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IDENTIFICATION

Product Code:

DEC-08-COCO-D

Product Name:

ODT-8

Date Created:

October, 10,1968

Maintainer:

Software Service Group

D EC-08-C OC 0 - D

ABSTRACT
ODT (Octal Debugging Technique) i s a debugging aid for the PDP-8, which facilitates

communication with, and alteration of, the program being run.

Communication between operator and

program occurs v i a the Teletype, using defined commands and octal numbers.

This version o f ODT has

been completely revised and replaces both versions of the former ODT-I1 program.

PRELIM1NARY REQUIREMENTS

2.1

Equ ipment
Standard PDP-8 or PDP-5 with basic 4k memory and Teletype.

2.2

Storage

ODT requires 600 (octal) consecutive core locations and one location on page 0 which w i l l
be used as an intercom register.

I t i s page relocatable.

LOADING OR CALLING PROCEDURE

NOTE: ODT cannot be called as a subroutine.
a.

ODT i s normally distributed i n binary w i t h the source available on request and i s

loaded w i t h the Binary Loader.

Place the ODT tape i n the reader.

2. Set 7777 i n the SWITCH REGISTER and press LOAD ADDRESS. (If using the
high-speed photoelectric reader, put switch 0 down).

3. Press START.

b. Load the binary tape of the program to be debugged i n the same manner as ODT was
loaded.

Be sure that the two do not overlap.

USING THE PROGRAM OR ROUTINE

4.1

Starting Procedure
a.

The starting address o f ODT i s the address of the symbol START.

For standard library

versions the high version starts a t 7000 and the low a t 1000.

b. Set the starting address i n the SWITCH REGISTER. Press LOAD ADDRESS, and
START on the console. ODT w i l l issue a carriage return and line feed to indicate that
i t i s now running and awaiting commands from the keyboard.
c.

To restart ODT wihout clearing the checksum, set the address of START + 1 (usually

7001 high version, or 1001 low version) into the SWITCH REGISTER and press LOAD
ADDRESS and START on the console.

DEC-08-COCO-D

4.2

Control Characters
a.

Slash ( / )

- Open register preceding/
-

The iegister examination character / causes the register addressed by the octal number
preceding the dash to be opened and its contents typed out i n octal.

The open register

can t1:en be modified by typing the desired octal number and closing the register.
octal number from 1 to 4 digits i n length i s a legal input.

Any

Typing a fifth d i g i t i s an

error and w i l l cause the entire modification to be ignored and a question mark to be typed
back by ODT.

Typing ( / ) with no preceding argument causes the latest named register

to be opened (again). Typing O/ i s interpreted as / with no argument.

400/6046
4002468?
4 0 0 / 6 m 1 2345?
/604-

Example:

b. Carriage Return ( J )
r

- Close register

I f the user has typed a valid octal number, after the content of a register was printed by
ODT, typing

2 causes the binary value o f that number to replace the original contents
I f nothing has been typed by the

o f the opened register and the register to be closed.

user, the register i s closed but the content of the register i s not changed.
Example:

400/6046$
4 0 0 m 2345 J
/234m46

Typing another command w i l l also close an opened register.
Example:

400/6046 401/6031 2346
4 0 0 m 401- -

Line Feed ( 1 )

- Close register, open next sequential register

The line feed has the same effect as the carriage return, but, in addition, the next
sequential register i s opened and its contents typed.
Example:

400/6041
0401/6031 12341

o402/5201$
d

Register 400 i s closed unchanqed and 401
i s opened. User types change, 401 i s
closed containing 1234 and 402 i s opened.

. Up arrow ( t ) - Close register, take contents as memory reference and open s m e

Up arrow w i l l close an open register just aswillcarriage return. Further, it w i l l interpret the contents o f the register as a memory reference instruction, open the register
referenced and type its contents.

D EC-08-C OC 0 - D

Example:

404/3270 t
0 4 7 0 m 2 0000,)

3270 symbolically i s "DCA, this page, relative
location 70, 'I so ODT opens register 470.

404/3270t
0470mO
e.

) - Close register, open indirectly.

Back Arrow (

Back arrow w i l l also close the currently open register and then interrupt its contents as
the address o f the register whose contents i t i s to type and open for modification.
Example:

365/5760 t
0360m6c

6426/5201
f. Any Illegal Character
Any character that i s neither a v a l i d control character nor an octal digit, or i s the fifth
octal d i g i t i n a series, causes the current line to be ignored and a question mark typed.
Example:

4:3 ), 1

ODT opens no register.

4U?

4067471 67K?
/467i-J-

ODT ignores modification and closes register 406.

a . x x x x G - Transfer control to user a t location xxxx.
Clear the AC then go to the location specified before the G.
ters w i l l be initialized and the break-trap,

All indicators and regis-

i f any, w i l l be inserted. Typing G alone i s

an error but w i l l nevertheless cause a iump to location 0.

h. XXXXB - Set breakpoint at user location xxxx.
Conditions ODT to establish a breakpoint a t the location specified before the B.

B i s typed alone, ODT removes any previously established breakpoint and restores the
original contents o f the break location.

A breakpoint may be changed to another loca-

tion, whenever ODT i s i n control, by simply typing xxxxB where xxxx i s the new
location.

O n l y one breakpoint may be i n effect at one time; therefore, requesting a new

breakpoint removes any previously existing one.

The previous restriction on placing a

breakpoint on a JMS followed by arguments has been removed as of the June 1967 revision.

This means ODT can now be more effectively used, especially in debugging programs
which u t i l i z e floating point.

The only restriction i n this regard i s that a breakpoint may

not be set on any o f the floating point instructions which appear as arguments o f a JMS.

DEC-08-COCO-D

Example:

}

TAD
DCA
J MS
FADD

Breakpoint legal here.
Breakpoint illegal here.

The breakpoint (B) command does not make the actual exchange o f ODT instruction for
user instruction, i t only sets up the mechanism for doing so. The actual exchange does
not occur u n t i l a "go to" or a "proceed from breakpoint" command i s executed.
When, during execution, the user's program encounters the location containing the
breakpoint, control passes immediately to ODT (via location 0004). The C(AC) and

C(L) at the point of interruption are saved in special registers accessible to ODT. The
user instruction that the breakpoint was replacing i s restored, before the address of the
trap and the content o f the AC are typed.
a t this time.
given.

The restored instruction has not been executed

It w i l l not be executed u n t i l the "proceed from breakpoint" command i s

Any user register, including those containing the stored AC and Link, can now

be modified in the usual manner.

The breakpoint can also be moved or removed a t this

time.

. A - Open register containing AC.

When the breakpoint i s encountered the C(AC) and C(L) are saved for later restoration.
Typing A after having encountered a breakpoint, opens for modification the register i n
which the AC was saved and types i t s contents.

This register may now be modified i n the

normal manner (see SLASH) and the modification w i l l be restored to the AC when the
"proceed from breakpoint" i s given.

1 after A

- Open register containing Link

After opening the AC storage register, typing linefeed ( 4 ) closes the AC storage register,
then opens the Link storage register for modification and types i t s contents.

The Link

register may now be modified as usual (see SLASH) and that modification w i l l be restored
to the Link when the "proceed from breakpoint'' i s given.

. C - Proceed (continue) from a breakpoint.

Typing C, after having encountered a breakpoint, causes ODT to insert the latest
specified breakpoint ( i f any), restore the contents o f the AC and Link, execute the
instruction trapped by the previous breakpoint, and transfer control back to the user program at the appropriate location.

The user program then runs u n t i l the breakpoint i s again

encountered.

DE C-08-C OCO -D

NOTE: I f a trap set by ODT i s not encountered while ODT i s running the
object (user's) program, the instruction which causes the break to occur w i l l
not be removed from the user's program.

XXXC Continue and iterate loop xxx times before break.
The programmer may wish to establish the breakpoint a t some location w i t h i n a loop o f

his program. Since loops often run to many iterations, some means must be available to
prevent a break from occuring each time the break location i s encountered.
function of XXXC (where xxx i s an octal number).

This i s the

After having encountered the break-

point for the first time, the user specifies, with this command, how many times the loop

i s to be iterated before another break i s to occur.

The break operations have been

described previously i s section h.

k . M - Open search mask.
Typing M causes ODT to open for modification the register containing the current value
I n i t i a l l y the mask i s set to 7777.

o f the search mask and type its contents.

It may be

changed by opening the mask register and typing the desired value after the value typed
by ODT, then closing the register.

4 - Open lower search l i m i t
The register immediately following the mask storage register contains the location a t
which the search i s to begin.

Typing line feed (1) to close the mask register causes this,

the lower search l i m i t register to be opened for modification and its contents typed.
I n i t i a l l y the lower search l i m i t i s set to 0001

. It may be changed by typing the desired

lower l i m i t after that typed by ODT, then closing the register.

- Open upper search l i m i t

The next sequential register contains the location with which the search i s to terminate.
Typing line feed (1) to close the lower searchlimit register causes this; the upper search
l i m i t register to be opened for modification and its contents typed.

Initially, the upper

search l i m i t i s the beginning o f ODT itself, 7000 (1000 for low version).

I t may also be

changed by typing the desired upper search l i m i t after the one typed by ODT, then
closing the register with a carriage return.

1 . XXXXW Word search.
The command XXXXW(where xxxx i s an octal number) w i l l cause ODT to conduct a search
of a defined section o f core, using the mask and the lower and upper limits which the user
has specified, as indicated in section k .

Word searching using ODT i s similar to word

DEC-08-COCO-D

searching using DDT.

The searching operations are used to determine i f a given quantity

i s present i n any o f the registers o f a particular section of memory.

The search i s conducted as follows: ODT masks the expression xxxx which the user types
preceding the W and saves the result as the quantity for which i t i s searching.

(All

masking i s done by performing a Boolean AND between the contents o f the mask register,

C(M), and the register containing the thing to be masked.)

ODT then masks each

I f the two quantities are identical, the address and the actual unmasked

contents o f the matching register are typed and the search continues u n t i l the upper l i m i t
i s reached.

A search never alters the contents of any registers.
Example:

Search locations 3000 to 4000 for a l l ISZ instructions, regardless of
what register they refer to (i.e. search for all registers beginning with
an octal 2).

M7777 70001
7453/0001 3000 1
7454/7000 4000 1
2000w

Change the mask to 7000, open lower search I irnit
Change the lower l i m i t to 3000, openupper l i m i t
Change the upper l i m i t to 4000, close register
Initiate the search for ISZ instructions

2000/2467
These are 4 ISZ instructions i n this section
o f core.

3057/2501

'312v/2032

T - Punch leader

ODT i s capable o f producing leader (code 200) on-line.

This i s done by typing T and

then turning ON the punch. When enough leader has been punched, turn o f f the punch
and h i t STOP on the console.

It i s imperative that the punch be turned OFF before typing

again on the keyboard, since anything typed w i l l be punched also, i f the punch i s l e f t
on.

To issue any further commands, reload the starting address and press START on the

console.

n. xxxx; yyyyP - Punch binary
To punch a binary core image of a particular section o f core, the above command i s used
where xxxx i s the i n i t i a l (octal) address and yyyy i s the final (octal) address o f the section

of core to be punched. The computer w i l l h a l t (with 7402 displayed) to allow the user to
turn ON the punch.

Pressing CONTINUE on the console initiates the actual punching o f

DEC-08-COCO-D

the block. The punching terminates without having punched a checksum, to allow subsequent blocks to be punched and to allow an a l l inclusive checksum to be punched at
the end by a separate command. This procedure i s optional, however, and the user may
punch individually checksummed blocks.
It i s imperative that the punch be turned OFF before typing another command, since the

keyboard and punch are linked.
0.

- Punch checksum and trailer

Given the command E,

ODT w i l l halt to allow the punch to be turned on. Pressing

CONTINUE on the console w i l l cause i t to punch the accumulated checksum for the
preceding block(s) o f binary output followed by trailer (code 200).

When a sufficient

length o f trailer has been output, turn OFF the punch and press STOP on the console.

continue with ODT reload the starting address and press START on the console.
The binary tape produced i n this manner by ODT can now be loaded into core and run.
However, the changes should be made to the symbolic source tapes as soon as possible.

4.3

Additional Techniques
a.

TTY I/O-Flag

Sometimes the program being debugged may require that the TTY flag be up before i t can
continue output,

i .e.,

the program output routine w i l l be coded as follows:

TSF
JMP .-1
TLS
Since ODT normally leaves the TTY flag i n an o f f (lowered) state, the above coding w i l l
cause the program to loop at the JMP.-1

. To avoid this, ODT may be modified to leave

the TTY flag in the raised (on) state when transferring control through either a ''go to" or
a "continue" command.

This modification i s accomplished by changing location XCONT-3

(normally a t 7341) to a NOP (7000). To make the actual change, load ODT as usual.
Open register XCONT-3 and modify i t as follows:

7341/6042
-7000 J

(1 341/6042
-7000

2 for low version)

b. Current Location
The address o f the current register or last register examined i s remembered by ODT and
remains the same, even after the commands G,
opened for inspection merely by typing

C, B, T, E, and P. This location may be

D EC-08-COC 0 - D

. Programs Written i n ODT Commands

ODT w i l l also correctly read tapes prepared off-line

(e .g

., a tape punched w i t h

1021/1157t 7775 w i l l cause location 1021 to be opened and changed to 1157; then the
memory reference address 157 w i l l be opened and changed to 7775 (-3).
w i l l work w i t h breakpoints, continues, punch commands, etc.

This procedure

Thus, debugging programs

may be read into ODT to execute the program, l i s t registers o f interest, modify locations,
etc.

Binary Tape from High Speed Punch

It i s possible to obtain a binary tape from the high speed punch, instead o f the Teletype,
however, this requires switch manipulation.

Proceed as follows:

1 . Type the punch command xxxx; yyyyP as explained i n section 4.2 (n). The
computer w i l l h a l t .

Set 7231 (1231 for low version) i n the SWITCH REGISTER (SR) and press LOAD

ADDRESS.

3. Set 6026 i n the SR and press DEPOSIT.

4. Set 6021 in the SR and press DEPOSIT.
5 . Set 7225 (1225 for low version) i n the SR and press LOAD ADDRESS and START
on the console, and leader (code 200) w i l l be output.

6. When a sufficient length o f leader has been produced, press STOP on the console.
7. Set 7203 (1203 for low version) i n the SR and press LOAD ADDRESS and START
on the console, and the section o f core specified i n the punch command w i l l be
output.

8. I f another block o f data i s desired on the same tape, the original contents o f the
locations changed i n steps 3,

4 and 5 must be replaced. (See step 1 1 .) Steps 1 , 2,

3, 4, and 8 must then be repeated to output the data block v i a the high speed punch.

9 . Set 7222 (1222 for low version) i n the SR and press LOAD ADDRESS and START
on the console, and the accumulated checksum w i l l be punched followed by trailer
(code 200).

10. When a sufficient amount o f trailer has been produced, press STOP on the console
and press the TAPE FEED button, then remove the tape from the punch.

DEC-08-COC 0 - D

1 1 . TO continue using ODT, the locations changed in steps 3 and 4 must be
restored as follows:
Set 7231 (1231 for low version) i n the SRand press LOAD ADDRESS.
Set 6046 i n the SR and press DEPOSIT.
Set 6041 i n the SR and press DEPOSIT.

12. Set the starting address (7000 or 1000) i n the SR and press LOAD ADDRESS and
START on the console, and ODT i s ready to go again.
e.

Interrupt Program Debugging

ODT executes an IOF when a breakpoint i s encountered.
iterations remain i n an x-continue command .)

(It does not do this when more

This i s done so that an interrupt w i l l not

occur when ODT types out the breakpoint information.

It thus protects itself against

spurious interrupts and may be used safely in debugging programs that turn on the interrupt
mode.
However, the user must remember that there i s no way i n which ODT could know whether

the interrupt was on when the breakpoint was encountered, and hence i t does not turn on
the interrupt when transferring control back to the program after receiving a ''go" or a
"continue" command.

Octal D u m

By setting the search mask to zero and typing W, a l l locations between the search limits
w i l l be printed on the Teletype.
g

. Indirect References

When an indirect memory reference instruction i s encountered, the actual address may be
opened by typing t and-.

4.4

Errors

The only legal inputs are control characters and octal digits. Any other character w i l l cause
the character or line to be ignored and a question mark to be typed out by ODT.
error.

I t must be preceded by an address to which control w i l l be transferred.

Typing G alone i s an

This w i l l e l i c i t no question

mark also i f not preceded by an address, but w i l l cause control be transferred to location 0.
Typing any punch command with the punch ON i s an error and w i l l cause ASCII characters
to be punched on the binary tape.

This means the tape cannot be loaded and run properly.

D EC-08-COCO-D

4.5

Miscellaneous

I f a trap set by ODT i s not encountered by the user's program, the breaktrap instruction w i l l
not be removed.

ODT can now be used to debug programs using floating point, since the intercom

register i s now register 0004, and since breaktraps may now be set on a JMS with arguments following.
Thisversion of ODT w i l l operate on a Teletype with an ALT mode key or an ESCAPE key.

To restart

ODTwithoutclearing the checksum, set the SWITCH REGISTER to the value of start + 1 (7001 or 1001
in library versions) and press LOAD ADDRESS and START on the console.

used by patching three locations after typing the punch command.

DETAILS OF OPERATION AND STORAGE

5.1

Features

The high speed punch may be

(See section 4.3 d.)

ODT features include register examination and modification; binary punchouts (to the Teletype
or high speed punch) of user designated blocks o f memory; octal core dumps to the Teletype using the
word search mechanism, as i n DDT; and instruction breakpoints to return control to ODT (breakpoints).

ODT makes no use o f the program interrupt f a c i l i t y and w i l l not operate outside o f the core memory
bank i n which i t i s residing.
The breakpoint i s one o f ODT's most useful features.

When debugging a program, i t i s often

desirable to allow the program to run normally up to a predetermined point, at which the programmer may
examine and possibly modify the contents o f the accumulator (AC), the Link (L), or various instruction
or storage registers within his program, depending on the results he finds.
acts as a monitor to the user program.

To accomplish this, ODT

The user decides how far he wishes the program to run and ODT

inserts an instruction i n the user's program which, when encountered, causes control to transfer back to

ODT. ODT immediately preserves i n designated storage registers, the contents o f the AC and L a t the
break.

It then prints out the location at which the break occurred, as w e l l as the contents o f the AC at

that point.

ODT w i l l then allow examination and modification of any register o f the user's program (or

those registers storing the AC and L).
continue running his program.

The user may also move the breakpoint, and request that ODT

This w i l l cause ODT to restore the AC and L, execute the trapped in-

struction and continue i n the user's program u n t i l the breakpoint i s again encountered or the program
terminated normally.

5.2

Storage

ODT requires 600 (octal) locations and, as distributed by the Program Library, resides i n
memory between 7000 and 7577 (or 1000 and 1577 for the low version).

It is, however, page relocatable.

D EC-08-COC 0 - D

The source tape can be re-origined to the start o f any memory page except page 0 and assembled to
reside in the three pages following that location, assuming they are a l l i n the same memory bank.

ODT

also uses location 4 on page 0 as an intercom register between itself and the user's program when executing
a breaktrap.

I f the user wishes to change the location o f the intercom register, he may do so by changing

The intercom register must remain on page 0.

the value o f ZPAT i n the source and reassembling.

RE STRICTION S
a.

ODT w i l l not operate outside o f the memory bank i n which i t i s located,

b. It must begin a t the start o f ' a memory page (other than page 0) and must be completely contained i n one memory bank.
c.

It w i l l not turn on the program interrupt,

program i s using the interrupt.

since i t has no way o f knowing i f the user's

I t does, however, turn o f f the interrupt when a break-

point i s encountered, to prevent spurious interrupts.

(See 4.3 (e),)

. The user's program must not use or reference any core locations occupied or used by

ODT, and v i c e versa,
e.

In library distributed versions ZPAT = 0004.

This register must be l e f t free by the user

since i t i s f i l l e d w i t h an address within ODT which i s used to transfer control between
user program and ODT.

f. Sreakpoints are fully invisible to "open register" commands; however, breakpoints may
not be placed in locations which the user program w i l l modify i n the course of execution

or the breakpoint w i l l be destroyed.
7

REFERENCES
a.

See DDT Programming Manual ( D i g i t a l - 8 - 4 s ) for a f u l l explanation o f the use of

debugging programs.

b. Binary Loader (Digital-8-2-U).
8

COMMAND SUMMARY

nnnn/

Open register designated by the octal number nnnn.
opened register

Reopen latest opened register,

Carriage Return (

Close previously opened register.

Reopen latest

DEC-08-COCO-D

Line Feed ( 4 )

Close register and open the next sequential one for modification.

Up Arrow ( t )

Close register, take contents o f that register as a memory reference
and open it.

Back Arrow (e-)

Close register open indirectly.

I1 I ega I character

Current line typed by user i s ignored,

nnnnG

Transfer program control to location nnnn.

nnnnB

Establish a breakpoint a t location nnnn.

Remove the breakpoint.

Open for modification the register in which the contents o f AC were

ODT types ” ? CR LF”.

stored when the breakpoint was encountered.

Proceed from a breakpoint.

nnnnC

Continue from a breakpoint and iterate past the breakpoint nnnn times
before interrupting the user’s program a t the breakpoint location.

Open the search mask.

(line feed)

Open lower search l i m i t .

(line feed)

Open upper search l i m i t .

nnnnW

Search the portion o f core as defined by the upper and lower limits
for the octal value nnnn

Punch leader.

nnnn;mmmm P

Punch a binary core image defined by the limits nnnn and mmmm
Punch checksum and trailer.

EXAMPLES AND/OR APPLICATIONS
~~~

Sym bo1s for representing I’ invisible I’ Te Ietype act ions:
-

Carriage Return

Line Feed

Computer Halts

Key Continue on Console

Punch O n

DEC-08-COCO-D

Punch Off

Product ion o f Leader

Punching o f Binary Text

Punching of Checksum and Trailer

The following examples are the actual result o f using ODT to run the program listed after the
examples.

Brackets enclose comments local to the description.

Under1inings designate that produced

by ODT.

[mask modified1

I: lower search l i m i t modified]
[upper search l i m i t modified']
[ q u a n t i t y for which t o search specified and
search begun]

[search completed]

[I change mask]

-z 54 /~;,;'(cR)(LF)
i)LF)
-

[change lower limit]
[upper l i m i t i s a l l right]
[search for a l l CLA instructions]
I t i s at location 3641
[there i s only one.
[search i s finished]

[set mask for indirect and age bits]
[using previous limits searc for a l l references
to page zero which occur]

'34 1 4 /7458'

(CR)(LF)

3 4 1 7 1 7 4 5 3 (CR)(Ll-)

[ there are none,

however, these m icroinstructions
look l i k e indirect references to page zero since
they have a 1 in b i t 3 and a $ in b i t 41

3456 / 7 4 ' Z ( L K 7 - m )
B 4 7 2 1 7 5 2 1 (CR)(LF)
/I

[search completed)

D EC-08-C OC 0 - D
[ s e t mask to zero so that everything w i l l match1

I set search limits to encompass dump area]
[since W i s typed alone, the word searched for,
The result after masking each register
is
so a l l comparisons
with jl is, of course,
appear to the program equal and hence a l l
unmasked contents are typed, constituting
a dump]

Examples of Register Examination 8, Modification

[E xamine Only]
INon-octal number typed, modification ignored 1
[ More than 4 digits typed, modification ignored]
[ Register 400 modified to 2345 1
[ Mod i f ied again ]
C Register closed by typing another command

[close and examine next 3
[modify 401, examine 403
[close 4021

DEC-08-COCO-D

Examples of Register Examination h Modification (continued)

I contents of 404 refers to "this page,
[ODT opens 470.

loc.

70"l

User modifies 4701

[contents of 404 modified to refer to "this page
[ODT opens 4711
loc. 71"]

[contents of 365 refers to "this page, loc. 160"3
1 ODT opens 360. Contents of 360 become
[ODT opens 4261
add ressl

illegal character.

ODT opens no register

illegal character.
ODT ignores modification
ODT ignores modification
fifth d i g i t in series.
register 406 s t i l l contains original value of 4671

Examples of setting Breakpoints and Executing User's Program

user's program expects to find the numbers
i t i s to use i n 475 and 476 (see listing)
answer w i l l be stored i n 477
[Breakpoint is set at location 4321
W) 4d0G
[user's program begins at 400, go thereJ
+(1432 7TTT5 (CR)(LF)
[user's program accpts input of 'I+".
Breakpoint
477/00@3
1477 contains sum of 475 P 4761 .encountered
ODT types break
Registers can be changed and the same breakpoint
address
P C(AC9
remains in effect.

5476/o0@57 2 (LF)(CR)
a 4 7 7 /aaaa ( C R ) ( L F T

DEC-08-COCO-D

Examples of examining and modifying AC and L after encountering a breakpoint

LAC which contained fl when breakpoint was
encountered i s modified 1

[Link which contained 1 at break i s modified
to

[Destroys old breakpoint 8 sets one at 4461
[Breakpoint encountered]
[continue u n t i l
J
[Breakpoint again encountered]

*!24467F7TT4 (CR)(LF)
C (CR)(LF)
E 4 4 6 (2331 0 (CR)(LF)

.. .

(CR)( LF)

476/C'jBk33 7
/8307
4458
405G
*?445 (2424
2c
0445 (e323
C
3445 (3324

[Break po int encou nt ered]
[Continue as before but pass Breakpoint twice
before stopping again]

lO/Y/68

19151,59

I'AGt

/ I T I5 A V t H Y P H I H I T I V L C A L C U L A T n H W H I C H ADLIS,
/5lltiTHACTS,
Y U L T I P L I E S , OR U l V l D t S USIh'G T W O PHEVIOUSLY S T O R E D
/JLTAL
iNUMtlLaS, THE C q L Y l N P U T I T ACCEPTS I S AN
/!'PtHATUH
THE NUMHERS I T O P t R A T E S ON
/ L + N u t CHANLLD Y Y T H t T O L G L E S O R BY U I I T , THE RESULT 15 S T n H t D I N "AN5R"
LdJ6a
8361
US62
8363
0364

16365
0400
040t
164ld2
id4kjJ
0404
0405
id406

0368

*3bd

000B
6841
5361
ba4b
7200
5760

TYPt,

0480
6846
6531

e41d0

52161

JMP ,-l
nRd
/ R E A 0 THC CHAR I N T O AC
OCA TEMP
/AND S T O R E
TAU TEMP
/ECHO I T
JMS I T Y P E J
/ H O U T I N L T O CHECK I N P U T C H A R A C T E R AN0 JMP T O P R O P t R ROLJTINE
/ L ) E P f N O I N C ON W H I C H OPERATOR I T WAS,
LtLL,
TAD T E Y P
/ G E T OPERATOR
T A U M257
/IS I T A S L A S H ( 2 5 7 1 1
SNA
. JMP O V l D
/YES, G O T O D I V I O E R O U T I N E
TAU C 2
/NO) IS I T A M I N U S S l C N 1 2 5 5 ) ?
SNA
JMP S U B 1
/YES,
G O TO SUBTRACT R O U T I N E
TAO C 2
/NO1 IS IT A P L U S SIGN (233)?
SNA
JMP ADO
/YES,
GO T O A O D I T I O N ROUTINE
IAC
/NO1 IS I T AN A S T E R I S K (252)?
SNA C L A
JMP MULT
/YES, G O TO M U L T I P L Y R O U T I N E
TAL) C 2 7 7
/NO IS I T NOT A LEGAL OPEHAToR
/ T Y P E A Q U E S T I O N MARK
JMS I TYPEJ
J H P QEAD
/ A N d ti0 L I S T E N F O R ANOTHEH OPERATOR
/ R O U T I N E T U ADD NUMClER I N " S T O R 2 " T O NUMRER I N
/\TUHl
AVO D E P O S I T SUM I N "ANSR",
(STORlrSTOR2=ANSR)
/ r d l E S 5 I N L "C31YTlNUEfr WILL CAUSE PROGHAt' T O L I S T E N FOR ANOTHER
/JPEHATUH,
T A U STOHl
AL)U,
TAU S T O R 2
UCA ANSR
HLT
JMP RLAU

6836
327a

iz7a
4671

Id407 1270
84ia
1272
0411 7450
0 4 ~ 2 5253
0413 1273
0414
7450
0415 5234
0416
1273
era7 7 4 5 0
w a 5227
0421 7 0 @ 1
0422
7650
0423 5242
0424
1274
0425 4671
0426 5201

0427
id430
0431
(6432
16433

1275
1276
3277
7482
5201

TSF
JMP
TLS
CLA
JMP

TLS
REAU,

,-1
I TYPE
/INITIALIZE

TELEPHINTER

6S6

PAGL 2

iB/9/68 19152,LT

16434
0435
8436
0437
8440
0441

8442
9443
0444
16445
0446
16447
16450
16491

0452

1276
72141
1275
3277
7482
52161

1276
7a41
3300
1275
2S160
5245
3277
74162
5281

/ N O U T l N t T O S U E T H A C T S T O R 2 I R O H S T O H l AND P U T D I F F L R E N C E I N ANSR,
/STOH1-STUH2=ANSHI
P R E S S C O N T I N U E T O E N T E R ANOTHER O P E R A T n R
SUHT,
T A D STORZ
/ G E T N E G A T I V E T W O ’ S COMPLfHENT
ClA
/OF S T O H 2
TAU S T O R l
UCA ANSX
HcL T
JMP R E A D

( H O U T L N L T O M U L T I P L Y S T O R 1 BY STOR2 AND P U T PRODUCT I N ANSRI
TOHl*STOR2*ANSR)
THIS IS DONE B Y A D D I N G S T O R 1 T O S T O R 1 ,
TIMES HHERE N=STOR2,
ESS C O N T I Y U E T O E N T L R ANOTHER OPERATOR,
T,
TAD S T O R 2
/ S T O R E N E G A T I V E T W 0 ” S COHPLEHENT
CIA
/ I O F S T O H 2 A S T H E NUMUER Or T I M E S

ISZ CNTR
JWP ,-2
UCA ANSR
HLT
JMP R E A D
/ H O U T I N C T O D I V I U E S T O R l B Y S T O R 2 AND S T O R E I N A N S R (STOR1/ STOR2aANLR),
/THIS
I S DONE B Y SUCCESSIVELY S U H T R A C T I N G T O Z E R O , COUNTING
THE N U M ~ L R
/OF S U B T R A C T I O N S A N 0 S T O R I N G I T I N A N S R

0453
16454
04>5
0496
0457
U460
0461
16462
16463
0464
16465
0466
L467

3500
1276
7341
3276
1275
1276
2300
7540
52ba
13160
3277
7402
52P1

OVIU,

16478
0411

TEMP,
TYPtJ,
I42570

16
TYPE
-297

0473
Lo474

16000
0360
7521
0082
0277

c2 I

16aon

271

16475

8416
16417
16700

0890
ea160

CL71,
STOHlr
STOR2r
ANSH,

0300

CNTH,

Lo472

OCA
TAO
LlA
OCA
TAU
TAD

CNTR
STOA2

STOR2
STOHl
STOR2
1 s t CNTR
S t k SMA
JMP , - 3
T A J CNTR
DCA ANSR
HLT
JMP REAU

/PUT 0

I N COUNTER

/NEGATF

STOR2

/SUBTRACT

ZERO B E E N REACHED?
SUBTRACT A G A I N
/YES, CNTR C O N T A I N S NO OF S U B T R A C T I O N S
/PERFORMED
/HAS
/NOI

@
k3

/ I H l S IS A SAMPLE PROGRAM FOR O D T

S T O R 2 FROM S T O R 1

5YMM3L T A U i t

AIJD

AiuSH
L uTH
LL

cz77
L ) v 10
LtGL
NUL 1
Ne51
HLAU
5TOK1

bIOH2
5UBl
1 LHP

TYPE
1 YPtJ

a427
a477
d5aU
6473
a474
a453
J4d7
a442
0472
a431
a475
a476
a434
a47v

0368
6471

18/9/6P
~ Y M B ~ 4L t i - t

TYPL
HtAU
LLCL
AUD

5UBT

flULT
rlv I U
TtMP
TYPEJ

flL57

CL
CL77
STOR1
5 I OH2

AivSR

CNTR

6560

d4L1
a4a7
a427
a434
6442
a453
a470
a471
0472
0473
a474
a475
a476
a477
0588

19!52,2

PAGE 4

5TAHT:lvjIIO
tPATr4

IS A 3 - P A L L , 4 K ,
/PAC~WIS~-HELUCATAHLE,
/OCTAL L)tdUI;GING SYSTEM C A L L E D

/THIS

/*++Ol)T-U*++

la@#
id00
fd0l

3675
0010

UCA I

1602

4357
1673
3367
1674
5767
3367
1263
3374
6831
5212
6036
3357
1357
4772
1373

JMS CHLF
TAU I I N X
UCA WORD
TAD I I N B
UCA I WURO
OCA WURO
TAD FM5
OCA T O T L
KSF
JMP .-1

la03
1dm4
1605

la06
Id@?
iaim
la11

1612
la13
ldl4

ldl5
1016
1017
1020

1021
1022
la23
1624
1825

1826
la27
1130
1131
la32
la53
10J4
1635
1136
lad?

UCA SCHAR
TAD SCHAR
J M S I IN9
I A U RLTN
OCA EPAT
TAD B L I S T
UCA SPNTR
T A D I SPNTR
1 s t SPNTR
SPA
JMP SEX
CIA
TAU SCHAR
S t A CLA
JMP , - 7
1 A U SPNTR
TAU LTAUL
UCA SPNTR
1 A D I SPN H
UCA SPNTR
JMP I SPN R

1243
3323
1723
2323
7510
5277

7141
1357
7640
5224

1841
1642
la43

0514
1144

m m

/ C L L A R THE CHECKSUM.
/ A R I j I T R A H Y CONSTANT

/ L N D L I N E ; Sk-T SHUT TO -1
/TRAD
/(;ET
THE TRAP A O D H E S S ,
/KEEP
/HESTORE CONTENT t
ICLEAH
THE I N P U T I / 7 T H
IYST.
/-5
/ S E T THE L E T T E R COUNT,
/WAIT

FOR COMMAND,

KRS

3804

1323
1242
3323
1723
3323
5723

CKSAI

l[d

/OIlT-8
/TAPES

/ G O TYPE THE CHARACTER,
/ I N I T I A L I Z E THE P A T C H
/LVLRY TIME,
/COMPUTE AL)ORE\S OF COMMAND.
/SEARCH

FOR L E G A L CHARACTLR,

/ T E S T F O R END OF L I S T ; M I N U S 5
/NOT S A T I S F I L D q
/COMPARE THE CI-'ARACTtR.
/FOUND
/IYOI
CnNTINUE

M I L L ALSO CORRECTLY HEAD S Y M B O L I C
PHLPARLD F O R I T : F . G , lfl21/1157~7715

PAGE 2

/COMMANU

1644
1645
1646
1447

1850

ld>l
1652
1633

1694
1655
1636

ld>7
1668
1661
1662

1844
8328
0305
8324
8222
8215
8257
0302
8307
(0273
8303
0327
0336
0315

(0301
8337

LIST

TAaLl=,

5214
383

/PUNCH
/tND
/TRAILER
/OPLN NEXT
/ C L O S E THIS ONE
/ O P L N T H I S ONE
/URLAK
/GO

424

Lt
CR 1
SLA I

212

215
29 7
302
J0 7
273
/i
/CONT I NUE
3163
527
/WORD SEARCH
$36
/UP-ARROW OPENS I N 0
/MASKIUPPER*I.OUER*
313
J01
/AC*LINK
33 7
/BACK ARROW a OPEN
/ l A B L E. I flUST END W I T H A NEG NUMBER

1663

7773

FM5,

-5

3864
1965
1666
1467

1367
7440
3378
1770
4771
3375
5207

EXAfli

1 A D WORD
StA
UCA C A 0
I A 0 I CAD
JflS I I N 8
OCA SHUT
JflP R E A D 5

1357
1360
1363
1362

I (YX I

la10
1171
1672

la13
1674
1875
1676

EX2 I

ltV@t
CKSA I 1
IN71

/ L O A D ADDRESS
/IF t E R O i USE L A S T
/PNUM
( P R I N T CONTENTS)
I S I W A L S OPEN R E G

TRAD
KELP
CKSA
FROG

/Pt+OCLSS O C T A L D I G I T S ,
1677

iiua
1181
11162
1183
1104
11165
11106

1107
1113
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116

7200
1357
1226
7580
5317
1201
7518
5317
3323
1367
71104
7186
1323
3367
2374
5212

SLXi

CKNUM,

CLA
TAU
TAU
SflA
JflP
TAD
SPA
JMP
OCA
1 A0

SCHAR
Ffl270

MA!"

CLL

/(-6)
/ILLEGAL
110

CHAR

P10

/ILLEGAL

CHAR

/ASSEMBLE

AN ADDRESS

SAD

dORD

RTL
TAD SAD
O C A WOAD
ISZ T U T L
JMP R L A

.
P A G t 2-1

1117

72112

1128
1121
1122

1227
4/12

5 2 ~ 2

1123

1123
1123
1124

bill00

1374

1125
1126
1127

7A41

TAO
L l A
TAO
5NA
JMP
TAU

TOTL

1134

3778
5723

FM5
CLA
I CHL
~iUqtJ
1 s t SHNIT
JCA I CAD
JMP I C H L

11.55
l l J b
11.57

4323
4357
5207

JMS CHL
JMS CHLF
J M P QEAU5

1143

1252

4/12
4325

TAU
JM5
JM5
JM5
1 5 t
TAU
JMS
TAU
JM5
JMP

1141
1142
1143
1144

JMS
TAU
JCA
J;1s
JMP

CHL
I CAD
CAO
CHLk
JPAH3

11.58

1151
1132
1133

1145

1146
1147
ll3d

1131

1263
7658
5723
1367
2375

4772
2373
1371
4771
1251
4772
5267

1152

4323

1133
1124

1770
J37B
4357

1135
1156

5345

/-5
/IUO

MOD,

INFO A V A I L A H L E

F O R O P E N A Y J T H L N ct.nsF
/MOU I F Y R E G I STE H

/iEsT

/SINGLE

FEEO+CH

/CLOSE

FIRST

INY

C4L

IN9

CAD
CAD

I INH
SLA
I IN9
FX2

IT,

1127

Si, i A t z ,

1131
llba

.:ji

/TYr'f
[:.(LF,

1161

4772
1247
4772

1162

1165
1164
1165
1166

12>d

7342
3373
5,757

OacPc"

O C A SHUT
JMP 1 C H L F

1175

1446
1238
1243

WOHL),
CAD,
I Ydr
I uv,
RtTN,

1174
1175

liiadd
77i7

TJTt,
SHUT,

1176
1177

1567

Ld8U)id

3676

.;Ad.
h E T , AND L I V t F € E O
d
T A I ; Ch
/Ll5
J M ~I I N Y
/TYPPI
T A J LF
/212
JMS 1 I N 9
/TYPN

CMA

/PALE

1167
1176
1171
1112

niyt P A R A M L T L H S ,
d
D

PiuUM
TYPN

3UiiP
L

1717

/ M I N I I S UNE
/SILNALS CLOSE11 RLCISTER

/ C O H R E Y T A 0 LIRE S S

l1Ud

12161
lZ'd2
1283
12U4
12Ioj
1266
12167
121d

1211
1212

io177
5767

7hld2
1362
4765
1762
4765

1112
1115

2362

1217
i22a

5206
5767

1221
Id22

7682

1LZ.I
1224

4765

1227

1271
4239
5225

1214

1226
1227

d
IA3
CIA
TAU
SbA
JMP

v)ak45
1362
7841
1764
755U
5767

1215

/PUNN

(PUNCH O R I G I N )

/PUNN

(PUNCH CONTENTS)

0180

FHDG

I IN
CLA
I IN
IS6 FROG
JMP P U V L
JMP I I N

/*OHD
/READ5

tvu,

/Pi'NCH
PJ"3,

C L A HLT
TAU CKSA
JMS I I N 1 1
i
LLAUER,
TAU S P 2 d B
JMS TYPbN
JMP .-2

1363

wama
/PIIYCH
Puv4,

/PIJNN

(PUNCH CHECKSUM)

/ T Q U S E T H t H I G H SPEED P l l N C H ,
/ T Y P t " X K I Y Y P " THEN TOGGLL I Y
/ I H ~ P A T C H L S INUICATCO
UFLoW,
/ T H t N L U A U A D O R t S S ANU S T A R T I
/PUN4
F D H LLAUER-TRAILER,
/PJN1*1
104 DATA
/PiJh13+1
t O R C H E C K S ~ J MA N D L € A D E R ,
/.lt.STURt
PATCHES dEFORL R E S T A H T I N G ,
/ * t S T A R T A T STAHT T O C L L A H CHECKIJH,
/ d L S T A H T A T S T A H T * 1 T O R € T A I N CHECKSUM,

/TVPE

A CHAKACTtR

TIPIN,

TLS
TSF
JMP

SP7604,

Ibd'd

JMP

/(6026)
I(6Id21)

,=1

/CLA-GHOIIP?

I TYPN

FOR H.S.
FOR H,S,

l2Jb
1237
i24a
1241
1242

1764
7454
1366
3357
5324

/ S t T A tlkEAK P f l I \ I T ,
IdAP,
IAU I I N l U
SNA
TAU I h l L
UCA TRAU
JMP S P E X I T
/ I l { L

II<A@

JC4

LIYK

/SAVE

C(L)

1368

1A3

3757

JCA

KtfP
I THALJ

/HEPLACE

71161
1357
33b1

I A C CLL
TAU TRAU
OCA GAML

1253

1366
1372
E271
756a

TAU
TAU
ANU
SZA
JMP
JMS
5NA
JMP
TAU
JMP

1265
1266
1267

5265
4322
7653
5267
1368
53L6
1357
C.234
3362

l21d

lJbd

1271

02Ud
1362
3362

1212
1213

1274
1215

1276
1277

ijda
lJdl

S E T ( R L A L . OH UIIMMY)
T O SkCONLI P A G E E X I T ,

C(AC)

123d
1251
1232

1264

/LO

/SAVF

1245
1247

1261
1262
1263

/CRLF
T
IHAP

SAC

~ I ~ U P , JCA
*AL

3355
7PB4
~ 3 5 6

lrba

1366
0373
765n
53d2
1762
6362

OF' TRAP,

IS bPRUlyG

1243
1244
1247

1234
1255
1236
11'37

/(WORD)-AUDRESS

NLEP
SP2100U
SP2klM
SNL C L A
CUYPAG
TSTJMS
CLA
CURPAG+2
YEEP
LIP4

I N S T H U C T I O ~ V W H I C H W A S TRAPPEU

/SAVE. C O b J T I V U A T I f l N ADDRESS

( R R E A K AL)DH+1)

/ P I C K UP T R A P P t D I N S T H U C T I n Y
/UVLRFLOW T O L I N K I F I O T OR OPERATE I N S T R .
/AC:pl
I F PAGE V REFERENCE
Gl R E F E R E N C E ?
/WAS TRAPPFO I N S T R AN IOT,OPFR,PAGF
/NO

/YFS,

S E E I F I T WAS A JMS

/ Y E S , T H F A T AS I F N U N - P A G E - t E H O R E F L H L N C E
/ h @ , PUT A C T l J A l I U S T R IrU " T H E " FOR E X E C U T I n N

/SAVE

I N f T I A L AOON OF PAGL HFFFHENCEO H y TRAPPED I ~ ~ S T R ,

/ G t T H F L A T I V E ADOH REFEHENCED HY TRAPPED I N S T H ,
/And O N TOP OF P A L E
/ S A V F AHSOLUTE ADDRESS OF MEMORY H F F t H E ~ C C I

11s I T

INDIRECT ~~EFERENCE?

/NO
/YES,

GET ACTUAL

HEFLHENCE

l:r/lM/htl

df35.17

PAGC 7

1 5 ~ 2 4322
1.51~33 7 4 5 6
15104 4 7 7 1
15105 1 3 7 7
13166 5 3 5 1
15167 2 7 6 5
1313
5344
101

1511

63162

1312
1313

1514
13lr,

1357
47721
1276
4238

1316

1355

1511

4771)

i5za

4766
5767

SPtxl 1,

JMS 1 I N 1 2
JMP I I N 1 3

Ud16d

TSTJMS,

1521
1522
1523
1525

1360
0374
1315

1526

5722

1527

1537
1543

1764
3361
1352
5351
5355
7410
1764
7646
3165
4766

is41
1542
1543

6a4z
1737
336a

1344
1S45
154h
1547

1376
5737
1356

,553

1355
74E2
5761
2361
5352

1324

13.38
1331
15.52
1533
1534

15.55
15.56

1S31
1532
1S2.5
1554

I A J THAL)
I IN14

JMS
TAU
JMS
TAU
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