Digital PDFs

AA-LA28A-TE

December 1988

57 pages

Original

2.2MB

Document:	VMS 5.0 Exchange Utility Manual 198804
Order Number:	AA-LA28A-TE
Revision:
Pages:	57
Original Filename:	http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/vax/vms/5.0/AA-LA28A-TE_VMS_5.0_Exchange_Utility_Manual_198804.pdf

OCR Text

VMS

VMS Exchange Utility Manual

Order Number AA-LA28A-TE

VMS Exchange Utility
Manual
Order Number: AA-LA28A-TE

April 1988
This document describes the functions of the Exchange Utility for use on
VAX processors.

Revision/Update Information:

This document supersedes the
VAX/VMS Exchange Utility Reference
Manual, Version 4.2.

Software Version:

VMS Version 5.0

digital equipment corporation
maynard, massachusetts

April 1988
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should
not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital
Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear
in this document.
The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be
used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license.
No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment
that is not supplied by Digital Equipment Corporation or its affiliated companies.
Copyright © 1988 by Digital Equipment Corporation
All Rights Reserved.
Printed in U.S.A.
The postpaid READER'S COMMENTS form on the last page of this document
requests the user's critical evaluation to assist in preparing future documentation.
The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:
DEC
DEC/CMS
DEC/MMS
DECnet
DECsystem-10
DECSYSTEM-20
DEC US
DECwriter

DIBOL
EduSystem
IAS
MASSBUS
PDP
PDT
RSTS
RSX

UNIBUS
VAX
VAXcluster
VMS
VT

~D~Dll~DrM
ZK4543

HOW TO ORDER ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTATION
DIRECT MAIL ORDERS
USA & PUERTO Rico*

CANADA

INTERNATIONAL

Digital Equipment Corporation
P.O. Box CS2008
Nashua, New Hampshire
03061

Digital Equipment
of Canada Ltd.
100 Herzberg Road
Kanata, Ontario K2K 2A6
Attn: Direct Order Desk

Digital Equipment Corporation
PSG Business Manager
c/o Digital's local subsidiary
or approved distributor

In Continental USA and Puerto Rico call 800-258-1710.
In New Hampshire, Alaska, and Hawaii call 603-884-6660.
In Canada call 800-267-6215.
*Any prepaid order from Puerto Rico must be placed with the local Digital subsidiary (809-754-7575).
Internal orders should be placed through the Software Distribution Center (SDC), Digital Equipment
Corporation, Westminster, Massachusetts 01473.

Production Note
This book was produced with the VAX DOCUMENT electronic publishing
system, a software tool developed and sold by DIGITAL. In this system,
writers use an ASCII text editor to create source files containing text and
English-like code; this code labels the structural elements of the document,
such as chapters, paragraphs, and tables. The VAX DOCUMENT software,
which runs on the VMS operating system, interprets the code to format the
text, generate a table of contents and index, and paginate the entire document.
Writers can print the document on the terminal or line printer, or they can use
DIGITAL-supported devices, such as the LN03 laser printer and PostScript®
printers (PrintServer 40 or LN03R ScriptPrinter), to produce a typeset-quality
copy containing integrated graphics.

PostScript is a trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc.

Contents
vii

PREFACE

EXCHANGE Description

EXCH-1

THE EXCHANGE MEDIA

EXCH-1

THE EXCHANGE COMMAND STRING

EXCH-2

THE /[NO]MESSAGE QUALIFIER

EXCH-2

VOLUME FORMAT SPECIFICATION
Files-11 Volume Format
Files-11 Device Specifications • EXCH-4
Files-11 File Specifications • EXCH-4
RT-11 Volume Format
RT-11 Device Specifications • EXCH-4
RT-11 File Specifications • EXCH-4
DOS-11 Volume Format
DOS-11 Device Specifications • EXCH-5
DOS-11 File Specifications• EXCH-5
DOS-11 Performance Optimization • EXCH-6
Volume Format Defaults

EXCH-3
EXCH-3

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3

4.4

EXCH-4

EXCH-5

EXCH-6

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
5.2
5.3

EXCH-6
RECORD FORMAT AND ATTRIBUTE SPECIFICATION
EXCH-7
Record Format and Attribute Options
BINARY Option • EXCH-7
FIXED Option • EXCH-8
STREAM Option• EXCH-8
VARIABLE Option • EXCH-8
PAD Option• EXCH-9
EXCH-9
Record Format Defaults
Carriage Control Options ~~~~~~~~~~~EXCH-10

VIRTUAL DEVICES

EXCH-11

Contents

EXCHANGE Usage Summary

EXCH-12

EXCHANGE Commands

EXCH-14
COPY
DELETE
DIRECTORY
DISMOUNT
EXIT
HELP
INITIALIZE
MOUNT
RENAME
SHOW
TYPE

EXCH-15
EXCH-23
EXCH-25
EXCH-28
EXCH-29
EXCH-30
EXCH-31
EXCH-35
EXCH-38
EXCH-40
EXCH-41

INDEX

TABLES
EXCH-1
EXCH-2
EXCH-3
EXCH-4

EXCH-2
EXCHANGE Commands
Record Format and Attribute Options
EXCH-7
EXCH-9
Pad Characters
Implied Output Record Formats - - - - - - - - - EXCH-10

Preface
Intended Audience
This document is intended for users who transfer data between VMS volumes
and foreign volumes.

Document Structure
This document is composed of the following three sections:
•

Description-Provides a full description of the Exchange Utility
(EXCHANGE). This section shows the DCL command that invokes
EXCHANGE, describes how to direct output from EXCHANGE, and
details any applicable restrictions on EXCHANGE use.

•

Usage Summary-Outlines the following EXCHANGE information:
-Invoking the utility
-Using the utility interactively and from the DCL command line
-Exiting the utility
-Directing output
-Restrictions or privileges required

•

Commands-Describes EXCHANGE commands, including format,
parameters, qualifiers, and examples.

Associated Documents
The Guide to VMS Files and Devices provides task-oriented instructions for
performing EXCHANGE operations on private volumes.
The Guide to Maintaining a VMS System includes system management tasks
that use the Exchange Utility.
The VAXcluster Operations Manual includes examples that show the use of
EXCHANGE in a VAXcluster environment.
The VMS System Messages and Recovery Procedures Reference Manual explains
error messages and, in most cases, suggests recovery procedures.

vii

Preface

Conventions
Convention

Meaning
In examples, a key name (usually abbreviated)
shown within a box indicates that you press
a key on the keyboard; in text, a key name is
not enclosed in a box. In this example, the key
is the RETURN key. (Note that the RETURN
key is not usually shown in syntax statements
or in all examples; however, assume that you
must press the RETURN key after entering a
command or responding to a prompt.)

viii

CTRL/C

A key combination, shown in uppercase with a
slash separating two key names, indicates that
you hold down the first key while you press the
second key. For example, the key combination
CTRL/C indicates that you hold down the key
labeled CTRL while you press the key labeled C.
In examples, a key combination is enclosed in a
box.

$SHOW TIME
05-JUN-1988 11 :55:22

In examples, system output (what the system
displays) is shown in black. User input (what
you enter) is shown in red.

$TYPE MYFILE.DAT

In examples, a vertical series of periods, or
ellipsis, means either that not all the data that
the system would display in response to a
command is shown or that not all the data a
user would enter is shown.

input-file, ...

In examples, a horizontal ellipsis indicates
that additional parameters, values, or other
information can be entered, that preceding
items can be repeated one or more times, or
that optional arguments in a statement have
been omitted.

[logical-name]

Brackets indicate that the enclosed item is
optional. (Brackets are not, however, optional
in the syntax of a directory name in a file
specification or in the syntax of a substring
specification in an assignment statement.)

quotation marks
apostrophes

The term· quotation marks is used to refer
to double quotation marks ("). The term
apostrophe ( ') is used to refer to a single
quotation mark.

EXCHANGE Description
The Exchange Utility (EXCHANGE) enables you to transfer files between
some foreign format volumes and VMS native volumes. It converts the
format of the files when transferring files between volumes of different
structures. EXCHANGE recognizes all Files-11 volumes on VMS devices,
as well as DOS-11 magnetic tape volumes and RT-11 block-addressable
volumes.
You can use EXCHANGE commands to perform the following tasks:
•

To locate bad blocks on volumes

•

To list directories of volumes

•

To transfer files to and from volumes

•

To delete and rename files for block-addressable devices, such as RT-11
disks

•

To create foreign volumes

•

To manipulate virtual devices, Files-11 files that are images of foreign
volumes

EXCHANGE employs defaults to ensure that the volume formats and file
structures are compatible with the type of operation you want to perform.
However, you can override these defaults by using volume format and record
format qualifiers.
The following sections describe EXCHANGE media, commands, qualifiers,
and defaults.

The EXCHANGE Media
Use EXCHANGE to perform file transfers and format conversions on the
following devices:
•

DOS-11 magnetic tape volumes

•

Files-11 volumes

•

RT-11 block-addressable volumes

EXCHANGE recognizes RT-11 volumes on any VMS block-addressable
device. However, RT-11 supports only some of the devices that are
recognized by EXCHANGE. Also, RT-11 imposes a size limit of 65,535
blocks for a volume. If an RT-11 volume is created on a device that exceeds
this limit, the size of the RT-11 volume is set to the maximum. Therefore,
blocks 65 ,536 to the end of the volume cannot be used.
You can use EXCHANGE to manipulate Files-11 files that are images of
foreign volumes; these files are called virtual devices. A virtual device volume
is contained in a VAX Record Management Services (RMS) file on a VMS
disk. EXCHANGE contains commands to copy a block-addressable volume
both to and from the RMS virtual device file. The virtual device file can then
be manipulated as if it were a block-addressable device.

EXCH-1

EXCHANGE Description

Files-11 Structure Level 1 or Structure Level 2 volumes are the default for
disk volumes initialized by the DCL command INITIALIZE. DOS-11 and
RT-11 volumes are initialized using the EXCHANGE command INITIALIZE.
Since the formats of these volumes are not recognized by VMS, the volumes
must be mounted as foreign volumes. To mount a foreign volume, use the
DCL command MOUNT with the /FOREIGN or /NOLABEL qualifier. Refer
to the VMS Mount Utility Manual for more information on the Mount Utility;
refer to the VMS DCL Dictionary for more information on the DCL command
INITIALIZE.

The EXCHANGE Command String
Most EXCHANGE command strings are similar to DCL commands for native
volumes. The form for the EXCHANGE command string is as follows:
$ EXCHANGE command file-spec[, . . . ] [file-spec]
EXCHANGE>

command file-spec[, . . .

] [file-spec]

You can enter only one EXCHANGE command at the DCL prompt. Use the
second file-spec parameter only for EXCHANGE commands specifying data
transfers or requiring additional parameters.
The command indicates the action you want EXCHANGE to perform. Each
EXCHANGE command qualifier is the same as the DCL command qualifier
that performs a similar function on native volumes. If no corresponding
DCL command qualifier exists, the EXCHANGE command qualifier is taken
from the command on the foreign operating system. Table EXCH-1 lists the
EXCHANGE commands and their functions.
Table EXCH-1

EXCHANGE Commands

Command

Function

COPY

Copy files from input to output spec

DELETE

Delete files from block-addressable volumes

DIRECTORY

List names of files on volume

DISMOUNT

Dismount a volume

EXIT

Return to the DCL command level

HELP

Obtain help on EXCHANGE commands and features

INITIALIZE

Erase contents, if any, and create an empty volume

MOUNT

Mount a volume on a device (foreign only)

RENAME

Rename files on block-addressable volumes

SHOW

Show volumes known to EXCHANGE

TYPE

Display files on the default output device

The /[NO]MESSAGE Qualifier
Use the EXCHANGE command line qualifier /[NO]MESSAGE to control
whether or not EXCHANGE displays messages related to the MOUNT,
DISMOUNT, and INITIALIZE commands. The default is /MESSAGE, which

EXCH-2

EXCHANGE Description

remains in effect throughout the EXCHANGE session unless you explicitly
change it. You can change the default by specifying /NOMESSAGE, as
follows:
$ EXCHANGE/NOMESSAGE
EXCHANGE>

Volume Format Specification
EXCHANGE allows you to define the physical format of the volumes to be
processed. Specify the volume format by using the qualifier
/VOLUME_FORMAT=option. If you do not define a volume format,
EXCHANGE uses defaults.
The qualifier /VOLUME_FORMAT=option determines which operations are
allowed on the volume, and the option you specify often implies certain
defaults. In addition, the volume format qualifier determines the format of
the file name and directory specifications.
The /VOLUME_FORMAT qualifier has three options. FILES11 identifies a
Files-11 formatted native volume. RT11 identifies an RT-11 formatted blockaddressable volume. DOS11 identifies a DOS-11 formatted magnetic tape
volume.
To use the volume format qualifiers, you must attach them to one or both
of the file specification parameters; you cannot attach them directly to the
command.
You can specify multiple volumes of different volume types, as in the
following example:
EXCHANGE> COPY DMA1:*.FDR/VOLUME=RT11,MTAO: [11,132]*.FDR/VOLUME=DOS11 *

The following sections describe volume format options and explain
EXCHANGE device and file specifications.

4. 1

Files-11 Volume Format
Files-11 is the disk volume format maintained by the VMS operating system.
Although the VMS operating system fully supports the volume formats of
ANSI magnetic tape and Files-11 Structure Levels 1 and 2, EXCHANGE
uses VAX Record Management Services (RMS) for operations on these file
structures.
To specify a Files-11 volume, or a file on a Files-11 volume, use a standard
VMS file specification. For a description of VMS file specifications, refer
to the VMS DCL Dictionary. The following two sections provide additional
information on the use of EXCHANGE with Files-11 volumes and files.

EXCH-3

EXCHANGE Description

4.1.1

Files-11 Device Specifications
Use the FILESll option when referencing any VMS device, even though the
Files-11 structure specifically refers to directory-structured devices such as
disks, diskettes, and TU58 tape cassettes. This usage is consistent with VAX
RMS, which allows unit-record devices (such as terminals) and magnetic tapes
to be accessed in a device-independent manner.

Files-11 is the standard disk format for the VMS operating system. You only
need to specify the /FOREIGN qualifier when mounting volumes that have a
format other than Files-11.
If you specify FILESll when referencing a magnetic tape device, an ANSI-

formatted magnetic tape device is implied. The tape must have been mounted
as an ANSI volume. For more information on mounting tape devices, refer to
the VMS Mount Utility Manual.
4.1.2

Files-11 File Specifications
There are no restrictions on the use of logical names in Files-11 file
specifications. If you omit device or directory specifications from a Files-11
specification, EXCHANGE uses the current defaults for your process.

You can use wildcard characters for both input and output file specifications.
You should not, however, specify version numbers as wildcards on foreign
volumes that do not support version numbers (such as RT-11 or DOS-11
volumes). If you use wildcards in any field of the output file specification,
EXCHANGE takes the corresponding name from the input file.

4.2

RT-11 Volume Format
The RTl 1 option allows you to read and write block-addressable volumes in
the format used by DIGITAL's RT-11 operating system. EXCHANGE permits
you to use devices other than those supported by RT-11.
The following two sections describe how you can use EXCHANGE to specify
RT-11 volumes and files.
4.2.1

RT-11 Device Specifications
The device name you specify for the RT-11 volume can be either a standard
VMS device name in the form ddcu: or a logical name that translates to a
VMS device name. This device must have been mounted with the /FOREIGN
qualifier.

4.2.2

RT-11 File Specifications
You can specify an RT-11 file name that consists of any uppercase letters from
A through Z and any digits from 0 through 9 (RADIX-SO characters). The file
name field for RT-11 is six characters; the file type field is three characters.
The RT-11 file specification has no directory field because RT-11 volumes do
not have user directories.
If you copy a file with a name that is not valid under RT-11 to an RT-11

volume, the RT-11 file name is produced from the first six valid characters of
the name. The RT-11 file type is extracted from the first three valid characters
of the input file type (for input names that are similar to Files-11 names).
Lowercase letters are converted to uppercase before EXCHANGE checks for a
valid file name.

EXCH-4

EXCHANGE Description

For example:
EXCHANGE> COPY/LOG SYS_CREATE_PROCESS.MACR0_32 DMAO:/VOLUME=RT11
%EXCHANGE-S-COPNEWNAME, DEVD$: [SYS.SRC]SYS_CREATE_PROCESS.MACR0_32;34
copied to DMAO:SYSCRE.MAC, 937 records
EXCHANGE> COPY/LOG MTAO:"ANSI (A) TAPENAME" DMAO:/VOLUME=RT11
%EXCHANGE-S-COPNEWNAME, MIAO: []"ANSI (A) TAPENAME". ;1
copied to DMAO:ANSIAT., 321 records

EXCHANGE allows you to rename a file on a copy operation, so you can
specify any valid file name for the output file.

4.3

DOS-11 Volume Format
Use the DOSl 1 option with the /VOLUME_FORMAT qualifier to specify
that a magnetic tape is in the format defined by DIGITAL's early PDP-11
Disk Operating System, DOS-11.
The following two sections describe how you can specify DOS-11 devices and
files using EXCHANGE.

4.3.1

DOS-11 Device Specifications
You can use the DOS-11 format only on magnetic tape devices. Therefore, a
VMS device specification for a 9-track magnetic tape drive must be present in
order for you to use the DOS 11 option.

4.3.2

DOS-11 File Specifications
DOS-11 volumes accept directories only in the user identification code (UIC)
format, such as [310,22]. The two numbers are octal and must be in the range
0 through 377. When you specify the directory in an input file specification,
you can use a wildcard character to indicate either number.

The EXCHANGE command DIRECTORY/OWNER uses a default directory
of [*,*], so that all the files on the tape are listed regardless of the DOS-11
directory. For all other commands, EXCHANGE uses your current default
directory, as long as it is in UIC format. Otherwise, your process UIC
becomes a directory. If a file that appears in an EXCHANGE command
DIRECTORY is not found by another EXCHANGE command, enter the
DIRECTORY /OWNER command for that file. Then enter the other
EXCHANGE command again, specifying the same directory displayed for
the file by the DIRECTORY/OWNER command.
The DOS-11 character set for file names is the same as the character set for
RT-11: the uppercase letters from A through Zand the digits 0 through 9.
The DOS-11 file name field is nine characters long; the file type field is three
characters.
If you copy a file with a name that is invalid under DOS-11 to a DOS-11
magnetic tape, the file name on the magnetic tape is formed from the first
nine valid characters of the input file name. The DOS-11 file type is extracted
from the first three valid characters of the input file type (for input names that
are similar to Files-11 names). Lowercase letters are converted to uppercase
before EXCHANGE checks for a valid file name.

EXCH-E

EXCHANGE Description

For example:
EXCHANGE> COPY/LOG SYS_CREATE_PROCESS.MACR0_32 MFAO:/VOLUME=DOS11
%EXCHANGE-S-COPNEWNAME, DEVD$: [SYS.SRC]SYS_CREATE_PROCESS.MACR0_32;34
copied to MFAO:SYSCREATE.MAC, 937 records
EXCHANGE> COPY/LOG MTAO:"ANSI (A) TAPENAME" MFAO:/VOLUME=DOS11
%EXCHANGE-S-COPNEWNAME, MTAO: [] "ANSI (A) TAPENAME". ; 1
copied to MFAO:ANSIATAPE., 321 records

4.3.3

4.4

DOS-11 Performance Optimization
When you specify the COPY or TYPE command with the /REWIND qualifier,
a DOS-11 tape device does not rewind to the beginning of tape.
DOS-11 maintains an in-memory list of the files it has read on the tape. The
/REWIND qualifier directs DOS-11 to read the list of files from memory and
to rewind only to the beginning of the file specified in the COPY or TYPE
command. This is called a logical rewind operation.

Volume Format Defaults
EXCHANGE uses the following default volume formats if you do not specify
the /VOLUME_FORMAT qualifier:
•

If a volume is mounted as a native volume (without the /FOREIGN or
/NOLABEL qualifier), the default is /VOLUME_FORMAT=FILESl 1. This

default applies to both block-addressable and magnetic tape devices.
•

If the volume is block-addressable (disks, diskettes, and TU58 tape

cassettes) and mounted with the /FOREIGN qualifier, EXCHANGE
defaults to /VOLUME_FORMAT=RTl 1.
•

If the volume is a 9-track magnetic tape mounted with the /FOREIGN
qualifier, the default is /VOLUME_FORMAT=DOSl 1.

•

If no device is given, EXCHANGE defaults to the current default device.

For example:
$ MOUNT/FOREIGN DMAO:
$ SET DEFAULT DMAO:

Since the DCL command SET DEFAULT assigns the RK07 disk named
DMAO as the default device, any subsequent EXCHANGE command
defaults to DMAO for a file reference that omits a device specification.
EXCHANGE assigns DMAO the default format option RTl 1 because the
volume is mounted with the /FOREIGN qualifier.

Record Format and Attribute Specification
EXCHANGE allows you to specify the internal record structure and related
attributes of a file. Define the record structure of a file by using the qualifier
/RECORDJORMAT=option. In addition to the record structure options, the
/RECORD_FORMAT qualifier includes options you can use to define other
related attributes of the records. The qualifier
/CARRIAGE_CONTROL=option allows you to define the carriage control
attributes.
The following sections describe how you can use the /RECORD_FORMAT
and /CARRIAGE_CONTROL qualifiers.

EXCH-6

EXCHANGE Description

5.1

Record Format and Attribute Options
When you specify an input file, you can use the /RECORD_FORMAT
qualifier to give EXCHANGE additional information to use in reading the
file. You need to specify this information when a foreign file structure is not
entirely self-descriptive, or when a special interpretation of the file structure
is needed.
To define the internal record structure of a file, the /RECORDJORMAT
qualifier has four options: BINARY, FIXED, STREAM, and VARIABLE. In
addition, there are two options to define related file attributes: FIXED=n and
P AD=x. Table EXCH-2 summarizes the record format and attribute options.
Table EXCH-2

Record Format and Attribute Options

Option

Function

BINARY

Identifies PDP-11 formatted binary record format

FIXED

Identifies fixed-length record format; sets fixed-length record
size

STREAM

Identifies ASCII stream record format

VARIABLE

Identifies variable-length record format

PAD

Sets the character to pad short records on fixed-length
output, valid only with the FIXED option

You can specify only one of the four record format options at a time. The
FIXED=n and P AD=n file attribute options are valid only with the record
format FIXED.
You are not required to include input record format qualifiers on Files-11
input, since Files-11 stores file attributes that allow EXCHANGE to read
the file correctly. If a Files-11 file is not in a suitable format, you can use
the Convert Utility (CONVERT) to change the file to the desired format.
For a detailed description of CONVERT, refer to the VMS Convert and
Convert/Reclaim Utility Manual.
When you specify an output file, use the /RECORD-FORMAT qualifier to
specify the characteristics the file should have after it is copied. Specific
options are available with the /RECORD-FORMAT and
/CARRIAGE_CONTROL qualifiers to provide commonly needed attributes.
The following sections describe the record format and attribute options.
5.1.1

BINARY Option
The BINARY record format is valid with DOS-11 or RT-11 volumes. BINARY
files (also known as formatted binary) have variable-length records with
headers and checksums added to each record.

The BINARY option is not valid for Files-11 output. On conversions from
DOS-11 or RT-11 BINARY input to Files-11 output, EXCHANGE normally
generates variable-length records. The output record size equals the input
record size.

EXCH-7

EXCHANGE Description

5.1.2

FIXED Option
The FIXED option directs EXCHANGE to read or write fixed-length records
only. The file contains no control information; since the records are all the
same length, they are easily located.
You can use the FIXED option to indicate the desired number of bytes in the
record. If you do not specify an explicit record length, EXCHANGE assumes
a record length of 512 bytes.
If any input records are longer than the specified length, EXCHANGE
truncates them. If input records are shorter than the output record,

EXCHANGE extends them with the PAD character. The default PAD
character is the null character. To specify an alternate PAD character, use
the PAD option.
As an input option, FIXED is valid only for non-Files-11 FIXED transfers. It
is not a valid option for STREAM, VARIABLE, or BINARY transfers because
these operations determine the record length by delimiters or control bytes.

5.1.3

STREAM Option
Stream ASCII files, also known as formatted ASCII files, consist of ASCII data
records terminated by carriage return/line feed (CR-LF), form feed (FF), or
vertical tab (VT) characters.
In transfers from DOS-11 or RT-11 STREAM files to Files-11 VARIABLE files,
CR-LF pairs are removed from the ends of records. In transfers from Files-11
VARIABLE files to DOS-11 or RT-11 STREAM files, CR-LF pairs are added to
the end of each record that does not already end with LF or FF. EXCHANGE
removes all null (NUL), delete (DEL), and vertical tab (VT) characters from
input records in any of these transfers. ASCII data is transferred as 7-bit
codes. Bit 7 (sometimes used as a parity bit) of each byte is set to 0 before the
transfer.
If the RT-11 or DOS-11 file is input or output as an ASCII text file with

fixed-length records, use the FIXED option rather than the STREAM option.
An ASCII stream file with records of the same length is not the same as a
file of fixed-length records. STREAM files have records delimited by control
characters. FIXED files have no delimiters; EXCHANGE locates FIXED file
records by counting bytes.
When you perform conversions from DOS-11 or RT-11 to Files-11,
EXCHANGE normally generates variable-length records
(/RECORD_FORMAT=VARIABLE). The output record size equals the input
record size.

5.1.4

VARIABLE Option
The variable-length record format is the most common type of Files-11
format. The file uses internal control information to separate the records, so
that any sequence of bytes (even CR-LF) can be contained in the data. By
default, EXCHANGE generates Files-11 files with VARIABLE records unless
the input file is FIXED.
You cannot specify VARIABLE for RT-11 and DOS-11 output.

EXCH-8

EXCHANGE Description

5.1.5

PAD Option
Use the PAD option to specify which character will be used to pad input
records that are shorter than the fixed-length output record. By default,
EXCHANGE pads with the NULL character (value 0). Table EXCH-3 shows
which characters you can specify with the PAD option.
Table EXCH-3

Pad Characters

Option

Character

PAD

NULL (0 Decimal)

PAD=c

Where c is ASCII A through Z (uppercase), or 0 through 9
Where c is any other ASCII character

PAD=%bx

5.2

Where x is a number representing an ASCII character
and b represents the base of the number.
Values for b:
D =decimal
0 =octal
X = hexadecimal

Record Format Defaults
EXCHANGE assumes defaults for the record formats if you do not specify
an explicit /RECORD_FORMAT option. The defaults are dependent on a
number of factors and allow you to perform most transfer operations without
using the /RECORD_FORMAT qualifier.
Files-11 input files use a default /RECORD_FORMAT option of FIXED,
STREAM, or VARIABLE, depending on the actual record format of the
file. If a Files-11 file is not in a suitable format, you can use the Convert
Utility (CONVERT) to change the file format. For a detailed description of
CONVERT, refer to the VMS Convert and Convert/Reclaim Utility Manual.
By default, EXCHANGE generates Files-11 output files with sequential
organization. However, if the input file is in BINARY, STREAM, or
VARIABLE format, the default Files-11 output record format is VARIABLE. If
the input file has FIXED format, the default output format is FIXED.
For DOS-11 and RT-11, EXCHANGE assumes default record formats for a file
based on the type field of the file name. If the file type is OBJ, STB, BIN, or
LDA, the default record format is BINARY. If the file type is EXE, %LB (% is
a wildcard character representing a single character), SAV, SML, SYS or TSK,
the default record format is FIXED=S 12. For all other types of input files, the
default record format is STREAM. The default for other types of output files
depends on the record format of the input file.
EXCHANGE applies these defaults only for transfers between an RT-11
or DOS-11 volume and a Files-11 volume. When you perform a transfer
between an RT-11 or DOS-11 volume and another RT-11 or DOS-11 volume,
the file is copied block by block; no reformatting occurs unless you request a
conversion with an explicit /RECORD_FORMAT option.
In most cases, EXCHANGE applies a record format default to the input file
and lets the resulting input record format imply the output record format.
However, if any of the file types previously listed is included in an output
specification, the default implied by the input record format is overridden.
EXCH-9

EXCHANGE Description

Table EXCH-4 shows how the output record formats are implied by different
input record and volume formats. The input format can be defaulted, read
from the file (for Files-11), implied by the type field of the input file, or
explicitly stated. Note that the default output formats are overridden by
record formats implied by the type field of the output files.
Table EXCH-4

5.3

Implied Output Record Formats

Input
Volume

Input
Record

Output
Volume

Output
Record

Files-11

Fixed

Files-11

Fixed

Files-11

Stream

Files-11

Variable

Files-11

Variable

Files-11

Fixed

RT-11,DOS-11

Fixed

Files-11

Stream

RT-11 ,DOS-1 1

Stream

Files-11

Variable

RT-11,DOS-11

Stream

Files-11

Variable

RT-11,DOS-11

Binary

RT-11,DOS-11

Binary

Files-11

Variable

RT-11,DOS-11

Fixed

Files-11

Fixed

RT-11,DOS-11

Stream

Files-11

Variable

Carriage Control Options
For Files-11 files only, you can specify a file's carriage control attributes by
using the qualifier /CARRIAGE_CONTROL=option. This qualifier has the
following options: CARRIAGE_RETURN, FORTRAN, and NONE.
The default option is CARRIAGE_RETURN. The CARRIAGE_RETURN
option indicates that each record is to be preceded by a line feed and followed
by a carriage return when the record is written to a carriage control device
(such as a line printer or terminal).
The FORTRAN option indicates that the first character of each record is to be
interpreted as the carriage control specifier. This option does not alter any of
the actual data. The FORTRAN option is valid only with Files-11 output files
and is incompatible with stream output to Files-11.
The NONE option indicates that carriage control is not implied for the file.
If you specify NONE, EXCHANGE assumes that each record contains the

control characters necessary for proper formatting.

EXCH-10

EXCHANGE Description

Virtual Devices
A virtual device is an RMS file that contains an image of a foreign blockaddressable device. EXCHANGE treats a virtual device as if it were a foreign
volume.
You must use EXCHANGE interactively if you want to manipulate a virtual
device. In other words, you cannot operate on a virtual device by entering
the EXCHANGE commands at DCL level, because a virtual device must
be mounted before it can be accessed. EXCHANGE executes only a single
command in DCL mode, and it is not possible to both mount and operate on
the virtual device in a single command.
To create a virtual device, use the command INITIALIZE/CREATE, as
follows:
EXCHANGE> INITIALIZE/CREATE DRA1: [TEST]MYPHILE
%EXCHANGE-S-INITIALIZED, the RT-11 volume DRA1: [TEST]MYPHILE.DSK
has been initialized

This command creates a virtual device in the directory [TEST] on DRAl.
EXCHANGE applies the default file type DSK.
When you use the EXCHANGE command MOUNT /VIRTUAL, include two
parameters (as opposed to one parameter for MOUNT /FOREIGN). The first
parameter supplies the name of the virtual device; the second parameter is the
name of the RMS file containing the device image. Thereafter, EXCHANGE
uses the virtual device name as a logical name to determine the physical
location of the virtual device. For example:
EXCHANGE> INITIALIZE/CREATE DRA2: [DISKS]VIRTUAL
%EXCHANGE-S-INITIALIZED, the RT-11 volume DRA2: [DISKS]VIRTUAL.DSK
has been initialized
EXCHANGE> MOUNT/VIRTUAL DISK: VIRTUAL.OSK
%EXCHANGE-S-MOUNTVIR, the RT-11 virtual volume DISK: has been mounted
using the file DRA2: [DISKS]VIRTUAL.DSK;1
EXCHANGE> DIRECTORY DISK:
Directory DISK:
16-MAR-1985 08:30
using DRA2: [DISKS]VIRTUAL.DSK;1
ANSI.COM
REASSI.COM

1 16-Mar-1985
13 16-Mar-1985

Total of 4 files, 18 blocks.

QARINV.TXT
SYSCRE.MAC

3 16-Mar-1985
1 16-Mar-1985

Free space 4944 blocks, largest 4474.

EXCHANGE> COPY /LOG SYS$LOGIN:WORKLIST.TXT DISK:
%EXCHANGE-S-COPIED, WRKD$: [JOYNER.LOGIN]WORKLIST.TXT;10 copied to
DISK:WORKLI.TXT, 73 records

EXCHANGE> DISMOUNT DISK:
%EXCHANGE-S-DISMOUNTED, the RT-11 volume DISK: has been dismounted

The name "DISK:" is used in the same manner as a device name. Therefore,
when naming a virtual device, do not use a name that you have already
defined as a logical name. EXCHANGE reads logical name translations
first and will ignore a duplicate virtual device name, making that device
inaccessible.
EXCH-11

EXCHANGE Usage Summary
The Exchange Utility (EXCHANGE) allows you to manipulate mass storage
volumes written in formats other than those normally recognized by VMS.

FORMAT

PARAMETERS

EXCHANGE command [file-spec} [file-spec]
EXCHANGE> command [file-spec] [file-spec}

command
Defines the specific operation to be performed.

file-spec
Specifies the device name, directory, and file name for the EXCHANGE input
or output device. It has the following general form:
device: [directory]filename .filetype;version

usage summary

device:

The device name can be either a standard VMS device name of
the form ddcu: or a logical name that translates to a VMS device
name. If the device field is omitted for a reference, the current
default device is assumed. When a virtual device is mounted, a
name is created for the virtual device and is used as the device
name in subsequent EXCHANGE commands.

[directory]

The syntax of the directory subfield is volume specific.

filename

The name field file specification for an input or output file.
The exact format allowed for the filename is dependent on the
volume format qualifier used.

filetype

The extension field of the file specification.

version

The version number of the file, if supported by the volume type.

You can use EXCHANGE in two ways. You can work interactively (within
the utility) by entering "EXCHANGE" at the DCL prompt. This invokes
the utility, which responds with the EXCHANGE> prompt. You can then
enter any EXCHANGE command. You must invoke the utility and use it
interactively if you want to execute more than one EXCHANGE command.
However, you can enter a single EXCHANGE command at DCL level. For
example, the following command entered at DCL level lists the directory of a
foreign volume:
$EXCHANGE DIRECTORY DMA1:/VOLUME_FORMAT=RT11

When you use EXCHANGE at the DCL level, the utility returns you to
the DCL prompt after it completes its task. If you are using EXCHANGE
interactively, you can return to DCL at any time by typing EXIT or CTRL/Z.

EXCH-12

EXCHANGE Usage Summary

You can direct output from EXCHANGE operations in several ways. The
command qualifier /[NO]MESSAGE allows you to control the default display
of information from EXCHANGE MOUNT, INITIALIZE, and DISMOUNT
operations. When you use the EXCHANGE commands COPY, DELETE,
RENAME, or TYPE, include the /LOG qualifier to send information about
the files being processed to SYS$0UTPUT. When you use the EXCHANGE
command DIRECTORY, use the /OUTPUT[=file-spec] qualifier to direct the
output to a specified file. If you specify the /OUTPUT qualifier without a file
specification, the output is directed to SYS$0UTPUT. To send the output to a
printer, use the /PRINTER qualifier with the DIRECTORY command.

EXCH-13

EXCHANGE
EXCHANGE Commands

EXCHANGE
COMMANDS

EXCH-14

The syntax of each of the EXCHANGE commands is similar to that of the
corresponding DCL command. This section describes the functions and
provides examples of the EXCHANGE commands.

EXCHANGE
COPY

COPY
Transfers a file or files from an input volume to an output volume. You
can use the COPY command to do any of the following:

FORMAT
PARAMETERS

•

Copy a file from a foreign volume to a native volume

•

Copy a file from a native volume to a foreign volume

•

Copy a file from one foreign volume to another foreign volume

•

Convert the format of the file during the transfer

•

Copy groups of files from volume to volume

•

Give the output file a different name from the input file

COPY

input-file-spec[, ... ] output-file-spec

input-file-spec[, ... ]
Specifies the names of one or more input files to be copied. If you specify
more than one input file, separate them with commas or plus signs. The
syntax for input file names depends on the volume format option. Refer
to Section 4 for a description of volume format options. You can specify
standard VMS wildcards in both Files-11 and foreign file names. COPY
supports wildcard directories for Files-11 and DOS-11 input.

output-file-spec
Specifies the name of the output file, directory, or device to which the input
files are to be copied. If the input is a single file, you can specify an explicit
output name (which is equivalent to a rename on a copy operation). If the
input is more than one file, the output specifier must be one of the following:
•

Wildcards (*, *·* or*.*;*) specifying current default device and directory

•

An explicit device and/ or directory for Files-11 output, such as
BB:[EXCHANGE. TMP], with or without wildcards for the file name

•

An explicit device for RT-11 as in DLA2:/VOLUME=RT11

•

An explicit device or directory for DOS-11 output, such as
TAPE:/VOLUME=DOSl 1 or TAPE:[l l,132]/VOLUME=DOSl 1

The output file names are constructed according to rules implied by the input
and output volume qualifiers. COPY does not concatenate multiple input files
into a single output file. Wildcard directories are not permitted. The syntax
for input file names depends on the volume format option. Refer to Section 4
for a description of volume format options.
You must specify at least one field in the output file specification; COPY
replaces missing fields with the corresponding field of the related input file
specification. If the input file has no corresponding field, COPY substitutes
null text fields and maximizes version numbers.

EXCH-15

EXCHANGE
COPY

The UIC of the output file is the UIC of the current process. For DOS11 output in UIC format, EXCHANGE uses the current default directory;
otherwise, it uses the current process UIC as a directory. You can specify an
alternate directory for DOS-11 output in the command.

QUALIFIERS

/BOOT[=nn]
Copies bootstrap information from a monitor and the handler files to blocks 0
and 2 through 5 of an RT-11 volume, permitting you to use that volume as a
system volume. The COPY /BOOT operation does not create any files on the
volume; it is intended only to create bootable RT-11 systems.
The /BOOT qualifier implies /VOLUME_FORMAT=RTll for both input and
output specifications. The output device can be omitted, as it is assumed to
be identical to the input device. You cannot combine the /BOOT qualifier
with qualifiers other than /LOG. The COPY /BOOT command requires that
both the input and output devices be the same volume or virtual device. The
file name of the desired monitor must be specified as the input specification.
RT-11 Version 1.0 through Version 3.0 monitors had the system device
handler linked into the monitor image. For Version 4.0 of RT-11, the system
device handler uses the standard device handler, and the COPY /BOOT
command must dynamically link the handler into the bootstrap area.
COPY /BOOT finds the default handler for the specific device type and
merges the handler with the monitor as it is copied to the boot area.
You can use the two-letter argument nn to override the default system device
handler. The most frequent use of this option occurs when a diskette is
mounted in an RX02 drive, and you want to create a diskette bootable from
an RXOl drive. (The diskette must be single density.) The default handler
for the RX02 is DY.SYS, and the handler for the RXOl is DX.SYS; therefore,
you would use the command COPY /BOOT=DX to create the bootable RXOl
system diskette. Do not specify /BOOT=nn for Version 3.0 RT-11 and earlier
systems; instead, choose the monitor file DYMNxx.SYS or DXMNxx.SYS as
the source file.

/[NO]LOG
Controls whether the EXCHANGE command COPY displays the file
specifications of each file copied. If you specify /LOG, the system displays
the following data for each copy operation: the file specifications of the
input and output files, and the number of blocks or the number of records
copied (depending on whether the file is copied on a block-by-block or
record-by-record basis). The default is /NOLOG.

FILE
QUALIFIERS

/ALLOCATION=n
Forces the initial allocation of the output file to the number of 512-byte
blocks that you specified as n. The /ALLOCATION qualifier is valid only for
Files-11 and RT-11 output files.
By default, COPY determines the initial allocation of the output file by the
size of the input file. Typically, /ALLOCATION is needed only when you are
creating a contiguous file on Files-11 (using /BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS or
/CONTIGUOUS), when the input file is on magnetic tape, or when you want
additional space at the end of the file.

EXCH-16

EXCHANGE
COPY
If you specify /ALLOCATION, the file's allocated size does not change,
unless you also specify /TRUNCATE. When you are unsure of the output
size, you might want to specify both /ALLOCATION and /TRUNCATE.

/[NO]BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS
Indicates whether the Files-11 output file is to be allocated contiguously
on a "best effort" basis; that is, whether EXCHANGE will attempt to place
the file on consecutive physical disk blocks. If insufficient contiguous space
is available, the file occupies the largest available contiguous space plus
additional extents as necessary for the rest of the allocation. You can apply
this qualifier only to a Files-11 output file.
The /BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS qualifier has no effect when you copy files
to magnetic tape volumes. When you would like a file from a magnetic tape
to be copied contiguously, use both the /ALLOCATION and the
/BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS qualifiers, because the size of the file on
magnetic tape cannot be determined until after it is copied to the disk. If
you do not know the exact size of the file, you can overestimate the size and
specify /TRUNCATE (along with /ALLOCATION and
/BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS) to avoid wasted space.
The default is /NOBEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS.

/CARR/AGE_CONTROL=option
Defines the carriage control attributes of a file, as well as other attributes of
the records. The carriage control options are: CARRIAGE_RETURN, which
implies carriage return/line-feed control; FORTRAN, which indicates that
the first character of each record is to be interpreted as the carriage control
specifier; and NONE, which indicates that carriage control is not implied.
Refer to Section 5.3 for a detailed description of /CARRIAGE_CONTROL
options.
The default is /CARRIAGE_CONTROL=CARRIAGE_RETURN.

/[NO]CONTIGUOUS
Indicates whether the copied file is to be contiguous; that is, stored on
consecutive physical blocks on an output disk volume. The /CONTIGUOUS
qualifier is valid only for Files-11 output files.
The /CONTIGUOUS qualifier has no effect when you copy files to magnetic
tape volumes. When you would like a file from a magnetic tape to be copied
contiguously, use both the /ALLOCATION and /CONTIGUOUS qualifiers
because the size of the file on magnetic tape cannot be determined until after
it is copied to the disk. If you do not know the exact size of the file, you
can overestimate the size and specify the /TRUNCATE qualifier (along with
/ALLOCATION and /CONTIGUOUS) to avoid wasted space.
The default is /NOCONTIGUOUS.

/[NO]DELETE
Controls whether COPY deletes existing files of the same name during the
copy operation. This qualifier is valid for RT-11 output only; it is equivalent
to the RT-11 COPY command qualifier /REPLACE. In fact, you can use the
EXCHANGE COPY command qualifier /REPLACE to control file deletion,
although its function differs from that of /DELETE (see the description of the
/REPLACE qualifier for details on its function).

EXCH-17

EXCHANGE
COPY

If you want a message displayed when you delete a file, include the
/LOG qualifier in your command. To prevent automatic file deletion, use
/NODELETE.

The default is /DELETE. Files with the same name as the output file name
are deleted after the new file has been copied.

/EXTENSION=n
Specifies the number of blocks to be added to the output file each time the
file is extended. This qualifier is valid for Files-11 output files only.
EXCHANGE determines the default extension according to the following
hierarchy:
1

An explicit value specified on the /EXTENSION qualifier

The current process default extension value set by the command SET
RMS_DEFAULT

The current system default extension value set at system generation or
with the SET RMS_DEFAULT/SYSTEM command

Use the /EXTENSION qualifier to set an extension quantity with magnetic
tape input; EXCHANGE preallocates a file of the correct size when the input
is on a directory-structured-device.

/[NO]PROTECT
Determines whether protection is set for an RT-11 output file. The owner
UIC of the output file is the UIC of the current process. This qualifier is not
valid for Files-11 or DOS-11 output files. Protection attributes for Files-11
output are taken from the current process default protection.
EXCHANGE does not attempt to transfer protection attributes from the input
file to the output file, because protection mechanisms of various operating
systems do not readily translate to one another.
The default is /NO PROTECT.

/RECORD_FORMAT=(option[, ... ])
Defines the internal record structure of a file, as well as other attributes of the
records. Table EXCH-2 summarizes the format options.
Refer to Section 5.1 for a description of the /RECORD_FORMAT qualifier
and options.

/[NO]REPLACE
Requests that if an RT-11 output file already exists with the same file
specification as that entered for the output file, the existing file is to be
deleted before the copy proceeds. COPY allocates new space for the output
file. The /REPLACE qualifier is valid for RT-11 output only; it is equivalent
to the RT-11 COPY command qualifier /PREDELETE.
By default, COPY creates the new file first and then, after the copy operation
is done, deletes the previous file. However, when you use /REPLACE, COPY
deletes the previous file before it copies the new file. This can be a problem if
the input file has been corrupted because the previous version of the file will
have been deleted. Therefore, you should use /REPLACE only when there is
insufficient room for two copies of the file.

EXCH-18

EXCHANGE
COPY

/[NO]REWIND
Determines whether a DOS-11 input magnetic tape reel logically rewinds
to the beginning-of-tape mark (BOT) before EXCHANGE searches for the
file name specified in the input specifier. This qualifier is valid for DOS-11
magnetic tape only. The default is /NOREWIND.
Use the /REWIND qualifier when you want COPY to search for a file from
the logical beginning of the magnetic tape, instead of from the current
physical position of the tape.

/START_BLOCK=[n]
For RT-11 volumes, specifies the logical block number where the file is to be
placed. This qualifier is especially useful with TU58 tape cassettes, because
performance can be significantly enhanced by careful placement of files.

/[NO]SYSTEM
Controls whether the COPY command copies files that have the file type
SYS. Files with a file type of SYS are usually necessary for the operation of
an RT-11 system. Only RT-11 volumes handle SYS files in this manner.
The default is /NOSYSTEM; the COPY command does not copy an RT-11 file
with the type SYS, whether matched by a wildcard specification or explicitly
named. EXCHANGE displays a message whenever it skips over a SYS file
during a copy operation.

/TRANSFER_MODE=option
Specifies the I/O method to be used in a transfer. This qualifier is useful for
all volume formats.
Option

Function

AUTO

Select BLOCK transfer for efficiency if possible

BLOCK

Transfer block by block without looking at records

RECORD

Transfer record by record

The default is the AUTOMATIC transfer mode. In AUTOMATIC mode,
EXCHANGE attempts to use a BLOCK transfer whenever possible. BLOCK
transfers are possible between RT-11 volumes or between RT-11 and DOS-11
volumes, since the internal file structures are identical. AUTOMATIC does
not use the BLOCK transfer if either file specification contains a
/RECORD_FORMAT qualifier.
A BLOCK transfer moves data between devices. Since no interpretation is
done on the data, BLOCK transfers are more efficient than RECORD transfers.
The block sizes on both devices must be identical. Both input and output
must be in BLOCK format. Specifying BLOCK on one parameter implies
BLOCK for the other file or device specification.
A BLOCK transfer produces an exact copy of the file. If the output device is
Files-11, the file will be a sequential file with fixed-length 512-byte records.
This feature is used primarily to avoid any interpretation of the data during
the transfer. If the Files-11 file is a sequential file with 512-byte fixed-length
records, there is no difference between a /TRANSFER_MODE=BLOCK
transfer and a /RECORD=FIXED=512 transfer.

EXCH-19

EXCHANGE
COPY

A RECORD transfer moves the data record by record. A RECORD transfer
requires more time than a BLOCK transfer, but it must be used if the input
and output record structures differ.
When the /LOG qualifier is used in a COPY command, EXCHANGE displays
the size of the file that was transferred. If BLOCK mode was used, the
message gives the file size as the number of blocks transferred. If RECORD
mode was used, the message displays the number of records.

/[NO]TRUNCATE
Controls whether COPY truncates an output file at the end-of-file when
copying it. The default is /NOTRUNCATE; COPY uses the allocation of the
input file to determine the size of the output file.

/VOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed. The default
format qualifier is dependent on the device type.
If used, volume format qualifiers must be attached to one or both of the file

specification parameters; you cannot attach them directly to the command. A
volume format qualifier determines the format of the file name and directory
specifications, and often implies certain defaults. Refer to Section 4 for a
description of the volume format options and defaults.

DESCRIPTION

COPY transfers a file or files from an input volume to an output volume.
You can create multiple output files by specifying multiple input files. When
multiple output files are created, the corresponding field from each input file
is used in the output file name.
If you do not specify a version number for Files-11 output, COPY applies a

version number as follows:
•

The same version number as that of the input file, if the input volume
structure supports version numbers and no file exists with the same name
and type

•

A version number that is one greater than the highest version number of
an existing file with the same file name and file type

•

Version 1 if neither of the above applies

If you use an asterisk ( *) wildcard character to specify the output file version
number, COPY uses the version numbers of the associated input files (if any)

as the version numbers of the output files.
Note that ANSI-formatted magnetic tapes do not handle version numbers in
the same manner as disks. For a description of version numbers on magnetic
tape, refer to the Guide to VMS Files and Devices.
EXCHANGE might reformat files during the copy operation. The defaults
for reformatting are dependent on the record and volume format qualifiers
that are attached to both the input and output file specifications, as well as
the type fields of the file specifications. Refer to Section 5 for a description
of the /RECORD_FORMAT qualifier and record format defaults. Refer to
Section 4.4 for a description of volume format defaults.

EXCH-20

EXCHANGE
COPY

The COPY command does not copy a file with the SYS type unless you
specify the /SYSTEM qualifier. EXCHANGE displays a message if it passes
over one or more SYS files during a copy operation.
EXCHANGE does not copy files with the type BAD if the file specification
contains wildcards. EXCHANGE does not display a message when it passes
over one or more BAD files during a copy operation. Therefore, to copy a file
with the type BAD, specify the file name explicitly instead of using wildcards.

EXAMPLES
iJ

EXCHANGE> COPY TEST.DAT DYAO:NEWTST.DAT/VOLUME=RT11

The command in this example copies the contents of the file TEST.DAT from
the default disk and directory into a file named NEWTST.DAT on an RT-11
diskette (mounted on DYAO). If a file named NEWTST.DAT already exists,
the COPY command replaces it. The record formats are variable length on
the Files-11 input and ASCII stream on the RT-11 output.
~

EXCHANGE> COPY/LOG TEST.DAT DYAO:NEWTST.DAT
%EXCHANGE-S-DELETEPREV, previous copy of DYAO:NEWTST.DAT deleted
%EXCHANGE-S-COPIED, WRKD$: [FRED]TEST.DAT;5
copied to DYAO:NEWTST.DAT, 93 records

The command in this example is the same as in the preceding example,
except that the /LOG qualifier is included so that the actions of the command
are displayed. The /VOLUME_FORMAT qualifier is omitted; EXCHANGE
defaults to RT-11 format for the foreign mounted diskette. Since a file named
NEWTST.DAT already exists on the diskette (from the command in the
previous example), the first copy of the file is deleted after the se~ond copy is
successfully transferred.
~

EXCHANGE> COPY/LOG LARGE.DAT DYAO:/VOLUME=RT11
%EXCHANGE-S-DELETEPREV, previous copy of _DYAO:LARGE.DAT deleted
%EXCHANGE-W-RTOUTEOF, end-of-file on output _DYAO:LARGE.DAT,
insufficient space on volume
%EXCHANGE-I-PARTCOPIED, WRKD$: [FRED]LARGE.DAT;9 partially copied to
_DYAO:LARGE.DAT, 1670 records
EXCHANGE> COPY/LOG/REPLACE LARGE.DAT DYAO:/VOLUME=RT11
%EXCHANGE-S-DELETEPREV, previous copy of _DYAO:LARGE.DAT deleted
%EXCHANGE-S-COPIED, WRKD$: [FRED]LARGE.DAT;9 copied to
_DYAO:LARGE.DAT, 3288 records

The first command in this example fails because there is insufficient space on
DYAO for EXCHANGE to do a normal copy (that is, to copy the file into a
temporary file on DYAO, delete the existing file of the same name, and then
rename the temporary file).
The second command in this example includes the /REPLACE qualifier,
which directs COPY to delete an existing version of the output file before
copying the new file. The first message generated by this command indicates
that EXCHANGE has deleted an existing file. The second message indicates
that the copy operation has successfully completed.

EXCH-21

EXCHANGE
COPY
~

EXCHANGE> COPY MTAO: [11,132]*.COM/VOLUME=DOS11 [FRED.TEMP]

The command in this example copies all files with the file type COM owned
by UIC [11,132] to the subdirectory [FRED.TEMP]. The default DOS-11 record
format is STREAM. The default Files-11 record format is VARIABLE.
~

EXCHANGE> COPY/BOOT DYAO:RT11SJ.SYS DYAO:

The COPY /BOOT command in this example makes the diskette mounted
on the RX02 drive DYAO a bootable RT-11 system. Bootstrap information is
written to the volume using the RT-11 single job monitor RTllSJ.SYS and
the system device handler DY.SYS. The diskette can be formatted in single or
double density.
~

EXCHANGE> COPY/BOOT=DX DYAO:RT11SJ.SYS DYAO:

As in the previous example, the COPY /BOOT command in this example
makes the diskette mounted on the RX02 drive DYAO a bootable RT-11
system. In this example, however, the system device handler is DX.SYS, the
RXOl diskette handler. The diskette must be formatted in single density in
order to boot on the RT-11 system.
(ii

EXCHANGE> COPY/BOOT CSA1:CONSOL.SYS

The command in this example writes bootstrap information on the console
storage device on a VAX processor.

tiJ

EXCHANGE> COPY DMAO:FROG.DAT/VOLUME=RT11/RECORD=STREAM _EXCHANGE> FROG4JUN. DAT /RECORD= (FIXED=80, PAD='' ")

The command in this example copies an ASCII stream file (the default) from
an RT-11 volume to the current default device and directory. The output
contains fixed-length records that are padded to 80 bytes with the space
character.

EXCH-22

EXCHANGE
DELETE

DELETE
Deletes one or more files from a foreign block-addressable mass storage
volume. EXCHANGE does not delete files from Files-11 volumes; the
DELETE command is supported only on RT-11 volumes.

FORMAT
PARAMETERS

DELETE

file-spec[, ... ]

file-spec[, . . . ]
Specifies the names of one or more files to be deleted. You can specify
wildcard characters in any of the file specification fields.
To delete more than one file, separate the file specifications with commas or
plus signs.
The DELETE command does not delete a file with the SYS type unless you
specify the /SYSTEM qualifier. EXCHANGE displays a message if it passes
over one or more SYS files during a delete operation.
EXCHANGE does not delete files with the type BAD if the file specification
contains wildcards. When this happens, you will not receive a warning.
Therefore, to delete files with the type BAD, enter their file specifications
explicitly.

QUALIFIERS

/[NO]LOG
Controls whether the DELETE command displays the file specification of each
deleted file. The default is /NOLOG.

/[NO]SYSTEM
Controls whether the DELETE command deletes files with the file type SYS.
Files with the type SYS are usually necessary for the operation of an RT-11
system. Only RT-11 volumes handle .SYS files in this manner.
The default is /NOSYSTEM; the DELETE command does not delete an
RT-11 file with the SYS type, whether matched by a wildcard specification or
explicitly named. EXCHANGE displays a message whenever it skips a SYS
file during a delete operation.

jVOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed. RT-11 volumes
are the only volumes on which DELETE is currently supported. Refer to
Section 4 for a description of the volume format options and defaults.

EXAMPLES
iJ

EXCHANGE> DELETE DMAO:COMMON.SUM/VOLUME=RT11

The command in this example deletes the file COMMON.SUM from the
RT-11 device DMAO.

EXCH-23

EXCHANGE
DELETE

EXCHANGE> DELETE DXAO:*.DLD

The command in this example deletes all files with the file type OLD from
the diskette.

EXCHANGE> MOUNT /VIRTUAL TEST: TEST.DSK/VOLUME=RT11
EXCHANGE> DELETE TEST:ALPHA.TXT,BETA.TXT

The command in this example deletes the files ALPHA.TXT and BETA.TXT
from the virtual device file TEST.DSK.

EXCH-24

EXCHANGE
DIRECTORY

DIRECTORY
Provides a list of files or information about a file or group of files. The files
must reside on a foreign volume; EXCHANGE does not list directories of
Files-11 volumes.

FORMAT
PARAMETERS

DIRECTORY

[file-spec[, ... 11

file-spec[, ... ]
Specifies one or more files to be listed. The /VOLUME_FORMAT qualifier
determines the syntax of a file specification.
To specify more than one file, separate the file specifications with either
commas or plus signs. You can use wildcard characters in the directory
specification, file name, file type, or version number fields of a file
specification.

QUALIFIERS

/[NO]ALL
Lists all deleted or unused files on an RT-11 volume, in addition to other
files selected by the command. For example, the following command lists all
MACRO source files, in addition to deleted and unused files:
EXCHANGE> DIRECTORY DMAO:*.MAC/ALL

/[NO]BADBLOCKS
Scans the volume to find any blocks that return read errors. The data on
the volume is not modified. If a bad block replacement table is present, the
contents of the table are displayed. This is valid for RT-11 volumes only.

/[NO]BLOCKS
Lists the starting block number of the file. This qualifier is valid only for
directories of RT-11 devices. The first block of the device is block number 0.
The default is /NOBLOCKS.

/[NO]BRIEF
Includes only the file name of each file to be listed. Specifying the /BRIEF
qualifier is equivalent to specifying /NODATE/NOSIZE. The default is
/BRIEF.

/COLUMNS=n
Lists the files, using the specified number of columns on each line of the
display. This qualifier is used in conjunction with the /BRIEF qualifier
(either explicitly or by default). The default number of columns is dependent
on the volume format and the information requested. The DIRECTORY
command attempts to use as many columns as possible. If you request too
many columns, DIRECTORY displays a message and reduces the number of
columns to the number that fit on the listing.

/[NO]DATE
Includes the date for each file listed. If you omit this qualifier, the default is
/DATE.

EXCH-25

EXCHANGE
DIRECTORY

/[NO]DELETED
Lists a directory of files that have been deleted from an RT-11 device, but
whose file name information has not been destroyed. The listing includes
the file names, types, sizes, creation dates, and starting block numbers (in
decimal, unless you also specify the /OCTAL qualifier) of the deleted files.
The /DELETED qualifier is valid only with block-addressable volumes in
RT-11 format. The default is /NODELETED.

/[NO]FREE
Includes unused areas in the directory listing. The /FREE qualifier is valid
only with RT-11 formatted volumes.

/FULL
Lists all the available information for each file. The format of the listing
depends on the format of the volume. The /FULL qualifier overrides the
default brief listing format.

/[NOJOCTAL
Controls whether numeric information is displayed in decimal or octal format.
The default is /NOOCTAL; numbers are displayed in decimal radix. Dates
are always displayed in decimal format.

/OUTPUT[=file-spec]
Writes the DIRECTORY output to a specified file, rather than to the current
SYS$0UTPUT device. If you specify the /OUTPUT qualifier without a file
specification, the output is directed to SYS$0UTPUT. If you omit the file
type in the file specification, the default file type is LIS. If you specify a file
type and omit the file name, the default file name is EXCHDIRE. No wildcard
characters are allowed in the file specification.

/OWNER
Displays information about the owner of a volume and the files on the
volume. For RT-11, the volume owner is shown. For DOS-11, the UIC of the
file owner is shown.

/PRINTER
Queues the command output for printing under the name specified by
the /OUTPUT qualifier. If you specify /PRINTER without the /OUTPUT
qualifier, the output is directed to a file named EXCHDIRE.LIS, which is
spooled for printing and then deleted.

/[NO]SIZE
Displays the file size in blocks for each file listed. The default is /SIZE.

/[NO]SUMMARY
Lists a summary of the usage of the directory segments for an RT-11 volume.
If a bad block replacement table is present, the contents of the table are
displayed.

/VOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed. The default
format is dependent on the device type. Refer to Section 4 for a description
of the volume format options and defaults.
The EXCHANGE command DIRECTORY is not valid for Files-11 devices.

EXCH-26

EXCHANGE
DIRECTORY

DESCRIPTION

The output of the DIRECTORY command depends on the volume format and
on certain formatting qualifiers and defaults. The following are the formatting
qualifiers:
/ALL

/BLOCKS

/BRIEF

/COLUMNS

/DATE

/FULL

/OCTAL

/OWNER

/SIZE

The files that are listed always appear in the order in which they appear in
the volume directory or the order in which they reside on a magnetic tape.

EXAMPLES
iJ

EXCHANGE> DIRECTORY DLA2: .OBJ/VOLUME=RT11/FULL

The command in this example lists all files with the type OBJ on the RT-11
volume mounted on DLA2. The /FULL qualifier causes the file sizes and
dates to be listed along with the names.
~

EXCHANGE> DIRECTORY MFAO:/VOLUME=DOS11

The command in this example lists all files on the DOS-11 magnetic tape
mounted on MFAO. The magnetic tape is rewound before the files are listed.

EXCH-27

EXCHANGE
DISMOUNT

DISMOUNT
Releases a volume previously accessed by the EXCHANGE command
MOUNT.

FORMAT
PARAMETERS

DISMOUNT

device-name[:}

device-name[:]
Specifies the name of the device to be dismounted. You can specify a physical
device name or a logical name assigned to a physical device name. If you
omit a controller designation or a unit number, the defaults are controller A
and unit 0, respectively. You can also specify the name of a virtual device.

QUALIFIERS

/[NO]MESSAGE
Controls whether or not EXCHANGE displays a message that the volume
was dismounted. The default is determined by the /MESSAGE qualifier on
the EXCHANGE command when EXCHANGE was activated.

DESCRIPTION

The DISMOUNT command closes all connections that EXCHANGE maintains
to the device. This command does not affect the state of the operating
system mount; the device remains accessible to VMS. If you do not use the
DISMOUNT command, an implicit DISMOUNT is automatically executed
when you exit EXCHANGE.
The DISMOUNT command is valid only with foreign devices.

EXAMPLE
EXCHANGE> MOUNT/FOREIGN MTAO:
EXCHANGE> COPY MTAO:AVERAGE.FOR/VOLUME=DOS11 *
EXCHANGE> DISMOUNT MTAO:

The first command in this example mounts the tape on the device MTAO.
The second command in this example transfers a file from the magnetic tape
to the current default directory. The last command releases EXCHANGE's
access to the volume; however, the volume is still mounted on the operating
system and is accessible to VMS.

EXCH-28

EXCHANGE
EXIT

EXIT
Terminates execution of EXCHANGE. Control is returned to the DCL
command level. You can also use CTRL/Z to exit EXCHANGE.

FORMAT

EXIT

EXCH-29

EXCHANGE
HELP

HELP
Displays information about EXCHANGE commands and qualifiers.

FORMAT
PARAMETERS

HELP [command [qualifier [option [option]]]]
command
Specifies the name of the EXCHANGE command that you want information
about. If you omit the command, HELP displays general information listing
all commands recognized by EXCHANGE.

qualifier
Gives the name of the qualifier to be explained.

option
Gives the name of the option to be explained.

DESCRIPTION

For an overview of EXCHANGE and a listing of the EXCHANGE command
names, enter the HELP command with no arguments.
If you enter HELP and the name of an EXCHANGE command, HELP displays
a description of the command followed by a list of related qualifiers. For
information on any of the related qualifiers, enter the qualifier name at the
prompt.

You can also obtain information on any EXCHANGE command qualifier by
entering HELP, the command, and the qualifier at the EXCHANGE prompt,
as follows:
EXCHANGE> HELP COPY /CONTIGUOUS

For information on a qualifier with options, enter HELP, the command, the
qualifier, and the option at the EXCHANGE prompt.
If you specify an asterisk ( * ) in place of any keyword, the HELP command
displays all information available at that level.
If you specify an ellipsis ( ... ) after any keyword, the HELP command
displays all information relating to that keyword.

You can specify percent signs and asterisks in the keyword as wildcard
characters.

EXAMPLE
EXCHANGE> HELP COPY/VOLUME ...

The command in this example displays all the help that is available for the
COPY qualifier /VOLUME_FORMAT, including descriptions of each of the
options.

EXCH-30

EXCHANGE
INITIALIZE

INITIALIZE
Formats and writes a label on a foreign mass storage volume. For
directory-structured devices, the device directory is also initialized.

FORMAT

PARAMETERS

INITIALIZE device-name [volume-label]
INITIALIZE/CREATE file-name {volume-label]
device-name
Specifies the name of the device on which the volume to be initialized is
physically mounted.
The device name can also refer to the name of a mounted virtual device to be
reinitialized.

file-name
For INITIALIZE/CREATE, file-name refers to the name of a file to be created
and initialized as a virtual device.

volume-label
Specifies the identification to be written onto the volume header for
RT-11 volumes only. The volume label can contain up to a maximum of 12
alphanumeric characters. The default is VMS Exchange. Use quotation marks
to specify a volume label with lowercase letters.

QUALIFIERS

/ALLOCATION=n
Specifies the allocation of a new virtual device file in terms of 512-byte
blocks. The allocation specified is the number you entered as n. If you do not
specify the /ALLOCATION qualifier when you create a new virtual device
file, the default allocation is 494 blocks, the size of a single-density diskette.
The maximum allocation is 65 ,536 blocks.
A virtual device file is usually the size of a standard device supported by both
RT-11 and VMS. These sizes are as follows:
Device

Blocks

TU58
RX01
RX02
RX50
RX02
RX33
RL02
RK06
RK07

512
494
494 (single density)
800
988 (double density)
2400
20480
27126
53790

EXCH-31

EXCHANGE
INITIALIZE

You can also use the /ALLOCATION qualifier to reduce the size of a physical
device. For example, if you want to prepare an RL02 disk but have only an
RK07 device available, you can initialize the RK07 to a volume of 20,480
blocks. When the RL02 is available, you can transfer the files to the RL02
knowing they will fit on the smaller device.

/BADBLOCKS[=RETAIN]
Performs a bad block scan of the volume before initialization. A file named
FILE.BAD is created on top of each bad block or group of bad blocks
encountered on the device, preventing any future use of the bad areas.
If a bad block is found in either the boot block or the volume directory, the
volume is not usable and EXCHANGE displays an error message. If the bad
block is in a directory segment other than the first, you might be able to use
the volume by reinitializing it with a smaller number of segments (see the
/SEGMENTS qualifier description).
If you specify /BADBLOCKS=RETAIN, EXCHANGE uses the device's existing
bad block information, instead of performing a bad block scan. Therefore,
initializing takes less time. If you do not specify RETAIN, EXCHANGE writes
a pattern on each block of the volume, then reads each block to verify that
the block is usable. EXCHANGE prints a list of the bad blocks found on the
device.

RK06, RK07, and RL02 disk volumes support bad block replacement.
Therefore, DIGITAL recommends that you use the /REPLACE=RETAIN
qualifier for these volumes. If you use the /BADBLOCKS qualifier with a
volume initializied previously with the /REPLACE qualifier, EXCHANGE
deletes the bad block replacement table and performs a new bad block scan.
If you use /BADBLOCKS=RETAIN with such a volume, EXCHANGE uses
the FILE.BAD files created during the volume initialization.

/CREATE
Specifies that a virtual device is to be created and initialized. The specification
is a file name; if a file type is not given, EXCHANGE applies the default type
of DSK. Refer to Section 6 for a description of virtual devices.

/DENSITY=density-value
Specifies, for magnetic tape volumes, the density in bytes per inch (bpi) at
which the tape is to be written.
For magnetic tape volumes, the density value specified can be 800 or 1600,
as long as the density is supported by the magnetic tape drive. If you do
not specify a density value for a blank tape, the system uses a default of the
lowest density supported by the tape drive.
For the RX02 dual-density diskette drive, use the DCL command
INITIALIZE/DENSITY=SINGLE or INITIALIZE/DENSITY=DOUBLE to
reformat the diskettes to a different density; then use the EXCHANGE
command INITIALIZE to create the RT-11 directory structure.

EXCH-32

EXCHANGE
INITIALIZE

Note: Diskettes formatted in double density cannot be read or written by the
console block storage device (an RXOl drive) of a VAX-11/780 until they
have been reformatted in single density.

/EXTRA_ WORDS=n
Specifies, for RT-11 volumes, the number of extra words to add to each
directory entry, in addition to the required seven words. The ability to
increase the length of directory entries is useful for some RT-11 applications.
Increasing the size of the directory entries reduces the number of entries that
fit in each directory segment.

/[NO]MESSAGE
Controls whether or not EXCHANGE displays a message that the volume was
initialized. The default is determined by the /MESSAGE qualifier entered
with the EXCHANGE command when EXCHANGE was activated.

/REPLACE=RETAIN
Retains, when an RT-11 volume is initialized, the bad block replacement table
and any existing FILE.BAD files.
The RETAIN option is required; EXCHANGE cannot build a replacement
table for a volume. The RT-11 system builds and uses the table based
on specific hardware error conditions. The VMS I/O system is different,
and cannot be relied upon to generate exactly the same error conditions.
Therefore, it is not possible for EXCHANGE to generate the same replacement
table that would be generated by RT-11.
If no replacement table is present, the qualifier /REPLACE=RETAIN is
equivalent to /BADBLOCKS=RETAIN.

/SEGMENTS=n
Defines, for RT-11 volumes, the number of 2-block directory segments to
allocate for the directory. The number of segments in the directory establishes
the number of files that can be stored on a device. The system allows a
maximum of 72 files per directory segment and 31 directory segments per
device. The argument n represents the number of segments; the valid range
for n is from 1 to 31 (decimal). The default values for n depend on the device
type, as follows:
Device

Segments

TU58
RX01
RX02

1 (single density)

RX02

4 (double density)

RX50

RX33

RL02

RK06

RK07

EXCH-33

EXCHANGE
INITIALIZE

/VOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed. Refer to Section 4
for a description of the volume format options and defaults.
The EXCHANGE command INITIALIZE is not valid for Files-11 devices.

DESCRIPTION

The EXCHANGE command INITIALIZE erases all files from a volume. After
initialization, the volume directory contains no files. DOS-11 magnetic tapes
and RT-11 block-addressable devices can be initialized.
The device must be mounted with the /FOREIGN qualifier.

EXAMPLES
[I

$ MOUNT/FOREIGN DLA2:
%MOUNT-I-MOUNTED,
mounted on DLA2
$ EXCHANGE
EXCHANGE> INITIALIZE DLA2:
%EXCHANGE-S-INITIALIZED, the RT-11 volume _DLA2: has been initialized

The command in this example initializes the volume mounted on the RL02
drive DLA2. Since DLA2 is a block-addressable device mounted with the
/FOREIGN qualifier, RT-11 is the default format. EXCHANGE physically
scans all blocks of the volume, builds a bad block replacement table, and
displays a message indicating that it failed to turn up any bad blocks.
~

EXCHANGE> INITIALIZE MTAO:/DENSITY=1600

The command in this example initializes the DOS-11 magnetic tape volume
loaded on MTAO. The density is specified as 1600 bpi; the default would
have been 800 bpi for an MT drive.
~

EXCHANGE> INITIALIZE/CREATE/ALLOCATION=1000 VIRTUAL
%EXCHANGE-S-INITIALIZED, the RT-11 volume DRBO: [LOGIN]VIRTUAL.DSK has been initialized

The command in this example creates a virtual device with an allocation of
1000 blocks in the directory [LOGIN] on DRBO. EXCHANGE applies the
default file type DSK.

EXCH-34

EXCHANGE
MOUNT

MOUNT
Makes a foreign volume and the files or data it contains available for
processing by EXCHANGE. The EXCHANGE command MOUNT enters the
device into internal tables maintained by EXCHANGE.

FORMAT

PARAMETERS

MOUNT device-name
MOUNT/VIRTUAL device-name file-name
device-name
Specifies the physical device name or logical name of the device on which
the volume is to be mounted. For MOUNT/VIRTUAL, the device-name
parameter supplies a name for the virtual device.

file-name
For MOUNT/VIRTUAL only, the file-name parameter gives the name of the
file containing the image of the foreign volume.

QUALIFIERS

/[NO]DATJLCHECK[=(READ, WRITE)]
Determines whether EXCHANGE performs a second operation after every
I/O operation to verify that the data was correctly transferred. If you specify
/DATA_CHECK=WRITE, after every write operation EXCHANGE rereads
the data that was just written and compares it with the original data. If you
specify /DATA_CHECK=READ, EXCHANGE reads each block of data twice
and verifies that both read operations received identical data.
It is usually more efficient to use the /DATA_CHECK option on the
DCL command MOUNT than to use the option on the EXCHANGE
command MOUNT. If you mount a device with the DCL command
MOUNT/FOREIGN/DATA_CHECK, VMS can use features in the device
hardware and device driver to perform the redundant I/O operations.

The RXOl and RX02 diskette drives do not contain the necessary features for
the operating system to perform data checking. If you use the DCL command
MOUNT /DATA_CHECK with a diskette, the system is unable to perform
data checking (no warning message is displayed). EXCHANGE is able to
recognize, however, that a diskette was mounted with the data checking
option; in this case, EXCHANGE performs the software data checking
internally, even if you have not specified an explicit
MOUNT/DATA_CHECK command.
If you specify the /DATA_CHECK qualifier without an option, the default is
/DATA_CHECK=WRITE.

/FOREIGN
Indicates that the volume is not in the standard format used by the VMS
operating system; that is, a magnetic tape volume is not in the standard
ANSI format, or a disk volume is not in Files-11 format. The EXCHANGE
command MOUNT mounts only foreign volumes. The /FOREIGN qualifier
is the default. You must use the DCL command MOUNT to mount VMS
volumes.

EXCH-35

EXCHANGE
MOUNT

The default protection applied to foreign volumes is RWLP (Read, Write,
Logical I/O, Physical I/O) for the system and owner. If you mount a volume
currently in Files-11 format with the /FOREIGN qualifier, you must have the
user privilege to override volume protection (VOLPRO), or your UIC must
match the UIC on the volume.

/[NO]MESSAGE
Controls whether EXCHANGE displays a message indicating that the volume
was mounted. The default is determined by the /MESSAGE qualifier
specified with the EXCHANGE command when EXCHANGE was invoked.

/VIRTUAL
Mounts a Files-11 file as a virtual device. When you specify /VIRTUAL, the
MOUNT command requires two parameters. The first parameter is a device
name assigned as the name of the virtual device. The second parameter is the
name of the Files-11 file that is the image of a foreign volume.

/VOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed. Refer to Section 4
for a description of the volume format options and defaults.

/[NO]WRITE
Controls whether the volume can be written. You can specify /NOWRITE
to protect files by providing read-only access. Specifying /NOWRITE is
equivalent to write-locking the device.
The default is /WRITE. If /WRITE is specified (either explicitly or by default)
and the volume itself is write-locked, EXCHANGE displays a message to
inform you that the volume is write-locked.

DESCRIPTION

The EXCHANGE command MOUNT enters the description of the foreign
volume in internal tables maintained by EXCHANGE. This command is
different from the DCL command MOUNT, which enters the device in tables
maintained by the VMS operating system.
A virtual volume must be explicitly mounted with the MOUNT /VIRTUAL
command.
If an EXCHANGE command is given on an unmounted
foreign volume, EXCHANGE attempts to execute an implied
MOUNT/FOREIGN/WRITE/NODATACHECK on the device. This feature
enables EXCHANGE to operate in the single-command DCL mode.
If a MOUNT /FOREIGN (either implied or explicit) command is given for a
foreign device that has not been mounted on the VMS system, EXCHANGE
issues the equivalent of the DCL command MOUNT /FOREIGN and attempts
to make the volume known to the operating system. Any volume mounted in
this way remains mounted after EXCHANGE exits.

When EXCHANGE issues the MOUNT /FOREIGN command, the system
checks the following:

EXCH-36

•

That the device has not been allocated to another user

•

That a volume is physically loaded on the specified device

•

For magnetic tapes, the volume accessibility field of the VOLl label

EXCHANGE
MOUNT

For a detailed description of the Mount Utility, see the VMS Mount Utility

Manual.

EXAMPLES

EXCHANGE> MOUNT MT:
%EXCHANGE-I-MOUNTED, MATH06 mounted on _MTAO:

The command in this example requests that the magnetic tape loaded on the
device MTAO be mounted as a foreign volume. The tape label is displayed,
since the tape has been previously initialized as an ANSI-labeled tape with
the label MATH06. This tape cannot be accessed as a Files-11 tape; it should
be reinitialized as a DOS-11 tape during the current EXCHANGE session.
~

EXCHANGE> MOUNT DMA1:
%EXCHANGE-I-WRITELOCK, volume is write-locked
%EXCHANGE-S-MOUNTED, volume DMA1: mounted

The command in this example mounts the foreign volume that is loaded
in the RK07 device DMAl, making the volume available for subsequent
EXCHANGE commands. EXCHANGE recognizes that the volume itself is
write-locked, and displays a message.

EXCH-37

EXCHANGE
RENAME

RENAME
Changes the file specification of an existing file on an RT-11 volume.

FORMAT
PARAMETERS

RENAME

input-file-spec output-file-spec

input-file-spec
Specifies the names of one or more files whose specifications are to be
changed.
You can use wildcard characters in the file name and file type specification; if
you do, all files that satisfy the specified fields are renamed.

output-file-spec
Provides the new file specification to be applied to the input file. The
RENAME command uses the file name and file type of the input file
specification to provide defaults for nonspecified fields in the output file.
You can specify an asterisk ( *) in place of the file name or file type of the
output file; the RENAME command uses the corresponding field in the input
file specification to name the output file. Specifying wildcard characters in
corresponding fields of the input and output file specifications results in
multiple rename operations.
You can omit the device name from the output specification. EXCHANGE
uses the device name specified for the input, since it is not possible to rename
a file from one device to another.

QUALIFIERS

/[NO]LOG
Controls whether the RENAME command displays the file specification of
each file that it renames. The default is /NOLOG.

/[NO]PROTECT
Determines whether protection is set for an RT-11 output file. The default is
/NOPROTECT.
This qualifier is not valid for Files-11 or DOS-11 output files. Protection
attributes for Files-11 output are taken from the current process default
protection.
EXCHANGE does not attempt to transfer protection attributes from the input
file to the output file. Protection mechanisms of various operating systems do
not readily translate to one another.
The owner UIC of the output file is the UIC of the current process.

/[NO]SYSTEM
Controls whether the RENAME command renames files that have the file
type SYS. These files are usually files necessary for the operation of an RT-11
system. Only RT-11 volumes handle SYS files in this manner.

EXCH-38

EXCHANGE
RENAME
The default is /NOSYSTEM; the RENAME command does not rename an
RT-11 file with the type SYS, whether it is matched by a wildcard
specification or is named explicitly. EXCHANGE displays a message when it
skips an SYS file during a rename operation.
EXCHANGE handles files with the file type BAD in a similar manner; that is,
the rename operation skips BAD files. However, EXCHANGE does not warn
that BAD files are being skipped, and the /SYSTEM qualifier has no effect
on BAD files. To rename a file with the type BAD, specify the file explicitly
instead of using wildcards.

jVOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed. EXCHANGE
supports the RENAME command on RT-11 volumes only. Refer to Section 4
for a description of volume format options and defaults.

EXAMPLES
iJ

EXCHANGE> RENAME DMAO:AVERAG.OBJ MEAN

The command in this example changes the file name of the file AVERAG.OBJ
to MEAN.OBJ.
~

EXCHANGE> RENAME DLA2:*.TXT *.OLD

The command in this example renames all files with the file type TXT to files
with the file type OLD; the file names are not changed.
~

EXCHANGE> RENAME/LOG DMAO:DATA.*
NEW
%EXCHANGE-I-RENAMED, _DMAO:DATA.AAA renamed to _DMAO:NEW.AAA
%EXCHANGE-I-RENAMED, _DMAO:DATA.BBB renamed to _DMAO:NEW.BBB
%EXCHANGE-I-RENAMED, _DMAO:DATA.CCC renamed to _DMAO:NEW.CCC

The command in this example illustrates wildcard characters in the input file
names. The device DMAO contains three files with the file name DATA; the
result is the renaming of all three files as displayed by the /LOG qualifier.

EXCH-39

EXCHANGE
SHOW

SHOW
Displays the devices currently mounted by EXCHANGE.

FORMAT

SHOW

EXAMPLE
EXCHANGE> MOUNT DBAO:
%EXCHANGE-I-VMSMOUNT, a"$ MOUNT /FOREIGN DBAO:" command was done by Exchange
%EXCHANGE-S-MOUNTED, the RT-11 volume _DBAO: has been mounted
EXCHANGE> MOUNT DLA2:
%EXCHANGE-I-VMSMOUNT, a"$ MOUNT /FOREIGN DLA2:" command was done by Exchange
%EXCHANGE-S-MOUNTED, the RT-11 volume _DLA2: has been mounted
EXCHANGE> INITIALIZE/CREATE WRKD: [USER]VIRT.DSK
%EXCHANGE-S-INITIALIZED, the RT-11 volume WRKD:[USER]VIRT.DSK;1 has been
initialized
EXCHANGE> MOUNT/VIRTUAL DISK: VIRT.DSK
%EXCHANGE-S-MOUNTVER, the RT-11 volume DISK: has been mounted
using the file WRKD: [USER]VIRT.DSK;1
EXCHANGE> SHOW
Mounted volumes:
volume format:
volume class:
virtual file name:
volume size:

RT-11
disk (virtual volume)
WRKD: [USER]VIRT.DSK;1
494 blocks

_DLA2:
volume format:
volume class:
physical device name:
volume size:

RT-11
disk
_DLA2:
20480 blocks

volume format:
volume class:
physical device name:
volume size:

RT-11
disk
_DBAO:
65535 blocks

_DBAO:

EXCHANGE>

The MOUNT commands in this example mount foreign devices on drives
DBAO and DLA2. The SHOW command displays all devices currently
mounted by EXCHANGE.

EXCH-40

EXCHANGE
TYPE

TYPE
Displays the contents of a file or group of files on the current output
device.

FORMAT
PARAMETERS

TYPE

file-spec[, ... ]

file-spec[, . . . 1
Specifies the names of one or more input files to be copied. If you specify
more than one input file, separate them with either commas or plus signs.
You can specify standard VMS wildcards in file names, both Files-11 and
foreign. You can use wildcard directories with Files-11 and DOS-11 input.
The syntax for the file names is dependent on the particular volume format
option present or implied. Refer to Section 4 for a description of the volume
format options and defaults.

QUALIFIERS

/[NO]LOG
Controls whether TYPE displays the file specifications of each file displayed.
If you specify /LOG, the TYPE command displays the following for each
copy operation:

•

File specifications of the input and output files

•

Number of blocks or the number of records copied (depending on
whether the file is copied on a block-by-block or record-by-record basis)

/RECORD_FORMAT=(option[, ... ])
Defines the internal record structure of a file and other attributes of the
records. Section 5.1 describes record format options.

/[NO]REWIND
Controls whether the DOS-11 input magnetic tape reel logically rewinds to
the beginning-of-tape mark before EXCHANGE searches for the file name
given in the input specifier.
Use this qualifier only for DOS-11 magnetic tape devices. The default is
/NOREWIND; you should use /REWIND when you want TYPE to start
searching for a file at the beginning of the magnetic tape rather than at the
current position.

jVOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed. The default
format qualifier is dependent on the device type. Refer to Section 4 for a
description of the volume format options and defaults.

EXCH-41

EXCHANGE
TYPE

EXAMPLE
EXCHANGE> TYPE DYAO:BEAM.RAT/VOLUME=RT11/RECORD=STREAM

The command in this example copies the RT-11 file to the current
SYS$0UTPUT device. The two qualifiers are actually the defaults if DYAO
was mounted as a foreign volume.

EXCH-42

Index

Bad blocks
locating• EXCH-25, EXCH-26, EXCH-32
replacing• EXCH-32
BINARY option
record format• EXCH-7

Exchange Utility (EXCHANGE)
directing output from• EXCH-12
exiting• EXCH-12
invoking • EXCH-12
using at DCL level• EXCH-12
EXIT command • EXCH-29

c
Carriage control option
CARRIAGE_RETURN • EXCH-10
FORTRAN•EXCH-10
NONE•EXCH-10
COPY command• EXCH-15 to EXCH-22

D
DCL prompt
entering EXCHANGE command at• EXCH-2,
EXCH-11
DELETE command• EXCH-23 to EXCH-24
Devices
displaying currently mounted• EXCH-40
supported by EXCHANGE• EXCH-1
Device specification
DOS-11 volume format• EXCH-5
Files-11 volume format• EXCH-4
RT-11 volume format• EXCH-4
Directory
listing contents of• EXCH-25
DIRECTORY command• EXCH-25 to EXCH-27
default directory used• EXCH-5
DISMOUNT command• EXCH-28
displaying messages from• EXCH-2
DOS-11 volume format• EXCH-2, EXCH-5
devices supported • EXCH-5
specifying files• EXCH-5
using with COPY command• EXCH-6
usin~ with TYPE command• EXCH-6

F
File
deleting• EXCH-23
displaying contents of• EXCH-41
DOS-11 format• EXCH-5
Files-11 format• EXCH-4
format• EXCH-3
renaming• EXCH-38
RT-11 format• EXCH-4
transferring from one volume to another•
EXCH-15
File attribute options• EXCH-7
File name
changing during copy operation• EXCH-5
Files-11 volume format• EXCH-2, EXCH-3
devices supported• EXCH-4
specifying files• EXCH-4
using wildcards in file specifications• EXCH-4
File specification
DOS-11 volume format• EXCH-5
Files-11 volume format• EXCH-4
RT-11 volume format• EXCH-4 ·
FIXED option
record format• EXCH-8
Foreign volume
mounting• EXCH-2
Format
See Volume format

H
HELP command• EXCH-30

lndex-1

Index

I
INITIALIZE command• EXCH-31 to EXCH-34
displaying messages from• EXCH-2

L
Logical name
using with Files-11 file specifications• EXCH-4
with RT-11 file specifications• EXCH-4

s
SHOW command• EXCH-40
Size limit
for RT-11 volumes• EXCH-1
STREAM option
record format• EXCH-8

T
TYPE command• EXCH-41 to EXCH-42

M
Media
supported by EXCHANGE• EXCH-1
MOUNT command• EXCH-35 to EXCH-37
displaying messages from • EXCH-2
foreign volume• EXCH-2

p
PAD option
specifying pad character• EXCH-9

R
Record format
BINARY option• EXCH-7
FIXED option• EXCH-8
PAD option• EXCH-9
specifying• EXCH-6
STREAM option• EXCH-8
VARIABLE option• EXCH-8
Record format defaults• EXCH-9 to EXCH-10
Record format options• EXCH-7
RENAME command• EXCH-38 to EXCH-39
RT-11 volume format• EXCH-1, EXCH-4
specifying devices• EXCH-4
specifying files• EXCH-4

lndex-2

v
VARI ABLE option
record format• EXCH-8
Virtual device• EXCH-1
allocating• EXCH-31
creating• EXCH-11
definition• EXCH-11
dismounting• EXCH-11
mounting• EXCH-11
Volume
dismounting• EXCH-28
mounting• EXCH-35
Volume format
converting• EXCH-7
defaults• EXCH-6
disk default• EXCH-6
DOS-11•EXCH-2,EXCH-5
Files-11 • EXCH-2, EXCH-3
magnetic tape default• EXCH-6
options• EXCH-3
RT-11•EXCH-1,EXCH-4
specifying• EXCH-3

Reader's Comments

VMS Exchange Utility
Manual
AA-LA28A-TE

Please use this postage-paid form to comment on this manual. If you require a written reply to a software
problem and are eligible to receive one under Software Performance Report (SPR) service, submit your
comments on an SPR form.
Thank you for your assistance.

I rate this manual's:
Accuracy (software works as manual says)
Completeness (enough information)
Clarity (easy to understand)
Organization (structure of subject matter)
Figures (useful)
Examples (useful)
Index (ability to find topic)
Page layout (easy to find information)

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

I would like to see more /less

What I like best about this manual is

What I like least about this manual is

I found the following errors in this manual:
Page

Description

Additional comments or suggestions to improve this manual:

I am using Version _ _ _ of the software this manual describes.

Name/Title

Dept.
Date

Company
Mailing Address
Phone

-~o;~t;~~~:d Here and Ta~ -------------------nnr-------;~~;~--in the
United States

BUSINESS REPLY MAIL
FIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. 33 MAYNARD MASS.
POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE

DIGIT AL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION
Corporate User Publications-Spit Brook
ZK01-3/J35 110 SPIT BROOK ROAD
NASHUA, NH 03062-9987

111 ..... 11.11 .... 11 .... 1.11.1 .. 1.1 .. 1.. 1.1 ... 1.11 .. 1
- Do Not Tear - Fold Here - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

I
I
I
I
I
I

Reader's Comments

VMS Exchange Utility
Manual
AA-LA28A-TE

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

I would like to see more /less

What I like best about this manual is

What I like least about this manual is

I found the following errors in this manual:
Page

Description

Additional comments or suggestions to improve this manual:

I am using Version _ _ _ of the software this manual describes.

Name/Title

Dept.

Company

Date

Mailing Address
Phone

·- Do Not Tear - Fold Here and Tape

-------------------[lllr--------------No Postage

mnmnoma™

~;::i~=~y
in the
United States

BUSINESS REPLY MAIL
FIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. 33 MAYNARD MASS.
POST AGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE

DIGIT AL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION
Corporate User Publications-Spit Brook
ZK01-3/J35 110 SPIT BROOK ROAD
NASHUA, NH 03062-9987

Ill 11111II1II1111II1111I1 II.1 .. 1.1 .. 1.. 1.1 ••• 1.11 .. 1
·- Do Not Tear - Fold Here - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

I
I
I
I
I
I