5 g

List entire text buffer

List line n

m,nL

List lines m through n inclusively

m,nC

Change line n
Change lines m through n inclusively

Insert before first line

Insert before line n

Delete entire text buffer
Delete line n

m,nD

Delete lines m through n inclusively

m,n$kM

Move lines m through n to before line k
Print next tagged line (if none, Editor types ?)
Print next tagged line after line n (if none, ?)

G
nG

Output
_—

T; {.32

) 0.5151er

Search buffer for character specified after RETURN key and

allow modification (search character is not echoed on printer)
Search line n, as above

m,nS

Search lines m through n inclusively, as above

Punch entire text buffer
Punch line n
Punch lines m through n inclusively

m,nP

*Bit 2 allows the user to interrupt any output command and return immediately to command mode.

EDIT—7

Punch leader tape, a Form Feed, and trailer tape
Punch about 6 inches of leader/trailer tape

Do P, F, K, and R commands n times

where m and n are decimal integers, and m is smaller than n.
to select

P and N halt to allow user

Press CONT to execute command.

SR option.

Commands are executed upon depressing the RETURN key.

BUFFER OVERFLOW
Editor has storage for about

500010 characters (approximately 60 heavily commented lines

340 uncommented lines).

When the text buffer is exceeded, operation continues, but

bell rings For every location used beyond the buffer limit.

buffer by changing location 000i

to contain

the address of the last location (should not be

greater than location 7570) used prior to buffer overflow.
divided into sections

The user may expand the text

Very large programs should be

DIAG NOSTICS
0.

Editor checks commands For nonexistent information and incorrect Formatting, and
when an error is detected Editor types a ? and ignores the command. However, it an
argument is provided For a command that doesn't require one, the argument is ignored
and the command is executed properly.

Corrections and additions to the user's program may be either typed in From the tele-

printer keyboard or read in from the paper tape reader.
c.

Since Editor does not recognize extraneous and illegal control characters, a tape con-

taining these characters can be corrected by merely reading the tape into Editor and

punching out a new tape.

EDIT-8

PAL III SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLER

PURPOSE

The PAL III Symbolic Assembler is used to translate symbolic (source) programs into binary (object) programs.
an

PAL III is a two-pass assembler with

optional third pass which produces a program assembly listing.

Pass I:

Assembler reads the source tape and defines all symbols used.

The

user's symbol table and any error diagnostics are typed out.

Pass 2:

Assembler reads the source tape and generates the obiect tape
using the symbols defined during Pass I. Ignore meaningless
characters typed when using the low-speed punch, but note any
error

diagnostic typed.

Pass 3: Assembler reads the source tape and types and/or punches the
program assembly listing.

(See DEC-08-ASAC—D For details.)

STO RAGE

REQUIREMENTS

PAL 111 requires locations 0—2735

'Symbol Table Capacity:

(27368 locations)

LSR aIIOWs 590 user symbols
HSR aIIOWS 495 user symbols

Starting Address=0200

BIN is used to load PAL III into core.

bolic tapes during assembly.

PAL-T

PAL III is used to read in the sym-

Load PAL DI

______

Using

—<l

See

Figure BIN-2

Set
DF= Desired Field
IFx Field Of PALm

Extended

Memory

Pu!

Symbolic
Tape in LSR

Depress STOP

Pass 3

Sef

SR = 2200

Se!

Se! LSR To START

Punch

4200

Se!

SI? LSR To START

SR . 6200

LSR To START

LSF> ON

Yes

Symbol Table

Listing Table

?
Depress

Depress START

LSP 0N

Depress CONT

DQDIIS‘ LSP 0N

Depress CONT

Wait For End
Of Objecl Tape

Wail For
End Of Lining

Tape
Reads In

Sel LSP OFF

Se? LSR FREE
Wail For

Symbol Table
If Any
Remove

L_~

Tape

From LSR

Errcr

V25

Diaqnuslic
?

Correct Error
And Reassemble

Figure PAL—l

Assembling with PAL III Using Low-Speed Reader/Punch
PAL-2

Load PAL

——————

Using

-| See Figure

BIN-2

Set

Extended

DF = Desired Field

Memory

IF=FIeId 0f PAL [1]

8 et

SR 3 0200

Put

Symbolic
Tape in HSR

Depress STOP

Pan I

Which

Pan 3

Pals

?
Fans 2

Set SR =220l

Punch

Set SRIGZO‘I

Depress HSP
POWER To ON
And FEED

Yes

Symbol Table

Set

Depress HSP
POWER To ON
And FEED

SR IGZOO

Depress CONT

Depress LSP ON

Depress START

Punch Or Print

Program Listing

Depress HSP
POWER To ON
And FEED

Wait For End
Of Binary Tape

Depress CONT
Tape
Reads In
?

Remove Tape
Wait For

End Of Listing

Wait For

Symbol Table

Error

Yes

Diagnostic
7

On TTY

Correct Error

Figure PAL-2

Assembling With PAL III Using High-Speed Reader/Punch
PAL-3

OUTPUT CONTROL

Output is controlled by the setting of switch register bit H as shown below.
Pass 1:

Bit ll=0

ll=l

Type and punch symbol table on TTY
Punch symbol table on HSP
No effect; binary tape will be punched on the HSP if it

Pass 2:

is turned on.

Pass 3:

Bit ll=0

ll=l

DIAGNOSTICS

Format:

Type and punch program listing on TTY
Punch program listing on HSP

yyyyyy

nnnn

where xx is the error message (see below), yyyyyy is the symbol or octal
value of the symbol of the error occurring AT location nnnn.
Pass l:

Pass 2:

Illegal Character

ReDifinition

Duplicate Tag
Symbol Table full

Undefined Address

Illegal Reference

PAL-4

MACRO-8 SYMBOLIC

PURPOSE

ASSEMBLER]

The MACRO-8 Symbolic Assembler is used to translate symbolic (source)
programs into binary

(object) programs.

MACRO-8 is a two—pass assembler

with an optional third pass which produces a program assembly listing.
Pass I:

Assembler reads the source tape and defines all symbols and macros
used and places them in respective tables.

Pass 2:

Assembler reads the source tape and generates the object tape using
symbols and macros defined during Pass I. The Assembler then types

and/or punches the user's symbol table, for use with DDT—8, followed
by any error diagnostic.
Pass 3:

Assembler reads the source tape and types and/or punches the program assembly

listing.

See DEC—08-CMAA—D for details.

STORAGE

REQUIREMENTS

MACRO-8 requires locations 0-7577 (76008 locations).

Symbol Table Capacify:

2278 symbols (expandable

5248 symbols using the

switch options)

Starting Address=0200

BIN is used to load MACRO—8 into core.

There are two versions of

MACRO-8:

Low version:

Uses the low-speed reader for all
speed punch for all output.

input and the low—

High version: Uses the high—speed reader for all input, the highspeed punch for binary output, and the Teletype and
low-speed punch for output of error diagnostics,
symbol table, and third-pass assembly listing.

MACRO-I

Load MACRO- B

______

Ex'ended

Memory

Ser SR

—{ See Figure BIN’Z

Set
DF = Desired Field
IF = Field Of MACRO-8

0200

Depress LOAD ADD

Pass 3

Pass 1

SI? SR ‘ 4200

Put Top. In LSR

Pu! Tape In LSR

Ls'a To START

Put LSR To START

Pu! LSR To START

Pu!

Program Lining
?

Depress LSP ON

Depress START

Tape
Roads In

Depress STOP

[

Depress CONT

[

Tape Stops

Pu! Tape In LSR

E rror

Dicgnosi ic

Correct Error

Using Editor

Depress STOP

Tape

For Some Pass
?

Depress STOP

Figure MACRO-i Assembling a MACRO-8
Source Program Using the Low-Speed Reader/Punch
MAC RO-2

Lood MACRO-8

—

—————

-| 5.. Faqurn

BIN-2

lniNahZ!

Uxinu

Sui

'“

Emna-d

DF ' Domed Fiuld

Mommy

[F I Field 0' MACRO-8

°.°

O
n:
o

500 SR-OZOO

<
E

Dom:- LOAD ADD

Turn TTY Yo LINE

Which

Pm: i

Pan 3

Put:
7

Pm: 2

Sc! SR

5»

SR :2200

Pu! Top. In HSR

Put Tune In HSR

PM Top. In HSR

Program
Lining
7

5.0

Location

0004 I0600

Doom: MSP

Dear-u NSF

Douro-u NSF

POWER To ON

POWER To OFF

POWER Tn ON

[ Doom:

HSP FEED

[

Dawns LSP ON

Doprul START

Tap. Sioux
Own“ CONT

Errol
Pu! Tape in HSR

Correct Errov

Diagnostic

Using Edilov

Dcprul STOP
Rm! Location

0004

2600

W Changed During Pan 3

Mom

Tap.

F91 Some Fun
?

Figure MACRO-2 Assembling a MACRO-8 Source Program
Using the High-Speed Reader/Punch
MACRO-3

Deon“ HSP FEED

SYMBOL
TAB LE

MODIFICATION

There are ”348 locations available for the user's symbols and the macro
There are three ways to increase the size oF this storage area

table.
a.

Prior to Pass I, set bit I0

I to add

I008 locations; the double pre-

cision integer and floating-point processors are deleted.

Prior to Pass I, set bit II

I to add

number processors are deleted.
c.

I758 locations; the macro and

Use the pseudo-ops EXPUNGE and FIXTAB to remove unnecessary instruction mnemonics.

SWITCH REGISTER
OPTIONS
Result

g1
0—”

Enter next pass.
Erase symbol table excluding permanent symbols and

enter Pass I;

depress STOP then CONT.

Enter pass 2 to generate another binary tape.

. .-

Enter pass I without erasing defined symbols.

Enter pass 3.

Delete double precision integer and double precision
floating-point processors; this increases the symbol
table size by
I008 symbols.

Delete macro and number processors; this increases
the symbol table size by
symbols.

I758

Bits IO and II are sensed whenever pass I is entered. Therefore, MACRO-8
would have to be reloaded to handle subsequent programs that use macros,
double precision integers, or floating-point numbers.
In the high version, the high-speed punch may be used as the output device
by changing the contents of location 0004 From 2600 to 0600. This is useful
for long third pass listings, since the punched output from the high—speed
punch can be subsequently listed off line. It is advised that this change
not be made until pass 3, so that pass I and 2 error diagnostics will be

pfinted.
DIAGNOSTICS

Format:

ERROR CODE

ADDRESS

where ERROR CODE is a two-letter code listed below, and ADDRESS is
either the absolute address of the error or the address of the error relative
to the

last symbolic tag on that page.

Error Code

Explanation

MACRO-8 internal tables have overlapped

Illegal character

Illegal redefinition of a symbol

MACRO—4

Error Code

Explanation

Illegal equal sign

Illegal indirect address

Illegal Format in a macro definition

Link generated to off-page address*

Missing parameter in macro call

Current, nonzero page exceeded

Symbol table exceeded

Undefined symbol

ZE
.

Page zero exceeded

*This is to inform the user of off-page references which may not be an error.

This diag-

nostic can be suppressed to speed up pass 2 assembly by setting location 1234:7200.

MACRO-5

| DDT-8 I
PURPOSE

The Dynamic Debugging Technique for the PDP-8 computers Facilitates program debugging by allowing the user to examine core memory locations

(registers) and change and correct their contents, place and remove strategic
halts and automatically restore and execute the instructions replaced by the

halts, and much more. Communication is via the Teletype keyboard using
defined commands and the symbolic language of the source program or octal

representation, with DDT-8 performing all translation to and from the binary
representation. (See DEC-OB-CDDA-D for details.)

STORAGE

DDT-8 requires locations 0004 and 5237-7577

(23418 locations)

Permanent Symbol Table requires locations 5237-5000

External Symbol Table is allotted locations 5000-3030 (250 symbol capacity)

Starting Address

5400

BIN is used to load DDT-8 and the object program into core.

The user should have at the console the Pass 3 listing of his obiect program
so

that the listing can be updated

to reflect any

to the program.

Loud

‘I See Figure BIN-2
_

______

Object Program

L°°d DDT‘B

------

«I See Figure BIN—2

Set SR = 5400

Depress LOAD ADD

Depress START

Debug Object Program
DDT-8 Is In
Command Mode

[5
Figure DDT-l

Loading and Executing DDT—8
DDT—i

debugging change made

Tape In LSR

Tape Slaps

Sel LSR To FREE

Depress CONT

Ocrnl Address Typed
ls Lower Limil Of
External Symbol Table

External Symbol
Table ls Loaded

Figure DDT-2

Loading Exl'ernal Symbol Table Tapes
(LSR Only)

DDT-2

with DDT-8
ln Command Mode

Symbol

Table

Se? SR = 1400

Type Octal Value
Of Delinifion Of

New Symbol

Type CR/LF And EOT

Depress CONT

Addreu Typed
ls Lower Limit Of
External Symbol Ta

Figure DDT-3 Appending New Symbols to External Symbol Table

DDT-3

Turn

TTY To LOCAL

Depress

LSP

Type Octal Value

Definifim 01 New

More Symbols

T
No

Type CR/LF And EOT

Depress HERE IS

Depress LSP OFF

Figure DDT-4 Generating New External Symbol Tape OFF-Line
(TTY and LSP Only)

DDT-4

RESTART PROCEDURE

Restart at location 5400 and DDT-8 will be in control.

If the user wishes to restart DDT-8 before he has punched a complete tape

with checksum, he must restart at location 540l to perserve the checksum.

EDITING NOTES

Do not open any symbol table location.

To enter a combined operate class and IOT instruction into an open loc—_
cation , the combination must contain no more than two mnemonics, the

second of which must be CLA.

COMMANDS

Any other combination is ignored.

The symbol table tape is loaded using the LSR only.

Each user symbol occupies four locations in the symbol table area

Input is interrupted when symbol table storage is full.

Mode Control

Explanation

Sets DDT-8 to type out in Octal mode.

Sets DDT-8 to type out in symbolic mode.

Input

Read symbol tape into external table from LSR, or

define new symbol from keyboard

Program Examination and Modification

k/
RETURN

Open location k (k may be octal or symbolic).
Close location currently open; enter modification,
if any

LINE FEED

Close location currently open and open next sequential

1 (SHIFT/N)

location; ent‘er modification, if any.

Close location currently open and open location address therein; enter modification, if any.

Breakpoint Insertion and Control

Remove current breakpoint

k[B

Insert a breakpoint at location k

k[G

Go to location k and start program execution

nEC

Continue from breakpoint, execute breakpoint n times
and return control to user.
to be I

If n is absent, it is assumed

Word Search

NEW

Begin word search for all occurrences of expression
N masked by the contents of [M between the limits
imposed by l: L and EU. EM, EL, and [U are locations within DDT-8 which may be opened, modified,
and closed exactly as any general register k in the
user's program
DDT-5

Output

Punch leader/trai ler code

a;bEP

Punch binary tape from memory bounded by addresses
a and b.

Punch end of tape (i .e.

checksum and trailer).

NOTE

The characterl: is generated

by de-

pressing the ALT MODE key.
Address Tags

Special Characters

Explanation

Command

Accumulator storage (at breakpoints)

Lower limit of search

Upper limit of search

['M

Mask; used in search

Link storage (at breakpoints)

Character

Explanation

(space)

Separation character

(plus)

Specifies address arguments relative to symbols

(minus)

Same as +

(period)

Current

(equal)

Type last quantity as an octal integer

location; used in address arguments

RETURN

Make modifications, iF any, and close register

LINE FEED

Make modifications, if any, close location, and
open next sequential location

Location examination character; when following the

(slash)

address

location, the location is opened and its con-

tents printed

(up-arrow)

When following a location printout, the location
addressed therein is opened

(back-arrow)

“

DIAGNOSTICS

Delete the line currently being typed

DDT-8 checks for the errors listed below and types a ? when any is detected.
All data between the error point and the previous tab or carriage return is

ignored

(LO—O

Undefined or illegal symbol
Illegal character
Undefined control command
.

Off-page addressing

DDT -6

; CDT—8]
PURPOSE

The Octal Debugging Technique For the PDP-8/I is a debugging pro—
gram which Facilitates communication with and alteration of the object

program.

Communication with the program is from the Teletype keyboard ,

using octal numbers.

STORAG E

REQUIREMENTS

(See DEC—OS-COCO—D For details.)

CDT-8 requires 6008 consecutive locations, and l location on page 0 For
breakpoint location
.

Low version:

locations 1000-1577

High version:

locations 7000-7577

Breakpoint is initially at location 0004.
Starting Addresslis lOOO (low) or 7000 (high)

BIN is 'used to load CDT-8 and the obiect program into core.

should have at the console the octal
the

The user

listing of his obiect program so that

listing can be updated to reflect any debugging change made to the

prog ra m

Load

Obiect Proqrmi

Load OUT-8

——————

—{See Figure

See

Figure

BIN<2

BIN-2

Set

5R =1000 (low)
SR= 7000 (hi)

Depress LOAD

ADD

Depress START

Iebuq

Object Progrwn.

DDT-B is In
Command Mode

Figure ODT-l

Loading and Executing CDT-8

ODT—l

th ODT’B

[n Conirol

Command

Type

LOAD ADD

Depress

mmmmmnnn P

Depress START
Se!

SRHZSI (low)
SR= 7231(hl)

Core

Image Of

mmmmmnnn
Is Punched

Punch
More Core
?

Sei

Set
SR
SR

I222 (low)

7222(hi)

Depress LOAD ADD

Depress START

Se?
SR

SR= 1000 (low)
SR=7000 (hI)

Depress LOAD ADD

Depress START

1225(Iow)

SR: 7225(hi)

Accumulmed

ODT»B Is Ready

For Next Command

Checksum a Trailer

Depress LOAD ADD

Depress HSP 0N

Depress START

Leader

Tape

Punched

Depress STOP

Depress HSP OFF

Tape

Is Punched

Set

Depress

STOP

Sei
SR =1203(low)

7203(hi)

Figure CDT-2

SR
SR

1231mm)

72310")

é
Generating Binary Tape Using High-Speed Punch

ODT—2

COMMANDS

Command

Explanation

Reopen latest opened location

nnnn/

Open location nnnn.

RETURN

Close previously opened location

LINE FEED

Close location and open next sequential location

i (SHIFT/N)

Close location , take contents of that register as a
memory reference and open it.

(SHI FT/O)

Close location, open indirectly.
Transfer program control to location nnnn.

nnnnG

Remove the breakpoint and restore original contents

of that location

Establish the breakpoint at location nnnn

nnnnB

Open location containing AC.
Proceed from the breakpoint

Continue from the breakpoint and iterate past the

nnnnC

breakpoint nnnn times; stop at breakpoint
Open the search mask. Initially set to 7777
LINE FEED
LINE FEED

Open'lower search limit
Open upper search limit

Search defined upper and lower limits of core for

nnnnW

nnnn

of search mask

leader/trailer tape

Punch

mmmm;nnnnP

Punch binary core image of locations mmmm through

nnnn.

Punch checksum and trailer tape

RE LOCATING THE

BREAKPOINT

ZPAT (the breakpoint symbol) is initially set to location 0004.

The break—

point location can be relocated to any location on page 0 by setting ZPAT

equal to the desired location

RESTRICTIONS

Although ODT-8 is relocatable to any page, it will not operate outside the
field in which it is located.
ODT-8 will not turn on the program interrupt.

However, it does turn off

the interrupt when a breakpoint is encountered.

This prevents disrupting

interrupts

CDT -3

The user's program must not use or reference any location occupied or used

by CDT-8

The breakpoint location must not be used by the user program.

DIAGNOSTICS

When CDT-8 detects an error it types a ? Followed by a carriage returnline Feed.
a .

ODT-8 checks For the following conditions.

Only legal control-characters and octal digits are acceptable, any
other character causes the character or whole line to be ignored

b.
c .

G typed alone is an error; control will be transferred to location 0000.

Typing a P command with the punch ON is an error; ASCII characters
will be punched on the binary tape.
Octal numbers must be from I to 4 digits; more than four digits is an
error

An illegal character (neither a valid control character nor a l- to
4—digit octal number) causes the current line to be ignored.

CDT—4

[ FOCAL |
PURPOSE

FOCAL (FOrmula CALculator) is an on-line,
gram used to solve numerical

conversational, service pro-

problems (both simple and complex), to in-

troduce programming to the student or computer novice, and much more.

(See DEC-08-AJAC-D For details.)

STORAGE
REQUIREMENTS

(63008 locations)
Extended functions occupy locations 4600—5377
(10008 locations)

FOCAL occupies location 1-3300 and 4600-7576

Starting Address=0200

OPTIONAL

LAB-8 or LINC-8 computer; Analog-to-Digital Converter (I89);

EQUIPMENT

Oscilloscope Display (VC8/I or 34D)

BIN is used to load FOCAL into core. FOCAL accepts user programs
either From the Teletype keyboard or the low-speed reader (see

Figure BIN—2).

FOCAL-I

FOCAL

Load

Have

Extended

Memory

Machine

Checksum

——————

See

Se?
DF = 000
IF = 000

Or
Evrov

Respond to
Dialogue

Initial

FOCAL

Types &

?
Ye s

FOCAL Is Ready
For User Input

Fig ure FOCA L-l

Activating FOCAL For Use

FOCAL-2

Figure BIN-2

INITIAL DIALOGUE

When FOCAL is in care, it types a greeting and identifies itself and the

computer being used.

FOCAL then asks three questions, to which the user

should answer with either YES or NO as shown below.

CONGRATULATIONSI!

SUCCESSFULLY

HAVE

YOU

SHALL

RETAIN

THE

LOADED

EXTENDED

'FOCAL'

FDR-8

COMPUTER.

FUNCTIONS?

The user types YES or NO in answer to this question;
for an explanation of the question, depress RETURN,
and FOCAL will
GIVES

'YES'

CHARACTERS.
SHALL

YOU

'FSIN:FCOS,FATN:FLOG,FEXP'

'NO'

RETAIN

GIVES

THE

YOU

180D

EXTENDED

AND

type

lflOO

CHARACTERS.
:YES

FUNCTIONS?

and repeats the question.

YOU

NOT
HAVE

HAVE

YET
YOU

LIBRARY

EXTENDED

AVAILABLE:

LOADED

THE

COMMAND

MEMORY?

SHALL

DISC
NOT

USE

The user answered YES, FOCAL replies

:YES
4K.

SYSTEM?

YET

The user answered YES.

The user answered YES, FOCAL replies

:YES

AVAILABLE.

The asterisk indicates that FOCAL is now ready
for user input.

COMMANDS

Command

Abbr.

Example of Form

ASK

ASK ALPHA(I+2*J)

Explanation
FOCAL types a

For each

variable; the user types a
value to define each variable
COMMENT

COMMENT

CONTINUE

DO 4.14

Lines beginning with the

letter C are ignored

Execute line 4.14; return to
command Following the DO.

DO 4

Execute all group 4 lines;
return to command following

DO or when a RETURN is

encountered.
ERASE

ERASE
ERASE 2
ERASE 2.]
ERASE ALL

FOCAL-3

Erase the symbol table.
Erase all group 2 lines.

Delete line 2. i
Delete all user text.
.

’

FOR

FOR I=x,y,z; TYPE I

Command string following the
executed For each value;
x,y,z are constants, vari; is

ables, or expressions.
x

initial value of I
value added to I until I
is greater than 2; y is
assumed

I it omitted.

Start indirect program at

lowest numbered line number.
GOTO 3.4

GOTO

Start indirect program at

line 3.4.

GO?

Starts at lowest numbered line

number and traces indirect
program until another ? is

encountered, until an error is
encountered, or until program

completion.
IF(x)1.2,1.3,1.4;

Where x is identifier or ex-

pression. Control is transferred to the first, second, or
third line number if (x) is less
than, equal to, or greater
than zero, respectively. If;
is encountered prematurely,

the remainder of the line is
executed.
MODIFY

MODIFY l.l5

Enables editing of characters
on

line I. IS.

The next char-

acter typed becomes the

search character. FOCAL
positions itself after the search

character; then the user may:
type new text
type CTRL/FORM For next occurrence

type CTRL/BELL to change
search character

type RUBOUT to delete back—
wards

type SHIFT/O to kill backwards

type RETURN to end the line
type LINE FEED to save rest
of line

QUIT

Return control to user.

RETURN

Terminate DO subroutine

FOCAL—4

SET

SET A=5/B*SCALE(3)

Define identifiers in symbol

table.
TYPE

TYPE FSQT(AL*3+

Evaluate expression, types

FSQT(B))

out

and result in current

output format.
TYPE "TEXT STRING"! FOCAL types text within

quotation marks.

Use ! to

generate CR/LF.
WRITE

THE TRACE FEATURE

Special

Example

Character

of Form

WRITE

FOCAL types the entire in-

WRITE ALL

direct program.

WRITE l

FOCAL types all group 1 lines.

WRITE l.l

FOCAL types line 1.1.

Those parts of the program enclosed in question
marks will be printed out as they are executed.

Explanation

If only one ? is

inserted, the trace feature be-

operative, and the program is printed
that point until another ? is encoununtil
an error is encountered, or until
tered,
comes

out from

program

CONTROL CHARACTERS

SUMMARY OF
FUNCTIONS

Format delimiter

Text delimiter

CR/LF generator

CR generator

Type symbol table

FSQT( )
FABS( )
FSGN( )
FITR( )
FRAN( )
FEXP( )
FSIN( )

Square Root
Absolute Value

Sign Part
Integer Part
Random Number

Exponential
Sine

FOCAL—5

completion.

Space
'

Name terminator

Expression terminator
Command terminator

;

RETURN

FCOS (

)
FATN( )
FLOG( )
FDIS( )
FDXS( )
FADC( )
FNEW( )

Line terminator

Cosine

Arc Tangent

Logarithm
S COP e F unc f.Ions
A-D Input
User Function

ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
l
*

Exponentiation
Multiplication

Division

Addition

Order of precedence is as listed;

properly paired enclosures are
evaluated first; otherwise
evaluation is from left to right.

Subtraction

When the program and symbol table areas become too large the error diag-

OVERLOAD RECOVERY

nostic ?03.79 will be typed out.

The user should then do one of the

following.
a.

Type ERASE and depress RETURN.
Restart at location 2216, if ?03.79 follows a
erases

legitimate command.

This

all variables.

As a last resort, restart at 2213.

This erases the text.

When loading a long program tape into FOCAL the user can suppress the

LOADING PROGRAM
TAPES

echo (printing) feature by changing the content of location 2475 to 7000.
This will cause only asterisks to be typed as the tape is being read; there
will not be a carriage return-line feed at the end of the line.
Entries from the keyboard will not echo unless each entry is preceded by
a

TYPE command.

Output will be typed in the normal manner.

To restore the echo feature,

depress the STOP key on the computer console

and deposit 4277 into location 2475.

FOCAL requires five words for each identifier stored in the symbol table,

ESTIMATING
LENGTH OF USER'S

and one word for each two characters of stored program.

PROGRAM
.

This may be cal-

culated by

where

‘+§

I.OI

length of user's program
Number of identifiers defined
Number of characters in indirect program

FOCAL-6

If the total program area or symbol table area becomes too

large, FOCAL

types the error
,

2203.79

FOCAL occupies core locations l—33OO and 4600-7576.

This leaves ap-

proxrmately 70010 locations for the user's P ro 9 ram (indirect P ro 9 ram,
identifiers, and push-dOWn list). The extended functions occupy locations
4600-5377.

If the user decides not to retain the extended functions at

load-time, there will be space left for approximately 110010 characters for
the user's program.

The following routine allows the user to find out how many core locations
are

left for his use.

*FOR

1:1:3093

SET

A(I)=I

(disregard error code)

?O3.79
*TYPE
=+

%4:

7GB

1*5:

LOCATIONS

LOCATIONS
LEFT *

LEFT

CALCULATING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Function

FOCAL Representation

Sine

FSIN(A)

Cosine

FCOS(A)

Tangent

FSIN(A)/FCOS(A)

Argument

Function

Ra nge

Range

OglA|<ioi4
oglAl<iot4
oglAl<1014

0:] Flsl

oglA|<1014

ig|F|<1016

olels1
og|F|<1016

[Al 942nm )11/2

Secant

l/FCOS(A)

LN742N+JhVQ
Cosecant

l/FSIN(A)

oglA|<1014
lAlaQNn

Ig| F|<1016

Cotangent

FCOS(A)/FSIN(A)

oglA} <10T4

0_<_|F|<101440

Arc sine

FATN(A/FSQT(] —A12))

Arc cosine,

FATN(FSQT(1—A12)/A)

[AlflN‘n
oslAl<1
o< lAlgi

05] F| 511/2
osl Fist/2

Arc tangent

FATN(A)

OgAgions

05F<n/2

Arc secant

FATN(FSQT(A12-I))

i_<_A<1016

0_<_F<1r/2

Arc cosecont

FATN(1/FSQT(A12-1))

1<A<101300

0<F<1T/2

Arc cotangent

FATN(I/A)

0<A<101615

O<F<1r/2

Hyperbolic sine

(FEXP(A)-FEXP(-A))/2

og|A|<7oo

05|F|55*101300

FOCAL-7

Egg)?

FOCAL Representation

Function

Hyperbolic cosine

(FEXP(A)+FEXP(-A))/2

Hyperbolic tangent

(FEXP(A)-FEXP(-A))/

file—01

oglAl <7oo
og lAl <7oo

ogl Fl 51
o<|=g 1

lgF<5*IOt300

(FEXP(A)+FEXP(-A))

Hyperbolic secant

2/(FEXP(A)+FEXP(—A))

05 IA] <7oo

Hyperbolic cosecant

2/(FEXP(A)-FEXP(—A))

|A| <7oo

o<| Fl< 1017

Hyperbolic cotangent

(FEXP(A)+FEXP(-A))/

|A| <7oo

1<| Fl <ior7

(FEXP(A)-FEXP(-A))
Arc hyperbolic sine

FLOG(A+FSQT(A12+1))

-IOT5<A<IOTéOO

-12<F<l300

Arc hyperbolic cosine

FLOG(A+FSQT(At2—1))

I§A<10t300

ogF<7oo

Arc hyperbolic tangent

(FLOG(]+A)-FLOG(l-A))/2

og|A|<1

og|F|<8.31777

Arc hyperbolic secant

FLOG((1/A)+FSQT((1/A12)—1))

03F<7oo

Arc hyperbolic cosecant

FLOG((i/A)+FSQT((i/A12)+1))

[A131
o<|A| <101300

Arc hyperbolic cotangent

(FLOG(X+1)—FLOG(X~1))/2

1<A<101616

05F<8

og|F|<14oo

DIAG NOSTICS
FORMAT:

?nn.nn@nn.nn

error

code @ line number

?00 00

Manual start given from console

?Ol .00
?Ol .43

Interrupt from keyboard via CTRL/C
Group zero is an illegal line number
Illegal step or line number used

?Ol .89

GOTO was not used as one word

?0l .;2

?Ol .:3

Line number is too large—
Double periods found in a line number

?02.48

Nonexistent line referenced by DO

?Ol.35

?02.63

Nonexistent group referenced by DO

?02.81

Storage was filled by push-dOWn list

?03.09

Nonexistent line used or a tight loop

?03 .31

Illegal command used

?04 07
?04 35
?04 48

Left of

?04 56

Illegal terminator in FOR command

?05 63

Bad argument to MODIFY

?06. l3

Illegal use of function or number
Storage is filled by variables

?06.64

No space after IF or illegal format
in error in FOR or SET
Excess right parenthesis encountered
=

FOCAL-8

Code

Meaning

?07.l4
?07.34

Operator missing in an expression or double E
No operator used before parenthesis

?07.<0

Double operators used

?07.;l
?07.;8

No argument given after function call

Illegal Function name given

?08 .50

Parentheses do not match

?09 .16

Bad argument in ERASE

?09.50

Maximum group number exceeded

?ll.20

Input buffer has overflowed

?12.83

Storage was filled by text

?20.4i

Logarithm of zero requested

?23.35

Literal number is too large

?26.9l
?26.96

Negative exponent used.
Exponent is too large

?28 .58

Division by zero requested

?30 .48

Imaginary square roots required

?31.<7

Illegal character or unavailable command or
unavailable function used.

NOTE

The above diagnostics apply only to the version of FOCAL
1968 issued on tape DEC-OB-AJAC-PB.

FOCAL-9

I FORTRAN (4K)
PURPOSE

FORTRAN (4K), FORmula TRANslator, for the PDP—8 computer is used to

compile, debug, and operate a user program written in the PDP-8 version
of the FORTRAN

language. Compilation requires only one pass. (See

DEC-08-AFCO-D For details.)

STORAGE

REQUIREMENTS

Compiler and symbol table requires locations 0003-7577 (7574 8 locations)
Starting Address=0200

Symbolprint requires locations 0600-0777 (2008 location)
Starting Address=0600
Operating System requires:
locations 0—5177 for paper tape 1/0 (52008 locations)
locations 0-5777 For DECtape [/0 (60008 locations)

Starting Address=0200

BIN is used to load the Compiler,
core.

Symbolprint, and Operating System into

The user's program is loaded by the appropriate FORTRAN system

program above

FORTRAN(4)-I

D egress

Loud

STOP

RTRAN

Using

Depress STOP

LOAD

Depress

Turn

Hiqh- Spud Reader

y“

sn-ozoo

pil

Exland-d Memory
?

©—D{

_.| See figure BIN 2
-

DF- Desired
IF

Field
Field Of Compiler

ld——

ADD

TTY To LINE

Low-Spud

Reader

Which

Rludor

SI!

LSR To FREE

Selocl

1/0 Comml

Door." CONT

mic
Sal

Bil

|1=1

Correction Mode
?
Sol LSR To START

Error

Diugnoslics

Corracl

Error

Yes

Dynamic
Correclion Mode
'2

Remove

Figure FORTRAN(4)-1

Compiled Tape

Compiling a FORTRAN Program

FORTRAN(4)-2

SYMBOLPRINT

The Symbolprint program is used to print out a memory map of the compiled
source

program.

The memory map is useful when debugging the program.

Symbolprint is run immediately after compiling a source program and before

compiling another or loading the Operating System.
NOTE

Symbolprint destroys the Compiler's DECtape I/O processors.
Therefore, the Compiler must be reloaded to
compile a source program containing DECtape [/0 statements.

Compile

—| See Figure FORTRAN (4) I
.

—

Load Symbolprint

—

‘

——————

-I See Figure BIN-2

Depress LOAD ADD

Turn TTY To LINE

Depress START

Memory Map Is
Printed On Teletype

Figure FORTRAN(4)-2

Generating a Memory Map Using Symbolprint

FORTRAN(4)—3

Load

FORTRA N
——————

Operating System

~| See Figure BIN-2

Load
552 Over|ay Tape

Using BIN

Using

Set

DF= Desired Field

Extended Memory
7

Set

Field 0! Op Sys

SR=0200

Depress LOAD ADD

H iqh- Speed Reader

Low-Speed Reader

Put

Compiled
Tape [n HSR

Compiled
Tape ln LSR

Select Switch Options

Turn TTY To LINE

And Activate
Selected 1/0 Devices

Turn LSR To START

Depress START

Remove Compiled
From Reader

Tape

Compiled Program
I:

Figure FORTRAN(4)-3

Loaded

Loading 0 Compiled FORTRAN Program

FORTRAN(4)-4

Load

Compiled
Program

——————

FORTRAN

—{ See Figure FORTRAN(4)-3

Select No Control

Turn

TTY To LINE

High Speed flinch

Low-Speed punch

Depress
POWER

HSP
To

Depress LSP ON

Generate Leader Top.

Deprus

CONT

Error

Diagnostics
?

Correct

Error

VI‘

Output ls Result
0F FORTRAN Prom

Dcprcn LOAD ADD

RI-EXOCUM

Progra m

NOTE
If the FORTRAN program has been debugged, the internal
stack overflow/underfiow test can be removed to speed up
program execution by setting location 0404:7000.

Figure FORTRAN(4)-4

Executing 0 Compiled FORTRAN Program

FORTRAN(4)—5

INPUT/OUTPUT
CONTROL

The selection of I/O devices for both the Compiler and Operating System
is controlled by setting the console switches as shOWn below.

SR Bit

Set To

Results
The program contains only paper tape I/O
statements.

The program contains DECtape I/O statements.

Compiler:
source

Use low-speed reader for input of

program

Operating System: Use low-speed reader For
input of object program and the keyboard For
ACCEPT statements.
Use the high-speed reader.

Compiler:

Use Teletype and low-speed punch

for compiler output (interpretive code) and

diagnostics

Operating System: Use Teletype and low-speed
punch for TYPE statements.
i

Use the high-speed punch (diagnostics still
appear on the printer).

I/O selections cannot be changed without reloading the compiler.

DECTAPE I/O

STATEMENTS OPTION

DYNAMIC ERROR

CORRECTION

The DECtape I/O statements are the READ and WRITE Statements.

The 1/0

statements option must be set before compiling or running a program.

Results

SR Bit

Set To

Delete DECtape [/0 processing routines.

Use DECtape I/O processing routines.

When compiling in the dynamic correction mode (see Note, below) the
user can

correct a statement,

which the compiler has determined contains

source-language error, by reentering the offending line from the key-

board.

To implement the dynamic correction mode set SR bit ii

shown in Figure FORTRAN(4)-l

FORTRAN(4)—6

T as

If an error is detected, the diagnostic is

typed out in the normal fashion and the computer halts.
statement:

To correct the

Set LSR to FREE

Depress CONT

Type the new line in its entirety (excluding the statement number if
any) followed by a carriage return-line feed.
Set LSR to START and compilation will continue.

Tol eave the dynamic correction mode, restart the compiler at location
0200 with SR bit H

NOTE

This Feature applies only to the low-speed paper tape
reader.

DIAGNOSTICS

Format:

Compiler

xxxx

where xxxx is statement number of last numbered statement, yy is

numbered statement, yy is number of statements since the last numbered statement, and 22 is error code (numbers in octal).
Code

Explanation

Fixed- and floating-point modes are mixed.

Two operators next to each other.

02
03

Compiler error; reload compiler.
Illegal comma in arithmetic statement.

Too many operators in a statement.

05
06

Function argument is in fixed mode.
Variable subscript in floating-point mode, or an operator

More than 6410 variable names in program.

Program too large.
Unpaired parentheses.
Illegal character.

Error in statement format.

Program too large, or duplicate statement numbers.
Subscripted variable defined prior to DIMENSION statement

is missing

subscripted variable not in DIMENSION statement, or
operator missing in fixed-mode expression.
Statement too long.
Floating-point operand should be fixed-point.
or

16
I7

Referenced statement number not in program.
More than 4010 numbered statements in program.
Too many incompleted operations in statement.

More than 2010 statements referenced before being defined.

Illegal attempt to compile READ or WRITE statement.

20
21

FORTRAN(4)-7

Format:

Operating System

"TILT"

where nn is the error code.
Action Taken When

Possible Cause

Code
I l

Attempt to divide by zero.

CONT is

Depressed

Quotient set to + or

largest

number representable in computer
and execution continues.

Floating—point eXponent on input
greater than + or

System executes next instruction.

2047.

Illegal operation code.

System executes next instruction.

Transfer to location 0 or I.

No recovery possible; recompile.

Nonformat statement used as

Next instruction is executed.

FORMAT statement.
l6

Illegal FORMAT statement

Rest of statement is examined.

Attempt to fix large floating-

Ignored

point number.
20

Attempt to square root a negative

Square root of absolute value is

number.

taken.

Attempt to raise a negative num-

Absolute value is raised to power

ber to a power.

specified.

Attempt to find logarithm of 0
or

negative number.

Attempts to find logarithm of absolute value.

Select error: system halts with
called unit in bits 0-2 of AC

Recovered by correcting

logical

unit and depressing CONT.

(0-3 with DECtape 552/555).
32

Physical tape error

System halts with error status in

AC.
33

DECtape buffer exceeded.

Ignored

DECtape control switch set incorrectly.

Ignored

System stack overflow

No recovery possible.

System stack overflow

FORTRAN(4)-8

Same as above

Recompile.

FORTRAN (8K)

PURPOSE

The FORTRAN(8K) Compiler and Operating System is used to compile a
source

program written in the

execute the

FORTRAN(8K) language and to debug and

compiled program. FORTRAN(8K) consists of a two-pass

Compiler, Linking Loader, Run-Time Monitor, Operating System, and a
library of subprograms. (See DEC-O8-A2AO-D for details.)

STORAGE

REQUIREMENTS

Compiler requires locations 1000—2000 (lOOl8 locations)
Starting Address

Cl 1000

Operating System requires locations 0006-7577 (75728 locations)
Starting Address

EQUIPMENT
REQUIREMENTS

SA of Main

Program (see Memory Map).

PDP-8/I, 8/L, 8, 8/S, or 5 computer with 8K words of core memory and a
high-speed reader and punch.

The PDP-5 requires a PDP—8 extended mem—

ory control modification.

FORTRAN(8K) is loaded into core memory using the BIN Loader. The user's
FORTRAN source program is loaded, compiled and executed using

FORTRAN(8K).

FORTRAN(8K)-1

Load

RIM
——————

[mo Field I

“I

See

Figure RIM—1 8 -2

DF=I
1F=1

SR=7756

Tape In HSR

Yes

HSR

Stops A1

End 0' Tape

Depress STOP

Remove Tape
From HSR

BIN Is Loaded

Into Field

Figure FORTRAN(8K)—] ILoading BIN Info Data Field 1
Using RIM with HSR

FORTRAN(8K)-2

SE
Loud

BIN

Into

Field 1

______

—| See Figure FORTRAN(B)—1

29
2:

<
CE
.—
C:

0
Sev

sw=o17777

_______

DF=O
F“

SR=7777

(P0551 0r2)ln HSR

Remove

Compiler

Tape From HSR

FORTRAN Compiler

(Pass10r 2) Is Loaded

Figure FORTRAN(8K)-2

Loading FORTRAN Compiler (Pass 1 or 2)
Using BIN with HSR

Info Field 1

FORTRAN(8K)-3

LI.

FORTRAN

Load

——————

Compiler (Possl)

-| See Figure FORTRAN(8)-2

Initialize

Sei

SW=H1000

(n—‘U 1 1 ‘“

u
n

Depress STOP

Depress LOAD

Pu?

ADD

Source Program
HSR

Tape lnlo

Depress

Turn

HSP To ON

TTY

Wail
Of

To LINE

For

End

OulpuiTope

Compiler Oulpul Tape
Is In Two Seclions.
Seperoled By Leadar/
Trailer Tape

Error

Diagnosl ic

Depress STOP

Remove Outpul

Tape From HSP

Remove

Sourcerqmm
Tape From HSR

Compile
Anolher
Source Two
7

Figure FORTRAN(8K)-3

Executing Pass 1 of the FORTRAN Compiler

FORTRAN(8K)—4

Load FORTRAN

Compiler (Pan 2)

------

4 See Figure FORTRAN (8)~2

S?
2';
Z

Se!

Fur Fim Secvion

SW'H'OOO

O'Pass10u'puv
Tape Into HSR
Depress

STOP

Depress CONT
Depress LOAD ADD
HSR Stops A!
End 0'

Tape

Pu! Second Section
01 Pass 1 Oucpuv
Pass In": HSR

Remove Tape
From HSR

Depress HSP To ON
Error

Diagnos'ic
Turn TTY To LINE

Depress START

Oufput Is A
Relacamble Binary

Tape And The
Symbol Table Typed

Compile
Anomer Pass 1

Yes

Tape

?
HSR SVOps A?

End Of

Tape

Remove

Tape

FORTRAN
Compilation CompleteFrom HSR

Yes

Error

Diagnostic
7

Correct Error

Figure FORTRAN(8K)-4

Executing Pass 2 of the FORTRAN Compiler

FORTRAN(8K)-5

<
a:
'—
I

0
LL

Load

BIN
——————

In?

Se?

Field 1

sw=ov7777

Loader

HSR

-{ See Fiiure FORTRAN(8)-1

_______

DF: 0
“2:,
SR= 7777

HSR

Stops A1 End Of Tape

Depress STOP

Remova Rabcmlng Linkhg

Loodur Taps From HSR

Relocating Linking
Loader

1: Loaded

Figure FORTRAN(8K)-5 Loading Relocating Linking Loader
Using BIN wifh HSR

FORTRAN(8K)-6

Reloca'iw

Lgaq

——————

Linking Loader

sw =o16200

Sui

______

-{ s" Figure FORTRAN (8)-5

DF-O
1F, 1

sn-szoo

Depress STOP

TTY To Llrfi

Turn

LOAD ADD

Depress

Relocmable

Maln

Program

______

Binary Tape In HSR

0r Subprogram

SWIO‘OZOO

Select

Swl'ch

Option

______

Sea

Linking

"if“

Loader
nu

Depress START

Ya s

Error

Diagnostic
7

Prim

Yes

5" SR BIO 1-1

Storage Map

?
Na

Remove

Depress

CONT

Relocaiabla

Binary Tape Fram HSR

All
Relocaiable

Binary Twas
Loaded
?

Figure FORTRAN(8K)-6 Loading Relocaiable Binary Tapes
Using the Relocating Linking Loader

FORTRAN(8K)-7

$21 SW = SA

Ger SA From
_

of Main

Program

Storage Map

Depress STOP

Depress LOAD ADD

Punch

Program Resul V5

Deprzss HSP ON

Put Dara Tape
Into HSR

Dopress START

Program Is Running

Program Resulrs
Are Primed
And/Or Punched

Figure FORTRAN(8K)-7

Executing Sfored FORTRAN(BK) Program

FORTRAN(8K)-8

Pass 2 Symbol Table

Immediately following the punching of the pass 2 relocatable binary tape,
the entire symbol table is typed.
as

Symbols are grouped in descending order

follows.

External symbols (predefined symbols are suffixed with U2)

Compiler symbols (preceded by a left bracket)

User variables (preceded by a back-slash)

cl.

Constants (preceded by a right bracket)

Statement numbers (preceded by an up-arrow)

Special compiler symbols (preceded by a left- arrow)

All undefined symbols are suffixed with U1 , and are usually due to a
reader error

Linking Loader

There are only two restrictions when loading with the Linking Loader:

Restrictions
a.

Linking Loader
Switch Options

The first program or subprogram loaded must have the largest common
storage declaration.
A program or subprogram must not cross a memory field boundary.

The available switch options are:
Print the number of pages remaining in each field;

Bit 0=i

do not print storage map.
Bit 0:0

Do not print.

Bit l=l

Print storage map followed by number of remaining
pages.

Bit i=0

Do not print.

Bit 10:]

Load next subprogram into field l.

Bit l0=0

Do not load next subprogram into field l.

Bit “:1

Load next subprogram into field 0.

Bit “:0

Do not load next subprogram into field 0.

If neither bit 0 nor bit 1 is set to
upon depressing CONT

1, another subprogram will be loaded

If neither bit 10 nor bit ii is set to

l, the next subprogram will be loaded

in the some memory field as the preceding subprogram.

If both bits 10 and ii are set to

field l.

FORTRAN(8K)—9

l, the next subprogram will be loaded into

DIAGNOSTICS

E#XXXX

Format:

Compiler

YYYY+ZZZZ

where XXXX is an error code, YYYY is the statement number of the
last numbered statement, and ZZZZ is the number of statements (including comments) since the last numbered statement.
DO?? at the end of the compiled tape means there is an ended DO
or

loop

illegal DO loop nesting within the program.

Pass I
Error Code
000]

0002
0003—0009
0010—0011

0012
0013-0014
0015
0016—0017

0018-0025

0026-0027
0028
0029—0032

Explanation
Illegal continuation line
Line too long or improperly Formed statement
Improperly Formed arithmetic expression
Improper real constant
Improper integer constant
Improper real constant
Pass l symbol table exceeded
Improperly formed COMMON statement
Improperly Formed DIMENSION statement
Improperly formed computed GO TO statement
Improper index in computed GO TO statement

0033-0035

Improperly Formed IF statement
Improperly formed DO statement

0036

Too many nested DO statements

0037

0040

Improperly Formed FORMAT statement
Improperly Formed arithmetic expression
Arithmetic expression too complex
Improperly Formed arithmetic expression

004]

Mixed mode arithmetic expression

0038
0039

0042—0045

Improperly formed SUBROUTINE or FUNCTION
statement

0046-0049
0050
005 I

0052-0056

Improperly Formed READ or WRITE statement
Excessive subscripts
Illegal equivalencing
Improperly Formed EQUIVALENCE statement

Pass 2
Error Code

0672
3303

Explanation
Hollerith statement counted incorrectly

4524

Pass 2 symbol table exceeded

6636

Statement number duplicated

Any other pass 2 error can be corrected by repeating pass I.

FORTRAN(8K)—10

Linking Loader

Format: ERROR XXXX
where XXXX is the error code number.
Error Code

Explanation

000 i

Loader has read more than 6410 subprogram names

0002

Current subprogram is trying to load above location

0003

Current subprogram is trying to increase the size of

0004
0005

storage
Checksum error on input tape
Illegal relocation code

0006

An error is in pass 2

7600
common

All errors are fatal except 0002, which can be corrected by resetting
SR=correct option, putting leader code of tape over reader head, and

depressing CONT.
Format: "XXXX" ERROR AT LOC NNNN
where XXXX is error code and NNNN is location of error.

Run-Time Monitor

Error Code

"ATAN

"DIVZ"
IIEXP
"FMTI
"FMT2
II

"FMT3"

"FMT4"
"FMT5"

"FPNT"

IISQRT

Explanation
Result exceeds capacity of computer
Attempt to divide integer by 0
Result exceeds capacity of computer
Multiple decimal points
E or

integer

Illegal character in I, E, or F Field
Multiple minus signs
Invalid FORMAT statement

Improperly formed floating-point number
Attempt to square root a negative number

To pinpoint the location of a run-time error:
a.

From the storage map, determine the next lowest numbered location

(external symbol) which is the entry point of the program or subroutine
containing the error.
b.

cl.

Subtract (in octal) the entry point location of the program or subroutine
containing the error from the LOC of the error in the error message.
From the pass 2 symbol table, determine the relative address of the external symbol found in step a and add that relative address to the result
of step b.

The sum of step c is the relative address of the error, which can then be
compared with the relative addresses of the numbered statements in the
program.

FORTRAN(8K)-H

SECTION 3
D ECTAPE

TCO1 BOOTSTRAP LOADER

PURPOSE

The TC01

Bootstrap Loader is used to load the DECtape Library System

programs into core memory.

See DEC-OS-LUAA-D and Section 4 of this

manual for details.

STORAGE

REQUIRED

The TC01

Bootstrap Loader requires locations 7600-7623 (248 locations).

Starting Address=7600

DECtape Control (TC01) and at least one DECtape Transport (TU55)

EQUIPMENT

The TCO1

Bootstrap Loader may be toggled into core using the console

switches or it may be read into core using the RIM Loader.
and corresponding instructions are listed below.

Location

Instruction

7600

6224
6774

7601

7602

1221

7603

4213

7604

1222

7605

3355

7606

1223

7607

4213

7610

0000

7611

0000

7612

0000

7613

0000

7614

6766

7615

3354

7616

6771

7617

5216

7620

5613

7621

0600

7622

7577

7623

0220

DECTAPE—1

The locations

Initialize

Using

Yes

Extended Memory
?

50'
DF= Field

0 Orl

Field O OH

Se!

SR I 7600

Depress LOAD ADD

Set

SR: First

Instruction

Depress DEP

Set

SR= Next

Instruction

Depress DEP

Al I

Instructions
In
YO‘

Finished

Figure DECTAPE-i

Toggling in TCO] Bootstrap Loader

DECTAPE-2

Load RIM

------

Using

-I

See Figure RIM-I 8-2

5:1

Yes

or: x FieldO
IF = Field Of RIM‘

Extended Memory
7

2
Lu
Set

'—

SR=7756

(I)

>.
U)
Lu
0.

Depress LOAD ADD

<
'—
0
Low

H igh— Speed Reader

Speed Reader

Put

Bootstrap
Tune In LSR

Put

Bootstrap
Tape In HSR

Turn TTY To LINE

Turn LSR Ta START

Deprus START

Tape
Reads In

?
Ye$

RIM must be in

Field 0

Tape Stops

Remove Tape
From Readur

TCQ‘I Bootstrap

Loader 1: Landed

Figure DECTAPE-2

Loading the TCOI Bootstrap

Loader Using RIM

DECTAP E-3

Load TCOI

4 See Figure DEC TAPE-2
.

Bookshop Loader

SR=7600

Depress LOAD ADD

Deprass EXAM

MB- First
Instrudion
?

86' SR =MA

Depuss LDAD ADD

Set

SR=Correcc

MB= Next

Instruction

Ins'rucfion

Depress DEP
AH

Instructions
Checked

Figure DECTAPE-3

Checking TCO] Bootstrap Loader

DECTAP E—4

DECTAPE LIBRARY SYSTEM

PURPOSE

The DECtape Library System is a collection of five programs (INDEX,

ESCAPE, UPDATE, DELETE, and GETSYS) stored on DECtape. They are
used to load named files into core memory, define new named files, delete
named files, and to create a new Library System.

See DEC—08—SUBO-D

for details.

STORAGE
REQUIREMENT

The Five library programs will occupy the First

408 blocks of

certified

DECtape.

[—
m

EQUIPMENT
—‘_"‘_

The DECtape Library System requires a DECtape control
one

(TCOI) and at least

5
Lu
a.

DECtape transport (TU55).

8
D

The TCOI Bootstrap Loader is used to load the DECtape Library System from

DECtape into care memory.

TCO 1

Load

______

Bootstrap

Loader

—| See Figure DECTAPE-2

Put Library System
DECtape 0n Transport

Set

Unit Selector
To

Depress REMOTE

Depress WRITE ENABLED

Depress LOAD ADD

Depress START

DECtape Library
System [s Loaded
Into

Core

Figure DECTAPE-4 Loading DECtape Library System
Using TCOI Bootstrap Loader

DECTAPE-5

LIBRARY SYSTEM
The

Library System tape contains the Five permanent programs explained below.

INDEX

causes

the names of all files on the library tape to be typed.

ESCAPE

causes

the Library System to exit core, and restores the RIM, BIN, and

DECtape Bootstrap Loaders in core.
UPDATE

allows the user to add Files to the library tape. When called, UPDATE
types questions to be answered by the user (questions are underlined):
NAME OF PROGRAM:
user

FRTRAN

types a program name consisting of from one to six

characters delimited by a carriage return.

SA (OCTAL) : 0200
user

types an octal address delimited by a carriage return.

PAGE LOCATIONS:
user

types the locations required by his program.

causes

DELETE

removes

<0, 2200><2400><4600,7577>;
A typing error

UPDATE to retype the question.

specified user program from the library tape.

DELETE types a

question to be answered by the user:
NAME OF FILE TO BE DELETED:
user

GETSYS

FRTRAN

types name of program to be deleted.

creates, on a specified tape unit, a new Library System tape consisting of
the loaders and the system programs. When called, GETSYS types a
question to be answered by the user:
SKELETON TAPE WILL BE CREATED ON UNIT#
user

types a single digit from one to seven terminated by a

carriage return.

DECTAPE -6

SECTION 4
DISK MONITOR SYSTEM

DISK SYSTEM BUILDER

PURPOSE

The Disk System Builder program is an easy-to-use dialogue technique
used to build the customized Monitor suited to the particular machine

configuration and to store the created Monitor on the system device.
The Monitor is then used to create and save the System Program Library
on

STORAGE

the system device.

See DEC-D8—SDAA-D for details.

See DEC—D8-SDAA—D For specific core requirements.

REQUIREMENTS

EQUIPMENT
REQUIREMENTS

A 4K

PDP-8/I computer with 3-cycle data break, an ASR33 Teletype, a

high—speed reader/punch, and a DF32 Disk.

A TCOI

DECtape Control

with at least one TU55 DECtape Transport unit may also be used.

BIN is used to load the Disk System Builder program into core.

0‘
L'.
2

2
D

DISK—I

——————

Load Disk
——————

System Builder

5::
-|Su Figure BIN»‘|
-{ See Figure BIN-2

Sat $Ri0200

Depress LOAD ADD

Depress START

Answer

System

Builder

Questions

Figure DISK—l

BUILDING A MONITOR

______

-i See Building A Monitor

Loading the Disk System Builder
Using the BIN Loader

When the System Builder is first loaded into core it will ask the Following

questions, which the user answers according to his machine configuration.
(User response is underlined, and each response is terminated by depressing
the RETURN key.)
*TYPE

SIZE

CORE

(IN

*§
*HIGH

User enters core size of his computer
SPEED

PAPER

TAPE?

*_Y_E_5_

User answers YES or NO

*PDP-8YS?
User answers YES or NO

*_i\_J_0_
*DISK?

User answers YES or NO

*_Y_i~2_s_

:TYPE
—

NUMBER

DI SK

UNITS.

User types number of disk units in his machine

configurationc

*TAPE?

*YES

User types YES if he has DECtape, NO if he does
not

NOTE:

If specified as present, the disk is automatically selected as the system device; if not, DECtape unit 8 is selected.

DISK —2

SYSTEM MODES

The system is always running in either Monitor mode or user mode.
Monitor Mode

is entered whenever the Monitor is started or when CTRL/C (T C) is typed;

Monitor responds with a dot (
User Mode

) typeout.

is entered whenever the system is executing a system or user program; user

mode is indicated by an asterisk (

) typeout.

':
2

O
E
x

‘2
o

DISK-3

DISK SYSTEM BOOTSTRAP LOADER

PURPOSE

The Disk System Bootstrap loaders are used to load the Disk Monitor into
care.

The bootstrapping of Monitor into care is necessary only when the

resident Monitor area

(locations 7600—7777) has been cleared or its contents

have been otherwise destroyed.

System Builder leaves the resident portion

of Monitor in core after building.

There are two bootstrap routines, de—

pending upon the type of system device.

See DEC—D8—SDAA-D for

details.

STORAGE

REQUIREMENTS

Disk requires locations 200—204 and 7750-7751
Ad dress=02 00

(7 locations).

Starting

DECtape requires location 200—222 (238 locations). Starting Address=0200.
REQUIRED
EQUIPMENT

A 4K PDP-8/I computer with 3-cycle data break; and ASR33 Teletype; a

high-speed reader/punch; a DF32 Disk and/or a TCOI DECtape Control with
at

least one TU55 DECtape Transport.

Disk and DECtape Bootstrap loaders are loaded (toggled) into core memory

using the console switches. The locations and corresponding instructions
for both system devices are listed below.

Disk Bootstrap Loader
Location

Instruction

0200

6603

0201

6622

DFSC

0202

5201

JMP .—1

0203

5604
7600

JMP I .+1

0204
7750

7576

7751

7576

0200

7600

Symbolic
DMAR

7600

DECtape Bootstrap Loader

*200

BEG,

7600

TAD MVB

0201

1216

0202

4210

JMS DO

0203

1217

TAD M201

0204

3620

DCA I CA

0205

1222

TAD RF

0206

4210

JMS DO

0207

5600

0210

0000

DISK—4

JMP I BEG

DO ,

0000

Location

Instruction

0211

6766

DTXA

0212

3621

DCA 1 WC

0213

6771

DTSF

0214

5213

JMP

0215

5610

JMP I DO

0216

0600

0217

7577

0220

7755

0221
0222

Symbolic

MVB,
M201,

0600
7755

7754

CA,
wc,

0220

RF,

DTCA

-1

-201

7754
0220

After toggling in one of the above bootstrap routines, set the SR to 0200
and depress LOAD ADDress and START.

dot (

Monitor should respond with 0

) after it has been brought into core.

MONITOR
DISK

DISK—5

DISK SYSTEM PROGRAM LIBRARY

PURPOSE

The Disk System Program Library is a collection of programs in an open
ended Monitor librarian which allows For easy additions and deletions.
The standard package of programs includes an Editor, transparent DDT,

Assembler, FORTRAN, Peripheral Interchange Program (PIP), and a transparent Loader. All the above programs are device independent and may
use

the disk for source files,

The system is File structured and hardware independent via the System

lay.

Builder program

STORAGE

binary output, symbol table space, and over—

See DEC-D8-SDAA—D For specific storage requirements.

REQUIREMENTS

The Disk/DECtape System Programs are loaded using the Monitor.

See

DEC—D8-SDAA—D for details.

DISK LIBRARY

The library system includes the following programs.

See DEC-D8-SDAA-D

For complete details.
DDT

is the standard DDT-8 but is overlaid to appear to be only two pages

long,

and it has three breakpoints.
EDITOR

is a device independent version of the Symbolic
to be edited

PAL-D

Editor, allowing sources

using disk, high-speed reader, or Teletype in any combination.

is a device independent version of the MACRO-8 Assembler (without macros

and floating-point pseudo-ops) which OllOWS storage Ir'or over 1000 symbols.
FORTRAN

is a device independent version of 4K

and—go operation
PIP

is a general

tasks.

FORTRAN, and is capable of load—

utility program; it relieves the programmer of tape copying

It includes directory list and delete functions.

LOADER

is a transparent, device independent version of the BIN Loader.

SAVE/CALL

are

Monitor commands which allow the user to save and retrieve,

page basis, segment of core.

DISK-6

SECTION 5
SYSTEM DEMONSTRATIONS

SYSTEM DEMONSTRATIONS

The demonstration programs convert the decimal numbers 20 through 30 into octal and type
the octal numbers on the Teletype printer.

These runnable programs demonstrate the ease with which

DEC's system, utility, and service programs can be used.

Each maior step involved in writing,

loading,

assembling, compiling, and executing the programs is explained; For most operations, the reader is referred to the appropriate flowchart in Sr‘ction 2.
The machine configuration being used is a 4K PDP-8 computer, on ASR33 Teletype, and a

high-speed paper tape reader/punch.

A FORTRAN PROGRAM

This FORTRAN program calls a PAL III subprogram to convert the decimal
numbers 20 through 30 into octal and to type the octal numbers on the

Teletype printer
All tape

input is through the high—speed reader, and all tape output is From

the high—speed punch.

The Teletype keyboard is used to issue on-line com-

mands and write the programs using the Editor program.

The Teletype

printer provides hard copy of all typed input, symbol tables, diagnostics,
memory map, program listings, and program results.

Initialize (Section 1, Initializing the System)

To Use the System

Load RIM Loader (using high-speed reader version) (Figure RIM-l)

Load BIN Loader (Figure BIN-l)

SYSTEM

To Generate Source

Load Editor (Figure BIN-2)

Start Editor at location 0200

Command Editor to append incoming text to text buffer; type source program.

THE

TYPE

DECIMAL

NUMBERS

FROM

2?}

OCTAL

DIMENSION

BSMF?
PAUSE
TYPE

TOCT(9),NUM(1)"”T—Reserve 1 location For number.

I :29 ’ 30

Reserve 27 locations (3 x 9) For the subprogram TOCT

39 40 <—————-—-Pause
60

5Q;

CONTINUE

6%;

FCJRMAT(/)

number

396710-27]0=3940]0

(396710:75778)

STOP
END

DEMO-i

Output is on the high-speed punch

(Figure EDIT-2)
Generate leader tape
Command Editor to punch entire text buffer;

depress CONT
Insert FORM FEED character onto tape

Generate trailer tape
Remove punched tape from HSP and write some
identification on its leader tape, e.g. ,
FORTRAN Source

6/l9/68

Restart Editor at location 0176 to clear
text buffer

Command Editor to append incoming text
to text buffer;

type source program

/ASSEMBLY

PROGRAM

NUM;

TOCT:

LOOP:

TYPE

OCTAL

NUMBER

Compute this address by subtracting the number

*7543

of words reserved in the DIMENSION state—
ment

TAD

NUM

CLL

RAL

DCA

TEM

TAD

DCA

INDX

TAD

TEM

RTL

above from

2710 +1

75778.

28m= 348

75778 348 75438
-

RAL
DCA

TEM

TAD

TEM

AND

TAD

026G

TSF
JMP

.-1

TLS
CLA

ISZ

INDX

JMP

LOOP

JMP

TOCT

TEM:
INDX:
Mil:

-4

07;

C260:

266

Type CTRL/FO RM to return to command mode
Output is on the high—speed punch (Figure EDIT-2)
Generate leader tape
Command Editor to punch entire text buffer;

depress CONT
Insert FORM FEED character onto tape

Generate trailer tape
Remove punched tape from HSP and write identification on leader tape, e.g. , PAL 111 Source, 6/19/68.

DEMO-2

To Generate PAL III

Load PAL 111 (Figure BIN—2)

Object Program Tape

Perform Pass 1 of assembly (Figure PAL-2)
Note error diagnostics, if any.

0260

7574

7573

INDX

7571

LOOP

7552

7572

NUM

7543

TEM

7570

TOCT

7544

Symbol table is typed on printer.

Perform Pass 2 of assembly (Figure PAL—2)
PAL III object tape is punched on the high-

speed punch
Perform Pass 3 of assembly to get the program

listing. (Figure PAL-2)
/ASSEMBLY

PROGRAM

TYPE

OCTAL

NUMBER

*7543
7543
7544

0000

NUM;

0000

TOCT:

7545

1343

TAD

7546

7104

CLL

RAL

7547

3370

DCA

TEM

7550

1372

TAD

7551

3371

DCA

INDX

7552

1370

TAD

TEM

7553

7006

RTL

7554

7004

RAL

7555

3370

DCA

TEM

7556

1370

TAD

TEM

7557

0373

AND

7560

1374

TAD

0260

7561

6041

TSF

7562

5361

JMP

7563

6046

TLS

7564

7200

CLA

7565

2371

ISZ

INDX

7566

5352

JMP

LOOP

7567

5744

JMP

LOOP:

NUM

The program listing is

typed on the printer.

.—l

SYSTEM

TOCT

7570

020%

TEM:

7571

®@@@

INDX:

7572

7774

M4:

-4

7573

@@®7

C7:

7574

@26Q

C260:

260

C26@

7574

7573

INDX

7571

LOOP

7552

7572

NUM

7543

TEM

757%

TOCT

7544

The symbol table concludes
the program listing.

DEMO-3

Load FORTRAN Compiler (Figure BIN-2)

To Compile the

FORTRAN Obiect Tape

Compile the FORTRAN object program
using the high-speed reader/punch
(Figure FORTRAN(4)-I)
Load Symbolprint (Figure BIN-2)

7576

MUN

7575

Execute Symbolprint to get memory map

(Figure FORTRAN(4)—2)
Lower and upper limits of the program

7575

5206

To Execute the Program

Load PAL III subprogram (Figure BIN—2)
Load FORTRAN Operating System

(Figure BIN-2)
Load compiled FORTRAN program

(Figure FORTRAN(4)-3)
Execute the stored FORTRAN and PAL III
programs

(Figure FORTRAN(4)-4)

®fl24

@M25
@fl26
@827
GQBG

@031

The program results are typed on the

@032

printer.

@033
@034

The ! (exclamation point) indicates that the
Operating System has come to the END of

@035
@036

the FORTRAN program.

A FOCAL PROGRAM CALLING A PAL III SUBPROGRAM

This is a demonstration of a FOCAL program calling an assembled PAL III subprogram to
convert the decimal

numbers 20 through 30 into octal and to type the octal numbers on the Teletype

printer.
All tape input is through the low-speed reader, and all tape output is From the low-speed

punch.
to the

The Teletype keyboard is used to write the PAL III subprogram, to issue on-line commands
Editor program, and to communicate with FOCAL.

the Teletype printer provides hard copy of all

As in the previous demonstration program,

input and output.

DEMO-4

Initiaiize (Section 1, Initializing the

To Use the System

System)
Load RIM Loader (using

low-speed reader

version) (Figure RIM-i)
Load BIN Loader (Figure BIN-1)

Load Editor (Figure BIN-2)

To Generate PAL III

Source Tape

Start Editor at location 0200
Command Editor to append incoming text
to text buffer.

Type the source program.

*411
XFNEW

*455O
XFNEW:

.LOOP;

JMS

TAD

FLAC

CLL

RAL

DCA

TEM

TAD

DCA

INDX

TAD

TEM

INTEGER
/AND

/GET

BRING

/INITIALIZE

INTEGER

INTO

PART

FLOATING

COUNTER

RTL
RAL
DCA

TEM

TAD

TEM

AND

TAD

026$

JMS

ISZ

INDX

JMP

LOOP

JMP

OUTDEV

EFUNBI

/CALL

FOCAL'S

/RETURN

TYPE

MAIN

ROUTINE

SYSTEM

PROGRAM.

TEM,

C7;

C268:

26%

INDX,

M4:

—4

INTEGER=52
OUTDEV=147
EFUNSI=1®6
FLAC=44
*27

BOTTOM;

4550-1

/SHORTEN

TEXT

BUFFER

DEMO-5

ALLOW FOR

FNEW.

Line 4 is listed

XFNEW:

JMS

INTEGER

/GET

INTEGER

FLOATING

The extra tab character is removed

4C
XFNEW:

PART

JMS

INTEGER

/GET

INTEGER

PART

FLOATING

Type CTRL/FORM to return to Command
Mode

Punch source tape on low-speed punch

(Figure EDIT-2)
T

Generate leader tape

Command Editor to punch entire text buffer;

depress CONT; source program is also
typed out

*411

XFNEW

*455O
XFNEW:

LOOP;

INTEGER

JMS

TAD

FLAC

CLL

RAL

DCA

TEM

TAD

DCA

INDX

TAD

TEM

/GET

INTEGER

/AND

BRING

PART

INTO

/INITIALIZE

FLOATING

COUNTER

RTL
RAL

DCA

TEM

TAD

TEM

AND

TAD

C26O

JMS

ISZ

INDX

JMP

LOOP

JMP

OUTDEV

EFUNSI

/CALL

FOCAL'S

/RETURN

TYPE

MAIN

ROUTINE

PROGRAM.

TEM:

C7:

C26@:

260

INDX:

M4:

-4

INTEGER=52
OUTDEV=147
EFUNSI=106

FLAC=44
*27

BOTTOM:

4550-1

/SHORTEN

TEXT

BUFFER

ALLOW

FOR

FNEW.

Append a FORM FEED character to end of tape

Generate trailer tape
Remove punched tape From LSP and write some
identification on its leader tape, e.g. , PAL 111
Source Tape, 6/19/68.

DEMO-6

Load PAL III Assembler (Figure BIN-l)

To Assemble and Generate

PAL III Obiect Tape

Perform Pass 1 of assembly (Figure PAL-l)
Note error diagnostics, if any.

BOTTOM

0827

C260

4573

4572

EPUNsI

0106

FLAC

.044

INDX

4574

INTEGE

@052

LOOP

4556

4575

OUTDEV

@147

TEM

4571

XFNEW

455g

Symbol Table I5 typed on printer

Perform Pass 2 of assembly (Figure PAL-l)

BD%(E($*%99=<98899:3Z'<+--@?<@%'+

Disregard meaningless characters typed
Note error diagnostics, if any.

Perform Pass 3 of assembly (Figure PAL-l)

*411

XFNEW

0411

4550

4452

JMS

4551

1045

TAD

FLAC

4552

7104

CLL

RAL

4553

3371

DOA

TEM

4554

1375

TAD

4555

3374

DOA

INDX

TAD

TEM

*4550
XPNEw,

LOOP,

INTEGER

/GET

INTEGER PART

/AND

BRING

/INITIALIZE

4556

1371

4557

7006

RTL

4560

7004

RAL

4561

3371

DCA

TEM

INTO

FLOATING

COUNTER

4562

1371

TAD

TEM

4563

0372

AND

4564

1373

TAD

0260

4565

4547

JMS

4566

2374

182

INDX

4567

5356

JMP

LOOP

4570

5506

JMP

E
g
m
‘

OUTDEv

EEUNGI

/CALL

FOCAL'S

/RETURN

TYPE

MAIN

ROUTINE

PROGRAM.

4571

0000

TEM,

4572

0007

C7,

4573

@26@

026%,

26%

4574

@006

INDX,

4575

7774

M4,

-4

INTEGER=52

OUTDEV=147
EFUN3I=1®6
FLAC=44
*27

0027

4547

BOTTOM;

4550—1

/SHORTEN

DEMO-7

TEXT

BUFFER

ALLOW FOR

BOTTOM

0027

C260

4573

4572

TEL/32M Egg:
INDX

4574

INTEGE

@QSE

LOOP

4556

4575

OUTDEV

@147

TEM

4571

XFNEW

4550

Symbol Table concludes the program
listing

Load FOCAL (Figure BIN—2)

To Execute the Programs

Start FOCAL at location 0200 and reply
to Initial

Dialogue

CONGRATULATIONSII
YOU

SUCCESSFULLY

HAVE

SHALL

RETAIN

YOU

HAVE

SHALL

USE

HAVE

YOU

THE

LOADED

EXTENDED

MEMORY?

'FOCAL'

FUNCTIONS?

PDP-8

COMPUTER.

:YES

:NO

4K.

LOADED

THE

DISC

SYSTEM?

:NO

Load PAL III Obiect Program tape

(Figure BIN—2)
Restart FOCAL at location 0200 and type

the FOCAL program
”30% -@G

(?00.00 denotes a manual restart)

TYPE

THE

*1.1@

*Iogfl

DECIMAL

*1~3®

FOR

I=2@:3@3

*2-10

SET

A=FNEW(I)

*2-20

TYPE

NUMBERS

THRU

OCTAL

2.0

*GO

Execute the FOCAL program and it will call

@024

the PAL III subprogram to type the results

gm 25

@026

@027
@030
0C31

0032
@633
@034

@035
@036
*

DEMO-8

the printer

A FOCAL PROGRAM

This program demonstrates the ease and convenience of FOCAL. In three lines of programming,
FOCAL alone converts the decimal numbers 20 through 30 into octal and types them on the Teletype

printer. The other line, line 1. l

is used to title the columns of typed numbers.

FOCAL is loaded into core memory using the high-speed reader.

Communication with

The Teletype printer, as before, provides hard copy of all

FOCAL is through the Teletype keyboard.

typed input and output.

Initialize (Section T, Initializing the System)

Use the System

Load HELP Loader (Figures HELP-l and 2)

Load FOCAL (Figure BIN-2)

Start FOCAL at location 0200 and reply to

To Activate FOCAL For Use

Initial

Dialogue

CONGRATULATIONS!!
YOU

HAVE

SHALL

SUCCESSFULLY
RETAIN

YOU

HAVE

SHALL

USE

HAVE

YOU

THE

LOADED

EXTENDED

'EOCAL'

FUNCTIONS?

MEMORY?

PDP-S

COMPUTER.

:YES

:NO

4K.

LOADED

THE

DISC

SYSTEM?

:NO

Type the FOCAL program

Using FOCAL
*

*Ul-QB

TYPE

*91-10

FOR

N=2fl:3@3

NUMBER:OCTAL";!

"NUMBER:DECIMAL
TYPE

%3:N:"

";P’!

*G2.1®

P=®5

*DE-EQ

J=0243

M=N

A=8T(4~J)$

D=FITR(M/A)3

M=M-D*A}S

P=P+D*1@T(4—J)

*GO
NUMBER: DECIMAL

NUMBER, OCTAL

:30

Execute the FOCAL Program

DEMO-9

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

| ASCII CHARACTER SET*
8-Bit

6-Bit

Character

Octal

301

302

303

8-Bit

6-Bit

Character

Octal

241

242

243

43
44

304

244

305

245

306

307

310

311

(
)

246
247
250
251

312

252

313

253

314

254

315

255

316

256

317

320

321

20
21

257
272

;

273

322

274

23
24

275

276

277

300

323
324
325
326
327

333

330

331

332

31
32

334
335

336

260

‘-

T
U

—

261

Leader/Trai ler

337
200

262

Line Feed

212

Carriage Return

263
264

Space

215
240

265

Rubout
Blank

266

267

270
271

*An abbreviation For USA Standard Code for Information Interchange.

377
000

47
50

APPENDIX B
GLOSSARY OF

The following list of computer/programming terms is by no means complete.

TERMs_]

However, it

does include many of the terms used in data processing.
Words underlined are defined elsewhere in this glossary.

Absolute
Address

(l) An address that is permanently assigned by the machine designer to a
storage location. (2) A pattern of characters that identifies a unique storage
location without further modification.

Accumulator

A register in which the result of an operation is formed; Abbreviation:

Acronym

A word formed from the first letter or letters of the successive words of a

multiple word term.
Accuracy

The degree of freedom from error, i.e.
or to a rule.

Address

A label, name, or number which designates a register or a location where
information is stored. That part of an instruction which specifies the location

the degree of conformity to truth

of an operand.
Address

A register in which an address is stored.

Algorithm

A prescribed set of well-defined rules or processes for the solution of a

problem in a finite number of steps.

Alphabet

An ordered set of unique representations called characters, e.g.
letters of the Roman alphabet.

Alphanumeric

Pertaining to a character set that contains both letters and numerals, and

usually other characters
Arithmetic Unit

the 26

The component of a computer where arithmetic and logical operations are

performed.
ASCII

An abbreviation for USA Standard Code for Information Interchange.

Assemble

To translate from a symbolic (source) program to a machine language (obiect)
program by substituting binary operation codes for symbolic operation codes
and absolute or relocatable addresses for symbolic addresses.

Assembler

A program that assembles

Auto -Index ing

When an absolute location 0010 through 0017 is addressed indirectly, the
content of that location is incremented by one, rewritten in that same location, and then read as the effective address of the next instruction.

Auxiliary
Operation

An operation performed by equipment not under direct control of the computer.

Auxiliary

Storage that supplements the primary storage.

Storage

Off-line operation.

Binary

(l) Pertaining to a characteristic or property involving a selection, choice,
condition in which there are two possibilities. (2) Pertaining to the

numeration system with a radix of two.

Binary Digit

One of the symbols 1

A digit in the binary scale of notation; called
‘—

«:21.
Bit

A binary digit.

Blank Character

A character used to produce a space on an output device.

Block

A set of things, such as words,

Boo ts trap

A technique or device designed to bring itself into a desired state by means

characters, or digits, handled as a unit.

of its own action, e.g. , a routine whose first few instructions are sufficient
to bring the rest of itself into the

Branch

computer from an input device.

A point in a routine where one of two or more choices is made under control
of the routine, i.e. , a conditional transfer (jump).

Buffer Storage

A part of core memory where information is stored temporarily during transfer;
it may attempt to match the speeds of internal

computation and the I/O de-

vice, thus permitting simultaneous computation and input/output.

Byte

A group of binary digits usually operated upon as a unit, e.g. , 8-bit or
6—bit byte.

Call

To transfer control to a specified routine.

Calling
Sequence

A specified set of instructions and data necessary to set up and call a given

Carriage Return

The Teletype operation that causes the next character to be printed at the

routine.

left margin.
Central Processing
Unit

The unit of a computing system that includes the circuits controlling the in-

terpretation and execution of instructions; the computer proper, excluding

I/O and other peripheral devices.
Character

A single letter,

numeral, or space mark used to represent information.

Clear

To erase the contents of a storage location by replacing the contents with

blanks or zeros.
Closed

Subroutine

A subroutine not stored in the main part of a program.

Such a subroutine is

entered by a jump operation and provision is made to return control to the
main routine at the end of the subroutine.

Coding

To write instructions for a computer using symbols meaningful to the computer.

Command

A control signal, usually written as a character or group of characters, to
direct action by a system program.

Compile

To produce a machine language routine from a routine written in source

language by selecting appropriate subroutines from

subroutine library, as

directed by the instructions or other symbols of the original routine, supplying

the linkage which combines the subroutines into a workable routine and

translating the subroutines and linkage into machine language.
Compiler

A program that compiles.

Complement

To form the negative of a binary word by replacing all 0 bits with 1 bits
and vice versa.

B-2

Computer

A device capable of accepting information,

processing it, and providing the

results in a usable form.

Computer Program

A plan or routine for solving a problem on a computer.

Computer Word

A sequence of 12 bits treated as a unit and capable of being stored in one

computer location.
Console

Usually the external front side of a device where controls and indicators are
available for manual operation of the device.

Control

A character whose occurrence in a particular context initiates, modifies, or

Character

stops 0 control operation, e.g.

character to control carriage return.

Control Panel

The part of a device console that contains manual controls.

Convert

To change the representation of data from one form to another.

COPY

To reproduce data,

Core Memory

The main storage device in the PDP-8 in which binary data is represented by

leaving the original data unchanged.

the direction of magnetization in each unit of an array of magnetic material.

Cycle

To repeat a set of operations until a stated condition is met.

Cycle Time

An interval of time in which one set of events is completed.

Data

A general term used to denote any or all facts,

numbers, letters, and symbols.

It connotes basic elements of information which can be processed or produced

by a computer.
Data Break

A facility which permits I/O transfers to occur simultaneously with program
execution on a cycle-stealing basis.

locate, and correct mistakes in a program.

Debug

To detect,

Decision

A determination of future action.

Delay

The amount of time by which an event is retarded.

Del imiter

A character that separates and organizes items of data.

Diagnostic

Pertaining to the detection and isolation of a malfunction or mistake.

Digit

A character used to represent one of the non-negative integers smaller than

the radix, e.g.

Digital Computer

inbinary notation, either 0 or i.

A device that operates on discrete data, performing sequences of arithmetic
and logical operations on this data.

Direct Address

An address that specifies the location of an operand.

Display

A visual presentation of data.

Document

A medium on which information is recorded for human or machine use.

Double Precision

Pertaining to the use of two computerm to represent a number.

Downtime

The time interval during which a device is inoperative.

Dummy

An artificial address,

instruction, or record of information inserted solely to

fulfill prescribed conditions.

Dump

To copy the contents of all or part of core memory, usually onto an external

storage medium

B-3

Dynamic Dump

A dump that is performed during the execution of a program.

Edit

To rearrange information for machine input or output.

Effective Address

The address actually used in a particular execution of a computer instruction.

End-Around Carry

The action of adding the most significant bit of a binary number to the least

significant bit.
Execute

To carry out an instruction or run a program on the computer.

Executive Routine

A routine that controls or monitors the execution of other routines.

External Storage

A facility or device, not an integral part of the computer, on which data

usable by the computer is stored, such as paper tape, DECtape, or DECdisk.
File
Fixed Point

A collection of related records treated as a unit.
In a numeration system the position of the radix point is fixed with respect to
one

Flip-Flop

end of the numerals, according to some convention.

A basic computer circuit or device capable of assuming either one of two

stable states at a given time.

Floating Point

A numeration system in which the position of the radix point is indicated by
one

part (the exponent part), the other part represents the significant digits

(the fractional part).
Flowchart

A graphical representation of the sequence of instructions required to carry
out a data

processing operation.

Format

The arrangement ofda_ta.

Function

A specific purpose of an entity or its characteristic action.

Hardware

Physical equipment, e.g.

Head

A device that reads, records, or erases data on a storage device.

Heuristic

Pertaining to exploratory methods of problem solving.

I/O

Input arm or both.

Identifier

A symbol whose purpose is to identify,

Indirect Address

An address in a computer instruction which indicates a location where the

mechanical, electrical, or electronic devices.

indicate, or name a body of data.

address of the referenced operand is to be found.

Initialize

To set counters, switches, and addresses to zero or other starting values at

the beginning of, or at prescribed points in, a computer routine.

Input

The transferring of data from auxiliary or external storage into the internal

storage of the computer
Instruction

A set of bits (in an object program) or characters (in a source program) which
as a

Internal Storage

unit cause the computer to perform an operation.

The storage facilities forming an integral physical part of the computer and

directly controlled by the computer.

Also called main memory and core

memory.

Interrupt

To stop a process in such a way that it can be resumed.

Jump

A departure from the normal sequence of executing instructions in a computer.

B-_-4

Label

An identifier.

Language

A set of representations, conventions, and rules used to convey information.

Leader

The blank section of tape at the beginning of the tape.

Least Significant

The rightmost digit of a binary number.

Digit

Library

An organized collection of standard and proven routines and subroutines which
can

be incorporated in larger routines.

Library Routine

A proven routine that is maintained in a program

Load

To place data into internal storage.

Location

library.

A place in storage or memory where a unit of data or an instruction may be
stored.

Loop

A sequence of instructions that is executed repeatedly until a terminal condition prevails.

Machine

An instruction written in machine language.

Instruction

Machine

Language
Macro

Instruction

A language designed for interpretation and use by the machine without

translation.
An instruction in a source language that is equivalent to a specified sequence
of machine instructions.

Manual Input

The entry of data by hand into a device at the time of processing.

Manual Operation

The processing of data in a system by direct manual techniques.

Memory

(1) The erasable storage in the computer. (2) Pertaining to a device in which
data can be stored and from which it can be retrieved.

No Op

An instruction that specifically instructs the computer to do nothing, except
to

Object Program

proceed to the next instruction in sequence.

The machine language program which is the output after translation from the
source

Octal

language.

The binary program which runs on the computer.

(i) Pertaining to a characteristic or property involving a selection, choice,
condition in which there are eight possibilities. (2) Pertaining to the
numeration system with a radix of eight.

Off Line
On Line

Pertaining to equipment or devices not under direct control of the computer.
Pertaining to equipment or devices under direct control of the computer; also
directly and immediately to user commands, e.g.

to programs operating

FOCAL and DDT.

Open Subroutine

A subroutine that must be relocated and inserted into a routine at each place
it is used.

Operand

That which is effected, manipulated, or operated upon.

Origin

The absolute address of the beginning of a program.

Output

Information transferred from the internal storage of a computer to output devices or external storage.

B-5

Overflow

The generation of a quantity beyond the capacity of a register.

Page

PDP-8/I, a unit of 200 (octal) locations which may be addressed
directly.

Patch

To modify a routine in a rough or expedient way.

Predefined

A named process consisting of one or more operations or program steps that

Process

In the

are

specified elsewhere in a routine.

Procedure

The course of action taken for the solution of a problem.

Processor

A computer program that includes the compiling, assembling,
and related functions for a specific programming

Program

translating,

language.

The complete sequence of instructions and routines necessary to solve a

problem.
Program Library

A collection of available computer programs and routines.

Programming
Language

A language used to prepare computer programs.

Protected

A storage location reserved for special purposes in which data cannot be
stored without undergoing a screening procedure to establish suitability for

Location

storage therein.
Punched

A paper tape on which a pattern of holes is used to represent data.

Paper Tape
Pushdown List

A list that is constructed and maintained so that the next item to be retrieved
is the most recently stored item in the

Radix

list, i.e.

last in, first out.

The quantity of characters for use in each of the digital positions of a num—

bering system.
Read

To transfer information from an
to the

Real Time

input device to internal storage; also refers

internal acquisition of data from memory.

Pertaining to computation performed while the related physical process is
taking place so that results of the computation can be used in guiding the

physical process.
Record

A collection of related items offita_, treated as a unit.

A device capable of storing a specified amount of data, such as one word.

Reset

To restore a storage device to a prescribed state.

Restart

To reestablish the execution of a program.

Routine

A set of instructions arranged in proper sequence to cause the computer to

perform a desired task.
Run

A single, continuous performance of a program.

Scan

To examine sequentially part by part.

To examine a set of items for those that have a desired property.

Set

To place a storage device into a specified state.

Single Step

Operation of the computer in which each instruction is performed in response
to a single manual operation.

B-6

Skip

Software

The collection of programs and routines associated with the computer.

Source

A symbolic

Language

ignore one or more instructions in a sequence of instructions.

language that is an input to a given translation process.

Source Program

A program written in a symbolic (source) language.

Statement

A meaningful expression or generalized instruction in a source

Step

One operation in a routine.

Storage

The assignment of blocks of data to specified blocks of storage.

language.

Allocation

Storage Capacity
Storage Device

The amount of data that can be contained in a storage device.
A device into which data can be entered, in which it can be held, and from

which it can be retrieved.
Store

To enterdat_ainto a storage device.

String

A connected sequence of entities such as characters in a command string.

Subroutine

A routine that can be part of another routine.

Switch

A device or programming technique for making selections.

Symbolic Address

An address expressed in symbols convenient to the programmer.

Symbolic Coding

Writing instructions using symbolic notation instead of actual machine

A_lg_b_e_|.

instruction notation.

System

An assembly of software and hardware united to form an organized whole.

Tape Drive

A MES that moves tape past a_|_1ea_d.

Temporary Storage

Storage locations reserved for intermediate results.

Terminal

A point in a system at which data can either enter or leave.

Time Sharing

The interleaving of the time of a device.

Toggle

Pertaining to the operation of a flip-flop or switch.

Translate

To convert from one

Underflow

The condition that arises when a computation yields a result whose magnitude
is smaller than the system is capable of representing.

Variable

A quantity that can assume any of a given set of values.

Word

A 12-bit unit of data in the PDP-8/I which may be stored in one addressable

language to another.

location.
Word Length

The number of bits in a word.

Write

To transfer information from internal storage to an output device or to

auxiliary storage.

APPENDIX C
OFF-LINE TAPE PREPARATION AND EDITING

In order to run a program on the computer, instructions and data must first be fed into the

computer from the input device.
The program and data could be typed into. the computer on-line.
is valuable, and hunt-and-peck typing on—line can be an expensive process.

However, computer time
For this reason, it may

be desirable to prepare the program and data oft-line, that is, to punch the program and data onto paper

tape using a separate machine, one not actually connected to the computer.
The ASR33 Teletype can be used off-line to prepare source program tapes, to duplicate

tapes, and to edit tapes previously punched in the ASCII format.

(Tapes punched from the Teletype

keyboard are in ASCII Format.)
When the Teletype power control switch is turned to LOCAL, the unit becomes an off-line

tape preparation facility.

Procedures for using the Teletype oft-line are listed below.

The Teletype

controls are described in Section I, ASR33 Teletype, and are shown in Figure INTRO-2.

DU PLICATING TAPES
a.

Turn TTY to LOCAL.

Set LSR to FREE.

Put original tape into LSR.

Depress LSP ON.

Depress HERE IS key to generate leader tape.

Set LSR to START.

After the original tape is read in, depress HERE IS key to generate trailer tape.

Remove tapes from LSR and LSP.

(New tape is punched and data is typed on printer.)

PREPARING NEW PROGRAM TAPES
When preparing a program tape off-line, the user should observe the same conventions of

his programming language as when preparing a program on-line using Editor.

operating procedures for off-line tape preparation.
a.

Turn TTY to LOCAL.

Depress LSP ON.

Following are the manual

Depress HERE IS key to generate leader tape.

Type the source program, observing the conventions of the programming language
being used.

NOTE

The RETURN and LINE FEED keys must be depressed at
the end of each line.

Depressing the CTRL/TAB keys perforates the tab character onto

the tape, and the typewheel moves only one

position

the right.

punched tab

When the computer reads the

character on output, it will cause the

typewheel to tab (0 tab is usually equal to 10 spaces).

After the source program is punched, depress HERE 15 to generate trailer tape.

Remove the source program tape From LSP.

CORRECTING TYPING ERRORS

Typing errors can be corrected using the B. SP. button and the RUBOUT key. The B. SP.
button backspaces the tape one column for each depression of the button, and the RUBOUT key per—
forates all eight channels of the tape (this perforation is ignored by the computer).

EDITING

Punched tapes can be edited off-line.
tions on the tape,

However, the user must be able to read the perfora—

otherwise, off-line editing is virtually impossible.

Turn TTY to LOCAL.

Set LSR to FREE.

Put tape to be edited into LSR.

Depress LSP ON.

Depress HERE 15 to generate leader tape.

Set LSR to START.

Observe the printer as the program is being typed, and

Set LSR to STOP a few characters ahead of the text to be edited.

Advance the tape one character at a time by toggling the LSR control from START to
STOP.

For Minor Edit:

Advance tape past the text to be edited and use the B. SP. and RUBOUT

keys to erase old text, then type and punch new text.

C—2

(1)

For Maior Edit:

Set LSR to STOP one character ahead of the text to be edited.

(2) Type new text.

(3)

Set LSR to FREE.

(4) Advance tape past edited area (reading the perforated tape).
(5)

Set LSR to START.

Repeat from step F until editing is completed.

Set LSR to START.

After new source program tape is punched, depress HERE IS to generate trailer tape.

Remove old tape from LSR and discard.

Remove new tape from LSP and save.

*It's good programming practice to list the new tape before discarding the old, ensuring that the new

tape is correct.

C-3

APPENDIX D
SUMMARY OF PDP-8/I

Name

SUBROUTINESW

Memory

DEC

Cal l mg Sequence *

Number

Locat

Ions

(Dec I ma I)
Function Subroutines

Square Root
Single Precision

FMAA

JMS SQRT
-

Signed Multiply
Single Precision

FMBA

JMS MULT
ADDRESS
-

/Square in AC

/Call
/Return with root

/Multiplier in AC

/Call
/Address of multipli/cand
/Return. High order
product in AC; low
order in MP1

Signed Divide
Single Precision

FMCA

JMS DIVIDE

LOWD

DIVSOR
-

/High dividend in AC

/Call
/Low dividend
/Divisor
/Return quotient in AC;
remainder in HDIVND

Signed Multiply

FMDA

Double Precision

JMS DMUL
HORDMD

HORDMR
-

/AC ignored
/Call
/Address of high order
multiplicand
/Address of high order
multiplier
/Return high order prod-

125

AC.

uct in

Remainder of product
in B,

Signed Divide

FMEA

Double Precision

C, D.

/Address of high order

105

dividend in AC
JMS DUBDIV /Call

HORDDR

/Address of high order
divisor

/Return. High order quotient in AC; low order

quotient in DIVND4.

High and low remainder
in DIVND land DIVND2

*All of the calling sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and
that there are no overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the
data and indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate
program write-up.

APENDICES

Name

Memory

DEC

Call mg Sequence *

Number

Locations

(Decimal)
Function Subroutines (Cont)

6. Sine Routine

FMFA

Double Precision

JMS DSIN
ADDRESS

/AC 0000
/Call
/Address of high order
=

word
-

248

(+double
precision

multiply)

/Return. AC=0 i =0
Answer in ADDRESS
and ADDRESS + l

7. Cosine Routine

FMGA

Double Precision

JMS DCOS
ADDRESS

/AC 0000
/Call
/Address of high order
=

word
-

8. Four—Word

Floating

FMHA

Point Package
9.

Signed Multiply (EAE)
Single Precision

sine and

/Return. AC

0 l

double

Answer in ADDRESS

precision

and ADDRESS + l

multiply)

See Floating Point System

Programming Manual, Digital-8-5-S

8-21-F

(+ double
precision

1041

/Multiplier in AC
JMS MULT
ADDRESS
-

/Call
/Address ofmultiplicand
/Return. Most significant product in AC;
least significant in MP1

l0.

Signed Divide (EAE)

Single

8—22-F

Precision

JMS SPDIV
LOWD
DIVSOR
-

/High dividend in AC
/Call
/Low dividend
/Divisor
/Return. Quotient in

AC; remainder in
DVD.
ll.

Signed Multiply(EAE) 8-23-F
Double Precision

—

JMS DMUL
HORDMD

HORDMR

/AC ignored
/Call
/Address of high order
multiplicand
/Address of high order
multiplier
/Return high order product in AC; remainder
in B,

104

C, and D.

*All of the calling sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and that
there are no overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the data and
indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate program writeup.

D-2

Name

Memory

DEC

Cal ling Sequence*

Number

Locations

(Decimal)
Function Subroutines (Cont)

12. EAE Floating Point

8-25-F

See Floating Point System Program-

See 8-5-5

ing Manual, Digital-8-5-S

Package

Utility Programs
Punch Programs
1. RIM Punch
2. BIN Punch
ASR33

PMPO

8-5-U

Binary tape (see write-up)
Binary tape (see write-up)

75A
Processor Programs
1.

Logical Subroutines

FMIA

—

JMS INCOR

Inclusive OR

ADDRES

/One argument in AC
/Ca|l
/Address of second

argument
JMS EXCOR

/Return
/One argument in AC
/Call

ADDRES

/Address of second

Exclusive OR

argument
2. Arithmetic Shift

FMJA

(General Calling Sequence)
-

/Negative number of
shifts in AC

JMS**
ADDRES
-

/Cal|
/Address to be shifted
/Return with shifted
number in AC

Shift Left, Single Prec.

**SPSL

Shift Right,$ingle Prec.

**SPSR

Shift Left, Double Prec.

**DPSL (Least significant part in

LSH)

Shift Right,Double Prec.

**DPSR (Least significant part in

LSH)

Logical Shift

FMKA

Shift Right,Sing|e Prec.

**LSRSP

ShiftRight, Double

**LSRDP (Least significant part in

Prec.

LESTSG)

g
lat-J

(Left Shift Logical;
identical to left shift

arithmetic)
*All of the calling sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and that

there are no overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the data and
indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate program write—
up.
D-3

Name

Memory

DEC

Cal ling Sequence *

Number

Locations
(Dec
me:

Utility Programs (Cont)
4. EAE Instruction
Set Simulator
BCD

8-l7-U

Binary Conversion

BCD-to-Binary

8-lO-U

BCD-to-Binary

/BCD number in AC

JMS DCDBIN /Call

Conversion

(See write-up)

8-ll-U

Conversion

Binary-to-BCD

8-l4-U
JMS BCD
—

Binary-to-BCD

8-15-U

Conversion

/Binary number in AC

/Ca|l
/BCD number in AC
/AC contains binary

number

(Used primarily for writing

/Call
/Return.

JMS BCD

mag tape in BCD Format)

BCD number

in ONE and TWO

Teletype Message SubRoutines
l.

Alphanumeric

8-l8-U

/AC ignored

JMS MESAGE/Call

Message

/First two characters of

message

)
)
)
)

/Remaining characters
"XX" represents the last

character

/End of message code
/Return

XXOO
-

2. Teletype Output

Package
Type One Character

8-19-U

Return is to location following "call"
AC

0000

(/AC 0-5
(/AC 6-H

trimmed

code

/Call

JMS TYPE

Type Two Characters

JMS TY2

/AC 0-5 lst character
/AC 6-H =2nd character
/Call

JMS TDIG

/AC 8-ll
/Ca||

Type a Digit

digit

*All of the calling sequences here assume that the data is in the correct Format and that
there are no overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the data and
indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate program writeup.

Memory

DEC

Name

Calling Sequence*

Number

Locations

(Decimal)

Utility Programs (Cont)
Type a Space

JMS TYSP

/Cal|

Type a CR and LF

JMS

TYCR

/Ca|l

Type a Tab

JMS TYTB

/Call

3. Character String

8—20-U

Typeout

/AC initial address
JMS TYPSTG /Call of string
/Return. AC clear

/AC contains numbers
/Call
/Return. AC clear

/AC contains number
JMS SSPRNT /Cal|

Decimal Print Subroutines
l. Unsigned Decimal
Print, Single Prec.

8-22-U

JMS DECPRT
-

2. Signed Decimal

8-23-U

Print, Single Prec.

Unsigned Decimal

8—24—U

/Return.

AC clear

/AC ignored

JMS UDPRNT /Call

Print, Double Prec.

ADRESS

/Address of high order
word

4. Signed Decimal
Print, Double Prec.

8—25-U

JMS SDPRNT
ADRESS

/Return.

AC clear

/AC ignored
/Ca||
/Address of high order

word
-

Decimal

/Return.

AC clear

Input Routines

i. Decimal to Binary In-

8-28-U

/AC ignored

JMS SICONV/Call

Un-

put. Signed
signed, Single Prec.
or

/Return.

AC contains

number

2. Decimal to Binary In-

8-29-U

/AC ignored
DICONV/Call
ADRESS
/Address for high order
-

“0

JMS

put, Signed or Un-

signed, Double Prec.

word
-

/Return.

AC clear

Miscellaneous
1. Octal Memory Dump

8-6-U

None

2. DECtape Library

8-3-U

(See write-up)

System Loader
*All of the calling sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and that

there are no overflow conditions to check upon completion.

For details on the data and
indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate program write-

up.

Name

DEC

Number

Memory
.

Calling Sequence

Locations

(Decrmal)

Utility Programs (Cont)
3. Incremental Plotter

8—12-U

(See write-up)

8-21-U

(See write-up)

SUBO-D

(See write—up)

128

Subroutines
4.

Symbolic Tape Format

Generator
5.

DECtape Subroutine

256

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