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DEC-08-NGCA-D

December 1966

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DEC 08-NGCA-D

DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION. MAYNARD. MASSACHUSETTS

DEC 08-NGCA-D

PDP-B
CONSOLE
MANUAL
DECEMBER 1966

DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION. MAYNARD, MASSACHUSETTS

Reprinted
March 1967
October 1967

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

CONTENTS
Program

READIN (RIM) LOADER

BINARY (BIN) LOADER

SYMBOLIC TAPE EDITOR ••..•....•...........•.•••.•••••...•.•..•.•.

PAL III ASSEMBLER •.•..........•....•..•...•..•••••••...•.....•••.•.

MACRO-8 ASSEMBLER •.......•.....•......•.•...•.•.•...•......•..•

DO T-8 .•.•.•..•••..•.••.••.••.••...•••••...•.•••••••••••••••••••.•.

FORTRAN

PDP-8 SUBROUTINES
Function Subroutines

Uti I i ty Programs •••.•.•••.••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••

OFF-LINE PREPARATION AND EDITING OF SYMBOLIC TAPES
US1 N G ASR-33 .................................................... .

Appendixes

SUMMARY OF ERROR MESSAGES
PAL III .•.......•••.••......••..•...........•.•.•••....••..•...

MACRO-8 .....................................•...............

PDP-S CONSOLE MANUAL

READIN (RIM) LOADER
DEC Library Tape No: Digital-S-1-U

The PDP-S<IDReadin tv\ode Loader Program Write-Up,
Digital-S-1-U, contains a complete discussion of
the RIM Loader.

PUT THE STARTING

:~~~,~~'~~E~~~~~OR t - - - - - - - - - ,
(SRI

The RIM LOADER is a program used to load a program on a RIM format tape from the ASR 33 Reader
into the PDP-S memory. The RIM Loader must be
toggled into memory initially from the console of
the computer but should never have to be toggled
in again unless destroyed by errors in the user's
program (see figure 1).

PANEL LOCK ON. TURN
PANEL LOCK KEY FULL
COUNTER-CLOCKWISE

From the programmer's viewpoint, the principal use
of the RIM Loader is to load the Binary (BIN) Loader
into memory (see page 4). However, since some
diagnostic program tapes (Maindecs) are in RIM format, the RIM Loader is used to load them when
checking the performance of the system.
Figure 2 gives in flow chart form instructions for
check ing the RIM Loader.
\then using the high speed reader, the following
,::IM Loader program should be toggled into
memory.
Address

Instruct ion
(Octal)

7756
7757
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767
7770
7771
7772
7773
7774
7775

6014
6011
5357
6016
7106
7006
7510
5374
7006
6011
5367
6016
7420
3776
3376
5357

•

SWITCH DOWN ~ a

LIGHT OFF

SWITCH UP

LIGHT ON

Figure 1

Toggling in the RIM Loader

®PDP is a registered trademark of the Digital
Equipment Corooration.

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

RIM LOADER

TABLE 1
Address

Instruction (Octal)

7756
7757
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767
7770
7771
7772
7773
7774
7775
7776

6032
6031
5357
6036
7106
7006
7510
5357
7006
6031
5367
6034
7420
3776
3376
5356
0000

RIM LOADER PROGRAM (ASR 33)
Symbolic Program
BEG,

TEMP,

Figure 2

KCC
KSF
JMP .-1
KRB
CLL RTL
RTL
SPA
JMP BEG+l
RTL
KSF
JMP .-1
KRS
SNL
DCA I TEMP
DCA TEMP
JMP BEG
0

Checking the RIM Loader

/Clear AC and flag
/Skip if flag = 1
/Looking for character
/Read buffer
/Rotate channel
/8 into ACO
/Checking for leader
/Found leader
/Channel 7 into link
/Skip if flag = 2
/Looking for character
/Read, do not c I ear
/Checking for address
/Store contents
/Store address
/Return to get next character
/Temporary storage

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

BINARY (BIN) LOADER
DEC Library Tape No: Digital-8-2-U

The PDP-8 Binary Loader Program Write-Up, Digital8-2-U, contains a complete discussion of the BIN

CHECK THE RIM
LOAOER IN MEMORY.
IF NECESSARY
ISEE PAGE 3)

Loader. Figure 3 gives instructions in flow chart
form for loading the Binary Loader.

14---------------------------.

PUT SWITCH ON ASR-33
READER TO FREE··
BE SURE ASR-33
SWITCH IS ON LINE

ASR-33 SWITCH
IS ON LOCAL
SWITCH TO LINE

TURN ONTO LINE

•• THIS ALLOWS THE TAPE TO FIT SMOOTHLY
OVER THE READER HEAD AND THE SPROCKET
WHEEL TO RUN FREELY.

AFTER PROGRAM REA
IN. WAIT UNTIL ONLY
BIT "0" IS ON IN
ACCUMULATOR I i.e.
TRAILER CODE OVER
READER HEAD)

PRESS STOP KEY ON
ONSOLE. MOVE ASR-33
ADER SWITCH TO FRE
PROGRAM IS LOADED

Figure 3

Loading the Binary Loader

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

BINARY LOADER
The BIN Loader is a program used to load a program
on a binary format tape* from either the ASR 33
Reader (10 cps) or the high-speed photoelectric
reader (300 cps) into the PDP-8 memory. The RIM
Loader should load the BIN Loader into memory (see
page 2). The BIN Loader never has to be loaded
again unless destroyed by errors in the user's program. None of the binary programs supplied with
the mochine use the locations occupied by the
Binary Loader. Only the user's program can disturb these locations.

1. Place starting address (from tape label)
into SR.
2. Press LOAD ADD key.
3. Press START key.

Figure 4 illustrates how to use the BIN Loader. For
the specific starting procedure for each program, the
user shou Id refer to the appropriate program write-up.

From the programmer's viewpoint, the BIN Loader
progra m loads:
Symbolic Tape Editor
PAL III
MACRO-8
DDT-8
FORTRAN Compiler and Operating System
Any tape from pass 2 of PAL III or MACRO-8
Any other tape in binary format (e.g., Floating-Point Packages)
The starting address of the BIN Loader is always
7777. After any given program is loaded correctly
into memory, the user sets the starting address of
the program into the SWITCH REGISTER (SR). This
starting address is on the label of all system programs supplied with the PDP-8. The user should
mark clearly the starting address on the binary tape
of every program produced by pass 2 of the assembier.
In general, start the given program which was just
loaded in the following manner:

HIGH SPEED

LOW SPEED

PUT PROGRAM TAPE
INTO REAOER WITH:
-FEED-HOLE NEARER
FACE OF READER
- LEADER CODE OVER
PHOTO - DIODES

PUT PROGRAM TAPE
INTO READER WITH:
- LEADER CODE OVER
THE READERHEAD
-ASR-33 READER
SWITCH ON FREE

PRESS START ON
CONSOLE WAIT UNTIL
TAPE STOPS AFTER
READING IN

PROGRAM LOADED
INCORRECTLY

* All systems programs (except Maindecs), suppl ied
with the PDP-8, which are in binary format have
blue labels. The tapes with red labels are symbolic
programs in ASCII code.

Figure 4

Using the Binary Loader

PDP-8 CONSOLE tv\ANUAL

SYMBOLIC TAPE EDITOR
DEC Library Tape No: Digital-8-1-S ASR 33
Digital-8-1-S 75/750 (for high speed paper tape equipment)

OPERATING PROCEDURES

The reader must have a thorough knowledge of the
PDP-8 Symbolic Tape Editor Programming Manual
(Digital-8-1-S) before using the operating procedures outlined here. To generate and edit a program refer to figure 6. To punch a correct progralT'
see figure 7.

TYPE A COMMAND OF
THE DESIRED FORM.
THEN HIT THE
RETURN KEY

r---_

TYPE THE FORM KEY
WITH THE CTRL KEY
- - - - - - ' DEPRESSED. A BELL ' " - - _ ' - "
WILL RING TO INDICATE
THE TRANSITION

Modes
Command Mode - In this mode all characters typed
on the keyboard of the ASR 33 are interpreted as
commands to the Editor. These commands must be
in one of the three following forms:

Figure 5

Transition Between Modes

Errors in Operation

If the operator types an illegal command or meaningless argument(s), the Editor responds with "?" Re-

nX~

type the command correctly.

n,mX~

If the operator types a command in command mode
and the computer does not respond as expected,the
operator probably forgot to hit the RETURN key.

where "X" represents a general command; nand m
represent decimal numbers specifying lines in the
symbolic program; and) represents the operator
typing the RETURN key.

If the operator types a command in text mode, that
command is treated as text. Theoperatormust signal
the Editor by typing CTRL/FORM that he wishes to
return to command mode.

Command mode is the initial mode of the Editor.
Text Mode - This mode can only be entered by an
appropriate command. In this mode, the Editor
enters as text all characters typed on the ASR 33
keyboard or read from the reader in accord with
the immediately preceding command.

Restart

The commands marked with an asterisk below leave
the Editor in text mode. To return to command
mode, the operator must type the CTRL/FORM
combination. If the"""COmmand R) has been given.,
the form feed character on the tape (placed there
by the F) command during punchout) performs these
functions. In either case, the return to command
mode is accompanied by the ringing of the ASR 33
bell.
The unmarked commands neither remain in text mode
nor ring the bell.

If the operator stops the computer for some reason,
he may restart it at location 0177 without disturbing
the text in the buffer. A carriage return, line feed
combination is generated. This is the usual restart
procedure. If no carriage return, line feed is
desired, restart at 0200.

CAUTION

If the Editor is restarted at 0176, all the
text currently in the buffer will be lost.

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

SYMBOLIC TAPE EDITOR

USE THE RIM LOADER
TO LOAD BIN LOADER
INTO MEMORY
(SEE PAGE 4)

WITH ASR- 33 ON LIN E
PRESS START SHOULD
RESPOND WITH CARRIAGE
RETURN.EDITOR IS
IN COMMAND MODE

TYPE 750

PHOTOEL~E7~=TR~I~C-----------<:

TURN ON READER PUT
TAPE INTO READER
WITH FEED-HOLE
NEAREST READER FACE.
BE SURE HANDLE IS
FULL-OUT

'---------------------./

BELL RINGS WHEN
EDITOR ENCOUNTERS
FORM FEED. EDITOR
RETURNS TO COMMAND
MODE

ORRECT THE PROGRAM
USING EDITING
COMMANDS

Figure 6

TURN ASR-33 READER
14------------------------------\ ;gl~~~~~~E~;M~A~6
MODE

Generating and Editing a Program

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

SYMBOLIC TAPE EDITOR

ENSURE THE EDITOR
I S IN COMMAND MODE
BY TYPING CTRLlFOR
IF NO BELL RINGS
TYPE IT AGAIN EDITOR
WILL REPLY WITH 7.
IN COMMAND MODE

TYPE~75~__________
YE_S~

ASR-33
LOW SPEED

GIVE DESIRED PUNCH
COMMAND:
Pt
nPt
n,mPt
GIVE DESIRED PUNCH
Pt
COMMAND:
nPt
n,mP~

TURN OFF PUNCH
BEFORE TYPING
N EXT COMMAND

SWITCH ASR-33 TO LINE
PRESS CONT ON CONSOLE
DESIRED TEXT WILL BE
PRINTED AND PUNCHED

•

PRESS AND HOLD DOWN THE CTRL AND
SHIFT KEYS WITH LEFT HAND. PRESS
AND HOLD DOWN THE REPT AND@) KEY
WITH RIGHT HAND. WHEN REOUIRED
AMOUNT OF LEADER HAS BEEN GENERATED
RELEASE RIGHT HAND FIRST.

Figure 7

Punching Out a Correct Program

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

SYMBOLIC TAPE EDITOR

TABLE 2 SUMMARY OF EDITOR COMMANDS
(See Appendix 1 of PDP-8 Symbolic Tape Editor Programming Manual)
Function

No. of Arguments

Command

Input

Read incoming text from reader. Append to text buffer.
Append incoming text fromokeyboard to text buffer.

Editing

nL)
n,mL~
nC} *
n,mC) *
nI~ *
nD
n,mD ~

1
2
1
2

1
1
2

List entire text buffer.
List line n.
List lines n through m.
Change line n.
Change lines n through m.
Insert above line n.
Delete line n.
Delete lines n through m.
Delete entire text buffer.

Output

o
1
2

o
1

Punch entire text buffer.
Punch line n.
Punch lines n through m.
Punch form feed.
Equivalent to P~, F~, K), R~ repeated n times.

*These commands leave the Editor in text mode until the operator types CTRL/FORM (in the 75/750 highspeed equipment version until the CTRL/FORM character is encountered on the symbolic tape).
TABLE 3 SUMMARY OF SPECIAL CHARACTERS FOR THE EDITOR
(See appendix 1 of PDP-8 Symbolic Tape Editor Programming Manual)

Function

Character
Key Functions
Back arrow ( - )
CTRL/TAB

Virgule (/)
Period (.)
Equals (=)
Space ( )
Minus (-)
ALT MODE

Cancels entire line in either text or command made.
On input, acts as a tab of ten spaces. May be suppressed on output; put up
SR bit 1 •
Special Arguments (In Command Mode Only)
Decimal value of last line of current page.
Decimal value of current line being processed.
Decimal value of preceding argument is typed out.
Allows line specification relative to current line (.).
Allows line specification relative to current line (.) or last line (/)
In 75/750 Version Only
List I ine following current line (.).
List line immediately preceding current line (.).
9

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

PAL III ASSEMBLER
PAL III SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLER
DEC Library Tape No: Digital-8-3-S

The PDP-8 PAL III Symbolic Assembler Programming
Manual presents a complete discussion of the PAL III
Program. Specifically, chapter 5 of the manual contai ns the operati ng instructions. The flow diagram on
the opposite page shows only one of the possible operating procedures for a complete assembly. For other
switch settings, refer to chapter 5 of the Manual.
At the beginning of pass 1, PAL III senses by program
whether the system has a Type 750 High Speed Photoelectric reader. If so, the symbolic tape must be
assembled using this high speed reader.

If using the ASR-33 during pass 2, random characters
are printed on the page which have absolutely no
relevance to the programmertheyshould be ignored.
However, diagnostic messages are printed during
pass 2 which are important to the programmer.
These may beeasily recognized since the typing
mechanism returns to the left hand side of the page
before typing a message of the following format:

AB XXXXXX

YYYY

where A and B represent two al phabet characters,
and XXXXXX and YYYY represent numbers or
characters depending on the diagnostic.
For a summary of the diagnostics that may occur
during assembly, the reader is referred to pages
5-2 and 5-3 of the PAL III Manual {Digital-8-3-S}
or, for a summary, appendix 2 of this manual.

If the program is to be debugged with DDT-8, the
symbol table punched on the tape at the end of
pass 3 should be saved on the same tape as the
output of pass 2 and loaded at debugging time.
To do this, turn on the punch at the end of pass 3
immediately after the "$" is encountered on the
tape while the teleprinter is still operating (i.e.,
the co mpu ter does not ha I t) •

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

PAL III ASSEMBLER

USE THE RIM LOADER
TO LOAD BIN LOADER
INTO MEMORY
(SEE PAGE 4)

USE THE BIN LOADER
TO LOAD PAL
INTO MEMORY
(SEE PAGE 5)

PUT SYMBOLIC TAPE
INTO READER. IF USING
ASR-33. BE SURE IT
IS ON LINE

FINISHED.
THE BINARY TAPE
PRODUCED BY PASS 2
MAY NOW BE LOADED
BY THE BINARY LOADER

*
**

Figure 8

IF THE SYSTEM IS EQUIPPED WITH A TYPE 75 HIGH
SPEED PUNCH. SETTING BIT II TO I WILL CAUSE
BINARY TAPE AND SYMBOL TAPE TO BE PUNCHED
ON THE HIGH SPEED UNIT.
IF USING ASR-33 BE READY TO TURN ON PUNCH
WHEN $ IS ENCOUNTERED.

PAL III Flow Diagram

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

MACRO-8 ASSEMBLER
DEC Library Tape No: DEC-08-CMAA-D

The PDP-8 MACRO-8 Assembler Manual contains a
complete discussion of the MACRO-8 Assembler.
It is suggested that the beginning programmer thoroughly understand the features of PAL III before
attempting to use MACRO-S. The additional features of MACRO-8 are found on page 5-1 of the
manual.

ADDRESS

where AB represents two alphabet characters and
ADDRESS represents the address where the error
occurred re lative to the latest tag. For a summary
of the diagnostics that may occur during assembly,
the reader is referred to chapter 8 of the MACRO-a
manual, or for summary, appendix 2 of this manual.

The flow diagram on the opposite page is oriented toward the ASR 33 version of the Assembler and shows
only one of the possible operating procedures for a
complete assembly. For other operating alternatives
and SWITCH REGISTER settings, the reader is referred to chapter 9 of the manua I.
As in PAL III, printed on the page are random
characters which have absolutely no relevance to
the programmer and should be ignored. However,
diagnostics messages are printed during pass 2 which
are important to the programmer. These may be
easily recognized since the typing mechanism returns to the left hand side of the page before
typing a message of the following format:

If the program is to be debugged with DDT -8, the
symbol table punched at the end of pass 2 should
be saved on the same tape as the binary object
program, and loaded at debugging time.

Active Register Storage
[A [Yare registers within DDT which contain the
contents of the AC and state of the link respectively
at the time the breakpoint is encountered. These
may be opened, modified and closed exactly like
any general register, k, in the user's program.

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

MACRO-8 ASSEMBLER

USE THE RIM LOADER
TO LOAO BIN LOADER
INTO MEMORY
(SEE PAGE 41

USE THE BIN LOAOER
TO LOAD MACRO-B
INTO MEMORY
(SEE PAGE !II

~_~.. TYPE $ ON KEYBOARD
TOENDCU~NTPASS;~------------------~--------------------------------------~

PUT (FIRST) SYMBOLIC
TAPE INTO READER
IF USING ASR-33 BE
SURE IT IS ON LINE

(OPTIONALI

SET SR TO 200
PRESS LOAD ADD KEY
PUT UP liTO

YES

OISDIvE IC IN AC.
SET SR TO CORRECT
L-_ _ _~ CHARACTER AND PRESS~-------------<
T KEY TO IGNORE
TO 0000 AND PRESS

Figure 9

Macro-8 Flow Diagram
13

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

DDT-8
DEC Library Tape No: Digital-8-4-S

USE RIM LOADER TO
LOAD BIN LOADER
INTO MEMORY
(SEE PAGE 4)

USE BIN LOADER TO
LOAD DDT-8
INTO MEMORY
(SEE PAGE 5)

START DDT -B BY
PUTTING 5400 IN SR
DEPRESS LOAD ADD KEY
DEPRESS START KEY

(NOT USUALLY TAKEN)

PUT 7777 IN SR.
PRESS LOAD ADD KEY.
PRESS START KEY.

PUT DOWN BI T 0 OF SR

PUT SYMBOL TABLE
TAPE INTO ASR-33
READER~ TURN OFF

READER.

COMPUTER HALTS WHEN
TAPE READ IN. TURN
OFF READER. PRESS CONT
DDT-8 RESPONDS WITH
LOWEST ADDRESS IN
MEMORY OCCUPIED
BY SYMBOL DEFINITION.

SHOULD BE ON THE SAME TAPE AS USER'S BINARY
PROGRAM. IT WAS PUNCHED AT THE END OF PASS 3
WITH PAL m OR END OF PASS 2 WITH MACRO-8

PUT UP BIT O. DDT-8

YES

>---1"1 IS NOW RUNNING AND
DE8UGGING MAY BEGIN

Figure 10

Loading Programs for Debugging

pop-a CONSOLE MANUAL

DDT-8
programs to be debugged. Figure 11 shows how new
symbols are opened during debugging. Figure 12
illustrates the procedure for punch ing out a correct
binary tape using DDT -8.

The PDP-8 DDT Programming Manual, Digital-8-4-S,
contains a complete discussion of the debugging program. The reader l1}ust have a tho~ough knowledge of
th is manual before using the commands summarized in
table 4. Figure 10 illustrates the process for loading

TYPE ALT MODE KEY JI.
RETURN KEY AND LINE
FEED KEY IN THAT
ORDER

TYPE RUB OUT KEY
RETURN KEY AND LI NE
FEED KEY IN THAT
ORDER

TYPE THE SYMBOL,AT
LEAST ONE SPACE. AND
THE ACTUAL VALUE
OF THE SYMBOL

DDT·B RESPONDS WITH
LOWEST ADDRESS
OCCUPIED BY A SYMBOL
DEFINITION

••

IF THIS IS THE LAST NEW SYMBOL DEFINITION
IN THE DEBUGGING RUN. GENERATE TRAILER
BEFORE REMOVING TAPE FROM THE PUNCH,

Figure 11 Defining New Symbols During Debugging
(Option: Making New Symbol Tapes)

POP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

00T-8

YES

y'ES

••• IF THE USER WISHES TO
RESTART DDT -8 8EFORE
HE HAS PUNCHED A
COMPLETE TAPE WITH
CHECKSUM. HE M.!&!
RESTART AT ~401 TO
PRESERVE THE CHECKSUM

Figure 12

Punching Out a Correct Binary Tape
16

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

D DT-8
TABLE 4

SUMMARY OF DDT COMMANDS

Command

Action
Input Commands

Read symbol tape into external table from ASR 33 Reader. Define new symbol from keyboard.
Program Examination and Modification Commands

Open register k (where k may be either octal or symbolic).

RETURN key (; )

Close register currently open. Enter modification, if any.

LINE FEED key

Close register currently open and open next sequential register. Enter modification;
if any.

Close register currently open and open register address therein. Enter
modification, if any.
Breakpoint Insertion and Control Commands

k[ B
k [ G
n [ C

Insert a breakpoint at location k. If k is absent, the current breakpoint is removed.
Go to location k and start program execution.
Continue from breakpoint. DDT allows program to execute the breakpoint n times
before DDT returns control to the user. If n is absent, it is assumed to be 1 .
Word Searches

N[W

Begin word search for all occurrences of the expression N masked by the contents
of [ M between the I imits imposed by [ Land [ U. [M, [L, and [ U are registers
within DDT which may be opened, modified, and closed exactly as any general
register k in the user's program ( [ M/7777).
Mode Control (The initial mode of DDT is symbolic)

[ 0

Sets DDT to type out in octal mode.
Sets DDT to type out in symbol ic mode.
Output Commands

[T
ai b [ P

Punch leader/trailer code.

[ E

Punch end of type (i. e., checksum block and trai ler code).

Punch binary tape from memory bounded by the addresses "a" and "b."

Special Characters
Space

Separation character.

Arithmetic plus. Used to specify address arguments relative to symbols.
Arithmetic minus. Used in the same was as "+."
Current location. Used in address arguments.

Type last quantity as an octal digit.
Delete line currently being typed. Continue typing on same line.

Note: The character "[" is generated by typing the ALT MODE key.

PDP-B CONSOLE MANUAL

FORTRAN
DEC Library Tape No: Digital-B-2-U
COMPARISON OF FORTRAN II AND PDP-5/B FORTRAN
The following features are common to both FORTRAN II and PDP-5/B FORTRAN

No SUBROUTINE statement
No CALL statement
No COMMON statement
No user defined FUNCTIONS
No EQUIVALENCE statement

1. Floating point functions (sine, cosine, square
root, arc tangent, exponential, logarithm)
2. Arithmetic statements with usual operators (=,
+, ., * , /, **) and standard order of computation

2. "F" format on output
3. More than one subscript on variables

3. Fixed and floating point numbers with usual
initial letter designation

4. I/O statements for card, IBM-compatible
tape, or line printer

4. Variables from I-N, fixed point; variables
starting with any other letter, floating point

Only PDP-5/8 FORTRAN has the following features

5. Control statements: IF, DO, GOTO, Computed GOTO, CONTINUE, STOP and PAUSE

1. Faci I i ty for insertion of mach i ne language
instructions into object program

6. Compile ~tatements: DIMENSION, END

2. Dynamic debugging allows correction of
errors in source tape at time of compilation

7. I/O statements: READ, WRITE, ACCE PT ,
TYPE

3. Multiple assignments in statements

B. Format statements: H (modified), I, and E
with "/" for CR/LF

4. Arithmetic statements may be embedded
within:

9. Continuation character

arithmetic
control
input/output statements

10. Diagnostics at both compile and run-time
Only FORTRAN II has the following features:

5. One-pass compiler with facility for multiple
compilation of more than one program.

1. User defined subroutines and functiolls

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

FORTRAN

USE THE RIM LOADER
TO LOAD BIN LOADER
INTO MEMORY
(SEE PAGE 4)

USE BI~ LOADER
TO LOAD FORTRA~
COMPILER INTO MEMORY
(SEE PAGE: 5)

PUT SOURCE TAPE
I~TO ASR-33 READER.
ASR-33 MUST BE ON LINE
TURN ON PUNCH
TURN ON READER
PRESS

ORRECT SYMBOLIC TAPE
WITH SYMBOLIC TAPE
EDITOR

CO~T

AFTER~STEP

DIAGNOSTICS' WILL BE
TYPED, IF ANY
COMPILATION WILL
CONTINUE AUTOMATICALLY

TYPE THE OFFE~DING
STATEMENT CORRECTLY
INCLUDI~G CARRIAGE
RETURN/LI~E FEED ••

WHEN A DIAGNOSTIC TYPEOUT OCCURS,
LOOK UP THE APPROPRIATE DESCRIPTION
IN TABLE A-I OF APPENDIX A OF THE
FORTRAN MANUAL BEFORE CONTINUING
••

IF THE STATEMENT WAS NUMBERED, DO
NOT REENTER THE NUMBER UNLESS IT
WAS IN ERROR

••• DIGITAL -8-6-S

YES

WAIT U~TIL MEMORY
MAP PRINTED

Figure 13

FORTRAN Compiler
19

TURN OFF PUNCH.
PUT 0600 I~ SR.
PRESS LOAD ADD.
PRESS START

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

PDP-8 SUBROUTINES

Name

Digital
Number

Calling Sequence*

Memory
locations Execution Ti me
(Decimal)

Function Subroutines
1. Square Root
Single Precision

8-9-F

2. Signed Multiply
Single Precision

8-11-F

/Square in AC
/Call
/Retum with root

3Ot25.5N I-lsec
where N is the
answer

/Multiplier in AC
/Call
/Address of multipli/cand
/Retum. High order
product in AC low
order in MPl

360 I-lsec (max)

/High dividend in AC
62
JMS DIVIDE /Call
flow dividend
lOWD
DIVSOR
/Divisor
/Retum quotient in AC.
Remainder in HDIVND

460 I-lsec (avrg)

JMS SQRT

JMS MUlT
ADDRESS

3. Signed Divide
Signle Precision

8-12-F

4. Signed Multiply
Double Precision

8-13-F

125
/AC ignored
/Call
/ Address of high order
multiplicand
/ Address of high order
multiplier
/Retum high order product in AC.
Remainder of product
inB,C,D.

1 .4 msec (avrg)
1 .5 msec (max)

/ Address of high order 105
dividend in AC
JMS DUBDIV /Call
/Address of high order
HORDDR
divisor
/Retum.
High order quotient in AC. low order
quotient in DIVND4.
Highand lowremainder
in DIVNDl and DIVND2

1 .65 msec (avrg)
1.75 msec (max)

JMS DMUl
HORDMD
HORDMR

5. Signed Divide
Double Precision

8-14-F

* All of the calling sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and that there are no
overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the data and indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate program write-up.

pop-a CONSOLE MANUAL

PDP-8 SUBROUTINES

Name

Digital
Number

Calling Sequence*

Memory
locations Execution Time
(Decimal)

Function Subroutines (cont)
6. Sine Routine
Double Precision

8-16-F

JMS DSIN
ADDRESS

7. Cosine Routine
Double Precision

8-18-F

JMS DCOS
ADDRESS

8. Four-Word Floating
Point Package

8-20-F

9. Signed Multiply (EAE) 8-21-F
Single Precision

8-22-F

JMS MUlT
ADDRESS

JMS SPDIV
lOWD
DIVSOR

11. Signed Multiply (EAE) 8-23-F
Double Precision

248
Without EAE
(+ double multiply
precision 10.4 msec (avrg)
10.6 msec (max)
multiply
With EAE multiply
2.61 msec (avrg)
2.78 msec (max)

/AC = 0000
/Call
/ Address of high order
word
/Retum. AC = 0 1 = 0
Answer in ADDRESS
and ADDRESS + 1

64
0.075 to 0.093
(+ double msec longer than
precision sine routine
sine and
double
precision
multiply)

See Floating Point System Programming Manual, Digital-8-5-S

10. Signed Divide (EAE)
Single Precision

/AC = 0000
/Call
/Address of high order
word
/Retum. AC = 0 1=0
Answer in ADDRESS
and ADDRESS + 1

JMS DMUl
HORDMD
HORDMR

1041

See 8-5-S

/Multiplier in AC
/Call
/Address of multiplicanc
/Retum. Most significant product in AC;
least significant in MP1

9 fJsec (min)
71 fJsec (max)
66 fJsec (avrg)

/High dividend in AC 45
/Call
flow dividend
/Divisor
/Return. Quotient in
AC. Remainder in
DVD.
104
/AC ignored
/Call
/ Address of high order
multiplicand
/ Address of high order
multiplier
/Return high order product in AC. Remaindel
in B, C, and D.

46.5 fJsec (mi n)
98.0 fJsec (avrg)
106.5 fJsec (max)

284.3 fJsec (min)
270.0 fJSec (avrg)
293.3 fJSec (max)

* All of the call ing sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and that there are no
overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the data and indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate program write-up.
21

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

PDP-8 SUBROUTINES

Name

Digital
Number

Call i ng Sequence*

Memory
Locations Execution Time
(Decimal)

Function Subroutines (cont)
12. EAE Floating Point
Package

8-25-F See Floating Point System Programing Manual, Digital-8-5-S

See8-5-S See 8-5-S

Utility Programs
Punch Programs
1. RIM Punch
2. BIN Punch
ASR-33
75A

8-4-U
8-5-U

Binary tape (see write-up)
Binary tape (see write-up)

8-7-U

lOne argument in AC
JMS INCOR /Call
/ Address of second arADD RES
gument
/Return
JMSEXCOR lOne argument in AC
/Call
/ Address of second arADD RES
gument
/Return

I/O bound
I/O bound

Processor Programs
1 • Logical Subroutines
Inclusive OR

30'0l-lsec

34.5 I-Isec

Exclusive OR

2. Arithmetic Shift

8-8-U

(General Ca II ing Sequence)
/Negative number of
shifts in AC
JMS**
/Call
/ Address to be sh ifted
ADDRES
/Return wi th sh i fted
number in AC

N represents the
number of shifts

Shift Left, Single Prec.

**SPSL

21 + 6.0N I-Isec

Shift Right, Single Prec

**SPSR

Shift Left ,Double Prec.

**DPSL (Least significant part in LSH) 24

(+)21 + 9. ON I-Isec
(-)21 + 10.5N
I-Isec
37.5+19.5Nl-lsec

Sh ift Right, Double
Prec.

**DPSR (Least significant part in LSH)

+37.5 + 22 .5l-1sec
-37.5 +24.0N
I-Isec

* All of the call ing sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and that there are no
overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the data and indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate program write-up.

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

PDP-8 SUBROUTINES

Name

Digital
Number

Call ing Sequence*

Memory
Locations Execution Time
(Decimal)

Utility Programs (cont)
3. Logical Shift
8-9-U
Shift Right,Single Prec.
Shift Right, Double
Prec.

**LSRSP

21 + 6.0N fJsec

**LSRDP (Least significant part in
LESTSG)

34.5+22.5N
fJsec

51.0 fJsec

216 fJsec (min)
235 fJsec (max)

304.5fJsec (min)

(Left Shift Logical
identi ca I to Ieft sh ift
arithmetic)
4. EAE Instruction
Set Simulator

8-17-U

(See write-up)

8-10-U

BCD - Binary Conversion
1. BCD-to-Binary
Conversion
2. BCD-to-Binary
Conversion
3. Binary-to-BCD

/BCD number in AC
JMS DCDBIN /Call

8-11-U
8-14-U

/Binary number in AC
/Call
/BCD number in AC
/AC contains binary
number
/Call
/Return. BCD number
in ONE and TWO

JMS BCD
4. Binary-to-BCD
8-15-U
Conversion
(Used primarily for writing
JMS BCD
~g tape in BCD Format)

328.5 fJsec (max)

Teletype Message SubRoutines
1. Alphanumeric
Message

8-18-U

/AC ignored
51
JMS MESAGE /Call
/First two characters of
message

·
·
·
·

XXOO

)
)
)
)

I/O bound

/Remaining characters

"XX" represents the last
character
/End of message code
/Return

* All of the call ing sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and that there are no
overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the data and indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate program write-up.

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

PDP-8 SUBROUTINES

Name

Digital
Number

Calling Sequence*

Memory
Locations Execution Time
(Decimal)

Uti! ity Programs (cont)
2. Teletype Output
Package

8-19-U Return is to location following "call"
AC = 0000

Type One Character

JMS TYPE

Type Two Characters

JMS TY2

Type a Digit

I/O bound

(lAC 0-5 = 00
(/AC 6-11 = trimmed
code
/Call
/AC 0-5=lstcharacter
/ AC 6-11 = 2nd character
/Call

JMS TDIG

/AC 8-11 = digit
/Call

Type a Space

JMS TYSP

/Call

Type a CR and LF

JMS TYCR

/Call

Type a Tab

JMS TYTB

/Call

3. Character String
Typeout

8-20-U

/AC = initial address
JMS TYPSTG /Call of string
/Return. AC clear

I/O bound

8-22-U

/AC contains numbers
JMS DECPRT /Call
/Return • AC clear

I/O bound

Decimal Print Subroutines
1 • Unsigned Decimal
Print, Single Prec.
2. Signed Decimal
Print, Single Prec.

/AC contains number
8-23-U
JMS SSPRNT /Call
-

/Return • AC clear

3. Unsigned Decimal
Print, Double Prec.

8-24-U

/AC ignored
JMS UDPRNT /Call
/Address of high order
ADRESS
word
/Return. AC clear
-

4. Signed Decimal
Print, Double Prec.

8-25-U

/AC ignored
JMS SDPRNT /Call
/Address of high order
ADRESS
word
/Return. Ac clear

* All of the call ing sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and that there are no
overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the data and indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate program write-up.

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

PDP-8 SUBROUTINES

Name

Digital
Number

Call ing Sequence*

Memory
Locations Execution Time
(Decimal)

Utility Programs (cont)
Decimal Input Routines

I/O bound

/AC ignored
JMS DICONV /Call
ADRESS
/ Address for high order
word
/Return. AC clear

110

I/O bound

1. Decimal to Binary Input. Signed or Unsigned, Single Prec.

8-28-U

/AC ignored
JMS SICONV /Call
/Return • AC contains
number

2. Decimal to Binary
Input, Signed or Unsigned, Double Prec.

8-29-U

Miscellaneous
1 • Octal Memory Dump

8-6-U

None

I/O bound

2. DECtape Library
System Loader

8-3-U

(See write-up)

I/O bound

3. Incremental Plotter
Subroutines

8-12-U (See write-up)

128

I/O bound

4. Symbolic Tape Format
Generator

8-21-U (See write-up)

I/O bound

5. DECtape Subroutine

8-27-U (See write-up)

256

I/o bound

*AII of the calling sequences here assume that the data is in the correct format and that there are no
overflow conditions to check upon completion. For details on the data and indicators for overflow conditions, the user is referred to the appropriate program write-up.

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

APPENDIX 1
OFF-LINE PREPARATION AND EDITING OF
SYMBOLIC TAPE USING ASR-33

PUNCH CONTROL

o
o

TYPEWRITER PAPER SUPPLY

0
OFF

REL.

B.SP'

PRINTER

REAOER CONTROL

[E=

KEYBOARD

LINE FEED
START

RETURN

STOP
FREE

0,---·----00

r PoWER SWITCH- - I LINE

OFF

LOCAL

L _______ _

CTRL
(CONTROL)

Figure 14

SHFT
(UPPER CASE SHIFT)

REPT
(REPEAT)

ASR 33 Teletype Console

DESCRIPTION OF FUNCTIONS
Power switch on LOCAL-- tape is read,
character on printer, and advanced to
next character. Used for listing tapes
off-line.

Punch Control
REL

Release. The tape is released from the
punch mechanism and may be pulled
forward or backward.

B.SP.

Backspace. The tape in the punch is
backspaced by one character. The
backspace is used in correcting tapes.

OFF

Punch is turned off.

Punch is turned on. Codes of characters
printed on printer are punched onto tape.

Power Control
LINE

The ASR 33 is ON and connected electrically to the computer. The unit responds to any commands from the computer. Characters typed on the keyboard
or read from the reader will not be printed
on the printer unless a print command is
given by the computer.

LOCAL

The ASR 33 is ON but disconnected
electrically from the computer. The
unit does not respond to any commands
from the computer. Characters typed on
the keyboard or read from the reader are
printed on the printer.

OFF

The ASR 33 is off.

Reader Control
FREE

Reader is stopped. The operator may advance or reverse the tape.

STOP

Reader is stopped. The tape may not be
advanced.
-

START

Power switch on LINE--The tape is read
and advanced by KRB instruction from
computer.

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

OPERATING PROCEDURES

and continue. Usuali y the incorrect character
is detected immediately after typing. In that
case, N = O.

Symbolic Tape Generation
1. Turn power switch to LOCAL.

2. After generation of entire symbolic lope.

2. Check quanti ty and posi tioni ng of typewriter paper and paper tape for punch.

a. Insertions - Duplicate the tape up to the
point at which it is desired to make the insertion as follows:

3. Press the punch ON button.
4. Generate about 1-2 feet of leader code
(2008) as fo II ows:

Turn on punch with reader switch set
to FREE.

a. Press and hold down keys marked
CRTL and SHFT with left hand.

Place symbolic tape in reader.

b. Press and hold down REPT key with
right hand.

Turn reader at desired point using
printout as guide.

c. Press key marked @ and hold all four
until desired length of leader is generated.

Type the insertion.
Continue by turning reader switch to START.

d. Release REPT key first and then the remaining three keys.

b. Deletions

5. Type the symbolic program.

Duplicate the tape up to the point at which
it is desired to make deletion as in a,
II Insertions. II

6. Generate about 1-2 feet of trailer code
(200 8) as described in step 4.
7. Tear off tape on cutting edge of punch slot.

Turn off punch.
Start reader and continue until end of
deletion using the printout as guide.
Stop reader.
Turn on punch.

Editing of Symbolic Tape

Continue by turning reader switch to
START.

1. During generation of symbol ic tape - An
incorrect character may be typed while preparing
the symbolic tape. If the error is detected N
characters after typing the incorrect character,
press the punch B. SP. (backspace) button N + 1
characters. Press the RUB OUT key N + 1 times
to obi iterate the N + 1 characters (i .e., punch
3778 on tape). Then type the correct character

These procedures are given to assist operator
when on-I ine tape editing cannot be done using
the Symbolic Tape Editor.
The procedures given in part 2 may also be used
to reproduce tapes, either binary or symbolic,
but verification is not provided.

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

APPENDIX 2
ERROR DIAGNOSTICS DURING ASSEMBLY

PAL III
Pass 1

pass 1. The symbol is assigned a value equal to the
highest address on the memory page where it was
first used.

The Assembler reads the source tape, defines all user
symbols, and outputs the user symbol table in alphabetic order. Pass 1 diagnostics are:
IC

dddd

xxxx

Pass 2

Illegal Character

where dddd is the value of the illegal character and
xxxx is the value of the current location counter
when the character was processed. The character is
ignored.

The Assembler reads the source tape and using the
symbol table defined during pass 1 , generates and
punches the binary code. This binary tape may then
be loaded by the Binary Loader. The pass 2 diagnostic is:

XXXXXX

dddd

ReDefinition

where XXXXXX is the symbol being redefined and
dddd is the value of the current location counter at
the point of redefinition. The symbol is redefined.
DT

XXXXXX

dddd

XXXXXX

dddd

Dupl icate Tag

XXXXXX

dddd

Illegal Reference

xxxx

*7306
JMP 307
produces:
IR 0307 AT 7306
and generates 5307 to be loaded into location 7306.

Symbol Table Full
Pass 3

where XXXXXX is the symbol causing the overflow
and dddd is the value of the current location counter
at the point of overflow. The Assembler hal Is and
may not be restarted.
UA

where dddd is the address being referenced and xxxx
is the value of the current location counter. The illegal address is then treated as if it were on the proper
memory page. Example:

An attempt is being made to redefine a symbol using
the comma. XXXXXX is the symbol and dddd is the
value of the current location counter. The previous
value of the symbol is retained, and the symbol is
not redefi ned.
ST

dddd

The Assembler reads the source tape and, using the
symbol table defined during pass 1 , generates and
types the code represented by the source statements.
The current location counter, the contents, and the
source statement are typed side by side on one line.
If bit 11 of the switch register is a 1 and the machine
configuration includes the high-speed punch, the
assembly listing is punched in ASCII. The pass 3
diagnostic is Illegal Reference.

Undefined Address

where XXXXXX is the symbol that was used, but
never defined, and dddd is the value of the current
location counter when the symbol was first processed.
This is typed with the symbol table at the end of

PDP-8 CONSOLE MANUAL

MACRO-8

Current Nonzero Page Exceeded - An attempt
was made to override a literal with an instruc tion, or override an instruction with a
I iteral. This can be corrected by decreasing
the number of literals on the page or decreasing the number of instructions on the
page.

Zero Page Exceeded - Same as PE only with
reference to page O.

Illegal Redefinition of a Symbol - An attempt
was made to give a previously defined symbol
a new value not via the "=". The symbol was
not redefined. (This is similar to the duplicate-tag diagnostic of PAL III.)

Illegal Character - # % I : ?
were processed in neither a comment nor a TEXT field.
The character is ignored and the assembly
continued.
A nonvalid character was processed. The
computer halts with the illegal character
displayed in the accumulator. Assembly may
be continued by putting the desired character
in the SWITCH REGISTER and depressing
CONTINUE.

Illegal Equals - An equal sign was used in the
wrong context.

Illegal Indirect - An out of page reference
was made, and a link could not be generated
because the indirect bit was already set.

Link Generated - A I ink was generated for an
out of page reference at this address. This
is not an error message but only an indicator
forthe programmer.

Symbol Table Exceeded - The symbol table
overlaps the macro table or vice versa. Assembly is halted and cannot be continued.

Illegal Format in a Macro Definition - The
expression after the DEFINE pseudo instruction does not comply with the macro definition, position, or structural rules.

Undefined Symbol - A symbol has been processed during pass 2 that was not defined by
the end of pass 1 •

Missing Parameter in a Macro Call - An argument, called for by the macro definition,
is missing.

DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION. MAYNARD, MASSACHUSETTS
Printed in U.S.A.

12166