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DEC-08-H8QA-D

December 1969

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Document:	Photon 513 560 Display Ad Program
Order Number:	DEC-08-H8QA-D
Revision:
Pages:	54
Original Filename:	https://svn.so-much-stuff.com/svn/trunk/pdp8/src/dec/dec-08-h8q/dec-08-h8qa-d.pdf

OCR Text

333:;r5?‘§§2$i1‘55§éfl2'ati°"
Markup and
Perforation Guide

TYPES ET-8

Photon 513/560
Display Ad Program

Human

DEC-08-H8QA-D

PHOTON 513/560
DISPLAY AD PROGRAM

DIGITAL

EQUIPMENT

CORPORATION

MAYNARD, MASSACHUSETTS

lst Printing October 1969

The Following are registered trademarks of Digital
Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts:
DEC

PDP

FLIP CHIP

FOCAL
COMPUTER LAB

DIGITAL

CONTENTS

Page
CHAPTER I

1.]

CHAPTER 2

NNNN

INTRODUCTION

The PDP-8 PHOTON 5l3/560 System

1-1

FUNCTIONS

General

Essential Parameter Commands

.2.l

Selecting Type Face (Style)

.2.2

Selecting Point Size (Lens) and Set Size

.2.3

Setting Column Width (Line Length)

.2.4

Setting Leading

.2.5

Selecting Type Face, Point Size, Column Width, Leading, Set Size,
Simultaneously

2-4

Indent Commands

2-5

.3.I

Column Indents

2-5.

.3.2

Hanging Indents

2-6

.3.3

Length Fits

2-8

.3.4

Skews (Triangular Indents)

2-9

Tabular Commands

2-11

.4.1

Setting Specific Tab StOps

2-11

.4.2

Setting Equally-Spaced Tab Stops

2-12

.4.3

Setting Proportionately-Spaced Tab Stops

2-12

.4.4

Setting Tab Stops Determined by Text

2-13

.4.5

Removing Tab Stops

2-13

.01

Output Format Commands

2-13

.5.l

Ragged Formats

2-14

.5.2

Hyphenation

2-15

.5.3

Letter Spacing

2-16

.5.4

Specifying Minimum Word Space

2—16

.5.5

Specifying No Flash

2-16

Hold Commands

2-17

.6.I

Saving Text

2-17

.6.2

Recalling Text

2-18

Visual COmmands

2-18

.7.I

Punching Visuals

2-18

.7.2

Punching Visual and Tag Lines

2-18

NNNNNNNN/NNMNMN

CONTENTS (Cont)

Page
2 .8

Defining New Commands

2—19

2 .8.1

Defining Commands

2-19

Deleting Commands

2-20

2 .9

Dummy Commands

2-21

2.10

Single—Key Functions

2-21

2.10.1

Use of Quad Keys

2-21

2.10.2

Use of Tab Keys

2—23

2.10.3

Inserting Leaders

2-25

2.10.4

Use of Justify Key

2—26

2.10.5

Use of Delete Key

2-26

2.10.6

Use of Return Key

2—27

2.10.7

Use of Space Bar

2-27

2.8.2
'

CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM FORMATS

3.1

CHAPTER 4

Defining and Using Formats

3-1

DISPLAY AD MARK-UP AND FORMATTING

Mark-Up

4—1

Formatting Frequently Used Ads

4-2

Department Store Ad

4-2

An Automobile Ad

4-4

Grocery Ads

4-5

Grocery Ad Set On a Photon 560 With Reverse Leading

4—6

Tag Lines

4—8

APPENDIX A

ABBREVIATIONS FOR SPECIAL KEYBOARD KEYS

APPENDIX B

COMMAND GROUPS

APPENDIX C

ERRORS

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

THE PDP—8 PHOTON 513/560 SYSTEM

1.1

The PDP—8 Photon 5l3/560 System utilizes a computer to produce punched paper tape input to the forward-

reading Photon 513 or the Photon 560.

To accomplish this process, input tapes (tapes containing unjustified,

unhyphenated text interspersed with controls indicating the desired format or appearance of the printed output)
be manually punched and fed into the PDP—8 computer.

must

This manual explains the preparation of these

input tapes.

Input tapes may be punched on any tape—perforating device having a 63—key keyboard and producing 6-level
tape.

It is assumed that the user is familiar with the operation of such devices.

The procedure for using the PDP—8 Photon 513/560 System begins with the mark-up of the copy to be printed.
The following chapter of this manual describes how and where (within the text) to specify the information
necessary for obtaining the desired output.

This same information should appear as part of the mark-up, in the

appropriate places, to insure that it will be keypunched along with the text.
The next step of the process is the punching of the input tape
text

—

tape containing unjustified, unhyphenated

interspersed with controls (punched exactly as specified in this manual).

After the input tape has been punched, the rest of the process is automatic.
PDP-8 reader.

tape.

The input tape is placed in the

The PDP-8 begins reading the tape, while simultaneously punching another tape

The output tape contains the text, along with controls which cause

thevPhoton 513

—

the output

the Photon 560 to

produce iustified text (hyphenated and letter spaced when necessary) in the format specified by the input tape.
This reading and punching of tape by the PDP—8 is continuous until the entire input tape has been read.
The final step of the process consists of taking the output tape from the PDP-8 and placing it in the Photon 513
or

Photon 560 reader.

text as

The Photon 513 or Photon 560 then begins reading the tape and producing the printed

specified by the controls punched by the PDP—8 on the output tape.

T—T

The key to the operation of the system lies in properly specifying the controls on the input tape.

The following

chapter describes all the controls which are available in the system, and how each is used. Chapter 3 discusses
a

feature of the system which can greatly reduce the amount of work involved in specifying controls

—-

the

setting up of standard formats to be used for different pieces of copy having different text, but the same format.

Frequently, the user will find that there is more than one way to specify a desired output. Often, the choice
is one of personal taste.

By efficient use of the controls, however, the amount of time, re-punching, and

paste—up involved in setting copy can be kept to a minimum.

1-2

CHAPTER 2
FUNCTIONS

2.1

GENERAL

This chapter describes the Functions which can be performed by the PDP—8 Photon 513/560 System; that is,
the inFormation which must be keypunched along with the text in order to achieve the desired printed output.
Some Functions can be achieved by punching a single key, such as quad leFt or insert leaders.

described by a command

by two letters.

Commands are punched in the Following Format:

Others must be

A command begins with a $ Followed

The First letter tells what group oF commands the command belongs to, the second letter tells

what Function the command perForms.
upon the command.

These two letters may be Followed by one or more numbers,

At the end oF the command,

return is

punched.

The speciFic Format For each command is discussed in the Following pages.
letters will Frequently be used to represent numbers.

$, Followed by the two letters CP.
separated by a comma.

For example,

In the description, lower case

$CPx,y(RET) is a command beginning with a

These are then Followed by two numbers (which we are calling x and y)

A return is then punched to indicate that this is the end oF the command.

tant that the Format For each command be Followed

punctuation can be added within a command.
command will not be executed.

depending

It is impor—

exactly as given in this manual; no blank spaces or extra

IF the proper Format is not used,

(See Appendix III)

error

will result and the

It is advisable to punch some tape—Feed beFore and aFter

all commands so that the commands can be corrected, iF necessary, without repunching the entire input tape.

Three important rules oF Format are the Following:

A $ is always used to mean the beginning oF a command.

text,

two dollar signs must be

punched, ($$).

IF a $ is to be printed out as part oF the

This will result in one $ being printed.

In the description oF the commands in this handbook, the two letters Following the $ are typed in
capital letters. However, when punching the input tape, these letters may be punched in either upper
or lower case, but the $ must be
punched in lower case.

IF two or more commands are punched one aFter the other, each command must be ended by a

return

beFore the next command is punched.

For example:

$CWI2(RET)$CT3(RET)
The First (RET) cannot be omitted.

2.2

ESSENTIAL PARAMETER COMMANDS

Type face, point size, column width, set size and leading are selected by commands in the C—group; that is,
'

these commands all begin with $C Followed by another letter.

It is

important that the

type face

point size
set size

column width

leading
be specified at the beginning of every input tape, before any text is punched; otherwise,
be processed.

none

of the text will

It is suggested that a considerable number of tape feeds be left at the beginning of each tape,

that any missing parameters can be added to the tape (instead of repunching the entire tape).
These five parameters may be specified by the individual commands described below,

by the $CC command

(see Section 2.2.5) which specifies all of them simultaneously. Any or all of these five parameters may be

changed at any point within a take by use of the C-group commands.

2.2.1

Selecting Type Face (Style)

The type face to be used is set by punching the command $CTx(RET) where x is a number from T

sponding to the type face desired.

T6, corre-

Example: $CT4(RET) would call for type face 4 on the Photon disc.

All text following a $CT command will be set in the specified type face until the next $CT or $CC command is

punched, changing the type face.

The change is effective immediately, thus allowing the mixing of any

number of type faces within the same line.
A type face must be selected at the beginning of each input tape, before any text is punched.

2.2.2

Selecting Point Size (Lens) and Set Size

Point size and set size are selected by punching the command $CPx,y(RET) where x is the point size and y is

the set size; a comma is punched between x and y.

If the set size is omitted, the system will calculate the

appropriate set size, depending upon the type face and point size specified.
the comma should also be omitted and the command $CPx(RET) used.
not one which is available

If the second number is omitted,

If the point size

(or set size) specified is

the Photon, the closest available smaller size is substituted for it.

Examples:

$CPT2,12.5(RET) would call for point size 12, set size 12—1/2.
$CPl8(RET) would call for point size 18 and appropriate set size.

$CP20(RET) would call for point size 24 (the nearest smaller one) and appropriate set size.

All text following a $CP command will be set in the specified point size and set size, until the next $CP or

$CC command is punched. The new point size and set size specified will be effective immediately, thus allow—
ing the mixing of point sizes within the same line.
A point size must be specified at the beginning of each input tape, before any text is punched.

2.2.3

Setting Column Width (Line Length)

Column width is set by punching the command $CWx(RET) where x is the width in picas and points.
and points are separated by a period.

If the number of points is zero, the

The picas

period and the points may be omitted.

The column width must be less than 54 picas.

Examples:
$CW14.9(RET) will set column width to T4 picas, 9 points.
$CWT l .0(RET) will set column width to TT picas.

$CWH(RET) will set column width to H picas.
This command can be used to change the column width at any time during a take.

If the command is punched in

the middle of a line of text, the new width will not be effective until after the current line is photographed.

A column width must be specified at the beginning of each input tape, before any text is punched.

2 2.4
.

Setting Leading

Stored leading is set by punching the command $CLx(RET) where x is a number from O to 63 indicating the

number of points of stored leading desired.
to

If a number greater than 63 is given, the stored

leading will be set

63 points.

Example:
$CL24(RET) would cause the film to be advanced 24 points after a line was photographed.
All lines following a $CL command will be set with the specified leading, until another stored leading command
is

punched.

If a $CL command is punched in the middle of a line of text, the new leading will be effective at

the end of the current line of text.

The last stored

leading command encountered before the line is photographed

will be the one used.

The amount of stored

leading must be specified at the beginning Of each input tape, before any text is punched.

2-3

Leading may be added anywhere in a line by punching the command $CAx(RET) where x is a number from O to
255, indicating the number of points of leading to be added.

Example:
ABC$CA12(RET)DEF would be printed as
ABC
DEF

Using a $CA command does not affect the stored leading. The $CA command causes a film advance at that
position of the line at which it is encountered. At the end of that line, the film advance is determined by the
stored leading

(which may have been specified before the $CA command).

A line may be set with zero leading by punching the command $CN(RET).

be protographed as specified, but no film advance will

occur

This command will cause the text to

at the end of the

line.

The $CN command can be punched anywhere within the line of text to which it applies.
stored leading for that line only.

It will cancel the

But, only the stored leading is cancelled for that line; any $CA command

occurring in the same line will cause a film advance. After that line is photographed, the previous stored

leading goes back into effect.

2.2.5

Selecting Type Face, Point Size, Column Width, Leading, Set Size, Simultaneously

All five parameters listed above may be selected simultaneously by punching the one command $CCv,w,x, y,z

(RET). The five numbers, v,w,x,y,z must be in the following order:
'<
w

type face (a number from 1 to 16)

point size
column width (in picas and points)

leading (a number from 0 to 63)
set size

The five numbers must be separated by commas.

Example:
$CC4, 12,11.0,24, 12 would specify type face 4, 12 point type, column width 11 picas, 24 points of
leading, and set size 12.
One or more of the five numbers may be omitted, but the comma following the omitted number must be inserted

(except for numbers omitted at the end of the command).
2—4

Examples:
This command will cause the type face to be changed to type Face 2.

$CC2, ,11,10(RET)

number For point size was omitted, the point size will not change.
to
a

Since the

The column width will be changed

picas, the stored leading will be changed to 10 points. Since the number For set size was omitted,
be calculated, corresponding to the new type face and unchanged point size.

set size will

$CC, ,10.8,13,8(RET) Since the type Face and point size were omitted, neither will be changed. The
column width will be changed to 10 picas 8 points, the stored leading will be changed to 13 points, and
the set size will be changed to 8.
$CC, 12, ,13,14(RET) The type Face was omitted and will not be changed. The point size will be
changed to 12. The column width was omitted and will not be changed. The stored leading will be
changed to 13, the set size will be changed to 14.
If type Face or point size is specified and the set size is omitted, the system will calculate the appropriate set
size corresponding to the type face and

If the point size is specified and the

point size.

leading is omitted, the stored leading will be set equal to the point size.

Example:
$CC2,8,11(RET)

The type Face will be set to type Face 2, the point size will be set to 8, and the

column width will be set to 11 picas. Since the point size was specified, but the leading and set size
were not, the leading will be changed to 8 points and the appropriate set size will be calculated.

2. 3

IN DENT COMMANDS

Indenting may be achieved by use of the commands in the I-group for column indents and hanging indents, the

L—group for length fit indents, and the S—gr'oup for skew (triangular) indenting.
Four types of indents are additive.

It is important to note that all

For example, if a length fit specifies a leFt indent of 2 picas, this means 2

picas in addition to any left column indent, left hanging indent, etc., which is in effect at the same time.

2 3.1
.

Column Indents

Left and right indents may be specified by punching the command $ICx,y(RET) where x is the amount of indent

(in picas and points) From the left side and y is the amount of indent (in picas and points) From the right side.
The two amounts are separated by a comma.

The picas and points are separated by a period.

points is zero, both the period and the number of points may be omitted.

IF the number of

If the indent is given in points only,

the number of picas may be omitted, but the period must be used.

Examples:
$IC3,2.1(RET) will produce copy indented 3 picas on the left and 2 picas 1 point on the right.
$IC1.6, .11(RET) will produce copy indented 1 pica 6 points on the left and 11 points on the right.

2—5

If either the left or right indent is to be zero, it may be omitted from the command.

However, if the left indent

the comma must still be inserted.

is omitted,

Examples:
$IC3(RET) will produce copy indented 3 picas on the left and no column indent on the right.
$IC,2.6(RET) will produce copy indented 2 picas 6 points on the right, and no column indent on the left.
All text following a $IC command will be set with the specified indents until a new $IC command is punched or

until a $IR command is punched

(see below).

If a $IC command is punched in the middle of a line of text, it

will not become effective until the following line; the current line will be set with the old indent.
The indents specified by $IC commands are added to any hanging indents,

length fit indents, or skews which are

in effect at the same time.

Column indents can be removed by punching the command $IR(RET).
indents to zero.

This command sets both the left and right

If a $IR command is punched in the middle of a line of text, it will not be effective until the

following line; the current line will be set with the old indents.

2 3. 2
.

Hanging Indents

Hanging indents may be specified by punching the command $IHw,x,y,z(RET) where
w

y
z

If y

left indent in picas and points

right indent in picas and points
number of lines to wait before beginning the indent
number of lines to indent

0, the indents are effective immediately.

If 2

O, the indents are to continue indefinitely, or until

stopped by a $15 command (see below).
The four numbers must be separated by commas.

If any of the four numbers is omitted, it is assumed to be zero

(the commas cannot be omitted, except at the end of the command).

Examples:
$IHl .6, l ,2,4(RET) would produce copy in the following form:

2—6

CCCCCCCCCC 20 PicasDDDDDDDDDD

Frequently, the user will find that there is
more than one way to specify a desired
output. Often, the choice is one of
personal taste. By efficient use of the
controls, however, the amount of
time, re-punching, and paste-up in-

volved in

setting copy can be kept to a
minimum. The key to the operation of the
system lies in properly specifying the controls on the input tape.
Two lines would be set without the indents, then the next 4 lines would be set with a left indent of l

pica 6 points and a right indent of l pica. The rest would be set without the indents.

$IH2.6,,

l®would produce copy

in the Following form:

CCCCCCCCCC 20 PicasDDDDD..D.D

Frequently, the user will find that there is
more than one
way to specify a desir-

ed output. Often, the choice is one of
personal taste. By efficient use of the
controls, however, the amount of
time, re-punching, and paste-up in;
volved in setting copy can be kept to
a minimum. The
key to the operation of the system lies in properly
specifying the controls on the input

tape.
One line would be set without the indents. The next lines would be set with zero indent on the right
Since the fourth number in the command was omitted, it is assumed to

and a left indent of 2.6 picas.

be zero, so the indents continue indefinitely.

Several hanging indents can be strung together in the same command, separated by semi—colons, with a (RET)

punched only at the end of the command.
command.

A maximum of six hanging indents can be strung together in one

Each portion of the command is satisfied in turn, before the next one goes into effect.

Example:
$IH2,2.6,,3;3,,2,4(RET) would produce copy in the following form:

2—7

CCCCCCCCCC 20 PicasDDDQDDDDDD

the user will find
that there is more than one way
to specify a desired output. Often, the choice is one of personal taste. By
efficient use of the controls, however, the
amount of time, re-punching, and
involved in settin
paste-u
copy
can he
ept to a minimum.
e key
to the operation of the system lies
in properly specifying the controls on the

Frequently,

’

input tape.

The first portion of the command says to Wait zero lines (in other words, start indenting immediately),

then indent the next 3 lines 2 picas on the left and 2 picas 6 points on the right, then return to previous
column width. After this has been done, the second part of the command says to wait 2 lines, then
indent the next 4 lines 3'picas on the left and no indent on the right, then return to previous column

width.

The indents specified by $IH commands are added to any column indents,

length fit indents, or skews which are

in effect at the same time.

Punching a new $IH command will wipe out any previous $IH command and replace it with the new one.

If a

$IH command is punched in the middle of a line of text, it will not go into effect until the following line.
A hanging indent may be stopped by punching the command $IS(RET).

This command will remove the entire

$IH command, regardless of how much of the command has been processed.
middle of a line of text,

2 3. 3
.

If a $15 command is punched in the

hanging indents will not be removed until the following line.

Length Fits

It is possible to specify that a left or right indent be in effect for a given vertical

length in picas and points

(rather than a given number of lines) to produce a rectangular cut. This may be done by punching a $LL
command for left indents,

or a

$LR command for right indents.

We shall discuss the $LL command, since the

$LR command is exactly the same for right indents.
The format of the command is $LLx,y(RET) where x is the amount of left indent (in picas and points), y is the

length (in picas and points) for which the indent is to stay in effect, and the two amounts are separated by a
comma; i.e.

$LL horizontal, vertical(RET).

If either number is omitted, it is assumed to be zero.

may not be omitted.

2—8

The comma

Examples:

$LL3.6,6.0(RET) would set 6 picas of text with an indent of 3 picas 6 points on the left, then return to
previous column width

$LL4,6(RET)$LR3,8(RET) would set 6 picas of text indented 4 picas on the left and 3 picas on the right.
The next 2 picas would be set with zero indent on the left and indented 3 picas on the right. Then the
copy would return to previous column width.

Several length fits can be strung together in the same command, separated by semi-colons, with a (RET)

only

at the

into effect.

punched

Each length fit in the command is satisfied in turn, before the next one goes

end of the command.

A maximum of six length fits can be strung together in one command.

Example:

$LL3,4;,6;2.5,3(RET) would set 4 picas with a 3 pica left indent, then 6 picas with no left indent, then
3 picas with a 2 picas 5 point left indent, then return to previous column width.

The indents specified by $LL and $LR commands are added to any column indents, hanging indents, or skews
which are in effect at the same time.

Length fit indents may be removed by punching the command $LS(RET).
commands and $LR commands,

regardless of how much of the commands have been processed.

is punched in the middle of a line of text,

2.3.4

This command will remove both $LL
If a $LS command

length fit indents will not be removed until the following line.

Skews (Triangular Indents)

It is possible to produce copy that is skewed either on the left side or the right side by use of a $SL command

(for left-sided skewing) or a $SR command (for right—sided skewing). We shall discuss the $SL command, since
the $SR command is exactly thesame.
The format of the command is $SLx,y(RET) where x is the length (in picas and points) of the horizontal part of

the triangle, y is the length (in picas and points) of the vertical part of the triangle.

separated by a comma.

A normal skew would be printed in the following form:

Frequently, the user will find that there is more
than one way to specify a desired output.
Often, the choice is one of personal
taste. By efficient use of the controls,
however,

of time,
and
re-punching,
paste-up inin setting copy can be kept to a minyolved
Imum.

amount

The two amounts are

It is also possible to produce a reverse (upside—down) skew loy punching a hyphen

(-) before the x in the command.

Examples:
$SL—6, 6 (RET) would produce copy in the form:

Frequently, the user will find
that there is more than one way
to specify a desired output. Often,
the choice is one of personal taste. By
efficient use of the controls, however,
amount of time, re-punching, and paste-up
involved in setting copy can be kept to a
minimum.

where the horizontal

length of the triangle is 6 picas and the vertical length is 6 picas.

$SL6, 6 (RET) would produce copy in the form:

Frequently, the user will find that there is more
than one way to specify a desired output.
Often, the choice is one of personal
taste. By efficient use of the controls,
however, amount of time,
re-punching, and paste-up inin setting copy can be kept to a minvolved
Imum.

where the horizontal

length of the triangle is 6 picas and the vertical length is 6 picas.

$SL6, 6 (RET) $SR6, 6 (RET) would produce c0py in the form:

Frequently, the user will find that there is more
than one way to specify a desired output.
Often, the choice is one of personal taste. By efficient use of
the controls, how~

ever,

amount

of time, re-punching, and paste-up involved in
setting copy can be kept to a minimum.

where the horizontal

length of each skew is 6 picas and the vertical length of each skew is 6 picas.

Several skews can be strung together in the same command, separated by semi—colons, with a (RET) punched

only at the end of the command.
effect.

Each skew in the command is satisfied in turn, before the next one goes into

A maximum of six skews can be strung together in one command.

The indents produced by a skew command are added to any column indents,

hanging indents, or length fit

indents which may be in effect at the same time.

Skews may be stopped by use of the command $SS(RET).

This command will remove both $SL commands and $SR

commands, regardless of how much of the commands has been processed.

If a $55 command is punched in the

middle of a line of text, the skew indents will not be removed until the following line.

2 .4

TABULAR COMMAN DS

Tab stops can be set up by using the commands in the T—group.

In most cases, tab stops should be set up before

punching the 'line of text for which the tab stops are needed.
A change in column width or an indent specification will not change the positions of the tab stops.

Care

should be taken if the new column width is so narrow that all of the tab stops do not fall within the column;

the results of setting tabular text in this case are unpredictable.

It should be remembered that T—group commands merely set up tab stops.

tabular format.

2.4.1

They do not cause text to be set in a

Setting text in relation to tab stops is done by punching tab keys (see

Section 2.9.2).

Setting Specific Tab Stops

Tab stops may be set at any specific location within the column by punching the command $TSx,y,
where x,y,

,Z are the distances

,z(RET)

(in picas and points) from the left margin.

Example:
$T52,5.6(RET) would set two tab stops, one at 2 picas from the left margin,

the other at 5 picas 6 points

from the left margin.
A maximum of 18 tab stops may be set with this command.

The tab stops set up by this command will stay in

effect until another T-group command is punched, at which time the tab stops
tab stops will be set up.

will be wiped out and the new

2.4.2

Setting Equally—Spaced Tab Stops

Tab stops may be set up equally-spaced across the column
number from 1

by punching the command $TCx(RET) where x is a

19 indicating the number of sub-columns to be set

up within the column.

Examples:

sub—columns across the column. For example, if
stops would be set at 3.6, 7.0 and 10.6.

$TC4(RET) would set three tap stops, producing 4 equal
the column width had been defined as 14 picas, tab

$TC2(RET) would set one tab stop in the middle of the column.
$TC1(RET) would/set no tab stops.
A maximum of 19 sub—columns

may be set up by a $TC command.

The tab stops set up by this command will

stay in effect until another T—group command is punched, at which time the tab stops will be
new

wiped out and the

tab stops will be set up.

Remember that a change in column width will

not

change the positions of the tab stops. Therefore, if the

column width is changed, the tab stops set
up by the previous $TC command will no

longer define equal sub-

columns.

2.4.3

Setting Proportionately-Spaced Tab Stops

Tab stops may be set up

$TPx,y,

proportionately-spaced across the column by punching the command

,z(RET) where x,y,

,z are

numbers indicating the ratios of the sub-columns to each other.

Examples:
$TP1,1(RET) would set up two sub-columns (one tap stop) in the ratio 1:1 (equal sub-columns).
$TP2,1(RET) would set up two sub—columns in the ratio 2:1 (the first sub—column twice as wide as the
second one).

If the column width had been defined as 12 picas, the tab stop would be set at 8 picas.

$TP2,2,3,5(RET) would set three tab stops, producing four sub-columns in the ratio 2:2:3z5.

If the

column width had been defined as 12 picas, the tab stops would be set at 2.0, 4.0, 7.0.

The tab stops set up by this command will stay in effect until another T—group command is punched, at which
time the tab stops will be wiped out and the new tab stops will be set

up.

A change in column width will not change the positions of the tab stops.

Therefore, if the column width is

changed, the tab stops. set up by the previous $TP command will no longer define the proportionate sub—columns
which were intended.

2.4.4

Setting Tab Stops Determined by Text

A tab stop may be set at a point on the line determined by the position of the text.

punching the command $TT(RET).
encountered

This can be done by

This command sets a tab stop at that point on the line where the command is

Examples:
ABC$TT(RET)(QL) would set ABC flush left and set a tab stop immediately Following the C.
ABC$TT(RET)DEF(QL) would set ABCDEF flush left and set a tab stop
the position where D is).

immediately following

the C (at

$TT(RET)ABC(QR) will set ABC flush right and set a tab stop at the position where A is.
A $TT command can only be used in lines which are set by quad or tab keys.

The command cannot be used in a

line which is being automatically iustified by the PDP-8, because the possible expansion of inter—word spaces is
not taken into account.

The $TT command is the only T—group command which does not wipe out other tab stops already existing.

stop set up by a $TT command is added to the tab stops which already exist.

A tab

The tab stops set up by $TT

commands stay in effect until removed by another T—group command.

2.4.5

Removing Tab Stops

Tab stops may be removed at any time by punching the command $TR(RET).
move

all tab stops set up across the column.

2.5

OUTPUT FORMAT COMMANDS

This command will

Certain other features of the printed result may be specified by commands in the O-groUp.

include specifying ragged output, hyphenation,

letter—spacing, and others.

NOTE

When punching these commands, it is important that
the $ be followed by the letter 0, not the number
zero.

immediately re-

These features

'2.5.l

Ragged Formats
a.

Ragged left format can be specified by punching the command $OL(RET). This causes all following

lines of text to be set flush right, with minimum inter—word spacing and no letters—pacing.
The output will continue to be ragged left until the next time that a

iustified.
punched, at which time output will return to normal.
not

quad

Lines are

tab key is

Frequently, the user will find that
there is more than one we: to specify
a desired output. Often, t e choice is
one of personal taste. By efficient use
of the controls, however, amount of
time, re-punching, and paste- up involvedIn setting copy can be kept to a

minimum.

Ragged right format may be specified by punching the command $OR(RET). This causes all following

lines of text to be set flush left, with minimum inter—word spacing and no letter—spacing. Lines are
not iustified. The output will continue to be ragged right until the next time that a quad or tab key is

punched, at which time output will return to normal.
will find that
the
Frequently,
to
there
than one
user

Is more

way

specify

desired output. Often, the choiceIs
one of personal taste. By efficient use
of the controls, however, amount of
time, re-punching, and paste-up involved in setting copy can be kept to a
a

minimum.

Ragged center format can be specified by punching the command $OC(RET). This causes all
following lines of text to be centered, with minimum inter-word spacing and no letter-spacing. Lines
are not
justified. The output will continue to be ragged center until the next time that a quad or tab
key is punched, at which time output will return to normal.
c.

Frequently, the user will find that
there is more than one way to specify
a desired output. Often, the choice is
one of

personal taste. By efficient use
of the controls, however, amount of
time, re-punching, and paste-up involved in setting copy can be kept to a
minimum.

Ragged middle format can be specified by punching the command $OM(RET) or $OMx(RET) where x
Ragged middle format is staggered ragged center, producing copy in the following form:

is a number.

the user will find that
Frequently,
thereIs more than one
to
way

specify a desired output. Often,
the choiceIs one of personal taste.
By efficient use of the controls,
however, amount of time,
re-punching, and paste-up involved in setting copy can be kept
to a minimum.

In other words,

ragged middle is like ragged center, but the lines are not centered in the middle of the column;

the first line is centered a little to one side of the middle, the next line is centered to the other side of the

middle, and so on, back and forth.

2-14

If the command $OMx(RET) is used, the number x is the amount of stagger (in points); that is, the amount of

displacement from the center.

If no number x is used in the command, the amount of stagger specified in a

previous $OMx(RET) command will be used.

If there was no previous specification, the system's standard

value will be used.

After a $0M command, the output will continue to be ragged middle, until the next time that a quad or tab

key is punched, at which time output will return to normal.

2.5.2

Hyphenation

The command $OH(RET) or $OHX(RET) Where x is a number can be used to indicate that the text may be

hyphenated in order to produce justified copy.

If the number x is used, it is the word spacing (in relative

units) at which hyphenation should be attempted (i.e. the maximum amount of word spacing that may be used in
trying to justify a line before hyphenation is attempted).

If no number x is used in the command, the amount of

word spacing specified in a previous $OHx(RET) command will be used.

specification,

If there was no previous

the system's standard value will be used.
The command $ON(RET) is used to indicate that the text may not be hyphenated.

Hyphenation will not be

attempted again until a $OH command is punched.
The PDP-8 Photon 513-1560 System assumes that text is hyphenable unless otherwise designated.
the output text can be hyphenated,
or

Therefore, if

$OH command is not necessary, except to specify a word—spacing amount,

if a $ON command was previously used.

There is more to be considered about hyphenation.

step process.
list.

The manner in which the PDP—8 hyphenates words is a two-

Step 1 is to check through a special list of words to see if the word to be hyphenated is in the

If it is, the computer immediately knows how to hyphenate the word.

computer goes on to the second step.
second step can be a

If the word is not in the

list, the

Step 2 is to use a set of logical rules to hyphenate the word. This

lengthy process.

To save time, it may sometimes be desirable to omit this second step of the hyphenation process.

This can be

done by punching the command $OI(RET).

(when

necessary) using Step 1 only.

This command allows the computer to try to hyphenate

If a word cannot be hyphenated by Step

1, no further attempt is made to

hyphenate the word.
The $01 command will stay in effect until it is cancelled by punching the command $OU(RET).
command re-enables the use of the logical
assumes

hyphenation rules.

The $OU

The PDP-8 Photon 5134560 System always

that the logical hyphenation rules may be used, unless otherwise specified.

Therefore, it is never

necessary to punch a $OU command unless a $01 command has been previously punched.

2.5.3

Letter Spacing

The command $05(RET) or $05x(RET) or $05x,y(RET) (where x and y are numbers) can be used to indicate

that letter-spacing may be used in justifying the lines of text.

If the number x is used, it is the word spacing (in

relative units) at which letter-spacing should be attempted (i .e. , the maximum amount of word spacing that may
be used in trying to justify a line before letter spacing is used).
amount of inter-letter space

If the number y is used, it is the maximum

(in relative units) which can be used in trying to justify a line.

If either x or y

(or both) is not used in the command, the amounts of word spacing and letter spacing specified in a previous
$05 command will be used.

If there was no previous specification, the system's standard values will be used.

The command $0W(RET) is used to indicate that the text cannot be letter—spaced.

Letter spacing will not be

used again until a $05 command is punched.

The PDP—8 Photon 5l3—l560 System assumes that text may be letter—spaced unless otherwise designated.

Therefore, if the output text can be letter—spaced, a $05 command is not'necessary, except to specify a

word-spacing or letter-spacing amount, or if a $0W command was previously used.

2.5.4

Specifying Minimum Word Space

The minimum Word space that may be used in justifying a line can be specified by punching the command

$0Jx(RET) where x is the minimum word space -(in relative units).

If no $0J command is punched, the system's

standard value will be used.

2.5.5

Specifying No Flash

The command $0F(RET) is used to specify that no flash be given for the current line.

This will

cause

the

Photon 513-1560 carriage to move exactly as though it were setting the text, but none of the text will be
This command is useful when it is necessary to space out the carriage to a point determined by

photographed.

the position of the text but the text itself is not to be set until a later line.

(It may be necessary to space out

the carriage in order to set a tab stop at that point using the $TT (RET) command.) The $0F command remains
in effect until

quad or tab key is punched.

Example:
$CN(RET)ABC$TT(RET)$0F(RET)(QL)(TL)abc(TL)ABC(QL) would produce:
abc

ABC

In other words, the carriage spaces out to the point where ABC(QL) would end, and a tab stop is set
there. The (QL) key causes the $OF command to end, so the Following text is photographed. The rest
of the above example causes abc to be set at this new tab stop, and then ABC is set on the following
line.

If is important to note that when a quad key is encountered after a $OF command, the quad key will be treated
as a

normal end—of—line, and the film will be advanced according to the stored leading.

film advance,

If it is desired to have

$CN Command must be given for the line, or else the stored leading must be changed to

zero.

HOLD COMMANDS

2 .6

H—group commands differ somewhat in format from the commands belonging to the other command groups.

punching the commands, the $H is followed by a number (from 0 to 9), then followed by another letter.

These

commands are used to store text temporarily and then to bring the text back into the processing later on.

2.6.l

Saving Text

Up to 125 characters of text may be read from the input tape and saved for later use by punching the command
$HxSabc. .wyz(RET) where x is a number frOm 0 to 9 and abc.
.

.wyz is the text to be stored.

(Note that (RET)

is punched after the text to be stored.)

Example:
$H2$Hello!(RET) will have the following effect:
The text "Hello!

will be stored away for future use, and the PDP—8 will continue reading and process—
ing the input tape as though that text had never appeared; that is, no space will be reserved for it on

the current line being assembled.

Only text may be saved by this command; other commands or controls cannot be saved.

If any commands or

special keys are 'mixed in with the text to be stored, on error will occur and the entire $HxS command will be
ignored

It is possible to save ten different pieces of text by using $HxS commands with different numbers for x (from 0 to

9).

For example, after having used $H2$Hellol (RET) to save "Hello! ", we could also use $H3SGoodbye(RET) to

save

”Goodb Y e", without wi P ing out "Hello! ".

Once text has been stored away by a $HxS command, it remains in the system permanently, until another

$HxS command using the same number x is punched.
and replaced by the new text.

When this happens, the text previously stored is removed

In the example above,

wiped out and replaced by "Goodbye".

punching $H2$Goodbye(RET) would cause "Hello!

to be

2.6. 2

Recalling Text

Any text that Was saved by a $HxS command can be recalled at any time by punching the command $HxR(RET)
where x is the same number that was assigned to that text in the $Hx$ command when the text was stored.

Recalling the saved text causes the computer to treat the text just as though it had been punched on the input
tape at the place where the $HxR command is punched

Example:
Suppose the command $H2SHello! (RET) had previously been punched. Punching $H2R(RET)(QL) would
produce:
Hello!

Recalling saved text does not cause the text to be wiped out of the system. The same text may be recalled over
and over.

2 7
.

VISUAL COMMANDS

It is possible to have the computer punch out messages on the output tape which are readable to the human eye.

This can be done by using commands in the V—group.

This is particularly useful for punching out information at

the beginning of an output tape which will serve to identity the output tape.

2 .7.l

Punching Visuals

A message may be punched on the output tape by use of the command $VPabc.

the message to be punched.
but no other characters.

.xyz(RET) where abc.

.xyz is

The message may consist of any letters, numbers, the hyphen and the space bar,

The message must not contain more than 125 characters in all.

Example:
$VPMONDAY NOV 7(RET) would cause "MONDAY NOV 7" to be punched on the output tape as soon
the command is encountered on the input tape.

Note that in punching the command, the (RET) is punched after the message.

The message will not appear as

part of the printed output.
2.7.2

Punching Visual and Tag Lines

A message may be both punched on the output tape and photographed by use of the command $VTabc.

(RET) where abc.
,

.xyz is the message.

.xyz

The message may consist of any letters, numbers, the hyphen and the

space bar, but must not contain more than l25 characters in all.

2-l8

The message is photographed flush left, and then 72 points of leading is added.
identification purposes.

This creates a tag line for

However, the message will not be photographed unless type face, paint size, column

width, and leading have been specified.
Since the lines and the leading produced by this command are counted by the system, when this command is used
it must be punched before any hanging

2.8

indent, length fit or skew commands are punched.

DEFINING NEW COMMANDS

Since some commands are rather lengthy, it is convenient to have a shorter way of specifying those commands

which will be used frequently.

longer basic commands.
is cumbersome to punch

For example, suppose the command $LR6,6;,6;6,4(RET) is to be used frequently.

2 8.]
.

This

repeatedly, and it would be convenient to punch a shorter command, say $LX (RET), and

have it mean the same thing.
command

This is done by defining new commands to perform the same functions as the

This can be done if $LX (RET) is first defined to mean the same thing as the longer

Defining Commands

Each command group, except the H-group, has a defining command.

It is as follows:

First a $ is punched.

Next punch the letter specifying the command group to which the longer command belongs.

above, the letter is L.

Next punch a D

In the example

(meaning Define). Next, another letter which is not used as a second

letter in any other command belonging to that command group is punched (in the example above, X is not used
as

the second letter in any L—group command, so we may use X for the new command).

Finally, punch the rest

of the longer command beginning with the second letter, all the way through to the (RET).

What has been punched is:

$LDX$6,6;,6;6,4(RET) where L is the group to which the command belongs, D means

defining command, X is the new letter assigned to the command, R6,6;,6;6,4 is the command we are replacing
and (RET) means end of defining command.

From now on whenever the command $LR6,6;,6;6,4(RET) is needed,

the command $LX (RET) can be punched instead (X is the letter assigned to the new command in the defining

command), and the longer command will be executed. Thus, we now have a new command—a $LX command.
Further examples:

Suppose the command $TS3.0,6.6,9.6(RET) is needed frequently to set tab stops. Define a new command
by picking any letter not used as the second letter in any other T—group commands, say B. Punch the
defining command as follows: $TDBSB.O,6.6,9.6(RET) where
=

Mog—i

T-group
defining command
letter assigned to new command
letter of original command

2—l9

From now on,

punching the command $TB(RET) will cause tab stops to be set at 3 picas, 6 picas 6 points,

and 9 picas 6 points.

Suppose also the command $TS4.0,7.0(RET) is needed frequently. We can define a new command for
this using a different second letter, say F. Then the command $TDFS4.0,7.0(RET) will define the new
command $TF, and then punching $TF(RET) will cause tab stops to be set at 4 picas and 7 picas.
It is important that the letter assigned to the new command be one that is not used in any of the basic commands

described earlier in this handbook.

Otherwise, an error will occur and the new command will not be defined.

See Appendix II for a list of all basic commands in each command group.
one

In each group, any letter not used in

of the basic commands can be used to define a new command.

A defining command need be punched only once.

The new command defined by it then becomes a permanent

part of the system and stays in effect for each new input tape.

The defined command can be removed only by

defining a new command for that letter or by punching a deleting command. The defining commands can be
included as part of an input tape, or they can be punched on a separate tape and fed into the computer.

2. 8. 2

Deleting Commands

Each command group, except the H—group, has a deleting command to remove defined commands.
command is as follows:

The deleting

First a $ is punched, then the letter specifying the command group to which the com-

mand belongs is punched.

Next a 2 (meaning delete) is punched.

that is to be removed is pUnched.

Finally a (RET) is punched.

command $LX(RET) to equal the command $LR6,6;,6;6,4(RET).

Next theletter assigned to the command

In one of the examples above, we defined a

Suppose this command will no longer be needed.

The $LX command can be removed by punching $LZX (RET) where

From now on,

L—group

deleting command
command to be deleted

punching $LX(RET) will result in an error unless a new definition is given to $LX, because the

$LX command has been removed from the system.
/

None of the basic commands listed in Appendix II can be removed by a deleting command.
to delete one of the

If an attempt is made

basic commands an error will occur.

Deleting commands can be included as part of an input tape, or they may be punched on a separate tape and fed
into the computer

21—20

2.9

DUMMY COMMANDS

Each command group except the H-group contains a dummy command of the form $xY(RET) where x is the letter

specifying the command group to which the command belongs.
$IY(RET), the T—group dummy command is $TY(RET).
ignore the command.

For example, the I—group dummy command is

The meaning of this command is "do nothing", i.e. ,

The use of this command can best be understood by looking at an example:

Suppose some text is to be set, and we are not certain whether it will look better set ragged center or
justification. We could First set it ragged center by punching the command $OC(RET)
on the input tape before the text is punched, then
punching all the text, along with the necessary com—
mands and controls. If, after seeing the printed output, we decide that it would look better if the text
had been justified, the only way to reset the text would be to punch the entire tape again, leaving out
the $OC command.
set with automatic

But suppose instead thatwe define a new command, say $OA(RET), to be equivalent to $OC(RET) (the
defining command $ODAC(RET) can be punched on a separate tape and read into the PDP—8). Then we

punch the input tape in the normal way, except instead of punching $OC(RET), we punch $OA(RET).
The text will be set ragged center. Now, if we decide we don't want it set ragged center, we do not
have to re—punch the input tape.

We simply give a new definition to $OA(RET); namely, we define it

(The new defining command $ODAY(RET) can be punched on a separate
tape and read into the PDP-8.) This time, $OA(RET) will not mean ragged center. It will mean "noth—
ing"; in other words, the command $OA(RET) will be ignored, and the text will be set with normal iusto be the dummy command.

tification.

2. TO

SINGLE—K EY FUNCTIONS

As was mentioned earlier,

place in the text.

some

functions can be accomplished by punching a single key at the appropriate

These include such operations as punching a (QL) key at the end of a line which is to be set

flush left, or punching a (WL) key at the point in the text where leaders are to be inserted.

These single-key

functions are described below.

2.10.]

Use of Quad Keys

The keys, quad left (QL),
set up,

at the

quad right (QR), and quad center (QC) are all similar.

If no tab stops have been

punching one of these keys will cause all preceding text being assembled on the current line to be set
left, right, or center of the column.

In other words,

flush left, with minimum word spacing and no letter spacing.
set flush

punching (QL) will cause the current line to be set
Punching (QR) will cause the current line to be

right, with minimum word spacing and no letter spacing. Punching (QC) will cause the current line to

be centered, with minimum word spacing and no letter spacing.

All text following one of these quad keys will be set on the next line

immediately ends the line.

2-2]

——

punching one of these quad keys

perform their same functions, but only on the remainder of

If tab stops have been set up, these quad keys will

the column

(rather than the full column).

For example, if some text had already been set on the line by a tab

key, punching more text followed by a (QL) would set the second bit of text flush left at the tab stop, not at
If the second bit of text had been fOIIOWed by a

the left margin.

(QC), the text would have been centered in

the remainder of the column (from the tab stop to the right margin), not the full column.

Punching (QR) always

sets the text at the right margin.

Examples:
Assume that two tab stops have been set up.

ABC

Punching ABC(TL)DEF(QL)GH(QL) would produce:

DEF

Punching ABC(TL)DEF(QC)GH(QL) would produce:
DEF

ABC

where DEF is centered between the first tab stop and the end of the column.

Even if tab stops have been set up,

punching

one

of these quad keys will

immediately end the line.

It is possible to set text flush left and right, with all the blank space in the middle.

This is done by punching a

(QM) at the point in the text where the break is to occur, and a (QR) or (TR) at the end of the text which is to
be set flush right.

The text preceding the (QM) is set flush left, with minimum word spacing and no letter

spacing, but the line is not ended.

The carriage is advanced to the point in the text where the (QM) appears,

and processing continues with the text following the

(QM).

Example:
Punching ABC(QM)DE(QR) would produce:

IABC

DEI

Again, if tab stops have been setup, punching (QM) will cause the preceding text to be set flush left within the
current

sub-column.

(QM) is the only quad key which does not cause the current line to end.

2-22

Use of Tab Keys

2.10.2

After tab stops have been set up by a T—group command, the sub—columns may be treated as separate columns for
the purpose of justification or the setting of text left,
tion of the

right, or center within the sub-columns.

(TA) key, each time a tab key is punched, the specified operation is performed and the next bit of

processing is assumed to apply to the next sub—column (rather than to the next line).
may tab

With the excep-

Within a sub—column we

left, right, or center by punching (TL), (TR), or (TC) following the text to be set in that sub-column.

Any text following one of these tab keys will be set in the next sub—column, unless otherwise specified.
Examples:
Assume the column has been divided into three sub-columns.

Punching AB(TL)CDE(TL)FG (TL) would

produce:

IAB

[CDE

IFG

Punching AB(TL)CDE(TR)FGH(TC) would produce:

IAB

CDE

FGH

Punching AB(TL)(TL)CDE(TL) would produce:

IAB

CDE

Punching AB(TR)CDE(TL)FG(TR)HIJ(TL) would produce:

IHIJ

A51CDE

since after the last sub—column on the

line, output returns to the first sub—column of the next line.

In the last example, three sub—columns had been defined, and after three tab keys had been punched, the line
was

ended and processing continued on the next line.

the last sub—column.

This will always happen-when a tab key has set text in

However, as a precaution, it is much better to end the line with a quad key. That way,

if a tab key has been forgotten in the middle of the line,

begin with the text with which it is supposed to begin.

only one line will be wrong.

The next line will

In other words, the last example would have been

better if it had been punched as AB(TR)CDE(TL)FG(QR)HIJ(TL).
the same.

2-23

The output produced by this would have been

The situation may arise in which text to be set within a sub—column is wider than the sub-column.
result in one line being set improperly, aFter which output will return to the desired Form.

This will

For example,

suppose two lines oF text are to be set as Follows:

First line

second line

Assume, however, that the text intended For the First sub-column oF the First line is too wide For the sub—column.
The printed result will be as follows:

L______

First line

second line

The First line is printed improperly, requiring two lines to Furnish three sub—columns oF text, due to the overlap
oF the First sub—column.

However, the second line (and all lines Following) will be printed as intended.

Punching a (TA) causes preceding text to be centered on the next tab stop (not counting the leFt and right
margins as tab stops).

That is,

text is

centered on the tab stop which is to the right oF the sub-column.

Example:
ABC(TL)DEF(TA)(QL) would produce:

IABC

D¢F

There is an important diFFerence between (TA) and the other tab keys.

AFter the text preceding the (TA) key is

set, the carriage advances only to the last character oF the text, not to the next sub—column.

Examples:
IF two tab stops were set up,

Alc

punching ABC(TA)DE(TR)F(QR) would produce:

2—24

Punching ABC(TL)DEF(TA)(QL)GH(TR)(QL) would produce:

ABC

D F

If the first (QL) key had been omitted, GH would have been printed on the first line, instead of the

second line.

All text set by tab keys will be set with minimum word spacing and no letter spacing, unless the text overflows
the right margin.

In that case, the System will break the text and

iustify that part of the text remaining on the

line, while printing the rest of the text in the first sub—column of the next line.

2. l0.3

Inserting Leaders

Leader dots may be inserted by punching a

(WL), the ”with leaders" key, followed by a quad or tab key. This

will result in the text being set with minimum word spacing according to the specification of the quad or tab

key, and the remaining space on the line or sub—column being filled with leader dots.
Example:
ABC (WL)(QC) would produce:

I...ABC...I
Any character other than dots can be used to fill the remaining space in a column or sub-column by punching
(WX), followed by the character, followed by a quad or tab key.

Example:
ABC(WX)*(TL)45(TL) would produce:

IABC*****9145

The leader dots (or other character) will be set in the same type face and point size as the text which precedes

the (WL) or (WX) key.

If the leader character is to be set in a different style or size, the necessary C—group

command must be punched before the (WL) or (WX).

2-25

Examples:
$CC1,12(RET)ABC(QM)(WL)DEF(QR) would produce:
ABC

......

DEF

all in the same style and size.

$CC1,12(RET)ABC(QM)$CC2,14(RET)(WL)DEF(QR) would produce the same output, except that while
ABC would be 12 point in type face 1, the leader dots and the DEF would be 14 point in type Face 2.

$CC1,12(RET)ABC(QM)$CC2,14(RET)(WL)$CC3,12(RET)DEF(QR) would produce the same output, except
that ABC would be 12 point in type face 1, the leader dots would be 14 point in type face 2, and DEF
would be 12 point in type face 3.
When leadering with a character other than dots,

nothing can be punched between the (WX) and the character

except a shift or unshift, if necessary.

2.10.4

Use of Justify Key

Punching the iustify key, (J), causes the preceding text being assembled on the current line to be set as a

iustified line.
In other words, if no tab stops have been set up, all text between the end of the previous line and the

(J) will

be spread out across the column; the extra space will be used up as word spaces (and letter spaces, if necessary).

Any text following the (J) will be set on the next line.

The (J) is only effective for the line on which it is

punched; it has no effect on the Following lines.
If tab stops have been set up,

punching a (J) will cause all text between the last tab key (or end of the previous

line) and the (J) to be spread out across the current sub—column. Any text following the (J) will be set in the
next sub-column

(rather than the next line). The (J) is only effective for the sub-column in which it occurs;

it has no] effect on the following sub-columns.

2.10.5

Use of Delete Key

If the perforator operator makes a mistake and realizes it right away, the mistake can be corrected by punching
a

(DEL).

If the mistake occurs in the midst of text,

punching a (D EL) will remove everything back to either

the last word space, the last quad key, the last tab key, the last (J),

things is found first).

2—26

the last hyphen

(whichever of these

Examples:
SALE(QL)One day oml (DEL)only(QL) would be printed as:
SALE
One day only

In other words,

everything back to the last word space was removed (the word space was found before the

quad key).
STORE—WED (DEL)WIDE SALE(QL) would be printed as:

STORE—WIDE SALE

Everything was removed back to the hyphen.
If a (DEL) is punched in the middle of a command, the whole command is removed.

2.10.6

Use of Return Key

All of the commands described earlier in this chapter must be ended by punching a (RET).

It' (RET) is punched at

any other time, it will be ignored.

(RET) is never used to mean end of line.

2.10.7

Use of Space Bar

The space bar is used to indicate a word space.
result in only one word space being inserted,

Striking the space bar two or more times in succession will

not two or more.

2—27

CHAPTER 3
SYST EM FO RMATS

3.1

DEFINING AND USING FORMATS

A great deal of the time spent in setting advertising copy is

same

Format or

An example of this would be a supermarket's daily ads, which always have the

appearance, but different text.
same

wasted in setting ads which have the

format, but which advertise different products each day.

The PDP—8 Photon 513—l560 System includes a

feature which greatly reduces the amount of work involved in setting these ads.

This feature is the ability to

define and use formats.

The preceding chapter described how to define a new command to replace a longer command.
to
a

It is also possible

replace a whole string, or several strings, of commands and single-key functions by a shorter command called
format.

(By a string of commands, we mean a series of commands punched one after the other.)

For example,

suppose the string of commands $CC2, 12, I I(RET)$TS3.0,6.5(RET)$ON(RET) were needed to set up a frequently
used format.

A format could be defined to be equivalent to all of these commands at once.

To define a format, first $F is punched.

Next, a number from O to 299 is punched.

assigned to the format being defined.) Then a D (for define) is punched.
and single-key functions is punched.

the definition.

(This will be the number

Next, the entire string of commands

Finally, (CALL)(CALL) is punched; two (CALL)'s to indicate the end of

In the example above, the format could be defined by punching $FIOD$CC2, IZ,II(RET)$TS3.0,

6. 5(RET)$ON(RET)(CALL)(CALL) where

format

the number assigned to the format replacing the given string of commands
define

The rest is the string of commands as they would be punched if they were being used normally (note that no $'s
or

(RET)'s can be omitted). Finally, (CALL)(CALL) indicates the end of the format definition.

Format definitions can be punched as part of an input tape, or they can be punched on a separate tape and fed
into the PDP-8.

3—]~

After a format has been defined, the way to use it is as follows:

Once during each input tape, the format must

This is done by punching $F, then the number assigned to the format, then C, then a (RET).

be made ready.

In the example above, the format would be made ready by punching

$FIOC(RET).

However, using this command

does not cause the string of functions to be executed; it only makes the functions ready to be executed.

for the functions to be executed,
functions will be executed.
or

made ready

In order

(CALL) must be punched. Each time (CALL) is punched, the entire string of

The string of functions will remain in a ready state until another format is defined

Several strings of functions can be specified with one format.
from each other by a

In defining such a format, the strings are separated

(CALL), and (CALL)(CALL) is punched at the end of the last string.

To use a format

specifying several strings, again it must first be made ready (by punching $FxC(RET) where x is the number of the
format). After it has been made ready, each time (CALL) is punched, one string of functions will be executed.
the first time (CALL) is punched, the first string of functions will be executed; the next time (CALL) is punched,
the second string will be executed; and so on until the last string.

Then if (CALL) is punched again, the first

string will again be executed.
NOTE

A format may not contain more than I25 characters.

Once a format has been defined, it becomes a permanent part of the system; it need not be re-defined for each
new

input tape. The format will remain in the System until it is removed either by defining a new format with

the same number,

by punching a format-deleting command.

To punch a format-deleting command, first $F is

punched, then the number of the format to be deleted, then a Z, then (RET).
was

defined.

Punching $F3Z(RET) would remove that format from the system.

In the example above, format 3

Once a format has been deleted,

trying to make that format ”ready" will result in an error.
There is one restriction on deleting and re—defining formats.
or

re-defined.

Formats numbered from 50 to 299 cannot be deleted

This is a safety feature of the PDP-8 Photon 513/560 System; it prevents the accidental removal

of those formats which should remain in the system permanently.

deleted or re-defined at will

3—2

The formats numbered from 0 to 49 can be

CHAPTER 4
DISPLAY AD MARK-UP AND FORMATTING

MARK —U P

Straight mark-up should be understood before formatting is attempted. Leading often causes problems in measure—
ment of copy because the

manner

in which it is measured differs

(base-line to base-line)

Try to mark-up and set

the following ad, without the help of the commands marked on the ad before going on to formatting

The mark-up and formats on the following pages were written for a PHOTON 560 equipped with a single disk con-

taining 16 type faces

MARK-UP

LEADING
'

$cc

16,24,10,24®

$cl

18®

‘

$cc 13,12

SHOES FOR.
SUMMER.

$cc 16, 60, II. 3, 28

$ca25

$ir®$cc

l0,l0®

18 points

Only®

12 points

3 96a

25 points

$icl.3

®
All

4,8,

24points

Our Reg. 495 to 595
4 Days

’

brand

styles and

new

vinals. in

shades

that

are

leading

12 points

2—1

M00 ‘5

3 H U)

54 points

17 point drop

‘-

super.

Sabots. and T-strapsl 5-9.

NOTE: If another ad is to be set following the above ad, be sure to allow enough white space for cutting in by inserting a $ca command here. This will allow 10 points unless more is specified.

HELPFUL HINTS:
l
Stored leading (film advance) is normally set after the current line. is flashed unless leading is added with the
$ca command Added leading is immediately set at the point that the $ca command is used in the current line
.

Large type (60 and 72 point) has a vertical and horizontal deviation from other type sizes. This ad was set
with allowances made for a I7 point vertical and 15 point horizontal.

3
The commands circled above represent a single key on a keyboard This practice helps to avoid confusion for
perforators. Interpretation of these commands can be found in Appendix A.
.

4-1

FORMATTING FREQUENTLY USED ADS
Ads that are to be rerun should be formatted and catalogued for future reference by the user.

Drawing a block

diagram of the ad layout enables the mark-up personnel to remember the ad and communicates to the perforators
the order in which the ad is to be typed.

DEPARTMENT STORE AD

One line of l8-point type can be set if the

(quad-center) is omitted when using the format. The $tc2

(tab compute) command divides any column width, specified by the user, into two columns. The
commands center the 8-point and 48-point text in the columns.

center) and

Format Defined:

Format Used:

$f2d

$cw16

$cc3, l8, ,24

$f2c

$cc,©8, lO

$ca2

69.

$tc2

Stainless-Faced

Combination Windows

® $ca8® $cc,48, ,24®

Regular

$tr

$24 95
.

@
$ca36

21 66
.

.etc.

(tab

S tainless-Faced
Combination Windows

22%;:

Requires little or‘ no upkeep. Choose
the finish that suits the needs of your
home!

18pt.

18 pt.

8pti:::|
8m. [:1

[
I

I©2

48 pt.

12 pt

__
_

TEXT

l::::l© 6
‘

HELPFUL HINTS:
l
It is useful, in most cases, to omit column width when defining a format
format changes that format to any column width desired.
.

Typing $cwl6

before calling the

format, two ©‘s punched together usually mean that the format has been restarted. However, page 4—5 illustrates
example of two © '5 together indicating that text has been left out.

The $ca36

® command increases the leading to 48 points between the end of the first ad and the beginning of the

second ad to prevent oversetting

AN AUTOMOBILE AD

Automobile ads oFten consist oF a Few lines or a block oF iustiFied text with the last. line leadered out to a price

An extremely versatile Format For this type oF ad is explained below.

195mm]
C

ble‘

‘th wh't

4721.“:
"

1588

___..___J

i——8‘-TEXT -——.

1967 CHEVY
New interior with bucket seats, plus v8 engine,
radio and heater, plus new tires
...................

Format Used:

$F3d

$cwl6

$F3c

$lC,3.6

1966 Ford

@ $cn ®

Convertible with white wall
tires, radio, heater, all the
extras, plus low mileage

$cc8,24,, l4,18

24m

$1 7 7 5

Format DeFined:

$cc8, l4, ,8

$ir®

$l588

T967 Chevy

(Etc .)
HELPFUL HINTS:

The 8-point text is right-iustiFied to a column indent oF 3.6 picas to make this Format adaptable to any
change in column measure.
l

The

$cn® (cancel lead) command prevents the PHOTON 5l3 and 560 From leading aFter the last line oF

8-point text is set. The quad right command removes this condition For the succeeding line; the indent is removed,
and the 24-point is set Flush-right and base aligned with the 8-point.
3.

To present a better appearance and allow more room For text, the 24-point price is "kerned” by changing its

set size From 20.5 to

T8.

The leading between ads is specified in the command $cc8,24, l4,

base line oF the 8-point text to the base line oF the

l4-point text in
4-4

l8®.
the

This ad is set M points From the

succeeding ad

GROCERY ADS

The following two grocery store ads are set using a single format as explained below

Texas Ruby Red

GRAPEFRUIT

..................

bag

37¢

New Texas, Yellow Globe

..............

]

14 pt.

12 pt.

3|bs.19¢

30 pt

12 pt.

0.0 usage;

pt.

[173;]

30 pt.

14 pt.

48 pt.

Formal" Defined:

$cw27

$f4d

$f4c

$cc6,l4,,30®
©

ccl6.30
I

$ccl4,l2

$CC6, l4

@$ccl6,48®

@
$ccl6,48,,30

Texas Ruby Red

37¢

Lbs

(elc .)

HELPFUL HINTS:
l
In this first ad, the first 48-point number is missing, but the ad can be set with the prepared format with two
48-point numbers. This is accomplished by typing the format as marked for two 48—point numbers and omitting
text at the place where the 48-point number occurred
.

The leading between the ads is specified in the $ccl6,48,,30

® command

The format is set for 30 points

between ads, measured from the base line of GRAPEFRUIT; to the base line of New

Texas, Yellow Globe.

GROCERY AD SET ON A PHOTON 560 WITH REVERSE LEADING

(adaptable to a PHOTON 5T3)

OOOOOOOO?.5.OOO

HELPFUL HINTS:
l.

More than l28 characters are required to define this format.

Consequently, an illegal format message results
The number of characters is reduced by defining these $cc
The commands $ce, $cf, and $cg, which replace the $cc6, l2,, l4
,

if the definition is prepared with all the characters.

commands prior to defining the format.

the $ccl4,36,,24
2.

and the $cc6,lO,3l .3, l2

commands, reSpectively, require 30 less characters.

The 36-point and 54-point text are saved in hold registers and used after the tab stops are established.

The position of the l0-point text on the second and third lines is determinedby tab stops. These tab‘stops
established by Specifying no-flash, no-leading, tab text and retrieving the 36-point and 60-point text from
the hold registers for counting. This locates the midpoint for the 10-point text.
3.

are

4. Flashing and leading are restored by the (QR) command and the
c0mmand.
tab center. The tab stops are removed by the $tr

lO-point text on lines two and three is set

5.
set

The 36-point text is retrieved from the hold register again and set quad middle. Point size is changed to
leaders in l4-point type. Base alignment is obtained by the use of reverse leading
The 60-point text is

also retrieved from the hold register again and set quad right.

Defined Commands:

Formaf Used:

$cdec6,]2,,]4

$cw30

$cdfc14,36,,24

$f5c

$cdgc6,10,31.3,12

Formof Defined:

GERMAN CHOCOLATE

$f5d
$ce

n )> 7‘

@
.

$hOs

69¢

® $hls

$fl'

$h|r

$H®.

®. $cg ®®

@ “@

Perfect

® $cc16,36,,6 ®. $fr ®

CR). $cp14®@ $cc,60,,39 ®
$h1r
$ca¥17
®
CR).

$h0r

@
Desserf

BORDEN OR DIXIE

A '-1-| 0 V
.

TAG LINES

Tag lines are very helpful in the identification of output tapes; unless these tapes are processed immediately
after preparation, the tag line format should be used to insert identification.

The following format definition reproduces the tag line in visual form at the beginning of the output tape

The output tape sets, on film, a l2-point tag line on a 42 pica measure, followed by 72 points of leading.

leading prevents oversetting in the first ad

The

ooooooooooooo
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Tag Line Reproduced on Paper Tape

Format Defined:

Format Used:

$f50d
$cc

$f50c®

1,12,42,12®

$vt

dept store ad friday,
4
iune evening edition

sears

If more than

72 pt is desired put in
a

$ca here.

sears dept store ad friday june 4 evening edition

T
72 points

start of ad.
Tag Line Reproduced on Film

4-8

_l_

APPENDIX A

Abbreviations for Special Keyboard Keys

(QL)

Quad Left

(QR)

Quad Right

(QC)

Quad Center

(QM)

Quad Middle

(TL)

Tab Left

(TR)

Tab Right

(TC)

Tab Center

(TA)

Tab Around

(WL)

With Leaders

(WX)

Leadering with other
characters

(J)

Justify

(DEL)

Delete

(CALL),(C), or C

Call

(RET),(R), or R

Carriage Return

APPENDIX B

Command Groups

Page
A.

C—Group (Change Group)

$CAX(RET)

Add Leading
x

$CCv,w,x,y,z(RET)

$CDx(command)(RET)

amount of

leading in points

Change Combined
v

type face
point size
column width

leading
set size

Change Command Define
x

$CLx(RET)

letter assigned to new command

Change Stored Leading
x

amount of

leading in points

$CN(RET)

No Leading

$CPx,y(RET)

Change Point Size and Set Size
x

point size
set size

’

$CTx(RET)

$CWx(RET)

type face

Change Column Width
x

10.

Change Type Face

column width in picas and points

$CY(RET)

Change Command Dummy

$CZx(RET)

Change Command Delete

3-]

letter assigned to command
being deleted

APPENDIX B (Cont)

Command Groups

Page
H-G roup (Hold Group)

$HxR(RET)

Recall Text
x

$HxS(text)(RET)

number assigned to text

Save Text
x

number assigned to text

I-Group (Indent Group)
,

$ICx, y(RET)

$IDx(command)(RET)

Column Indent
x

$1Hw,x,y,z(RET)

left indent in picas and points

right indent in picas and points

Indent Command Define
x

letter assigned to new command

Hanging Indent
=

left indent in picas and points

right indent in picas and points
number of lines to wait before

indenting
number of lines to indent

$IR(RET)

Remove Column Indents

$IS (RET)

Stop Hanging Indents

$IY(RET)

Indent Command Dummy

$IZx(RET)

Indent Command Delete

letter assigned to command being
deleted

B—2

APPEN DIX B (Cont)

Command Groups

Page
L—Group (Length Fit Group)

$LDx(command)(RET)

Length Fit Command Define
x

$LLx,y(RET)

$LRx,y(RET)

letter assigned to new command

Left Length Fit
x

amount of indent in

picas and points

‘vertical length in picas and points to
which indent applies

Right Length Fit
x

amount of indent in

picas and points

vertical length in picas and points to
which indent applies

$LS(RET)

Stop Length Fit Indents

$LY(RET)

Length Fit Command Dummy

$LZx(RET)

Length Fit Command Delete

letter assigned to command being
deleted

O—Group (Output Format Group)
$OC(RET)

Ragged Center Format

$O Dx (command)(RET)

Output Command Define

letter assigned to new command

$OF(RET)

Omit Flash

$0 Hx(RET)

Output Hyphenable

word spacing at which hyphenation

should be attempted

$01 (RET)

Inhibit Logical Hyphenation Rules

APPENDIX B (Cont)

Command Groups

Page
‘

$OJx(RET)

Minimum Justifying Space
x

minimum word space

(in relative units)

$OL(RET)

Ragged Let't Format

$OMx(RET)

Ragged Middle Format

amount of stagger

(in points)

$ON(RET)

Output Non-Hyphenable

10.

$OR(RET)

Ragged Right Format

ll.

$OSx,y(RET)

Use Letter Spacing

word spacing at which letter-

spacing should be attempted
y

maximum
can

letter—spacing which

be used

12.

$OU(RET)

Enable Logical

l3.

$OW(RET)

Inhibit Letter Spacing

l4.

$OY(RET)

Output Command Dummy

$OZx(RET)

Output Command Delete

Hyphenation Rules

letter assigned to command
being deleted

S-G roup (Skew Group)

$SDx(command)(RET)

Skew Command Define
x

$SLx,y(RET)

letter assigned to new command
l6

Skew Left
x

horizontal

length of triangle in

picas and points
y

vertical length of triangle in

picas and points

3-4

APPENDIX B (Cont)

Command Groups

Page
Skew Right

$SRx,y(RET)

horizontal length of triangle in

picas and points
y

vertical length of triangle in

picas and points
'

$SS(RET)
$SY(RET)
$SZx(RET)

Stop Skews

Skew Command Dummy

Skew Command Delete

letter assigned to command

being deleted
T—Group (Tabular Group)

$TCx(RET)

Compute Equal Tab Stops
x

$TDx(command)(RET)

$TPx,y,

z(RET)

number of sub-columns

Tab Command Define
x

letter assigned to new command

Tab Proportionate
x,y,

proportions into which
column is divided

$TR(RET)

$TSx,y,

,Z(RET)

Remove Tab Stops

Tab Set

x,y,

distances from left

margin (in piicas and

points) at which tab
stops are set

$TT(RET)

Tab Text

$TY(RET)

Tab Command Dummy

APPEN DIX B (Cont)

Command Groups

Page

$TZx(RET)

Tab Command Delete
x

letter assigned to command

being deleted

V-Group (Visual Group)
$VDx (command)(RET)

Visual Command Define
x

letter assigned to new command

$VP(message)(R ET)

Visual Punch

$VT (message) (R ET)

Visual and Tag Line

$VY(R ET)

Visual Command Dummy

$VZx(RET)

Visual Command Delete

letter assigned to command

being deleted

3-6

APPENDIX C

Errors

The PDP—8 Photon 5I3—I56O System is dependent upon the accuracy of the mark—up man and the perforator

operator for successful operation.
not detected

by the system.

The system can only do exactly what it is told to do; errors in the text are

The text will be printed exactly as it is punched.

Many other errors, however, are detected by the system.
the output tape, readable to the human eye,
are

Whenever an error is found, a message is punched on

describing the error.

These messages are punched as the errors

encountered, so they may appear anywhere in the output tape (not just at the beginning or end of the tape).

Most of the messages are self-explanatory.

It was noted in Section 2.1 that type face,

beginning of each input tape.

point size, column width, and leading must be specified at the

If any of these parameters are omitted, the appropriate message will be punched,

and none of the input will be processed.

The message will tell which parameters were omitted; for example,

the message might be COLUMN WIDTH IS UNDEFINED,
UNDEFINED.

As a precaution,

some

it might be LEADING AND POINT SIZE ARE

tape—feed should always be punched at the beginning of an input tape so

that any missing parameters can be added without re-punching the whole tape.

Many errors occur because of incorrect use of commands.
are

The computer will understand commands only if they

punched in the exact form given in this manual. Any extra punctuation, missing punctuation, etc., will
The message punched will usually identify which group the incorrect command belongs to and

cause an error.

what is wrong with the command.

The message REDEFINITION ERROR means that a new command was defined

using a letter belonging to one of the basic commands in that group.

(The new command will not be defined.)

The message ILLEGAL DELETION means that a deleting command was used to delete one of the basic commands
in that group.

(The basic command will not be deleted.) The message UNDEFINED OR ILLEGAL COMMAND

means that either a command which does not exist was called for or there was an error in the format of the
command (wrong punctuation,

missing numbers, etc.). The message EXCESSIVE RECURSION means that a newly-

defined command was defined in terms of another newly—defined command, which in turn had been defined in
terms of a

newly—defined command, and so on; and the chain of definitions is too long (more than seven).

There are no input errors which cause the computer to stop.

If the computer stops without punching a message,

it is due to a malfunction of the equipment.

When an error occurs in a command, the computer punches the appropriate message, ignores the whole command,
and keeps going.

The printed output, of course, will not have the desired form, but it may only be necessary

to re—process small

parts of the text.

As a precaution, some tape-feed should be punched before and after

APP EN DIX C (Cont)

all commands so that they may be corrected if necessary without re-punching the entire tape.
One of the most troublesome errors is the omitting of a
not

(RET) at the end of a command. When this happens,

only is the command ignored, but the next command or some of the following text may also be lost.

Another pitfall is the use of the $.

If a $ is to be printed as part of the text, two $'s must be punched.

If the

computer encounters a single $, it assumes the $ is the beginning of a command and will process only whatever
follows as a command.

Much time and re-processing can be saved on key-punch mistakes if the perforator operator notices the error
soon

enough.

Errors in both text and commands can be corrected by use of the delete key (see Section 2.10.5).

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printed in USA.

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