Digital PDFs

DEC-08-MEFA-D

December 2000

166 pages

Original

7.4MB

Document:	8k Programming System Users Guide
Order Number:	DEC-08-MEFA-D
Revision:
Pages:	166
Original Filename:	https://svn.so-much-stuff.com/svn/trunk/pdp8/src/dec/dec-08-mef/dec-08-mefa-d.pdf

OCR Text

‘

anannan

.
,

8km
system user’s guide

‘

digital equipment corporation

DEC—O 8 *MEFA-D

Programming

System User‘s Guide

This
in

Chapter

Programming
that

For

additional

01754.

Introduction

1970,

and will

chapter in the

copies,

Program Library,

supersedes the information

manual

order

No.

replace

printing.

DEC-08-MEFA~D

from

the

Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard,
Price:.

Mass.

$3.00

First

1971

The

PS/8 Software Support Manual

Maynard,

Reprinted, February

1970,

1971

by Digital Equipment Corporation

will

PS/8 Programmer‘s

following

1970

(DEC’PB—MEXB-D)

The

October

printing,

are

February,

trademarks

supersede

Reference

1971.

Digital Equipment Corporation,

Massachusetts.
PDP

DEC

FLIP

CHIP

the

Manual

FOCAL

DIGITAL

COMPUTERLAB

OMNIBUS

UNIBUS

PREFACE

This manual,

information
and

describes

system

insight

into

PS/8 System
9

Chapter
the

average

the

Those

system

are

Introduction

for

by the

use

deeper

PS/8 Software

the

read

the

Programming 1970,

requiring

programmers

advised

obsoletes

Guide,

PS/8 Programming System

user.

the

User's

Support Manual.

Two

and

Command

the

Decoder,

respectively.
in

detail

tions

Each

its

using

the

and

Chapters

the

library programs
is

Keyboard Monitor

the

PS/8,

and

contained

PS/8 system.
(for

the

System library programs

application

these

1970

described

are

beginning programmers)

Programming

major components

described
Instruc-

benefit

Introduction

Programming Languages.
z

The

FORTRAN

loops,

this

FORTRAN

system is

Compiler contains

specifications

introduced

such

the

features

chaining,
8K

FORTRAN

and

in
as

this

document.

implied

other

improvements.

system appear

volume.

The

character

device—independent I/O,

Detailed

new

Appendices contain summaries
sets,

demonstration

error

messages,

program

and

included

understanding the abilities

the

ASCII

and

punched

permanent symbol

tables.

PS/8.

Appendix

aid

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

1.1

Hardware

1.2

System Software Components

CHAPTER

Configurations

KEYBOARD

2.1

System Conventions
Permanent

2.1.2
2.2

File Names
Use of the

2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2

ASSIGN

2.3.3

GET

CHAPTER

Names

and

Command

DEASSIGN

Command

Command
Command

SAVE
ODT

Command

RUN

Command

Command
Command

START
DATE

Device

Extensions
Keyboard Monitor
to the Keyboard Monitor

Commands

saw on»

MONITOR

2.1.1

2.3.4
2.3.5
2.3.6
2.3.7
2.3.8
2.3.9

Command

COMMAND

DECODER

3.2.1

Command Decoder Conventions
Command Decoder Input String
Examples of Command Strings

3.3

Input/Output Specification Options

3.3.1

3.4

Construction
Parentheses Construction
Equal Sign Construction
Square Bracket Construction
Notes On Device Handlers

3.5

Command

Decoder

Error

PS/8

SYMBOLIC

EDITOR

3.1
3.2

3.3.3
3.3.4

CHAPTER

4.2
4.3

4.6

4.6.1

Intra—buffer

Character

4.6.2

Inter—buffer

Character

4.7

Error

4.5

CHAPTER

5.2
5

String
String

FJF’H nil-WM

wwwww mmmowI—JH
l

Search
Search

ASSEMBLER

and Using PAL-8
Examples of I/O Specification Strings
PAL~8 Pseudo-ops
PAL-8 Error Messages

Calling

Messages

PAL-8

Messages

Summary of Editor Commands
Editor Text Buffer
Search Mode

4.4

Calling and Using the Editor
1/0 Specification Options
Special Key Commands to the Editor

41.

NNNNNNN

[filllHKDxIONUIowaHI-J
I

Slash

3.3.2

INTRODUCTION

figobh-bnbfépbub HI—‘KQOOQUJNH
II
1

CHAPTER

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3

PROGRAMS

UTILITY

Peripheral Interchange
Program (PIP)
Calling and Using PIP
Examples of I/O Specification Commands
Additional Information Words
Directories

6.1.4

PIP

6.2
6.2.1

Absolute

Error

File

Messages

6.2.2

Binary Loader (ABSLDR)
Calling and Using ABSLDR
Examples of Input Lines

6.2.3

ABSLDR Error

6.3

ODT

6.3.1

Calling

6.3.2

Summary of ODT Commands
PS/8 File Conversion Program

(CONVRT)

Calling and Using CONVRT
Examples of I/O Specification

Commands

6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3

CHAPTER

7.1

CONVRT

Using

and

Error

THE

Messages
ODT

Messages

SYSTEM

FORTRAN

The

7.1.1

7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1 3.1
7.1.3.2
7.1.3.3
7.1.4
7.1 5
7.1.6
7.1.6.1
7.1.6.2
7.1.6.3
7.1.6.4
7.1.6.5
7.1.6.6

8K FORTRAN Compiler
Calling and Using the 8K FORTRAN COmpiler
Examples of I/O Specification Commands
FORTRAN

Language Elements

FORTRAN

Constants

FORTRAN

Variables
Functions

FORTRAN

I/O Under PS/8

Data

and

Subroutine

Subroutine
EXIT Subroutine
CHAIN

Data

Files

Mixing

7.1.8

7.1.9

Error

7.1.10

Implementation Notes
Alphanumeric Data Within
Subscripting

7.1.10.2
7.1

10.3

7.1.10.4
7.1.10.5
7.1.10.6
7.1.10.7
7.1 10.8
7.1 10.9
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.2.6
7.2.7
7.2.8
7.2.9

chaining

Subroutine
OOPEN Subroutine

7.1.7

7.1.10.1

IOPEN

FORTRAN

SABR

FORTRAN

and

FORTRAN

Statement

Statements

Summary

Messages
FORMAT

Statements

Loops

PAUSE

Statement

EQUIVALENCE Statement
Size of FORTRAN Programs
Using FORTRAN or SABR with the Interrupt ON
Using PAL~8 with SABR or FORTRAN
Errors

SABR Assembler

Calling and Using 8K SABR
Examples of I/O Specification
SABR

Statements

Statement

Symbols

\l\l\l\l\l\l\l\l\l\l\l Hqumbwl-‘H
I

Independent I/O

OCLOSE

Transmission Statements

Device

Elements
7—30

Constants

Pseudo—operators
SABR Operating Characteristics
7-33
Symbol Table

Commands

Error

7-34

Messages

Linking
Calling

Loader

and

7~36

Linking Loader
I/O Command Strings

Using

7’37
7—40

the

Examples of
Error Messages

AND

7~4l

OPERATING

PROCEDURES

Loading PS/8

DECtape System

Loading PS/8

Disk

Tape
Loading PS/8 on
Disk Bootstraps

Disk

System from DECtape

DECtape System

from Paper

Restart

Locations

APPENDICES
A

Character Set
Card Codes

ASCII

Punched

Error

Message Summary
Keyboard Monitor
Command

mwwt'uwwwHto~1m(n¢>wrohJH+4

Decoder

Symbolic Editor
PAL—8

Assembler

PIP

ABSLDR
CONVRT

8K FORTRAN
SABR Assembler

Linking

Loader

Permanent

Symbol Table

for

PS/8 Demonstration Program

INDEX

PAL—8

and

SABR

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

The

PS/8 Programming System is
accommodate

system,

expandable

from

up,

and

wide

addition

the

system incorporates

range

program—development

amount

any

core

memory

devices.

input/output

PS/8 system executive routines,
deal

great

additional

software,

the

includ~

ing:

Editor

Symbolic

files

source

such

PAL~8,

PAL—8,

for

completely

and

version

improved

accepts

in assembly language
binary code.

PIP,

used

other

8K SABR,

assemblers,

PAL—D

(EDIT)
use

and

new

create

modify

system programs

8K FORTRAN.
of

the

and

files

source

written

absolute

generates

Peripheral Interchange

Program, used to transfer files between de»
vices, merge files, list and zero directories,
and eliminate "holes" in PS/B directories.
DECtape Conversion Program,

CONVRT,

new

program which provides ASCII file compati~
bility between the Disk/DECtape Monitor and
format

TBS/8

Absolute

ABSLDR,
lute

DECtapes

binary

and

PS/8 files.

Binary Loader,

files

from

devices

Octal Debugging Technique,
ging package which includes all

ODT,
of

the

core

old ODT,

but

takes

loads

into
a

new

the

none

abso-

core.

debug—

features
the

user's

Space.

improved version of the 8K FORTRAN language,
consisting of the FORTRAN Compiler, SABR As~
sembler, a new Linking Loader, and the FORTRAN
The advantages of this new FORTRAN
Library.

include:

the

Reducing

difficulty

using

FORTRAN.

desired, a program can be compiled,
loaded, and executed automatically by a

single

command.

Implied DO loops
PS/8 FORTRAN.

Program chaining greatly
of

the

Device-independent I/O

time

cern

for

PDP—8

the

increases

has

The
medium

the

medium by

other

any

executive

I/O routines.

within

devices

the

PS/8 system controls

the

system

new

program

the

names

enable

con~

user

Further,

need

programs

not

configuration.

copying

means

Logical
to

I/O devices available.

advantage

first

the

For

written without

running

effective

most

can

programs

I/O devices.

take

power

added.

been

system configuration is altered,

rewritten

new

the

device~independence.

true

computer,

specific

select

the

language.

PS/8 provides

can

permitted in

are

data

subroutine
be

can

from

any

calls

assigned

symbolic referencing

devices.

Variable

Large buffers

program.
and

minimum

time

minimizing

disk

and

the

disk

pack

RK8

services

The
manual
8K

are

with

discussion of

that

fast

for

the

FORTRAN,

Programming Langyages

data

bulk

and

specified by
of

use

transfer

PS/8

takes

user

storage devices

operations by
full

advantage

yet full

storage,

the

system

single DECtape.

PS/8 Programming System in this

reader

and

efficient

ensure

spent

can

tape motion.

possible

assumes

SABR,

buffers

length I/O

the

familiar

with

Symbolic Editor

Introduction

PAL—D,

described

Programming

1970.

The

need

reader

familiar with monitor

not

Peripheral Interchange Program
the

Loader,
Disk
the

Linking Loader,

Monitor
fine

and

TSS/8

details

files

languages

the

ODT,

Absolute

(the program

CONVRT

ASCII

the

(PIP),

Binary
4K

convert

PS/8 compatible files),

these

the

systems,

are

explained

this

document.

1.1

HARDWARE

The
or

CONFIGURATIONS

PS/8 Programming System

can

device.

DECtape

the

configuration
either
the

and

system

The
PDP~12
and

with

forms

64K

words

high—speed

handle

paper

PS/8

storage and

tape reader/punch

configuration

one DECtape

core,

terminal.

Teletype

than

PDP-B/I,

used

the

8/L,

multiple DECtape system

motion because

sible

(without intermediate searching)

directly

another

system DECtape
or

8/E,

The

reduces

copy

load

multiple DECtape system per—

single DECtape system.

(to

system device,

faster

appreciably

disk

the

I/O).

minimum PS/

33—ASR

have

should

DECtape

system

operate using either disk
accommodate

DECtape

when

(or vice versa)

pos~
the

from

editing

assembling.
A

8/E,

typical

PDP-lZ with

and

reader/punch,

the

additional

files,

and

large

system.

These

disk

devices

DECtape units
paper

and

easy

PDPu8/I,

high—speed

control.
and

four

RK8

four

RF08

disks

four

DF32

disks

card

reader

line

printer

paper

disk

fast

8/L,
tape

system

access

storage.

can

interfaced

(TCOl/TUSS

tape reader/punch

disks

pack

core,

single PS/8

optional devices include:

high~speed

convenience

amounts

fifteen

least

RK8

offers

system might contain

medium~sized

TCO8/TU56)

PDP—lZ

LINCtape

any other device for which it is possible to write
device handler in one or two pages of core.

1.2

SOFTWARE

SYSTEM

main

The

COMPONENTS

components of the PS/8

software

Keyboard Monitor,
Command Decoder,
library of system

The

user

Keyboard

programs,

save

executive

The

commands

from

for

devices,

ing

Command

the

Decoder

and

The
the

the

command

prints
files
etc.

output,

user

Command

The

the

library

star

run

The

and

(*)

used

The

ODT.

user

and

Keyboard
PS/8

the

conversion

program),

Loader.

become

accepts

input,
Decoder

system programs,

file

Linking

programmer

Decoder

activates

accepts

command

Follow-

file

command
name

and

communicates

the

line
destina~
between

system library programs.

(the PS/8

they

system and

system library program,

Command

and

the

used when

version of

the

between

Peripheral Interchange Program

(the

call

Teletype key—

keyboard indicating input/output files.

the

keyboard

containing
tion

the

run

routines.

from

the

and

programs,

system library program.

string

five:

are

(USR).

accepts

names

provides communication

Monitor

logical

create

system

programs,

device handlers,and
User Service Routine

board

PAL—D),

Other

available.

an
a

mentioned

(PIP),

Symbolic Editor,

Absolute

new,

earlier,

Binary Loader,

improved

system library programs

FORTRAN,
will

contains
PAL—8
CONVRT
8K

SABR,

added

The

follows:

directories,

creating

Decoder,

and

the

Command

the

operation

Programmer's
usage,

the

When

and

USR

and,
of

subroutine

subroutines.

are

The

wordsi)

swapped into

their

are

operation

the

such

are

used

functions

the

device

USR

activate

performed

searching

handlers,

programs.

USR

are

contained

(DEC—OB—MEXAwD).

unseen

the

user

Command

details

The

the

Decoder,

from

the

has

been

completed,

the

PS/8

concern.

Keyboard Monitor,

system device

core

PS/8

normal

For

and

required,

contents

restored.

core~resident
and

program

use

closing output files, calling

chaining
the

directory

can

loading
and

the

controls

Some

Manual

functions

calls

PS/S is operating,

are

when

core

use

Reference

USR

(USR)

PS/8 system.

USR

the

file

standard

Routine

handler

device

the

for

operations
means

Service

User

allows

for

portion
a

maximum

PS/B is

extremely

use

core

user

small

(256

programs.

CHAPTER

KEYBOARD

2.1

SYSTEM

The

which

PS/8

lengths

the

even

system conventions

novice

file

extensions

"word",

"page",

and

Naming

programmer.

have

been

Each word

designed

block

Programming

standard

terms

record

pages

blocks

pages

bits.

composed of
and

device

The

described

Device

designations

Permanent
SYS

(or records).

DTAn

the

PS/8 system is

and

are

These

name.

listed

terms

internal

detail

structure

the

Introduction

referenced
names

in all

used

are

means

I/O

below:

I/O Device

Name

System device (disk if the system has a
RK8 or RFfl8
otherwise DTAfl)
large disk
—

DECtape

where

range
The

default

system

DSK
or

DTAH

High—speed

PTR

High—speed
an

DSK

integer

the

paper

for

all

specified

files.
at

time.
disk

the
on

Teletype keyboard

PTP

storage device

assignment of
system generation

Usually

inclusive.

The

CDR

The

25610 words

TTY

file

Names

permanent device

DSK

"block"

and

elsewhere

1970.

Permanent

Each

and

follows:

words

"record",

directory listings

referenced

are

words:

storage.

defined

2.1.1

devices

for

uses

units

PDP-8

mastered

quickly

mnemonics.

simple

are

CONVENTIONS

PS/8 Programming System has various

are

conventions

MONITOR

single

disk

DECtape system.

and

printer.

tape punch.

tape reader (system prints
(f) to which the user replies
typing any key, before accepting input).

Card

arrow

Reader

paper

Permanent

I/O Device

Name

Line

printer (performs a form feed before
begins printing output from a new program).

LPT

File

2.l.2

Files

referenced

are

numeric

characters

sion

two

most

used

extensions
are

name

such

PROG.PA

various

period

alpha—
exten~

file

format

conform

the

PS/8.

name

file.

the

for

lessen

system programs append

the
as—

exten—

then

PAL—8,
(since

.PA

not

(with

the

were

first

Failing

specified
looks

Decoder

for

file
as

without

input

file

the

that

find

input files).

PAL—8

tries

for

extension

original

extension

Command

the

found,

PROG

Decoder
standard

the

Where

system does

for

done

the

output file,

extension.

default

example,

the

input file,

logical

for

extensions.

assumed

Command

find

the

extension).

TABLE

Extensions

Assumed

Extension

.SV

six

output files where specific

specified

not

the

PROG

will want

and

extension

established

the

For

PROG.PA

file

append

the

extension.

file

with

file,

remembering

user

and

input

for

specified

file

the

then,

extensions

extension

for

name

indicated.

not

system programs
not

aid

The

characters.

typing required,

sions

name

sumed

optionally,

followed,

cases,

file

amount

symbolically by

alphanumeric

generally

standard

Extensions

and

Names

Meaning
A

image

core

file

GET

file

name

keyboard

.FT

FORTRAN

.SB

SABR

.PA

PAL~8

source

appended

SAVE

the

R, RUN, SAVE,
commands.

Monitor
source

source

file;

file.

and

Extension

Meaning

.BN

absolute

for

Binary

the

binary file, default
Loader input file.

default

extension

for

extension
Also

PAL—8

used

binary

output file.
.RL

relocatable

sion

for

Also

used

SABR

.LS

PAL«8

the

.RUN

DSK

PROG

for

(for

the

map

assembly listing

generated by

system

out-

FORTRAN

use.

types:

user

(on device DSK)

PROG.SV

SABR

file

Temporary

example,

extension

file.

SABR

file

default

file.

File containing a loading
Linking Loader).

.TM

the

output

.MP

put

For

binary file, default exten—
Linking Loader output file.

run

found.

the

user

types:

.RUN

DSK

run,

then

PROG.A

2.2

USE

THE

While

PROG.A

KEYBOARD

the

using

Keyboard Monitor by
the

Each

and

command

line

(which

programs

typing CTRL/C

(hold down

echoes

left

corrected,

tem.

key

the

causes

delete
a

the

last

backslash

the

before

the

ALT

MODE

mistakes

character

key

typed.

character

the

feed

and

type

key

The

Keyboard

the

line

either

The

RUBOUT

this

printed

keyboard
the

the

operation,

(which prints

Pressing
be

the

paper.

typing

simple.

alert

input by printing

entering

system by

can

CTRL

+C.

Keyboard Monitor is typed

the

(\\)

user

the
as

teleprinter

carriage return/line
or

the

teleprinter

ready

necessary,

Correcting typing
to

the

margin

entered

printed character)

causes

MONITOR

system library

that

signals

(.)

dot

which

key),

Monitor

found.

sys—

RETURN

but

S).

key is

used

key initially

followed

by the

character
one

deleted.

was

character

RUBOUT
a

which

and

printed
the

(after

typed

backslash

closing

Successive

deleted.

last

printed

RUBOUT

(enclosing

within backslashes).

For

example:

User

types:

RUN

DSK

RUN

DSK\\KSD\\DTA1

RUN

DTAl

shows:

Teleprinter

Keyboard Monitor

If
no

sees:

time

any

longer intelligible

the

line

by typing

put

line

point.

The

line

tem,

and

user

can

the

For

example:

User

types:
echoes:

System

delete

CTRL/C

considered

DTA3‘\

DTA2

the

COMMANDS

the

left

commands
the

Only
be

(RUBOUT)

DTAl

verify

entire

in~

see

entered

delete,

the

sys—

that

line

enter

same

THE

margin

first

two

CTRL/U,

+U.

and

current

KEYBOARD

MONITOR

can

the

typed

teleprinter

after

(LINE

typing

characters

the
any

before
the

down

the

FEED

key typed)

the

entered,

key and typ—

Keyboard Monitor,
the

Keyboard

line.

input

CTRL

control

returns

the

only

occurs

PRG\\G‘\OG

completely

echoes

accepting

\52

paper.
RETURN

command

the

dot

Execution
or
are

ALT

MODE

printed

these

key.

significant

(need

typed).

Error

under
Error

FILE

contents

the

causes

that

the

PROG

line

Any of nine commands
at

edit,

(produced by holding

which

key),

Monitor without

2.3

Keyboard

RUN

causes

charac—

FILE

Monitor would

not

RUN

deleted

corrected

This

key.

sequence)

(RUBOUT)

can

the

command

types CTRL/U
the

ing

proceed

non~

FILE

becomes

user,

FEED

LINE

(RUBOUT)

cause

discretion.

his

user

the

echoed

that

line

input

in
the

ters

first

The

RUBOUT

each

keys

the

messages

command which

Summary

returns

reentered.

could

Appendix

control

tem

the

given by

the

Keyboard Monitor

are

indicated

generate that message and in the

Following

Keyboard Monitor

error

and

message

the

sys—

command must

The

generalized Keyboard Monitor

error

messages

de~

are

scribed below:

2.2

TABLE

Keyboard Monitor

Error

Messages

Meaning

Message
Where

XXXX?

XXXX

example,

is not a legal command,
the user typed

for

HELLO

the

system would echo
HELLO?

TOO

FEW

ARGS

from

command.

RUN

ERROR

error

MONITOR

ERROR

omitted

DSK

occurred while

error

occurred while

This

system device.

xxxxx

been

example,

doing I/O

system device.

the

For

generate this message.

would

SYSTEM

has

important argument

the

result

not

doing 1/0 to the
is normally
enabling the

error

WRITE

system device.

2.3.l

Command

ASSIGN

The ASSIGN

command

.ASSIGN

the

form:

udev

dev

.AS

The
to

ASSIGN

one

time.

user

For

all

although

causes

equivalent
can

name

new,

device

user—defined

the

permanent

associated with

device

name
name

single device

(udev)
(dev).
at

example:

.AS

causes

udev

command

considered

Only

dev

DTAl

future

references

can

still

made

refer
to

DTAl.

DECtape unit 1,

valid.

For

DTAl
DTAl

above
to

The

device

long,

the

one

word,

three

typing

and

message

and

2.3.2

The

any

permanent

device

name

and

then

one

that

three

existing

and

four

character

ASSIGN

command

name

NOT

user—defined

Device—independent
the

can

change

one

device

name

character

name
as

character

two

device

alphanumeric
The

user

the

name

operation

code.

should

names

four

.AS

the

four

name.

change

command

ASSIGN

the

alphabetic.

permanent

since

changing

device

all

fact
the

indicated,

DECtape

must

the

over

the

means

because

Due

name

composed

which

easily possible

User—defined

routine without

name

first

precedence

are

programs

only

the

again.

the

takes

name

the

changes

user—defined

characters

not

sequence

DTAl

name

and

removed

example:

.AS

back

name

.AS

The

device

user—defined

user-defined

can

two

characters

names

internally

are

coded
be

unique.
in

only

unique.

names

may

not

tested

for

uniqueness by

follows:

the

results,
not

AVAILABLE

the

DEASSIGN

.DE

unique

system tables;

within

therefore

Command

command

.DEASSIGN
or

name

the

form:

the

current
can

system

used.

and
all

all

causes

.AS

permanent device

DTAl

names

device

user—defined

names.

restored,

For

example:

discarding

.DE

DECtape

causes

mand

the

removes

longer

referenced

2.3.3

GET

Command

The

system tables.

DEASSIGN

com~

DTAl

can

the

form:

file.ext

dev

.GET

the

The

IN.

name

IN.

command

GET

from

name

the

assigned

The
or

into

along

with

sion

(.ext).

block.
on

control

core

system device

its

file,

and

loaded

what

core

and

into

loaded

block

device

(dev)

optional

file

name

The
an

with

core

then moved

its
a

ASCII

not

specified
exten—

core

control

special

area

system device.

the

such

file

The

device.

(file)

name

(.SV format,

files

image

core

from

core

file

the

The

the

The
on

loads

command

GET

binary)

file.ext

dev

.GE

parts

block
and

contains

information

starting address,

areas

Job

The

Status

location
of

core

Word.

7746

field

the

file

uses

file

core~image

Job

core

Status

9 with
and

the

how,

maintained

about

the

occupied by
Word

file

is
to

file
the

saved

and

indicate

follows:

2.3

TABLE

Word

Status

Job

Bit Condition

Bit

Meaning

File

in
Bit

File
in

Bit

does

field
does

field

3—9

O—l777

locations

O—l777

(lOOOO—l7777).
reloaded

because

before

modifies

for

future

can

itself

execution.

during
Bits

into

load

not

restarted

locations

(OOOO-l777).

must

Program

into

load

not

reserved

and

Unused,

expan—

sion.
Bit

Locations

O—l777

saved when

field

need

not

Decoder

Command

the

calling

overlays.
Bit

Locations

been

when

the

SAVE

command.

file

the

extension

the

file

.SV

(for

For

fetch

the

are

calling

for
some

each

not

specified

image file)

core

file

messages

OH.SV

need

not

file

(one which

command)

SAVE

ABSLDR,

the

added

from device

associated with

are

GET

the

command,

automatically

DTA3.

the

GET

command.

described below:

NOT

Meaning

NOT

file

The

FOUND

on
name

the

by the Linking Loader,

USR.

image

core

device

Message
name

field
the

example:

DTA3

error

onto

extension

.GE

Four

created

core

created

name

name.

attempts

These

from

dumped
file

block

control

core

has

0-l777

saved when

AVAILABLE

the

with

the

specified

device with

The

able

for

vice

The

file

use

name

given

was

not

found

device.
the

name

the

moment

given is

not

(check the

avail"
dew

question), or the user tried to ob~
tain input from an output only device
(such
as
the high—speed paper tape punch).
BAD

CORE

IMAGE

file
nary
USER

ERROR

requested was not a core image
(it could have been an ASCII or bi~
file).

xxxx

the

input

error

program.
2—8

was
xxxx

detected while
is meaningless

Command

SAVE

2.3.4

The

command

SAVE

dev

.SAVE

form:

the

a-b,c,...;s=n

file.ext

.SA

file.ext

dev

a-b,c,...;s:n

where:

core

location

and

locations

and

areas

Locations

saved.

the

addresses

the

a—b,c,...

through

specified

other

any

and c are 5 digit localocations.
a, b,
tions.
(The first digit represents the
When a single location is indi—
field.)

(c)

cated

located

the

where

presenting

address
four

the

file.

the

octal number re—
of the Job Status

digit

contents

2.3.3).

(see section

Word

which

saved.

starting

entire page

the

The

specified, with
is

tension
added
the

not

the

they

Restrictions

saved

device

the

indicated

(file.ext).

the

extension

.SV

the

convey

section

core

name

specified,

(see

block

file

system.

information

trol

currently

program

taken

from

the

SAVE

ex-

automatically

remaining arguments
is

(dev)

not

are

current

given,

core

con-

2.3.3).

the

arguments

for

command

are

follows:

Each

set

not

cross

two

limits (a~b) must
field boundaries.

sets

limits

can

overlap

the

field

same

(a~b,c~d

must

and

not

overlap).
c.

the

area
to be saved can contain page
since these are the locations of the
I/O routines and system tables.

error

program

error

message

currently

messages

are:

printed

core

has

in
not

7600 or 17600,
system resident

response

SAVE

yet been saved.

command,

Possible

Meaning

Message
The

ARGS

BAD

the

arguments

consistent

command

SAVE

violate

and

are

restriction

not

(b)

above.
ILLEGAL

The

ARG.

SAVE

ERROR

I/O

the

in
MONITOR

ERROR

command

SAVE

NOT

xxxx

AVAILABLE

DSK

.SAVE

This

statement

named

field

page

which

577

field

information
the

.SAVE

The

above

the

disk

The

the

core

Job

core

saved

occurs

block

indicated,

and
the

updated

Word

Status

locations

saved)

address

disk

the

are

location

starting

old

core

control

core

not

file

DSK

the

entire

locations

4flfl

5E2

contain

this

program
to

intact

taken

from

OHLA.SV

statement

taken

ODT

.ODT

.0D

causes

program

OHLA.SV where

name

from

the

original

core

Command

ODT

the

command

177

block.

control

core

under

are

2.3.5

The

Example

saved

location

given

name

below:

shown

program

single

and

original

the

The

the

write~locked

55,1fl5flfl-lfl577;lfl5fl2

areas

that

field

system table.

The

(when

device with

any

OHLA.SV

saves

OHLA.SV.

The

command

SAVE

example

intact

core.

Attempt made to output to
device, usually DECtape.
name

saving

program remains

The

cor—

used.

occurred while

has

error

program.

expressed

not

was

illegal syntax

rectly,

the

form:

core

the

areas

control

saved

core

block.

This

command

started.
the

which

ODT

user's

programs,

device

must

ODT

2.3.6

had

been

further

section

CDT

cannot

names

used,
in

field

every

using

When

placed.
device

and

none

feature

breakpoint

and

core

takes

such,

by its permanent device

called

described

debug
Each

used.

I/O

name.

6.3.

Command

RUN

The

locations

uses

user-defined

the

and,

into

loaded

the

unless

area

program
ODT

case

CDT

system

system overlay,

breakpoint

the

causes

command

RUN

.RUN

the

form:

file.ext

dev

.RU

The

RUN

files.
field
to

command,

The

indicated

the

file

into

loaded

system

the

core

scratch

address.

starting

SAVE

(file.ext)
and

handles

command,

its
The

The

RUN

command

the

program

device

control

core

area.

the

only core image
(dev)
is

block

started

equivalent

at
a

speci~

moved

its
and

GET

command.

START

sion

file.ext

dev

extension

.SV

.RU

causes

the

automatically

DTAl

file

Possible

described

name

the

specified,

not

file

name.

loaded

For

the

exten—

example:

PROG

PROG.SV

error

below:

file
added

DECtape

messages

when

using

the

RUN

and

started.

command

are

Meaning

Message
The

FOUND

NOT

name

to
BAD

with

the

name
given was not found
indicated, or the user tried
input from an output only device.

device

file

The

IMAGE

CORE

file

the

indicated

not

image

core

file.
USER

ERROR

xxxx

input

file.
NOT

name

listed

2.3.7

and

command

file.ext

similar

The

block

program

usual

the

command

not

which

location

command

must

often

called

using

call

the

RUN

Error

command.

user

GET

the

only

and

not

form:

differs

from
to

not

have

.SV

the

explicitly

the

program

RUN

later

the

name

command

core

device.
control

all

stated.

command,

file

system

its

from

automatically

system device,

the

files
the

started.

written

image

core

extension

does

SAVE

given is

name

file.ext

loaded

specified,

trol
a

command handles
file

not

the

system table.

any

SYS

.RUN

This

the

meaningless.

Command

The

device with

The

AVAILABLE

occurred while

error

xxxx

since

the

system device.

extension

that

core

order

block

updated

con—

SAVE

the

optional arguments

System programs

they

added.

need

and

not

saved,

be
use

are

saved.

either

command.

messages

for

the

command

are

the

same

for

the

most

RUN

the

2.3.8

Command

START

The

command

START

.START

the

core

form:

nnnnn

.ST

nnnnn

The

program

the

argument

starting

nnnnn

address

.ST

omitted,

specified

started

the

program

the

location

started

control

core

nnnnn.

block.

the

For

example

10555

program

core

program

the

starts

currently

555

field

.ST

the

starts

control

The

handler

The

starting

address

given

the

core

block.

START

error

command

core

table

certain

clears
and

the

areas

Command

Decoder

device

core:

the

output

area.

message:

NOE!

occurs

the

cannot

started.

user

system library

(bit

the

Job

attempts
The

user

start

must

program which
Status

Word

not

(with

restart

modifies

set,

.ST)

see

any

program which
user

itself while
section

program
in

2.3.3).

core

Command

DATE

2.3.9

DATE

command

.DATE

mm/dd/yy

The

the

form:

mm/dd/yy

.DA

The

command

the

date

dating directory entries

and

listings, printing

DATE

put,

For

etc.

The

error

printed

system for purposes
on

program

out-

example:

indicates

BAD

the

3/l3/7fi

.DA

which

sets

that

the

date

not

March

13,

1970.

message:

DATE

the

date

entered

correctly

(using slashes).

CHAPTER

COMMAND

Once

Command

3.1

Decoder

COMMAND

the

The

for

the

3.2

Decoder

the

indicate

0‘3

the

that

Keyboard Monitor,

paper

file

and

system

devices.

ready

for

the

The
to

entire

line.

2.1,

returns

the

line

entire

user

2.1.2

device

and

devices,

Command

and

2.1.1,

character per

Teletype input buffer.

the

one

CTRL/C

the

extensions,
for

deletes

key

Decoder

well

details).

for

STRING

INPUT

the

I/O specification takes

for

Keyboard Monitor

the

RUBOUT

appears

names,

form:

(input files)

output files and 0—9

described

FEED key causes

LINE

(see sections

expected string

margin

system conventions

define

DECODER

the

files,

system program.

program

For

and

teleprinter

(output files)

left

the

uses

Keyboard Monitor

can

I/O

files

CTRL/U combination deletes

COMMAND

There

list of

The

Chapter

The

correcting typing mistakes.

description

names

via

keys

the

called

obtain

CONVENTIONS

Keyboard Monitor,

printed

(*)

star

same

The

RUBOUT.

been

Decoder

DECODER

string.

DECODER

Command
of

purpose

Command

prints

command

The

the

uses

program

system program has

input files, depending

The

particular I/O string

the

section

that

used

program

with

the

each

requirements

system library

(later in the manual).

example:

*DTA1:XY1,LPT:<DSK:PROG

The

PAL~8

output of
DSK:PROG

assembler would
the

the

assembly

and

input

source

the

use

second

indicated,

the

*DSK:PROG

left

angle

file

(DTA1:XY1)

output file

(LPTz)

separated by

commas.

for

the

for

the

binary

listing.

file.

Multiple file specifications
are

first output

are

bracket

can

omitted.

For

output files

example:

would
the

cause

left

PROG

angle bracket

input files,
File

file

the

device

(<)

the

backarrow

(+)

specifications

for

DSK

accepted
also

I/O files

accepted

divider

input file.

between

While

output and

acceptable.
take

the

forms:

following

Form

device:filename

character

Meaning
The

specified file and the specified
device, for example:
DTA3:FILE1

device:

The specified device used as a non—
directory device.
Usually the device
is a non~directory device anyway, such
as

LPT:

for

can

but

read,

used, the
written;

not

example, referencing DSK: causes
disk to be read.
DSK: is

whole

the

always
filename

device

directory

device

default

specified file

The

device.

output

assumed

device.

output files and the first input
file, the device is assumed to be DSK:,
for example:

For

‘

*NAME<DTA2:PROG

indicate

would

files

input

For

device
the

DSK:NAME

after

assumed

previous entry.

output file.

first,

the

device

the

example:

For

*DSK:PROG1<DTA1:FILEl,FILE2,FILE3
will

(null

file)

from

(the absence of

file

specification)

has

ings

and

context

not

followed

For

output

that

there

files
is no

comma

position.

files

input

DECtape

file

null

three

the

cause

taken

explicit

different

mean-

indicated by a
file designation.
a

null

output

indicates
for this

file
file

example:

For

*,LPT<DTA1:QUEST,DTA2:STAR

input to PAL~8
(binary) would not
be generated, but the listing would be
For input files,
put on the line printer.
the

the

preceding

first

file

null

the

most

were

output file

indicates

that

entry is
device:

non-directory

the

recent

device
used

of
a

*DSK:A<PTR:,,
This

tapes

input string
to

reader.

read

would
from

allow

the

three

high-speed

paper

3.2.l

Some

Command

Examples

command

examples

Strings

appropriate explanations.

strings specifying I/O

The

command

its

string precedes

below with

shown

are

explanation.

Example 1:

*DSK:BINARY,LPT:<SOURCE

file

The
BINARY

named
and

DSK,

uses

this

file

labeled

format;

SOURCE
a

file

second

however,

the

input

file

the

line

printer

also

assembler
disk

the

Thus,

BINARY.

the

will

file

The

DSK.

two

(LPT).

adds

the

named

files

output
The

assembler

PAL—8

extension

.BN

BINARY.BN

are:

the

onto

(see section

2.1.2).

Example 2:

*INPUTl,INPUT2,INPUT3,PTR:,

This

angle bracket

string

not

input files with

necessary

type of input might be given

files).
paper

files

Three

tape reader

are

taken

there

one

from

the

Notice

file.

that

the

only input files specified.

are

device

output

loaders
DSK

and

(which do
then

two

not
are

left

This

require output
taken

from

the

(PTR:;).

Example

*DTAZ:A,B<XYZ:C,D

input files

The

device with the
A

DTA2

and

taken

are

user-defined

name

file

named

from

XYZ).

The

device

output

XYZ

(which could be any

files

are

file

named

DSK.

Example 4:

*,LPT:<SRC

The

specified
sent

are

the

input file

one

line

null

file

printer

named

SRC

and

DSK.

The

two

(no output file in that position)

(LPT).

output files
and

file

Example

*PTR:,,DTAl:X

This

another

tape reader

paper

and

all

input file string.

does

the

input

file

comes

second

The

(PTR:,).

first

input file

third

The

from

comes

input file

named

the
X

DTAl.

Example

*A<TTY:,

first

The

reader),
named

3.3

does

and

the

second,

stored

INPUT/OUTPUT

SPECIFICATION

addition

accepts,

there

program

the

individual

The
pass

file

listing

(generally

(TTY:,).

The

the

low—speed

single output file

OPTIONS
of

various

are

the

options

which

These

covered

are

files

output and input

specification line.

the

advised

(and is

can

user

book.
line

input

file

Teletype

options

detail

that

the

Command

indicated

the

are

unique

the

sections describing

can

system

programs.

through

part of

the

system program and

various

the

null,

the

DSK.

Decoder

from

particular options

section

describes

the

Command

Decoder.

When

use,

this

section will

section

this

skip reading

This

will

to)

format

the

reader
as

serve

first

his

options

aware

useful

guide

the
to

formats.

sign

the

are

Numbers

used

options

The

alphabetic option

square

The

and

format

are

single alphanumeric option

set

characters

for

characters.

brackets

off

from

the

command

set

off

from

characters.

line with

the

equal

([]).

brackets

character

single

will

square

(/)

slash

references

numbers

(=)

string
and

either

Options

single
The

explained

are

character

usage

below.

specifications

once

options,

the

These
the

slash,

the
and

I/O specifications by
parentheses

parentheses,

for

equal sign,

explanations will

serve

learned

which

options

reader

has

needing.

format

for

input

the

Command

Decoder,

then,

looks

generally

the

following:
file(s)

output

3.3.1

The
A

Slash

input file(s)

(options)

Construction

single alphanumeric option

anywhere

the

position

after

input line,
the

input

character
in

even

preceded by

the middle

files.

For

slash

and

although the

name,

can

occur

usual

example:

*TTY : /L<DSK:AB

equivalent

to:

*TTY : <DSK:AB/L

The

option specified is

Any number of option characters

can

grouped together inside parentheses.

anywhere

the

file

The

also

*OUT:X<IN:Y

(A02)

The
An

octal

backarrow,
character.

number
an

followed
ALT
For

MODE

input

line.

For

example:

/A/Q/Z

seven

equal sign.
by

key

digits long
This

key)

construction

separator character
RETURN

can

are

indicated:

only
left

once

angle bracket,

by other options and

and

option indicator

occur

(AXQ),FILE2

separate options

used
can

(comma,

example:

*FILE1=1gg2

Three

valid

Equal Sign Construction

preceded by

and must

directory

to:

*OUT:X<IN:Y

3.3.3

DSK

Construction

construction

AB).

Parentheses

equivalent

when

list the

command

3.3.2

PIP

beginning

This

(this

separator

line

3.3.4

The

file
and

Square Bracket Construction

The

square

name

and

used

only

typing

the

([)

SHIFT/K).

only

can

bracket,

open

number

down

(1)

bracket

after

between

never

file

optimize

user

produced by holding
The

immediately

occur

decimal

construction

bracket

square

sophisticated

(i.e.,

The

bracket

open
K

construction
of

bracket.

The

bracket

consists

output

and

255,
is

and

necessary

storage.

the

key while

SHIFT

produced by typing

SHIFT/M.

This
blocks
the

construction

used

(256 words per block)

system

file

optimize

provide

the

number

output file in order

the

allow

example:

For

storage.

limit

upper

contained

*BINARY [l9] ,LISTING [2W3] <SOURCE/8

output files

The

blocks

device

the

device

3.4

length
on

DSK

NOTES

simple
form

with

and

the

additional

BINARY

disk

(only

six

option specified is

with

(DSK)

The

PS/8 system

have

maximum

characters

blocks.

200

length

the

LISTIN

name

maximum

supplied with

handlers

which

require

named

file

significant)

are

input file is

SOURCE

HANDLERS

DEVICE

characteristics
and

file

DSK

device

The

and

are

the

should

user

action

operations

the

for

the

understand.
of

part
user

the

when

Most

1/0

these

Some

user.

certain

operating
extremely

are

device

handlers

being performed

per—

given

device.

device

The

tapel, prints
character
the

sure

the

tape

able

paper

the

return

The

user

the

tape

1With PAL—8,

the
of

program.

high—speed

passes

from

Keyboard

three

loaded

This
the

the
a

for

type any single

time

check

user

reader,

and

tape

input

facilitates

packed

buffer

Typing CTRL/C

reading

user

the

and

before

tape reader,

the

gives

paper

full

paper

into
the

causes

while

the

tape

the

reading multiple tapes.
The

input buffer.

buffer

reader

moving

avail—

made

causes

Monitor.

paper

user

the

and waits

(+)

arrow

high—speed

the

for

keyboard.

read

are

the

Characters
end

handler

tape punch unpacks

load

the

Each

pass

generates

required

assembler.

characters

3-6

source

from

the

output buffer

tape three times
an

arrow.

for

the

and

punches them

Monitor.

The

output

line

The

task.

The

feed

also

CTRL/Z
be

must

Typing CTRL/C

causes

turned

before

manually

return

attempt is

Keyboard

made

device.

printer performs

produced following
the

line

found

feed

from

the

printer

the

form

unpacked

are

operation before beginning

the

output
of

completion

printing

output buffer

causes

buffer

and

printing

the

return

form

Typing
Keyboard Monitor.

terminate

output

printed.

output task.

Teletype

input

handler performs

buffer

between

and

form

feed

I/O transfers between the Teletype keyboard

output buffer

teleprinter.

the

and

typed while output is being printed terminates printing
buffer.

CTRL/C typed

the

Keyboard

END

FILE

typed input
The

the

performed.

The

and

tape.

paper

characters

CTRL/C while
A

punch

that

Monitor.

time during

any

Typing CTRL/Z

indication
and

the

performs

calling

line

feed

input

output

terminates

input

The

program.

read

the

current

causes

input

any

CTRL/O
output

return

and

teleprinter

operation after

Teletype handler should not be used

gives

all

echoes

typed carriage

binary tapes

from

the

return.

low-speed

reader.

device handler

The
from

either

have

Blank

cards

punched

characters

cause

Typing CTRL/C while
to

the

column

the

(an

handler

0~8~5

cannot

possible

assume

interrupted

DECtape unit g

The
user

with

RUN

use

are

further

card

the

remaining

columns

this
GET

than

the

terminate

Card

deleted

current

handler:

ABSLDR,

program

from

reading

contains

the

blank.

reading.

(the only

format

can

each

from

card.

and

Either

Because

LOADER,

and

reader

card

acts

character

CTRL/z

the

2-page handler),

DECtape system

SYS

CTRL/C,

device

(if

returns

the

system device

intervention.

blanks

format

alphanumeric

reader.

card

end—of~file

necessary

with

disk and

trailing

cards

card

the

SABR.

these

directory device.

Any DECtape other
be

reads

mark~sense

2—page routine

programs

commands

read.

not

reader

and

card,

punch)

following
It

Typing CTRL/Z terminates

was

card
a

card

carriage return/line feed to be entered into the data stream.
cards are being read terminates reading and returns control

card

endwof—file

the

reader

per

Keyboard Monitor.
end—of~file

reader

for

card

and

control
must

handlers

never

work

WRITE

DECtape System)

can

Keyboard Monitor.

LOCKED.

completely automatically without

any

3.5

COMMAND

The

DECODER ERROR

following

generated by

MESSAGES

complete list

erroneous

command

the

error

string input

Message
ILLEGAL

messages
the

which

Command

can

Decoder.

Meaning
The

SYNTAX

line

command

formatted

was

incorrectly.
TOO

name

MANY

DOES

FILES

NOT

EXIST

than

nine

input files

The

device

could

not

three

with
be

output
were

the

found

files

specified

name

specified.
the

system

tables.
name

NOT

FOUND

The file with the
does not exist on

indicated.

name

the

specified
device
'

CHAPTER

PS/8 Symbolic Editor

The

files

source

called

input
Editor

considers

“page"

file

(This

one

no; the

same

page

text

the

from

text

are

the

text

buffer.

The

lOW“Speed

available

the

for

call

the

EDIT

followed

the

board Monitor.

coder
the

and

star,

left

from

handling

tape reader is

not

page

files

cause

powerful

through

as
a

Editor

from

the

RETURN

key,

where

loss

system device,

dot

the

was

type

printed by

the

system responds by alerting the Command

(*)

the

left

margin.

printing

the

types his output file designation

star

angle bracket,

in-

low-speed reader.

EDITOR

The

page
the

recommended

Input buffering may

THE

user

Several
of

list—

his

relate

reads

able

long,

Editor operates

buffer where

various devices.

automatic

Editor.

program

page.)

text.

logical units,
lines

user

and

his

input

file

Key~
De~
to

answer

(1 allowed),
(O

tape reader and from

designations

allowed).

example:

For

*DSK:ABC<PTR:,DSK:AA1

causes

file
on

input

named

DSK.

from

AAl

the
DSK.

highespeed
The

paper

output

file

named

creating,
of

pages

Editor

The

USING

CALLING AND

the

The

for

50—60

page

memory

listing.

from

for

paper

certain characters

4.1

core

allowing

editing.

files

input

commands

put device

for

into

generally

physical

divided

input file into its internal

the

nine

many

time,
his

pages

available

becomes

text

commands

logical

such

system programs

contains

other

and/or modify

create

lines,

deleting characters,

"pages".

editing

for

The

corresponds approximately

ing.
on

PAL-8.

and

Editor

The

files)

(ASCII

SABR,

FORTRAN,

modifying,

and

PS/8 Symbolic Editor is used

new

ABC

and

stored

ready

file

I/O

Once
to

by printing

ness

(#)

designations

commands
number

whenever

occurs

the

entered,

are

the

from

keyboard

sign

(#)

Editor

the

left

waiting

for

Editor

Symbolic

margin.
command

its

readi—

This

symbol

from

the

signifies

and

keyboard.

and

The

Editor

has

can

device

use

low—speed reader/punch,
printer

each

properly

ASCII

files

are

handler

are

the

nine

the

error

mode

the

high

reader,

given

but

the

results

the

Editor

and

line

and

Editor

Editor.

message

in ASCII

example,

For

card

disk,

for

Editor,

operates

system.

DECtape,

files.

input

the

devices

legal

device which

any

only operates

non—ASCII

operations

are

permitted.

garbled.

the

number

from
a

read

mand
one

4.2

many

device
is

input files is
are

Where

allowed

file

and

permitted

section

described.
fication

3.3,

These

line

the

valid

the

reader

ous

formats.)

options
is

for

advised

for

format

options

input

keyboard.

Only

Editor

The

3.3

was

I/O Speci-

the

following

(After reading this
section

turn

part

Decoder.

Command
Editor.

the
to

I/O specification options

specified

are

the

TABLE

are

section

review

the

vari*

4.1

I/O Options

Meaning

Option
/A

the

com—

OPTIONS

the

from

when

Editor.

the

from

the

read

appears

input files,

input is accepted

I/O SPECIFICATION

are

attempt

(?)

mark

question

there

which

commands

zero,

and

disabled,

attempted.

output

files

input

not

return

Keyboard Monitor

the

file close opera~
Return control
Q command).
to the Command Decoder to specify new
The Editor is left
files for editing.
in core.
Executing an E command re-

upon
tion

completion
(E

turns with clear
retains the last

Convert

two

reading

from

text

buffer;

text

buffer.

Spaces

input device.

command

TAB

when

TABLE

4.1

Editor

(Cont'd.)

I/O Options

Option

Meaning
Delete

the old copy of the output file
(if one exists) before storing the new
If /D is
the device.
output file on
not used,
the new file is put onto the
output device under a system—coded name;
the old file is deleted only after the

new

file

and

the

new

closed

file

’

by an E or Q command
given its correct

name.

For

example:

*DTA2:FILE<DTAl:ARG/D

This

command

creating

4.3

FILE

new

SPECIAL

The

deletes

KEY

Editor

modes.

left

the

Editor

margin

mode

Text

various

editing

The

and

between

Command

CTRL/C

operating in

teleprinter
for

I/O

Editor

the

from

the

commands

are

available

.START

processing

the

user

modes.

Mode

in Which

Text

mode

Used

Meaning
Return

and

mode

text

and

the

command

can

used

Keyboard Monitor.

the

The

buffer

Editor

the

between

return

allow

sible

that

keyboard.

Editor when

text

START

indicates

commands.

Command

The

different

several

printing

This

paper.

command

condition of

the

following

transfer

the

waiting

before

exists)

file

EDITOR

indicated by

mode
of

THE

considered

(if such

DTA2

DTA2.

COMMANDS

can

Command

the

FILE

and

restart

user.

the

is retained
remains acces~
last

Editor

Text

mode,

carriage
lost.
follows:

new

(START)

command

above

The

previous output file

was

the

output

buffer

Command

Mode

in Which

tents

CTRL/O

not

closed,

are

Decoder

START

command

that

the

and

the

and

given

file

output

Used

con~

Meaning
Stops the listing, writing, or punch—
Returns
ing of text on the Teletype.

mode

Text

Command

deleted.

mode

Text

CTRL/FORM

the

When

I/O file designations.

the

recalls

the

control

Returns

the

command mode.

Editor

command

mode.

special Editor

Other
or

perform

erasures,

Character

characters

described

used

are

below:

Meaning

Example
.+l

The

.~7

used

dot

the

alone

The

in
in

RUBOUT

key

The

the

dot

highest

dot
+

can

coun—

the

causes

reprenumbered line

RUBOUT

key in

backslash

character
The

one

similar

and

buffer.

text

Typing
and

with

character

slash

buffer.

text

line

can

use

sents

character

current

any place where
be used.

integer,
number

/~7
/ 5

period

character.

ter

used

represent numbers

text mode

printed

deleted

from

erasure

the

done

right to left up to the last
carriage return/line feed.
Typing
the

RUBOUT

causes

the

command

mode

entire

command

line

key

inside

Typing the RUBOUT key
search string causes the

string to be
reprinted.
4.4

SUMMARY

Additional

information

Chapter

prints

Editor

summary
on

(RETURN key)

#m,n

these

discussed

(RETURN key)

#x
#n

Introduction

commands

The

the

deleted

and

the

COMMANDS

EDITOR

following

The

deleted.

(RETURN key)

the

Symbolic Editor commands.

commands

and

their

found

usage

given

Programming 1970.
this

left

section

margin.

can

The

each

commands

are

whenever
the

form:

where

m,n

single
command

used

line

represents

line

number,
entered

in Editor

and
to

the

commands

number

designations,

represents
Editor with

are

decimal

Symbolic
Format

the

RETURN

represents
letter.

The

Numbers

key.

4.2

Editor

Commands

Meaning
Append the following text being typed at
the keyboard until a FORM FEED (ASCII 214
or CTRL/FORM)
is found.
The FORM FEED
control

returns

whatever

List

command

present in the

entire

the

mode.

command

the A

input following

command

numbers.

TABLE

Command

the

contents

buffer.

text

the

Text

appended

buffer

text

teleprinter.

line

the

buffer

text

the

teleprinter.
#m,n

List
fer

lines

returns
LINE

command mode.

Equivalent

FEED

key
>

through n of the text bufControl then
teleprinter.

the

Equivalent
in

the

line

the

whatever

line

the

cess

and

mode

where

Insert

FORM

the

control

whatever

text

before

FORM

FEED

entering

pro~
command

the

(up

typed
of

line

before

The

the

line

previous
teleprinter.

the

typed

prints

the

buffer.

terminates

Editor

the

teleprinter.

lists

buffer
text

the

teleprinter.

lists

text

sends

FEED)

lists

.~l

text

(CTRL/FORM)

.+l

Insert

buffer

text

Equivalent

.+l

buffer

text

the

text

buffer.

Change the text
typed after the

#m,n

FORM FEED.
Delete lines

with

the

command

indicates

#m,n

line

Delete

lines

not

from
m

line(s)

entered,

through n and replace
line(s) typed after the
end

the

command

entered.
the

Delete

The

text

line

Typing CTRL/FORM

the

through

inserted

lines.

buffer.
n

from

the

buffer.

space used by the deleted line(s)
reused until after a K command is

performed.
#K

Kill

the

pointers
text

buffer.
so

the

4-5

Resets

appears
buffer.

the

that

text

there

buffer

TABLE

4.2

(Cont'd.)

Symbolic Editor
Command

Format

#m,n$x

lines

Move
x

the

through

typing

(SHIFT/4).

The

removed;

dollar

buffer

just listed.

and

list

label,

mode with
to the line

first

the

starting

line

current

line which

begins

the

line

List the number of available core locations
in the text buffer.
The Editor returns the
of

locations

Inter-buffer

for

command

Look

only.

character

for

previously specified

can

the

(see section 4.5).

Follows

character

(see section 4.5.2).

a
character string search for
See section 4.5.2
string "text”.
Following a string search, #" searches
the next occurrence of the string.

Performs

Read

remains,

was

the

printed

current

output file and
Write

the

indicated

If no
buffer.
if no input
or
and

control

returns

mode.

command

Write

contents

input file
to

for

previously specified input
append the new text to the

and

current

the

from

device

line.

1.7.

command

(see section 4.5.2).

string

strings

occurrence

locations

free

Character

text‘
text"

the

number of characters that
accommodated in this area, multiply

number

the

control

command,

equal

Get

the

estimate

moved

lost.

command

with

number

#$
#$
#"

240)
257)
211)
215)

termination of

the

goes to
counter

the

Space

and list the next line which has a
label associated with it.
A label in this
context is any line of text which does not
begin with one of the following:

(ASCII
(ASCII
TAB
(ASCII
RETURN(ASCII

sign key

Get

space

character

occurrence

The

the

old

line

directly before

buffer.

text

represents
text
G

Commands

buffer

read

current

the

buffer

the

next
to

indicated

logical

the

page.

output file,

and read the next logical
is done n times until the nth
Control
logical page is in the text buffer.
then returns to command mode.
zero

page.

the

buffer,

This

4.2

TABLE

Symbolic
Command

Editor

Commands

Format

Meaning
The

command

this

#n Y

Skip
not

cannot

buffer.

text

empty

(Cont'd.)

with

used

printed

tried.

to a logical page in the input file,
For example:
writing any output.

#5 Y
\.

reads through four logical pages of in—
put, deleting them without producing
The fifth page is read into
output.
the

Write

buffer

text

returns

entire

the

and

control

automatically

command mode.

buffer

text

the

out“

put buffer.
#n

Write

output
#m,n

Write

lines

trailer

blank

tape

OUtPUt buffer
#E

buffer

text

through

output buffer.

Punch
of

the

buffer.

inclusive, to
m through
n
are written
into the output buffer,
and when this buffer is full, the text
is output to the indicated output file.
the

line

Output the

lines

tape.

Causes

written

(only

current

all

input

the

output file.

The

the

frames

into

the

non-directory devices).

buffer

and

output file,

transfer

closing

Immediate end of file.
Q causes the
buffer to be output.
All text
written into the output buffer is then
written into the output file and the
file clOSed.
Control then returns to
either the Keyboard Monitor or Command
text

Decoder,

depending

typing these

the

/A Switch.

the

user

can

obtain

number

(.2)

and

the

characters

the current line
last line number in

text

buffer

The number is printed by the Editor
(/=).
immediately after the user types the equal
(The colon character is equivalent
Sign.
to the equal Sign.)

4.5

EDITOR

within

TEXT

text

the

BUFFER

the

mode,

buffer.

deletions
a

physical
within

available
be

buffer

text

the

can

the

avoid

the

line

longer

the

line

lines

buffer

The

the

text

does

should,

user

useful editing

that

from

similarly,

text,

lines.

the

causes

deleted

not

logical part

deleted
the

line

and

searches,

changing

i.e.,
old

Deleting

used

space

the

completely filling

buffer

reached,

carriage

return

and

the

must

again give
the

added

the

absolute
the

warning

bell

input,

bell

rings.

Under

command

and

encountered

Teletype

When

end

the

buffer.

the

buffer

Any attempt

control

Editor
is

reached,

add

the

line

one

command

returns

conditions,

accepts

user
a

time.

characters

results

characters

another

Whenever

rung.

these

available

are

and

command mode.

There

first is

only 256 decimal locations

where

point

mode

4.6

text

performed.

When

return

the

accommodated

can

character

space;

while

however).

buffer,

therefore,

buffer

(the

characters

additions,

generated

reclaim buffer

not

decimal

5600

Any changes,

use

line

new

performs I/O operations

buffer.

text

Approximately
text

Editor

MODE

types of search available in the PS/8 Editor.

two

are

the

character

standard

command which

entire

text

the

The

form:

#8
#n S

#m,n

The

indicated
the

user

character
contents

searches

command
for

the

does
of

the

after

not

the

character

key which

enters

entire
is

the

buffer

found.

buffer

The

RETURN

echo

the

character.

the

indicated

Printing stops

Editor

line(s)

after

the

line(s)
is
The

command.

The

teleprinter.

the

character

typed by
search

prints
until

the

the
character

printed.
When

options:

the

character

found,

the

user

has

the

following

Result

Type
(BELL rings)

the

character

typed.

CTRL/FORM

Continue

searching

for

RETURN

End

CTRL/G

Change
the

key

line

lowing
LINE

FEED

key

RUBOUT

lines

two

line

by inserting

4.6.1

Intra~buffer

The

This

the

contents

This

used

the

then

number

string merely

the

Editor

other

editing,

not

mode.

current

waiting

for
a

This

then

can

search.

the

found,
the

cur~
a

string

counter,

and

instructions.

number which

provides
search

need

longer

line

further

line

characters.

types of string

string

the

buffer

inter—buffer

the

commands.

one

the

text

furnishes

command mode,

two

are

and

string

character

stop when all

into

put

line

command

returns

the

can

useful

line

for

num—

by listing lines.

intra~buffer

key

line.

deleted.

character

parameter that

will

control

for

There

text.

scanned.

been

number

return

backslash

combination of

unique

any

this

from

echoes

each

given

current

String

Intra~buffer

line

with

framework

line

the

and

for

Searching

bers

has

stays

used

line

that

intra—buffer

printed

for

identify

can

further edit the

control

returns

buffer

found,

available:

The
rent

Character

(\ )

the

characters

RUBOUT

out

fol-

any

line.

carriage
this point.

Each

type of search available

second

search.

Delete

key

that

Make

character

character.

deleting

here,

text

(which echoes

types

the

string

additional characters
search).

The

boundaries.

string

and

typed

string

Typing

the

found
are

(up

single quote
to

the
to

echoed

cannot

the

signalled by typing

response

causes

but

broken

(')

Editor‘s

not

across

Use

user

long,

included

terminates

MODE

The

characters

performed.

4~9

ALT

any

the

line
the
of

character

the

single

quote

starts

the

double

quote

(")

instead

begin

the

prohibits

example,

For

ABC

use

DEF

the

Use

the

causes
"

and

Use

command

the

elements

string.

buffer

text

buffer.

text

single quote

the

line

current

their

line

contains:

GHI

lA2B3C4D5E6
STRINGOABCDEFG

the

and

could

wants

user

done

list

line

the

contains

that

This

RINGO.

by typing:

#$RINGO'L

and

the

printed by
continues

and

RETURN

set

the

printed

key
the

until
line

response

ALT

key).

MODE

the

string

in which

the

The

printed by

found.

Editor

with

line

begins

The

line

current

string occurred,

line

the

counter

follows:

STRINGOABCDEFG

control

and

If
could

returns

the

user

command

wanted

awaiting

mode,

find

the

further

reference

commands.

RINGO,

type:

#IIL

this

for

used

line

The

command which
with

again,
is

not

either

listed when

and

order

#$'

clear

causes

the

necessary

(List command)

following

case,

the

last

beginning

enter

the

string
the

searched

current

string again.

any

other

command

code

can

given

The

command

causes

the

line

string buffer,

the

use

can

found.

the

text

type:

The

system will respond with

buffer

The
Assume

question

allow

for

easy

CIF

10,

the

Editor

mark

and

the

string

text

cleared.

following

TAD

DCA

GAK

‘

properties

the

and

useful

editing.

text:

OSR

DUM,

order

SNA

CLA

CIF

the

change

following

/NEW

FIELD

CIF

user

can

give

caused

the

command:

#$DUM,'$CIF 2g"c
1g
/NEW FIELD

CIF

(type CTRL/FORM)
The

above

the

line

Then

set

line

CIF

made

was

the

The

current

then

user

using this

Thus

any

for

line

number

For

can

line

which
done

search with

the

began

starting from

CIF

The

line

number

when

the C

the

line

changes

operations

and

DUM,

containing DUM.

given.

with

beginning

the

instructions

feature,
can

result

the

done

by specifying

the

line

the

line

the

for
1.

after

containing
command

correct

instruction.

line

number.

by explicitly specifying
a

string.

example,

#SSTRING'+4L

will
in

list

the

text

fourth

line

after

the

first

two

labels,

occurrence

buffer.

#SLABEL1,',$LABEL2,"L

will

list

all

lines

between

the

#SPFLUG'S

4*11

(Change)

inclusive.

STRING

will

character

the

types

user

the

enters

the

character

line

which

contains

after

typing

and

explicit

the

(The

PFLUG.

RETURN

key that

line.)

cases

strings

use

where

first.

both

strings

For

example:

numbers

are

used,

#l+$BAD!'L

will

not

the

produce

line

after

BAD!

The

occurs.

correct

syntax is:

#$BAD!'+lL

4.6.2

Inter—Buffer Character

inter—buffer

The
an

object string.

written
buffer

next
sumes

the

line

string

the

new

been

written

the

from

the

current

text

buffer

found,

the

current

not

buffer

This

buffer.

all

output file.

command mode with

the

number

the

line

The

form

the

first

command

occurrence

Where

the

then

input
the

line

re~

until

ex—

hav—

text

string

current

buffer

found,

equal

string.

follows:

$GONZO'
#,=24

the

for

continues

process

command mode with

returns

the

input

and

cleared,
The

left.

input device.

returns

string

found

control

ing

the

scans

output file,

read

hausted,

control

the

String

# is printed by Editor
printed by Editor auto«
Search proceeds,
matically.
is

first occurrence of GONZO
line 24 of the current
buffer.

was

find

further
F

command.

entered

count

use

the

occurrences

The

the

command

buffer

string GONZO,
uses

starting

for

#.=lfl6

starting

user

character

the

last

from

the

string

the

current

GONZO

current

line

can

string

line

again
+

After

file,

the

necessary

output file.

deleted by

have

commands
to

this

and

the monitor.

proceSSed the

either

execute

not

give

done,

the

"?"

error

entire

input

command

file will be
message

output file exists.

4.7

ERROR

MESSAGES

Minor

errors

the

margin

string

error,

paper.
to

attempt

by
A

question

caused

execute

assigning

device,

for

left

the

Editor

type command

text

mark

command

(R,

un—

string.

Major
to

Teletype

without

etc.)

found

indicated

are

passed

the

cause

Keyboard Monitor.

the

where

errors

the

meanings

are

system

leave

These messages

are

Editor

and

return

form:

the

error

code

and

the

Keyboard Monitor.
listed

indicates

These

that

codes

error

control
and

has

their

4.3.

Table

TABLE

Editor

4.3

Error

Codes

Code

Error

the

Meaning
Editor failed in reading a device.
Error occurred
in device handler, most likely a hardware malfunc-

tion.
Editor

File

failed

exist

File

open

onto

occurred.

error

output file
not

writing

device.

Generally

malfunction.

hardware

could

that

not

For

some

the

reason

file

closed;

the

This

error

does

device.

’

error

put device is
name

Device

occurred.
read

specified
handler

error

only device
a

occurred.

device handler

load

the

This

error

should

never

occurs

the

out—

output file
file-oriented output device.

for

the

occur.

The

Editor

could

specified device.

not

When

device,

the

output device is
The

occurs.

error

full

and

write

attempted

output file is closed,

the

that

message

FULL
*

printed,

I/O specifications.

and

would

not

fit

wishes

do.

the

occurs

Decoder

Command

the

returns

The

output file will contain the

new

output device,

The contents of
this procedure.
error

control

the

text

Thus,

and

further

any

buffer

are

text

will

editing

retained
be

for

text

the

through
if

lost

this

output file is specified when control returns to
Decoder, the Editor returns to Command Decoder
This continues until an output device is
again.
If

Command

specified.

Specifying

CAUTION:

(such

error,

improper output device

PTR:)

and

the

will

fatal

cause

output buffer will be

destroyed.
3)

output device is valid, Editor will continue the
which filled the old file, putting all out-~

the

operation

After editing is com~
put into the new output file.
pleted, the two files should be concatenated with PIP
or EDITOR,
as
follows:
EDIT

*OUT+IN

#Y
#J
$STRING'
FULL

*DTA3:OUT2+

#.L
TAD

STRING

#.D
#E
FULL

*DTA4:OUT3+

this

point,

the

DSK:OUT,DTA3:OUT2,
file

middle

output
First

like
line.

split
of

output file is
and

this,

the

Therefore,

concatenation of

the

DTA4:OUT3.

split

When

the

may

occur

never

files separately as the split
combine the files with PIP, in

try

PIP

*DTA2:OUT

output
in the
edit the

lines are lost.
this case, as

follows:

DSK:OUT,DTA3:OUT2,DTA4:OUT3

set

new

that

user

CHAPTER

PAL—8

detailed

PAL-8

pseudo-ops:

dot

the

call

PAL-8

Command

teleprinter

input

IFNZRO,

and

permanent symbols

the

from

followed

For

System.
in

PAL—D

Programming

five

PAL—D,

extra

FIXMRI.

located

Appendix

system device by typing:

turn,

system replies by

The

prints

types

the

star

the

left

binary

margin

paper.

the

which,

Decoder

Command

Decoder,

output file followed by that
is

features

printed by the Keyboard Monitor.

was

the

activating

PAL—8

the

IFNDEF,

PAL—8

Disk Monitor

the

information

the

PAL8

the

addition

USING

can

user

read

DEVICE,

ASSEMBLER

8K PAL—D

PAL—8,
in

has,

FILENAME,

CALLING AND

The

complete listing

where

PS/8 version

description

Languages.

5.1

the

user

input files

and

various

name

file.

The

left

options.

For

example:

listing output

angle

bracket

*BINARY,LISTING<INPUT

null

output file indicates

The

the

program.

messages

output

If
are

assembler

not

prints

the

Typing CTRL/O
to

printed

output of that type is

at
on

teleprinter

the

any

error

keyboard during

Teletype; messages

generated.

messages

assembly

encountered

will

cause

error

still

printed

following

assumed

extensions

are

the

file.

extensions

the

file

name

are

omitted,

assigned:
Type

Extension

Input
Binary output

.BN

Listing output

.LS

File

.PA

the

The

following options

indicated

can

line

the

Command

normally generated with

the

listing

typed

Decoder.

5-1

TABLE

PAL-8

I/O Options

Option

Meaning
Omit

the

symbol

table

(applicable only
/N

the

Generate

only

Call

the

Absolute

file

the

Call

the

Absolute

execution

Output a carriage
FEED character(s)

listing file
/H

and

the

5.2

(applicable

end

the

load

the

assembly and
binary file is
and

binary file,

begin

200.

return/line
the

table.

in place of the FORM
(applicable only if a

feed

program

specified).

Header,
non—paginated output.
format are suppressed.

page

numbers,

in aSSembling very large programs, causes systems
containing 12K or more of core to use field(s) 2 and up
as
symbol table storage.

the

Binary

EXAMPLES

Example

/G option is specified,
Loader

address

starting

Loader,

listing

Used

When

option

page

the

not

specified).

DDT—compatible symbol

Generate

but

(only applicable

location

Loader

binary file
specified).
load

listing file

symbol table,

listing

I/O

the

user

can

I/O specification line

also

include

any

for

PAL—8,

such

option.

SPECIFICATION

STRINGS

*PTP:,LPT:<SOURCE

The

above

lines

cause

the

PAL—8

system device

and

output of

assembly is put

symbol

the

table

the

program

assembler

SOURCE.PA
onto

line printer.

the

brought

(or SOURCE)
paper

into

core

from

assembled.

The

tape punch and

the

listing

the

binary
and

Example 2:

PAL8

*,LISTIN<PROG /s

The

I/O specification line

above

listing only into

the

putting

causes

PAL—8

assemble

file LISTIN.LS

the

DSK.

(or PROG),

PROG.PA

binary output

generated.

Example

PALS

*BIN<INPUT.XY /G=6gg

The

above

into
at

I/O specification line
and

then

(=600

BIN.BN

00600.

option

assembles

the

putting

INPUT.XY,

Binary Loader which

the

calls

Binary

loads

Loader

binary output

the

and

BIN.BN

the

specifying

starts

starting

address).

Example

PALS

*DTAl:PROG

The

5.3

will

lines

above

which

listed

are

PAL—8

IFNDEF,

file

PROG

teleprinter.

device

from

There

are

DTAl

checking

output

files.

for

errors,

PSEUDO“OPS

addition

assemble
the

IFNZRO,

IFNDEF

the

IFDEF

PAL—8

pseudo~ops,

FILENAME,

DEVICE,

similar

PAL-D

and

FIXMRI

PAL—D.

has

also

the

following:

(as

The

pseudo~op is expressed in

PAL

III).

the

form:

IFNDEF

symbol

symbol indicated has

the

angle

brackets

will

not

previously defined,

been

executed;

the

angle

brackets

are

ignored.

the

angle

brackets

and

may

the

symbol

Any number

consist

several

the

defined,

statements

lines

statements

the

can

code.

enclosed

statements

contained

IFNZRO

the

IFNZRO

similar

expression

evaluated

the

assemble

the

ignore

zero,

and

spaces

lines

The

have

The

PAL—D.

pseudo-op

expressed in

angle
The

statements.
a

single

the

nested.

can

evaluation

and

subsequent inclusion

the

outermost

and

(see

FILENAME

the

and

brackets

cannot

zero,

expression is equal

contain

following
and

it.

any

imbedded

Any number of

consist

several

statements

done

may

<...>

deletion

pseudo—op first.
are

used

generate parameters
Reference

PS/8 Programmer's

for

calling PS/8 I/O

DECtPBvMEXA~D).

Manual,

They

are

form:
DEVICE

name

FILENAME

name

DEVICE,

name

for

With
allocates
zeros

words
on

the

zeros

name
on

FIXMRI

and

alphanumeric

converts

the

which

characters

altogether.

6—bit ASCII,

right,

FILENAME

equivalent

the

(or FILENA,
8

many

can
name

characters.

characters

The

assembler

6~bit ASCII,

the

and

the

acceptable),

first

last

word

words

Four

three

name

words

the

file

are

(or name.extension)
allocated
the

file

extension.

for

filled

For

example:

ABC.DA

following coding:

symbol

memory

reference

instruction.

All

the

name

fing
533%
MW
fi4fil

makes

filled

right.

With FILENAME

storage

not equal

example:

For

<IFNZRO

brackets.

expression

angle

SYM

the

expression

preceding

space

IFDEF

DEVICE

with

the

code.

routines

can

logical)

within

contained

can

evaluating

with

(arithmetic

these

Pseudo-ops

IFZERO

statements

must

statements

form:

FIXMRI

pseudo—ops

the

are

FIXMRI

can

followed

equal sign,

for

each

namezvalue

anywhere

one

space,

the

and

the

appear

form:

memory

value

reference

FIXMRI
FIXMRI

PAL—8

for

symbol
of

the

The

program.

instruction

the

The

symbol.

instruction

letters
to

pseudo—op

defined.

For

FIXMRI

must

defined,
be

must

repeated

example:

FADD=lflflQ
FSUBzzggg

FSQRT=2
FIXTAB
PAUSE

When

Notice

the

preceding

three

symbols

that

FSQRT

often

performed

those

symbols

The
are

program

the

pass

the

not

used

following

same

alter

for

added

are

Assembler‘s

summary
and

Assembler

during

permanent symbol table.

This
that

process
it

contains

given program-

pseudo—ops.

described

are

the

instruction.

PAL—8

the

symbol table

given installation

PAL-D

into

read

reference

memory

the

segment

listed

greater

These

detail

pseudo~ops
in

Programming

Languages.
5.2

TABLE

PAL-8

Mnemonic

Pseudo—Ops

Code

Operation
Indicates
the

the

end

Decimal

conversion,

numbers

input

DEVICE

Used

generate

EJECT

Causes

DECIMAL

program,

terminates

each

pass

assembler.

the

conversion

decimal

interprets

done

all

numbers.

I/O routine parameters.

listing

(A page eject is

numeric

being

See

section

5.3.

jump to the top of the next page.
automatically every 55 lines.)

TABLE

PAL—8

Mnemonic

(Cont'd.)

5.2

Pseudo—ops

Code

the

ENPUNCH

Causes

EXPUNGE

Deletes

assembler

resume

entire permanent

the

continue

symbol

binary output.

table,

except for

pseudo—ops.
FIELD

a
field setting to be output on the binary output
which tells the Loader to begin loading information

Causes

file
into

the

field.

new

FIELD

will cause
field 1.

example:

For

subsequent

statements

into

loaded

FILENAME

Used

FIXMRI

Defines

FIXTAB

Appends
presently defined symbols to the permanent
All symbols defined before the occurrence
symbol table.

generate

I/O routine parameters.

reference

memory

instruction.

section

See

5.3.
5.3.

all

FIXTAB

until

the

made

are

DCA

the

for

indirect

addressing.

For

form:
<statements>

symbol

symbol indicated is previously defined,
in the angle brackets are assembled.
If

ignore

these

section

See

IFZERO

the

form:

the

evaluated

expression

(arithmetic

assemble

zero,

brackets.

state“

5.3.

IFZERO

the

undefined,

statements.

IFNDEF

equal

permanent symbol table

reloaded.

ADD

IFDEF

ments

the

part

assembler

Symbolic representation
example

IFDEF

section

See

the

expression

expression is
the angle
non~zero, ignore the
logical)

within

statements

statements.

section

IFNZRO

See

NOPUNCH

Upon
to

5.3.

this

encountering

assemble

the

code,

statement,
but

ceases

assembler

the

continues

binary output.

See

ENPUNCH.

OCTAL

Octal
to

and

pseudo—op
PAGE

PAUSE

numeric

conversion;

octal

has

can

been

conversion

changed back

Acts

PAL

NOP
III

after

set

DECIMAL

used.

Terminate current page, begin assembly
instructions on next core page.
with

originally

octal

PAL—8.

and

PAL—D.

PAUSE

appears

succeeding

only

for

compatibility

PAL—8

Mnemonic

(Cont'd.)

5.2

TABLE

Pseud0*ops

Code

Operation

TEXT

Text

stored

delimit

Characters are
string.
printing character used to

six—bit ASCII,

the

string.

with

For

example:

/123*/

TEXT

TAG,
the

would be

string

stored

as:

6162
6352

flflfifl
Those portions of the source program enclosed by
pseudo—ops will not appear in the listing file.

XLIST

method

Optional

denoting

generate

the

reference.

zero

page

XLIST

DCA ADD
Z

DCA

ZBLOCK

The

two

page

Causes

statements

assembler

the

Zeros,

error

The

PALwD.

ERROR

where

for

CODE

ADDRESS

ERROR

CODE

either

address

the

current

messages

format

ADDRESS

the

ADD

words

word

the

memory

indicated

For

example:

(octal)

reserve

LOGICAL

words.

OPERATORS

plus

—

minus

multiplication

logical AND
logical OR, inclusive
logical OR, inclusive

ERROR MESSAGES

The
8K

ARITHMETIC AND

PAL~8

reserve

counter.

assembler

the

5.4

where

code,

ZBLOCK

PALS

starting

location

current

causes

same

containing
the

ADD

error

page.

determine whether

two

the

relative

messages

octal

the

programmer

correction

the

are

code which

letter

absolute

The

PAL—8

error

address
last

should

same

specifies
where

the

symbolic tag
examine

required.

5—7

those

for

PAL~D

and

error,

and

each

the

type

error

occurred

(if there
error

was

the

one)

indication

5.3

TABLE
PAL—8

Error

Code

Explanation
internal

Two

PAL—8

can

usually

literal
used
DE

Codes

Error

nesting

prior

tables

corrected

number of current page
the page.
on

the

this

have overlapped~—This situation
by decreasing the level of

literals

point

Device Error——An error was detected when trying to read
write a device.
Control is returned to the Monitor.

Device

full—-The

exceeded;
to
IC

the

Monitor.

Character——An

Illegal
other

capacity of an output device has been
assembly is terminated and control is returned
character

illegal

in a comment or TEXT field;
and the assembly continued.

than

ignored

was

the

encountered
character

Illegal redefinition of a symbol—~An attempt was made
give a previously defined symbol a new value by
means
other than the equal sign; the symbol was not
to

redefined.
IE

Illegal equals—~An equal sign was used in the wrong
Considered a warning and may not indicate
an
error but rather an undefined symbol
at that point.
context.

Illegal

indirect——An off—page reference was made; a
be generated because the indirect bit was

could

not

set.

For

link

already

example:
*2!”
I

TAD

PAGE

724g

A:
LD

This

message is given if the /L or /G options have been
and the Absolute Loader cannot be found on the

Specified

device.

system
‘PE

exceededn—An attempt was made to:
non—zero page
Override a literal with an instruction, or
Override an instruction with a literal; this can be
corrected by
(a)
Decreasing the number of literals on the page, or
(b)
Decreasing the number of instructions on the page.

Current

l.
2.

Phase

approximately

Undefined
2

and

used

appears at the
in conditional

end

the

pseudo—ops

Symbol table exceeded-~Assembly is terminated and control
is returned to the Monitor; the symbol table may contain
up

either:

error——means

program, or the
do not match.

that

Page

was

880

symbol~—A symbol
not

defined

exceeded——Same
5—8

has

before
as

svmbols

user

been
the

core-

processed during

end

pass

except with reference

page

CHAPTER
UTILITY

The

following chapter

and

debugging

PERIPHERAL

PIP

delete

device

directories,

important PS/8 system
These

ODT.

directories

are

programs

and

for

PS/8 system.

PROGRAM

(PIP)

files

between

transfer

directory listings;
the

the

INTERCHANGE

used

and

file

and

programs

four

treats

ABSLDR,

files

manipulate

6.1

CONVERT,

PIP,

programs:
used

PROGRAMS

and

devices;

directories;

zero

eliminating

provide

and

compress

left by the delete

Spaces

option.

6.1.1

call

PIP

response

Command

options.
put

prints

accepts up

single output

assigned by
All

format,

SAVE

PIP

again prints

transfers

for

names

The
the

margin
of

I/O files

and

performs

out-

line

left

The

for

there

are

either
be

must

present,

the

specification line.

left

input files

nine

binary),

Following completion
a

the

types:

Monitor.

Keyboard

receive

file

where

extensions,

star

user

file.

Since PIP performs

Image

the

printed by

and waits

paper

PIP

dot

then

system device the

the

from

the

Decoder

teleprinter

Using PIP

and

Calling

file

all

types

assumed

input

output files.

explicitly specified.

PIP

operation,

the

Command

margin

and waits

for

another

user

can

(ASCII,

extensions

return

the

Keyboard

Decoder
PIP

I/O

Monitor

by typing CTRL/C.

line

The

various

are

detailed

indicated

proceeds

for
as

options

each

allowed

in Table

6.1.

transfer;

though /A

had

been

PIP

I/O specification

Either /A,
none

typed.

/B,

these

are

/I
used

generally

the

system

6.1

TABLE

I/O Options

PIP

Meaning

Option
/.A

files

Transfer
as

deleted

are

standard

and

mode.

embedded

file

The

blank

leader/trailer

code

may also do some
control of the /C and

under

and

tape

PIP

length.

file

input

in ASCII

COpied:

modified
RUBOUTs

reduced

editing of
/T options

the

(see below).

files

in binary mode (used for absolute and
Leader/trailer code is
binary files).
reduced to a standard length, but the checksum is
not recalculated.
If several absolute binary
NOTE:
files are combined into one, the /S option must be
given to the Absolute Loader in order for them to
load properly.
The Linking Loader will not load
Transfer

relocatable

combined

files

all.

Transfer

files

image

(SAVE

fall

not

Nothing
/Z

Zero

format)
into
done

using

option

should

either ASCII
to

file

empty

and

alter

the

Used

any

other

transfer

files

core

which

or
binary categories.
input file.

of output device before file transfer.
DECtape for the first time, the /Z

directory

Before

mode.

files,

used

with

directory.

For

input files
example:

create

PIP

*DTA2:/Z<

Delete
If

until

old

is
all

the

output file before

the

used,

the

old

copy

not

data

are

copy
transferred.

DTAl:FILE/D+NEW

would
For

not

transfer.

deleted

example:

FILE

/D may also be used to delete up to 3 files at a time
by specifying the files to be deleted as output files
and not specifying any input files.
For example:

*OLDABC,DTA3:FILE5/D<
deletes

OLDABC

Eliminate

from

trailing

DSK

and

blanks.

FILES

from

Valid

in ASCII

DTA3.
mode

only.

(Cont'd.)

6.1

TABLE

I/O Options

PIP

OP. tics

conversions

Perform

characters

follows:

Character

TAB

enough spaces to reach the next
stop (every eighth position)

Vertical

Converted

line
line

TAB

FORM FEED

/T option is valid in
Save

special

words

extra

contain

feeds
feeds

mode

ASCII

only.

file entry in the
information about

per

descriptive

TAB

directory
file.

the

with the /Z and /8 options only.
Typing
=l allows the date of the file creation to be auto—
matically stored in the directory.
For

use

Lists

directories of the input devices onto the
Notice
file starting at the file specified.
in this case the input file itself is not trans~
the

output
that

ferred,

directory.

the

only

Lists

directories

Lists

empty

directories in
files are also

Moves

the

device,
free

into

(file

form

extended

(the

form

only).

names

lengths

listed).

contents

eliminating

files

short

the

all

input

free

device onto the output
files.
This combines all

single contiguous

block

instead

Programs are packed together when
many fragments.
files are transferred from one device onto another
onto the same device.
If

,/G

occur

errors

during

file

them

ignore

transfer,

the
or

and

keep copying.

data

Thus,
delete

For

can

transfer
be

used

occurs

zero

if
a

are

directory,

input files specified.

and

the

three

directory listing options
the

DSK:

device

file.

(/L,

/E,

specified,

teleprinter is
is

can

permanent file entry without creating

output device is specified,

input

there

used

/F):

assumed.

Whenever

the

/S option is used,

ARE

YOU

SURE?

PIP

prints

the

message:

which

the

does

Typing

6.1.2

Examples

any

the

other

letter

possibly transfer)

(and,

compression

the

wish

occur.

The

responds with

user

character

aborts

the

/S option.

PIP

I/O Specification Commands

following

are

legal

has

completed

for

additional

operation,

input

command
control

strings
returns

When

PIP.

the

Command

PIP

Decoder

PIP.

Example

PIP

*SYS:BLACK<PTR:

The
a

file

that
the

command

above

the

transfers

from

system device under the

input tape

Command

tape

Decoder;

in ASCII

the

PIP

the

BLACK.

name

(The

format.
command

high—speed

need

PIP

system

reader

assumes

returns

only be given once.)

Example

*DTA3:MERGE<DTA1:FILE1,FILE2

merges

the

ASCII

file,

MERGE

Example

files

FILEl

and

FILE2

DTAl

into

one

ASCII

DTA3.

*BIN.BN<PTR:/B

reads
a

binary

Example

binary

paper

file

BIN.BN

tape
on

from

the

device

*SYS:GAG.SV<PAL8.SV/I

high—speed
DSK.

reader

and

creates

the

transfers

GAG.SV,

Example

the

from

the

device

DSK

PAL8.SV

file

image

core

DSK

system device.

*TTY:</E

produces
An

extended

and

all

extended

listing

contains

"holes"

might

appear

file

listing):

the

files

directory.

follows

of
all

(the

For

current

with

example,
is

date

the

their

Teletype.

associated

extended

printed

lengths,
listing

before

the

number

least

9/14/7g
4

ABSLDR.SV
p1p.sv

APPLE

17
3

The
of
one

file
free

JACK

523

8/21/7g
8/21/7g
9/12/7g

FREE

lengths
blocks.

additional

9/g8/7g

52g
BLOCKS

are

decimal

numbers

The

date

file

information word

section

6.1.3).

Example

(not octal),

creation

printed if

present

the

directory

(see

*/F

produces
above

directory listing

directory

would

appear

file

the

names

Thus,

only.

teleprinter

the

follows:

9/14/7g
ABSLDR.SV
PIP.SV

APPLE
JACK

523

Example

FREE

BLOCKS

*LPT:<DTA2:FETCH/L

listing

produces

however,

the

files

the

that

DTA2

occur

directory
before

FETCH

the
are

line
not

printer;

listed.

The

extension

and

directory).

its

device

has

specified

formation words
Section

2.3.9

Dates

when

into

Words

into

created

DATE

the

enters

first
on

first

the

name

the

listing.

Directories

File

last

the

of
that

specified
date

additional

in~

(See

device.

command.)

additional words

these

after

the

information words

the

file

the

contained

indicated

additional

file

describing

put

listings.

any

command

DATE

not

are

date

PS/8 automatically

directory,
in

(if

Information Words

Additional

6.1.3

files

Empty

date

and

length,

includes

which

regular listing

the

/L option gives

currently

not

are

appear

directory

used

the

PS/8 system.

The

additional words

option.

The

assigned

When

additional
the
can

device by

using /S

specified by

additional words

number

must

compressing

transfer

information words,

from

fixed by

copying

/D options

each

file

device

/Z=n

changed

contained

are

specified

entries

are

garbled.

This

onto

itself,

using

the

follows:

NOTE

initially created with one
information word in the file

system is

additional

directory.

words

device:file<device:file(ID)

The

/S=n

once

itself.

onto

device which

those

output device directory the date

and

the

can

PIP

6.1.4

PIP

Error

Messages

TABLE
PIP

Error

6.2

Messages

Meaning

Message
NO

ROOM

FOR

Self explanatory;
device or room in

FILE

OUTPUT

either

room

directory is

lacking.
LINE

TOO

LONG

FILE

than

the

sure

ERROR

Output

the

error,

has

been

found

characters.

transfer

file

this

line

140

mode.

ASCII

OUTPUT

mode

ASCII

greater

really in

the

number

input

file

list.

possibly

write

locked

device, parity error, or
attempt to output to a read—only
device.
ERROR

DELETING

The

FILE

INPUT

ERROR,

FILE

does

OPEN

OUTPUT

NOT

delete

file

list.

Output file

FILE

for

exist.

input error occurred while
reading file number n in the input

DEVICE

not

file
CAN‘T

tried

user

that

DIRECTORY

read-only device,
no
name
specified

else

there

the

file.

DEVICE

message given by directory
listing options when an incorrect
n
device designation is made.
is

Error

the

number

input
PREMATURE

END

FILE,

FILE

BINARY

INPUT,

FILE

the

device

the

incomplete binary input
the input file list
(ran out of input before finding
trailer tape, for example).

/B option,
of

ILLEGAL

list.

file

Self explanatory, n is the number
the file in the input file list.

BAD

DIRECTORY

DEVICE

Directory listing
is trying to read
a

blank

number

list.

device;
of

the

error,

the

where

device

the

system

directory
n

is
the

the

input

6.2

TABLE

PIP

Error

(Cont'd.)

Messages

Meaning

Message

DIRECTORY

ERROR

error,

occurred

has

error

while

reading or writing the direc—
The option
tory during an /S option.
is aborted; output is likely to be
garbled.

ERROR

CONTINUING

ARE

YOU

are

ROOM

file.

compress

files.

itself.
NO

you want

sure

/S message given if
while compressing a

INTERRUPTIONS

respond with

/S message,

SURE?

you
the
SORRY

error
in copying
/S option continues.

error,

The

+C is typed
device onto
Option continues.

/S message given when the output

CONTINUING

device cannot contain all of the files
on
the input device.
The message
is printed once for each file which
will not fit onto the output device.

6.2

BINARY

ABSOLUTE

The Absolute
from
to

the

(For

The

and

device

response

The

input

and

used

core

files

load

the

block

block,

binary output

loaded

are

control

core

see

according
constructed.

Section

2.3.3).

ABSLDR

the Absolute

Binary

Loader

from

the

system

ABSLDR

the

input

options

line

desired.

the

dot

printed by

by printing

system responds

files.

by typing

since

Using

calls

user

the

description

(ABSLDR)

Loader

Assembler.

PAL—8

Calling

types

Binary

options specified,

6.2.1

LOADER

purpose

the

Keyboard Monitor.
left

margin.

indicating input files

ABSLDR,

ABSLDR

does

loader

the

not

recognize
to

load

any

and

The
and

The
user

then

any

output files,
start

binary output

The
and

SYS.

can

not

input device

used,

ABSLDR
must

(.SV)

format

files

input

file

nine

allows

ABSLDR

by reading

can

name

files

file,

line,
the
no

absolute

the

appear

files

binary

exists.

handler

may

TTY

handler

TTY

control

files.

Linking

Loader

(see Section

with

typed,

the

ALT

expected,
to

the

program

noise

characters

paper

key

.BN

than

one

Save

extension

extension.

program

(This

loaded.

which

7.3).

might

feature
caused

tape.)

the

that

the

first

Relocatable

option.

assumes

allowed.

signalled

returns

RETURN

binary

ABSLDR

any

end

loader

input

and

code

loaded

only the

the

over

line.

device

DSK,

DTAn,

PTR,

are:

contain

absolute

the

are

ignore

By typing the
the

with

loaded

input

present

binary

normally accepts

files

the

ABSLDR

can

characters.

control

the

for

which

device

other

Any

used

should
as

input devices

standard

end

MODE

key is

the

Command

input specification

input

used

Decoder

Keyboard Monitor.

line

not

For

given

terminator,
recalled,

example:

ABSLDR

*DTAleILEl ,FILEZ ,FILE3,FILE4

*PTR:$
o

The
to

Then
The

preceding lines

loaded
a

file

their

absolute
read

The

Table

the

Keyboard

various

6.3.

FILEZ,

locations
the

from

S character is printed by

return

FILEl,

cause

FILE3,
core

highuspeed

the ALT

MODE

paper

key

and

from

which

FILE4

DECtape

tape reader.
indicates

Monitor.

options accepted by

ABSLDR

are

detailed

6.3

TABLE

I/O Options

ABSLDR

Meaning

Option
locations

Used when

used
to

save

tional

information,

Similar

/8,

not

are

used

unless

level.

patches

the

entire

Resets

nothing
Load

used

not

Monitor

field

section

the

are

not

being

2.3.3

the

PS/8

(DEC—OB—MEXA—D).

Manual

locations

used when

overlaid with

option

fi—l777

field

saved.

input file(s)
the input

the

Treat

see

Reference

Programmer's
/9

fl—l777

Eliminates extra DECtape motions
program.
those locations, hence saves time.
For addi~
the

ABSLDR

the

a
core
image file
succeeding lines.

this
first command line, it cannot
recalled from the Keyboard

/I option can be used to make
already saved program without reassembling
The

program.

internal core map of ABSLDR to
has been loaded into core.

look

though

binary programs in the specified input file(s)
loading only the first program in each
is normally done).

all

(instead of
file, which

program execution upon finishing the loading pro—
cedure.
Normally, control returns either to Monitor

Start

Command Decoder
/G is specified,

just

specified

the

return

speCified

Set the
where n

Examples

Example

the

given

starting address is
the input string.

terminator
to

key).

the

program
assumed to be

his program.
No automatic
the Command Decoder occurs.

integer, forces loading of all files
input line into field n.

an
on

from within
or

this

starting address of
18

digit

octal

the

program

core

integer.

Input Lines

1:
.R

ABSLDR

*SYS:RPOG.SV /I

*DTAl:PATCH$
.SAVE
The

above

DTAl.

saved

SYS:PROG

commands

load

the core image file PROG.SV and then
program file with a binary patch from
Control then returns to Monitor at which time the
user
the patched program on the
system device.

overlay part

200

Monitor
Monitor

Where n is

6.2.2

control

stays with the user's program until he releases

Control
it

The

loaded.

unless

(depending

that

6-10

the

using

When

the

Word

The

user

the

/I option,

image being

core

loaded

are

address

specify starting

must

address

starting

and

Job

Status

ignored by

the

Loader.

and

contents

Job

Status

Word.

another

example,

patch which will

the

could

user

overlay

with

PIP

binary

change its starting parameters:

not

ABSLDR(CR)

*PIP.SV/I(CR)
*PTR:=13ggfl(89)$

This

.SAVE

sys

PIP

could

also

done

using

explicit SAVE,

i.e.,

ABSLDR

*PIP.SV/I(CR)
*PTR:$

Example

ABSLDR

*PTR:

One

The

200

6.2.3

and

Error

user

the

/R option)

can

try

the

and

the

high—speed
of

core

the

are

program

tape reader.

paper

used

not

user

program.

the

Command

the

considered

Messages

control

case

the

address

transfers

control

each

from

1gggg—11777

starting

ABSLDR

loaded
and

fiflfiflfi-fil777

program.
be

(89)/G$

binary tape is

Areas

PIP;13¢¢¢=6¢93

sys

.SAVE

returns

procedure again,

reset

Decoder

the

loader

try again using different inputs.

and

(using

6.4

TABLE
ABSLDR

Error

Messages

Meaning

Message
I/O

ERROR

BAD

INPUT,

FILE

I/O error has occurred
input file number n

non—binary

load

Attempt

file

file number n of the input
file list, or a non—core image
with /I option
as

CHECKSUM,

BAD

FILE

number

File
list

#.n

had

the

Checksum

INPUT

/I!

Use

file

found

the

/I is prohibited

this

input file was
designated device

input
error

point

6.3

ODT

Octal

ODT,
his

binary

make

Debugging Technique,
the

program

alterations

his

computer,

allows

the

programmer

control

its

execution,

instructions

typing

program by

and
the

run

key—

board.

Usage of

Programming
summary

described

The

1970.

the

ODT

presentation

commands

and

the

Introduction

Chapter 6,
of

CDT

application

this

CDT

section
to

PS/8

the

system.

6.3.1

and

Calling

explained

Using

ODT

section

2.3.6,

ODT

called

into

use

typing:

.ODT

where

dot

the

ODT,

the

user

When

ODT

running

was

should

used,
ODT.

the

printed by
have

none

ODT

Keyboard

Monitor.

running version

the

carefully

user's

core

preserves

his

Before
program

calling
in

absorbed

the

sections

the

core.

and
to

swaps
the

user

breakpoint

ODT

into

back
and

should

occupies

core

used

not

ODT

necessary.

set,

invisible

and

used

are

using

Whenever

program.

system device

the

core

locations

ODT,

breakpoint

the

his

limit

not

does

feature

in which

field

program which

user's

the

memory

ODT.

debug programs which

use

inter—

rupts.

Typing CTRL/C
to

the

Keyboard Monitor

any

device.

Summary of

6.3.2

Addresses
as

five

ODT

can

ODT

causes

disappear and

from where

the

returns
save

can

user

control

the

program

Commands

digits long

five

and

input

are

printed

digits.

The

following is

Additional

notes

brief

the

ODT

commands.

summary.

6.5

TABLE

Command

ODT

summary

Summary

Command

Meaning

nnnnn/

Open
where
ODT

location designated by the octal number nnnnn,
the first digit represents the memory field.

prints

and waits
that

the
for

location

contents

the

user

the

Reopen latest opened location.

nnnn;

Deposit

nnnn

that

location

the

location

for
be

new

value

space,
for

location.

location,

enter

currently opened location,
open the next sequential

and

modification.
deposited in

series

octal

sequential locations
through use of the ; character.
Multiple ;'s skip
a
memory location for each ; typed and prepare to
insert subsequent values beyond the one(s) skipped.

values

RETURN
LINE

key

FEED

key

can

the

previously opened location.

location and open the next sequential one
modification and print the contents of that
location.

Close
for

ODT

(Cont'd.)

6.5

TABLE

Command

Summary

Meaning

Command

Open the

11+

and

current

the

location plus

contents

location.

Open the current location minus
and print its contents.
T

(up—arrow

its

printing

location,

12—bit

address

take
and

printing

its

nnnnnG

Transfer

control

first

modification

location

that

location

the

open

for

referenced,

contents.

(back-arrow
or
underline)

the

contents

and

reference

circumflex)
or

take

location,

memory

modification

for

that

contents

open

that

location

that

address

modification,

for

contents.

program

the

digit represents

location

nnnnn,

where

field.

memory

a
breakpoint at location nnnnn, where the
Only one
digit represents the memory field.
breakpoint is allowed at any given time.

Establish

nnnnnB

first

the

Remove

modification

for

Open

breakpoint.

the

contents

breakpoint

location

the

accumulator

point

from

Continue

nnnnC

location
stored

were

in which

can

breakpoint

iterate

LINE

FEED

LINE

FEED

nnnnW

search mask, initially set
changed by typing new value.

Open the lower search
Open the upper search
Search

the

and

lower

can

only

See

the

be
F

portion
limits
done

the

7777,

the

defined

octal

value

nnnn.

core

single

which

(four octal digits)
(four octal digits)

limit
limit

the

for

past

before

the

and

interrupting the
breakpoint location.

times

nnnn

program

the

break—

the

when

Open the

the

breakpoint.

from

breakpoint
user's

the

when

encountered.

was

Proceed

link

the

which

stored

encountered.

was

Open for modification the
contents

were

memory

field

upper
Search
a

time.

command.

Open for modification the word containing the data
field which
Contents

i.e.,

CTRL/O

was

effect

the

last

breakpoint.

always appear as multiples
field 1, 20 field 2, etc.
means
of

Stop any printing currently in progress.

6—l4

108

—

(Cont'd)

6.5

TABLE

Command

ODT

Summary

Meaning

Command

used

field

the

ODT

containing the
(search) command, in the

the word

modification

for

Open

f
(indirect addressing) commands, or in the
breakpoint (depending upon which was used
The contents of F are always exmost recently.
D command).
pressed as multiples of 108 (as in the

and

last

RUBOUT

character

non-numeric

When

certain

the

using

ODT

track

keeps

TTY

flag

The

Breakpoint
device

If
core

uses

device

CDT

user

which

name

table.

Breakpoints

must

not

ing

user

the

advised

the

Job

true

breakpoints
command

set

the

are

After

Monitor,
the

out

the

used,

clear

and

CIF

destroying

storage,

created.

have

may

between

not

the

follow—

the

ODT

Word

field

device

uservdefined

use

swapping

Q~l777

with

Status
not

breakpoint

user

table

instruction.

locations
the

scratch

DEASSIGN

being developed

uses

set.

uses

the

DDT

names

and

user-device

handlers,

breakpoint

give

JMP

breakpoint

locations

the

keep

the

restores

the

feature

names

should

which

(in octal),

reflect

the

should

determine whether

field

in programs

use

and

from

memory

device

use

flag

continues

the

session with

not

TTY

feature

user

ODT

mind:

Breakpoint

any

The

user

when

uservdefined

the

last

the

CDT

breakpoint feature,

characteristics

operating

typed,
typed.

number

Cancels

key

names

breakpoints.

particular

the

occurs.

the

swapping

less

program

program does
occurs

during

feature.

typing
core

extent

any

amount

control
the

block

program.
6-15

program directly
the

program may

octal

additions

into
not
are

made

The

results.
Job

Job

Word

Status

field

where

6.4

6.4.l

CONVRT

response

causes

time.

into

error

single DECtape

PS/8

CONVRT
as

long

message.

format

can

ODT.

Location

7745

core

the

program

designation
the

(CONVRT)

files

either

from

Only
file

the

types:

user

Keyboard Monitor.

legal input;

one

the

input

file

indicated

any

accepted

input

and

ASCII

code

the

system.

FTP.

Only

accepting

SYS,

DTAn,

DSK,

CONVRT

for

input by printing

The

user

can

Monitor

within

handler

LPT,
a

and

CONVRT

device

other

device

input

Disk

format.

any

then

62n3

address.

starting

use

Upon completion of

form

the

designated output

Job

The

device.

specified

options:

field

the

has

Keyboard

with

system device,

files

The

the

correcting

CONVRT

file

the

erroneous

usually include:

printed by

only recognizes DECtape

address

ASCII

PS/8

fromthe

dot

the

7746

changed

Program

Using

call

give

may

condition by

field

the

DECtape

format

and

Calling

and

starting

Conversion

TSS/8

this

designation

transforms

CONVRT

Monitor

ODT

location

contains

field

File

PS/B

12-bit

the
7744

the

Word

examined

can

field

correct

can

Status

location

and

user

2000

Word.

Status
The

location

below

for

put

output,
These

devices

output

one

time.

Operation,
another

additional

CONVRT

start

commands

returns

the

left

CONVRT,

the

user

margin.
or

return

by typing CTRL/C.

I/O specification

line

can

include

one

the

following

TABLE

6.5

I/O Options

CONVRT

Option

Meaning

Use the /T option
Input tape is a TSS/8 DECtape.
a
TSS/8 tape is being converted.

whenever

tape.

For

listing of all
a
TSS/8 tape,

issued

obtain

Produce

ASCII

both

files

and

the

input

must

listing.

correct

converting 4K Disk Monitor DECtape files, the
directory is brought into core with the first
file conversion specified.
Subsequent files from
the same input device need not reread the directory.
Time can be saved by using the directory already in
core
to convert later files.
The /K Option is only
When

file

valid

after

initial
6.4.2

Examples

above

DTAZ

present
format,

since /T
the

Example

I/O Specification

CONVRT

file,

the

core.

Commands

not

CONVRT

specified.

The

Disk

listing

files

all ASCII

and

started

assumes

Monitor
the

input'

file

names

teleprinter.

CONVRT

printer.

listed.

above

Example

CONVRT

cause

are

*LPT:<DTA4:

The

conversion

directory into

commands

put

the

CONVRT

*TTY:<DTA2:

reads

Example

The

initial

the

pass

(LT)

lists

all

TSS/8

format

ASCII

files

present

DTA4

onto

the

line

assumed.

CONVRT

*DTAl:PROGQDTA2:DEMO
*LPT:<DTA2:JOB /K

The
convert

PROG,

above
the

DTAl.

commands

Disk

Now,

call

Monitor
to

CONVRT

file

convert

from

DEMO

another

6vl7

the
DTAZ

file

and

system device,
to

from

PS/8 file
the

same

device,

the

file

Monitor

the

typed the

user

Disk

line

printed

Error

error

and

DTA2

and

the

For

made

the

produces

the

puts

second

directory already

CONVRT

Any

which

line,

printer.

Disk Monitor

6.4.3

last
JOB

the

file

listing

operation,

CONVRT

the

uses

(/K option).

core

Messages

while

Command

using

Decoder

CONVRT

causes

recalled

for

not

message

corrected,

new,

I/O string.

6.6

TABLE

Error

CONVRT

Meaning

Message
FILE

OUT

OPEN

DEV

ERR‘

output file could

the

specified device
is

There

FULL

Something
device
INPUT

DEV

The

WRONG

READ

FILE

BAD

EOF

NOT

FOUND

OUTPUT

OUT

DEV

FAILED

WRITE

ERR

HANDLER

ERR

can

link

the

reading
was

was

File.

not

the

work

properly.

detected

DECtape,

some

input tape.
found,

detected

The

output device.
the output

specified is not
specified as input.

while

zero

this
CLOSE

was

input file
specified.

End

FILE

CONVRT

The

the

deleted

DECtape read routine

error

opened

device

input

The

ERR

room

must

before

SYS

INPUT

Message

before

none

the

was

logical

output file is

closed

output file.

point.

error

occurred

Device

handler

ferring

data.

closing

detected

the

error

Output is inhibited, usually because
output device has been specified.

trans—

CHAPTER

THE

7.1

THE

FORTRAN

COMPILER

The

FORTRAN

Compiler

Programming Languages.

FORTRAN,

This

section

language

implemented

Hollerith
and

The

user

calls

the

dot

line

files;

the

extension

first

.LS,

/M,

/U,

having

the

for

.RL,

tension

the

FORTRAN

features

such

im—

SABR

independent I/O.

Compiler

FORTRAN

Compiler by typing:

FORTRAN

star

I/O files and

allowed

The

DEC's

chapter.

chaining, mixing

loops,

and

file

left

any

the

margin,

When

the

types

user

acceptable specification

the

file

Loader

extension

consists

Decoder

file

third

/P Linking
assumed

holds

second

the

sible with FORTRAN

Keyboard Monitor.

the

FORTRAN.

Command

the

generated by

prints

appropriate

options

the

PS/8

Chapter

FORT

Decoder

Command

the

Using

that

summarizes

and

including

FORTRAN,

familiar with

read

PS/8 system.

device

and

Calling

the

implied

statements,

first

they

detail

not

users

differences

old

the

constants,

FORTRAN

7.l.l

discussed
those

that

suggested
the

proved version

For

describes

SYSTEM

FORTRAN

binary
the

with

listing

explained

options,
.MP.

One

the

output
assumed

assumed

the

Loader

Linking

the

output with

output

(with

Section

7.3.1)

input files

(although ordinarily only

ex-

are

used).

pos—

For

example:

*BINARY,LISTING,OUTPUT<INPUT

The

the

default

Compiler produces

system device for input

automatically
is

deleted

/K option

for

FORTRAN

output

file

extension

calls

by SABR,
indicates

SABR

unless

that

the

after
the

the

(Options)
input files is

named

SABR

FORTRN.TM

Assembler.
The

compiling.

.FT

specified.

the

system

keep

compiler

FORTRN.TM

/K Option is
to

the

The

file

and

file

(The
FORTRN.TM

permanent file.)

matically
SABR

load

also

this

done

possible

load

automatically

assembly;

and

the

execute

the

by specifying

the

have

system

auto“

output of

the

/G options,

respectively.
SABR

outputs

file

relocatable

specified binary output file.
specified

and

put goes

into

/L
no

and

are

the

both

routine

FORTRL.TM

null

only

job with multiple
and

separately

file

them with

combining

TABLE

listing

not

binary

out—

indicates
is

not

subroutine

program
must

programs

the

that

gener—

specified.

not

main

one

file

the

system device.

SABR

generated.

assembles

then

the

binary output

listing output file is

FORTRAN

call.

called

binary output

/G option is given,

absent,

binary output

ated

file

into

binary format

the

per

by compiling

run

each

Loader.

Linking

I/O Options

-FORTRAN

Meaning

Option
Load,

but

Loader

the

not

execution.

start

end

the

Call the Linking
assembly and load the
If a binary output file is

specified binary file.
not specified, then the temporary
is

into

loaded

The

loader

then

either

tor

with

core

image

depending

put,

terminated

Load

and

load

the

core.

then

the

returns

file FORTRL.TM
the file device.

from
to

the

Keyboard Monifl

core, or asks for more
whether an ALT MODE or RETURN

in"

key

input line.

execute the file.
Call the Linking Loader,
binary output file and execute that file
If a binary output file is not specified,

FORTRL.TM

file

deleted

and

core

into

loaded

core

deleted

and

from

is not Speci”
fied (using the options described under the Linking
Loader in Section 7.3.1) control is sent to the pro—
gram entry point MAIN (FORTRAN Compiler gives this
the

name

automatically

starting

the main

address

program).

file FORTRN.TM as a permanent file instead
it as input to SABR and then deleting it.
Used whenever it is desirable to edit the output of
the FORTRAN Compiler for later assembly.

Keep
of

fied

device.

The

the

Options

and

the

using

/S options to
Compiler.

FORTRAN
to

the

(see Section 7.3.1).

Linking

the
See

Loader

SABR

Assembler

Section
other

7.2.1

than

can

also

for

details.

can

also

speci—

used

7.1.2

Examples

FORT

*DTAlzTEST

file

input

stored

the

deleting

(or TEST)

TEST.FT

FORTRN.TM

uses

Commands

Example

The

I/O Specification

FORTRAN

ing

then

loads

and

sends

control

the

outputs
The

FORTRN.TM.

Loader

DTAl

called.

file

into

that

/G option specifies

FORTRL.TM,

output

SABR

assembled

deletes

the

compiled,

and

system device,

and

input

old

the

FORTRL.TM

SABR

FORTRL.TM,
Link—

the

loading,

upon

Example

the

entry point

MAIN.

FORT

*,,LPT:<INPUT/L/M

The

Compiler compiles

FORTRAN

The

into

Loader

have

Example

and

for

ALT

MODE

the

returned

binary

called

delete

that

map

another

assembles

the

outputting

full

asks

SABR

automatically

core

puts

then

terminated with
would

Loader

Linking

SYS:FORTRL.TM

Linking

INPUT),

(or

DSK:INPUT.FT

and

key instead

load

LPT

the

The

device

(/M).

the

line

RETURN

after

SYS:FORTRL.TM.

SYS.

string.

Monitor

Keyboard

from

the

command

file

(/L)

file

the

had

control

key,

FORT

*BINARY,LPT:{MATRIX.AB /N/K

The

input file

MATRIX.AB

SYS:FORTRN.TM.

ting

the

SABR

relocatable

symbol table only
SYS:FORTRN.TM

Example

DSK

compiled

and

assembles

binary output

into

the

device.

(/N)
be

called

kept

LPT

permanent

and

output into

SYS.FORTRN.TM,

DSK:BINARY.RL

The

and

/K option

put-

the
causes

file.

FORT

*DTA5:SOURCE

The

file

not

executed.

SOURCE

DTA5

compiled,

assembled,

and

loaded,

but

Example

FORT

PROG (NMG)

*DTA1:PROG,PTP: ,PTP : <DTAl:

those

For
on

with

users

and

the

DECtape gives

best

putting

the

binary
in

results

possible

the

keeping

DECtape systems,

non—system DECtape

source

terms

program

non-system

minimizing

tape motion.

7.l.3

FORTRAN

7.l.3.l

FORTRAN

8K
real

Constants

FORTRAN

has

three

constants,

and

Hollerith

represented by
an

and without

within

fall

the

types

-2047

range

constants

Integer

decimal

four

one

decimal

integer constants,

constants,

constants.

digit string

optional sign

must

Elements

Language

point.

+2047.

are

digits with

Integer

constants

example:

For

+47

sign

optional)

—2

Real
or

0434

(leading

zeros

-0

(same

constants

real

leftmost

the

only

pear

the

compiled version).

range

1.7

For

number

Real

can

decimal

have
are

constants

any

number

significant
must

fall

(ap-

the

example;

(+ sign is

+4.50

ignored)

are

+0)

eight digits

digits,

but

1038.

represented either

are

form.

exponential

optional)

4.50
—236l.008

(same

—3.0El4

Hollerith

constant

cluding blanks)

enclosed

treated

cannot

used

real

(A=B).

self

used

'MOM'
'A+B=C'

10'

~3.0

string

)

single quotes.

constant,

arithmetic

equivalence
can

except

expressions

characters

Hollerith

that

Hollerith

other

than

for

constant
constants

simple

Any character except the quote character
a

Hollerith

constant.

For

example:

(in—

it—

7.1.3.2

FORTRAN

variables

FORTRAN
as

defined

Languages

Variables

for

LOW

(see

practices
if

G2(2)
ALPHA(M,N)
SIGMA

For

array
array
scalar

five

characters

rest

are

interpreted

are

example:

scalar

real

the

array,

array
scalar

real

first

Programming

necessary).

variable,
variable,
real variable,

scalar

real,

integer variable,
integer variable,
integer variable,

name,

integer

FORTRAN

greater detail,

MAX(I,J)

The

can

standard

variable

the

defining

ignored.

CAUTION

Programs containing subscripting compiled with the
FORTRAN compiler (on or after October 1970) will
not run with a FORTRAN library previous to October,
1970.
A new subscripting algorithm has been used

new

with

the

less

core

compiler

FORTRAN

new

allows

and

space

the

which

occupies
to

user

run

50%

larger program (depending on the amount of subscripting used) than with the earlier 8K FORTRAN.
Similarly, programs containing subscripting developed
with the new FORTRAN compiler will not run under the
old FORTRAN system.
35%

Without
the

negation

unary

and

multiplication
addition

equals

used

Parentheses

are

enclosed

parentheses

other

Operations.

tions

are

performed

and

the

from

the

order

performed
of

cases

left

numbers

and

division

subtraction

replacement sign

change

Integers and real
powers.

performed in

exponentiation

real

are

order;

following descending

algebraic operations

parentheses,

before

precedence;
its

result

equal precedence,

the

operation
used

calcula~

right.

can

raised

either

integer

7.1.3.3

The

FORTRAN

Functions

FORTRAN

Library

vice when

the

device

system

loaded

PS/8 system is built.

The

Library

the

function

the

function(s)

the

standard

tion

functions

order

use

any

present in the system,

are

function

call

Table

computed.

7.2

his

program

contains

the

must

calls.
need

user

order

list

system de—
be

for

the

Once

only

that

FORTRAN

use

function
func—

Library.

7.2

TABLE

Function

FORTRAN

Library
Type of

Function

Definition

ABS(x)
IABS(x)

Argument(s)

the

absolute

value

real

the

absolute

value

integer

FLOAT(x)
IFIX(X)

convert

from

integer

real

format

integer

convert

from

real

integer

format

real

IREM(fl)

remainder

last

x/y

integer

divide

integer

returned

IREM(x/y)

remainder

EXP(x)
ALOG(x)

natural

returned

exponential of X, eX
logarithm of

SIN(x)
COS(x)

sine of x, where x
cosine of x, where
radians

TAN(x)

tangent of

ATAN(x)

arctangent

where

integer
real

real

loge

given in radians
given in

real

real
x

given

real

radians
in

where

given

radians

real

SQRT(x)

square

IRDSW(Q)

switch register,
decimal equivalence of
the octal integer in the switch
The switch register can
register.
be set before executing the FORTRAN

root

the

read

console

returning

general,

In
to

digits
satisfy
are

digits

seven

or, using the PAUSE
during execution.

are
a

not

floating—point
with

the

six

state~

arithmetic

calculations

are

eighth digit being questionable.

siginficant

field width

accurate

integer

program;

ment,

real

returned

even

though

requirement.

decimal

places.

several

Results

may

accurate

Subsequent

printed

function

operations

flow

The

floating—point arithmetic routines

and

underflow.
and

printed
but

does

volved

Overflow

execution

program

not

cause

yields

error

the

causes

terminated.

the

tion,
text

refer

binary

yields

power

yields

power

message

field
with

alphanumeric
FORMAT

informa~

l970

Programming

For

any

result

and

EXP

are

raised

Numbers

are

raised

functions.

ALOG

power
of

does

the

not

cause

negative

result

Zero

Numbers

floating~point
value

number.

+27.

I/O Under PS/8

field

each

have

FORMAT

line

specifications

statement

also

space

Field

are

one

used

appear

Both
a

and

insertion,

data

conjunction
numeric

FORMAT

handling multiple

for

and

statement.

line

for—

repetition.

7.3
Codes

Specification

External

Type

and

statement.

can

provides

skipping characters,

numbers

statements

transmission

data

FORMAT

Format

decimal

floating point

with

decimal

floating point

with

decimal

integer:

in—

overflow.
For

absolute

TABLE

Field

the

(-3.0)**3.0 yields

statements

list

the

uses

specifications.
the

mats,

but

expression

FORMAT

~2.

by repetitive multiplication.

by calling

FORTRAN

detected

operation

for

result.

zero

raised

7.1.4

yields

zero

powers

the

check

result

number

error

message

Underflow

not

Introduction

floatingupoint

Thus,

The

powers

negative

over—

arithmetic.

other

any

integer

to
to
A

2047+2047

Chapter

raised

Zero

raised

sum

both

result.

zero

Integer arithmetic operations do

example,

for

error

arithmetic

the

message;

check

FPNT

exponents:
exponent:

.324E+l0
283.75

alphanumeric data,

characters

are

trans-

transmitted is
by the number of characters which can be
stored in the space allotted for the variable.
This maximum number depends on variable type: 6
characters for a real variable and 2 characters

mitted.
limited

Number

characters

TABLE

Field

FORMAT

Field

(Cont'd)

7.3

Codes

Specification

External

Type

for an integer variable.
in stripped ASCII format.

characters

are

stored

enough data is
input to the variables, the data is
blanks on the right.
For example:

supplied as
padded with

not

(l,2fl)(M(I),I=1,8)

READ

The

Format

FORMAT

the

user

(8A1)

types

that

point:

123ABC
the

following

octal

values

blank

M(6)=0340
M(7)=4040
M(8)=4040

blank

M(I):

blank

_blank blank

example:

READ(l,2¢)ALPHA
(A6)

1g
the

the

M(l)=6l40
M(2)=6240

second

are

FORMAT

types:

user

123AB
and

octal

the

value

6162
nH

the

data

FORMAT

ALPHA

0240

6301

Alphanumeric
from

can

statement

transmitted directly
using Hollerith con—

is referenced by WRITE
The string is specified by the
only.
where n is the number of charac—
antring
in the string, including blanks.
For example:

H—conversion

version.

statements

form
ters

zgg

FORMAT

(17H

PROGRAM

COMPLETE)

will print PROGRAM COMPLETE on the output listing.
Alphanumeric fields can be placed among other

fields

can

FORMAT

statement.

21g

FORMAT

(I5,7H FORCE=Flfl.5)

used

22
nX

Blanks

can

characters

the

example:

line:

output the

FORCE=

For

17.689fll

introduced

skipped on
specification.
7—8

into
an

input

The

output record
record

number

use

indicates

FORMAT

Field

(Cont'd)

TABLE

7.3

Field

Specification

Codes

External

Type
number

the

blanks

greater than

Output formats

the

output
28

STEP

are

specified

and

and must

skipped

example:

For

(5H STEPIS,lfiX2HY=F7.3)

FORMAT

used

can

Characters

zero.

Format

line:
3.872

the

forms:

Fw.d
Fw.d
Iw
Aw

where

specifying

the

number
E

and

decimal

takes

places

the

input,

field

field width,
to

precedence

the

right
the

the

over

and

position

conversion

the

designate

type,

integer specifying
decimal

the

point.

decimal

point

the

(Fw.d

Fw.d).

value

integer
the
For

external
For

example:

159

could

used

the

include
number
on

the

(IS,Flfl,2,El6‘8)

FORMAT

output

.59625476E+Q3

£17.6Q

output
the

listing.

decimal

being

Repetition

ceding

the

control

giving

the

number

FORMAT

equivalent

Field

point,

right justified

left

line

the

width

sign,
in

the

(w)

and

large enough

Otherwise,

exponent.

field,

permissible

excess

the

digits

lost.

field

specification

character
of

(2E12.4,3IS)

(E12.4,E12.4,IS,IS,IS)

can

repetitions required.

to:

FORMAT

should

For

indicated

by pre—

unsigned integer
example:

Repetition
and

parentheses

preceding

by enclosing

with

whole

the

repetition

group

number.

(2I8,2(E15.5,2F8.3))

FORMAT

equivalent
40

to:

(2I8,E15.5,2F8.3,E15.5,2F8.3)

FORMAT

record

(line)

formats

character.

Where

the

Multiple
the

slash

the

output device skips

unit

indicated

the

example:

For

groups

the

record may

be).

(3I8/IS,2F8.4)

FORMAT

equivalent

are

slash

accomplished by

line

used

place

(or card,

use

of
comma,

whatever

the

example:

For

to:

FORMAT

(318)

FORMAT

(IS,2F8.4)

general,

numeric

and

other

FORTRAN

input
A

prOCessors.

conversion

few

exceptions

compatible
are

with

most

listed below:

are
ignored except to determine in which
Thus numbers are treated as
digits fall.
In
they were right justified within a field.
F5.2 format, the following:

Blanks
field
if
an

bbb12
12bbb
.leb

00012

would each
sents

line

null

line

ment.

blank

read

delimited

blanks,

and

12(CR/LF)
lebb

two

blanks

(if necessary)

Thus

bbblZ

number

the

(where

0.12

"b"

repre~

space).

CR/LF‘s is treated as a
appended to the right

are

fill

out

FORMAT

state—

line

entire

identical

all

are

read

all

distinction

input.

under

blank,

format.

F5.2

numeric

data

that

from

zeroes.

made

between

and

format

Thus:

lOO.bb
lOOEZb
l.E2bb
blOOOO

7.1.5

FORTRAN

The

two

Data

listed

either

under

identically

F5.2

format.

Transmission

Statements

transmission

data

transmission

Data

data

E5.2

FORTRAN

WRITE.

the

read

all

are
or

statements

FORMAT

statements

accomplish
The

statement.

two

READ

are

the

I/O

and

transfer

statements

are

form:

I/O list

format)

(unit,

READ

format)

(unit,

WRITE

I/O list

wan-w
The

input/output

transmission
list

the

can

take

Arithmetic
than
are

one

lists

variable

lists

are

values.

following

the

specifying
An

element

order

the

input/output

forms:

expression:
expressions more complicated
single variable (which can be subscripted)
meaningless in an input operation.
a

of an array
(1 or 2 dimensional): this indi—
that every element of the array is to be trans—
mitted.
Elements are transmitted in the order in
The

name

cates

which

they

are

stored

core.

For

example:

A(2,2)
(l,lflfl)A

DIMENSION
READ

reads:

A(l,l),A(2,l),A(l,2),A(2,2)

Implied

loops:

the

form:

(51,52,...,sn,i=ml,m2,m3)
repeat the list elements (5 ) with the value of i
having an optional
through m
being equal to m
The m's are integer constants
step value of m
or
variables, 1 is an integer variable, and sn
.

the input/output list elements
(possibly including an implied DO 100p).
For example:
are

A(3,6)
(I,lfifl)
I,(A(J,I),J=l,3)

DIMENSION
WRITE

will

output the values:

I,A(l,I),A(2,I),A(3,l)

is important to remember that when using
implied DO loops, the entire implied DO loop
must be on the same input line or card.
An
implied DO loop cannot be continued onto the
It

The

selected
the

line with

READ

statement

input

device

where

integer variable,

list

data

read

the

device

list

the

memory
one

WRITE

able),

list

device

which
FORMAT

whose

used

READ

can

statement

values
to

information
statement

integer
line
to

are

internal

For

from

assumes

constant

and

number,
be

form

The

input.

specified

example:

transmit

device.

designation

FORMAT

converted

(d,f)
(d,f)

The

ETA,PI,(A(I),I=1,N)

forms:

transfer

statement.

following

WRITE

FORMAT

statement

WRITE

where

specified output

the

variables

the

(1,15)

READ

memory.

designation

system

referenced

The

core

list

(d,f)

READ

specifies

character.

form:

following

continuation

statement

The

(integer
line

information

WRITE

constant

and

number,

from

statement

list

integer
is

core

assumes

vari—

list

variables.

The

variables
device
form

first

form of

list

ASCII

the

designated

specified by

the

WRITE

read
form.

statement

causes

from memory
The

designated

data

FORMAT

and

the

values

written

converted

statement.

the

external

The

read

to
ten

second

directly
device

the

from

WRITE

are

statement

specified

the

designated

used

FORMAT

the

information
and writ~

statement

information,

generally).

and

state-

READ

WRITE

follows:

TABLE

Device

causes

(Hollerith-type

I/O device designations

The
ments

form

Code

7.4

Codes

Input Designation

Output Designation

Teletype keyboard

Teleprinter

reader

Low—speed

reader

High~speed
Card

Device

code

statements),

and

card

reader

used

with

the

fore,

the

card

The

uses

line

the
a

the

top

control

They

are

(see Section 7.1.6)

assigned
line

printer

the

card

reader

(for

all

WRITE

independent I/O
has

printer

character.
as

device

Assignable

reader

page.

(LPQB)

printer

(see Section 7.1.6)

its

feature

device

own

(for

all

such

4).

These

control

Theree

code.

inserting

contents

The

large

too

(Device code

separate output device because

The

READ

statements).

which

two~page device handler,

device

Line

(CR8/I)

Assignable device

require special formatting,
to

reader

High—speed punch

the

first

characters

Form

Feed

column

are

never

can

any

skip
line

printed.

follows:

Character

Column

Resulting Spacing

space

single

space

I?!

double

space

top of
(Form Feed)

skip

page

Device

7.1.6

PS/8

FORTRAN

formatted
WRITE

and

the

independent input,
Both

options

several

the

for

number

the

and

READ

subroutines.

/I option in

/0 option

file-oriented,

independent,

device

utility

indicated

must

Chaining

device

the

use

indicate

must

user

for

provides

I/O through

statements

The

and

Independent I/O

order

device

use

device

use

device

independent output.

independent input

and

output.
NOTE

The

cannot be used as an assignable
device independent I/O statements.
The run time FORTRAN system will not permit any
two page device handlers at this time.

card

device

The

7.1.6.1

specified

takes

two

After

specified by

(which

specified by

For

will

prepare

for

CALL

will

prepare

the

for

remaining

the

characters

code

arguments which

accept input

used

are

READ

interpreted

will

read

from

extension

.DA)

from device

the

have

the

file

device

example:

('DTAS',‘INPUT')

from

file

the

DTA5:INPUT.DA

('Fl',fl)

input

filename

using A format,

must

input

IOPEN

device

system

reading

IOPEN

the

(A.B)

IOPEN

statement

CALL

prepares

when

strings.

CALL

READ

IOPEN

device

IOPEN

statement.

Hollerith

any

Subroutine

IOPEN

subroutine

The
from

reader

from

and
two

the

device

device
nameS,

name

must

filled with

Fl.

are

read

signs,

with

using

not

READ

blanks.

statements

format

and

the

7.1.6.2

The

subroutine

The

device

specified
The

using

call

CALL

OCLOSE.

CALL

OOPEN

device

prepares

CALL

device

7.1.6.3

The

specified

calling

PROGZ
be

without

statement.
Future

and

output

IOPEN.

message

OOPEN

CALL

WRITE

device

the

error

send

file
if

printed

issuing

the

sub-

example:

('PTP',E)

output

device

PTP:

('SYS','LADE')

file

the

output

OCLOSE

SYS:LADE.DA.

called with

output

the

called,

not

output

file

opened by

OOPEN.

exist

output

file will

CHAIN

terminates

execution

the

image

never

func—

Its

arguments.

the

device.

The

call

CHAIN

Subroutine

the

subroutine

and

program
as

storage

the
must

file
be

starts

execution of

specified by

are

CALL

causes

For

those

used

Subroutine

OCLOSE

system device
COMMON

terminate

OCLOSE

7.1.6.4

subroutine

The

OOPEN

prepares

write

OOPEN.

previously issued

program has

sequent

system

is
like

treated

are

code

device

the

prepares

device

OOPEN

specified

tion

OOPEN

when

statements

arguments

WRITE

Subroutine

OOPEN

not

the

disturbed.

argument
For

core

CHAIN.

the

Variables

Notice

that

example:

CHAIN('PROG‘)

loaded

stored

the

SYS:PROG2.SV to

compiled

and

successfully accessed.

and

started.

system

device

order

EXIT

subroutine

CALL

7.1.6.6

used,

doing

FORTRAN

read

time

significant

The

read.

data
be

mode

image
7.1.7

containing

SABR

and

column

not

should

FORTRAN

disk

another

only

used

file

ASCII

program,

format

output integer

must

file

FORTRAN

by using

format

into

when

moved

the'

should

and

not

PIP

are

line

feature

undefined

Statements

input

This

code.

SABR

which

things

file

The

EDIT.

and A2

specifications
file

data

file

obtained

can

variables

DECtape

(/I option).

Mixing

data

saving

The

onto

output

format

same

edited with

follows:

only

output floating~point
values.

the

FORTRAN program,

Files

Data

from

EXIT

FORTRAN

When

which

Keyboard Monitor

the

return

Subroutine

EXIT

The

7.1.6.5

the

identifies

line

for

doing

useful

very

FORTRAN

that

language.

example:

For

M(1g)

DIMENSION

J=N(l)
55

K=2,1fl

L=M(K)

This

M(lfi)

TAD

AND

DCA

\J
\J

CONTINUE

section
in

the

statement,

ceded

variable

the

line
a

code will

variable

numbers

backslash

produced by typing

form

the

logical

AND

M(l)

through

that whenever

Notice

FORTRAN

name

FORTRAN

referenced
for
a

preceded by
in

variable

SABR

used

statements

identification purposes.

SHIFT/L.)

backslash
are

SABR

(‘\).
also

pre—

(A backslash

7.l.8

FORTRAN

Statement

Summary

7.5

TABLE

FORTRAN

Language Summary

Definition

Statement

Arithmetic

Statements

v=e

Control
GOTO

GOTO

variable

(nl,n2,...,ni)j

Transfer

control

numbered

Where

are

scalar

(expreSSion)

nl,n2,n3

This

the

array);

numbers

statement

the

statement

and

control

series

statement

This

integer variable.

transfers

statement

the

mi.
control

transfers

the statement numbered n ,n
if the value of the numeric

to
n

expression
equal to, or greater than
The eXpression can
zero,
respectively.
be simple or complex.
is

'vwv

Statements

member
IF

(scalar

expression.

izml,m2,mQ

less

than,

Repeat execution through statement n,
beginning with i=m
incrementing by
m
while i is less than or equal to m
,

m's

and

i's

can

either

the

last
A

the

need

not

statement
DO

be subscripted.
m‘s
integer numbers or integer
is an integer variable.
a

CONTINUE
PAUSE

assumed

Dummy statement, used primarily as
target for transfers, particularly

loop.

PAUSE

cannot

variables.
CONTINUE

omitted,

loop

range of
end with

statement.

The
Temporarily suspend execution.
octal equivalent of the decimal number
n
is displayed in the accumulator.
Pro~
gram execution can be resumed by depres~
sing the CONT key on the console.

STOP

Terminate

execution.

END

Terminate

compilation;

statement

program.

must

the

last

Input/Output

FORTRAN

Where

FORMAT

(u,f)

list

specifications,

with either a READ
See Section 7.1.4

used

details.

constant

WRITE

field

data
is

statement.

WRITE

for

list

are

statement

this
or

(u,f)

Language Summary

Statements

FORMAT(sl,sz,...,sn)

READ

(Cont'd)

7.5

TABLE

device designation (integer
integer variable); f is a

statement

list

Where

list

and

number;

variables.
is

device designation (integer
integer variable), f is a
reference, and list is a list of

constant

format
variables.

Specification

COMMON

Statements

vl,v2,...,vn

Specified variables
stored

are

arrays

available

area

other

programs.
DIMENSION

al,a2,...,an

Used

variable

declare

names

array names and specify the number and
bounds of each one and two dimensioned

array.

EQUIVALENCE

(vl,v2,...),
(Vi’vi+l"")

inclusion of two or more variable
array names in a parenthetical list
indicates that the quantities in the
list are to share the same memory loca—
tion and hence have the same value.
Subscripts of array variables must be

The
or

integer
pear

constants.

in both

must

Names

EQUIVALENCE

and

not

ap-

COMMON

statements.

Subprogram

FUNCTION

Statements

v(al,a2,...,an)

Declares the program which
be a function subprogram.

the

name

must

appear

function
as

being

scalar

follows to
is the

defined.

variable

and

assigned a value during execution of
the subprogram.
See Chapter 15, Program—
ming Languages 1970 for a detailed ex—
planation.

TABLE

SUBROUTINE

FORTRAN

7.5

(Cont'd)

Language Summary

the program which follows
V(al,a 2" ..,an)Declares
subroutine
The

arguments
subprogram.
in the list(s) are dummy arguments repre~
senting the arguments of the subprogram.
a

Dummy arguments must agree in number,
order, and type with the arguments used
See Chapter 15,
by the calling program.
Programming Languages for a detailed ex-

planation.
CALL

CALL

V(al,a2,...,a

used

Statement
I1

subroutine
routine name

)

The

control

transfer

subprogram.
the

the

SUBROUTINE

sub—

statement.

type, but
must agree in number,
order, type and
array size with the arguments in the
arguments

SUBROUTINE

the

can

the

statement.

arguments

sults

can

calling

any

One

used

return
For

program.

reex-

ample:

RETURN

CALL

EXIT

CALL

TEXT(VALUE,123,275)

CALL

TECK('MAX',3)

control

Returns

the

from

calling

must

program.
contain at least
RETURN

ment.

cannot

subprogram to
subprogram

Each
one

RETURN

used

state~

the

program.

7.1.9

Error

Messages

Compiler

error

FORTRAN

ARITHMETIC
EXCESSIVE

messages

EXPRESSION

ARITHMETIC

ILLEGAL

CONSTANT

COMPLEX

EXPRESSION

ILLEGAL

CONTINUATION

ILLEGAL

EQUIVALENCING

ILLEGAL

STATEMENT

EXCESSIVE

ILLEGAL

STATEMENT

ILLEGAL

VARIABLE

MODE

self-explanatory.

SUBSCRIPTS

ILLEGAL

MIXED

TOO

are

NESTING

NUMBER

EXPRESSION

SYMBOL

TABLE

EXCEEDED

SYNTAX

ERROR

(usually indicates illegal punctuation)

main

discovered

the

incorrect

error

Compiler prints

Although Compiler output
is

program

necessary

The

version

read,

and

will

the

line,
be

additional

user's

FORTRAN

followed

by
the

suppressed,
error

rest

message.
user's

the

where

printed

are

messages

the

program,

error

following
of

error

have

messages

been

added

the

PS/8

FORTRAN:

Message

Explanation

I/O

device

handler

has

signalled

I/O

error

ROOM

FOR

The

OUTPUT

file

FORTRN.TM

cannot

fit

present

the

system device.
SABR.SV

END

NOT

FOUND

STATEMENT

Assembler

The

SABR

the

system device.

The

input

the

not

Compiler

has

been

exhausted.
COMPILER

The

MALFUNCTION

monitor

the

During execution,
tain

errors

and

XXXX

where
error.

XXXX

ERROR AT

the

error

LOC

code

cover

message

various

has

been

unlikely

errors.

various

error

this

meaning

extended

library

programs

form:

messages

the

check

for

NNNNN

and

NNNNN

the

location

the

cer—

TABLE

FORTRAN

Error

Library

7.6

Error

Code

Messages

Meaning
The

following

return

errors

the

Attempt

IOER

One

the

cause

log

compute

has

following

negative

number.

occurred:

Device

independent input or output
attempted without /I or /0 options,
Bad arguments to IOPEN or OOPEN, or
Transmission error while doing I/O.

2)
3)
File

specified

Invalid

argument

system device.
FMTl

and

Keyboard Monitor.

ALOG

CHER

fatal

are

CHAIN

found

not

Statement

Format

following input errors are fatal unless
coming from the Teletype, in which
case
the entire READ statement is tried again.
The

input is

FMTZ

Illegal

Character

format.

FMT3

Illegal

character

The
of

following
the

user's

errors

format

terminate

not

execution

program.

DIVZ

Division

zero

EXP

Argument

EXP

—

too

large

very

large,-

number

very

large

returned.
number

returned.
OVFL

Floating point

overflow

—

very

number

large

returned.
FLPW

SQRT

Negative

number

absolute

value

Attempt

absolute
FIX

Attempt

addition,

the

means

that

which

was

the
not

user

error

tried

loaded.

XXXX

floating point

power

fix

root

square
used.
a

number

>2047;

negative
2047

number

XXXX

reference
has

entry point of

meaning.

7~2l

returned.

message

ERROR

USER

take

value
to

raised
taken.

program

pinpoint

Determine,

location of

the

ing
b.

the

program

subprogram contain—

error.

Subtract,

the

octal,

location of

entry point

program or subprogram containing the
from the location of the error indicated

the

error

assembly symbol table,

relative

the

address

The

determine

external

symbol

step a and add that relative address
of step b.
d.

error

the

message.
the

From

error:

storage map, the next lowest
(external symbol) which is the

the

entry point of

execution

program

the

from

location

numbered

library

the
in

found

result

the

of step c is the relative address of the
which can then be compared with the rela—
addresses of the numbered statements in the

sum

error,

tive

program.

Notes

Implementation

7.l.lO

Alphanumeric

7.l.lO.l

data

Alphanumeric
by

statement

two

Within

Data

can

FORMAT

transmitted

Statements

H-conversion

different methods:

from

directly

the

FORMAT

use

single quotes.
Hollerith

attempt
cause

characters

This

punched.

provides
the

use

(H)

READ

format
from

can

simple

keyboard.

format

specifications

the

in WRITE

used

format

occasionally

way

For

field
be

identifying

example,

the

with
to

(4HA

,F7.2/4H

following

useful
data

(1,3g)A,B

FORMAT

statements

,F7.2)

statement will

READ

either

feature,

that

only.

printed
since
be

instructions:

read

from

would

The

meric

cause

conversion;

(including blanks)
example,

the

count

7.l.lO.2

The

written
from

as
a

data

the

merely enclosing
is

result

characters

the

between

part of

WRITE

the

same

the

read.

alphanu~
in

H-

single quotes

output data.

the

For

statement,

('PROGRAM COMPLETE')

PROGRAM COMPLETE

cause

need

are

referenced

FORMAT

would

achieved by

the

output

before

printed

single quotes.

when

effect

same

data

and

This

printed.

method

eliminates

characters.

Subscripting

Since

ficiently,

excessive
it

judiciously.

is
For

subscripting

suggested

that

example,

the

tends

use

core

memory

subscripted variables

inef-

used

statement

A=((B(I)+C2)*B(I)+C1)*B(I)

could

rewritten with

considerable

saving

core

memory

follows:

T=B(I)
A=((T+C2)*T+Cl)*T

CAUTION

containing subscripting compiled with the
compiler (on or after October 1970) will
not run with a FORTRAN library previous to October
1970.
A new subscripting algorithm has been used
with the new FORTRAN compiler which occupies 50% less
Programs
new

FORTRAN

core

Space

and

allows

the

ing

used

than with

the

user

run

35%

the amount of subscript—
earlier 8K FORTRAN.
Similarly,

larger program depending

containing subscripting develOped with
FORTRAN compiler will not run under the old

programs

the

new

FORTRAN

system.

7.1.10.3

in most
DO

Loops

loops

are

treated

compilers.

executed.

Therefore,

7.1.10.4

less

PAUSE

The

PAUSE

statement

tapes

and
the

the

statement

before

the

than

FORTRAN

range

the

following example

the

than

and

statement

never

one.

Statement

statement

temporarily suspend
be

used

remove

necessary

This

sets

hardware

tape

feed

the

from

the

PAUSE

flags that may

operator

tape

the

variety
some
a

statement with

have

been

the

When

the

I/O

cleared

reasons

cases,

chance

punch.

initializes

subroutine

buttons.

for

execution.

give

used

may

program

can

subroutine.

OPEN

tested

CONTINUE

executed

data

=l,M

instruction between

the

slightly differently

index

The

PAUSE

change

this

done

call

the

devices

by pressing

Example:

PAUSE
CALL

7.1.10.5

IOPEN

EQUIVALENCE Statement

Because

variables

can

core

not

memory
in

appear

restrictions

EQUIVALENCE

within

the

statements

compiler,
more

than

octal

once.

Thus,
EQUIVALENCE
would

valid,

but

the

EQUIVALENCE

would

not

7.1.10.6

The

decimal

(A,B,C)
statement

(A,B),(B,C)

compile correctly.
Size

FORTRAN

maximum size
pages

code.

Programs

any

FORTRAN

program

PS/8
program

subprogram

The

user

Take

the

amount

from

subtract
and

table;

of
4K

FORTRAN

One

way

used

statements

the

program

one

follows:

least

(at

system

8K)

external

subroutines.

utility

core.

however.

4K,

his

hold

per

coding,

FORTRAN

longer

FORTRAN

divide

the

and

symbol
the

From

storage required for data.

have

usually possible
chained

and

amount

can

space

50—70

size

32K

linkage subroutines;

error,

the

than

longer

the

for

math,

subtract

remaining

available

core

programs

can

estimate

can

I/O,

remainder

FORTRAN

run

can

The
rate

core.

program

FORTRAN

into

program

than

core

three

segments:

When

this

with

the

than

Segment

does

technique
second

FORTRAN

—

those

the

were

the

loaded

not

are

then

can

program
while

core

processing

device(s)

routines

handler

I/O

storage

data

desired

second

The

program.

COMMON

for

program

output

used

routines

into

data

inputs

—

longer

being

processing

done.

When

chaining

loaded,

and

compiled,
the

system

FORTRAN

Using

code

SABR
user

supplies

With

his

are

7.1.10.8
It

FORTRAN

into

sure

main

runnable

brought

interrupt

and must

program

the

core

has

PAL“8

possible

The

the

Interrupt

interrupt

off

on,

code.

must

independent

call

all

the

providing
That

not

the

any

SABR

which

code

library

subroutines.

linkage

modified

program.

with

the

interrupt handling

own

the

SABR with

interrupt

Using
is

complete

program

run

generalized

any

routines

and

the

can

subroutines

FORTRAN

executed when

SABR

saved

This

must

user

subroutine.

CHAIN

7.1.10.7

device.

the

subroutine,

the

user

should

(device-independent)
to

make

with
call
user

SABR

PAL—8
should

I/O,

for

allowances

exit

call

not

unless

routines

those

interrupts.

FORTRAN

subroutines
build

7-25

core

from

image

SABR
of

the

running

and

program

(ALT

MODE

key)

then

save

the

core

input

lowed

The

image.

the

binary

ABSLDR

*PALSUB.BN

The
and
at

above

calls

then

merges

location

200

7.1.10.9

sembly phase.

7.2

pass
of

SABR

The

the

its

to expand

the

PALSUB.BN

when

and,
for

routine.

the

used
fol-

/I option,

For

example:

loads

the

core

program with

it.

Loader,

the

completed,

CHAIN2.SV

image

Execution
returns

system

starts

the

instructions.

further

numbers

are

not

message

given.

error

until

the

list of

See

as~

SABR

assembler

called

used

assembly language.

possible
the

mix

explained

the

assembler

described

and

description

the
and

FORTRAN

capabilities
of

examples

Section

7.1.7,

FORTRAN

Chapter

section

the

usage,

assembler

program

language.

this

into

statements

second

assemblies

independent

The

automatic

separately

SABR

the

capabilities

SABR

language

used

can

Compiler,

FORTRAN

detected

statement

complete details
to

with

(.SV)

can

Absolute

ming Languages.
SABR

image

should

ASSEMBLER

own

also

The

file

/G$

FORTRAN“compiled files,

with
it

messages

Command.

by typing $

Errors

Undefined

error

Loader

(ABSLDR)

PAL-8

the

Keyboard Monitor

Monitor

core

loader

*DTA7:CHAIN2.SV

Keyboard

Linking

last

absolute

the

return

Programw

summarizes

assembler.

the

reader

For

the

referred

Programming Languages.

7.2.1

Calling
Unless

and

otherwise

automatically by

compilation.
.R

Using

SABR

the

SABR

specified,
system

other

times

the

SABR

assemble

the

user

assembler

the

can

output of

call

SABR

called

is
a

FORTRAN

by typing:

line

files

third

files

input
to

first

(the

the

for

output is

the

left

and

any

the

Loader

the

assumed

File

Type

extensions

for

SABR.are

.LS

the

describes
8K

options

assumed

specified.

are

that

binary

follows:

which

included

can

command

SABR.

TABLE
SABR

7.7

I/O Options

Option

Meaning
Call

the

load

the

file

Linking Loader at the end of the assembly and
If a binary output
specified binary file.
not specified,
then the temporary file FORTRL.TM
into

loaded

The

begin

core

fied,
from

the

deleted

ALT

MODE

the

from

either returns to
image in core or asks

pending on whether
the input llne.
Call

and

core

Linking Loader, load the program
If a binary output file

then

FORTRL.TM

file

device.

(using

the

loaded
If

device.

the

execution.
the

file

Keyboard Monitor
for more input, deRETURN key terminated

then

Loader

with

listing,

.SB

listing output

output

Extension

.RL

string

file

binary

binary output

7.7

the

generated.

The

Table

types

user

output).

map

/G options

for

binary output file indicates

null

input

null

second

indicated.
if

the

acceptable options.

the

binary output,

margin

consists

Decoder

Command

then

SYS:FORTRL.TM

Otherwise,

star

Linking

for

are

files

appropriate I/O

The

and

prints

the

When

Keyboard Monitor.

the

printed by

was

Decoder

Command
the

dot

the

where

into

core

into

is
and

address

starting

core

not

and

speci—

deleted
is

not

the

Linking Loader),
control is sent to the program entry point MAIN (FORTRAN
Compiler gives this name automatically to the main pro~

Specified

options

gram.

Indicates
file.

Output the

that

the

symbol

(applicable only
/S

Omit
if

input

table
if

file

but

not

listing

the

file

7—27

of the listing
specified).

rest

symbol table from the listing
listing file is specified).

the

FORTRAN output

(applicable only

When

This

SABR.

Section

specified,

are

7.3.1)

include

not

does

it would

since

Loader,

/G options

(described

Loader

for

the

can

the

options

any

included

(Library)

conflict with the

SABR

the

option

the

Linking

command
the

string

Linking

/L option.

NOTE

The

Compiler automatically generates
address is the beginning of

FORTRAN

named

entry point

whose

MAIN

the

program.

writing a main program in SABR, the user should
specify the entry point MAIN with the entry pseudo—op in
order to symbolically specify the starting address to the
Linking Loader (otherwise the starting address must be
specified to the Loader as a five digit address).

When

7.2.2

Examples

SABR

I/O Specification Commands

Example

SABR

*FORTRN.TM/F/G
is

DSK:FORTRN.TM

binary

assembled

loaded

and

started

FORTRAN

output file and the relocatable

point

the entry

MAIN.

Example 2:
.R

SABR

*SYS:TEERL,TTY:<TEE /S

input file TEE.SB(or TEE)on

The

binary

goes

symbol

table

7.2.3

SABR

the

goes

file

output
the

DSK:

TEERL.RL

assembled.
on

SYS:,

relocatable

The

listing without

the

Teletype.

Statements

code

symbolic

written

sequence

are

virtually
label,

each

element

Labels
a

words

for

both

terminate
to

have

generates

each

source

line

extra

the

others

following

them

and

comments

by spaces

morenmchine(binary)

composed

state—

follows:

/comment
from

one

and

one

line

separated

line

characters

terminator.

instruction without
than

statement

SABR

must be

tabe.

preceded by

instructions

data

statement.

can

statement

by typing

command

SABR

input
a

which
a

free.

operand

operator

require

slash.

format

and

statements

usually prepared onwline through the Symbolic Editor program.
ments

The

terminating

instruction per line of

RETURN

key

appear

long.

blank

the

The

RETURN

semicolon

line,

listing.
lines

can

key

used

permitting

user

lines

created

program

listing.

Null

the

Table

the

7.8

SABR

contains

list

all

used

language.

7.8

TABLE

Special

Characters

SABR

Character

Usage
delimits

the

(

indicates

start

indicates
decimal
is

”

precedes
is

“;
~"A

negates

increases
to

the

7746

octal

for

273

example:

octal
octal

—301

octal

constant

the
For

PAL

value

;

terminates

space

separates

and

the

example:

statement

terminates

key

literal
to

literal

octal

constant,

equivalent

one.

ASCII

equivalent

numeric

equivalent

numeric

equivalent

label

comment

the

that

(K indicates
(K~32

literal

(D32

address

symbolic

indicates

RETURN

characters

special

preceding symbol
LOC# is equivalent

TAD

LOC+l.

TAD

line

statement

instruction
delimits

items

the

statement

line
TAB

LINE

FEED,

Characters

are

7.2.4

Statement

FORM

FEED,

Statements

(optionally)

are

the

ment

can

made

SAVE,
ABC,

composed
A

label

programmer
the

program.

by referencing

fl
TAD

RUBOUT

when

comments

comments.

statement

and

are

used

text

ignored.
ASCII

other

All

constants

fol~

strings.

Elements

tag created by
a

space

illegal except

lowing

quote

same

SAVE

labels,
is

operators,

symbolic

name

operands,
or

symbolically identify
Subsequent references
the

label.

For

and

location
the
to

example:

address

the

state—

and ABC

SAVE

operator

An
a

instruction

reference

a
an

operate

memory

pseudo—operator

can

symbols

user—defined

address

symbols

are

predefined

symbol,

the

using
l

are

and

OPDEF

maintained

and

(see Appendix C).

table

defined

are

literal,

Characters

First

SKPDF

SABR's

User-

and

long

per-

sym~

pseudo—operator.

characters

alphanumeric

must

character
the

Only

Cannot

conform

six

the

same

When

any

alphabetic

characters
as

defined only

address

are

symbol is defined

once.

For

TAGl,
TAG2,

label

address
SKPDF

statement.

user-defined

symbols

page.

alone

appears

label

significant

permanent symbol

any

different

core

label

the

parameter)

assembled.

than
one

0—9

alphanumeric, A—Z,

must

first

Must

Additional permanent

when it appears as a symbolic
in an ABSYM, COMMN, OPDEF, or

line

assigned

the

value

and

are

each

(with
of

instruc-

the

ad«

example:

3121

TAG3,

TAGl

value

TAG2,

7.2.6

rules:

these

dress

indirect)

constant.

symbol

defined

tion

(direct

microinstruction

IOT

following:

Symbols

manent

the

one

Permanent

bols

can

operand

numeric

7.2.5

labels.

are

and

TAG2

are

30.

TAG3

plus

equivalent symbols
defined

being

the

octal

assigned

the

location value

Constants

Numeric

constants

optionally preceded by

consist
a

of
-

strings

sign.

7—30

The

from

digit string

digits,
is

inter—

preted

either

nent

mode

must

not

setting by
at

the

appear

See

constants

also

character.

Table

dummy variables
and

returning

7.2.7

octal

for

SABR

and

description

pseudOwoperator.

assembly.

Mnemonic

7.9
a

contains

list

increment

Table

7.8.

and

using

operands

primarily
from

arguments

the

brief

description

each

pseudo—op,

for

the

manipulating

external

pseudo—operators

their

subroutines

For

use.

used with

detailed

Programming Languages.

see

SABR

7.9

Pseudo—Operators

Code

Operation
Direct

absolute

dicate

symbol definition,

absolute

core

177

TEM

address.

/PAGE

ZERO

used
For

in“

example:

ADDRESS

Argument for subroutine call, indicating a value
to be transmitted, one value per ARG statement.
For example:
Used only with CALL.
Nl,
N2,

ARG

(5g

ARG

LOCATN

Reserve Storage block, reserves n words
For example:
by placing zeros in them.

BLOCK

external

Call

and

SUBR

core

subroutine.

For

example:

2,SUBR

CALL

where

/RESERVE 36%
/(OCTAL) LOCATIONS

2gg
lag

BLOCK

CALL

shown

intended

ABSYM

BLOCK

Digits

subroutines.

external

ARG

perma»
Octal

character.

way

picking

TABLE

ABSYM

latest

the

allowed

feature

when

string.

also

are

according
DECIM

PseudO*Operators

Table
8K

beginning

7.8

from

decimal

OCTAL

preceded by

are

The

assumed

ASCII
ASCII

octal

is
is

the

number

arguments

subroutine

name.

passed

TABLE
8K

Mnemonic

COMMON

Pseudo~Operators

Code

Operation
storage definition,

Common

tions

CPAGE

SABR

(Cont’d)

7.9

field

any

program.

COMMN

Check

number

For

/2fl

DECIM

unit

the

loca—

referenced

That
page.
will be

COMMON

followed

data,

which must

CPAGE

available

WORDS

code

gether in a unit on
following the

name

hold

words
a

example:

page will
words of

used

externals

core

by the
kept to—

number

assembled

page.

Decimal

conversion, numeric conversion interprets all numbers input as being decimal numbers.

DUMMY

Dummy argument definition,
to

variables

are

ENTRY

DUMMY

automatic

paging mode,

paging

(see LAP).

END

End

program

ENTRY

Define

passing

DUMMY

Enter

used

DUMMY
subroutines.
in the subprograms which

from

defined
them.
For example:

reference

EAP

and

arguments

restore

automatic

subprogram.

program entry point, used at beginning
subprograms to give name of entry point
for the Linking Loader.
For example:

ENTRY

SUBROU

FORTR

Assemble

BLOCK

SUBROU,

FORTRAN

tape.

Symbolic representation
For

DCA
IF

Conditional
IF

if
the

indirect

addressing.

the

ADD

symbol

NAME

form:

been

previously defined,

has

effect.

symbolic

If NAME is not
instructions are

statement

the

assembly,

NAME,

defined,
NOT

for

example:

assembled.

has

7.9

TABLE

Mnemonic

SABR

Pseudo~Operators

Code

Operation

automatic

Leave

for

set

current

after

octal
OPDEF

Define

PAUSE

the

This

initially

core

(or upon

full

feature

page

REORG

can

numeric

conversion

and

back

DECIM

can

changed
has

pseudo—op

non-skip operator.

OPDEF
PAGE

octal

Assembler
to

sup-

LAP.

conversion,
set

ally

page

statements).

PAGE

pressed with
Octal

paging.
jumps

automatic

the

when

OCTAL

(Cont‘d)

For

origin—
to

used.

been

example:

6761

DTRA

Terminate current page,
ceeding instructions on

begin assembly
next

core

suc—

page.

for

next tape, designed to allow large
tapes to be broken into several smaller
segments.
Assembly is continued by pressing

Pause

source

the
REORG

CONT

switch.

Terminate

and

page

tings are always
For example:

the

first

address

page.

lagg

REORG
RETRN

origin; origin set-

reset

Return

subroutine,

the

left must

from external
subroutine being

the

name

specified.
Before the RETRN statement is used, the pointer
in the second word of the subprogram entry must
be incremented to the point following all argu~
ments in the calling program
(after the CALL
statement).
SKPDF

Define

skip—type operator.

SKPDF
TEXT

Text

stored

similar

TAG,
the

string

text

six—bit

ing character
example:

BLOCK,

string.
stripped

used

except

Characters
ASCII

delimit

that

the

are

with

the

a
print—
For
string.

/123*/

TEXT

would

example:

6771

DTSF

string,

argument

For

stored

as:

6162
6352
0000
ACH
ACM

ACL

The

floating-point

accumulator

(in

field

7.2.8

assembles

SABR
as

Operating Characteristics

SABR

instructions

gathered together
The

and

LAP

EAP

facilities

7.2.9

Symbol Table

words.
and

and

five

The

1800

when

there

temporarily

Symbols
pass

following flags

program page.

automatic

the

three

symbol

added

space

contains
also

used

entries.

relative
denote

This

and external references,

alphabetic

their

table

five words.

storage.

TABLE
SABR

order

end

the

addresses

beside

special types

the

them.

The

symbols:

7.10

Symbol Flags

Meaning

Flag
ABS

Address

referenced

COM

Address

EXT

Symbol

this

symbol is absolute.

in COMMON.

is external, and may or may not be
If not defined in
defined in this program.
this program, it is assumed to be defined in
another

program.
is

Symbol

UNDF

Symbol is
fined

7.2.10

SABR

Because

ject

each

control

symbols require four words,

forward

listed

are

of
to

counting permanent symbols,

not

two-word

with

used

symbols,

words

unresolved

are

off~page pointers

symbols require

character

stored

end

character

four

(decimal)
are

the

tables

are

SABR.

symbol table,

about

assembly

and

six

and

can

character

two

Three

Literals

table

pseudo~ops

paging

One

read.

are

various

building

page-bywpage,

programs

errors

Error

SABR
are

not

the

operator.
external
program.

and

has

not

Programmer

been

de~

error.

Messages

onewpass,

difficult

automatic

correct.

7-34

paging assembler,
there

are

errors

ob—

the

source,

the

assembled

code

binary

will

virtually

use—

less.

During assembly,
as

they

occur

the

error

means

instruction
comment

that
after

lines

and

LOC

the

Teletype

error

occurred

the

fourth

+0004

location

the

lines.

blank

SABR

has

type

The

line

The

LOC.

tag

following

includes

count

can

messages

occur:

7.11

TABLE

Error

form:

which

printed

are

messages

Codes

Error

Code

Meaning
Too

many

CALL

few ARG

too

character

illegal

device handler
condition.

/G option

file

LOADER.SV

returned

exist

not

fatal

indicated,

was

does

line.

the

appears

has

statements

statement.

but
on

error

the

system

device.
A

symbol

defined.

multiply

illegal syntax
following:

has

with

used,

pseudo-op

quote mark with

non*terminated

Either

the

END

symbol

table

user—defined

UNDF

overflowed

symbol

table

least

Undefined

one

the

micro—instructions

statement.

has

symbols

page, or more than 64
declared.
Could also
such

one

argument

storage has been exhausted,
ferent

un—

text-string

improper address
illegal combination

an
an

have

improper arguments

There

been

Listings

definitions

programs with multiple
marked errors.

overflowed,
more

occurred

external

symbols

indicate a
output file.

common

dif—

than

system

core

have

been

error

being produced, but there
symbol in the program.

undefined

symbol,

listing.
7-35

printed

the

symbol table

7.3

LINKING

The

load

and

can

also

LOADER

Linking

Loader

can

start

FORTRAN

called

SABR

called

independently

relocatable

binary

file

The

and

capable

for

bility

The

core

lection
a

Loader

the

has

capability

which

referenced

are

subroutines

(FORTRAN

SABR

the

Loader

LIBB.RL,
the

LIBS.RL

not

search.

the

image

system device,

program which will

will

library

col—

output) with
lib—

Any

but

Loader,

before

automatically just

core

program

searching.

/L option

searched

building

subroutine

own

the

by using

completes

library

facilitate

beginning to

searched

his

has

program

the

relocatable

the

build

even

availa—

core

library

system library,

listings

storage map

user's

Loader

Linking

memory.
The

needed.

automatic

itself.

linking

subroutines

load

the

program.

and

those

and

can

field(s)

over

start

user.

subroutines

for

obtain

can

the

directory

rary

any

Linking

libraries
in

and

Loader

Linking

load

device.

subprograms

which

options

capable

programs

load

The

program.

Loader

Linking

program

stored

automatically

there

allow

the

available

user's

the

no
user

early

1971.

The

library

programs

are

usually

loaded

for

the

pages

The

must

grams

user

needs

the

particular

any

the

space

number

Several

memory.

Because

available

other

programs
reserved

space

field

user

three

fields.

location

subtracted

program

know
of

200

reserving

The

upwards.
the

from

the

available

largest

reserved

space

loading
of

amount

area

common

first.

Linkage Routines

Linking

areas

field.

the

from

automatically

are

field

any

each

all

loaded

RunnTime

field

capable

storage reserved by the programs being loaded is

field

The

storage is

common

field

storage

into

than

common

allocated

into

Linkage Routines,

smaller

Any

for

Loader

Linking

and

loaded

Loader

nothing
core

they

necessary

into

the

part

about

occupy

execute

required

initialization.

its
these

(see

areas

SABR

routines

Section

than

7.3.3).

pro—

every
The

the

7.3.1

Calling
The

SABR

the

calling

the

call

SABR

use

Loader

Linking

program
and

Loader

/G options.

Linking Loader,

following

SABR—assembled

see

details

For

Sections

7.1.1

7.2.1.

and

Where
to

(of either

program)

automatic

the

Using

automatically

can

assembly

FORTRAN
on

user

and

load

the

user

wishes

load

and

start

call

the

Linking

relocatable

Loader

binary file,

specifically
issues

the

command:

LOADER

Keyboard Monitor

the

then

Only

(which printed the dot).' The Command

replies by printing

Decoder

indicates

input/output files

There

one

can

binary

tension

for

used

hold

The

tions

files

the

map

the

has

timeJthe

instructions
done

line

for

the

key,

and

that

expected

the

mand

the

user

types

with

/G option

The

7.12.

options

and

any

desired

user

is
ALT

line

the

and

input files.
assumed

ex-

the

all

options

type
be

and

the

operations

are

entered

with

another

character

indicate
or

ends

the
the

Loader

are

shown

complete

command,

opera—

operations

being specified

are

contains

done,

completed.

options

various

have

Decoder

will

Linking

indicated,

with

the

command
last

last

com-

command

(start the program).

user

options.

The

output file,

Loader.

MODE

permitted.

specify

can

and

margin

program.

Command

command

first

when

one

Linking

the

individually,

RETURN

the

left

The

loaded

Where

performed individually.
one

file
.RL.

ability

performed

the

output files,
per

program

input

user

star

Table

7.12

TABLE

Loader

Linking

I/O Options

Option

Meaning

A
to

program doing device-independent
be loaded.
(This feature costs

A
to

the

user

core.)

pages

input is

program doing device—independent output is
be loaded.
(This feature costs the user 3

both

core

and

used

are

and

the

core.)

pages

are

indicated,

handle

if used, must be given before
input line specifying files to
For example:

/0,

first

loaded.

pages

device—independent 1/0.
or

*INPUT,FILES /0$
is

but

acceptable,
*INPUT
*

FILES

other

the

file

error

message.

assumed

line

map
is

/M,

digits long.

loaded programs

followed

count

onto

the

out~

free

map

but

only outputs undefined symbols.

but

only outputs

counts

free

pages

is an integer in the range 0 to 7, in~
search through the available fields
field n for space large enough to
input file.
Only one binary program
each input file.
If n is not speci—
Loader starts looking at field 0.

each

the

program
where n

each

starting

fied,

the

field.

clusive,
hold

processed.

each

Where

address

If no output file is speci-~
field.
The
is put onto the teleprinter.
extension for the map output file is .MP.
is printed after the rest of the command

the

can

indicated.

entry point MAIN;

number

map

fied,

the

specified,

pages

The

starting

than

octal

Output

otherwise

unless

MAIN

Specifies

the program after processing the rest of
command string.
Execution starts at the

symbol

generate

Start

the

and will

legal

not

the

loading process (forget all previously
This command is equivalent
programs).
restarting the Linking Loader, but is much

Restart

loaded
to

faster

for

DECtape

involved.

7—38

systems,

since

tape motion

7.12

TABLE

I/O Operations

Loader

Linking

Option

(Cont'd.)

Meaning

the

Load

input file as a library file
a
Library Directory as the
All other input files
of the file).
are
ignored.

first

(Loader eXpects
first
on

The
of

pages
on

the

tion,

the

memory

list

number
all

other

all

the

pages

fields

have

listed

been

along

must

The

core

map.

MAIN
READ
WRITE

IOH
ERROR

GENIO
FDV

CLEAR
IFAD
FMP

ISTO

STO

free

pages

free

pages

free

pages

free

pages

when

(/M),
be

but

which

have

in
in
in
in

list

configura—

field

0)
1)
field 2)
field 3)
field

field

0033

and

list

flag

list

shown

lazgg
01055
01066
g3g31
Egggg
fififififi
94722
g5247
95131
Q4632
g5g74
E4447

below

been

the

user's

programs

machine:

programs

are

flagged

automatically appended
for

loaded

Such

actual

the

Entry points

not

"undefined“.

for

execution

causes

with

printed along

they

16K

free

printed:

selected,

called
a

printed
has

number

0036.

loaded.

availability
sample

user

the

been

before

have

with

loaded

the

causes

memory

initially available

entry points

which

following might

Storage Map option

(/P),

example,

For

(number
(number
(number
(number

program

address
which

field

every

teleprinter.
a

The
of

line

Availability option

Core

0002
0010
0030
0036

The

block

also
programs

are

the

possible.
storage

g521g
g4g1g
fififififi
fifififlfi
¢4¢¢¢
fl5fi46
a4513
$4561
$5231

FLOT
FAD

DIV
IREM
FSB
FLOAT
FIX
IFIX
CHS

U
U

fifill
W33

7.3.2

The

Examples

user

Command

Strings

having typed:
.R

the

I/O

returns

system

Decoder.

LOADER

The

and

star

following is

expects input to the Command
example

input

the

Command

De-'

coder:

*PROG,DTA2:SUBR1,SUBR2/G

which

loads

necessary
the
as

DSK:PROG.RL,

library

DTA2:SUBl.RL,

routines

entry point MAIN.

The

requested,
same

DTA2:SUB2.RL,
and

starts

could

process

the

have

loads

any

program

been

done

follows:

*PROG

load DSK:PROG.RL

*/U

a list of undefined symbols

get
on

the

teleprinter

(symbols

here)

*DTA2:SUBR1,SUBR2

load

*LPT:/M<$

the line printer
on
binary of any library
routines requested by the program
and exit.
($ is printed by the
ALT MODE key.)

.SAVE

DTA2

DTA2:SUBRl.RL,SUBR2.RL

put loading map

FORTPG

load

the

save

the

core

image

DTA2

FORTPG.SV.
.START

start

the

image at its start—
(entry point MAIN in

core

ing

address

this

case).

7.3.3

Linking
The

Linking

ERROR

The

Loader

gives

0000
0001

error

messages

the

form:

the

nnnn

code

error

listed

are

7.13.

Linking

Error

Messages

nnnn

different values

Table

Error

TABLE

7.13

Loader

Error

Code

Messages

Meaning

Symbol

/O specified
table

late.

too

overflow,

than

subprogram

names.

fit

0002

Program will

not

0003

Program with

largest

not

into

common

Checksum

0005

Illegal relocation code.

0006

0010

starting

there
0011

error

has

address

occurred while

has

been

error

was

not

fit

into
is

core

MAIN.
two

where

being done.

system device.

reading

specified

entry point named

independent 1/0
1/0

area

input tape.

Input device handler requires
and will

0012

output error
binary file.

storage

first.

loaded

0004

core.

pages

device—

and

CHAPTER
LOADING

8.1

PS/8

suggested that the

(DEC‘P8~MSUB~UC)

onto

(DEC—OB—YPTA—PB),

and

used,

original

PS/8 system should
If
use

the
1.

your

the

Mount

unit

Set

the

place,

DECtape copy
The

case

copy

can

part of

the

system device

use.

(SYS and DSK),

Deposit

Turn

the

switch
START
or

(for instructions
of

keys

CTRL/C.
followed

the

The

RIM

the

LOCK

6774

7614

1222

7615

6766

7616

6771

7617

5216

7620

1223

7621

5215

7622
7623

0220

7754

7577

7755

7577

knob
then

7613,

and

the

dot

press

The

the

set

the

LOAD

ADD

and

should

DECtape

rock

two

PS/8 Keyboard Monitor should
the

left

margin.

system should respond by
dot

WRITE

with

either

Now

LINE.

Keyboard Monitor is running,

the

0600

control

console

see

Programming Languages.

7613

not

WRITE

the

this,

Loader

Instruction

begin programming
system is

the

Location

another

DECtape unit 0

the

and

REMOTE,

how

load

that order.

times

sure

Programming

Teletype

respond with
To

how

DECtape

LOCK.

following bootstrap routine with

the

three

(DEC~P8~MSUB~UC)

tape drives).

some

WRITE

Introduction

the

inadvertently destroyed during subsequent

LOCAL/REMOTE switch
to

description

with

PS/8 System.

safe

PS/8 System DECtape

DECtape,
the

PS/8 system DECtape

(unit

switches

stored

the

following loading procedures:

switch
3.

using

DECtape

uses

copy

PDP~8

before

ever

system

user

certified

program

the

SYSTEM

DECTAPE

PROCEDURES

OPERATING

AND

the

ENABLED

and

type

printing

line.

Now

"TC“
set

are

ready

after

these

steps,

you

PS/8.

functioning properly

either

the

bootstrap loader

damaged

First

occurred.

again.

the

check

DEC

8.2

LOADING PS/8 ON

tape,

system

First

DF32

uses

the

load

the

switch

the

disk,

TAPE

RK8

disk,

DEC—

the

is present),
be

read

the

Binary Loader,

the

press

bit

zero,

and

will

stop

field

tape.

see

that

accumulator
sum

error

Put

0200

START

was

key,

press

the

START

trailer

the

are

USR,

this

step

point

used

load

tape

the

are

LOAD

ADD,

press

the

START

Binary

This

console

the

and

any

(in steps

tape

have

occurred.

check—

tape should be reloaded.

press
causes

loaded

the

lights

put

Loader

the

LOAD

the

Keyboard

and

ADD

disk with

7777

still

Decoder

PS/8 Command

contain

not

the

core

tape.

switch

key.
be

accumulator

lights

are

should

7777,

the

zero

(all lights off).

on,

checksum

reloaded.

8—2

and

the

loaded,

error

the

When

tape

and

Place

depress switch register bit 0,

should

tape

been

accumulator

the

that

and

lights.

reader,

press

for

computer should then halt with 7777 in

the

key.
code.

available

tape is read,

ABSLDR

each

errors

after

switch

and

accumulator

go back

reading

that order.

The

directory.

the

de—

ADD

PS/8 Binary tape has

checksum

encountered

the

keys in

Monitor,

After
no

lights

which

appropriate Configuration binary tape

this

Field

Data

LOAD

(CONFIG)

the

After

high—speed reader,

(set the

instructions,

For

Programming Languages).

the_tape

Configuration tapes

place

load

the

contact

PAPER

high¥speed reader and press the CONT key

check

and

function,

Loaders.

Programming

tape will

the

RFO8

Instruction Field

the

Loader

Several

read,

try the procedure

SYSTEM FROM

Binary

switch

the

different disks.

disks,

Put

7777

Binary
press

PS/8 binary tape with

and

zero

The

appear

DECTAPE

and

RIM

follows:

place

DISK

Introduction

Load
as

and

following loading procedures:

the

see

not

loader

office.

sales

your

use

DECtape has been

malfunction has

hardware

bootstrap

system still does

local

correctly,
the

the

deposited correctly,

not

was

not mounted

If
has

any

occurred,

Put

0200

keys

that

CDT

brought into

line

This

order.

written onto

switch

the

feed

core.

prints

and

disk

the

LOAD

press

and

system does

dot

left

the

START

Decoder

and

Keyboard Monitor

the

The

and

ADD

Command

the

causes

carriage return/
of

margin

the

paper.

PS/8
load

now

the

various

PIP

and

Using ABSLDR,

running.

should

user

system programs.

Tape DEC~P8~PWXB-PB

Place

the
the

Type

PIP

binary tape into

the

(where

following

and

high~speed reader.
are

Keyboard Monitor and Command Decoder,

*PTR:=l3flflfl(89)$
When

and

the

with

printed,
is

tape
dot.

.SAVE

character

type any

read.

respectively)

the

keyboard,

Keyboard Monitor responds

The

(RETURN key)

PIP

saved

system device.

the

Tape DEC*P8~ESAB~PB

EDITOR

Place

the

Type:
SYS

been

has

printed by

(RETURN key)
($=ALT MODE key)

ABSLDR

PIP

the

binary tape

EDITOR

the

reader.

Load

follows:

(RETURN key)
($=ALT MODE key)

ABSLDR

*PTR:(9)$
When
the

The

tape.

with

responds

type any keyboard character

printed,

.SAVE

sys

EDITOR

EDITOR
a

dot.

read

the

read

Keyboard Monitor

Type:

(RETURN key)

EDIT
now

and

written

system device.

the

Tape DEC—PB-ASAE—RB

PAL8
the

Place

PALS

binary tape

the

reader.

Load

follows:
.R

(RETURN key)
($=ALT MODE key)

ABSLDR

*PTR:(9)$
When

the

printed,

tape.

The

type any keyboard character

tape

responds by printing
.SAVE

PALS

now

SYS

read

dot.

the

onto

the

8—3

load

Keyboard Monitor

Type:

(RETURN key)

PAL8

written

and

system device.

then

FORTRAN

Place

Tape DEC—PB-KFXB-PB

the

binary tape into

FORTRAN

the

reader.

Load

follows:
ABSLDR

*PTR:/S$
When

initiate
Monitor

printed, type

has

SYS

been

RETURN

($=ALT

MODE

When

dot.

key)
key)

character

keyboard

any

tape.

responds with

.SAVE
FORT

the

reading

(type

complete,

Type:

(RETURN key)

FORT

saved

system device.

the

Tape DEC—PB—ARXB—PB

SABR

the

Place

into

binary tape

SABR

reader.

the

Load

follows:

(RETURN key)

ABSLDR

($=ALT

*PTR:/S$
When

reading

printed,

the

tape.

responds with
.SAVE
SABR has

been

Linking

Loader

Place
as

the

When

loading is complete, Monitor

Type:
(RETURN key)

SABR

saved

system device.

the

Tape DEC—P8—LLXB—PB

Linking

Loader

binary tape

the

reader.

Load

follows:
.R

(RETURN key)
($=ALT MODE key)

ABSLDR

f is

printed,

tape.

Monitor

When
the

SYS

.SAVE

The

type any keyboard character

responds with

has

Loader

Linking

Place

Load

the

been

Library Setup

follows:

ABSLDR

+ is

tape.

system device.

the

(LIBSET)

binary tape in

first
an

tape

asterisk.
the

and

LIB8.RL

loaded,

MODE

file

the

place

Now

reader

($=ALT

*/S$
system device.

DEC_P8"SFXB—PB,

binary tape in

tape is read,

saved

type any keyboard character

the

responds by printing
Relocatable

Type:

DEC—PB-SYXB-PB
the

reader.

(RETURN key)
(RETURN key)

printed,
When

dot.

Tapes

*PTR:/G=126flfl
When

load

(RETURN key)

LOADER

LIBS

The

initiate

any

*PTR:(9)$

the

keyboard

key)

character

type

dot.

SYS

MODE

and

load

system
the

LIBB

type:

key)
is

created

the

CONVRT

Place

Tape DEC»P8—SUTB«PB
the

CONVRT

binary tape in the reader.

ABSLDR

(RETURN key)
($=ALT MODE key)

*PTR:(9)$
When

load

the

dot.

printed, type

steps

from

paper

tape.

the

system device.

the

PS/S system.

building

DISK

SYSTEM FROM

DECTAPE

section

8.2

the

given later).

commands

left

(RETURN key)

margin,

type

.GET

DTAl

PIP

.SAVE

SYS

PIP

the

loading PS/8

not

When

the

following

but

matter,

must

disk

system library programs

(the unit number does

responds with

onto

containing

DECtape

unit

DECtape

the

completes

the

Monitor

loading,

CONVRT

written

now

PS/S

Put

with

SYS

system

keyboard character

any

Type:

CONVRT

8.3

After

tape.

.SAVE

That

Load

follows:

onto

be‘consistent

Keyboard Monitor prints

dot

commands:

.START

*EDIT.SV<DTA1:EDIT.SV
/I
*PAL8.SV<DTA1:PAL8.SV
/I
*FORT.SV<DTA1:FORT.SV
/I
*SABR.SV<DTA1:SABR.SV
/I
*LOADER.SV<DTAI:LOADER.SV

*LIB8.RL<DTA1:LIB8.RL/I
*CONVRT.SV<DTA1:CONVRT.SV
*fC

When

each

for

further

Monitor.
for

8.4

the

input

All

loaded,

the

Command

types

CTRL/C

return

system programs
and

the

user

system library programs

are

now

loaded

Decoder
to

and

the

returns

Keyboard

available

use.

DISK

BOOTSTRAPS

Once

necessary

PS/8 System has
to

start

been

built

(or bootstrap)

8~5

the

disk,

it may

system into

occasionally

operation

when

nothing

core

program

bug

has

changed

the

contents

field

been

procedure is also

encountered
of

such

location

any

that

the

above

7577

recommended when

faulty

program

either

might

field

have

The

DF32

and

After

depositing

press

the

Monitor

LOAD

RK8

that order.

8.5

RESTART

the

either

user,

follows:

Instruction

775g
7751

7600
6693

7752

6622

7753

5352

7754

5752

bootstrap,

and

are

Location

switch

the

set

keys in

START

with

that

order.

Instruction

gg3g
flfl3l

6733

7750

PS/8 Keyboard

The

follows:

Location

dot.

5g31

0030,

press

the

LOAD

halt

and

cease

ADD

and

START

keys

LOCATIONS

PS/8 system should

bootstraps

bootstrap is

the

respond

switch

the

RF08

ADD

should

The

Set

This

memory.

the

7606

system

can

ever

restarted

7665 in field 0,

press

apparent response

any

by setting the switch register
LOAD ADD

the

then

and

START

key.

Restarting
again available
location
saves

7605

time

when

does
a

location
the

not

DECtape

7600

system

preserve

system.

saves

resumes

the

contents

operation.

contents

core

which

Restarting
and

are

therefore

8.6

PS/8

PS/8 system provided

The
One

contains

LINCtape

the

binary

run

present
the

tape
both

right
I/O

the

processor

This

tape

operation

8.6.2

and

CONFIG;

the

This

system.

l28

two

contains

PS/8 will

block.

per

unit

not

WRITE

should

LINCtapes.

other

version

words

129

LINCtape

system is

the

ENABLED.

Set

switch.

When

0700
0000

should

system

mode.

LINC

the

starts

the

Depress

Keyboard Monitor.

From

exactly

WRITE

ENABLED.

switch.

START

standard

this

point

this

PDP~8

the

point

the

system.

System Tape
The

system LINCtape

user

can

edit

This

version

8.6.3

and
of

contains

assemble

CONFIG

fully

the
to

create

PS/8

source

and

CONFIG.

device

special

The

handlers,

commented.

Binary Tape
The

the

and

consists

follows:

depress

unit

the

PS/8

tape unit

The

switch

halts,

reads

mounted

switches:

LINCtape

PRESET

use

System

PDP~12

the

either

switches:

left

the

tapes.

switches

console

Press

can

for

source

formatted

Bootstrapping
Either

the

needed

programs

LINCtape

8.6.1

PDP—lZ

the

CONFIG
a.

binary LINCtape

standard
are

binaries

contains

the

PS/8 system.

system programs,

various

addition

versions

already included:

LTA.BN

This

the

handlers,
b.

also
of

standard

where

LINCtape

unit

including LINCtape

system,

0 is

system device.

the

DF32.BN

Contains

LINCtape handlers,

two

DF32

disks

are

the

system

device.
c.

RF08.BN

Contains
(3..

LINCtape,

two

LINCtape,

RF08

disks

are

the

system device.

RK8.BN

Contains

single

RK8

disk

the

system device.

etc.

APPENDIX A

ASCII~1968

Character

EEQE

SET

Character

Code

Character

9923

"22.0"~

241

242

301

CHARACTER

302

261

303

262

243

304

263

244

305

264

245

306

265

246

266

307

247

'
V

(

250

270

)

251

271

252

254

310

267

311

8
9

312

313

314

315

316

274

317

276

257

320

337

272

321

337

;

273

336

275

336

277

[

333

(SHIFT/M)

334

(SHIFT/L)

335

(SHIFT/K)

255

256

322

323

324

T
U

325

326

327

BELL

207

330

TAB

211

331

LINE

FEED

212

332

CARRIAGE~

215

RETURN

Note

The

separator

lines

the

preliminary
Note

character

Command
versions

between

Decoder)
it

was

SPACE

240

RUBOUT

377

output and input files

can

either

(in
In

to a change in the ASCII character set,
the characters
(circumflex) and
(underline) replace f (upmarrow) and
+(back~arrow), respectively.
Due
A

PUNCHED

E92e_

Punches

Character

CARD

CODES

Punches

EEES.

space
1

Character

8—2

8—3

8—4

8—5

)

8—6

;

8—7

8—3

8-4

8—5

_12

8—2

8—6
8-7

0
0

8—2

[

8—3

8-4

8—5

(

8-6

8—7

8—2

]

8—3

8—4

8—5

8'6

8—7

The card reader handler works

w1th elther a punched card
reader or a mark—sense card
reader.
2.

The

card

reader

with
11

any length
characters.

L»

NOTE:

codes.

OZ'SL-‘m‘u

These

are

handler works
card up to 80

029

card

APPENDIX

PS/B

Summary of Keyboard Monitor

ERROR MESSAGE

Error

SUMMARIES

Messages

Message
SYSTEM

Meaning

ERROR

error

occurred while

doing 1/0

the

not

system device.
MONITOR

ERROR

XXXXX

error

occurred while

system device.
enabled.

WRITE

XXXX is not a legal command.
‘For
example, if the user typed "HELLO", the
system responds "HELLO"?.

Where

XXXX?

FEW ARGS

TOO

NOT

name

given

name

command

GET

CORE

file
USER

ERROR

xxxx

SAVE

ARG.

ERROR

detected

error
can

NOE!

BAD

DATE

not

the

user

the

tried to
device (see

while

program.

location.

any

command

I/O

error

ERROR

xxxx

expressed correctly,
(see section 2.3.4).

not

occurred while

Program is

program.
MONITOR

found

was

output only
or
2.3.7).

illegal syntax
SAVE

RUN,

Arguments to SAVE command inconsistent
(see section 2.3.4).

ARGS

ILLEGAL

SAVE,

available.

requested was not a core image
(see section 2.3.3 or 2.3.7).

Input
xxxx

BAD

ASSIGN,

from

file

The

IMAGE

not

file name given
device indicated or

input from an
section 2.3.3
BAD

was

The

FOUND

omitted

command.

Device

AVAILABLE

been

has

important argument

An
a

name

doing 1/0

System device may

intact

Attempt made to output to
device, usually DECtape.
Attempt

itself

(see

restart

the

saving
in

core.

write

locked

program which

2.3.5).

Improper syntax for date entry
section 2.3.9).

(see

modifies

Summary of Command Decoder

Error

Messages

Meaning

Message
ILLEGAL

SYNTAX

The

command

FILES

than

MANY

TOO

files
name

DOES

found
name

NOT

Minor

margin
string

error,

device,

the

Major

teleprinter

errors

where

Monitor.

These

The

code

meanings

When

that

and

the

Error

device,

to
are

caused

does

not

exist

Editor

the

left

command

type command without assigning

leave

the

indicates

error

codes

Editor

the

form:

return

and

return

the

Keyboard

listed below:

are

Editor

failed in reading

Editor

failed

File

Device

output

file

full
is

and

close
open

writing

write

device.

occurred.
error

occurred.

operation

automatically

onto

occurred.

error

handler

device.

closed

and

attempted
the

message:

FULL
*

printed.

Control

specifications
additional

Meaning

Code

output device is

the

not

error

could

given

string.

system

messages

text

unfound

the

cause

Keyboard Monitor.

for

name

question mark (?) printed

paper.

the

system tables.

the

Messages

execute-a

attempt
search

Error

indicated by

are

errors

input

the

Summary of Symbolic Editor

nine

specified.

file with the name given
device indicated.

The

FOUND

incorrectly.

formatted

was

output files

three

were

device with

The

EXIST

NOT

line

for

details.

returns

the

remainder of

Command

the

Decoder

output

file.

obtain
See

page

I/O
4—14

for

Summary of PAL—8

Error

The

format

where

either
of

the

Error

messages
of

ERROR

the

Error

PALaB

for

the

message

ERROR

CODE

absolute

error

Messages

same

4K PALuD

for

and

PALwD.

ADDRESS

letter

two

octal

relative

the

are

is:

address
hee

designation

error

the

where

last

Code

and ADDRESS

occurred

error

symbolic tag

code

the

current

the

address

page.

Meaning
Internal

tables have overlapped, decrease
literal nesting or number of current page
used prior to this point on the page.

Device

error

returns

the

detected

the

during I/O operation.
Keyboard Monitor.

Illegal character,

character

level

literals

Control

ignored, assembly

continues.
ID

Illegal redefinition

Symbol is

symbol.

not

redefined.
IE

Illegal equals,
that

may

indicate

undefined

symbol

point.

Illegal indirect

Absolute

Loader

cannot

Current

non—zero

page

Phase

Symbol table exceeded, assembly terminated and control
returns to the Keyboard Monitor.

Undefined

symbol.

Page

exceeded.

error,

zero

reference
be

off

page.

found

exceeded.

system device.

See

missing $‘or improper

page
or

5~8.

Summary of

PIP

Error

Messages

Meaning

Message

ROOM

OUTPUT

FOR

Self

FILE

either

explanatory;

device

room

directory is

lacking.
LINE

TOO

FILE

LONG

mode

ASCII

line

has

been

found

Be
greater than 140 characters.
sure
the transfer is really in

mode.

ASCII

file
OUTPUT

number

the

input file list.

the

possibly a write
device, parity error, or
attempt to output to the paper tape

ERROR

Output

error,

locked

reader.
ERROR

INPUT

DELETING

ERROR,

CAN‘T OPEN

FILE

OUTPUT

The

user

does

not

input
ing file

FILE

NOT

DIRECTORY

DEVICE

there

the

file.

Error

message

the

name

that

file

Specified

given by directory
when

designation

number

read—only device
is

listing options
device

delete

occurred while read~
the input file list.

else

for

error
n

file

Output
or

DEVICE

tried to
exist.

the

incorrect

made.

device

the

input list.
PREMATURE

END

FILE

FILE,

incomplete binary input
the input file list (ran
out of input before finding trailer
tape, for example).
/B option,
file

ILLEGAL

BINARY

INPUT,

FILE

BAD

DIRECTORY

DEVICE

is the number
device.
n
device in the input list.

blank

the
ERROR

file

Directory listing error, the system
is trying to
read the directory of
a

DIRECTORY

explanatory; n is the number
in the input file list.

Self
the

error;

error

has

occurred

while

reading or writing the
The
directory during an /8 option.
option is aborted; output is likely
to be garbled.

ERROR

CONTINUING

/S
The

ARE

YOU

SURE?

/S
are

error,

error

copying

file.

/S option continues.
message,
sure

files.

you

respond with
want

compress

you
the

Summary of

PIP

Error

Messages

(Cont.d)

Meaning

Message

SORRY

—

ROOM

INTERRUPTIONS

/S message given when the output

CONTINUING

C is typed
/S message given if
while compressing a device onto
itself.
The /S option continues.

device

contain

cannot

all

files

the

The message is
input device.
printed once for each file which

will

Summary of

ABSLDR

Error

not

fit

ERROR

INPUT,

FILE

I/O

CHECKSUM,

FILE

file

File

occurred

has

error

file

Attempt

BAD

output

file.

Meaning

input
BAD

the

Messages

Message
I/O

onto

number
load

number

non—binary

INPUT

/1:

Use

point.

file

had

checksum

input file was found
designated device.

prohibited

error.

the

this

Summary of CONVRT

FILE

OPEN

Error

ERR

Messages

output file could

not

opened

the

specified device.
OUT

DEV

There

FULL

Something

must

device before
INPUT

DEV

WRONG

READ

FILE

BAD

EOF

ERR

NOT

FOUND

The DECtape read routine detected
while reading the input tape.

input file
specified.

The

zero

this
CLOSE

OUTPUT

OUT

FAILED

WRITE

DEV

ERR

HANDLER ERR

DECtape,

SYS

End

FILE

can

input device specified is not
was
specified as input.

The
or

INPUT

deleted

CONVRT

output device.
the output
work properly.
the

room

was

not

found,

some

none

error

was

link was detected before the logical
The output file is closed at
File.

point.

error

occurred

Device

handler

ferring

data.

closing

detected

the

error

output
in

Output is inhibited, usually because
output device has been specified.

file.

trans—

Summary of

FORTRAN

Error

Messages

Compiler

FORTRAN

ARITHMETIC
EXCESSIVE

ARITHMETIC

ILLEGAL

CONSTANT

ILLEGAL

CONTINUATION

ILLEGAL

EQUIVALENCING
OR

ILLEGAL

STATEMENT

program

EXCESSIVE

ILLEGAL

STATEMENT

ILLEGAL

VARIABLE

MODE

NESTING

NUMBER

EXPRESSION

TABLE

EXCEEDED

SYNTAX

ERROR

(usually indicated illegal
punctuation)

discovered

the

incorrect

line,

read,

COMPLEX

SYMBOL

Although Compiler output will
is

TOO

EXPRESSION

ILLEGAL

error

Compiler prints

EXPRESSION

Messages

SUBSCRIPTS

ILLEGAL

MOXED

Error

and

additional

the

user's

FORTRAN

followed

by
the

suppressed,
error

messages

rest

message.
the

printed

are

the

program,

error

user‘s

where

necessary.

The
of

following

error

messages

have

been

the

PS/8 version

FORTRAN:

Explanation

Message
1/0
NO

added

ROOM

FOR

device

The

OUTPUT

file

handler

has

signalled

I/O

FORTRN.TM

cannot

fit

Assembler

present

the

error.

system

device.
SABR.SV

NOT

The

FOUND

SABR

not

the

system device.
NO

END

The

STATEMENT

COMPILER

The

MALFUNCTION

During execution,
errors

and

error

XXXX

the

input

the

Compiler

has

been

exhausted.

of this message has been extended
various unlikely monitor errors.

meaning
cover

various

messages

ERROR

LOC

library
the

NNNNN

B—7

programs

form:

check

for

certain

where

XXXX

Error

Code

the

code

and

NNNNN

errors

are

fatal

error

the

location

the

error.

Meaning

The

following

and

cause

return

the

Keyboard Monitor.
ALOG

Attempt

IOER

One

Device

/I
2)
3)

Bad

log

compute

the

has

following

independent input
/0 options,
to

arguments

Transmission

IOPEN

error

File specified
device.

FMTl

Invalid Format

Statement

The
from

OOPEN,

CHAIN

found

not

system

following input errors are fatal unless input is coming
the Teletype, in which case the entire READ statement

tried

again.

FMT2

Illegal character in

format.

FMT3

Illegal character in

The

doing I/O.

argument

output attempted without

while

CHER

number.

negative
occurred:

following

errors

not

format

terminate

execution of

the

user‘s

program.

Division by

DIVZ

zero

very

Argument

OVFL

Floating point overflow

FLPW

Negative
value

SQRT

FIX

To
a.

fix

from

the

.(external symbol)
program

take

location

the

Determine,

number

square

root

octal,

the
the

number

external

The

sum

then

ments

floating point
of

negative

2047

>2047;

library

power

returned.

returned.
—

absolute

number

—

absolute

program

returned.

execution

error:

error.

entry point location of
error

from

the

location of

program
the error

sub—
indicated

assembly symbol table,
symbol found in step
the result of step b.

the

returned.

number

large

determine

the

From

large

very

raised

number

storage map, the next lowest numbered location
is the entry point of the program or sub—

program containing the
in the error message.
c.

—

which

containing

Subtract,

large

used.

Attempt

pinpoint

EXP

taken.

Attempt
value

too

large

EXP

and

relative address of
that relative address

the

add

step c is the relative address of the error, which can
compared with the relative addresses of the numbered state-

the

program.

Summary of

SABR

Error

During assembly,
in

occur,

the

tion

means

after
blank

and

Error

error

the

Teletype

the

fourth

they

that
the

+0004

LOC

lines.

error

location
The

type

tag

occurred

has

line

The

LOC.

following messages

Code

printed

are

messages

form:

which

Messages

count

can

includes

instruc«

comment

lines

occur:

Meaning
Too

many

too

few

ARG

statements

CALL

statement.
C

device
tion.

does

has

returned

illegal syntax
following:

fatal

has

been

Listings

unmarked

errors.

used,

one

pseudo~op with improper arguments

quote mark with

nonvterminated

There

Either

END

programs

the

no
argument
text—string

improper address
illegal combination
is

condi—

error

indicated, but the LOADER.SV
the system device.

was

exist

line.

the

symbol is multiply defined.
with multiple definitions have

micro—instructions

statement.

the symbol table has overflowed, common
storage has been exhausted, more than 64 different
user~defined symbols occurred in a core page, or
than 64 external symbols have been declared.
more
Could also indicate a system error such as over—

flowed
No

output file.

symbol

least
UNDF

not

appears

handler

/G option

file
M

character

illegal

one

Undefined

table

being produced,

undefined

symbol,

symbol

printed

in
in

the
the

but

there

program.

symbol

table

listing.

Summary of Linking Loader

The

Linking

Loader

ERROR

The

different

Error

values

Error

gives

Messages

error

messages

the

form:

nnnn

the

nnnn

code

error

Code

listed below:

are

W3
/O specified

late.

0000

0001

Symbol

0002

Program will not fit into

0003

Program with largest

table

too

overflow,

than

subprogram

names.

core.

common

storage

area

was

not

first.

loaded

0004

Checksum

0005

Illegal relocation

0006

error

output

error

input tape.
code.

has

occurred while

reading

binary

file.
0010

0011

starting

address

has

been

Input device handler requires
not

fit

into

core

where

device

being.done.
0012

specified

I/O

and

there

entry point named MAIN.

error

system device.

two

pages

and will

independent 1/0 is

APPENDIX

PERMANENT

The

following

instruction

set.

table

symbol

the

from

the

TABLE

most

commonly
they

reason

computer.

for

FOR PAL~8

assemblers.

the

see

Mnemonic

are

These

the

INSTRUCTION

Group

used

the

1970

SABR

elements

found

the

instructions

permanent
are

information

used when

symbols
Small

PEP—8

the

already
these

programming

Computer Handbook,

avail~

Program Library.

DEC

Memory Reference

AND

additional

For

description

I/O devices,

other,optional,
able

that

For

and

the

are

within

defined within
instructions

SYMBOL

CODES

Operation

Code

Instructions
AND

0000

Logical

TAD

1000

Two's

ISZ

2000

Increment

INC1

2000

Nonskip

ISZ

DCA

3000

Deposit

and

JMS

4000

Jump

subroutine

JMP

5000

Jump

NOP

AND

complement add
and

skip

zero

clear AC

Operate Microinstructions

OPR2

7000

Same

NO?

7000

IAC

7001

Increment

RAL

7004

Rotate

and

link

left

one

RTL

7006

Rotate

and

link

left

two

RAR

7010

Rotate

and

link

right

one

RTR

7012

Rotate

and

link

right

two

operation
AC

CML

7020

Complement

link

CMA

7040

Complement

CLL

7100

Clear

link

CLA

7200

Clear

1Not present

PAL—8.

2Not present

SABR.

INSTRUCTION

Mnemonic

Group

CODES

(Cont'd)

Code

Operation

Operate Microinstructions

HLT

7402

Halts

OSR

7404

Inclusive

SKP

7410

Skip unconditionally

SNL

7420

Skip

nonzero

SZL

7430

Skip

zero

link

SZA

7440

Skip

zero

SNA

7450

Skip

nonzero

SMA

7500

Skip

minus

SPA

7510

Skip

positive

Combined

the

computer
SR with

link

(zero

positive)

Operate Microinstructions

CIA

7041

Complement

STL

7120

Set

link

GLK3

7204

Get

link

(put

STA

7240

Set

LAS3

7604

Load

increment AC

and
1

link

in AC,

bit

with

Program Interrupt

IOT3

6000

ION

6001

Turn

interrupt

processor

IOF

6002

Turn

interrupt

processor

off

KSF

6031

Skip

KCC3

6032

Clear

keyboard flag

KRS3

6034

Read

keyboard buffer

KRB

6036

Read

buffer

Keyboard/Reader

3Not present in

SABR

keyboard flag

keyboard

and

(static)

(dynamic)

11)

INSTRUCTION

Mnemonic

CODES

(Cont'd)

Code

Operation

Teleprinter/Punch

High Speed

TSF

6041

Skip

TCF”

6042

Clear

Tpc‘+

6044

Load

teleprinter

and

TLS

6046

Load

teleprinter

sequence

teleprinter flag
print

Reader

RSF

6011

Skip

RRB

6012

Read

reader

flag

buffer

reader

flag

6014

Reader

fetch

PSF

6021

Skip

PCF”

6022

Clear

PPC”

6024

Load

punch

RFC

High Speed

teleprinter flag

and

clear

character

Punch

punch flag

punch flag
buffer

and

punch

character
6026

PLS

DECtape Transport Type TU55

6761

DTRA

punch buffer

Load

and

sequence

DECtape Control Type TCOl”

Contents

status

into AC

ORed
DTCA

6762

Clear

DTXA

6764

Status

bits

status register A,
flags undisturbed

exclusive

bit

10:0,

clear

bit

11:0,

if AC

from

loaded

AC.

flags;
DECtape control
error

flag is cleared
6771

DTSF

6772

DTRB

error

DECtape

control

Contents
ORed

6774

DTLB

SABR.

status

Memory field portion
6-8.

into AC

”Not present in

flag is l
flag is

Skip if

loaded

status

from AC

bits

INSTRUCTION

Mnemonic
Disk File

and

Control,

Code

Type

Operation
DF

6601

DCMA

(Cont'd)

CODES

325
disk

Clear

request and

memory

interrupt flags
6603

DMAR

6605

DMAW

6611

DCEA

Load

disk

into

core,

from AC, clear AC read
clear interrupt flag.

Load

disk

from

core,

Clear

disk

DSAC

6612

DEAL

6615

Skip if

address

extension

extended

6616

Clear AC, load AC
address register,

confirmed
6621

DFSE

6622

DFSC

Skip

parity
late, or write
(no error)

Skip

transfer
6626

DMAC

Clear

5Not present

Type

disk
if

address

data

reques

lock

switch

from

flag
1

disk memory

1835

field N

6201

Change

data

6202

Change

instruction

RDF

6214

Read

data

RIF

6224

Read

instruction

RIB

6234

Read

RMF

6244

Restore

field

interrupt
memory

field

buffer

field

(data

CIF

SABR

extended

CDF

and

from

error,

load AC

skip

completion flag
completed)

AC,

address

Memory Extension Control,

flag

and

flag

address

memory address extension
and load same from AC
DEAC

disk

confirmed

address

disk

Clear

onto

interrupt flag.

extended

address

memory

write

AC,

clear

field N

PSEUDO~OPERATORS

The

following

first

section

parts

various

list

consists

other

assembler.

pseudo-ops

individual

the

PAL—8

those

PAL—8

the

blank

SABR

space

particular

pseudo~ops.
have
are

counter-

the

assembler.

SABR

DECIMAL

OCTAL

PAUSE

PAGE

EXPUNGE

ABSYM

FIXTAB

ARG

BLOCK

FIELD

CALL

XLIST

COMMN

IFDEF

CPAGE

IFNDEF

DUMMY

IFZERO

EAP

IFNZRO

END

ENPUNCH

ENTRY

NOPUNCH

FORTR

ZBLOCK

EJECT

LAP

TEXT

OPDEF

FIXMRI

pseudo=ops which

Below
to

and

REORG

‘

RETRN

SKPDEF

NOTE:

The

symbols ACH,

ACM,

and ACL

are

also

permanent symbol table for 8K SABR.
Chapter l4, Programming Languages.

present in the
details, see

For

New

Instructions

The

the

(other

for

the

Basic

PDPa8/E

following instructions

other
than

members
NOP

CLA)

the
is

family.

PDP-8

present in

are

either

every

None

SABR

PDP—B/E,

PAL—8.

Operation

941133992

Code

SKON

6000

Skip

interrupt

SRQ

6003

Skip

interrupt request

GTF

6004

Get

RTF

6005

Restore

SGT

6006

Skip if greater

CAF

6007

Clear

BSW

7002

Swap bytes

NOP

7401

CLA

7601

Clear

MQL

7421

Load

MQA

7501

Inclusive OR,

DAD

7563

Double

precision

add

DST

7565

Double

precision

store

DCM

7567

Double

precision two‘s complement

NMU

7451

Absolute

SAM

7453

Subtract AC

CAM

7621

Swap

ACL

7701

Load

7721

Load

CLA

SWP

not

instructions

these

but

and

turn

interrupt

interrupt flags
interrupt flags

all

than

flag

flags
in

operation
AC

from AC,

then

clear

MQ with AC

normalize

and

from MQ

MQ into AC (conflicts with SABR
permanent symbol, change one or the
other)
AC

from

MQ,

clear

off

APPENDIX

PS/8

The

the

with

following

PS/8

PS/8.

letters

and

material).

utility
and

will

action.

pages

system taken
The

The
on

the

programs,
the

the

paper

coded with

left

the

use

teleprinted
textual

page.

Editor,
a

demonstration

teleprinter on~line

exhibits

reader

correspond

facing

demonstration

give

from

(to the

letters

PROGRAM

contain

teleprinter

brackets

explanations

The

DEMONSTRATION

the
and

feeling

FORTRAN

for

some

Compiler,

PS/8 inter—

PIP

{0R
*DTAI:</Z=l

{

*IEtC
.DATE

10/19/70

oASSIGN

C—

DTA!

PIP

*IN/E

NOT

FOUND

*INzlE

16/19/70
730
73% FREE BLOCKS

{EEMPTY>
anc

F...

{fGET

SYS

EDIT

.SAUE
.R

0-5008§260=2601

FORT

*IN:FORT2<FORT2/G
llfl

B(I)aFLOAT(I)#A(I

ILLEGAL

ARITHMETIC
FORMAT('TG

I603

EXPRESSION
REPEAT:

TYPE

CARRIAGE

RETURN'II)

TYPE

CARRIAGE

RETURN'II)

END

.RUN

STATEMENT
EDIT

*IN:FORT3<FORT2

V'Y
6/20043

_.,../\»

#516

B(I)=FLOAT(I)*A(I

#.S

BCI)=FLDAT(I)*A(I)

Law.

B(I)BFLOAT(I)*A(I)

#IL

603

FORMATC'TO

END

REPEAT,

into core from the Keyboard Monitor.
The
prints a star (*) and awaits an input line.
.The first input line gives the command to zero the DECtape
on
unit 1, specifying one additional information word in the
directory.
The

calls

user

Command

PIP

Decoder

typing CTRL/C

Monitor

and

uses

October

19,

I970.

The

ASSIGN

All

subsequent

PIP

colon

The

control

command

uSed

references

list

again

"IN NOT

after

give

to
to

error

DTAl

refer

the

name

IN.

DECtape unit I.

because

The
DECtape unit 1.
forgot to put a

the

extended

Decoder

types CTRL/C

directory listing

DTAl.

returns

accept another

return

the

PIP

command.

The

Keyboard Monitor.

EDIT

Keyboard Monitor GET and SAVE commands are
from the system device to DECtape unit 1.

The

FORTRAN

The

Keyboard

system date

additional

the

directory

FOUND"

the

set

IN.

Command

user

returns

DATE

the

This

user

the

called

gets

user

the

used

copy

returns

Compiler is run to compile and execute the program
FORTRAN
However, the program has two errors in it.
control to the Keyboard Monitor after compiling the

program

and

FORT2.

The

program

the

errors

input

printing

EDIT,
in

the

Editor

onto

The

string

and

correct

it.

END

statement

error

messages.

located

FORTRAN

program.

Editor

the

and

new

DECtape unit

feature

added

DECtape

unit
The

program,

used

correct

program FORTZ is
FORTB, is written by
old

the

Editor

the

program.

used

find

line

THIS

000

DEMO

SOME

THE

AND

DIRECT

INSERTION

SABR

THE

PROGRAM

PERFORMS

SIMPLE

TEN

FEATURES

(A(I)):

BOTH

THE
THE

RESULTING

DIMENSION

ARRAY

LOOPS

TRANSFORMATION
ARRAY

ARRAYS ARE PRINTED: AND THE USER HAS
REPEATING THE PROGRAM OR TERMINATING

THE

IMPLIED

CODE.

DIMENSIONAL

ONE

ELEMENT

NEW

SPECIFICALLY:

FORTRAN-

PS/8

PUTTING

OLD

AND

NEW

OPTION OF
EXECUTION.

AC19):B(10)

WRITE(1:600)

(A(I):I=l:10)

READ(1:500)

(——A—~\

WRITE(1:6@1)
DO

I=I:IB'

URITE<Ia602)
(B(I):I=1:IO)

WRITE(1:5@O)
WRITE<12604>
SABR

THE

CODE FOLLOWING

CHARACTER

RETURN

PROGRAMe

Ar—‘A‘gfi

B(I)=FLOAT(I)#A(I)

00
z

(A(I):I=I:IO)

WRITE(1:SOO)

mmmgz

LOOKS

OTHER

ANY

FOR

CARRIAGE

REPEATING

INITIATE

THE

TERMINATES

CHARACTER

KSF

JMP X
KRB

MYES

TAD

SZA
JMP

\20

E4 3 h

-215

(DQ

CALL

EXIT

500

FORMAT(F6¢2)

606

FORMAT<°ENTER

601

FORMAT('THE ORIGINAL

602

FORMAT('THE

663

FORMAT('TO

NUMBERS

TRANSFORMED
REPEAT:

END

l$(l:604)'5
WRITE<196O4\3)

WRITE(I:6@3)

ARRAY

TYPE

F6o2

ARRAY
A

FORMAT'I)

ISS'I)

IS:'/)

CARRIAGE

RETURN'II)

THE

PROGRAM.

The

user

Note

the

makes

use

S in column 1 of
contains SABR code.

PS/8

entire

the

loops in
feature

the
of

and

READ

PS/8

important

FORTRAN

program.

WRITE

FORTRAN.

indicates

line

FORTRAN

This

that

new

the

feature

line
of

FORTRAN.

the

end

the

Keyboard Monitor.

The

list

new

implied

This

statements.

Editor

the

string

another

error

command

program

feature

CALL

EXIT

the

Editor

discovered when the

the

The

the

Keyboard Monitor.

Editor

closes

used

program

the

was

file

return

control

correct

listed.

and

returns

OUT

FORT

(

DTAl

.AS

0UT:FORT3<OUT:FORT3/G
ENTER

NUMBERS

o—xonslo‘mbwmo—0.0.0..88888

8 8
THE ORGINAL

ARRAY

F6-2

FORMAT

IS:

1009
2009
303$
400%
5-00

6093
7090

8-93
9030

13-09
TRANSFORMED

THE

ARRAY

IS:

1-53
4930
9-90
16000

QScQG

36.53
49.6%
64-36
BlaDZ

IEEoZZ
TO

REPEAT:

TYPE

CARRIAGE

.DEAS

“\r‘w

oAS
0R

DTAl

PIP

*X3/L

16/19/70
«SV

’

EDIT

10/19/76

PORTS

16/19/7fl
10/19/79

PORTS

oRL

714

FREE

3
BLOCKS

RETURN

The

ASSIGN

DTAl

from

The

FORTRAN

used

command
to

used

Compiler

automatic

cause

the

change

assigned

called

again.

and

After
than

The

running
the

PIP

the

RETURN

DEASSIGN

device
name

results

FORTRAN

program

The

DTAl.

run

give

once

used

ASSIGN

the

FORTRAN

binary file
1.

program.

key and exits

command

names.

/G option is

The

execution

In addition,
an
program.
output relocatable
named FORT3 is saved by SABR on DECtape unit

The

name

OUT.

the user types something
the Keyboard Monitor.

other

delete

command

all

then

directory listing

user

used

assigned
give the

DECtape unit 1.

*TTY:<SYS:/L

10/19/79
ABSLDR.SV
PIP

.SV

EDIT

.SV

FORT

oSV

SABR

oSV
LOADERoSV
L188 V.RL

FORT2
533

FREE

BLOCKS‘

*FORT2</D

*FORT3<X3FORT3
*tC

to print the directory of the system device.
This is because no
directory has no dates.
additional information words were specified in the directory

Next,

PIP

Note

that

the

PIP

used

this

system device.

then

used

delete

copy the ASCII file FORT3
DSK (which is the same as

CTRL/C

typed
before leaving.

return

the
from
SYS

file FORTZ, and then to
DECtape unit 1 to the device
old

control

this
to

example).
Finally,
Keyboard Monitor

the

INDEX

Absolute

Device

6—8

Binary Loader,
6—9
key,
6—8
calling,

error

permanent,

6—11

messages,

6—10
options,
RETURN key,
6—9
6—8
using,

ABSLDR,

Absolute

see

Binary

Loader

Additional
ALT

MODE

Information Words,

key,

2-3,

4—9,

3—1,

ASCII

character

set,

ASSIGN

Command,

2—4

names,

2—1, 2—6
2—4, 2—6
user—defined,
~4
DEVICE pseudo—op,
1—3
Devices, optional,
1—3
DF32,
2—14
Directory entries, dating,
6—5
Directory listings,
8-5
Disk bootstrap routines,

MODE

ALT

6—6

6—9

DSK,
DTAn,

2-l

EDIT,

see

2~l

A—l

Editor,

Symbolic editor
Symbolic editor

see

End—of-File
character

Backarrow

3—2,

(+),

3—7

6—9

Binary files,

2—1
Block,
2—3
.BN,
Bootstrap Routines,

for

Error

B—l

character

set,

handler,

3—7

CDR,

A—2

File

6—16

using,
Core

compiler,
7—l
calling,

FORTRAN

6—18

messages,
6—17«
options,

block,

2—7

through

7—15
files,
transmission,

data

2—13,

data

image files
loading and starting,
2—7
moving,

device

Core

2-11,—12

1—5

2—3, 3—1, 3—6,
CTRL/C,
6—1, 6—13
CTRL/FORM,
4-4, 4‘9
4—9
CTRL/G
CTRL/O,
3—7, 4—4, 5—1
2~4, 3-1
CTRL/U,
3—7
CTRL/Z,

3—7,

error

4—3,

specifications,

7—21
7—7

7—6
functions,
7—4
Hollerith,
7—24
interrupt usage,
I/O operations under PS/8,

D—l

7—7

7—13

mixing

3—6

7—18

7—11

7—15
files, FORTRAN,
DATE command,
2—14
Date of file creation,
6—5,
2-6
DEASSIGN command,
1—3
DECtape,
3—7
handler,

3—2

7—13

7—25

errors,

FORMAT

SABR

and

FORTRAN,

7—15

7—l4
OCLOSE,
OOPEN, 7—14

Data

devicezfilename,
Device handlers,

7—23

messages,

IOPEN,

program,

7—11

independent I/O,
7—23
loops,

EQUIVALENCE,

Core—resident Monitor,

Demonstration
3—2
device:

7—1

7—14
CHAIN,
7—4
constants,

6—16

control
6—15

3—2

5-4

FIXMRI,

error

5—4

2—2

3—1
I/O,
specifications,

2—1

6-l6

calling,

2—2

pseudo—op,

FILENAME

1—4

CONVRT

see

2—2

extensions,

name

File names,
Files

7—l4

3—1
input string,
Conventions, system,

CONVRT,

extensions

name

3—2

assumed,

CHAIN

File

conversion program,

filename,

2—1

subroutine,
Command Decoder,

see

8—6

1—3

reader,

summary,

message

Extensions,

File
Card

3—7

card,

Equal sign construction
3—5
I/O option,

—6

7—2

options,
PAL—8,
PAUSE,

7—24

with,

program

7—23

size,

statement

subscripting,
7—1
using,
variables,
.FT,

2—2

7—23

summary,

7—5

7-22

7—16

7—18

GET

2—10
command,
7-14
subroutine,
3—4
Options, I/O,
3—1
Output specification,

command,

ODT

OOPEN

3—6
device,
1—3
configurations,
1 —3
High—speed paper tape,

Handlers,
Hardware

3—6

handler,

2—2

.PA,

2—1

Page,

Editor
5-3
IFNDEF,
5~4
IFNZRO,
Input specifications,

3—1

7—13
subroutine,
I/O specification commands,
I/O Specification options,

error

3—1
3—4

2—7,

—8,

-10,

—13

PIP

Permanent

device

names,

2—1

Permanent

symbol

table

listing

2—3

PAL—8,

additional
bracket

character

—2

3—1,

Library
LINCtape

for

1—4
(PDP—12),
2~ 4,
3—1,
key,

LINE

FEED

Line

printer,

PTP,

2—l

PTR,

2—1

DECtape,

8-5

Loading PS/8

7—40

8—1
2—12
command,
2—1
Record,

Disk

System from

Relocatable binary
7—35
7—2,

2—3

RETURN

key,

RF08,

1—3

tape,

8—2

2—2

SABR

and

FORTRAN

.RL,

2—3

RK8,

1—3

RUBOUT

state—

7—15

RUN

SABR

3—2

file,

Number

—3

Quote character,
4—10
double ("),
4—10
single ('),

2—2

ments,
2—3
.MP,

Null

—2,

7—35

messages,

paper

6—5

6—7

messages,

6—1,
options,
6—1
using,

4—9

7—37, —38
options,
7—35, —36
using,
Loading PS/8 on DECtape system,
Loading PS/8 on Disk System from

Mixing

error

6—6

7—36

calling,

LPT,
.LS,
LTAn,

7—35

1—3

3—7
handler,
Linking Loader,
error

subroutine,

information words,

6—1
calling,
directory listings,

(<),

for

C—l

SABR,

6—1

PIP,

angle

for

3—5

4—4
character (.),
Peripheral Interchange Program,
see

Left

construction

I/O options,
Period

Keyboard Monitor,
2—4
commands,
use,

5—5

5—3,

pseudo-ops,
5—l
using,

—l6

6—15,

5—7

messages,
5—2

options,

Parentheses

word,

status

5—l

calling,

IOPEN

Job

4—1

usage,

5—l
Assembler,
assumed extensions,

PAL—8

sign

key,
command,

4—9,

6—9

2—3, 3—1, 4-3,
2—11, 2—l2

4—9

2—3,

3—1,

7—25
assembler,
entry point,

automatic

character

(#),

4—2

calling,
constants,

6—9 I

files,

7—27

7—25
7—29

7—33
messages,
7—26
extensions,
error

OCLOSE

subroutine,

7—14

Octal

Debugging Technique,

ODT,

6—12

6—15
breakpoint,
6—12
calling,

command

using,

summary,
6—12

see

ODT

7—28
labels,
7—29
operands,
operating characteristics,

operators,
6—13

options,

7—29
7—26

7—33

7—30 to 7—32
pseudo—ops,
7—28
special characters,
statement format,
7—27
7—33
symbol flags,
7—33
symbol table,
7—29
symbols,

using,
SAVE

7—25
2—9

command,

.SB,

2—2

Slash

character

Slash

construction

4—4

(/),

I/O options,

for

3—5

Software

1—4
components,
Square bracket construction for
3—6
I/O options,
START command,
2—l3
7—35, —38
Storage map listings,
2—2
.SV,
4—l
Symbolic Editor,

calling,

4—l

Character

string search,

command

mode,

command

summary,

error

messages,
4—3

keys,
options,

text

4—4

4—l3

4—2

search mode,
text

4— 8

4— 8
buffer,
4—3
mode,

using,

4—1

2—l
SYS,
System conventions,

2—l
l—4

System library programs,
System library routines,

Teletype handler,
.TM,
TTY,

4—9,—lZ

4—3

3—7,

7035

4—l

2—3
2—l

Two—page device handler,

Up—arrow character
User—defined
User Service

USR,

1—4,

Word,

2—l

—5

device

(f),

3—7

3—6

names,

Routine,

see

2—4,—6
USR

HOW

Announcements

software

and

new

SOFTWARE

revised

software,

well

programming notes,

Digital

Software

News

for

the

PDP—B

Digital

Software

News

for

the

PDPw9/15 Family

Digital

Software

News

for

the

PDP-ll

newsletters

contain

information

and

update

cumulative

the

Performance

Summary

for

the

PDP~8

Software

Performance

Summary

for

the

PDPw9/15 Family

Software

Performance

Summary

for

the

PDP-ll

the

Software

for

new

each

Performance

and

PDP—lZ

Summary

Additional

customers.

PDP~12

Software

basic software kit
requested without charge.

INFORMATION

and documentation corrections are published
Information Service in the following newsletters:

appropriate edition

The

OBTAIN

problems,

Software

These

included

copies

may

or problems
on
the articles contained in these publications
concerning the use of Digital's software should be reported to the
Software Specialist or Sales Engineer at the nearest Digital office.

Any questions
or

and

New

revised

Performance
an

order,

software

Summary

write

are

and

manuals,

available

from

and
the

the

Program Library.

current

issues

Software

place

Program Library

Digital Equipment Corporation
146 Main Street, Building l~2
Maynard,
When

ordering,

program

the

include

manual

Massachusetts
code

number

and

01754
a

brief

description

the

requested.

Digital Equipment Computer Users Society (DECUS) maintains a user
library and publishes a catalog of available programs as well as the
For
DECUSCOPE magazine for its members and nonwmembers who request it.
further information, please write to:
DECUS

Digital Equipment Corporation
l46

Main

Maynard,

Street

Massachusetts

0l754

PS/8 System
User's

Guide

DEC-P 8-MEFA-D

READER’S COMMENTS

Digital Equipment Corporation maintains a continuous effort to improve the quality and usefulness of its publi—
cations. To do this effectively we need user feedback

—

your critical evaluation of this manual.

Please comment‘on this manual’s completeness, accuracy, organization, usability, and readability.

Did you find errors in this manual?

How can this manual be improved?

Other comments?

Please describe your position.
Name

Organization

Street

Department

City

State

Zip or Country

.....................................................................................

........................................................................

FOICI HCI'C

Do Not Tear

..........................................................................................

Fold Here and

Staple

.................................................................

FIRST CLASS
PERMIT NO. 33

MAYNARD. MASS.

BUSINESS REPLY MAIL
N0 POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES

Postage will be paid by:

Digital Equipment Corporation
Software Information Services
146 Main Street, Bldg. 3-5
Maynard, Massachusetts 01754