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DEC-08-COC1-D

December 2000

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IDENTIFICATION
Product Code:

DEC-08-COCO-D

Product Name:

ODT-8

Date Created:

October, 1 0, 1 968

Maintainer:

Software Service Group

DEC-G8-COCO-D

ABSTRACT

ODT (Octal Debugging Technique) is a debugging aid for the PDP-8, which facilitates
communication with, and alteration of, the program being run.

Communication between operator and

program occurs via the Teletype, using defined commands and octal numbers.

This version of ODT has

been completely revised and replaces both versions of the former ODT-II program.

PRELIMINARY REQUIREMENTS

2.1

Equipment
Standard PDP-8 or PDP-5 with basic 4k memory and Teletype.

2.2

Storage

ODT requires 600 (octal) consecutive core locations and one location on page
be used as an intercom register.

which will

page relocatable.

LOADING OR CALLING PROCEDURE
NOTE: ODT cannot be called as a subroutine.
a.

ODT is normally distributed in binary with the source available on request and is

loaded with the Binary Loader.
1

Place the

ODT tape in the reader.

Set 7777 in the SWITCH REGISTER and press LOAD ADDRESS.

high-speed photoelectric reader, put switch
3.
b.

(If using

the

down).

Press START.

Load the binary tape of the program to be debugged in the same manner as ODT was

loaded.

Be sure that the two do not overlap .

USING THE PROGRAM OR ROUTINE

4.1

Starting Procedure

The starting address of ODT is the address of the symbol START.

For standard library

versions the high version starts at 7000 and the low at 1000.
Set the starting address in the

START on the console.
it

SWITCH REGISTER.

Press

LOAD ADDRESS, and

ODT will issue a carriage return and line feed to indicate that

nOw running and awaiting commands from the keyboard.
To restart ODT wihout clearing the checksum, set the address of START

7001 high version, or 1001 low version) into the

ADDRESS and START on the console.

(usually

SWITCH REGISTER and press LOAD

DE008-COCO-D
4.2

Control Characters

Slash

(/) - Open register

preceding/

The register examination character/ causes the register addressed by the octal number
preceding the slash to be opened and its contents typed out in octal

The open register

can then be modified by typing the desired octal number and closing the register.
octal number from

4 digits in length is a legal input.

Any

Typing a fifth digit is an

error and will cause the entire modification to be ignored and a question mark to
be typed

back by QDT.
to

Typing {/) with no preceding argument causes the latest named register

be opened (again).

Example:

Typing 0/ is interpreted as / with no argument.

400/6046

400/OT5 2468?
400/6046
/6046
b.
If

Carriage Return {

)

234J?

- Close register

the user has typed a valid octal number, after the content of a register was
printed by

ODT, typing

)

causes the binary value of that number to replace the original contents

of the opened register and the register to be closed.
user, the register

—

nothing has been typed by the

closed but the content of the register is not changed.

Fxnmnlp_.._.. r

— ZZ——M

Af)0/A0AA
\
,
.

/2345 6046

Ann is ui icnauyeu
,L-,-- -j
tuv
Register 400 is changed to contain 2345
Replace 6046 in register 400.

q „ :,.*„_
lAeyiarci

400/6046 *2345

)

•

Typing another command will also close an opened register.
Example:

c '

400/6046 401/6031 2346
400/6046 401 /23^6
'
J

)

401

opened and changed to 2346.

Line Feed (1) - Close register, open next sequential regist er

The line feed has the same effect as the carriage return, but,
sequential register

Example:

d •

addition, the next

opened and its contents typed.

400/60461
0401/6031 12344

0402/5201^)

closed containing

234 and 402 is opened

Up arrow (t) - Close register, take conte nts as memory reference and open same

Up arrow will close an open register just as will carriage return

Further,

will inter-

pret the contents of the register as a memory reference instruction, open the
register

referenced and type

its

contents.

DEC-08-COCO-D

Example:

404/3270i
0470/021 0000 J
404/3270

3270 symbolically Is "DCA, this page, relative
location 70, " so ODT opens register 470.

047070"QO~0

Back Arrow ( +

)

- Close register,

open indirectly.

Back arrow will also close the currently open register and then interrupt its contents as
the address of the register whose contents it

Example:

to type

and open for modification.

365/5760 !
036070326 ««Q426/520T

Any Illegal Character

Any character that is neither a valid control character nor an octal digit, or is the fifth
octal digit in a series, causes the current line to be ignored and a question mark typed.

ODT opens no register

AiJol

ODT ignores modification and closes register 406,

40674671 67K? )
~f

/467TJ-

xxxxG - Transfer control to user at location xxxx.

g .

Clear the AC then go to the location specified before the G.
ters will

be initialized and the break-trap,

if any,

All indicators and regis-

will be inserted.

Typing G alone is

an error but will nevertheless cause a jump to location 0.

xxxxB - Set breakpoint at user location xxxx.

Conditions ODT to establish
B

typed alone,

a breakpoint at the location specified before the B.

ODT removes any previously established breakpoint and restores the

original contents of the break location.
tion,

A breakpoint may be changed to another loca-

whenever ODT is in control, by simply typing xxxxB where xxxx is the new

location.

Only one breakpoint may be in effect at one time; therefore, requesting a new

breakpoint removes any previously existing one.

The previous restriction on placing a

breakpoint on a JMS followed by arguments has been removed as of the June 1967 revision,
This means ODT can now be more effecfively used, especially in debugging programs

which utilize floating point.

The only restriction in this regard is that a breakpoint may

not be set on any of the floating point instructions which appear as arguments of a JMS.

DEC-08-COCO-D

Example:

TAD

DCA

Breakpoint legal here

JMS J
FADD

Breakpoint illegal here.

The breakpoint (B) command does not make the actual exchange of ODT instruction for
user instruction,

only sets up the mechanism for doing so.

The actual exchange does

not occur until a "go to" or a "proceed from breakpoint" command

When, during execution,

the user's program encounters the location containing the

breakpoint, control passes immediately to ODT (via location 0004).

C(L) at the point of interruption are saved

trap and the content of the AC are typed .

given.

The

restored, before the address of the

The restored instruction has not been executed

will not be executed until the "proceed from breakpoint"

Any user register,

be modified

The C(AC) and

special registers accessible to ODT.

user instruction that the breakpoint was replacing

at this time.

executed.

command is

including those containing the stored AC and Link, can now

the usual manner.

The breakpoint can also be moved or removed at this

time

A- Open register containing AC.

When the breakpoint is encountered the C(AC) and C(L) are saved for later restoration.
Typing A after having encountered a breakpoint, opens for modification the register in

which the AC was saved and types its contents.

This register may now be modified in the

normal manner (see SLASH) and the modification will be restored to the AC when the

"proceed from breakpoint" is given.
I

after

A - Open register containing Link

After opening the AC storage register, typing linefeed (i) closes the AC storage register,

then opens the Link storage register for modification and types its contents.
register

may now be modified as usual (see SLASH) and that modification will be restored

to the Link

The Link

when the "proceed from breakpoint"

given.

C - Proceed (continue) from a breakpoint.

Typing C, after having encountered a breakpoint, causes ODT to insert the latest
specified breakpoint (if any), restore the contents of the AC and

execute the

instruction trapped by the previous breakpoint, and transfer control back to the user pro-

gram at the appropriate location.
encountered

The user program then runs until the breakpoint is again

DEC-G8-COCO-D

NOTE: If a trap set by ODT is not encountered while ODT is running the
object (user's) program, the instruction which causes the break to occur wiii
not be removed from the user's program.

xxxC - Continue and iterate ioop xxx times before break.
The programmer may wish to establish the breakpoint at some location within a loop of
his program.

Since loops often run to many iterations, some means must be available to

prevent a break from occuring each time the break location is encountered.
function of xxxC (where xxx

an octal number).

After having encountered the break-

point for the first time, the user specifies, with this command,
is

be iterated before another break is to occur.

This is the

how many times the loop

The break operations have been

described previously is section h.

M - Open search mask
Typing M causes ODT to open for modification the register containing the current value

k .

of the search mask and type

its contents.

Initially the mask

set to 7777 .

may be

changed by opening the mask register and typing the desired value after the value typed
by ODT, then closing the register.
\

Open lower search limit

The register immediately following the mask storage register contains the location at

which the search is to begin.

Typing line feed (J) to close the mask register causes this,

the lower search limit register to be opened for modification and
Initially the

lower search limit is set to 0001 .

its

contents typed.

may be changed by typing the desired

lower limit after that typed by ODT, then closing the register.
I

Open upper search limit

The next sequential register contains the location with which the search

to terminate.

Typing line feed (I) to close the lower search limit register causes this; the upper search
limit register to be opened for modification and its contents typed.

Initially, the upper

search limit is the beginning of ODT itself, 7000 (1000 for low version).

may also be

changed by typing the desired upper search limit after the one typed by ODT, then
closing the register with a carriage return.

xxxxW - Word search

The command xxxxW (where xxxx is an octal number) will cause ODT to conduct a search
of a defined section of core, using the mask and the lower and upper limits which the user

has specified, as indicated

section k.

Word searching using ODT is similar to word

DEC-08-COCO-D

searching using
is

DDT. The searching operations are used to determine if a given quantity

present in any of the registers of a particular section of memory.

The search is conducted as follows:
preceding the

ODT masks the expression xxxx which the user types

W and saves the result as the quantity for which

it is

searching

(All

masking is done by performing a Boolean AND between the contents of the mask register,

C(M), and the register containing the thing to be masked.)

ODT then masks each

searching.

the two quantities are identical, the address and the actual

unmasked

contents of the matching register are typed and the search continues until the upper limit
is

reached .

A search never alters the contents of any registers.
Example;

Search locations 3000 to 4000 for all ISZ instructions, regardless of

what register they refer to (i.e. search for all registers beginning with
an octal 2).

M7777
7453/0001
7454/7000

70001
30001
40001

2000W

Change the mask to 7000/, open lower search limit
Change the lower limit to 3000, open upper limit
Change the <_<r>"er limit to 4000, close register
Initiate the search for ISZ instructions

2000/2467
3057/2501
3124/2032
4000/2132

These are 4 ISZ instructions in this section
of core.

T - Punch leader

ODT is capable of producing leader (code 200) on-line.
then turning

This is done by typing T and

ON the punch. When enough leader has been punched, turn off the punch

and hit STOP on the console.

imperative that the punch be turned OFF before typing

again on the keyboard, since anything typed will be punched also,
on.

the punch

left

To issue any further commands, reload the starting address and press START on the

console
n.

xxxx; yyyyP - Punch binary

To punch a binary core image of a particular section of core, the above command is used

where xxxx is the initial (octal) address and yyyy is the final (octal) address of the section
of core to be punched.
turn

The computer will halt (with 7402 displayed) to allow the user to

ON the punch. Pressing CONTINUE on the console initiates the actual punching of

DEC-08-COCO-D

the block.

The r>unchin n terminates without having punched a checksum, to allow sub-

sequent blocks to be punched and to allow an all inclusive checksum to be punched at
the end by a separate command.

This procedure

optional, however, and the user may

punch individually checksummed blocks.
It is

imperative that the punch be turned

OFF before typing another command, since the

keyboard and punch are linked.
o.

E -

Punch checksum and trailer

Given the command E,

ODT will halt to allow the punch to be turned on.

Pressing

CONTINUE on the console will cause it to punch the accumulated checksum for the
When a sufficient

preceding block(s) of binary output followed by trailer (code 200).
length of trailer has been output, turn

OFF the punch and press STOP on the console. To

continue with ODT reload the starting address and press START on the console.

The binary tape produced in this manner by ODT can now be loaded into core and run.

However, the changes should be made to the symbolic source tapes as soon as possible.

4 3
.

Add itional Techniques
a.

TTY I/O-Flag

Sometimes the program being debugged may require that the TTY flag be up before it can
continue output, i.e., the program output routine will be coded as follows:

TSF

JMP .-1
TLS
Since ODT normally leaves the TTY flag in an off (lowered) state, the above coding wiii

cause the program to loop at the JMP.-l

To avoid this,

ODT may be modified to leave

the TTY flag in the raised (on) state when transferring control through either a "go to" or

a "continue" command.

This modification

(normally at 7341) to a NOP (7000).

accomplished by changing location XCONT-3

To make the actual change, load ODT as usual

Open register XCONT-3 and modify it as follows:
7341/6042 7000
b.

)

341/6Q42 7000

) for

low version)

Current Location

The address of the current register or last register examined is remembered by ODT and
remains the same, even after the commands G, C,

opened for inspection merely by typing /.

and P.

This location may be

DEC-08-COCO-D

Programs Written

c .

ODT Commands

ODT will also correctly read tapes prepared off-line
1021/11571 7775 will cause location 1021

to be

(e.g., a tape punched with

opened and changed to 1157; then the

memory reference address 157 will be opened and changed to 7775 (-3).
will

work with breakpoints, continues, punch commands, etc.

may be read into ODT to execute the program,

list

This procedure

Thus, debugging programs

registers of interest, modify locations,

etc .

Binary Tape from High Speed Punch

d.
It

possible to obtain a binary tape from the high speed punch, instead of the Teletype,

however,
1

this requires switch manipulation.

Proceed as follows:

Type ihe punch command xxxx; yyyyP as explained in section 4.2 (n).

The

computer will halt.
2.

Set 7231 (1231 for low version) in the

SWITCH REGISTER (SR) and press LOAD

ADDRESS.
3.

Set 6026 in the SR and press DEPOSIT.

Set 6021 in the SR and press DEPOSIT.

Set /225 (1225 tor iow version) in the SR and press LOAD ADDRESS and

START

on the console, and leader (code 200) will be output.
6.

When a sufficient length of leader has been produced, press STOP on the console

Set 7203 (1203 for low version) in the SR and press LOAD ADDRESS and

on the console, and the section of core specified

the punch

START

command will be

output.
8.

If another

block of data

locations changed

in steps 3,

desired on the same tape, the original contents of the

4 and 5 must be replaced.

(See step 1 1 .)

Steps 1, 2,

3, 4, and 8 must then be repeated to output the data block via the high speed punch.

Set 7222 (1222 for low version) in the SR and press LOAD ADDRESS and

START

on the console, and the accumulated checksum will be punched followed by trailer
(code 200)
10.

When a sufficient amount of trailer has been produced, press STOP on the console

and press the TAPE FEED button, then remove the tape from the punch.

DEC-08-COCO-D
11.'

To continue using ODT, the locations changed

in steps 3 and

4 must be

restored as follows:

SRand press LOAD ADDRESS.

Set 7231 (1231 for low version) in the

Set 6046 in the SR and press DEPOSIT.
Set 6041 in the SR and press DEPOSIT.

12.

Set the starting address (7000 or 1000) in the SR and press

LOAD ADDRESS and

START on the console, and ODT is ready to go again.
e.

Interrupt Program

Debugging

ODT executes an IOF when a breakpoint is encountered
iterations remain in an x-continue

command.)

(It

does not do this when more

This is done so that an interrupt will not

occur when ODT types out the breakpoint information.

thus protects itself against

spurious interrupts and may be used safely in debugging programs that turn on the interrupt

mode
However, the user must remember that there is no way in which ODT could know whether
the interrupt was on when the breakpoint was encountered, and hence

does not turn on

the interrupt when transferring control back to the program after receiving a "go" or a

"continue" command.
f.

Octal Dump

By setting the search mask to zero and typing W,

all

locations between the search limits

will be printed on the Teletype.

Indirect References

When an indirect memory reference instruction is encountered, the actual address may be
opened by typing

4.4

and^

Errors

The only legal inputs are control characters and octal digits.

Any other character will cause

the character or line to be ignored and a question mark to be typed out oy
error.

ODT.

must be preceded by an address to which control will be transferred.

Typing G alone is an

This will elicit no question

mark also if not preceded by an address, but will cause control be transferred to location 0.
Typing any punch command with the punch
to

be punched on the binary tape.

an error and will cause ASCII characters

This means the tape cannot be loaded and run properly.

DEC-08-COCO-D

Miscellaneous

4.5

a trap set by ODT is not encountered by the user's program, the breaktrap instruction will

not be removed .
register

ODT can now be used to debug programs using floating point, since the intercom

now register 0004, and since breaktraps may now be set on a JMS with arguments following.

This version of ODT will operate on a Teletype with an ALT mode key or an ESCAPE key.

ODT without clearing the checksum, set the SWITCH REGISTER to the value of start +
in

library versions) and press

LOAD ADDRESS and START on the console.

used by patching three locations after typing the punch command.

DETAILS OF OPERATION AND STORAGE

5.1

Features

To restart

{7001 or 1001

The high speed punch may be

(See section 4.3 d.)

ODT features include register examination and modification; binary punchouts (to the Teletype
or high speed punch) of user designated blocks of memory; octal core dumps to the Teletype using the

word search mechanism, as in DDT; and instruction breakpoints fro return control to ODT (breakpoints).

ODT makes no use of the program interrupt facility and will not operate outside

of the core memory

bank in which it is residing.
The breakpoint is one of ODT's most useful features.

When debugging a program, it is often

desirable to allow the program to run normally up to a predetermined point, at which the programmer may

examine and possibly modify the contents of the accumulator (AC), the Link (L), or various instruction
or storage registers within his program,

depending on the results he finds.

acts as a monitor to the user program.

The user decides how far he wishes the program to run and ODT

inserts an instruction in the user's program

To accomplish this,

ODT

which, when encountered, causes control to transfer back to

ODT. ODT immediately preserves in designated storage registers, the contents of the AC and L at the
break

that point.

then prints out the location at which the break occurred, as well as the contents of the AC at

ODT will then allow examination and modification of any register of the user's program (or

those registers storing the AC and L) .

continue running his program.

The user may also move the breakpoint, and request that ODT

This will cause

ODT to restore the AC and L, execute the trapped in-

struction and continue in the user's program until the breakpoint

again encountered or the program

terminated normally.

5 .2

Storage

ODT requires 600 (octal) locations and, as distributed by the Program Library, resides in
memory between 7000 and 7577 (or 1000 and 1577 for the low version).

is,

however, page relocatable

DEC-08-COCO-D

Tine source

reside

tape can be re-origined to the start of any memory page except page

the three pages following that location, assuming they are all in the same memory bank.

also uses location 4 on page

a breaktrap.

ODT

as an intercom register between itself and the user's program when executing

the user wishes to change the location of the intercom register, he may do so by changing

the value of ZPAT

and assembled to

The intercom register must remain on page 0.

the source and reassembling.

RESTRICTIONS
a.

ODT will not operate outside of the memory bank in which it is located.

must begin at the start of a memory page (other than page 0) and must be com-

pletely contained in one memory bank.

will not turn on the program interrupt, since

program is using the interrupt.

does, however, turn off the interrupt when a break-

point is encountered, to prevent spurious interrupts.
d .

has no way of knowing if the user's

(See 4.3 (e).)

The user's program must not use or reference any core locations occupied or used by

ODT, and vice versa.
e.

In library

distributed versions ZPAT = 0004.

since

filled with

it is

This register must be left free by the user

an address within ODT which is used to transfer control between

user program and ODT.
f.

Breakpoints are fully invisible to "open register" commands; however, breakpoints may

not be placed

locations which the user program will modify in the course of execution

or the breakpoint will be destroyed.

REFERENCES
a.

See DDT Programming Manual (Digital-8-4-S) for a full explanation of the use of

debugging programs.
b.

Binary Loader (Digital-8-2-U).

COMMAND SUMMARY

nnnn /

Open register designated by the octal number nnnn
opened register.

Reopen latest opened register.

Carriage Return ( ) )

Close previously opened register.

Reopen latest

DEC-08-COCO-D

Line Feed (i)

Close register and open the next sequential one for modification.

Up Arrow (t)

Close register, take contents of that register as a memory reference

and open it

—

Back Arrow (•+

Close register open indirectly.

Illegal character

Current line typed by user is ignored,

ODT types "? CR LF"

nnnnG

Transfer program control to location nnnn

nnnnB

Establish a breakpoint at location nnnn.

Remove the breakpoint.

Open for modification the register in which the contents of AC were
stored when the breakpoint was encountered.

Proceed from a breakpoint.

nnnnC

Continue from a breakpoint and iterate past the breakpoint nnnn times
before interrupting the user's program at the breakpoint location.

Open the search mask

ne teed^

Open lower search limit.

(line feed)

Open upper search limit.

nnnnW

Search the portion of core as defined by the upper and lower limits

for the octal

value nnnn.

Punch leader.

nnnn;mmmmP

Punch a binary core image defined by the limits nnnn and mmmm

Punch checksum and trailer.

EXAMPLES AND/OR APPLICATIONS
Symbols for representing "invisible" Teletype actions:

(CR)

Carriage Return

(LF)

-•

Line Feed

(H)

Computer Halts

(Cont)

Key Continue on Console

(PON)

Punch On

DEC-08-COCO-D

(POF)

Punch Off

(LEAD)

Production of Leader

(BIN)

Punching of Binary Text

(CKSMT)

Punching of Checksum and Trailer

The following examples are the actual result of using ODT to run the program listed after the

examples.

Brackets enclose comments local to the description,

Underlinings designate that produced

by ODT.

TdZZ (LF)(CR)
4i);J "(TFKCR)
7 473"/ ^221
7474 /l?;w 5w>v (CR)( UT
3;^w(CK)(lF)
>
4«4 /3r7T TCR) (LF)
,'43
/32 77TCRKLF)

f.',7777

mask mod if led J

search limit modified J
[upper search limit modified}
[quantity for which to search specified and
[ lower

search begun]

343 7
;;444

CRfttF)
A te
/^^(CkXLh)
/

(

Z32 77 (CR)(LF)
J4V- /33^ (LKJ(Lh)
745S /32'/S(CRKnT

?4 5?

/ 3P7?(C

M7-5W3

[search completed]

77 7 7(LF)(CR)

7473~/04,^
7 4? 4

WFT

3 5: rCCF)(CR)

£upper

/^/:^CR)(LF)

TtKU (CR)(LF

-3G4 /"70T[CR)(LF)

right]

>6M)(LI-)
/I4$i

*4\A /7450 (CR)(LF)
3417 /74 50(CR)(LF)
3432 /Mrfii (CR)(Lf-)
/ 7 4fl2 fCR-

CJ451

all

[set mask for indirect and page bitsj
[using previous limits search for all references
to page zero which occur]

502(CR)(LF)

4mr(CR)(LF)
33 7 7 7741^ICR)(LF)
?4ll

limit

[search for all CLA instructions]
location 364
is at
It
[there is only one.
[search is finished]

)

(LFT

[17777

[.change mask J
lower limit]
[_ change

[there are none, however, these microinstructions
look like indirect references to page zero since
they have a

/7402

0462/ 7540 \S^.(. F

0456 Z7402 (^)(LF )
g472 /7521 (CKKLt- )
[search completed]

[LT5

bit 3

and a

bit 4]

DEC-08-COCO-D

mw/i tf(LF)(CR)

[set mask to zero so that everything will match

7473 A1360 437(LF)(CR)
7474 /0500 427 (CR)(LF)

[set search

[since

W(CR)(LF)
'34
7 /1270(CR)(LF)
04 10 /12 72(CR)(LF)
/7450(CR)(LF)
04 1

limits to

encompass dump area]

typed alone, the word searched For

The result after masking each register
0.
with jS is, of course,
so all comparisons
is

appear to the program equal and hence

0412 /52 53(CR)(l.F)

all

unmasked contents are typed, constituting

04 13 /1273(CR)(LF)
04 4 /7450(CR)(LF)
0415 /5234(CR)(LF)
?4 1S /12 73 CRJLF

a dump"]

0417 /7450( CR X LF )
0420 /522 7(CR)(LF)
042

/7Z,3l(CR)(LF)

0422 /765-(CR) LF)
Z423 /52*2(CR)(LFJ
"42 4 /12/4(CR)(LF)

/4S71(CRKLF)
42S
042 7 /12 75(CR)(LF)
7 42 5
7

(LF)

Cxampies of Register Examination & Modification

400/6046 (CR)(LF)
400/ W4"5 2 463? (CR)(LF
402/6045 123 45?(CR)(LF)
/60 4T-ZT45 (CR)(LF)
/ZTT5 6046(CR)(IF)
/3T4"6" 401/6031~5346 (CR)(LF)
4W75"7I46 40lT2346(CR)(LFr~
Z2346 b03 (CR)(iF)
)

[E xamine

OnlyJ
Non-octal number typed, modification ignored ]
t More
than 4 digits typed, modification ignored]
[Register 400 modified to 23451
[Modified again)
t Register closed by typing another command J

—

/6031

close and examine next J
[modify 401, examine 4023

430/ 6046 (LF)(CR)
3401 ~76~03
123 4 (LF)(CR)
2402 /5201 (CR )(LF)
401 /123 4 603 (tFKCR)
1

[close 402]

0402 /520

(CR)(LF)

(LF)(CR)
4 3^

/ 6 >y o o (CR)(LF)

TLFKCRT
040TTT32 70(CR)(LF)

DEC-08-COCO-D
Examples of Register Examination & Modification (continued)

404/32 70 t(CR)(LF)
04 70 /0212 0000 (CR)(LF)
404/3270 t CR)

[contents of 404 refers to "this page, loc. 70"J
[ODT opens 470. User modifies 470J

0470~7M00 (CR)((&

"~
70000 (CKKj-F)
404/32 70 3271 1 (CR)(LF)

[contents of 404 modified to refer to "this page

g471"V23~60 (C R)(L-F)
404/3271 32 70 t!CR)(LF)
~~~
55470 /0000(CR)(LF)

[ODT opens 47 1]

365/5760

(C R)(LF )

oc .

7V <]

03 60~7tT42 6

^K)(LF)

[contents of 365 refers to "this piage, loc. 160"]
[ ODT
opens 360.
Contents of 3(60 become

042 6

(CR)(LF)

[

/ 52.0 I

ODT opens 426]

address J

4: ?(CR)(LF)

4U?(CR)(LF)

illegal

character.

ODT opens no register

illegal

character.

ODT ignores modification
ODT

6Q?(CR)(LF)

40^/ 4571 T? (CR)(LF)
406/"4TTl 57K? (CR)fl-F )
406/ 4671 6 7322? ( CR^LF)
/4671

digit in series.
ignores modification
register 406 still contains original value of 4671
fifth

Examples of setting Breakpoints and Executing User's Program

(LF)(CR)
475/ 0000
0476 Z0000 2 (LF^CR)
0477 /0000 (CR)(LFT~

( user's program expects to find the numbers

A6Zti

it is to use in 475 and 476 (see listing)
(.answer will be stored in 477
[Breakpoint is set at location 432]

(CKK'Lf-)

400G (CR)(LF)
+0432 (0000 (CR)(LF)

program begins at 400, go there]
program accpts input of "+".
Breakpoint
[477 contains sum of 475 & 476J
encountered

[user's
[user's

477/0003
Registers

remains

can be changed and the same breakpoint

475/0001

effect.

(LF)(CR)

04 76~71^02(CR)(LFr~

400G

ODT types break
address

(CR)(LF)

*0432 (0000(CR)(LF)
477/5006 (CR)(LF)

& C(ACfl

DEC-08-COCOD

Examples of examining and modifying

A 2)000

(CRKLF)

AC and L after encountering a breakpoint
CAC which contained

A^n^r(CR)(LF)~

j2f

encountered

when breakpoint was
is

modified]

/WWT (CR)(IF)
A~
(LF)(CR?

(CR)(LF)

7356 70001

[Link

which contained

446B( CR)(LF)
400G (LRKLh)
*
C

[Destroys old breakpoint

44S"T0W4(CR)(LF )
(

CR)(LF)

04 46

at
to

/0000(CR)(LF)

(3010 (CR)(LF)

break

modified

jZf]

sets

one at 446]

[Breakpoint encountered]
{continue until . . . ]
{Breakpoint again encountered]

(CftXLF)

0446 (0014

476/0003
/0007

(CR)(LF)

44SB
40 0G

*044S (0004
2C

[Breakpoint encountered]
^Continue as before but pass Breakpoint twice

0446 (0020

before stopping again]

0446 (0024

10/10/68 ai35,13
1203
0304

PAGE

START = 10/30
,*PAT=4

/THIS IS A 3-PAGE, 4K,
/PAGEw st -RELOCATABLE,
/OCTAL DEBUGGING SYSTEM CALLED
/***ODT-b*»*
I

1300

START

1303
1301

3675
0310

P10,

1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1313
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1342
1341

4357
1673
3367
1674
3767
3367
1263
3374
6031
5212
6336
3357
1357
4772
1373
3304
1243
3323
1723
2323
7510
5277
7341
1357
7640
5224
1323
1242
3323
1723
3323

READ,

JMS
TAD
DCA
TAD
DCA
DCA
TAD
DCA
KSF
JMP
KRB
DCA
TAD
JMS
TAD
DCA
TAD
DCA
TAD

5 7 23

1042
134 3

0514
1344

DCA

RLA05,

RE A,

ISzf

V*27®,
QUEST,

FP?40,

LTAdl

HL1ST,

SPA
JMP
CIA
TAD
S*A
JMP
TAD
TAD
UCA
TAD
DCA
JMP

CKSAl

/CLEAR THE CHECKSUM,
/ARBITRARY CONSTANT

WORD
WORD
FM5
TOTE

/END LINE; SET SHUT TO -1
/TRAD
/GET THE TRAP ADDRESS,
/KEEP
/RESTORE CONTENT,
/CLEAR THE INPUT, /7TH INST,
/-5
/SET THE LETTER COUNT,

»-l

/WAIT FOR COMMAND,

SCHAR
SCHAR

/GO TYPE THE CHARACTER,

CRLF
I

INX

WORD
I

IN0

1N9

RETN
2PAT
BLIST
SPMTR
SPNJR
SPNTR
I

SEX

SCHAR
CLA
.-7

SPNTR
LTABL
SPMTR
SPNTR
SPNTR
SPNTR

/INITIALIZE THE PATCH
/EVERY TIME,
/COMPUTE ADDRESS OF COMMAND.
/SEARCH FOR LEGAL CHARACTER,
/TEST FOR END OF LIST; MINUS
/NOT SATISFIED,
/COMPARE THE CHARACTER,

/FOUND
VNOi CONTINUE

/LOOK UP THE ADDRESS,

/GO PROCESS,

TAbL..2-TAHLl-l

TAdLl

/ODT-b WILL ALSO CORRECTLY READ SY w HOi_!C
1^21/ 1 157T 77 75
/TAPES PREPARED FQR ITS' F G
.

10/10/66

is:

6b,' 4

PAGE

/COMMAND LIST
144 4

TAr*L.l =

324

5 2*

1 J43

aie5

50 5

144 6
1047
145Z
1451
1452

0324
4212
0213

b2S>7

SLA,

/PUNCH
/END
/TRAILER
/OPEN NEXT
/CLOSE THIS ONE
/OPEN THIS ONE
/CREAK

1-344

l^t»3

1054
!455
1456
1457
1460
1461
1462

CK,

0302
0307
10273

0303
0327
0336
0315
a)

301
357

/CO
/;

/TABLE MUST END WITH

14b3

77/3

FM5,

1464
1065
1066
1467

ExAM,

1471
14/2

1367
7444
3370
1770
4771
3375
5207

14/3
1474
1475
1476

135 7
1364
1363
1362

I*X,

10 70

524
212
215
dl /
502
507
275
6^5
527
536
515
501
66/
A

-5

/LOAD ADDRESS
/IF ?EROt USE LAST

TAD WORD
Szf A

EX2,

JCA CaD
CAD
1AO
IN8
JMS
OCA SHUT
JMP REAU5
I

I-M0,

CrtSAli
I

7 ,

/CONTINUE
/WORD SEARCH
/UP-ARROW OPENS INDIRECT (I.E. *EM REF)
/MASK+UPPER+LQWER+
/AC+LINK
/t)ACK ARROW = OP t N IN D IR E CTLY
NEG NUMBER

JPRINT CONTENTS)
/PNUM
/SIGNALS OPEN REG

TRAD
*EEP
CKSA
FROG

/PROCtSS OCTAL DIGITS,
1477
1104
1101
1102
11U3
1104
1105
1106
110 7
1110
1111
1112
1115
1114

7204
1357
1226

StX

Crt-JUK,

CLA

SCHAR
FM2 7*

3323
136 7
7104

!A0
TAU
SUA
JMP
TAD
iPA
JMP
UCA
IAD
RAL

7'406

^'TL

1325

TAU
UCA

SAD

3 36 7

115

2374

IS*

T0TL

1116

5212

JMP

RL A

5317
1201
7510
5 317

/(-B)

/ILLEGAL CHAP

P10

/lPi

/1LLFGAL CHAR

SAD
*URO
CLE

/ASSEMBLE AN AODRtSS

10/10/68
/TYPE

1117
Ilia

7200
1227

4 7 72

1122

5202

Li5

PAGE

ERROR INDICATOR (?)

NO,

CLA
TAU 3UEST
JMS
IN9
JMP REAU
I

/277
/TYPN

/TO OPEN LOCATION 2ERO»
/OPEN 7777 AND TYpE LINEFEED,

/IHE ADDRESS OF ThE LAST REGISTER
/EXAMINED REMAINS THE SAME ANO MAY BE OPENED BY "/"

1123
1123

SPivTR*,

62)00

CRL,

SAl)=,

HANDLE REG, MODIFICATION ANO INCREMENTAL EXAMINE
/ROUTINE TO HANOL
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
113a
1131
1132
1133
1134

7041
1263
7650
5723
1367
2375
3770
5723

1135
1136
113 7

4323
4357
5207

CR1.1,

JMS CRL
JMS CRLF
JMP REA05

/CARRIAGE RETURN TO CLOSF

1143
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
115 3
1151

1253
4/72
4323

CRL2,

TAU CR
JMS
IN9
JMS CRL
JMS
IN9

/SINGLE FEED+CH

1152
115 3
1154
1155

4323
1772
3370

OP IN,

4 35 7

Up Ap?,

llt>6

534d

TAD
CIA
TAD
SNA
JMP
TAD

13 7 4

FM5
CLA
CRL
WORD
IS* SHUT
CAD
DCA
JMP
CRL

/-5
INFO AVAILABLE

/NO MOD,

/TEST FOR OPEN AND THEN CLOSF IT,
/MODIFY REGISTER

4 7 72

23/0
1370

TOTE

IS*

UPAR3,

4 7 71

1251
4772
5267

CAD.

TAD CAD
JMS
IN6
TAD SLA
JMS
IN9
JMP EX 2
I

/PNUM

/TYPN

JMS CRL
AJ
CAD
JCA
A
I

JMS

/TIME FOR CAR To RET,
/LINE FEED - EXAMINE NEXT

I.)

CRL^

JMP JPAR3

/CLOSE FIRST

10/10/68 tf»35.15

1157

113/
1162
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166

SCHAR:
/TYPE
CHlF
,

CAR.

KET,

TAD CH
JftS

0300

1176
1177

1367
3676

7 7 77

/215
If\|9

TAO IV
IN9
JMS
CMA
UCA SHUT
JMP
CRLF
I

/TYPK-

/212
/TYPN
/MINUS ONE
/SIGNALS CLOSED REGISTER

/PAGE ONE PARAMETERS,
WORU,
id

CAD,

1446
1233
1243
0300

AND LINE FEED

4772
1247
4772
7?4?
3375

1167
1172
1171
11/2
1173
1174
1175

IN6,
I

m9,

RtTN,
TOTE,
SHUT,
PUMC,

125.J

5 75 7

PAGE

'£

PNUM
TYPN
BURP
V

TAU WQRD
UCA
IN7
I

/CURRENT ADDRESS

PAGE

10/10/68 0135,15
SECOND CORE PAGE

/0DT-6,
1200

•START+200

1200
1201

0177
570?

SP177.

1202
1205
1206
1207
121^
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1220

7602
1362
4765
0100
1762
4765
0200
1362
7341
1764
7650
5767
2362
5206
5767

1221
1222
1223
1224

7602
1363
4765
0000

1225
1226
122 7

1271
4230
5225

121<33
l^fc34

17/
JMP

IN13

/PUNCH DATA,
CLA HLT
PUM1,
TAD FROG
JMS
INll
100
FROG
TAP
PUN2,
INll
JMS
I

TAU FROG
CIA
TALI
IN10
SIM A CIA
IN13
JMP

/PUNCH
PJN3,

/FIRST
/READ5

/PUNN (PUNCH CONTENTS)

/WORD

/READ5

FROG

JMP
JMP

PU.VJ2
I

THIS PAGE

/PUNN (PUNCH ORIGIN)

ISjf

IN13

L-NDt

CIA HLT
TAD CKSA
INll
JMS
I

/PUNN (PUNCH CHECKSUM)

/PUNCH LEADER,
TAJ SP200
JMS TYPN

PUM4,

JMP

,-2

/TO USE THL HIGH SPEED PUNCH,
/TYPfc "XXJYYP" THEN TOGGLt IN
/IHl PATCHES INDICATED BELOW,
/THLN LOAD ADDRESS AND START:
/PIHM4 - FDR LEADER-TRAILER.
/PUN1 + 1 ~ t-OR DATA
OR CHECKSUM AND LEADER.
/PUN3 + 1 /Rf-STORE PATCHES riEFORE RESTARTING,
/^LSTART AT START TO CLEAR CHtCKUM,
I-

/Rf-START

1230
1201
1202
123 3
1204
123^

3 00

6046
0041
5232
7600
•>

6 33

/TYPE
TYPN,

START+1 TO RFTAlN CHECKSUM,

CHARACTLR
«:

/(60?6)
/(6021)

TL b

TSK

JMP
SP7

FDR
FOK

,-1

/CLA-G-'OUP?

/O^ki

JMP

T Y P

H
H

10/10/68

,16

PAGE 5-1

1-J/1W/6B tf:35,16

PAGE

/FEATURES AUDtO: IMTLHUPT TURNED OFF U p ON HlHlNG RRE AKPO NT CAN USE
/r ,j SPftJ PUNCH! rfHEAKPOIiMl CAN Hfc. PUT 0* A JMS FOLLOWED «Y ARGUMENTS*
BREAKPOINT PUT ON INSTR REFERENCING AuTO-lNUEx
If
/J'iT-0 IS HLlOCATaHlF
/I-vuIHECTl^. IT WILL t3E INCREMENTED OM CONTINUF; LINK * AC EXAMINE ON
Y
AUTO LE AOER/TR A LEW
/COMMAND! / OPENS LATEST OPENED REGISTER! CLAR
/OPEN Mfci. REF,(M; anO OPEN INDIRECT (BACK ARROW); ALSO XXX C,
1

•

;

1236
1237
1243
1241
1242

1764
7450
1366
3357
5322

/SET A dREAK POINT,
N1
TAU
TRAP,
SNA
TAJ IN12
OCA TRAO
JMP SPEXIT

/THE TRAP

/CRLF
/TRAP SET (REAL OR DUMMY)
/GO TO SECOND PAGE EXIT,

SPRUNG

/SAVE C(AC)

1360
3757

TAO KEEP
JCA
TKAQ

/REPLACE INSTRUCTION WHICH WAS TRAPPED

7101
1357
3361

AC CLL
TAO TRAU
OCA GAME

/SAVE CONTINUATION ADDRESS (BREAK ADDR*1>

136?
1372

TAO
TAO
ANU
S2A
JMP
JMS
SNA
JMP
TAO
JMP

1246
1247
1253
1251

BURP,

;

/(WORD)-AOORESS OF TRAP,

/SAVE C(L)

3355
7204
3356

KEEP
SP2W00
SP200
SNL CLA
CURPAG
TSTJMS

1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1263
1261
1262
1263
1264

7660
5265
4322
7653
5267
1362
5306

1265
1266
1267

1357
0234
3362

12/0
12/1
12/2
12/3

1303
200
1362
3362

1274
12/5

13 6

TAJ "vLEP

0373

ANJJ

12 76

7 65

127/

5 302

1-300

1762
3362

1301

;

OCA SAC
RAL
OCA LINK

1243
1244
1245

12i?2

02 71

CORPAG,

'..PAR,

CLA

CURPAG+2
KEEP
LIP4

/YES, TREAT AS IF NON-P AGE-2E RO REFERENCE
/NO, PUT ACTUAI INSTR IN "THE" FOR EXECUTION

TAO TRAO
ANO SP7600
JCA-

SP2

/PICK UP TRAPPED INSTRUCTION
/OVERFLOW TO LINK IF IOT OR OPERATE INSTR,
REFERENCE
/AC=0 IF PAGE
OT OPFR PAGE H REFERENCE?
/WAS TRAPPED INSTR AN
/NO
/YFS, SEE IF IT WAS A JMS

FROG

TAO KEEP
ANO SP177
TAJ FROG
jca ^og

INITIAL *DDR OF RAGL RFFFRENCED By TRAPPED INSTR

/bet relative aijdr referenced hy trappeo instr,
/aoo on top of pagf
/s a vf a ri'?olute a odress of memory rfffkence

SP4*J0

SNA CLA
P
JMP
TAJ
FROG
i_

JC A

/SAVE

FROG

INDIRECT REFERENCE?
/IS IT A
/VO
/YFS, GET ACTUAL REFERENCE
f>i

10/10/68 0jJ5,l

PAGE 6-1

10/13/66 0?" ',17
JMS TSTJ*S
SNA
JMS
IN2l
TAJ IFROG

PAGE

TRAPPED INSTH

i.^2

4322

I3tf3

7 430

13 J4

4771

13D5

13 7 7

130 7
1312

3351
27o3
5 344

1311

bD02

1312
1313
1314
1313
1316
131/

1357
477
1276
4233
1355
4773

1323
1321

47o6
5767

SPfcAlT,

1322
1323
1324
1325
1326

0300
1300
0374
1375
5722

TSTJMS,

132/
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1343

1764
3361
1352
3351
3353
741?
1764
7<?4<;

CM A

3/05
4706

jC A

13 41

6?42

1342
1343

3360

JMS
/(CRlF)
IN12
/PATCH THE NEXT LOCATION *ITH NOR(7000)
/IF THE PROGRAM t(EhG DEBUGGED EXPECTS
/THE TTY FLAG TO bE UP,
TCF
/CLEAR THE FLAG
TAo
T R A
/SAVE TRip c n T E^TS,
JCA K LtP

1344

13 7 6

X C

134-5

3"37
133 6
7110
133 5

1346
1347
1<:>3

17.3 7

P. i

IP4,
IS*

TAJ
JMS
TAP
JMS
TAU
JMS

TRAD
IN14
LPAK
TYPN
SAC
1N14

JMS
JMP

IN12
IN13

J"S

IS A JMS (JMSER)
FROG) JMS AHUS RACK 4000
(J^S
/STORE FOR EXECUTION
/TEST M-CONTINI'E
/IGNORE ThIS break

/YES,
/\0

/STOP

INTERRUPTS

/PNUM
(PRINT TRAP ADDRESS)
(8 6 TS = 250r ASC
/LEFT PAREN
I

(PRINT

/PNUM

LFT PAREN)

C(AO)

/CRLF
/READ5
/GET TRAPPED IN'STR,
/ISOLATE OP CODE
/OVERFLOW TO LINK WITH AC*0

JMS

(4000)

/START AT A LOCATION
TAO
JUMP,
IN10
JCA GAME
TAO JPIGAm
I

CJ^'TIN,

JCA THE
OCA SAC
SKP
TAO
INI,;
I

IMl

/(WORD)

/(JMP

GAM£)

/CLEAR THE AC,
/(WORD)

/(PUNN)-LMP counter,

;)

!\i

T ,

TAJ

-S

JCA

A J

T A

/4i</ 2

T"t.

"L T

13 3c

jpigam,

jm^
i

S i

JMP

A ! T

TkAJ

/INSERT TRAP IN'STRUCT10\

L I \ K

*AR CLL

~?61
2 3el
3 3 3 -?

TAO KEEP
AND SP7000
TAU SP4000
JMP
TSTjMS

1331
133 3

i'vll

JMP fcCONT

/SEE

S AC

;;a»h
mL
;, a

/RESTORE LINK
/AMU C(AC)
/JOT EXECUTION Qf

TRAPPEf."-

,-.;

/IMITATE SKIP CONDITION.

INST,

aFTlR PROCEEO

10/10/66 0;35,18
/VAKIABLtS' MAY dt SCANNED ViA "A".
2^2

LSob
1507
1363
1361
1362
1363

1157
203

0202
£777
0200

1364
1365
1366
1367
13/0
1371

1167
1401
1157
1207
1446

13/2
13/3
13/4
13/5
1376
13/7

2200

14 75

/AC
/LlMK BIT

SAC,
L.

I.MK,

TRAD,
KEEP,
GAME,
FROG,
CKSA,

/ADDRESS OF TRAP,
/CONTENT OF TRAP
/ADDRESS FOR CONTINUE
STAKT-1 /MEMORY REFERENCE
/THE CHECKSUM TO DATE,

CRLf-'

/INTER COM REGS,
WORD
IN Id,
PUNN
Nil,
I

I-M12,

CHUF

IN13,
IN14,
IN21,

HEA05
PN.UM

/PROCESS JMS

JMSER

/CONSTANTS
4 0.0

7000
4200
5404
4762

SP2000;
SP400,
SP7000,
SP4000,
BAIT,
IFROG,

2000
400
/000
4000
JMP
JMS

I
I

ZPAT
FROG

PAGE

10/10/68 0:35,19
/JDT-O,

*b1ARI+4/!0

01/7

/P NCH
[ P 1 7 7 ,

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10/10/68 0:35,19

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