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DEC-08-ESAB-D

December 1970

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Document:	EDITOR Man
Order Number:	DEC-08-ESAB-D
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Pages:	38
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PDP-8

SYMBOLIC

EDITOR

PROGRAMMER’S REFERENCE

MANUAL

For addifional copies, order No. DEC-08-ESAB-D From Program

Digital Equipmenf Corporation, Maynard, Mass.

DIGITAL

EQUIPMENT

CORPORATION

Library,

Price: $2.00

MAYNARD, MASSACHUSETTS

1st Printing May 1966
2nd

Printing March 1967

3rd Printing

(Rev) June 1967

4th Printing (Rev) November 1967
5th Printing February 1968

6th Printing July 1968
7th Printing January 1969
8th Printing August 1969
9th Printing March 1970

Your attention is invited to the last two pages of this

manual.

The Reader's Comments page, when Filled in
to both you and DEC. All

and returned, is beneficial

comments received are considered when documenting

subsequent manuals, and when assistance is required,
a knowledgeable DEC representative will contact you.
The Software Information page offers you a means oF

keeping up-to—date with DEC's software.

The material in this manual is for informa—

tion purposes and is subject to change without notice.

The Following are trademarks of Digital EquipMaynard, Massachusetts:

ment Corporation,

DEC

PDP

FLIP CHIP

FOCAL

DIGITAL

COMPUTER LAB

CONTENTS

SECTION 1
OPERATING FEATURES

Modes of Operation

Transition Between Modes

Command Structure

Special Characters and Functions
_|

Carriage Return (Anonprinting)

Maw—9:)- Emsa (CT/ZL/U

nmfr‘in'fingi

Rubout (\)

~ooxib~m4>wm

._.-.—I._a_n (JON—'0

Form Feed (CTRL/FORM nonprinting)
Period

(

)

Slash (/)
Line Feed

N nonprinting)

ALT Mode (ALT nonprinting)
Left Angle Bracket (>)

Equal Sign ( 2)
Colon ( : )
Blank Tape and Leader/Trailer
Tabulation

(—DI nonprinting)

Switch Register-Options

SECTION 2
COMMAND REPERTOIRE

Input Commands

NNN (AJNN

Output Commands
List Commands

Punch Commands

Editing Commands

...

Ill

CONTENTS (cont.)

SECTION 3
OPERATING PROCEDURE

3.1

Loading Sequence

3—1

3.1.1

Loading the Binary Loader

3—1

3.1.2

Loading the Symbolic Editor with the Binary Loader

3—2

3.1.3

Loading a Symbolic Tape Using the Editor

3—2

3.2

Editing a Symbolic Tape

3—2

3.2.]

Error Messages

3—3

3.3

Punching the Corrected Symbolic Tape

3—3

3.4

Example of Use

3-4

APPENDIX A

SUMMARY OF SYMBOLIC EDITOR OPERATIONS

Special Key Functions

Al-l

Switch Options

Al—2

Command Summary

AI-2

References

Al—3

ILLUSTRATIONS

3—]

Program Listing of Addition Routine

3-4

INTRODUCTION

The PDP—8

Symbolic Editor allows the user to prepare and edit symbolic tapes on-line in

ASCII code with the Teletype and/or high-speed reader/punch.
program tapes using the Teletype oft—line is thereby avoided.
can

The tedious task of correcting symbolic

Proper use of the PDP—8 Symbolic Editor

substantially ease the labor and reduce the number of passes necessary to correct symbolic program

tapes.
The Editor reads a page,

section, of symbolic tape into a butter in core storage, where it

is available for examination and correction.

The page butter occupies all of core not taken up by the

Editor itself and has a capacity of approximately

500010 characters. When the Editor has finished

reading a page into the buffer, a bell rings to signal the user that he may begin editing. The user may
then call for a listing of individual
rections.

(numbered) lines, in any order, and insert desired changes and cor—

In addition, text may be added to the buffer,

inserted between specified lines.

of lines or individual lines may be moved or deleted by a single command,
erased if desired.

Groups

the entire page may be

Upon command, the Editor will then either list or punch out the corrected lines or

page on paper tape.

The Editor can also be used to generate a new symbolic tape by typing new text

directly on the console keyboard.

SECTION I
OPERATING FEATURES

By convention, paper tape information is organized into lines, in variable sized blocks,
called pages.

Pages are separated on paper tape by ASCII form feed codes, and lines are separated by

carriage return/line feed pairs.
or

A page of text may contain about 60 lines of heavily commented text,

approximately 500010 characters; it can hold about 340 lines without comments or formatting.

line of text includes the terminating carriage return/line feed combination.
are

implicitly numbered in decimal notation starting with I.

This

Each

All lines in the text buffer

implicit enumeration is continually

updated by the Editor to take account of line insertions, moves and deletions.

For editing and

listing

purposes, each line is referred to by its current implicit decimal number on the page.

Since the form feed code is not stored in core memory, there are no page divisions in the
text

buffer; the entire contents of the buffer are treated as a single page.

contents of the text

1.]

The user may output the

buffer as several pages, however.

MODES OF OPERATION
To distinguish between editing commands and the actual text to be entered in the buffer, the

Editor operates either in command mode or text mode.

In command mode all

will be interpreted as commands to the Editor to perform some operation,

perform some operation, on the text stored in the buffer.
as

text to

I .I .1

In text mode, all

input typed on the Teletype

to allow

the operator to

typed input is interpreted

replace, be inserted into, or to be appended to the contents of the text buffer.
Transition Between Modes
After being loaded into core memory the Editor is in command mode; that is, the program is

waiting for a command.

The user types the desired command code and terminates it by striking the

carriage return (RETURN) key. This nonprinting character (hereafter represented by A ) tells the Editor
to carry out

the command.

The Editor then enters text mode and responds with a line feed character

(represented by l) as soon as it has processed the command and begun the operation.
With the Editor in text mode, the user types the desired corrections or insertions to his text.
To terminate the text he enters a form feed

command mode.

I .2

(CTRL/FORM combination) to tell the Editor to return to

The Editor answers by ringing a bell to indicate the transition back to command mode.

COMMAND STRUCTURE
A command directs the Editor to perform a desired operation.

single letter, preceded by zero, one, two or three arguments.

I-I

Each command consists of a

The command letter tells the Editor

what to do; the arguments usually specify which numbered line or lines of text are affected.

arguments consist of special characters, see section 1 .3).
the

(Some

Commands to the Editor must take one of

following forms, where E represents any command letter and the symbol) represents the nonprinting

character for carriage return

(RETURN key).
Command Format

Type of Command

i
nE i

Perform operation E

No Argument

One Argument

Meaning

Perform operation E on the referenced
line

m,nE ;

Two Arguments

Perform operation E on lines m through
n,

m,n$iE ;

Three Arguments

inclusive.

Used by MOVE command only.

The arguments m and n, which refer to numbered lines in memory, must be positive and
2
must

be greater than

Two arguments must be separated by a comma, but no comma is allowed between the argu-

ment(s) and the command.

Note also that in order to be executed a command must be followed by a

carriage return (A).
SPECIAL CHARACTERS AND FUNCTIONS

1.3

A number of keys have special operating functions.
are

These keys and their associated functions

The nonprinting characters are noted; the symbols for these are shown in parentheses.

listed below.

All other echo the character in parentheses.

Carriage Return (finonprinting)

l.3.l

In both command and text modes,
to process the information

just typed.

which needs no CR).

entered in the text buffer.

l.3.2

In command mode, it allows the Editor to execute the command

A command will not be executed until it is terminated by striking the RETURN

the exception of

return

striking the carriage return key (RETURN) signals the Editor

key (with

In text mode, it causes the line of text which it follows to be

A typed line is not actually part of the buffer until terminated by a carriage

Back Arrow (

4--

The back arrow (
used in text mode,

<—

)

<—

) is used for error recoveries in both command and text modes.

When

cancels everything to the left of itself back to the beginning of the line.

The user then continues typing on the same line.

When used in command mode,

4-—

cancels the

entire command and the Editor issues a "?" and a carriage return/line teed
not

(CR/LE).

Back arrow can-

cancel past a CRl/LF in either command or text mode.
A

4——

THIS

<—*

(CR/LF)
"HERE IS A TEXT MODE EXAMPLE”

(CR/LE)

only the part in quotes is entered in the butter
Rubout (\)

i.3.3

Rubout (\) is also used in error recovery in both command and text modes with one exception.
When

executing a READ command from either the paper tape or Teletype reader, rubouts are ignored

completely and do not go into the butter.
It is necessary for the READ command to disable the rubout function since all tab characters
on

not

paper tape are, For timing purposes, followed by rubouts which would destroy the tabs.

stored in the text butter but are inserted

Rubouts are

by the Editor Following all tab characters on the output

tape.
At any other time in text made

(specifically it text mode was entered via the APPEND,

CHANGE, INSERT or SEARCH command) typing rubout echoes a back slash (\ ) and deletes the last

typed character. Repeated rubouts delete from right to left up to, but not including the CR/LF combination, separating the current line from the previous one.

Example:
THE QUUICK\\\\ ICK BROWN FOX

(CR/LF) will be entered in the buffer as

THE QUICK BROWN FOX
When used in command mode, rubout is equivalent to back arrow and cancels the entire
command.

The Editor then issues a "’?" and a CR/LF combination.

1 .3.4

Form Feed (CTRL/FORM nonprinting)
Form teed signals the Editor to return to command mode.

by depressing and holding the CTRL key and hitting the FORM key.

A form teed character is generated

This combination is typed while

in text mode to indicate that the desired text has been entered and the Editor should now return to

command mode.

The Editor rings a bell in response to a CTRL/FORM to indicate the transition back

to command mode.

sound.

It the Editor is already in command mode when CTRL/FORM is typed,

bell will

CTRL/BELL is equivalent to CTRL/FORM except in the case of a SEARCH command (see editing

commands).

1—3

Period(.)

1.3.5

The Editor keeps track of the implicit decimal number of the line on which it is currently

operating.

At any given time the symbol

argument to a command.

Example:

period (

) stands for this number and may be used as an

.L A means list the current line.

.—l , .+l L

;

means

list the line

preceeding the current line, the current line, and the line following it.
After a READ or APPEND command, the current line counter (
line in the buffer.

line entered.

mand, (
is 0.

After an INSERT or CHANGE command,

After a LIST command,

(

) is equal to the number of the last

) is the number of the line immediately before the deletion.

After (:1 GET command,

(

the command

) is the number of the last

) is the number of the last listed line.

After a DELETE com—

After a KILL command,

) is the number of the line typed by the GET.

SEARCH command the current line counter (

1.3.6

(

)

After 0 MOVE or

) is not updated and remains at whatever it was before

Slash (/)
The symbol slash

(/ ) has a value equal to the decimal number of the last line in the buffer.

It may also be used as an argument to a command.

Example: lO,/LA means list from line 10 to the end

of the buffer.

1.3.7

Line Feed

(1 nonprinting)

Commands are terminated by a carriage return/line feed (CR/LE) combination and the lines
on

each page of text are separated by a CR and LF.

ever, to terminate a command or

The user need only strike the RETURN key, how—

input line, since the Editor automatically generates a line feed to

follow each carriage return.
On input from paper tape, line feed characters are completely ignored.

On output the

Editor automatically punches a line feed following each carriage return.

Typing a line feed while in command mode is equivalent to typing

.+l

the Editor to type out the line following the current one and increment the value of (

i .3.8

and will cause

) by one.

ALT Mode (ALT nonprinting)

Hitting the ALT mode key (ALT) while in command mode will also cause the line following
the current line to be typed out and (

line in the buffer,

) to be incremented by one.

If the current line is also the last

typing either ALT mode or Line Feed will be answered by a "?" from the Editor in—

dicating there is no "next" line.

Some Teletypes have an

The function is identical for Escape or ALT mode.

Escape (ESC) key in place of the ALT mode.

Left Angle Bracket (<)

l.3.9

Typing Left Angle Bracket (< ) while in command mode is equivalent to typing
and will

of(

cause

the Editor to echo < and then type out the line preceding the current line.

.—l L

“

The value

) is decreased by one so that it still refers to the last line typed out.

Equal Sign(:)

1.3.10

Equal Sign is used in conjunction with the pointers period (

)and slash (/ ).

When typed

in command mode it causes the Editor to print out the decimal value of the argument preceding it,
In this way the number of the current line may be found

followed by a CR/LF.

( .:X_X§) or the total

number of lines in the buffer (/=fl) or the number of some particular line (/—8=_)_(l<§) may be deter—
mined without counting from the beginning.

Colon(:)

l.3.ll

Colon is a lower case character with exactly the same function as (= ).
Blank Tape and Leader/Trailer

l.3.l2

Both Blank Tape and
are

Leader/Trailer (code 200) are completely ignored on an input tape as

line feed characters and rubouts.

necessary on output, blank tape and

l.3.l3

Tabulation (

—-H

Line feeds and rubouts are automatically replaced wherever

leader/trailer are not.

nonprinting)

The Editor is written in such a way as to simulate “tab stops" at ten space intervals across
the carriage.
tion.

When the user holds the CTRL key and strikes the TAB key the Editor

A tabulation consists of from one to ten spaces,

produces a tabula-

depending on the number needed to bring the

carriage to the next tab stop. Thus the user may use the Editor to produce neat columns on the hard
copy.

This tab function is attached to two switch register options (one for input,

one

for output) to

allow the user to produce and control tabulations in the text buffer during input and output operations
On input (under a READ command) the Editor can replace a group of two or

(see Switch Options).
more

spaces with a tabulation if the user chooses to set bit 0.

On output it will

produce either a tab

character followed by a rubout (for timing purposes) or enough spaces to reach a ”tab stop",
on

the setting of bit l

depending

The Editor cannot output tab characters unless tabulations have been entered

in the buffer either from the keyboard or through setting bit 0 on input.

NOTE:

Location 0002 contains the negative

of spaces used to simulate

"tab stops"

(2's complement) of the number

To change the tabulation simply

change the constant in location 0002 after loading the Editor.

I .4

SWITCH REGISTER OPTIONS

The Editor uses five switches in conjunction with the actual
control the reading and punching of paper tape.
command before it finishes.

input and output commands to

It is sometimes desirable to be able to

interrupt a

For example, if the user mistakenly gave a LIST command in place of a

PUNCH command, he does not wish to wait for the Teletype to list a

large section of text.

Bit 2 allows

him to interrupt any output command and return immediately to command mode.
Bit
0

Action and Explanation

Position
0

Read the input tape exactly as it is.

Read the input tape taking note of spaces. Each time two or more
successive spaces are found, substitute in the buffer a tabulation for
that whole group of spaces.

This option affects only the READ com-

mand.
l

On punching (or listing) text from the buffer, tabulations are to be

interpreted as an appropriate number of spaces.
l

Tabulations are interpreted as a tab character followed by a rubout

(211/377).
2

Normal operation.

Suppress output. If at any time during execution of an output command
this switch is set to I, the output will cease and the Editor will return
to

command mode in a few seconds.

to continue

All output commands completed as specified.

The switch should then be set to 0

using the Editor.
All punching will be done via the Teletype punch.

Low speed output.

High speed output. All punching will be done via the high speed punch.

Low speed input.

The READ command expects the source tape to be in

the Teletype reader.

High speed input.
reader.

DO NOT use the APPEND command to read tapes.

The source tape will be read from the photoelectric

SECTION 2
COMMAND REPERTOIRE

Commands to the Editor are grouped under three general headings:

Input Commands

Output Commands
Editing Commands
Explanation of the three types of commands is given in the following sections.

Each com—

mand description will state if the Editor returns to the command mode after completing the operation

specified by the command.
The Editor will print an error message consisting of a question mark whenever the user has

requested nonexistent information or used an inconsistent or incorrect format in typing a command. For

example, if a command requires two arguments, and only one (or none) is provided, the Editor will
print "’3", issue a carriage return and line feed, and ignore the command as typed.
nonexistent command character is typed, the error message ”?" will be typed,

line feed issued and the command will be ignored.

Similarly, if a

carriage return and

However, if an argument is provided for a command

that does not require one, the argument will be ignored and the normal function of the command performed.

Examples:
Explanation

Message
L K

The buffer is empty.

? )

nonexistent information.

7,5L }

The arguments are in the wrong order.

'3;

The Editor cannot list backwards.

l7$iOM§
? }

This command requires two arguments before the “$",

)

The user is asking for

only one was provided.
Nonexistent command letter.

? l

2.]

INPUT COMMANDS
Command

Action and Explanation

_R'EAD a page of text from the paper tape reader. Depending on the
position of switch register bit H (SR ll) reading will be done from either
the photoelectric or the Teletype reader. The Editor will read information from the input tape until a form feed character (CTRL/FORM key
combination) is detected. All incoming text except the form feed is
appended to the contents of the text buffer. Information already in the
buffer remains there.

2—]

In the case of input via the photoelectric reader, the end of the tape will

be interpreted as a form feed and the Editor returned to command mode,
if an actual form feed character does not appear on the tape.
of input via the Teletype reader,

In the case

form feed must be entered via the

keyboard to return the Editor to command mode if an actual form feed
character does not appear on the tape.

If this is no.L done, the READ

command is still in effect and all subsequent commands will be interpreted

erroneously as text and appended to what was iust read from tape.
Any rubout encountered during a READ command will be ignored. (See
RUBOUT)

APPEND the incoming text from the teleprinter keyboard to the informa—
tion already in the buffer (the buffer may be empty initially). The Editor
will

enter the text mode upon

receiving this command and the user may

then type in any number of lines of text.
to

The new text will be appended

the information already in the buffer, if any, until the form feed

(CTRL/FORM) key combination is struck.
By giving the APPEND command with an empty buffer, a symbolic program
tape may effectively be generated on—line by entering the program via
the keyboard.

Any rubout encountered during execution of an APPEND command will
actually delete the last typed character. Repeated rubouts will detele
from right to left up to, but not beyond the beginning of the current line.
The APPEND command must not be used to read paper tapes from the

Teletype reader since every rubout on the tape will detele a character.
NOTE:

In both of these commands, the Editor returns to the command mode

only after the form feed character.

2.2

OUTPUT COMMANDS

Output commands are subdivided into list and punch commands.

List commands will cause

the printout on the Teletype of all or any part of the contents of the text buffer to permit examination

Punch commands provide for the output of leader trailer, form feeds, corrected text or for

of the text.

the duplication of pages of an input tape.

List or punch commands do not affect the contents of the

buffer.

2.2.]

List Commands

The following commands cause part or all of the contents of the text buffer to be listed on
the Teletype

Command

Action and Explanation

_L_IST the entire page.

This causes the Editor to list the entire contents

of the text buffer.

2—2

Action and Explanation

Command

nL)

LIST line 9.

This line will be typed out, followed by a carriage return

and a line feed.

m,nLi

LIST linesm through 3, inclusive.
Lines 9 through 3 will be printed on the Teletype.

The Editor remains in command mode after a list command and the value of the current line
counter is

updated to be equal to the number of the last line printed.

2.2.2

Punch Commands

The following commands control the punching onto paper tape of leader/trailer, text and
form feeds.

Note that the PUNCH and NEXT commands halt the computer before executing the command.

This halt is intended to give the user a chance to be sure that the control switches are set correctly
before any tape is punched.

Pressing the CONTINUE key on the console will allow the Editor to

proceed with the command.

The editor remains in command mode after execution of any command

which punches tape.
The Editor is designed to minimize the possibility of illegal or meaningless characters being

punched into a source tape, therefore the illegal codes 340-376 and l40—l77, and most illegal control
characters will not be punched.

In this way a tape containing illegal characters may be corrected by

simply reading it into the Editor and punching it out.
Depending on the position of switch register bit l0 (see explanation of control switches)

punching will be done by either the Teletype punch or the high-speed punch.
Command

Action and Explanation

BUNCH the entire contents of the text buffer.

nP)

_PUNCH line 3 only.

m,nP}

_PUNCH lines 93 through D, inclusive.
(where 3 must be less than [1).

None of the above commands outputs a form feed character following the text.

NOTE TO LOW SPEED PUNCH USERS:
the computer before punching tape.

punch

Fa,

The F and T commands do not halt

The user must therefore,

turn on

the

immediately after typing the carriage return.
_EORM FEED. This command causes the punching of four blanks, a form
feed character, and approximately two inches of blank tape. If using
low-speed punch, turn punch off before typing command then turn on
immediately after typing carriage return
.

2-3

Action and Explanation

Command

TRAILER.

This command causes about four inches of blank tape to be

punched.

If using

low—speed punch, turn punch off before typing com—

mand then turn on immediately after typing carriage return.

__l\_lEXT.

This is a utility command which combines the functions of four

commands.

tape,

punches the contents of the buffer, punches some blank

form feed and more blank tape, kills the buffer, and reads in

the next page of text from the reader specified by switch register bit ll

(i.e., it executes Pa

nN;

A, R ;)'

Executes the above sequence 31 times.
first punching.

The Editor halts only before the

If E is greater than the number of pages of input tape the

command will

proceed in the specified sequence until it reads the end of
(If using Teletype
reader, when tape runs out type CTRL/FORM to return to command mode).
the input tape, then it will return to command mode.

2.3

EDITING COMMANDS

The following commands permit deletion,
Command

Action and Explanation

EILL the entire page in the buffer.
and

nDl
m,nDR

alteration, or expansion of text in the buffer.

are

set to zero.

DELETE line 9.

The values of special characters "/”

The Editor remains in command mode.

Line 9 is removed from the text buffer.

all succeeding lines are reduced by one,

The numbers of

is the line count.

DELETE lines m through n, inclusive. The line following flbecomes the
new line m and the rest 6? the lines are renumbered accordingly. The
"

value of the current line counter,
.", is equal to the number of the line
the
deleted
line
or
lines.
The Editor remains in command mode
proceeding
after all DELETE operations.

n1)

_I_NSERT the typed text before line n, until a form feed (CTRL/FORM) is
encountered.

The Editor enters text mode to accept input.

typed becomes the new line n.
count and the

Rubouts are recognized.

The first line

Both the line

numbers of all lines following the insertion are increased by
The value of .” is equal to the number of

the number of lines inserted.
the last line inserted.

To reenter the command mode, the CTRL/FORM

key combination must be entered to terminate text mode. If this is not
done, all subsequent commands will be interpreted erroneously as text and
entered in the program immediately after the insertion.

_I_N SERT without an argument will insert text before line i

nCR

_C_HANGE line 2.
accept input.

Line Q is deleted, and the Editor enters text mode to

The user may now type in as many lines of text as he de-

sires in place of the deleted line.

CHANGE operation.

Rubouts are recognized during any

If more than one line is inserted, all subsequent

lines will be automatically renumbered and the line count will be updated
appropriately.

Command

m,nCl

Action and Explanation

CHANGE lines m through n, inclusive (n_1 must be numerically less than
_r_1). Lines 2 through E are deleted and the Editor enters text mode allow—
ing the user to type in any number of lines in their place. All Subsequent
lines will be automatically renumbered to account for the change and the
line count will be updated.
After any CHANGE operation, return to command mode is accomplished
by entering a form feed (CTRL/FORM key combination) to terminate in~

put.

After a CHANGE the value of the current line counter,

equal

to the number at the

.", is

last line of the change.

Lines which are changed or deleted do not physically disappear from the

buffer area, thus the space they occupied is not recovered upon completion
This being true, it is possible to overflow the buffer by
changing, or deleting and inserting lines. This possibility may be effec—
tively eliminated by logically segmenting a program on paper tape into
"pages" of 50 to 60 lines. This is done by punching groups of 50 lines
followed by a form feed character (see output commands). There is a way
to retrieve lost space in some cases by use of the SEARCH command (see
below).

of the command.

n$l<M1

__M_OVE lines m through

inclusive to before line k (m must be numerically

less than n and k may not beIn the range between m and n).

Lines m

through n are moved from their current position and_inserted before line

_l<_.

The lines are renumbered a___fter the move is completed although the

value of the current line pointer,
not

use

.", is unchanged.

Moving lines does

any additional buffer space.

A line or group of lines may be moved to the end of the buffer by specifying

k as "/+l"

Example: l,lO$/+M).

Since the MOVE command requires

three arguments, it must have three arguments to move even one line. This
is done by specifying the same line number twice.

This will move line 5 to before line 23.

Example: 5,5$23M).

The Editor remains in command

mode after a move command.

QET and list the next line which begins with a tag.
with the line following the current line

The Editor begins
(line .+l) and tests for a line which

does not begin with a tab, slash or a space.

beginning with a tag.
Example:

TAD

DCA

This will most often be a line

It might also be a line containing an origin.

this is the current line

/THIS IS A COMMENT
HERE,0

TAD
ISZ

this line would be typed out by the command G),

—

this line would also be typed if another G)

*5000

typed.

2—5

were

Action and Explanation

Command

n6)

C_3ET and list the first line after line 3 which begins with a tag. The Editor
begins with linefl and tests it and each succeeding line as described above.
Both G and nG update the current line counter after finding the specified

line.

However, if either version of the GET command reaches the end of

the buffer before finding a line beginning with other than a tab, slash or
space, the current line counter retains the value it had before the GET was
issued and a ”?" is typed to indicate that no tagged line was found. The

Editor remains in command mode after 0 GET command.

n5;

§EARCH line 2 for the character specified after the carriage return. Allow
modification of line when character is found.

The SEARCH command is one of the most useful functions in the Editor. It
is also structured somewhat differently from the other Editor commands.

After terminating the command nS with a carriage return the user has told
the Editor to SEARCH line 3, but he hasn't specified what to search for.
The Editor is,

therefore, waiting for the user to type a character. The

character he types is taken as the obiect of the search but is not echoed.

The Editor instead immediately begins typing out the specified line. After

typing the character for which it is searching the Editor stops. All of the
editing features are then available to the user. He may proceed using
any of the following.
a.

Delete the entire typed portion of the line by typing

<—-

(back

arrow).
b.

Delete the entire untyped portion and terminate the line and the

search by typing
c

A (carriage return).

Delete from right to left one of the typed characters for each \

(rubout) typed.
d.

Insert characters after the last one typed simply by typing them.

Insert a carriage return and line feed, thus dividing the line into two,

by typing 1 (line feed).
f.

Continue searching to the next occurrence of the search character by

typing CTRL/FORM.

When typing stops all options are again available.

Change the search character and continue searching by typing CTRL/
BELL followed by the new search character.

Each time the Editor types the character for which it is searching,

typing

stops and all or any combinations of the above operation may be carried
out.

m,nSA

§EARCHlines m through E inclusive in the same way as described above.
The search character is input after the carriage return and all of the options
are available.
The only difference is in point b. Typing
A (carriage return)
deletes the entire untyped portion and terminates that line, but the search
continues on the next line.

By typing CTRL/BELL to change search characters, all editing of a single
line may be done in one pass. Clearly, typing CTRL/BELL twice will
cause the search to proceed to termination, since the search character
will now be BELL which is not stored in the buffer.

2—6

Command

Action and Explanation
An additional feature is available to the more sophisticated user:

by typing

5 with no arguments the entire butter may be searched For occurrences of a

single character.

It must be remembered,

however, that as with every

CHANGE command, every SEARCH command uses additional buffer space
for storage of the new line. This is obviously necessary, since the program
can have no
prior knowledge of whether the size of the line will be less

than, greater than, or equal to that of the old line, and it must therefore
As the entire butter is searched, a new image
assume that it will be larger.
of the text is created in core that is guaranteed to occupy the same or less
space than previously, since all deleted spaces have been removed. The
Editor recognizes this and immediately moves the text image back to the

top oF the buffer space.

Thus, the only prerequisite to condensing the text
image is that there be enough core space left to contain another image of

the edited text.

2—7

SECTION 3
OPERATING PROCEDURE

This chapter describes the sequence of operations necessary to load, edit, and punch out a
corrected symbolic program tape, and gives examples of the use of the Editor.

After the Editor has been loaded, it may be used to read into the text buffer a page of the
When the page has been read in and a form feed code has been

symbolic program to be corrected.

encountered, the Editor rings a bell to signal the user that the Editor is in the command mode. Corrections and additions may then be either typed in from the Teletype

tape via the reader.

keyboard or inserted from paper

Individually numbered lines may be listed in any order permitting insertions,

deletions, or changes. Text may be inserted between specified lines, moved or appended to the end
of a section.

Individual

lines, groups of lines, or an entire page may be deleted upon a single command.

To ensure that a tape is correct, desired portions or an entire page may be listed before

the corrected lines, groups of lines,
text remains available in the

core

the entire page may be listed and/or punched.

punching. Finally,
The original

buffer in case further corrections are necessary.

The following paragraphs give the detailed procedure for loading the Editor and a symbolic

tape, making required corrections, and punching the corrected symbolic tape.
3.]

LOADING SEQUENCE
Before editing can begin, the

Symbolic Editor program must be loaded into core with the

Binary Loader, and the symbolic program tape to be corrected must be read into the core text buffer.
The

loading of the symbolic tape is performed by the Editor itself under keyboard control.

3.] .1

Loading the Binary Loader
The Binary Loader is loaded into core by the Read-In Mode (RIM) Loader.

The RIM Loader

itself is initially placed into core memory by PDP-8 console keys and switches. When this has been

done, the RIM Loader is used to load the Binary Loader into core by means of the following procedure.
a.

Put the Binary Loader tape in the Teletype reader.

Set the SWITCH REGISTER

Press the LOAD ADDRESS key and then the START key.

Turn on the reader and wait until the tape is completely read in.

(SR) to 7756, the starting address of the RIM Loader.

stops, the Binary Loader is in memory.

3—]

When the reader

3.1 .2

Loading The Symbolic Editor With The Binary Loader
To load the

Symbolic Editor with the Binary Loader:

Place the Editor tape in the proper reader, either Teletype or photoelectric.

Set the SR to 7777 (the starting address of the BIN

Loader) press the LOAD ADDRESS

key, and turn on the reader.
c.

(If using the high—speed reader set SR bit 0 to 0) then press the START key.

When the reader stops, the Editor is in core memory.

If the ACCUMULATOR

(AC) does not contain zero when the reader halts, a checksum dis—

crepancy exists which indicates that the Editor tape has been read in

incorrectly.

Load the tape again

by repeating the procedure described above.
To start the Editor program

then the START key.

performed through the
3.1.3

initially set the SR to 200, press the LOAD ADDRESS key and

The

loading of the symbolic tape to be edited and all subsequent operations are

use

of the Editor by giving appropriate commands from the Teletype keyboard.

Loading A Symbolic Tape Using The Editor
a.

Set switches as indicated in Section 1.4 on page 1—6.

13. Place the symbolic tape of the program to be corrected in the appropriate paper

tape reader.
c.

If using the Teletype reader, turn it on now.

type R) ).
text

(i.e.

The symbolic tape will be read into the

buffer.
d.

At the keyboard, type the READ command followed by a carriage return

The Editor will continue reading the tape until the form feed code is encountered

the end of the tape

If the tape contains no form feed code, and the Teletype

(see Input Commands).

reader is being used for input, strike the

FORM/CTRL key combination after the tape has been read in.

Upon recognizing the form feed character, the Editor enters the command mode and rings a bell to
indicate that it is ready for the first command.

CAUTION
When using the Teletype reader, if the form feed code is en—
countered before the symbolic tape has completely read in (as
indicated by the ringing of the bell), turn off the paper tape
reader.

Otherwise, characters on tape will be interpreted as

commands to the Editor.

The section of tape read in up to the

form feed code should then be edited first before proceeding
with the remainder of the tape.

3.2

EDITING A SYMBOLIC TAPE

The actual editing procedure depends, of course,

general procedure is illustrated in the example that follows.
3-2

on a

particular user's requirements.

For input,

The

editing, and output commands

that may be given to the Editor, refer to the detailed explanation of the Command Structure, Command

Repertoire and Special Characters and Functions under Operating Features (see pages l—l
or see

the corresponding summaries of commands and special characters in the appendix.

l-2 and

l—é)

Observe also

the following operating notes and precautions.
a.

Terminate each command to the Editor by striking the RETURN

(carriage return) key.

This directs the Editor to execute the command.

After a command to insert,

change, or append text to the symbolic program has

been executed, the Editor remains in the text mode until the operator hits the FORM/CTRL key com—
bination on the teletypewriter.

This combination generates the form feed code character, which tells

the Editor to return to the command mode.
c.

If a great deal of text is added during the course of editing, the text buffer may

overflow (full capacity is approximately 60 lines of heavily commented text or 340 uncommented).
When the buffer storage limit has been exceeded the program will continue operation and insertions
and changes may still be made but an additional bell will be rung for every location that is used be-

yond the buffer limit.

In order to extend the buffer so that more characters may be read, the user may

change location I to contain the address of the last location in the buffer to be used.
that this number not be

larger than 7570 to protect the binary loader.

At this

It is suggested

point the buffer is capable

of holding over 5000 decimal characters.
d.

The Editor may be stopped at any time by pressing the STOP key; to continue press
If it is desired tom the Editor without disturbing the buffer,

the CONTINUE key.

address I77 in the SR and press the LOAD ADDRESS and the START keys.

buffer and then restart,

3.2.]

If it is desirable to clear the

place octal address I76 in the SR and press the START key.

Error Messages
The proper rules for giving commands must be observed during editing,

Operating Features (page l-l).
either missing,

erroneous or

that some commands can

If commands are given in an incorrect format,

explained under

if arguments are

legitimately take from zero to two arguments, and one takes three.

In general,

ignores the command.

Similarly,

negative argument is encountered or an illegitimate command string is typed, the Editor again

responds with the error message ?
3.3

extraneous, the Editor will respond by typing out a question mark. Notice

if an argument is either missing or extraneous, the Editor types out ? and
if a

place octal

PUNCHING THE CORRECTED SYMBOLIC TAPE

The procedure for punching out the corrected symbolic tape depends to some extent on the
user's requirements.

The general sequence of steps is given below.

give the output command to punch out either line 2 of the text (nP)),

As desired,

(P2), form feeds (FR) blank tape (T2).
After the carriage return
(1) following the punch command has been received,

lines m through [1 (m,nP i), the entire text

the computer will halt.
c.

Turn on the punch and check the switches.

Press the CONTINUE key at the console to start punching.

If a tabulation has been produced by striking the CTRL/TAB key combination
spaces or a tab character will be generated on output depending on switch register bit I

(see SWITCH

OPTIONS).
d.

If using the telepunch, after a tape has been punched, turn off the punch before

typing any further commands.

If this is not done, the control codes typed in will be punched on the

symbolic tape.
d.

Punching the symbolic program does not delete it from memory.

in the text buffer in core until the KILL command

(K9) is given to

erase

If it is desired to read

it.

another tape into the buffer, the user must first delete the entire page of text
the recommended page

The page remains

(K3). Remember that

length, as delimited by the form feed, is approximately 60 lines.

However,

the Editor will accept more text if necessary.

3.4

EXAMPLE OF USE
The following detailed example of the editing of a page of text is intended to familiarize the

user

with the basic operations of the Symbolic Editor.

Where details of the

loading sequence and oper-

ating procedures are not shown, it is assumed that the user has followed the correct procedures previously

explained.
This example concerns a program for adding up numbers stored in locations 200

2078 of the computer, with the
600.

answer

The program listing is shown in

to be stored in

Figure 3—1

location

*600
HLT

/TO START THE PROGRAM. HIT ”CONTINUE" ON CONSOLE
/
/THE NEXT FIVE INSTRUCTIONS INITIALIZE THE ROUTINE
CLA
/CLEAR THE ACCUMULATOR
TAD MIO
/LOAD AC WITH THE NUMBER IO
DCA COUNTR
/PUT INTO COUNTER
TAD TWOHUN
/LOAD AC WITH FIRST ADDRESS
DCA POINTR
/PUT IT INTO POINTER
-

Figure 3—]

through

4108. The program is to start in location

/ADD UP NUMBERS
BEGN,

Program Listing of Addition Routine

/
/THE NEXT SEVEN INSTRUCTIONS ARE THE PROGRAM ITSELF
TAD 1 POINTR
/ADD NEXT NUMBER
BEGN,
ISZ POINTR
/INDEX POINTER
Tsz COUNTR
/INDEX COUNTER, IS IT ZERO?
JMP BEGN
/NO; CONTINUE ADDING
DCA I ANSWER
/YES; STORE ANSWER
HLT
/HALT
JMP

BEGN+1

/
/THE NEXT THREE REGISTERS CONTAIN THE CONSTANTS
—10
/NEGATIVE TALLY NUMBER
M10,
FIRST ADDRESS IN BUFFER

TWOHUN, 200
410

ANSWER

/THE NEXT TWO REGISTERS ARE RESERVED FOR VARIABLES
o

COUNTR,
POINTR,

$
Figure 3—1

Program Listing of Addition Routine (continued)

Let us assume that we have attempted to assemble this program using the PDP-8

Assembler (PAL 111).

however, the Assembler typed the following:

On PASSl ,

BEGN

0606

ADDRES

0616

ANSWER

0612

0616

BEGN

Symbolic

0600

BUFFER

COUNTR

0620

FIRST

0616

M10

0615

POINTR

0621

TWOHUN

0616

The message DT BEGN AT 0606 signifies that the programmer has mistakenly used identical

tags to specify two different addresses.
the tag BEGN has,
in line

An inspection of the program listing (Figure 2—1) shows that

indeed, been duplicated.

It appears in line 3 of the

14, starting with BEGN, TAD I POINTR.

not shown in

correct the

listing as BEGN, HLT, then

(Since the line numbers are implicit only, they are

the example; they may be obtained by counting from the top down in Figure 2-1).

situation, the Symbolic Editor was read in with the Binary Loader, as explained under

Loading Sequence in this section.
Editor by means of the READ

The symbolic tape to be corrected was then loaded through the

(R2) command. A series of commands

the Editor have been underlined for clarity.)
3—5

were

given.

(The lines typed by

I4L

BEGN,

TAD I POINTR

ADD NEXT NUMBER

TAD I POINTR

/ADD NEXT NUMBER

JMP BEGN

/NO; CONTINUE ADDING

JMP ADDR

/NO; CONTINUE

14C

ADDR,
17L
17C

I3, 18L

/THE NEXT SEVEN INSTRUCTIONS ARE THE PROGRAM ITSELF
TAD I POINTR

ADDR,

ISZ POINTR
ISZ COUNTR
JMP ADDR

DCA I ANSWER

ADD NEXT NUMBER

/INDEX POINTER
/INDEX COUNTER, IS IT ZERO?
/NO; CONTINUE
YES; STORE ANSWER

25L
ANSWER

4IO

25C

ANSWER,

4T0

24L
FIRST ADDRESS IN BUFFER

TWOHUN, 200
24C

/FIRST ADDRESS IN BUFFER

TWOHUN, 200
.—-l, .+2L
M10,
TWOHUN, 200

ANSWER,

NEGATIVE TALLY NUMBER

/FIRST ADDRESS IN BUFFER

410

Having made the desired corrections, the programmer Finally asks the Editor to list the
entire text by giving the LIST

final corrections.

(LA) command, but still withholds the PUNCH command (P A), pending

A new program

listing is printed out and the entire text is preserved in the buffer.

The programmer now punches the entire text onto paper tape by giving the PUNCH

(PR) command and

hitting CONTINUE on the console.

/ADD UP NUMBERS
*600

BEGN,

HLT

/TO START THE PROGRAM. HIT "CONTINUE" ON CONSOLE
/
/THE NEXT FIVE INSTRUCTIONS INITIALIZE THE ROUTINE
CLA
/CLEAR THE ACCUMULATOR
TAD MlO
/LOAD AC WITH THE NUMBER IO
DCA COUNTR
/PUT INTO COUNTER
TAD TWOHUN
/LOAD AC WITH FIRST ADDRESS
DCA POINTR
/PUT IT INTO POINTER
—

/
/THE NEXT SEVEN INSTRUCTIONS ARE THE PROGRAM ITSELF
TAD I POINTR
/ADD NEXT NUMBER
ADDR,
ISZ POINTR
/INDEX POINTER
ISZ COUNTR
/INDEX COUNTER, IS IT ZERO?
ADDR
JMP
/NO; CONTINUE
DCA 1 ANSWER
/YES; STORE ANSWER
HLT
/HALT
JMP BEGN+1

/THE NEXT THREE REGISTERS CONTAIN THE CONSTANTS
~10
M10,
/NEGATIVE TALLY NUMBER
200
TWOHUN,
/FIRST ADDRESS IN BUFFER
ANSWER,

410

/THE NEXT TWO REGISTERS ARE RESERVED FOR VARIABLES
COUNTR,
POINTR,

O
0

$
The PASSI resulf of assembling This program is:
ADDR

0606

ANSWER

0617

BEGN

0600

COUNTR

0620

M10

0615

POINTR

0621

TWOHUN

0616

APPENDIX A

SUMMARY OF SYMBOLIC EDITOR OPERATIONS

SPECIAL KEY FUNCTIONS

Carriage Return (RETURN Key)

Text mode

Enter the line in the text buffer.

Command mode

(<— )

Back Arrow

Text mode

—

Execute the command

Cancel the entire line of text,

con-

tinue typing on same line.
Command mode

Cancel command.

Editor issues a

? and carriage return/line feed.

Rubout (\)

Text mode

—

Delete from right to left one character
for each rubout typed.

Does not delete

past the beginning of the line.

15 not

in effect during a READ command.

Command mode
Form Feed

(CTRL/FORM Key Combination)

Text mode

Period

)

Command mode

(

—

Same as back arrow.

End of inputs return to command mode.
—

Current line counter used as argument
+ or

Slash (/)

Command mode

—

alone or in combination with
—

and a number

(., .+5L).

Value equal to number of last line
in buffer.

Used as argument

(/—5r/L)‘
Line Feed

(l)

Text mode

—

Used in SEARCH command to insert a

CR/LF combination into the line being
searched.
Command mode

-—

List the next line

(equivalent to

.+I L).

(ALT key)
Escape (ESC key)

Command mode

Left Angle Bracket (<)

Command mode

ALT Mode

—

List the next line (equivalent to
.+I L).

List the previous line
to

Equal Sign (= )

Command mode

Used in conjunction with
to

Colon ( : )

Command mode

Text mode

Olnd /

obtain their value (.=27)i.

Lower case character,

function as

Tabulation (CTRL/TAB Key Combination)

(equivalent

.-lL).

same

=
.

Produces a tabulation which on output,
is

interpreted as spaces or a tab char-

acter/rubout combination depending on
a

Al—I

switch option.

SWITCH OPTIONS

Meaning

Switch

Position

Read

Convert spaces to tabulations on

0
1

Output tabulations as spaces
Output tab character rubout combination For each tabulation

Normal operation

Suppress output

Low speed output

High speed output

Low speed

input tape as is

input

input
High speed input

COMMAND SUMMARY

Command

Format(s)

READ

Read

Append incoming text from keyboard to any already in butter until

APPEND

Meaning

LIST

PUNCH

FORM FEED
TRAILER
NEXT

incoming text from reader and append to butter until a form

feed is encountered.

form feed is encountered.

List the entire butter.

nLR

List line

m,nLJ
Pg

List

lines_m_through n inclusive.

Halt.

Upon striking CONTINUE key on console, punch the entire

butter.

nP}
m,nPg

Halt.

Upon CONTINUE, punch line 2.

Halt.

Upon CONTINUE, punch lines :11 through _n_ inclusive.

F)
TA

Punch trailer,

punch a Form teed (214), punch trailer.

Punch Four inches of trailer.
Punch the entire buffer and a form feed, Kill the buffer and Read
the next page.

nN)

Repeat the above sequence 2 times.

KILL

Kill the buffer.

DELETE

nD}
m,nD2

Delete line 2 of the text.

Insert before line i all the text from the keyboard until

INSERT

n1)

Delete lines 2 through 2 inclusive.
is entered

Insert before line n until a form feed is entered.

Ai—2

Form feed

Command

Format(s)

CHANGE

nC)

Meaning
Delete line n,

replace it with any number of lines from the keyboard

until a form feed is entered.
Delete lines m through
_n_,

m,nC2

replace from keyboard as above until form

feed is entered.

MOVE

m,n$l<Mi

Move lines m through 3 inclusive to before line 5.

GET

Get and list the next line beginning with a tag.

nG)

Get and list the next line after line r_\ which begins with a tag.

Search the entire buffer for the character specified (but not echoed)

after the carriage return.
Search line n,

n5)
m,nSR
A4

above, allow modification.

Search lines m through n

REFERENCES

Binary Loader
RIM Loader

Allow modification when found.

DEC 08-LBAA—D

DEC O8-LRAA-D

Ai-3

inclusive, allow modification.

INDEX

Examples of Editing, 3—4, -7

ALT MODE, 1—4, Al—I

1—1, -3, 2—3, Al—l

FORM FEED,

Angle Bracket, Left, 1-5, Al—l
APPEND Command, 2-2, Al—2

GET Command, 2—5, Al-3

Back Arrow, 1—2, Al—l

Binary Loader

Input

Loading, 3-I

Commands, 2-1, A'I—2

Using, 3-2

Device Options, 1-6, Al—2

Blank Tape, l-5

2—4, Al-2

INSERT Command,

Carriage Return, 1—], ~2, AT—I

Keys, Special Functions, AI-i

CHANGE Command, 2—4, Al—3

KILL Command,

2—4, Al—2

Characters, Special, 1'2 to —6, AI—l

Colon, l-5, Al—l

Leader/Trailer Tape, 1—5

Comma, 1-2, AI—l

Left Angle Bracket, l—5, Al—l

Command

LINE FEED,

1-4, Al-l

Arguments, l-2

LIST Command, 2—2, Al-2

Editing, 2—4, 3-2, Al—2, —3

Loading Procedures

Format, 1-], Al—2, —3

Binary Loader, 3-1

Input, 2-l, 3-2

Sequence, 3-]

Mode, l—l

Symbolic Editor, 3—2

Output, 2-2, 3-3

Symbolic Tape, 3—2

Summary, Al—2, —3

‘

CTRL/BELL, 2-6

Modes

CTRL/FORM, 1—3, 2—2, —6, AI—T

Command,

CTRL/TAB, 1—5, AI—l

Operation of, 1—]

DELETE Command,

l—I

Text, 1—]

2—4, Al—2

Transition

MOVE Command,

Between,

Equal Sign, l—5, Al—I
Error Messages, 3—3

1-]

2—5, Al—3
N

NEXT Command,

2-4, Al-2

INDEX

(Cont)

Text Mode, l-l

Options, Switch Register, 1—6, Al—2

TRAILER Command,

Output

Transition Between Modes, l—l

Commands, 2—2, Al-2, —3
1—6, Ai—2

Device Options,

Pages,

1—1

Period, l—4, Al—l
Procedures

Loading, 3—1, —2

Editing, 3—2
PUNCH Command,

2—3, Al -2

Punching Symbolic Tape, 3—3
R

READ Command,
RETURN Key,

2—], Al—2

1—], —2, Al-l

RUBOUT Key, 1—3, Al—l
S

SEARCH Command,

2-6, Al-3

Slash, 1—4, Al—l

Special Characters, 1—2 to —6, Al-l
Summary of
Commands, Al-2, —3

Special characters, Al—l
Switch Register Options, 1—6, Al—Z

Symbolic Tape
Editing, 3—2, —3

Generating, 3—3, —4
Loading, 3—2
T

Tabulation Key, 1—5, Al-l

Tape, Leader/Trailer, l-5

2-4, Ai—2

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DEC_08_ESAB_D

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EJflEflIEIl
Digital Equipment Corporation
Software Information Services
146 Main Street, Bldg. 3-5

Maynard, Massachusetts 01754