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Document:	Guide to VMS Text Processing
Order Number:	AA-LA13A-TE
Revision:
Pages:	198
Original Filename:	http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/vax/vms/5.0/AA-LA13A-TE_Guide_to_VMS_5.0_Text_Processing_198804.pdf

OCR Text

Guide to VMS Text
Processing
Order Number: AA-LA 13A-TE

April 1988
This manual contains tutorial information about the EVE editor, the EDT
editor, and DIGIT AL Standard Runoff (DSR).

Revision/Update Information:

This document supersedes the Guide to
Text Processing on VAX/VMS,
Version 4.4

Software Version:

VMS Version 5.0

digital equipment corporation
maynard, massachusetts

April 1988
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should
not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital
Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear·
in this document.
The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be
used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license.
No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment
that is not supplied by Digital Equipment Corporation or its affiliated companies.
Copyright © 1988 by Digital Equipment Corporation
All Rights Reserved.
Printed in U.S.A.
The postpaid READER'S COMMENTS form on the last page of this document
requests the user's critical evaluation to assist in preparing future documentation.
The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:
DEC
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DECSYSTEM-20
DEC US
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DIBOL
Edu System
IAS
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PDP
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RSX

UNIBUS
VAX
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VT

~urnuo~uTM
ZK4528

HOW TO ORDER ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTATION
DIRECT MAIL ORDERS
USA & PUERTO RICO*

CANADA

INTERNATIONAL

Digital Equipment Corporation
P.O. Box CS2008
Nashua, New Hampshire
03061

Digital Equipment
of Canada Ltd.
100 Herzberg Road
Kanata, Ontario K2K 2A6
Attn: Direct Order Desk

Digital Equipment Corporation
PSG Business Manager
c/o Digital's local subsidiary
or approved distributor

In Continental USA and Puerto Rico call 800-258-1710.
In New Hampshire, Alaska, and Hawaii call 603-884-6660.
In Canada call 800-267-6215.
*Any prepaid order from Puerto Rico must be placed with the local Digital subsidiary (809-754-7575).
Internal orders should be placed through the Software Distribution Center (SOC), Digital Equipment
Corporation, Westminster, Massachusetts 01473.

Production Note
This book was produced with the VAX DOCUMENT electronic publishing
system, a software tool developed and sold by DIGITAL. In this system,
writers use an ASCII text editor to create source files containing text and
English-like code; this code labels the structural elements of the document,
such as chapters, paragraphS,, and tables. The VAX DOCUMENT software,
which runs on the VMS operating system, interprets the code to format the
text, generate a table of contents and index, and paginate the entire document.
Writers can print the document on the terminal or line printer, or they can use
DIGITAL-supported devices, such as the LN03 laser printer and PostScript®
printers (PrintServer 40 or LN03R ScriptPrinter), to produce a typeset-quality
copy containing integrated graphics.

PostScript is a trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc.

Contents
PREFACE

xiii

NEW AND CHANGED FEATURES

CHAPTER 1 EDITING FILES WITH EVE

1-1

1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2

BEGINNING AND ENDING AN EDITING SESSION
Invoking EVE
Ending an Editing Session

1-1
1-1
1-2

1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2

ENTERING EVE COMMANDS
Using Defined Keys to Enter EVE Commands
Typing EVE Commands

1-3
1-3
1-5

1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.3.7

EDITING TEXT
Moving the Cursor
Inserting Text
Erasing and Restoring Text
Moving Text from One Location to Another
Locating Text
Marking Locations in Text
Replacing Text

1-6
1-6
1-9
1-12
1-14
1-16
1-18
1-19

1.4

USING THE HELP FACILITY

1-21

1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2

RECOVERING FROM SYSTEM INTERRUPTIONS
Refreshing the Screen
Using the Journal File

1-22
1-22
1-22

1.6

FORMATTING TEXT

1-23

1.7
1.7.1
1.7.2
1.7.3
1.7.4

USING BUFFERS
Listing Buffers
Displaying the Contents of the Messages Buffer
Editing Two Buffers
Reading and Writing Files

1-30
1-31
1-32
1-32
1-34
v

Contents

1.8
1.8.1
1.8.2

USING WINDOWS
Editing One Buffer
Editing Two Buffers

1-34
1-35
1-35

1.9
1.9.1
1.9.2
1.9.3

DEFINING KEYS
Defining Keys to Execute an EVE Command
Defining Keys to Enter a Learn Sequence
Defining a GOLD Key

1-38
1-38
1-39
1-41

1.10
1.10.1
1.10.2

USING THE DCL WITHIN EVE
Executing a DCL Command
Creating a Subprocess

1-43
1-43
1-43

1.11

USING THE TPU COMMAND

1-44

1.12
1.12.1
1.12.2

EXTENDING THE EVE EDITOR
Writing and Compiling VAXTPU Procedures
Saving VAXTPU Procedures, Key Definitions, and Learn
Sequences

1-44
1-45

CHAPTER 2 EDITING FILES WITH EDT

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.1.1
2.1.1.2
2.1.2
2.1.2.1
2.1.2.2
2.1.2.3
2.1.3
2.1.4

INTRODUCTION
Invoking and Terminating EDT
Invoking EDT • 2-2
Terminating EDT • 2-3
Using the HELP Facility
Accessing HELP from Line Mode • 2-4
Accessing HELP from Keypad Mode • 2-5
Accessing HELP from Nokeypad Mode • 2-5
Recovering from System Interruptions
Moving from Mode to Mode

2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.4.1
2.2.5
2.2.6

USING KEYPAD MODE
Terminal Keypads
Using the GOLD Key
Inserting Text
Moving the Cursor
How EDT Views Words• 2-12
Deleting and Undeleting Text
Locating Text

1-47

2-1

2-1
2-1

2-4

2-6
2-6

2-7
2-7
2-9
2-9
2-9
2-13
2-15

Contents

2.2.7
2.2.8
2.2.9

Moving Text
Substituting Text
Five More Keys to Use with the GOLD Key

2-17
2-18
2-20

2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
2.3.6
2.3.7

USING LINE MODE
Line Numbers
Inserting Text
Ranges
Deleting Text
Substituting Text
Moving Text from One Location to Another
Replacing Text

2-21
2-21
2-22
2-23
2-25
2-27
2-28
2-29

2.4

USING NOKEYPAD MODE

2-30

2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2

MODIFYING AN EDT ENVIRONMENT
Using SET Commands
Using SHOW Commands to See What Is Set

2-30
2-30
2-31

2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.6.4
2.6.5
2.6.6

USING BUFFERS
Viewing Existing Buffers
Creating Buffers
Deleting Buffers
Copying Text from One Buffer to Another Buffer
Copying Text from a File Into a Buffer
Copying Text from a Buffer to a File

2-32
2-33
2-33
2-34
2-34
2-34
2-34

2.7

RECOVERING A LOST EDITING SESSION

2-35

2.8
2.8.1
2.8.2
2.8.3
2.8.4
2.8.5

CREATING COLUMNS AND LAYERED TEXT
Creating Columns of Eight
Creating Layers of Text
Using CTRL/A to Indent Text
Using CTRL/T to Indent Groups of Lines of Text
Looking at the Indentation Level

2-36
2-36
2-36
2-41
2-41
2-42

2.9
2.9.1

DEFINING KEYS
Definition Procedure

2-42
2-42

2.9.1.1
2.9.1.2

2.9.2
2.9.3

Using CTRL/K to Define a Key • 2-42
Using the DEFINE KEY Command • 2-43
Which Keys Can Be Defined
Saving Key Definitions

2-45
2-46
vii

Contents

2.10
2.10.1
2.10.2
2.10.3
2.10.4
2.10.5
2.10.6

USING MACROS
Introduction
Creating a Macro
Macro Functions
Comparing Macros to Startup Command Files
Saving Macros
Including Specifiers in a Macro

2-47
2-47
2-47
2-48
2-48
2-48
2-50

2.11

STARTUP COMMAND FILES

2-50

CHAPTER 3 FORMATTING FILES WITH DSR
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3. 1.4. 1

viii

INTRODUCTION
Using DSR Defaults
Including DSR Commands
Looking at DSR Commands
Running DSR to Process Your Files

3-1
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-5

Using Qualifiers with the RUNOFF Command • 3-5

3.1.5

Stripping MEM Files of Carriage-Return/Line-Feed Symbols

3-6

3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4

FORMATTING LISTS
Creating Bulleted Lists
Creating Lists Using Any Symbol
Creating Nested Lists
Creating Lists with Letters and Roman Numerals

3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-10

3.3

FORMATTING MEMOS

3-12

3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4

FILLING AND JUSTIFYING TEXT
DSR Commands .FILL and .JUSTIFY (defaults)
DSR Commands .NO FILL and .JUSTIFY
DSR Commands .FILL and .NO JUSTIFY
DSR Commands .NO FILL and .NO JUSTIFY

3-14
3-14
3-15
3-16
3-16

3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2

ADJUSTING THE TEXT DISPLAY
Indenting Text
Placing a Single Line of Text Relative to the Right Margin

3-17
3-19
3-20

3.6
3.6.1

CREATING SPACE ON A PAGE
Separating Sections with Blank Lines

3-22
3-22

Contents

3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4

Creating Uninterrupted Space
Seeing the Space You Create
Example of Creating Space

3-22
3-24
3-25

3.7
3.7.1
3.7.2

FORMATTING SECTIONS
Specifying a Title
Using Roman Numerals or Letters

3-28
3-29
3-31

3.8
3.8.1
3.8.2

FORMATTING CHAPTERS
Numbering Chapters
Changing the Way Pages Are Numbered

3-32
3-32
3-33

3.9

CREATING AN APPENDIX

3-34

3.10
3.10.1
3.10.2
3.10.3
3.10.4
3.10.5
3.10.6

CREATING RUNNING HEADS
Specifying a Title
Specifying the Date
Specifying a Subtitle
Organizing Running Head Information
Reorganizing Running Head Information
Specifying the Title on the First Page

3-35
3-36
3-37
3-38
3-38
3-39
3-41

3.11
3.11.1
3.11.2

CREATING NOTES AND FOOTNOTES
Using the . NOTE Command
Using the .FOOTNOTE Command

3-42
3-42
3-43

3.12

EMPHASIZING TEXT

3-45

3.13
3.13.1

CREATING A TABLE OF CONTENTS AND AN INDEX
Creating a Table of Contents
Tailoring the Table of Contents Utility• 3-48
Looking at Tables of Contents• 3-48
Comparing New DSR with Previous Versions of DSR • 3-50
Creating an Index
Tailoring the Index Utility • 3-51
Looking at Indexes • 3-52
Comparing New DSR with Previous Versions of DSR • 3-54

3-46
3-46

3.13.1.1
3.13.1.2
3.13.1.3

3.13.2
3.13.2.1
3.13.2.2
3.13.2.3

3-51

Contents

APPENDIX A CUSTOMIZING EVE

A-1

A.1

CREATING A CUSTOMIZED EDITOR

A-1

A.2

USING STARTUP FILES

A-1

A.3

CREATING SECTION FILES

A-2

A.4

CREATING INITIALIZATION FILES

A-3

A.5

CREATING COMMAND FILES

A-5

A.6

MODIFYING THE $DEFAULTS$ BUFFER

A-10

APPENDIX B EDT COMMANDS AND EQUIVALENT EVE
COMMANDS

B-1

INDEX

EXAMPLES
A-1

Sample EVE Command File

A-6

Editing Keys-VT200-series and VT300-series
Terminals

1-4

1-2

Editing Keys-VT100-series Terminals

1-5

2-1

VT100, VT52, and LK201 Keypads

2-8

2-2
2-3

Using the SET ENTITY WORD Command

2-13

Three EDT Buffers Used for Deleting and Undeleting
Text

2-14

2-4

Two EDT Buffers Used for Substituting Text

2-19

2-5

Using CTRL/E to Increase the Indentation Level

2-6

Using CTRL/D to Decrease the Indentation Level

3-1

Creating a Nested List

3-2

Using the .BLANK Command

2-38
2-39
3-9
3-22

FIGURES
1-1

Contents

3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-10
3-11

TABLES
B-1

Creating a Table of Contents or an Index

3-24
3-24
3-25
3-29
3-32
3-33
3-34
3-39
3-47

Corresponding EDT and EVE Commands

B-1

Using the .FIGURE Command
Using the .FIGURE DEFERRED Command
Using the .LITERAL Command
Looking at Header Levels
Using the .CHAPTER Command
Using the .DISPLAY CHAPTER Command
Using the .DISPLAY NUMBER Command
Running Head Information

Preface
Intended Audience
This manual is intended for the novice user.

Document Structure
This manual is divided into three chapters and two appendixes.
•

Chapter 1 explains how to use the EVE editor.

•

Chapter 2 explains how to use the EDT editor.

•

Chapter 3 explains how to use DIGITAL Standard Runoff (DSR).

•

Appendix A explains how to customize the EVE editor using different
types of startup files.

•

Appendix B shows EDT commands and functions along with their EVE
equivalents.

Associated Documents
For detailed information on the EVE editor, which is the interface to the VAX
Text Processing Utility (VAXTPU), see the VAX Text Processing Utility Manual.
For further information on the EDT editor, see the VAX EDT Reference
Manual. For reference information on DSR, see the VAX DIGITAL Standard
Runoff Reference Manual.

xiii

Preface

Conventions
Convention

Meaning
In examples, a key name (usually abbreviated)
shown within a box indicates that you press
a key on the keyboard; in text, a key name is
not enclosed in a box. In this example, the key
is the RETURN key. (Note that the RETURN
key is not usually shown in syntax statements
or in all examples; however, assume that you
must press the RETURN key after entering a
command or responding to a prompt.)

xiv

CTRL/C

A key combination, shown in uppercase with a
slash separating two key names, indicates that
you hold down the first key while you press the
second key. For example, the key combination
CTRL/C indicates that you hold down the key
labeled CTRL while you press the key labeled C.
In examples, a key combination is enclosed in a
box.

$SHOW TIME
05-JUN-1988 11 :55:22

In examples, system output (what the system
displays) is shown in black. User input (what
you enter) is shown in red.

$ TYPE MYFILE.DAT

In examples, a vertical series of periods, or
ellipsis, means either that not all the data that
the system would display in response to a
command is shown or that not all the data a
user would enter is shown.

input-file,

In examples, a horizontal ellipsis indicates
that additional parameters, values, or other
information can be entered, that preceding
items can be repeated one or more times, or
that optional arguments in a statement have
been omitted.

[logical-name]

Brackets indicate that the enclosed item is
optional. (Brackets are not, however, optional
in the syntax of a directory name in a file
specification or in the syntax of a substring
specification in an assignment statement.)

quotation marks
apostrophes

The term quotation marks is used to refer
to double quotation marks ("). The term
apostrophe ( ') is used to refer to a single
quotation mark.

New and Changed Features
EVE Version 2.0 offers many new features, including the following:
•

EDT and WPS keypads. You can now select an EDT keypad or a WPS
keypad as your default keypad. For more information, see the help topic
EDT Differences or WPS Differences.

•

Initialization files and private defaults. An initialization file sets the
characteristics of the editing environment. You can use initialization
files to modify the default characteristics for an EVE buffer. Execute
initialization files when invoking EVE or at any time during an editing
session.

•

Wildcard searches. In addition to searching for specific text strings, you
can now use wildcards in your search strings. EVE uses both VMS and
UL TRIX wildcards.

•

New commands to control the cursor, SET CURSOR FREE and SET
CURSOR BOUND.

•

Improved multiple buffers and multiple windows. See the help topic
New Features for more information.

Editing Files With EVE

EVE, the Extensible VAX Editor, is an editor built on the VAX Text Processing
Utility (VAXTPU), a high performance, programmable text processor. Using
EVE, you can create and edit new files or edit existing files. You can add text
to a file and modify or format that text. EVE is interactive, so you see the
changes to a file as you make them.
Unlike the EDT editor (described in Chapter 2), EVE lets you display more
than one buffer on the screen at a time and edit more than one file during
the same editing session. EVE is easy to customize or extend using EVE
commands and VAXTPU procedures.

1 .1

Beginning and Ending an Editing Session
To begin an editing session, invoke EVE with the DCL command EDIT/TPU.
In an editing session you can create and edit a new file or edit an existing file.
The session ends when you enter the EXIT or QUIT command. Exiting from
EVE typically produces a new file or a new version of an existing file.

1.1.1

Invoking EVE
You can start an editing session by creating a new file and inserting text into
it during the session. You can also specify an existing file when you
invoke EVE.
To begin an EVE editing session, enter the DCL command EDIT/TPU.
Specify a file name on the command line if you want to edit an existing file
or assign a name to a new file. For example, to invoke EVE and create a new
file named NEWFILE.DAT, enter the following command:
$ EDIT/TPU NEWFILE.DAT

This command produces a screen that appears as follows:
[End of file]

Buffer. NEWFlLE.iOAt
Editing new file: could not find WORKDISK: [USER]NEWFILE.DAT

EVE inserts the text of the file you are editing into a temporary holding area
called a buffer. The contents of the buffer are shown in an area of your screen
that is called a window. EVE buffers exist only during the editing session.
When you end an editing session, you direct EVE to save or discard the
contents of a buffer.
The end-of-file marker defines the end of an EVE buffer. It is visible only on
the screen and does not become part of your file. When you add text to the
buffer, the end-of-file marker moves downward. The marker might not be
visible when you are viewing the beginning of a buffer that contains many
lines of text.
1-1

Editing Files With EVE
1 .1 Beginning and Ending an Editing Session

A highlighted status line appears at the bottom of the EVE window and
provides information about the EVE buffer. The status line shows the buffer
name, current mode (insert or overstrike), and current direction (forward or
reverse).
If you invoke EVE with a file name, an informational message appears in

the message window beneath the highlighted status line. The message states
either that the file is a new file or that a certain number of lines were read
from an existing file. EVE communicates with you throughout the editing
session by displaying messages in the message window.
To invoke EVE to edit an existing file named SCHEDULE.DAT, you enter the
following command:
$ EDIT/TPU SCHEDULE.DAT

The contents of the file SCHEDULE.DAT appear in the editing window on
your screen.
When you invoke EVE to edit an existing file, you can use the asterisk
wildcard character ( *) as a substitute for all or some of the characters in the
file name and file type. You can use the percent wildcard character (%)as a
substitute for one character in the file name and file type, and you can use the
ellipsis wildcard character ([ ... ]) as a substitute for a directory specification.
Using wildcards in EVE follows the same rules as using wildcards in DCL. If
only one match is made, the file is displayed on your screen. If more than
one match is made, EVE displays a list of matching files and prompts you to
provide a more complete file specification. If no match is made, the file name
that you typed appears in the highlighted status line and the message Editing
new file. Could not find: is displayed in the message window.
You might want to use a command symbol to invoke the EVE editor. For
example, if you place the following statement in your login command file and
execute your login command file, you only need to type EVE to invoke the
EVE editor:
$ EVE == EDIT/TPU

Rather than name a file at the beginning of an editing session, you can invoke
EVE with the command EDIT/TPU and then enter text into the buffer. You
can save the text by writing it to a file, using the WRITE FILE command
described in Section 1.7. Alternately, when you finish creating your file, EVE
prompts for a file name with the following:
Enter a file name to write buffer MAIN; else press RETURN:

Type the name of the file and press the RETURN key to write out the buffer
to a file.

1.1.2

Ending an Editing Session
Two different commands can end an EVE editing session. EVE produces
a new version of the edited file when you end the session with the EXIT
command. EVE discards your edits when you end a session with the QUIT
command. Any existing versions of the files remain unchanged regardless of
how the editing session is ended.
To save your edited text, use the EXIT command. Enter the EXIT command
by pressing the FlO key (on VT200-series or VT300-series terminals) or by
pressing CTRL/Z.

1-2

Editing Files With EVE
1 .1 Beginning and Ending an Editing Session

If you have modified the current buffer, EVE creates a new version of the file
with the same file name and file type as the original version, with the version
number incremented by 1. For example, if you use the EXIT command after
modifying a file named FUN.DAT;l, the output file is named FUN.DAT;2:
Buffer FUN.DAT

I Insert I Forward

4 lines written to file WORKDISK: [USER]FUN.DAT;2

To exit from a session without saving your edits, use the QUIT command.
Enter the QUIT command by pressing the DO key (PF4 on VTlOO-series
terminals), typing QUIT at the Command: prompt, and pressing RETURN. For
example, if you have modified a file named FUN.DAT and enter the QUIT
command, the following display appears on your terminal screen:
Btif'.fer.FUN.DAT

I Insert I Forward

Bu:f:fermodUications will not be saved, continue quitting (Y or NJ?

Type Y and press RETURN if you want to quit without saving the edits. If
you change your mind and decide to save your edits, type N, press RETURN,
and exit from the file using the EXIT command.
If you have modified buffers other than the current one, EVE asks if you want
to save the contents of each buffer. If you type Y, EVE creates a new version
of an existing file, incrementing the version number by 1. EVE prompts for a
file name if no file currently exists.

1.2

Entering EVE Commands
Once you have invoked EVE, you can enter EVE commands to edit and
manipulate text. There are two ways to enter EVE commands: by pressing
predefined editing keys and by typing the commands themselves.

1.2.1

Using Defined Keys to Enter EVE Commands
EVE defines some editing keys by default. The predefined editing keys on
VT200-series and VT300-series terminals include the minikeypad (located
between the main keypad and the numeric keypad), certain function
keys, and certain control key sequences. On VTlOO-series terminals, EVE
automatically defines most of the numeric keypad keys, the arrow keys,
and certain control keys. Each predefined editing key performs one editing
command.
Throughout this chapter, EVE editing keys are referred to by their names,
rather than by their location on the VT200-series, VT300-series, or VTlOOseries keyboards. For example, on a VT200-series or VT300-series terminal,
the DO key is located at the top of the editing keypad and is labeled DO.
On a VTlOO-series terminal, the DO key is located at the upper right of the
numeric keypad and is labeled PF4. Figure 1-1 shows the predefined keys
on the VT200-series and VT300-series terminal and Figure 1-2 shows the
predefined keys on the VTl 00-series terminal.

1-3

Editing Files With EVE
1 .2 Entering EVE Commands

Figure 1-1

Editing Keys-VT200-series and VT300-series Terminals

I
Forward
Reverse

Move By
Line

Erase
Word

Insert
Overstr

F11

F12

F13

F14

l_D_oJ

[_
Help
__

\.
F10

r
CTRL/B - Recall
CTRL/E - End of Line
CTRL/H - Start of Line
CTRL/R - Remember
CTRL/U - Erase to Start of Line
CTRL/V - Quote
CTRL/W - Refresh
CTRL/Z - Exit

Find

Insert
Here

Remove

Select

Prev
Screen

Next
Screen

.,/

1
r

'
.,/

ZK-4036-85

1-4

Editing Files With EVE
1 .2 Entering EVE Commands

Figure 1-2

Editing Keys-VT100-series Terminals
/'

( t I i I

BACKSPACE - Start of Line
CTRL/B
- Recall
CTRL/E
- End of Line
CTRL/R
- Remember
CTRL/U
- Erase to Start of Line
CTRL/V
- Quote
CTRL/W
- Refresh
CTRL/Z
- Exit

Find

Help

Forward
Reverse

Select

Remove

Insert
Here

Move By
Line

l
!

-Next
Screen

Erase
Word

Insert
Overstr
Prev
Screen

.,,I
ZK-4037-85

EVE offers two default keypads in addition to the default EVE keypad. You
can set an EDT keypad or a WPS keypad. Although neither fully implements
EDT or WPS editing functions, they do provide most keypad functions.
You can define additional editing keys to enter commands or to perform
editing operations that you frequently use. See Section 1.9 for information.

1.2.2

Typing EVE Commands
Besides using defined keys to enter commands, you can type out commands
at the Command: prompt. When you type out EVE commands, you always
perform the following three steps:
1

Press the DO key. EVE displays the Command: prompt.

Type the EVE command after the prompt.

Press either the RETURN key or the DO key to enter the command.

You can correct typing mistakes on the EVE command line by pressing DCL
line editing keys. For example, use CTRL/U to erase to the beginning of the
line, CTRL/E to move to the end of the line, and CTRL/B to recall the last
command entered. By default, the editing mode of the EVE command line is
the same as the editing mode of your terminal. (You can change the default
with the DCL command SET TERMINAL prior to invoking EVE. Once in
EVE, you can change the editing mode by pressing CTRL/ A.)

1-5

Editing Files With EVE
1 .2 Entering EVE Commands

To save keystrokes when you are typing EVE commands, you can use
CTRL/B, abbreviate commands, use the REPEAT command, or press the DO
key. Each method of saving keystrokes is described as follows:

1 .3

•

Press CTRL/B to recall the last EVE command you entered. Pressing
CTRL/B again recalls the next to the last command and so forth.
Continue pressing CTRL/B until the command you want appears on
your screen, and press RETURN to enter it.

•

Abbreviate EVE command names, making sure the abbreviation is
unambiguous. If you enter an abbreviation that is not unique, EVE
displays a list of matching commands and prompts you for a choice. Type
enough additional characters to ensure that the abbreviation is unique,
and press RETURN to enter the command. You can also abbreviate buffer
names, file names, and mark names. Again, EVE provides a list of choices
if you do not provide a unique abbreviation.

•

Use the REPEAT command to repeat an EVE command or keystroke.
Press the DO key, type REPEAT and the number of times it is to
be repeated, and press RETURN. EVE repeats the next character or
command you enter the specified number of times. For example, to insert
the character p in your editing buffer 20 times, press the DO key, type
REPEAT 20, and press RETURN. Then type p. EVE inserts pinto the
current buffer 20 times.

•

Pressing the DO key twice activates the last command entered.

Editing Text
Once you know how to invoke the EVE editor and how to enter commands,
you can use EVE commands to edit new and existing files. Different editing
keys and commands allow you to position the cursor and perform such
typical text editing operations as moving, erasing, and restoring text.

1.3.1

Moving the Cursor
When editing files with EVE, you move the cursor to the place in the text
where you want to perform an editing function. Therefore, the more quickly
and efficiently you move the cursor through the text, the more time you save
in your editing session.
The following tables show the EVE editing keys and commands that move
the cursor:

1-6

Editing Key

Moves the Cursor to the Following Position

Up arrow

Up one line.

Down arrow

Down one line.

Left arrow

One character or column to the left.

Right arrow

One character or column to the right.

CTRL/E

End of the current line.

CTRL/H

Beginning of the current line.

Editing Files With EVE
1 . 3 Editing Text

Editing Key

Moves the Cursor to the Following Position

Move By Line

In forward direction: end of the current line or, if the
cursor is already at the end of a line, to the end of the
next line. In reverse direction: beginning of the current
line or, if the cursor is already at the beginning of a line,
to the beginning of the previous line.

Next Screen

Forward in the current buffer. The number of lines the
cursor moves depends on the size of the current window.

Previous Screen

Backward in the current buffer. The number of lines the
cursor moves depends on the size of the current window.

Editing Command

Moves the Cursor to the Following Position

BOTTOM

End of the current buffer.

BUFFER

Puts the specified buffer in the current window and moves
the cursor to the end of the buffer. Creates a new buffer
if the specified buffer does not exist.

END OF LINE

End of the current line.

GET FILE

Creates a new buffer containing text of the specified file
(or an empty buffer if the file does not exist) and puts the
cursor at the beginning of the buffer.
If entered a second time with the same file name during
an editing session, EVE puts the existing buffer in the
current window and positions the cursor at its last
location in the buffer.

LINE

Beginning of the specified line in the current buffer.

MOVE BY PAGE

Next or previous page break, depending on the current
direction.

MOVE BY WORD

Beginning of the next word, if direction is forward. In
reverse direction, cursor moves to the beginning of the
current word; if already there, EVE positions cursor at the
beginning of the previous word.

NEXT WINDOW

Next window on your screen, assuming another exists.
The cursor appears in the last location it occupied in that
editing window.

PREVIOUS WINDOW

Previous window on screen, assuming another window
exists. The cursor appears in the last location it occupied
in that editing window.

SET CURSOR
BOUND

Changes cursor mode. Cursor follows the flow of text
and cannot be put into an unused portion of the buffer.
Similar to cursor behavior in EDT and other editors.

SET CURSOR FREE

The default mode. Cursor is not bound to the flow of the
text but can be put anywhere on the screen and text can
be entered.

ST ART OF LINE

Beginning of the current line.

TOP

Beginning of the current buffer.

1-7

Editing Files With EVE
1.3 Editing Text

The following example shows how to move the cursor through a buffer.
Invoke EVE and create the file SCHEDULE.DAT with the following
command:
$ EDIT/TPU SCHEDULE.DAT

The command produces the following screen:
[End of file]

Editing new file: could not find WORKDISK: [USER] SCHEDULE.DAT

EVE positions the cursor at the top of the buffer and waits for you to enter
text. The [End of file] marker moves down in the buffer as you enter the
following text into the file SCHEDULE.DAT:
Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with supervisor
Read and review memo from Donna
Work on Pascal program
[End of file]

Editing new file: could not find WORKDISK: [USER] SCHEDULE.DAT

Notice that the cursor is positioned at the end of the text you inserted. To
move the cursor to the beginning of the file, press the DO key, type TOP, and
press RETURN.
Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with supervisor
Read and review memo from Donna
Work on Pascal program
[End of file]

:Bu,:ff:~t. ~~S~{')tE :D_A'l' : ·

Command:

TOP

Press CTRL/E to move the cursor to the end of the first line of text. CTRL/E
works the same way in EVE as it does in DCL.
Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with supervisor
Read and review memo from Donna
Work on Pascal program
[End of file]

4 lines read from file WORKDISK:[USER]SCHEDULE.DAT

Enter the BOTTOM command to move the cursor to the end of the buffer.
Press the DO key, type BOTTOM, and press RETURN.

1-8

Editing Files With EVE
1.3 Editing Text

Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with supervisor
Read and review memo from Donna
Work on Pascal program
[End of file]

alf:t:~:ti :::ScHEDULE:D'.AiF:,

Command:

BOTTOM

Press the Up arrow to move the cursor to the beginning of the fourth line of
text.
Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with supervisor
Read and review memo from Donna
Work on Pascal program
[End of file]

Press the Forward Reverse key to change the current buffer direction to
reverse. Press the Move By Line key to move the cursor to the beginning of
the third line of text.
Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with supervisor
Read and review memo from Donna
Work on Pascal program
[End of file]

Press the DO key, type the command LINE 1, and press RETURN to move
the cursor to the beginning of the first line of text.
Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with supervisor
Read and review memo from Donna
Work on Pascal program
[End of file]

J3iift~t:: ~4*Jli11t~' i:D!\:'~:;,:::

Command:

1.3.2

LINE 1

Inserting Text
You can insert sections of text, entire files, and specialnonprinting characters
(such as control characters) into whichever buffer you are currently editing.

1-9

Editing Files With EVE
1.3 Editing Text

The following tables show the editing keys and EVE commands that you use
while inserting text:
Editing Key

What It Does

Insert Overstrike

Changes the current editing mode as displayed on the
highlighted status line. In insert mode, EVE inserts text
at the current character position, moving existing text
to accommodate the insertion. In overstrike mode, EVE
overwrites text at the current position.

CTRL/A

Same as the Insert Overstrike key.

CTRL/V

Lets you insert nonprinting characters or control codes.
You can search for special characters using the Find key.
First, press the Find key, then press CTRL/V and the
special character to be found, and activate the search by
pressing RETURN. The QUOTE command is the same as
the CTRL/V sequence.

Command

What It Does

INCLUDE FILE

Inserts the entire contents of the specified file into a
buffer at the line before the current cursor location.

Before you begin inserting text into a buffer, look at the highlighted status line
to determine whether EVE is in insert or overstrike mode. If EVE is in insert
mode, text is inserted at the cursor position, and text that already appears
in the file moves to accommodate your insertions. If EVE is in overstrike
mode, text that you type at the keyboard is inserted at the cursor position,
and the text that already appears in the file is overwritten as the cursor moves
through it.
Press CTRL/ A or the Insert Overstrike key to change from one mode to the
other.
You can add text to your buffer in the following ways:
•

Text-You can type characters at the keyboard. EVE adds the characters
to the buffer at the current cursor position according to the current mode
of the buffer (insert or overstrike).

•

Files-You can add entire files by pressing the DO key and entering the
EVE command INCLUDE FILE. Type the file specification at the File to
include: prompt and press RETURN. EVE disregards the current mode
(insert or overstrike) of the buffer and inserts the entire contents of the
specified file into the buffer just before the line where the cursor currently
appears.
Wildcards are allowed in the file specification. If there is more than
one match for a file specification with a wildcard, EVE displays a list of
choices and prompts you to provide a more complete file specification.
If the specified file does not exist, EVE displays a message stating that it
could not include the file.

1-10

Editing Files With EVE
1 .3 Editing Text

•

Special Nonprinting Characters-You can add special nonprinting
characters by pressing CTRL/V followed by the special character. For
example, to insert an escape character into the buffer on a VT200-series
or VT300-series terminal, press CTRL/V followed by CTRL/3. (On a
VTlOO-series terminal, press CTRL/V and then press CTRL/[.) The
special characters are added according to the current mode of the buffer
(insert or overstrike).

The following example shows you how to insert text into a file, first in insert
mode and then in overstrike mode. Invoke EVE to edit the existing file
SCHEDULE.DAT.
Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with supervisor
Read and review memo from Donna
Work on Pascal program
[End of file]

l Insert I Forward
4 lines read from file WORKDISK: [USER] SCHEDULE.DAT

Check the highlighted status line to ensure that EVE is in insert mode. Press
the Insert Overstrike key (or CTRL/ A) to change to insert mode if EVE is in
overstrike mode. Move the cursor to the letters in the word supervisor, type
Engineering, and press the space bar.
The word Engineering is inserted in your text buffer, and the rest of the text
on the line shifts to the right.
Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with Engineering supervisor
Read and review memo from Donna
Work on Pascal program
[End of file]

4 lines read from file WORKDISK: [USER] SCHEDULE. DAT

Now press the Insert Overstrike key to change to overstrike mode. Move the
cursor to the letter D in the word Donna and type Andrea.
The word Andrea is placed in the buffer, overwriting the word Donna.
Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with Engineering supervisor
Read and review memo from Andrea
Work on Pascal program
[End of file]

f· o.vel'.strike ·r·.··Forward
4 lines read from file WORKDISK: [USER] SCHEDULE.DAT

1-11

Editing Files With EVE
1.3 Editing Text

1.3.3

Erasing and Restoring Text
With the EVE editor, you can easily delete text from a file or correct mistakes
made during an editing session. If you erase text by mistake, you can restore
the most recently erased text to its former location or, by moving the cursor,
to another location. The following table shows the editing keys and EVE
commands that erase and restore text:
Editing Key

What It Does

<XI

Erases character to the left of the cursor.

Erase Word

Erases current word or, if the cursor is not on a
word, the next word.

CTRL/U

Erases all characters from the current cursor
position to the beginning of the line.

Command

What It Does

ERASE CHARACTER

Erases the current character.

ERASE LINE

Erases from the current cursor position to the end
of the current line, appending the next line to the
end of the current line.

ERASE PREVIOUS WORD

Erases the previous word or the word the text
cursor is on. If the cursor is at the start of a line,
the carriage return at the end of the previous line is
erased and the current line moves up. If the cursor
is between words or on the first character of a
word, the previous word is erased. If the cursor is
in the middle of a word, all of that word is erased
(same as ERASE WORD).

RESTORE

Restores, at the current cursor position, the word,
sentence, or line that you have erased most
recently with an EVE command or editing key.
RESTORE does not restore single characters.

RESTORE CHARACTER

Restores, at the current cursor position, the
character you have erased most recently with an
EVE command or editing key.

RESTORE LINE

Restores, at the current cursor position, the line
that you have erased most recently with an EVE
command or editing key.

RESTORE WORD

Restores, at the current cursor position, the word
that you have erased most recently with an EVE
command or editing key.

To erase text from your buffer, move the cursor to the location of the text you
want to erase, and press the appropriate editing key or type the appropriate
EVE command.
The following example shows you how to erase and restore text. Invoke EVE
to create the file RHYMES.DAT and enter the text shown in the following
display:

1-12

Editing Files With EVE
1 .3 Editing Text

She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

Move the cursor to the letter l in the word also. Press the DO key, type the
command ERASE LINE, and press RETURN.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

au£!er ,iUf'tMES Jt>A1:· ·
Commmand:

ERASE LINE

EVE erases all characters from the letter l to the end of the line and appends
the next line to the current line.
She rhymes with tree,

a and this one makes three.
[End of file]

Move the cursor to the letter y in the word rhymes. Press the DO key and
enter the command ERASE WORD.
She rhymes with tree,
a and this one makes three.
[End of file]
~U,£fijf ildiilS}J),l\.t .•.

Command:

ERASE WORD

EVE erases the word rhymes and shifts the remaining text to the left.
She with tree,
a and this one makes three.
[End of file]

Move the cursor to the space between the letter a and the word and on the
second line. Press the DO key and enter the command RESTORE LINE.
She with tree,
aTand this one makes three.
[End of file]

eiift:et.·•Mnms,J>Aa:
Command:

RESTORE LINE

EVE restores the last line that was erased, in this case, lso with bee,.

1-13

Editing Files With EVE
1.3 Editing Text

Move the cursor to the letter w in the word with on the first line. Press the
DO key and enter the command RESTORE WORD.
She with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
BJ.tffer RHYMES.DAT
Command: RESTORE WORD

I Insert I Forward

EVE restores the last word that was erased, in this case, rhymes.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

I Insert I Forward

Buffer RHYMES.DAT

Section 1.3.4 describes the functions of the Select and Remove keys, which
can be used together to erase text from a buffer.

1.3.4

Moving Text from One Location to Another
The following tables describe the functions of the Select, Remove, and Insert
Here keys as well as the STORE TEXT command, which are used to erase
text, to move text from one location to another within a buffer in "cut and
paste" operations, and to duplicate text. For information on how to move text
from one buffer to another, see Section 1. 7.
Editing Key

What It Does

Select

Marks text (highlighting it in reverse video) from the initial
cursor location to wherever you move the cursor. To
cancel the selection, press the Select key again or use
RESET.

Remove

Removes the text, which was marked with SELECT or
highlighted by FIND, and places it in the Insert Here buffer.

Insert Here

Inserts the text from the Insert Here buffer at the current
cursor location.

Command

What it Does

STORE TEXT

Copies text that was marked with SELECT, placing it in
the Insert Here buffer. Text that is copied is not removed
from its original position.

To erase text when the buffer is set in a forward direction~ place the cursor
on the first character you want to erase. Press the Select key, and then move
the cursor to one character beyond the last character you want to erase. (In
reverse direction, move the cursor to the last character, not one beyond.) The
text to be erased is highlighted in reverse video. (If you decide not to remove
text from the buffer, press the Select key again to cancel the selection.) Press
1-14

Editing Files With EVE
1 .3 Editing Text

the Remove key. EVE deletes the highlighted text from your screen and
places it in the Insert Here buffer.
You can insert the text at any cursor location by pressing the Insert Here key,
or you can erase text permanently from your buffer by leaving it in the Insert
Here buffer. You can insert the text contained in the Insert Here buffer any
number of times at any cursor location until you select a new section of text
and put that new text in the Insert Here buffer using the Remove key or the
STORE TEXT command. The Insert Here buffer contains whatever text was
last copied or removed.
The following example shows you how to erase and move text from one
location to another using the Select, Remove, and Insert Here keys. Invoke
EVE to edit the file RHYMES.DAT.
Move the cursor to the beginning of the second line of RHYMES.DAT and
press the Select key.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buff er RHYMES.DAT

I Insert 1 Forward

Selection started. Press the Remove key when finished.

Press the Down arrow key once. The second line of text is highlighted. Press
the Remove key. The second line of text is removed from the current buffer.
She rhymes with tree,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buffer RHYMES.DAT

I Insert I Forward

Remove completed.

Press RETURN twice, and then press the Insert Here key. The text in the
Insert Here buffer is inserted at the current cursor location.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buffer RHYMES.DAT

I Insert I Forward

Remove completed.

The STORE TEXT command allows you to duplicate text in a file. Move the
cursor to the first line of text and press the Select key. Press CTRL/E to move
the cursor to the end of the first line and enter the STORE TEXT command.
(Press DO, type STORE TEXT, and press RETURN.) The Insert Here buffer
now contains a copy of the selected text. Now move the cursor to the line
above also with bee, and press the Insert Here key.

1-15

Editing Files With EVE
1 .3 Editing Text

She rhymes with tree,
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buffer RHYMES.DAT

I Insert I Forward

Copy completed.

1.3.5

Locating Text
Use the Find key to locate specific text in the editing buffer. Press the Find
key (PFl on VTlOO-series terminals). Then type the text you want to locate,
which is called the search string, and press RETURN.
EVE attempts to move the cursor to the beginning of the specified string.
If the search string contains all lowercase letters, EVE disregards the case

of letters and locates any occurrence of the string. Thus, the, THe, and thE
all match the search string the. If the search string contains one or more
uppercase letters, EVE locates only the occurrences of the string where the
case of letters are exactly the same. Therefore, the only match for the search
string tHis is tHis.
EVE is sensitive to diacritical (accent) marks and locates only those
occurrences of the string where the diacritical marks are exactly the same.
For example, in searching for e, EVE does not locate occurrences of e, e, e,
ore.
The current direction of the buffer determines whether EVE first searches in a
forward or reverse direction.
If the editor cannot find the string in the current direction but finds it in the

opposite direction, EVE prompts you to change direction. To search in the
opposite direction, type Y. EVE moves the cursor to the first occurrence of
the string in the opposite direction. The current direction in the highlighted
status line is not changed, however.
When EVE finds the search string, the editor highlights it and moves the
cursor to the first letter of the string. (You can use any one of the following
commands to modify a highlighted search string: REMOVE, FILL RANGE,
STORE TEXT, LOWERCASE, UPPERCASE, and CAPITALIZE.) To cancel
the highlighting, move the cursor off the search string or enter the RESET
command.
If you press the Find key twice, EVE tries to find the next occurrence of the

search string.
The following example uses the existing file RHYMES.DAT to illustrate
the use of the Find key. When you invoke EVE to edit RHYMES.DAT, the
cursor appears on the first letter of the first line of the buffer, and the current
direction is forward.

1-16

Editing Files With EVE
1 .3 Editing Text

She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buffer·. R.lffi1ES.DAT
l Iri.se:rt I Forward
3 lines read from file WORKDISK: [USER] RHYMES.DAT

Press the Find key, type the letters ree, and press RETURN. The cursor moves
to the letter r in the word tree and highlights the letters ree.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

Buffer RHYMES.DAT

FotwarcF FiiJ.<l : ree

l Insert I Forward

Press Find twice to find the next occurrence of the string ree. The cursor
moves to the letter r in the word three and highlights the letters ree.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buff er RHYMES J)AT
Finding previous target: ree

I Insert I Forward

When a search string is found and highlighted, you can use any command
that works on a selected range. For example, enter the UPPERCASE
command.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buffer·· RHYMES' DAT

Command:

I Insert l Forw~rd

UPPERCASE

The UPPERCASE command changes the case of the highlighted letters from
lowercase to uppercase.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes thREE.
[End of file]
Buffer RHYMES.DAT

I I:nsert l Forward

You can also use wildcards to search for a text string. EVE can search for
text using either of two sets of patterns: VMS or ULTRIX. By default, EVE
searches for text using the VMS wildcard patterns. The SHOW WILDCARD
command displays wildcard patterns for VMS, which include the asterisk ( *)
and percent sign ( % ).

1-17

Editing Files With EVE
1.3 Editing Text

First, position the cursor at the beginning of the buffer. To search for text
strings ending in ee, enter the command WILDCARD FIND *ee.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes thREE.
[End of file]

I Insert I ]?(>rward

autfer MYMEs ..OAt

Command:

WILDCARD FIND *ee

EVE positions the cursor at the beginning of the line containing the r in tree.
The WILDCARD FIND command can also search for a string terminated by
the Forward Reverse key. The key resets the initial direction of the search,
overriding the current direction for the buffer.
You can specify how the FIND command treats the blank spaces between
words such as spaces, tabs, and line breaks. By default, EVE treats the blank
spaces, or whitespace, in a search string literally and does not match across
a line break. However, if you use the SET FIND WHITESPACE command
before the search, the FIND command ignores whitespace when searching for
a text string.

1.3.6

Marking Locations in Text
The MARK and GO TO commands are very useful when you are editing a
large file and know that you want to return to a specific cursor location later
in the editing session. The following table describes the MARK and GO TO
commands:
Command

What It Does

MARK

Associates a unique and invisible label, consisting of
one or more alphanumeric characters, with the current
cursor location. The mark exists for the rest of an editing
session.

GO TO

Returns the cursor to the location labeled by the MARK
command. If the labeled location is contained in another
buffer, EVE moves the cursor to the other buffer and
places the buffer in the current window.

To mark a cursor location, press the DO key, type MARK label-name, and
press RETURN. The label name can be one or more printable characters,
including alphanumeric and punctuation characters. To return the cursor to
the marked location, press the DO key, type GO TO label-name, and press
RETURN.
The following example shows you how to use the MARK and GO TO
commands to mark a cursor position with the label name FIRST and how to
return to that cursor position.
Move the cursor to the letter bin the word bee. Press the DO key, type
MARK, and press RETURN. To mark the cursor location with the label
FIRST, type FIRST at the Mark name: prompt.

1-18

Editing Files With EVE
1.3 Editing Text

She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

Buffer RHYMES.DAT
Mark name :

I Insert I Forward

FIRST

Move the cursor to the letter t of the word three.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

Buffer RHYMES.DAT

I Insert I Forward

Current position marked as FIRST

Press the DO key, type GO TO FIRST, and press RETURN to return the
cursor to the position labeled FIRST.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

Buffer RHYMES.DAT

I Insert I Forward

Going to mark: FIRST

1.3.7

Replacing Text
The REPLACE command allows you to replace a text string in the current
buffer with another text string. This is especially useful if you have spelled a
word incorrectly throughout a long file and you want to fix every occurrence
of the misspelled word.
To use the REPLACE command, press the DO key, type REPLACE, and press
RETURN. Type the string that you want to replace at the Old string: prompt
and press RETURN. Type the new string at the New string: prompt and
press RETURN.
If EVE finds the old string in the current direction, it moves the cursor to
the first occurrence of the old string, highlights the string, and provides the
following prompt: Replace? Type yes, no, all, last, or quit:.
If EVE does not find the string in the current direction but finds it in the
opposite direction, EVE provides the following prompt: Found in
'reverse/forward' direction. Go there? [Y]. Respond to the prompt by typing
a single-character abbreviation of the response and pressing RETURN. (The
single-character abbreviation within brackets indicates that simply pressing
RETURN is equivalent to typing Y and pressing RETURN.) If you type Y or
press RETURN, EVE moves the cursor to the first occurrence of the string in
the new current direction, highlights the string, and provides the following
prompt: Replace? Type yes, no, all, last, or quit:. The current direction of the
buffer in the highlighted status line is not changed.

1-19

Editing Files With EVE
1 .3 Editing Text

The following table explains the possible responses and actions when you
type these responses:
Response

Replacement Procedure

Yes

Replaces the string and attempts to locate another occurrence
of the string in the current direction. If found, the cursor moves
to the next occurrence of the string, the string is highlighted,
and EVE prompts: Replace? Type yes, no, all, last, or quit:. If
the string is not found in the current direction but is found in the
opposite direction, EVE prompts: Found in 'reverse /forward'

Skips the occurrence and searches for another occurrence of the
string in the current direction. If found, the cursor moves to the
next occurrence of the string, the string is highlighted, and EVE
prompts: Replace? Type yes, no, all, last, or quit:. If the string
is not found in the current direction but is found in the opposite
direction, EVE prompts: Found in 'reverse/forward' direction.

direction. Go there? [Y].

Go there? [Y].
All

Replaces the string and all other occurrences of the string in the
current direction. EVE leaves the cursor at the position where
the first replacement occurred. After all occurrences of the string
in the current direction have been replaced, EVE may inform
you: Found in 'forward/reverse' direction. Go there? [Y]. If you
type yes, EVE replaces all occurrences of the string in the new
direction.

Last

Replaces this occurrence of the string and stops the REPLACE
procedure; the cursor does not move.

Quit

Does not replace this occurrence of the string and stops the
REPLACE procedure; the cursor does not move. Pressing
CTRL/Z has the same effect.

The REPLACE command is case sensitive. If the old string and the new string
are given in all lowercase characters, then EVE matches the case appropriately
for each replacement. For example, in replacing the string parsley with the
string dill, EVE replaces a capitalized version of parsley with a capitalized
version of dill. If the old string is lowercase, the search is general. However,
if the old string is uppercase or mixed case, the search is case exact. If the
old and the new string are lowercase, the replacement mirrors the case of
the occurrence. Whereas, if the new string is uppercase or mixed case, the
replacement is exact.
After finding the old string and prompting for the replacement of all
occurrences of the string in both directions, EVE continues to search the
buffer for the string. If EVE finds more occurrences, it informs you: Found in
forward/reverse direction. (May have already been replaced.) Go there [NJ? The
default answer is No to prevent you from replacing the occurrences a second
time.
The following example shows you how to use the REPLACE command
to replace every occurrence of the string ee with the string oo. Move the
cursor to the top of the buffer. Press the DO key, type REPLACE, and press
RETURN. Type ee at the highlighted Old string: prompt, press RETURN, and
type oo at the highlighted New string: prompt.

1-20

Editing Files With EVE
1 .3 Editing Text

She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buff$:t IUIYMES'.DAT .·

R:epl?.ce?: 1;ype :yis, no; all:, iast.., or quit:

+ Ins.ert I Forward

The cursor moves to the highlighted string ee in the word tree. Type all,
and press RETURN. All occurrences of the string ee are replaced with the
string oo.
She rhymes with troo,
also with boo,
and this one makes throo.
[End of file]

Bu:ffer· .RHYMES. DAT
Insert I Forward
Replace?; Type yes. no. all; last ; or ·quit: . all

1 .4

Using the HELP Facility
EVE has an online HELP Facility that supplies information on editing
commands and keys without disturbing your work. You can obtain help
by entering the HELP command or by pressing the Help key.
To view a list of EVE commands, press the DO key and enter the command
HELP. Use the Previous Screen and Next Screen keys (up and down arrow
keys on a VTlOO-series terminal) to scroll through the entire list of EVE
commands. To obtain information on a particular command, type a command
name after the help prompt and press RETURN. The help text appears on the
screen.
If you know the name of a specific command for which you need help,

press the DO key, type HELP followed by the name of the command, and
press RETURN. The help text for that command appears on the screen.
For example, to receive help on the MOVE BY LINE command, enter the
command HELP MOVE BY LINE. The following help text appears on your
screen:
MOVE BY LINE
Moves the text cursor a line at a time in the current direction (shown in
the status line).
o In FORWARD direction, the cursor moves to the end of the current line
or if already there, to the end of the next line (if any).
o In REVERSE direction, the cursor moves to the start of the current line
or if already there, to the start of the previous line (if any).
Keys:

By default, key F12 is defined as MOVE BY LINE.
defines MINUS on the keypad.

The VT100 keypad

Related topics:
END OF LINE

LINE

START OF LINE

WHAT LINE

Buff er HELP .
Type topic name or ? for list . Press Return if done:

1-21

Editing Files With EVE
1.4 Using the HELP Facility

The HELP Facility also provides information on general topics. For example,
if you elect to use the EDT or the WPS keypad, use the command HELP
SET KEYPAD EDT or the command HELP SET KEYPAD WPS to obtain
information on changing your default keypad. To display a list of all defined
keys for the keypad you are using, enter the command HELP KEYS. There is
also help on the difference between the EDT and WPS keypads within EVE
and the original EDT and WPS keypads (HELP EDT DIFFERENCES or HELP
WPS DIFFERENCES).
The Help key produces a keypad diagram for the keypad you are using. The
diagram shows both the default editing keys and the keys you have defined
for the minikeypad (LK201 keyboard), the main keypad, the keys Fl0-F14
(LK201 keyboard), and the GOLD key (described in Section 1.9.3).
After you display the keypad, you can obtain help on particular editing keys
by pressing the desired key. If you press a key to which you have assigned
an EVE command, EVE provides the help text for that command.

1.5

Recovering from System Interruptions
EVE has recovery procedures for two types of system interruptions. You
can remove extraneous characters that appear on your screen, and you can
recover a "lost" editing session with the journaling facility.

1.5.1

Refreshing the Screen
If extraneous characters, such as an operator message, appear on your
terminal screen while you are editing or inserting text, press CTRL/W to
refresh the screen. The screen becomes blank, and then all characters are
redrawn, minus any extraneous characters.

1.5.2

Using the Journal File
If you are editing a file and a system interruption occurs (that is, a break in
communication between your terminal and the computer), you can recover
your "lost" editing session. By default, EVE records every keystroke you enter
during an editing session in a journal file that has the same file name as the
file you are editing and a file type of TJL.

Typically, an editing session ends without interruption, so the system deletes
the journal file. When you experience a system interruption, however, the
journal file is saved. EVE can use the journal file to reconstruct your editing
session so that only the last few keystrokes of your editing session are lost.
To recover an editing session, enter the DCL command you used to invoke
EVE plus the /RECOVER qualifier. For example, to recover an editing session
you began with the command EDIT /TPU LETTER.RNO, type the following
command and file name and press RETURN:
$ EDIT/TPU/RECOVER LETTER.RNO

You must recover an editing session at a terminal of the same type as the one
you used for your editing session. When EVE finishes recovering the session,
check to be sure that the last few keystrokes of your editing session were
recovered and continue editing the file. If another system interruption occurs
before you exit, a journal file containing the keystrokes from both editing
sessions is saved.

1-22

Editing Files With EVE
1.5 Recovering from System Interruptions

The journal file is saved in the current default editing directory. However,
you can create a journal file in another directory using the /JOURNAL
qualifier, as in the following DCL command:
$ EDIT/TPU/JOURNAL=[ALEXIS.JOURNEYS]LETTER.TJL LETTER.RNO

If you use the /JOURNAL qualifier to create a journal file with a different

file name or a different directory, then you must use the /JOURNAL qualifier
and the file name when you recover the file. For example, to recover the file
LETTER.RNO when the journal file is in directory [ALEXIS.JOURNEYS], enter
the following command:
$ EDIT/TPU/JOURNAL=[ALEXIS.JOURNEYS]LETTER.TJL/RECOVER LETTER.RNO

The journaling facility does have two restrictions.
First, if you use the WRITE FILE command during your editing session to
copy the contents of the buffer to another file, you must specify the original
version number in order to recover your file. For example, if you are editing
an existing file called LETTER.RNO;l and use the WRITE FILE command,
EVE creates LETTER.RN0;2. If you experience a system interruption,
you must enter the original version of LETTER.RNO on the EDIT /TPU
/RECOVER command line. In this example it would be LETTER.RNO;l. See
Section 1. 7.4 for more information on the WRITE FILE command.
Second, EVE is usually unable to recover the keystrokes entered after you
press CTRL/C. If you press CTRL/C, immediately EXIT from the editing
session and invoke EVE again.

1 .6

Formatting Text
EVE provides commands that enable you to format your text by setting
margins, tabs, screen width, and word wrap. It allows you to center lines,
take extra whitespace out of text, and insert page breaks. The following table
lists EVE text formatting commands and describes their functions:
Command

What It Does

CAPITALIZE WORD

Capitalizes a single word or each word in the text
highlighted by FIND or SELECT.

CENTER LINE

Centers the line of text marked by the cursor
between the current left and right margins. The
cursor moves with the line, remaining on the same
character as the line moves.

FILL

Reformats the current paragraph or selected range
according to the margins of the buffer, so the
maximum number of words fits on a line.

FILL PARAGRAPH

Reformats the paragraph the cursor identifies
according to the margins set for the buffer.

FILL RANGE

Reformats the currently selected range of text (or
the current FIND range) according to the current
margin settings.

1-23

Editing Files With EVE
1.6 Formatting Text

1-24

Command

What It Does

INSERT PAGE BREAK

Inserts a form feed character at the current editing
position to mark the beginning of a new page. A
page break appears as a small double-F and is
always on a line by itself. By default, CTRL/L inserts
a page break.

LOWERCASE WORD

Changes the currently selected text or the word the
cursor is on to lowercase.

SET LEFT MARGIN

Sets the left margin in current buffer. The left
margin must be greater than 0 but less than the
right margin. By default, the left margin is 1.

SET RIGHT MARGIN

Sets the right margin for the current buffer. The
right margin must be greater than the left margin.
By default, the right margin is one less than the
width. The width is typically 80, so the default
margin is typically 79.

SET TABS AT

Sets tab stops at the columns that you specify.
Columns are specified as a sequence of positive
integers separated by spaces. By default, tab stops
are set in every eighth column. This command
does not affect the hardware tab settings of your
terminal.

SET TABS EVERY

Sets tab stops at the specified interval. By default,
tab stops are set in every eighth column. This
command does not affect the hardware tab settings
of your terminal.

SET TABS INSERT

Turns on tab insert mode, so that EVE sets a tab
stop at the column where you press the Tab key,
moving over text currently on the screen. SET
TABS INSERT is the default mode.

SET TABS SP ACES

Changes the tab mode to insert an appropriate
number of spaces, rather than a tab character, when
the Tab key is pressed. Previously existing tab
characters are not affected.

SET TABS MOVEMENT

Changes the tab mode so the Tab key becomes a
cursor-control key. Pressing the Tab key moves the
cursor to the next tab stop but does not insert a tab
character.

SET TABS VISIBLE

Displays tabs as visible characters on the screen.

SET TABS INVISIBLE

Does not display tabs as visible characters on the
screen. SET TABS INVISIBLE is the default mode.

SET WIDTH

Sets the width of lines displayed on the screen.
Specify width as a positive integer n. By default, the
screen width is your terminal setting. (It is typically
80 columns.) If n is greater than 80, EVE sets the
terminal to 132-column mode for the current editing
session. When EVE is terminated, the terminal is
restored to the default setting. Setting the width
changes the display of text in all windows.

Editing Files With EVE
1 .6 Formatting Text

Command

What It Does

SET WRAP

Enables word wrapping at the right margin of the
buffer. EVE starts new lines without you pressing
RETURN or using the FILL command. SET WORD
WRAP is the default setting.

SET NOWRAP

Disables word wrapping at the right margin of
the buffer. You must start new lines by pressing
RETURN or by using the FILL command.

SHIFT LEFT

Moves the current window to the left a specified
number of columns. The SHIFT LEFT command
can be used only to reverse the effect of the SHIFT
RIGHT command.

SHIFT RIGHT

Moves the current window horizontally to the right a
specified number of columns, allowing you to view
columns of characters that do not currently appear
on the terminal screen.

UPPERCASE WORD

Changes the currently selected text or the word the
cursor is on to uppercase.

The following example shows you how to use EVE commands to set margins
and screen width and to shift the current window. Invoke EVE to edit the
existing file RHYMES.DAT. Press the DO key, type SET LEFT MARGIN 20,
and press RETURN to set a left margin of 20. The text that already appears
in the buffer does not change.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

Move the cursor to the end of the buffer and type the following new text:

Also with thee, and me. Then press RETURN. The new text that you enter is
inserted at the left margin of 20.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
Also with thee, and me.
[End of file]

.131-itii .•.•··~·;J)AT··
Left margin set to: 20

Reset the left margin to 1. Press the DO key, type SET LEFT MARGIN 1, and
press RETURN. Again, the text that already appears in the buffer does not
change. When you insert new text, it is inserted at a left margin of 1.

1-25

Editing Files With EVE
1.6 Formatting Text

She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
Also with thee, and me.
[End of file]

Buffer RHYMES.DAT
Command:

I Insert I Forward

SET LEFT MARGIN 1

Now, set the right margin to 30 by pressing the DO key, typing SET RIGHT
MARGIN 30, and pressing RETURN.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
Also with thee, and me.
[End of file]
Buffer RHYMES.DAT
Command: SET RIGHT MARGIN 30

I Insert I Forward

Enter the following new text in your file and notice that it wraps automatically
to the next line at a right margin of 30.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
Also with thee, and me.
And free, and fee, and see,
and brie, and any number of
other words.
[End of file]
Buffer RHYMES.DAT

l Insert I Forward

Right margin set to:30

To reset the right margin to 79, press the DO key, type SET RIGHT
MARGIN 79, and press RETURN.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
Also with thee, and me.
And free, and fee, and see,
and brie, and any number of
other words.
[End of file]
Buffer RHYMES.DAT

I Insert I Forward

Right margin set to: 79

Now, set the width of your text window to 20 by pressing the DO key, typing
SET WIDTH 20, and pressing RETURN.

1-26

Editing Files With EVE
1.6 Formatting Text

She rhymes with tre
also with bee,
and this one makes
And free, and fee,
and brie, and any n
other words.
[End of file]

Buf:ter ·•·RHYMES' DA1

The appearance of the current text window changes; all text beyond the
twentieth column disappears from the screen. Press the DO key, type SHIFT
RIGHT 5, and press RETURN to view five columns of text beyond the right ·
boundary of the window.
The window shifts five columns to the right, and you can see characters that
were not visible before the shift operation.
hymes with tree,
with bee,
his one makes three.
Also
ree, and fee, and s
rie, and any number
words.
[End of file]

Window now shifted

Shift the window to its original location by pressing the DO key, typing
SHIFT LEFT 5, and pressing RETURN.
She rhymes with tre
also with bee,
and this one makes
And free, and fee,
and brie, and any n
other words.
[End of file]

Window now shifted

Set the screen width to 80 by pressing the DO key, typing SET WIDTH 80,
and pressing RETURN.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
Also with thee, and me.
And free, and fee, and see,
and brie, and any number of
other words.
[End of file]
Buffer RHYMES.DAT

I Insert l ·Forward

1-27

Editing Files With EVE
1.6 Formatting Text

EVE sets the width of lines on your screen to 80.
The following example shows how to fill a selected range of text and how to
fill a paragraph. Using the existing file RHYMES.DAT, set the left margin
to 5 and the right margin to 55.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
Also with thee, and
me.
And free, and fee, and
see, and brie, and any
number of other words.
[End of file]
Buffer RHYMES.DAT
Command: SET RIGHT 55

I Insert I Forward

Now, fill a range of text by selecting the first three lines of text (with the
Select key) and entering the FILL command. Press the DO key, type the
command FILL, and press RETURN.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
Also with thee, and
me.
And free, and fee, and
see, and brie, and any
number of other words.
[End of file]
Buff er RHYMES .DAT

Command:

FILL

EVE fills the highlighted text between the left margin of 5 and the right
margin of 55.
She rhymes with tree, also with bee, and this one
makes three.
Also with thee, and
me.
And free, and fee, and see,
and brie, and any number of
other words.
[End of file]
Buffer RHYMES.DAT

I Insert I Forward

For EVE, a paragraph is bound by blank lines, the top or bottom of the
buffer, or page breaks. To compress text in a paragraph, put the cursor
anywhere in the text of a paragraph, press the DO key, type the command
FILL PARAGRAPH, and press RETURN.

1-28

Editing Files With EVE
1.6 Formatting Text

She rhymes with tree, also with bee, and this one
makes three.
Also with thee, and
me.
And free, and fee, and
see, and brie, and any
number of other words.
[End of file]

Buffer RHYMES.DAT.
Command:

I ·Insert l Forward

FILL PARAGRAPH

EVE fills the the paragraph according to the margins set for the buffer, in this
case 5 and 55.
She rhymes with tree, also with bee, and this one
makes three. Also with thee, and me. And free, and
fee, and see, and brie, and any number of other
words.
[End of file]

Buffer•IUIYMES,DAT

I Insert I Forwa:rd

To center a line of text, put the cursor anywhere on the line you want to
center. For example, to center the text words in the last line of RHYMES.DAT,
put the cursor on thew. Press the DO key, type the command CENTER
LINE, and press RETURN.
She rhymes with tree, also with bee, and this one
makes three. Also with thee, and me. And free, and
fee, and see, and brie, and any number of other
words.
[End of file]

Buffer .·a.HYMES ::DAT
Command: CENTER LINE

I Insert I Forwar<i

The command centers the line of text between the current left and right
margins; in this example, the left margin is set at 1 and the right margin is set
at 55. The cursor moves with the line, remaining on the character was the
line is centered.
She rhymes with tree, also with bee, and this one
makes three. Also with thee, and me. And free, and
fee, and see, and brie, and any number of other
words.
[End of file]

Buffer RHYMES.DAT

I Insert I Forward

The EVE commands to change the case of text-CAPITALIZE, UPPERCASE,
and LOWERCASE-work either on a selected range of text or on the word
on which the cursor rests.
To change the case of the first line of text, move the cursor to the word she
and press the Select key. To mark the end of the selection, move the cursor
to the end of the line, after one, press the DO key, and enter the command
UPPERCASE.

1-29

Editing Files With EVE
1.6 Formatting Text

SHE RHYMES WITH TREE, ALSO WITH BEE, AND THIS ONE
makes three. Also with thee, and me. And free, and
fee, and see, and brie, and any number of other
words.
[End of file]

I Insert I Forward

Buffer RHYMES.DAT

To change the case of a particular word, position the cursor on the word,
press the DO key, and enter the appropriate case-changing command. Once
EVE changes the case of the word, the cursor moves to the next word or to
the end of the line. If the cursor is between two words, the case of the word
to the right of the cursor is changed and the cursor moves to the end of the
word.

1 .7

Using Buffers
Buffers are storage areas that exist only during an editing session. The
following table describes the EVE commands used to create, manipulate, and
delete buffers:

1-30

Command

What It Does

BUFFER

Puts the specified buffer in the current window and moves
the cursor to the last location it occupied in that buffer.
Creates a new buffer if the specified buffer does not exist.

DELETE BUFFER

Deletes the buffer you specify.

GET FILE

Creates a new buffer that contains the text of the
specified file (or an empty buffer if you specify a file
that does not exist); places the new buffer in the current
window; and places the cursor at the beginning of the
new buffer. If you specify the same file again during an
editing session, GET FILE simply places the buffer in the
current window. If you specify the same file name and
file type with a different device or directory name during
an editing session, EVE prompts you for a different buffer
name into which to read the file.

GO TO

SHOW

Displays information about the buffers you have created
during the editing session. If more than one buffer is
active in your editing session, EVE displays information
about the buffer you are currently editing. For information
on other buffers, press the DO key. To resume editing,
press any other key.

Editing Files With EVE
1. 7 Using Buffers

Command

What It Does

SHOW BUFFERS

Lists the buffers you have created during an editing
session. You can move the cursor through the list and
specify a particular buffer for viewing using the Select
key.

SHOW SYSTEM
BUFFERS

Lists the system buffers created by EVE. You can move
the cursor through the list and specify a buffer for viewing
using the Select key.

WRITE FILE

Writes the contents of the current buffer to a file. If
you do not specify a file name, EVE uses the buffer
name as the file name. If you created the current buffer
with the BUFFER command, EVE prompts you for a file
specification to which it writes the file.

When you invoke EVE to edit an existing file, EVE reads the contents of the
file into a buffer. The highlighted status line contains the buffer name, editing
mode, and current direction of the buffer.
To display more information about the current buffer, enter the SHOW
command. The information displayed includes the buffer name, the name
of the input and output files, whether the buffer has been modified, the
current mode and direction, the number of lines, the margin and screenwidth settings, the tab-stop settings, and the marks that have been defined
in the buffer. If more than one buffer is active during an editing session,
EVE prompts you to press the DO key to receive information about the other
buffers.
To delete a buffer, enter the DELETE BUFFER command, specifying the
name of the buffer you want to delete. For example, the command DELETE
BUFFER MYFILE.TXT deletes the buffer called MYFILE.TXT. The buffer name
must be typed in full; no abbreviations are allowed.
If the buffer (in this example, MYFILE.TXT) has been modified, EVE issues

the following prompt to confirm that you want to delete the buffer: That's a

modified buffer. Type delete_only, write-first, or quit:.
If you are viewing a buffer that you want to delete, EVE replaces the buffer

with the oldest buffer existing in the editing session.

1.7.1

Listing Buffers
To display a list of all the buffers you have created during an editing session,
enter the SHOW BUFFERS command. You can scroll through the list and
specify the buffer you want to view or any buffers you want to delete. To
display a buffer in your current window, move the cursor to the buffer name
and press the Select key. To delete a buffer, move the cursor to the buffer
name and press the Remove key.
These applications of the Select and Remove keys apply only when you are
viewing a list of buffers.
To display a list of all buffers that EVE has created, enter the SHOW SYSTEM
BUFFERS command. You can scroll through the list and specify the buffer
you want to view by moving the cursor to the buffer name and pressing the
Select key. EVE puts the buffer in your current window.

1-31

Editing Files With EVE
1 . 7 Using Buffers

Note: Do not delete system buffers because these buffers are necessary for some
commands to work properly.

1.7.2

Displaying the Contents of the Messages Buffer
EVE uses the Messages window, which appears at the bottom of the screen,
to communicate error and informational messages during an editing session.
The Messages window displays the last message in the Messages buffer.
You can display these messages with the BUFFER command. To display the
contents of the Messages buffer, enter the command BUFFER MESSAGES. In
order to return to the buffer you were editing, enter the BUFFER command
followed by the name of the appropriate buffer. For example, to return to the
buffer named RHYMES.DAT, enter the command BUFFER RHYMES.DAT.
Alternately, you can enter the SHOW BUFFERS command to display the
buffers you have created and use the Select key to specify the appropriate
buffer.

1.7.3

Editing Two Buffers
During an editing session you can use several buffers if you want to edit more
than one file or if you want temporary storage areas for manipulating blocks
of text. Multiple buffers are especially useful if you want to copy text from
one file to another.
To create a new buffer, enter the GET FILE command and the name of the
file you want to copy to the new buffer. You can use the asterisk wildcard
character ( *) as a substitute for all or some of the characters in the file name
and file type. You can use the percent wildcard character ( % ) as a substitute
for one character in the file name and file type, and you can use the ellipsis
wildcard ([ ... ]) as a substitute for a directory specification.
If the specified file exists, EVE reads the contents of the file into a new buffer
and displays the buffer in the current window. If there is more than one

match for a file specification with a wildcard, EVE displays a list of choices
and prompts you to provide a more complete file specification. Otherwise,
EVE creates an empty buffer and displays the buffer in the current window.
To change the buffer in the current window, press the DO key, type BUFFER
and the name of the buffer you want to display on the screen, and press
RETURN. If you forget a buffer name, enter the SHOW BUFFERS command
to display the names of active buffers in your editing session and specify a
buffer with the Select key.
The following example shows how to use two buffers to edit two files during
an EVE editing session. This example assumes that the original versions
of files RHYMES.DAT and SCHEDULE.DAT exist in your current default
directory. Invoke EVE to edit the file RHYMES.DAT.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

Buffer RHYMES.DAT
3 lines read from WORKDISK: [USER] RHYMES.DAT

1-32

I Insert I Forward

Editing Files With EVE
1 .7 Using Buffers

Press the DO key, type the command GET FILE SCHEDULE.DAT, and press
RETURN to create a new buffer that contains the most recent version of
SCHEDULE.DAT.
Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with supervisor
Read and review memo from Donna
Work on Pascal program
[End of file]

Buffer SCHEDULE.DAT
Now that you have two buffers, practice copying from one buffer to another.
First work with buffer SCHEDULE.DAT.
Place the cursor on the letter R in the word Read and press the Select
key. Press the Down arrow once and the third line of SCHEDULE.DAT
is highlighted. Press the Remove key to place the selected line in the Insert
Here buffer.
Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with supervisor
Read and review·. memo from Donna
Work on Pascal program
[End of file]

Buffer SCHEDULE.DAT

Selection started. Press Remove when finished.

The text from SCHEDULE.DAT remains in the Insert Here buffer until you
overwrite it with other selected text. Now switch to the other buffer to
resume editing RHYMES.DAT. Press the DO key, type the command BUFFER
RHYMES.DAT, and press RETURN.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

Buffer RHYMES.DAT
Position the cursor at the top of the buffer and press the Insert Here key.
The text from the Insert Here buffer that was removed from the buffer
SCHEDULE.DAT is inserted in the top of the buffer RHYMES.DAT.
Read and review memo from Donna
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

Buffer RHYMES.DAT
If you exit from an editing session in which you have modified multiple
buffers, EVE writes the contents of the current buffer to a file and then asks
you whether you want to write each of the other modified buffers to files.

1-33

Editing Files With EVE
1 . 7 Using Buffers

1.7.4

Reading and Writing Files
There are three ways to read a file into an EVE buffer.
•

Invoke EVE with a file specification.

•

Enter the INCLUDE FILE command and the name of the file you want to
include. EVE reads the entire contents of a file into a buffer just before
the line where the cursor is located. Using the INCLUDE FILE command
does not change the name of the buffer on the status line.

•

Enter the GET FILE command and the name of the file you want to use.
This command creates a new buffer and reads the contents of an existing
file into the buffer. The name of the buffer on the status line is the same
as the file name you specified with the GET FILE command. (See
Section 1.7.3.)

To write the contents of the current buffer to a file, enter the WRITE
FILE command. You can include a file specification with the WRITE FILE
command. If you do not include a file specification, EVE writes the file using
the input file specification. If you created the current buffer with the BUFFER
command, EVE prompts you for a file specification to which it writes the file.
If you have used the WRITE FILE command in an editing session and
you experience a system interruption, see Section 1.5 for information on
recovering the editing session.

1.8

Using Windows
During an EVE editing session, the name of the text buffer you are editing is
displayed on the screen in a window. A highlighted status line appears at the
bottom of a window identifying the name, current editing mode, and current
direction of the buffer.
EVE allows you to view more than one window on your terminal screen at
the same time. For example, you can have two windows in order to view and
edit different sections of the same buffer.
The following table describes the EVE commands used to create and
manipulate windows:

1-34

Command

What It Does in a Window Environment

SPLIT WINDOW

Splits the window that the cursor is in, forming
two smaller windows. Adding an argument to the
command allows you to divide the window into more
than two parts. For example, SPLIT WINDOW 3 splits
the window into 3 windows.

TWO WINDOWS

Synonymous with the SPLIT WINDOW 2 command.

NEXT WINDOW

Puts the text cursor in the next (or other) window.

PREVIOUS WINDOW

Puts the text cursor in the previous (or other) window.

OTHER WINDOW

Synonymous with NEXT WINDOW command.

ONE WINDOW

Restores the current window as a single, large window.

Editing Files With EVE
1.8 Using Windows

1.8.1

Command

What It Does in a Window Environment

DELETE WINDOW

Deletes the window the text cursor is in, assuming you
are using more than one window.

ENLARGE WINDOW

Enlarges the current window by a specified number of
lines. For example, ENLARGE WINDOW 5 enlarges the
window the text cursor is in by 5 lines. The adjacent
window shrinks accordingly.

SHRINK WINDOW

Shrinks the current window by a specified number of
lines. For example, SHRINK WINDOW 5 shrinks the
window the text cursor is in by 5 lines. The adjacent
window is enlarged accordingly.

Editing One Buffer
To view or edit two sections of a file at the same time, use the SPLIT
WINDOW command. EVE splits your screen and creates two identical
windows. The cursor maintains its position in the buffer but appears only in
the bottom window. Notice that the buffer name in each of the status lines is
the same.
Now you can edit different sections of a single file. Any edits that you make
in one window are made simultaneously in the other window. Unless you
are viewing two different sections of a file, you can see EVE incorporate edits
simultaneously in the two windows.
Displaying two sections of a long file makes moving text within a file very
efficient. You can select and remove text from one part of the file and insert
it into the other. To move the cursor from one window to the other, enter the
NEXT WINDOW command.
To remove the second window from the screen and expand the current
window to occupy the whole editing area, press the DO key, type ONE
WINDOW, and press RETURN.

1.8.2

Editing Two Buffers
The following steps describe how to edit two buffers containing different files:
1

Invoke EVE to edit a file.

Create two windows on your screen by entering the SPLIT WINDOW
command. EVE splits your screen and creates two windows. The cursor
maintains its position in the buffer but appears only in the bottom
window. Notice that the buffer name in each of the highlighted status
lines is the same.

Place a second file in the current window using the GET FILE or BUFFER
command.
Use the GET FILE command with a file specification to create a new
buffer in the current window.
To display in the current window a buffer that you created earlier in the
editing session, enter the BUFFER command and the name of the buffer
you want to display.

1-35

Editing Files With EVE
1 .8 Using Windows

Your terminal screen now displays two different buffers. You can select
and remove text from one buffer and insert it into the other buffer. To
move the cursor from one window to the other, enter the command
NEXT WINDOW.

The following example shows you how to edit two files and move text from
one file to another using two windows. First, invoke EVE to edit the file
RHYMES.DAT.
'She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

3 lines read from file WORKDISK: [USER] RHYMES.DAT

Press the DO key, type the command SPLIT WINDOW, and press RETURN
to create two windows on your screen.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

Press the DO key, type the command GET FILE SCHEDULE.DAT, and press
RETURN to create a new buffer containing the text of SCHEDULE.DAT in
the bottom window of your screen.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with supervisor
Read and review memo from Donna
Work on Pascal program
[End of file]

4 lines read from file WORKDISK: [USER] SCHEDULE.DAT

1-36

Editing Files With EVE
1 .8 Using Windows

While still in the bottom window, move the cursor to the letter R in the word
Read. Press the Select key, then press the Down arrow twice. The last two
lines in SCHEDULE.DAT are highlighted.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buffer •RHYMES . PAT

l Insert I Forward

Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with supervisor
Re(idand;-eview memo from Donna

Work on Pascal program
[End of file]

Buff er SCHEDULE.DAT

I Insert I Forward

Move the text cursor to select text.

Press the Remove key to place the highlighted text in the Insert Here buffer.
Now enter the NEXT WINDOW command to move the cursor to the other
window.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buffer R.HYMES:DAT

f Insert I ForW'ar<l

Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with supervisor
[End of file]

Bu1::fer SCHEDULE.DAT

I Insert I Forward

Remove completed.

Move the cursor to the bottom of buffer RHYMES.DAT and press the Insert
Here key. The text that you removed from SCHEDULE.DAT is inserted into
RHYMES.DAT.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
Read and review memo from Donna
Work on Pascal program
[End of file]

Buff er RHYMES . DAT

I Insert I Forward

1-37

Editing Files With EVE
1 .8 Using Windows

Schedule for 1 July
10:00 AM meeting with supervisor
[End of file]

Buffer SCHEDULE.DAT
Entering the ONE WINDOW command removes all other windows from the
screen, expanding the window containing the cursor to occupy the whole
editing area of the screen. Press the DO key, type ONE WINDOW, and press
RETURN.
If you exit from the editing session, EVE writes the contents of the current

buffer to a file and asks you if you want to write the contents of the other
buffer to a file.

1 .9

Defining Keys
You can define keys to execute EVE commands or to enter a series of
keystrokes called a learn sequence.
EVE does not allow you to define the RETURN key (CTRL/M), the space
bar, or any printing characters (such as letters, digits, and punctuation marks)
on the main keyboard. In addition, DIGITAL recommends that you do not
define the following keys and control key sequences:
DELETE <Kl
F6 (VT200- and VT300-series)
Help (PF2 on VTlOO-series)
CTRL/C
CTRL/I (Tab key)
CTRL/Q
CTRL/R
CTRL/S
CTRL/T
CTRL/U
CTRL/X
CTRL/Y
You can define all other keys, including control keys. You can redefine the
DO key, as long as you assign the DO command to another key.

1.9.1

Defining Keys to Execute an EVE Command
The DEFINE KEY command assigns an EVE command to a single key or
control key sequence. You can, in effect, create your own editing keys to
enter EVE commands that you use frequently. If you are using HELP and
press a key to which you have assigned an EVE command, EVE provides
the help text for that command. Key definitions are discarded when you
terminate an EVE editing session, unless you use the SAVE EXTENDED EVE
command (see Section 1.12.2) to save key definitions from one editing session
to the next.
To define a key, do the following:
1

1-38

Press the DO key, enter the command DEFINE KEY, and press RETURN.

Editing Files With EVE
1 .9 Defining Keys

Type the EVE command that you want to assign to a key and press
RETURN.

Press the key to be associated with the EVE command.

The message Key defined appears if you have successfully defined a key.
Another way to assign EVE commands to keys is to create an initialization
file. The initialization file contains EVE commands that EVE executes when
you invoke the editor. Each command line in the initialization file should
contain a DEFINE KEY command. The command syntax is as follows:
DEFINE KEY [=key-name] command

The first parameter is the key to be defined; the second parameter is the
command to assign to the key. For example, the following command line
assigns the MOVE BY WORD command to keypad key 1:
Command: DEFINE KEY=KP1 MOVE BY WORD

The following command assigns the FILL command to CTRL/F:
Command: DEFINE KEY=CTRL/F FILL

You can use three different separators when specifying key names: an
underscore, a dash, or a slash. For example, the CTRL/F key can appear as
CTRLJ, CTRL-F, or CTRL/F.
To remove a key definition, use the UNDEFINE KEY command.
Section 1. 9 .3 contains more examples of defining keys to execute EVE
commands.

1.9.2

Defining Keys to Enter a Learn Sequence
The LEARN command assigns a sequence of keystrokes, called a learn
sequence, to a single key or control key. Learn sequences allow you to enter
the same series of keystrokes in a buffer any number of times, simply by
pressing one key. If you press a key to which you have assigned a learn
sequence, EVE provides a HELP message stating that you have defined
the key; the HELP diagram labels as sequence any keys to which you have
assigned a learn sequence. All learn sequences are discarded when you
terminate an EVE editing session unless you use the SAVE EXTENDED EVE
command (see Section 1.12.2) to save them from one editing session to the
next.
Define a learn sequence as follows:
1

Press the DO key, enter the LEARN command, and press RETURN.

Type the keystrokes to be remembered.

Press CTRL/R followed by the key to be associated with the learn
sequence.

The message Key sequence remembered appears if you have successfully
defined a key.

1-39

Editing Files With EVE
1 .9 Defining Keys

The following example shows you how to define a learn sequence that inserts
a string of text into your file when you press CTRL/F. Invoke EVE to edit the
file RHYMES.DAT.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buffer.RHYMES.DAT
1. Insert I Forward
3 lines read from file WORKDISK: [USER] RHYMES.DAT

First, move to the end of the buffer. To begin the definition of the learn
sequence, enter the LEARN command.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

Buffer •. RHYMES .DAT .
Command:

I Insert I Forward

LEARN

Insert the following text, which EVE is to remember, at the end of your file:
And what is a rhyme?
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
And what is a rhyme?
[End of file]

Buffer· RHYMES.DAT

I· Insert I ··Forward

Press keystrokes to be learned. Press CTRL/R to remember these keystrokes.

Press CTRL/R.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
And what is a rhyme?
[End of file]
Buffer RH¥MES:DAT

I lns:ert · I .For,W,ard

Press the key that .you want to use to see what was just Iearned:

Press CTRL/F, the key to which you are assigning the learn sequence.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
And what is a rhyme?
[End of file]

Buffer RHYMES.DAT

I Insert I Forward

Key sequence remembered

For the rest of the editing session, simply press CTRL/F and EVE inserts the
text And what is a rhyme? wherever the cursor is positioned at the time.
1-40

Editing Files With EVE
1 .9 Defining Keys

1.9.3

Defining a GOLD Key
You can assign two definitions to the same editing key if you create a GOLD
key. One editing function is performed by pressing the editing key. The other
function is performed by first pressing the GOLD key and then pressing the
editing key. To define a GOLD key, enter the SET GOLD KEY command and
press the key you want to use as the GOLD key. Once defined, the message
GOLD key set. appears in the Messages buffer.
Once you have defined a GOLD key, you can use the GOLD editing keys
predefined by EVE. To see a diagram of these commands, enter the command
HELP KEYPAD. The GOLD editing keys appear in the display in reverse
video.
You can also create your own key definitions using the GOLD key. The
following example demonstrates how to define a GOLD key and assign two
commands to a single key. The example defines the number 4 key on the
numeric keypad as the GOLD key and then assigns the BOTTOM and TOP
commands to the CTRL/G key. Thus, pressing CTRL/G alone enters the
BOTTOM command, and pressing the GOLD key followed by CTRL/G
enters the TOP command.
Invoke EVE to edit the file RHYMES.DAT. Define a GOLD key by pressing
DO, typing SET GOLD KEY, and pressing RETURN.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buff er·.·.. :RHY'ME.s; .nAt· ·
Command: SET GOLD KEY

Press the number 4 key on the numeric keypad.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
~u:ffer: .,aHY}.{~~}:PAJ

. .•. . . ...•........... <
. : <· .
tf~s!~ J F,orwa:t;d
Press tlle k:ef.~liat;> you want to use as the··qGLD lt~y:

GOLD key set

Press the DO key, type DEFINE KEY, and press RETURN.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]

Buf.f:er. · .Rll\1$$ , nAT·
Command:

I Insert; l Forwa,rd

DEFINE KEY

1-41

Editing Files With EVE
1.9 Defining Keys

Type BOTTOM and press RETURN.
And what is a rhyme?
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buffer RHYMES.DAT
EVE command: BOTTOM

I Insert I Forward

Press CTRL/G.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buffer RHYMES.DAT

I Insert I Forward

Key defined

Now define the GOLD CTRL/G key to enter the TOP command. Press the
DO key, type DEFINE KEY, and press RETURN.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buffer RHYMES.DAT
Command: DEFINE KEY

I Insert I Forward

Type TOP and press RETURN.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buffer RHYMES.DAT
EVE Command: TOP

I Insert I Forward

To assign a key for the TOP command, press the GOLD key (number 4 on
the numeric keypad), and then press CTRL/G.
She rhymes with tree,
also with bee,
and this one makes three.
[End of file]
Buffer

RHYMES.DAT

I Insert I Forward

Key defined

For the rest of your editing session, when you press CTRL/G, EVE executes
the BOTTOM command, and when you press the GOLD key (number 4 on
the numeric keypad) followed by CTRL/G, EVE executes the TOP command.
If you press the GOLD key by mistake, press the Select key to cancel it.
Use the SAVE EXTENDED EVE command (see Section 1.12.2) to save key
definitions from one editing session to the next.

1-42

Editing Files With EVE
1 .9 Defining Keys

You cannot define more than one GOLD key at a time. To remove a GOLD
key definition, enter the SET NOGOLD KEY command, then press the key
you want to undefine. Or, define another GOLD key, which removes the
original GOLD key.
Another way of defining a GOLD key is to insert a command in an
initialization file, using the following format:
SET GOLD KEY keyname

For example, the following command defines keypad key 4 as the GOLD key:
SET GOLD KEY KP4

1.10

Using the DCL within EVE
You can execute a DCL command from within EVE, or you can use a
subprocess to switch between the D<;:L command level and an EVE editing
session very quickly.

1 .10.1 Executing a DCL Command
To enter a DCL command from within EVE, press the DO key, type the
EVE command DCL and the DCL command you want to execute, and press
RETURN. The message Creating DCL subprocess ... appears in the Message
buffer.
When the DCL command has executed, EVE creates another window, if
necessary, and displays the DCL command and its output in the DCL buffer.
(The cursor remains in the buffer it was in before you executed the DCL
command.) You can move the cursor to the DCL buffer, select and remove
text, and copy it to the editing buffer. Do not enter DCL commands that
generate continuous output or run programs that do screen management of
their own, such as the Phone Utility. The DCL command is most useful when
you want to capture output in an EVE buffer.

1.10.2 Creating a Subprocess
You can create subprocesses to switch between an EVE editing session and
DCL command level without terminating your editing session. To create
a subprocess, press the DO key, type the SP AWN command, and press
RETURN. EVE suspends the current editing session and connects your
terminal to a new VMS subprocess. The DCL prompt ( $ ) appears on your
terminal screen.
The most common reasons to spawn a subprocess are to invoke the Mail
Utility and to run screen-oriented programs, although your subprocess can
invoke any VMS utility or execute any DCL command.
To return to your editing session, log out of the subprocess by typing the DCL
command LOGOUT and pressing RETURN. EVE resumes the editing session,
and the cursor appears in the location it occupied before you spawned the
subprocess.

1-43

Editing Files With EVE
1.10 Using the DCL within EVE

Alternatively, you can supply a DCL command as a parameter to the SPAWN
command to create a specific subprocess. For example, to execute the Mail
Utility, press DO, type SPAWN MAIL, and press RETURN. The MAIL>
prompt for the MAIL Utility appears on the screen. When you exit from
MAIL, you are automatically logged out of the subprocess and EVE resumes
the editing session.
Rather than spawn a process to use the DCL, you can spawn a process for an
EVE editing session and then attach back to the parent DCL process to use
DCL commands and utilities.
First, create a subprocess for the editing session using the DCL command
SPAWN. The SPAWN command creates a subprocess (displayed by the
SHOW PROCESS command as "username_l "). At the subprocess level,
invoke EVE and conduct the editing session.
When you want to return to the DCL command level, use the EVE command
ATTACH to return to the parent process (SHOW PROCESS displays the
process as "username").
To resume your editing session, reconnect to the editing subprocess using
the DCL command ATTACH with the process name of the subprocess
("username_l"). EVE resumes the editing session and the cursor appears
in the location it occupied before you attached to the parent process.

1.11

Using the TPU Command
EVE is an editor built on the VAX Text Processing Utility (VAXTPU), which
is a programmable text processor. The TPU command allows you to enter
any VAXTPU statement or series of statements that can be expressed on one
command line.
To enter a TPU command, press DO, enter the command TPU followed
by the VAXTPU statement you want to execute, and press RETURN. For
example, to execute the VAXTPU statement APPEND_LINE, which places
the current line at the end of the previous line, enter the command TPU
APPEND_LINE. For more information on the TPU command, type HELP
TPU. See the VAX Text Processing Utility Manual for a complete list of
VAXTPU statements and procedures.

1.12

Extending the EVE Editor
Since EVE is an editor written in the VAXTPU programming language, you
can extend EVE's functions by writing procedures in VAXTPU. This section
assumes that you are familiar with the VAXTPU programming language
described in the VAX Text Processing Utility· Manual.
Before you begin writing VAXTPU procedures to modify the EVE editor,
DIGITAL recommends that you study the EVE source code, which is
stored in SYS$EXAMPLE:EVE$*.TPU. (The wildcard character (*)in the
file specification indicates that EVE source code is stored in many files.) These
files are put together using EVE$BUILD. Variables and statements in your
procedures should be consistent with EVE's variables and statements so that
you can avoid making changes that may have an adverse effect on EVE's
operations.

1-44

Editing Files With EVE
1 . 1 2 Extending the EVE Editor

1 .12.1 Writing and Compiling VAXTPU Procedures
You can write procedures in the VAXTPU programming language that are, in
effect, new EVE commands. When you write new EVE command procedures,
you should follow these rules:
•

Prefix the procedure name with the label EVE_ so that EVE recognizes
the procedure as an EVE command. After you compile the procedure,
execute it by pressing the DO key and typing the procedure name
without the EVE_ prefix or the underscores. For example, enter SET
LEFT MARGIN for the EVE_SET_LEFT_MARGIN procedure. (You may
also define a key to execute the new command. See Section 1.9.)

•

The words PROCEDURE and ENDPROCEDURE must start in column 1.

•

Initialize all global variables in a single procedure named
TPU$LOCAL _INIT or in a module initialization procedure if
you build with EVE$BUILD.

If the EVE command you are writing takes any parameters, such as SET LEFT

MARGIN 2, where 2 is the parameter, you must define a global variable
to associate that parameter with either the data-type string or the data-type
integer. When you are using the EVE commands that you have defined, EVE
passes the null string ("")if you do not provide a value for a string parameter;
it passes the value EVE$K_NO_ARG if you do not provide a value for an
integer parameter.
DIGITAL recommends placing global variables in a procedure called
TPU$LOCAL_INIT, which is called each time EVE starts. Place all
procedures that use parameters in the same file that contains the
TPU$LOCAL_INIT procedure. The following are examples of global variable
definitions for command parameters:
•

The following definition of the global variable eve$argl_add tells EVE to
expect an integer as the first parameter for EVE-.ADD:
eve$arg1_add := "integer";

•

The following definition of the global variable eve$argl__hello tells EVE
to expect a string as the first parameter to EVE_HELLO:
eve$arg1_hello :="string";

The integer variables are required, but the string variables are optional.
In general, each of the global variable names that define command parameters
must consist of the following three parts:
•

The first part of the variable name must be eve$.

•

The second part defines the variable's sequence within a procedure. For
the first variable, it is arg1; for the second, arg2; and so on.

•

The third part of the variable name is the procedure name without the
EVE_ prefix.

The EXTEND EVE command enables you to compile a VAXTPU procedure
without leaving EVE. To compile the procedure that the cursor is in, use the
EXTEND THIS command. To compile one procedure, enter the command
EXTEND EVE and the name of the procedure you want to compile. To
compile all procedures in a file, enter the command EXTEND EVE *· If you
1-45

Editing Files With EVE
1 .12 Extending the EVE Editor

miss a message from the compiler, use the command BUFFER MESSAGES to
read the messages stored in the message buffer.
The following example illustrates how to create and compile VAXTPU
procedures to define an ADD command, a HELLO command, and
the parameters for both commands. Invoke EVE to edit the file
MYPROCEDURES.DAT and insert the following text into the file:
! Procedure to add two integers and display the result in the message window

procedure eve_add (a1, a2)
local

temp,
n1,
n2;

if not eve$prompt_number (a1, n1, "First number to add: "
"No number specified.")
then
return (FALSE) ;
endif;
if not eve$prompt_number (a2, n2, "Second number to add: "

"No number specified.")
then
return (FALSE);
endif;
temp := n1 + n2;
message (str (n1) +" + "+ str (n2) +"
return (TRUE);

"+ str (temp));

endprocedure;
procedure eve_hello (my_name)
local
the_name;
if eve$prompt_string (my_name, the_name, "Name: "
then
message ("Hello"+ the_name);
return (TRUE);
else
return (FALSE) ;
endif;

"We haven't been introduced")

endprocedure;
Buffer

MYPROCEDURES.DAT

I Insert I Forward
Put the definitions for the three parameter variables in your TPU$LOCAL_
INIT procedure, using the syntax shown in file MYPROCEDURES.DAT.
To compile the procedures you have entered into MYPROCEDURES.DAT,
press the DO key, type EXTEND EVE*, and press RETURN. If you are going
to use the newly compiled commands in the current editing session, you must
execute TPU$LOCAL _INIT by entering the command
TPU TPU$LOCAL _INIT.
The following section describes how to save the compiled procedure so that
you can use the EVE ADD command during an editing session.

1-46

Editing Files With EVE
1 .12 Extending the EVE Editor

1.12.2 Saving VAXTPU Procedures, Key Definitions, and Learn Sequences
The SAVE EXTENDED EVE command saves all currently defined procedures,
key definitions, and learn sequences in a section file that you specify. To
save the procedures you have compiled and the key definitions and learn
sequences you have created during an editing session, enter the SAVE
EXTENDED EVE command before you terminate the editing session. Use
the following format:
SAVE EXTENDED EVE filename.TPU$SECTION

The section file is saved in your current default directory, unless you include
a device and directory in the file specification. The file type defaults to
TPU$SECTION.
You can specify the same file specification each time you execute the SAVE
EXTENDED EVE command. By doing this, you add any new key definitions,
learn sequences, and procedures to the same section file.
To use this extended version of EVE, you must include the /SECTION
qualifier in the command line when you invoke EVE. For example,
to invoke EVE to edit the file RHYMES.DAT using the section file
WORKDISK:[USER]MYDEFS.TPU$SECTION, enter the following command:
$ EDIT/TPU/SECTION=WORKDISK:[USER]MYDEFS.TPU$SECTION RHYMES.DAT

Remember, you can define a command symbol to invoke this or any
other lengthy command line. You can use all the key definitions, learn
sequences, and procedures that you previously defined and saved in
WORKDISK:[USER]MYDEFS.TPU$SECTION during your editing session.
For more information on saving key definitions, learn sequences, and
VAXTPU procedures, see Appendix A, which describes different types of
startup files. Startup files let you tailor the EVE editor to meet your editing
requirements.

1-47

Editing Files with EDT

EDT is an interactive text editor. You can use EDT to edit many kinds of text
files-letters, memos, or complex computer programs. With EDT you can
create new files, insert text into them, and edit that text. You can also edit
text in existing files.

2.1

Introduction
EDT offers many features to make text editing easier and more efficient.
These features include the following:
•

Three types of editing-keypad mode, line mode, and nokeypad mode.
Keypad mode is screen-oriented, which allows you to see several lines
of text simultaneously and move the cursor throughout the text in any
direction. Line mode enables you to edit text by using line numbers. You
can use nokeypad mode commands to define keys. You can move from
one mode to another during the same editing session.

•

Online HELP. You can use HELP any time during your editing session
without affecting your work.

•

Journal facility. The journal file protects your editing work in case of a
system interruption.

•

Access to files and buffers. You can work with as many files and buffers
as you need during your EDT session.

•

Startup command files. These enable you to personalize the
characteristics of your editing sessions.

•

Key definition facility. You can define keys to automate your keypad
editing work.

•

EDT macros. You can create EDT macros to automate your editing work.
Macros can be saved for use in later editing sessions.

•

Tabbing facility. This feature enables you to create layered text formats.

The discussion of EDT in this guide is designed for the novice as well as the
more experienced EDT user. For more detailed information about the EDT
editor, see the VAX EDT Reference Manual.

2.1.1

Invoking and Terminating EDT
An editing session begins when you invoke EDT using the DCL command
EDIT and ends when you terminate EDT with the EXIT or QUIT command.
You can start an editing session by creating a file and inserting the text for the
file during the course of the session, or you can specify an existing file when
you start the session. EDT does not destroy the contents of any existing file
that you edit; it simply produces a new version, leaving the old version intact.

2-1

Editing Files with EDT
2. 1 Introduction

2.1.1.1

Invoking EDT
To invoke EDT, enter the DCL command EDIT. You are prompted for the
name of a file. The following example shows how you invoke EDT to edit a
file named MEMO.TXT:
$ EDIT

File :MEMO. TXT
If you are creating a new file, EDT displays the message Input file does not

exist followed by the end-of-buffer sign [EOB] and the asterisk prompt ( * ). If
you are editing an existing file, a copy of the first line of text appears on the
screen followed by the asterisk prompt.
The following example demonstrates how to invoke EDT to create a new file:
$ EDIT NEWFILE.FUN

Input file does not exist

[EOB]

*
The following example demonstrates how to invoke EDT to edit a file that
already exists:
$ EDIT OLDFILE.DAT
1
This is the first line of the file.

*
Once you enter EDT, you can choose between three different modes:
•

Line mode-Line mode allows you to use line numbers during your
editing session. Line-mode commands are particularly useful for
manipulating large blocks of text.

•

Keypad mode-Keypad mode allows you to move the cursor to the text
you want to edit and perform most editing functions by pressing keypad
keys. In keypad mode, you insert text by typing from the main keyboard.

•

Nokeypad mode-Nokeypad mode allows you to move the cursor
directly to the text you want to modify and to enter nokeypad commands.

One difference between the three modes is that you press keys to edit text in
keypad mode, whereas you enter commands to edit text in line mode and in
nokeypad mode.
By default, EDT puts you into line mode. You know that you are in line
mode when you see the asterisk prompt ( * ). If you want to enter keypad
mode, type the letter C (abbreviation for CHANGE command) when you see
the asterisk prompt and press RETURN. If you want to enter line mode from
keypad mode, press CTRL/Z. If you want to enter nokeypad mode, enter
the SET NOKEYP AD command when you see the asterisk prompt, press
RETURN, type the letter C, and press RETURN again.

2-2

Editing Files with EDT
2.1 Introduction

The following table shows the three EDT modes and the commands you enter
to invoke each mode on a video terminal.
Mode

Commands to Invoke Mode

Line

$EDIT

Keypad

$EDIT
* c

Nokeypad

$EDIT
*SET NOKEY
*

2.1.1.2

Terminating EDT
Both the EXIT and QUIT commands terminate an editing session; however,
only EXIT saves your edits. When you enter the EXIT command at the
asterisk prompt, EDT creates an output file containing the edited version of
the input file. By default, the output file has the same name and type as
the input file. (The version number is incremented by one.) The following
example demonstrates how to invoke EDT to edit a file named FUN.DAT and
how to terminate the editing session. The output file has the same name as
the input file and the version number is increased by one.
$EDIT FUN.DAT

*EXIT
DBA2:[WHITEBRIDGE]FUN.DAT;5 2 lines

If you want to override the default and specify a different output file name,
enter the EXIT command and specify the new file name as a parameter. In
the following example, you invoke EDT to edit a file named FUN.DAT and
specify JOKE.DAT as the new file name when you terminate the session.
$ EDIT FUN. DAT

*EXIT JOKE.DAT
DBA2:[WHITEBRIDGE]JOKE.DAT;1

2 lines

If you do not want to save your edits when you end an editing session, enter
the QUIT command. All the edits you made to the file are lost and no output
file is created.

2-3

Editing Files with EDT
2.1 Introduction

The following table shows the three EDT modes and the commands you enter
to terminate each mode:
Editing Mode
Line

Commands to Terminate EDT
*EXIT or QUIT

$
Keypad

CTRL/Z
*EXIT or QUIT

$
or
GOLD key, COMMAND key,
EXIT or QUIT command, ENTER key

$
Nokeypad

EX
* EXIT or QUIT

$
or
QUIT

2.1.2

Using the HELP Facility
EDT's online HELP Facility allows you to get help during your editing session
without interrupting your work.
In keypad mode, press the HELP key to get information about keypad
functions. For information about line and nokeypad commands, use the linemode command HELP. The following sections discuss the HELP facility in
more detail.

2.1.2.1

Accessing HELP from Line Mode
You can enter the HELP command after the asterisk prompt ( *) for
information about EDT commands. If you want information about specific
commands, type the HELP command followed by the name of the command
and press RETURN. For example, if you want to know more about the
INSERT command, enter the following:
*HELP INSERT
If you want information on a qualifier, for example /SAVE, enter the

following:
*HELP EXIT/SAVE

You must include the name of the command, in this case EXIT, and the
slash (/) before the qualifier.
EDT can help you get information even when you supply only the first
letter or so of the command name. If you enter HELP D, EDT prints the
information for both the DEFINE and DELETE commands. HELP CH gives
you the CHANGE command, but HELP C supplies information on CHANGE,
CLEAR, and COPY.

2-4

Editing Files with EDT
2.1 Introduction

Use the wildcard character ( *) with the HELP command to get information
on all subtopics for a command without having to supply the subtopic names.
For example, the following command prints information on TYPE/BRIEF and
TYPE/STAY:
*HELP TYPE *

2.1.2.2

Accessing HELP from Keypad Mode
From keypad mode, press the HELP key to get a diagram of the keypad
functions. The screen goes blank for a few seconds before the diagram
appears.

After EDT displays the diagram, you can press any keypad key to see a
description of what that key does. If you press keypad key number 5, for
example, descriptions of the BACKUP and TOP keypad functions appear on
the screen. At the end of each description are directions for seeing the whole
keypad diagram again (by pressing RETURN), reading about other functions
(by pressing another keypad key), or returning to your editing session.
For help on a control key sequence such as CTRL/ A, press both the control
key and the keyboard key. For help on a GOLD key sequence, such as
GOLD/ A, press only the keyboard key, not the GOLD key.

Note: The HELP diagrams do not display any keyboard or keypad keys that you
have redefined.

2.1.2.3

Accessing HELP from Nokeypad Mode
If you are in nokeypad mode and want to get HELP information about
nokeypad commands, type EXIT, press RETURN, and enter HELP CHANGE
at the asterisk prompt. After the help entry on CHANGE, there are five
subtopics:

•

ENTITIES

•

HARDCOPY

•

KEYPAD

•

NOKEYPAD

•

SUBCOMMANDS

The ENTITIES subtopic contains a list of the nokeypad entity subtopics:
character, word, line, range, sentence, page, paragraph, select, vertical, and
string. When you want information about one of these entities, include the
entity name (for example, sentence) as the last HELP command subtopic:
*HELP CHANGE ENTITIES SENTENCE

The HARDCOPY, KEYPAD, and SCREEN subtopics provide brief
descriptions of hardcopy, change mode, keypad mode, and screen editing.
These do not have further subtopics.
Further information on nokeypad commands is contained in the
SUBCOMMANDS subtopic. For a complete list of the subtopics covered,
enter the following:
*HELP CHANGE SUBCOMMANDS

2-5

Editing Files with EDT
2.1 Introduction

To leave HELP and return to your editing session, enter the CHANGE
command at the asterisk, as follows:
*CHANGE

2.1.3

Recovering from System Interruptions
If your EDT editing session is interrupted, you can recover your work
by using a journal file. Journal files and the method for recovering from
interruptions are discussed in Section 2.7.

2.1.4

Moving from Mode to Mode
Once you become familiar with the three modes in EDT, you can travel from
one mode to another to perform your editing tasks. The following table lists
the commands you need to know to move from mode to mode:
From

Command

Line Mode

Keypad Mode

*CHANGE

Line Mode

Nokeypad Mode

*SETNOKEYPAD
*CHANGE

Keypad Mode

Line Mode

CTRL/Z

Keypad Mode

Nokeypad Mode

CTRL/Z
*SET NOKEYP AD
*CHANGE

Nokeypad Mode

Line Mode

Nokeypad Mode

Keypad Mode

EX
*SET KEYPAD
*CHANGE

The following example demonstrates how to invoke EDT to create a new file
named FUN.FUN, move to line mode (by default), and then move to keypad
mode:
$EDIT FUN.FUN t»
Input file does not exist
[EOB]

*CHANGE 8

2-6

The EDIT command invokes EDT.

The asterisk prompt ( * ) indicates that you are in line mode and the
CHANGE command invokes keypad mode.

Editing Files with EDT
2.1 Introduction

The following example demonstrates how to invoke EDT to create a new file
named WHY.NOT, enter line mode (by default), enter keypad mode, return
to line mode, and, finally, enter nokeypad mode.
$ EDIT WHY.NOT 0
Input file does not exist

[EOB]
*CHANGE 8
[EOB]
lcTRL/ZI 6)

*SET NOKEYPAD 0
*CHANGE 0

2.2

The EDIT command invokes EDT.

The asterisk prompt (*)indicates that you are in line mode and the
CHANGE command invokes keypad mode.

CTRL/Z returns you to line mode.

The asterisk prompt indicates line mode and the SET NOKEYP AD
command invokes nokeypad mode.

The CHANGE command invokes nokeypad mode (only after you enter
the SET NOKEYP AD command).

Using Keypad Mode
Keypad editing is available on VT300-series, VT200-series, VTl 00-series, and
VT52 terminals. In keypad editing, the contents of a file are displayed on the
screen as you edit. You can see the changes you make to a file as they take
place.
In keypad editing, you press keys to perform editing functions rather than
type commands as is done in line and nokeypad editing.

2.2.1

Terminal Keypads
Figure 2-1 shows all the keypad functions available on VT52, VTlOO-series,
and LK201 keyboards. (An LK201 keyboard is used with VT200-series and
VT300-series terminals.) Each key in the keypad performs at least one editing
command; many of the keys perform two. You can use the standard function
(the upper half of the key) by pressing the key. You can use the alternate
function (the lower, shaded half of the key) by pressing the GOLD key before
pressing the function key.
Notice that the LK201 keyboard includes a numeric keypad (like the keypad
on the VTlOO-series terminal) and a six-key editing keypad with four arrow
keys. (Two of the twenty available function keys, HELP and DO, are also
displayed.) See the VAX EDT Reference Manual for more detailed information
about the LK201 function keys.

2-7

Editing Files with EDT
2.2 Using Keypad Mode

Figure 2-1

VT100, VT52, and LK201 Keypads

Keypad Editing Keys - VTlOO Terminals

! DOWN

/PF1

LEFT

PF2
HELP

GOLD

PF3
PF4
FNDNXT
DELL
FIND .·.• UND.L

PAGE

SECT

COMMAND

APPEND
REPLACE

FILL

4
ADVANCE
/

TOP

PASTE

WORD

SECT

UNDW

RIGHT
SF'ECINS
19

.:.::..

CHAR

+--

WORD

CUT

LEFT

P.AS'fE

.APPEND

SELECT

ENTER
ENTER

RESET

SUBS

•

SELECT

OPEN LINE

LINE

SUBS

RESET

OPEN LINE
21.)

•

LINE

'14

ENTER

\..

!DOWN

SPEC INS

PAGE

ENTER

DEL W

EOL

REPLACE

UNDL

UNDC

_;,_ <51>

CtfNGCASE DEL EOL

t UP

DELL

HELP

' DEL C

CUT

Keypad Editing Keys - VT52 Terminals

9 I-'-

BACKUP

SL
6

BOTTOM

14.1

10 I

RIGHT

VT100

VT52

Keypad Editing Keys - LK201 Keyboard
/'.'PF1

PF2

Help

Function 28

Function 29

Find

Insert
Here

Remove

Function 1

Function 2

Function 3

Select

Prev
Screen

Next
Screen

\,function 4

Function 5

CO.MMANO
5

BACKUP

VT200 Series

ENTER

SPECINS

_::.. 2

•

LINE

_;,_

ENTER
CHAR

SELECT
RESET

OPEN LINE

\..

EOL
1

UNDC
6

CHNGCASE DELEOL

PASTE
5

...:'..

WORD

CUT

UNDW

' DEL C

TOP
4

DELW

BOTTOM

REPLACE

FILL

4
ADVANCE

Function 6..)

APPEND

'
17

SECT

·•·

PF4
DELL
UNDL

PAGE

PF3
FNDNXT
FIND

HELP

GOLD

SUBS
29

ZK-1605-84

2-8

Editing Files with EDT
2.2 Using Keypad Mode

2.2.2

Using the GOLD Key
You can use the GOLD key for two purposes:
•

To use the alternate of two functions on a keypad key

•

To execute a function a specified number of times

To use an alternate function, press the GOLD key followed by the desired
key. (You do not need to hold down the GOLD key.) For example, to use
UND C, you press the GOLD key first, then the UND C key.
To execute a function a specified number of times, press the GOLD key, type
a number (on the main keyboard), and press the function you want repeated.
Try it and see how much time you save. The following steps show how to
repeat any keypad function a speci~ed number of times:

2.2.3

Press the GOLD key.

Type a number.

Press the desired function.

Inserting Text
Once you have entered keypad mode, you can insert text by typing it on
the keyboard. No command is required. Whatever you type becomes part
of the file. Your insertion appears on the screen as you type it, and the
surrounding text moves as necessary to accommodate it. The cursor marks
the starting location for the insertion. When you want to begin a new line,
press RETURN to move the cursor to the beginning of the next line and
continue typing your text.
As you type new text, you may notice errors in surrounding text. You can
move the cursor to these errors and correct them at any time and then move
the cursor back and continue to insert text.

2.2.4

Moving the Cursor
There are many ways to move the cursor in keypad mode. The following
table lists several keypad functions that move the cursor:
Function Key

Destination of Cursor

TOP

Beginning-of-Buffer

BOTTOM

End-of-Buffer

Left arrow

One character to the left

Up arrow

Up one character

Right arrow

One character to the right

Down arrow

Down one character

The ADVANCE and BACKUP keypad functions cause the cursor to move in a
forward or backward direction.

2-9

Editing Files with EDT
2.2 Using Keypad Mode

The following example demonstrates how to move the cursor to the beginning
(or top) and to the end (or bottom) of the buffer, using the TOP and BOTTOM
keypad functions.
Insert the following three lines of text:
Five golden rings,
four calling birds,
three french hens,

Press the GOLD key followed by TOP to move the cursor to the Fin the
word Five.

Press the GOLD key followed by BOTTOM. Notice the cursor moving to
the left bracket of the end-of-buffer sign [EOB].

Press the GOLD key followed again by TOP to move the cursor back to
the F.

Repeat these steps to become familiar with the TOP and BOTTOM keypad
functions.
The following example demonstrates how to move the cursor using the four
arrow keys: Up, Down, Left, Right.
Under a toadstool crept a wee elf,
Out of the rain to shelter himself.
Under a toadstool all in a heap,
Sat a big doormouse, fast asleep.

Press the TOP keypad function (the GOLD key followed by TOP) to
move the cursor to the letter U in the word Under.

Press the Right arrow 9 times, then press the Down arrow once, moving
the cursor to the e in the word the.

Press the Left arrow S times, then press the Down arrow once, moving
the cursor to the r in the word under.

Press the Right arrow 8 times, then press the Down arrow once, moving
the cursor to the second o in the word doormouse.

Press the Left arrow 6 times, then press the Up arrow 3 times, moving
the cursor to the word a.

The next example demonstrates the keypad functions for TOP, LINE, EOL,
WORD, and CHAR. Enter the following four lines of text:
ONE TWO THREE FOUR FIVE
SIX SEVEN EIGHT NINE
TEN ELEVEN TWELVE THIRTEEN
FOURTEEN

2-10

Press TOP to move the cursor to the first letter of the word ONE.

Press LINE once, moving the cursor to the S in the word SIX.

Press WORD twice, moving the cursor to the E in the word EIGHT. Then
press EOL. The cursor moves to the end of the line.

Press WORD three times, moving the cursor to the T in the word
TWELVE. Then press EOL. The cursor moves to the end of the line.

Editing Files with EDT
2.2 Using Keypad Mode

If you are using a VTl 00-series, a VT200-series, or a VT300-series
terminal, press CHAR four times. The cursor moves to the R in the
word FOURTEEN.

The following figure shows the approximate distances that some keypad
commands move the cursor.
Keypad
Function

Distance Keypad Function Moves Cursor

CHAR

WORD

######

EOL

############

LINE

##########################################

SECT

2-11

Editing Files with EDT
2.2 Using Keypad Mode

Keypad
Function
PAGE

Distance Keypad Function Moves Cursor

###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################
###########################################

Note that the PREV SCREEN and NEXT SCREEN keys (on an LK201
keyboard) work like the SECT keypad function, moving the cursor back
or ahead by 16 lines.
2.2.4.1

How EDT Views Words
You can determine the way that EDT recognizes a word, sentence, paragraph,
or page. By default, EDT identifies a word as any group of contiguous
characters starting at the current cursor position and continuing in the current
direction until one of the following characters is encountered:

•
•
•
•
•

2-12

Space ()
Horizontal tab (TAB)
Linefeed (LF)
Vertical tab (VT)
Form feed (FF)

Editing Files with EDT
2.2 Using Keypad Mode

•

Carriage return (CR)

•

Line terminator

For example, enter the following text and move the cursor throughout the
paragraph by pressing the WORD key. Notice that the cursor stops on the
first letter of each word.
This is the first line of text.
Is this the second?
This must be the third.
How about a fourth line?
And, a fifth, perhaps?
Will anyone take a sixth?
Number seven, please.

You can use the SET ENTITY WORD command to change the way EDT
views words. If you want EDT to recognize periods, question marks, and
commas, enter the following command line in your startup command file (for
information about startup command files, see Section 2.11):
SET ENTITY WORD".?."

When you use the WORD key to move throughout the text again, notice
that the cursor stops on all periods, question marks, and commas. For more
information about the SET ENTITY command, see the VAX EDT Reference
Manual.
Figure 2-2 shows the characters that can be used in the SET ENTITY
command.
Figure 2-2

Using the SET ENTITY WORD Command

..? '

HORIZONTAL TAB

QUESTION MARK
PERIOD
ZK-1259-83

2.2.5

Deleting and Undeleting Text
You can delete text by character, word, and line. The DELETE and
DEL C keys delete characters. DEL W and LINEFEED delete words or parts
of words. DEL L, DEL EOL, and CTRL/U delete single lines or parts of
lines. The deleted text is stored in one of three buffers so that you can restore
it using the UND commands (UND C, UND W, and UND L). A buffer is
a temporary holding area for text. The character buffer contains the last
character deleted; the word buffer contains the last word deleted; and the line
buffer contains the last line deleted. Only the most recent deletion can be

2-13

Editing Files with EDT
2.2 Using Keypad Mode

restored; you can restore this unit of text numerous times to any location. See
Section 2.6 for more information on buffers.
Figure 2-3 shows the three buffers that EDT fills when you use the delete
and undelete keys.
Figure 2-3

Three EDT Buffers Used for Deleting and Undeleting
Text

CHARACTER
BUFFER

DAY KEEPS THE

WORD
BUFFER

LINE
BUFFER
ZK-1260-83

Use the following keypad functions to delete text:
Keypad Function

What It Does

DELETE

Deletes the preceding character

DEL C

Deletes the current character

DELW

Deletes to the end of the word

LINE FEED

Deletes to the beginning of the previous word

DELL

Deletes to the next line

CTRL/U

Deletes from the beginning of the line to the cursor

DEL EOL

Deletes from the cursor to the end or beginning of the
line, depending on the current cursor direction

CUT

Deletes the selected string from the current file and
stores it in the PASTE buffer. The selected string is all
the text between the cursor location when you pressed
the SELECT keypad function and the position to which
you moved the cursor. (Note that the REMOVE key on
the LK201 keypad works like the CUT keypad function.)

Enter the following three lines of text:
CHARACTER

WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD
LINE LINE LINE LINE LINE LINE LINE LINE

The following steps show how to delete and restore characters:

2-14

Move the cursor to the first C in the word character. Press DEL C. The C
disappears.

Press the GOLD key followed by UND C. The C reappears.

Move the cursor to the H. Press DEL C to make it disappear.

Editing Files with EDT
2.2 Using Keypad Mode

Then press the GOLD key followed by UND C. The H is restored.

Press the GOLD key followed by UND C again, another H appears.

Notice that the DEL C keypad function deletes the character directly at the
cursor and the DELETE key (on the main keyboard) deletes the character
immediately to the left of the cursor. You can use the UND C keypad
function to restore the most recently deleted character in either case. Press
the DELETE key and the DEL C keypad function to see the difference
between the two.
Use the following steps to delete and restore words:
1

Move the cursor to the W in WORD. Press DEL W. The word WORD
disappears.

Press the GOLD key followed by UND W to restore the word.

Press the GOLD key followed by UND W again, another WORD appears.

Notice that the DEL W keypad function deletes to the end of the current
word, and the LINE FEED key (on the main keyboard) deletes to the
beginning of the preceding word. Press the LINE FEED key to see the
difference between the DEL W keypad function and the LINE FEED key.
Again, you can use the UND W keypad function to restore the deleted word
in either case.
To delete and restore entire lines of text, do the following:
1

Move the cursor to the beginning of the line of LINES. Press the DEL L
keypad function. The entire line disappears.

Press the GOLD key followed by UND L to restore the line.

Press the GOLD key and UND L several times to create multiple lines.

Press CTRL/U to delete text from the cursor to the beginning of the line.
Notice that the cursor moves to the beginning of the line. Press UND L to
restore the line.

2.2.6

Locating Text
Use the FIND and FNDNXT keypad functions to locate strings of text. When
you press the GOLD key followed by FIND, the following prompt appears at
the bottom of the screen:
Search for:

Type the string of text you are looking for and press one of the following
keys:
•

ADVANCE

•

BACKUP

•

ENTER

•

2-15

Editing Files with EDT
2.2 Using Keypad Mode

If you press ADVANCE, EDT searches in a forward direction for the specified
string. If you press BACKUP, EDT searches in a backward direction. If you
press ENTER or DO, EDT searches in the direction already set.

Note: The ADVANCE and BACKUP keys also set the direction for subsequent
EDT commands.
Enter the following text:
Ella will not be able to attend the concert
tonight. She has a sore throat. Perhaps you could give
the ticket to somebody in your music class. Ella wants
to see the program when she is feeling better.

Press the GOLD key followed by the FIND keypad function. When you are
prompted for a search string, enter the word ticket.
Search for: ticket

Now press BACKUP. The search starts at the end of the text (where the cursor
is located) and continues towards the beginning of the text until it finds the
word ticket.
Next search for the word program. Press the GOLD key followed by FIND.
When you are prompted for the search string, enter the word program.
Search for: program

If you press BACKUP again, you see the response String was not found because
the word program is located after the word ticket. Now press ADVANCE
followed by FNDNXT, and EDT finds the string.

Remember the following three items when you are entering a search string:
1

EDT ignores diacritical marks and the case of letters while making
searches (unless you enter the SET SEARCH EXACT command).

DELETE is the only key you can use to edit an incorrectly typed search
string.

To cancel a search string, press CTRL/U.

If you want to find the next occurrence of the string you are searching for,
use the FNDNXT keypad function. EDT searches in the direction already set.
If EDT cannot find the string, it displays the message String was not found.
You can reverse the direction of the search by pressing either ADVANCE or
BACKUP before pressing FNDNXT.

Enter the following text, then press GOLD and FIND, and enter the search
string little when prompted:
One little, two little, three little chickadees,
four little, five little, six little chickadees,
seven little, eight little, nine little chickadees,
ten little chickadees feeding.
Search for: little

Because the cursor is at the end of the text, you must press the BACKUP
keypad function to set the search in a backward direction. Now press
FNDNXT nine times. EDT finds each occurrence of the search string. When
the cursor arrives at the first little, press the ADVANCE keypad function to
reverse the direction of the search. Every time you press FNDNXT, the cursor
moves forward to the next occurrence of the word little.

2-16

Editing Files with EDT
2.2 Using Keypad Mode

2.2.7

Moving Text
You can move text using three different groups of keypad functions:
•

RETURN and OPENLINE-Pressing RETURN causes both text and
cursor to move down the screen line by line. If you press OPENLINE,
the text moves down the screen line by line, but the cursor remains in the
same place.

•

DEL L, UND L, DEL W, UND W, DEL C, and UND C-Deleting a unit
of text (character, word, or line) from one location, moving the cursor to
another location, and then undeleting the text is a way to move small
portions of text. (See Section 2.2 for more information about deleting and
undeleting text.)

•

CUT and PASTE (or REMOVE and INSERT HERE)-Cutting (or
removing) a unit of text and pasting (or inserting) it in another location
is the method you use for moving large portions of text. This method is
described in the rest of this section.

Use the following three keypad functions to move text:
•

SELECT

•

CUT (or REMOVE)

•

PASTE (or INSERT HERE)

Press SELECT to mark one end of the string of text that you want to delete or
move. Then move the cursor either backward or forward to the other end of
the string, and press CUT. Before you press CUT, you can correct a mistake
by pressing the GOLD key followed by RESET to cancel the select range and
start over. The selected text is highlighted in reverse video.
Press CUT to delete the selected string of text from the current file and store it
in the PASTE buffer. (See Section 2.6 for more information about the PASTE
buffer.) The selected text is all the text between the cursor location when you
pressed SELECT and the position to which you have moved the cursor.
If you press CUT before you press SELECT, you see the message No select

range active.
To insert the contents of the PASTE buffer to the left of the cursor position,
press GOLD followed by PASTE.
To summarize, use the following steps to move text:
1

Place the cursor at the beginning of the text you want to move.

Press SELECT to mark the location.

Move the cursor to the end of the select range.

Press CUT to delete the text from its current position.

Move the cursor to the character just beyond where you want the text
inserted.

Press the GOLD key followed by PASTE.

Note: If you want to restore the select string to its original location after you
perform Step 4 above, press the GOLD key followed by PASTE.

2-17

Editing Files with EDT
2.2 Using Keypad Mode

Enter the following text:
january february march april
may june july november
december august september october

In order to move the string august september october after july, move the cursor
to the a in august. Press SELECT. Then move the cursor to the r in october.
Press CUT. The selected string disappears into the PASTE buffer. Now move
the cursor after the word july and press GOLD followed by PASTE
(GOLD/PASTE). A copy of the selected string in the- PAS-TE buffer appears
on the screen between the words july and november.
If you press GOLD/PASTE again, you g~t-anoth'.er copy of the contents of the
PASTE buffer. Every time you press GOLD/PASTE, you get another copy of
the string august september octetber. You can always get as many copies of the
PASTE buffer as you want by pressing GO[D/PASTE. However, once you
perform another SELECT and CUT operation specifying a different string, the
contents of the PASTE buffer change.
If you want to add to the text in the PASTE buffer, retaining the text already
there, use APPEND. APPEND deletes the select range from the current buffer
and adds it to the end of the PASTE buffer.

For example, if your PASTE buffer contains the text Wolfgang Amadeus and
you want to add the text Mozart, follow the steps below:
1

Press SELECT.

Type the word Mozart. (Precede the word with a space.)

Press APPEND.

Now the PASTE buffer contains the text:
Wolf gang Amadeus Mozart

2.2.8

Substituting Text
You can use the SUBS keypad function or the REPLACE keypad function to
replace one string of text with another.
When you make substitutions using SUBS, you are using both the PASTE
buffer and the search string buffer. You use CUT to put the replacement
string into the PASTE buffer and FIND to put the string you want to find
and delete into the search string buffer. Figure 2-4 shows both buffers. The
following five steps demonstrate how to use SUBS to make substitutions:

2-18

Press SELECT and enter the replacement text.

Press CUT. (The select range disappears into the PASTE buffer.)

Press the GOLD key followed by FIND and enter the search string (the
text you want to replace).

Press either ADVANCE or BACKUP to find the first occurrence of the
search string in the direction you choose.

Press the GOLD key followed by SUBS to exchange the existing text for
the replacement text.

Editing Files with EDT
2.2 Using Keypad Mode

Figure 2-4 Two EDT Buffers Used for Substituting Text

CUT KEYPAD FUNCTION

FIND KEYPAD FUNCTION

REPLACEMENT
STRING

STRING TO BE
DELETED

PASTE
BUFFER

SEARCH
STRING
BUFFER
. ZK-1261-83

When you use SUBS, EDT performs the substitution first and then moves
to the next occurrence of the search string. If EDT cannot find another
occurrence of the search string, it prints the message "String was not found."
If you do not want to make a particular substitution, press the FNDNXT
keypad function, and the cursor moves to the next occurrence of the search
string. If you want to change that one, press SUBS again. Thus, you can
move through the buffer pressing SUBS each time you want to make a
replacement and pressing FNDNXT when you want EDT to leave the search
string alone.

Note: You must use the FIND keypad function when you are making
substitutions with SUBS because you are replacing text that matches
the search string with the contents of the PASTE buffer. SUBS does not
work correctly if you do not use FIND.
Enter the following text:
Susanne grabbed the red apple and gobbled it down.
Suddenly her face turned quite red. Glancing towards
the red house she saw the huge tree bathed in red
leaves.

Now perform the following steps to substitute the word green for the word

red:
1

Press SELECT and enter the word green.

Press CUT. (The word green disappears into the PASTE buffer.)

Press GOLD followed by FIND and enter the word red.

Press either ADVANCE or BACKUP to find the first occurrence of red in
the direction you choose.

Press SUBS to substitute the word green for the word red.

Press SUBS three more times.

Your resulting text should look like the following:
Susanne grabbed the green apple and gobbled it down. Suddenly
her face turned quite green. Glancing towards the green house
she saw the huge tree bathed in green leaves.

2-19

Editing Files with EDT
2.2 Using Keypad Mode

REPLACE deletes the text in the select range and replaces it with the contents
of the PASTE buffer. For example, if your PASTE buffer contains the words
paste paste paste, and your select range contains the words select select select,
press REPLACE to make your select range contain the words paste paste paste,
as the following steps demonstrate:
1

Press SELECT.

Type the words paste paste paste.

Press CUT. Now your PASTE buffer contains the words paste paste paste.

Press SELECT again.

Type the words select select select.

Press REPLACE. Now your select range contains the words paste paste

paste.

2.2.9

Five More Keys to Use with the GOLD Key
Five keypad functions associated with the GOLD key are summarized in the
following table:
Keypad Function

What It Does

COMMAND

Enables you to enter a line-mode command from keypad
mode.

CHNGCASE

Reverses the case of letters in your text. Uppercase
letters become lowercase; lowercase letters become
uppercase.

FILL

Reorganizes the select range so that the maximum number
of whole words can fit within the current line width.

RESET

Changes the following conditions of your editing session:

SPECINS
(special insert)

•

Cancels an active select range.

•

Empties the search buffer so that there is no current
search string.

•

Sets EDT's current direction to ADVANCE.

•

Sets EDT to the default DMOV state. (DMOV is a
Nokeypad command that returns your editing session
to EDT's default state, where EDT does not alter the
case of letters during move operations.)

Enables you to insert any character from the DEC
Multinational Character Set into your text using the
character's decimal equivalent value. For information
about the DEC Multinational Character Set, see the VAX
EDT Reference Manual.

For more information about all the available keypad keys, see the VAX EDT

Reference Manual.

2-20

Editing Files with EDT
2.3 Using Line Mode

2.3

Using Line Mode
You can use EDT's line editing facility with any interactive terminalhardcopy or screen. Line editing uses the line as its point of reference. EDT
moves through the text line by line, not character by character as in the
two other editing modes. Line editing commands are particularly useful for
manipulating large blocks of text.

2.3.1

Line Numbers
To help you locate and edit text, EDT assigns line numbers. These line
numbers are not part of the text and are not kept when you end an editing
session. To see the line numbers of an already existing file, enter the TYPE
WHOLE command after the asterisk prompt ( * ). Notice that the text you
enter is indented 12 spaces.
The following example demonstrates how to display your line numbers:
*TYPE WHOLE
1
2

3
4

oneoneoneoneoneoneone
twotwotwotwotwo
threethreethree
f ourf ourf ourfour
fivefivefivefive

[EOB]

*
Line numbers have the following characteristics:
•

They are assigned to every line in every buffer in every editing session,
including newly inserted lines and text added with the INCLUDE
command.

•

They start with 1 and increment by 1, unless otherwise specified with the
RESEQUENCE/SEQUENCE command.

•

They are decimal numbers if newly inserted.

•

They are removed by the EXIT command, unless otherwise specified.

•

They can be renumbered in increments of 1 or more with the
RESEQUENCE command.

When you insert new text, EDT numbers the lines using decimal numbers.
For example, if you add a line of text between lines 13 and 14, it is numbered
13.1. To avoid any visual confusion when working with decimal numbers,
enter the RESEQUENCE command after the asterisk prompt to change the
sequence of line numbers. When you enter RESEQUENCE, EDT renumbers
all the lines from the cursor to the end of the buffer in increments of 1. You
can specify a range of lines within the file by entering a range after typing
RESEQUENCE.
If you insert text after the fourth line in the following example and enter the
TYPE WHOLE command again, you will see the newly inserted text preceded
by decimal numbers. To change the sequence of line numbers, enter the
RESEQUENCE command.

2-21

Editing Files with EDT
2.3 Using Line Mode

*TYPE WHOLE
1

2
3
4

4.1
4.2

4.3
5
[EOB]

oneoneoneoneoneoneone
twotwotwotwotwo
threethreethree
f ourf ourf ourf our
f our_point_one
four_point_two
four_point_three
fivefivefivefive

*RESEQUENCE
1
2

3
4

5
6
7
8
[EOB]

oneoneoneoneoneoneone
twotwotwotwotwo
threethreethree
f ourf ourf ourfour
four_point_one
f our_point_two
f our_point_three
fivefivefivefive

*
The /SEQUENCE qualifier determines the increments EDT uses to number
lines. When you enter the following command and include two numbers
separated by a colon (n:m), EDT numbers the lines in the buffer, assigning
number n to the first line and incrementing by number m:
RESEQUENCE/SEQUENGE:n:m

The following example resequences the contents of the buffer, assigning
number 6 to the first line and incrementing by 4:
*RESEQUENCE/SEQUENCE: 6: 4 [iliJ
3 lines resequenced
*TYPE WHOLE ~
6
Washington, Maine
10
Vermont, New York
14
Ohio, New Mexico
18
Colorado, Virginia
22
Florida, Arizona
26
Alabama, Oregon
30
Minnesota, New Hampshire
34
Texas, California
38
Delaware, Michigan
[EOB]

2.3.2

Inserting Text
When you want to insert text, enter the INSERT command after the asterisk
prompt ( * ). The cursor indents 16 spaces and waits for you to start typing.
(Indenting is on the screen or paper only and does not become part of the
edited text.) You can enter as many lines as you want. Each time you come
to the end of a line, press RETURN to move to the beginning of the next line.
As you enter a line, you can delete characters by pressing the DELETE key.
You can delete a portion of a line, from the cursor to the left margin, by
pressing CTRL/U. However, when you end a line with RETURN, you can no
longer delete characters from that line in insert mode. (See Section 2.3 for
more information about deleting text.) When you finish entering text, press
CTRL/Z. EDT echoes AZ on the screen and returns you to the asterisk prompt.

2-22

Editing Files with EDT
2.3 Using Line Mode

To display the text you just inserted, enter the TYPE WHOLE command after
the prompt.

Note: EDT, which inserts text in front of the current line, is different from
many other text editors that insert text following the current line.
The following example demonstrates how to insert text:
$ EDIT NEWFILE.DAT

Input file does not exist
[EOB]
*INSERT
This is the first line that I would like
to type. At the moment there is no file
named newfile.dat in my directory. When
I finish my editing session and type the
EXIT command, EDT will save a copy of
this text in my directory under the name
newfile. dat.
[EOB]
*EXIT
DBAO: [GLOVER]NEWFILE.DAT;1 5 lines

2.3.3

Ranges
When you want a line-mode command to affect a specific part of the buffer,
you must enter a range. Ranges can specify one or more lines. In addition,
the multiple-line ranges can be contiguous or noncontiguous.
The following table describes the different ranges you can specify when
editing in line mode:
Range Type

Description

period(.)

Current line

number

EDT line number

'string'

Next line containing the quoted string

BEGIN

First line of the buffer

END

After the last line in the buffer ([EOB])

LAST

Last line EDT was at in the previous buffer

WHOLE

Entire buffer

BEFORE

All lines in the buffer before the current line

REST

All lines in the buffer starting with the current line and ending
with the last line

The following examples demonstrate each range type just listed:
EXAMPLES

TYPE .

This command displays the current line.
~

TYPE 35

This command displays line 35.

2-23

Editing Files with EDT
2.3 Using Line Mode

TYPE December

This command displays the first line it encounters containing December.
~

TYPE BEGIN

This command displays the first line of the current buffer.
~

TYPE END

This command displays the [EOB] mark.
~

TYPE LAST

This command displays the most recent line of text you displayed. The LAST
specifier can only be used by itself; EDT does not accept LAST with other
range specifiers or symbols or with buffer names.

(ii

TYPE WHOLE

This command displays every line in the current buffer.
~

TYPE BEFORE

This command displays the group of lines in the current buffer starting with
the first line and ending with the line just before the current line.
~

TYPE REST

This command displays the group of lines in the current buffer starting with
the current line and ending with the last line in the buffer.
You can use the following symbols and words with the range types listed
above while editing in line mode:
Symbol/Word

Description

, or AND

Used to join noncontiguous ranges in a list; only
single lines can be joined in this way

: or THRU

Indicates a group of lines starting with the first
range specifier and ending with the second

Indicates the number of lines from the current line

#nor FOR n

Indicates the next "n" number of lines

+ "string" or "n"

Indicates that "string" or "n" refers to a line or
lines after the current line

- "string" or "n"

Indicates that "string" or "n" refers to a line or
lines before the current line

ALL "string" or "n"

Indicates that the command applies to all lines
containing "string"

The following examples demonstrate the symbols and words just listed:

2-24

Editing Files with EDT
2.3 Using Line Mode

EXAMPLES

TYPE 3,6,8

This command displays lines 3, 6, and 8.
~

DELETE 4 AND 13

This command deletes lines 4 and 13.
~

TYPE 25:Hartford

This command displays the group of lines starting with line number 25 and
ending with the line containing Hartford.
~

TYPE . THRU 150

This command displays all the lines in the group starting with the current line
and stopping with line number 150.
~

DELETE 4#3

This command deletes line 4 and the three lines following line 4.
~

TYPE . FOR 10

This command displays the current line and the next ten lines; the number 10
refers to the tenth line after the current line.

TYPE BEGIN +6

This command displays the seventh line of the current buffer.
~

DELETE -3 THRU .

This command deletes the current line and the three lines preceding it; the
number -3 refers to the third line before the current line.
~

TYPE "Dear"+2 THRU "Sincerely"-2

This command displays the body of the letter, starting with the first paragraph
and ending with the last.

il:J TYPE . THRU 1000 ALL "Date:"
This command displays every line containing the string "Date:" that appears
in the group of lines starting with the current line and ending with line
number 1000.

2.3.4

Deleting Text
You can delete individual lines or groups of lines by using the DELETE
command. After a delete operation, EDT displays the line following the last
line deleted; this line is the new current line.
Use the following syntax:
DELETE range

2-25

Editing Files with EDT
2.3 Using Line Mode

The following example demonstrates how to delete line 2 in a file named
FUN.DAT:
$ EDIT FUN. DAT

This is the first line of a file named FUN.DAT.

1
2

This is the first line of a file named FUN.DAT.
This is the second.
This is the third,
and the fourth.

*TYPE WHOLE

3
4

*DELETE 2
1 line deleted
3

This is the third,

*TYPE WHOLE
1

3
4

This is the first line of a file named FUN.DAT.
This is the third,
and the fourth.

*
If you enter the DELETE command and do not specify a range, EDT deletes
the current line.

When you delete a range of lines, EDT deletes the lines and displays a
message stating the number of lines deleted. The message is followed by a
display of the next line in the text buffer.
You can use the /QUERY qualifier if you want EDT to prompt you before
deleting each line of a specified range. The prompt is a question mark.
Answer the prompt with one of the following four responses:
•

Y (Yes) Delete this line.

•

N (No) Do not delete this line.

•

A (All) Delete all remaining lines in the specified range.

•

Q (Quit) Quit the delete operation.

You must enter one of these responses before EDT continues to the next line
or exits from the delete operation. The following example demonstrates the
/QUERY qualifier with the DELETE command:
*DELETE 7 THRU 13/QUERY ~
7
This is the first line of the range.

?N IBEJ

?Y IBEJ

This is the second line of the range.

1 line deleted
9
This is the third line.

?A IBEJ

5 lines deleted
14
This line is not in the range.

2-26

Editing Files with EDT
2.3 Using Line Mode

2.3.5

Substituting Text
When you want to substitute one string for another, use either the
SUBSTITUTE or SUBSTITUTE NEXT command. These are the only line
editing commands that can alter text within a line, as opposed to changing
the entire line. The SUBSTITUTE command operates on the current line or
on a specified range. It has the capacity to make a global substitution; that
is, you can replace every occurrence of one string with another by using
only one line-mode command. The SUBSTITUTE NEXT command makes a
substitution at the next occurrence of the string within the buffer.
The syntax for the SUBSTITUTE command is as follows:
SUBSTITUTE /old-string/new-string/[range] [/QUERY]

To substitute the string GOOD for BAD throughout a buffer, enter the linemode command SUBSTITUTE, followed by the old string and the new string.
Separate all three with the same delimiter. (A delimiter is a character that
marks the beginning or end of a string.) To apply the command to the
entire buffer, specify WHOLE as the range parameter. When the operation
completes, EDT supplies a message indicating how many substitutions were
made.
Enter the following text:
He felt bad. He had had a bad time in a bad part of
the city. How did he know that all the stores would
have bad merchandise. So, he had bad luck trying to
find the perfect gift. His stomach felt bad after a
bad lunch.

Enter the following command:
*SUBSTITUTE/BAD/GOOD/WHOLE

The resulting text will look like this:
He felt GOOD. He had had a GOOD time in a GOOD part of
the city. How did he know that all the stores would
have GOOD merchandise. So, he had GOOD luck trying to
find the perfect gift. His stomach felt GOOD after a
GOOD lunch.

Slashes are not the only characters you can use to delimit strings. Most
nonalphanumeric characters will work, as long as the delimiters are matched
and do not occur in either string. For example, the following command
substitutes the string A/3 for A/2 in the current line, using dollar signs ( $ )
as delimiters:
*SUBSTITUTE$A/2$A/3$
25
SIZE = A/3;
1 substitution

*
Note that a global substitution replaces all occurrences of the string, regardless
of case, diacritical marks, or surrounding characters. If you want EDT to
search for exact comparisons of case, enter the SET SEARCH command and
specify the parameter EXACT. (For information about the SET SEARCH
command, see the VAX EDT Reference Manual.)

2-27

Editing Files with EDT
2.3 Using Line Mode

If the search string occurs in the middle of a longer string, the substitution
will still be made. For instance, a global substitution of IN for AT would
change all words containing the string AT. (LATER would become LINER,
THAT would become THIN, SAT would become SIN, and so on.) To get EDT
to prompt you before each substitution, use the /QUERY qualifier with the
SUBSTITUTE command:
*SUBSTITUTE/ in I at /WHOLE/QUERY
1
He was in the point of no return.
?y
1
He was at the point of no return.
1 substitution

EDT prompts you for one of the following responses before each occurrence
of the search string:
Y-Yes, do the substitution
N-No, do not do the substitution
Q-Quit, terminate the command
A-All, do the rest of the substitutions without query

2.3.6

Moving Text from One Location to Another
You can use the MOVE and COPY commands to move one or more lines of
text from one place to another. The effect of these commands is similar; the
only difference is that the COPY command does not delete the text from its
original location, whereas the MOVE command does.
The syntax for the MOVE command is as follows:
MOVE first range TO second range/QUERY

When you use the MOVE command, EDT moves the lines in the first range
above the line in the second range. EDT deletes the original copy of the text.
For example, if you want to move lines 43 through 56 to above line 13, enter
the following command:
*MOVE 43 THRU 56 TO 13

In the following example, EDT moves the current line to above line 65:
*MOVE TO 65 lliEI]

The second range always refers to a single line. EDT inserts the line or lines
specified by the first range just above the line specified by the second range.
The lines that are moved are renumbered to be consistent with their new
location.
You can use the /QUERY qualifier with the MOVE and COPY commands
to verify each line to be inserted in the range. (See Section 2.3 for more
information about the /QUERY qualifier.)
Use the following COPY command to copy text without deleting the original
text:
COPY first-range TO second-range/QUERY/DUPLICATE:n

When you use the COPY command, EDT copies the lines in the first range
to a location above the line in the second range. For example, if you want to
copy lines 16 through 24 to above line 3, enter the following command:
*COPY 16 THRU 24 TO 3

2-28

Editing Files with EDT
2.3 Using Line Mode

In the following example, EDT copies lines 15 through 60 to the position just
before line 95.
*COPY 15 THRU 60 TO 95

You can use the /DUPLICATE qualifier with the COPY command if you want
to insert the range of text more than once. In the following example, EDT
copies the first line and places it just above line 65. This operation is repeated
9 times.
*COPY BEGIN TO 65/DUPLICATE:9
1 line copied 9 times

2.3.7

Replacing Text
The REPLACE command combines the DELETE and INSERT functions in one
command. You can use REPLACE when you need to delete a block of text
and want to type new text in that same location. The syntax of the REPLACE
command is as follows:
REPLACE range

~ text

ICTRL/Z I

When you use the REPLACE command, EDT deletes the line or lines specified
by the range. As with the DELETE command, EDT prints a message telling
you how many lines you have removed.
If you supply no specifiers with the command, EDT deletes the current line.

As soon as EDT finishes deleting the specified line or lines, it shifts to the
insert state. (The cursor moves to the right, just as it does when you enter the
INSERT command.)
Anything you type after pressing RETURN is inserted. When you finish
typing the new text, press CTRL/Z to signal EDT that you want to return to
the asterisk prompt ( * ).
The following REPLACE command deletes the current line and shifts to the
insert state:
*TYPE .
17
This is the current line.
*REPLACE
1 line deleted
I have just deleted the current line and
am adding new lines to my text. <CTRL/Z>
18
This is the next line.
flYPE 16 THRU 18
16
This is the line before the current line.
16.1
I have just deleted the current line and
16.2
am adding new lines to my text.
18
This is the next line.

2-29

Editing Files with EDT
2.4 Using Nokeypad Mode

2.4

Using Nokeypad Mode
You can use nokeypad editing on VT300-series, VT200-series, VTlOO-series,
and VT52 terminals.
The commands you use in nokeypad editing are English words or
abbreviations that you enter from the main keyboard to move the cursor
and edit text. As you type nokeypad commands, they are displayed on the
lower left portion of the screen. As in line mode, you press RETURN to
process the commands. You can join several commands on a single line and
process all of them by pressing RETURN. Note the following characteristics
of the cursor in nokeypad mode:
•

The cursor is at the top of the screen when you enter nokeypad mode.

•

You can move the cursor by using the arrow keys.

•

When you do not specify a range with your nokeypad command, you can
affect the text at the cursor.

When you type two commands on the same line, such as 3W D-C, you have
the option of separating them with a space (for the sake of clarity), even
though EDT does not require one.
Nokeypad commands can be used to define keys for keypad mode editing.
See the VAX EDT Reference Manual for information on using nokeypad mode.

2.5

Modifying an EDT Environment
EDT provides many tools for modifying your own EDT environment. You
can change the appearance of your screen display, the behavior of lines of text
as you insert them, and the mode in which you are working. The following
section discusses some of the SET commands provided by EDT. See the VAX
EDT Reference Manual for descriptions of all the available SET commands.

2.5.1

Using SET Commands
You can use the SET commands to change the way EDT works. Some SET
commands affect the display of text on your screen. For example, you can
specify the number of lines you want displayed (SET LINES number) and
whether or not the lines have line numbers (SET [NO]NUMBERS). You can
also specify that EDT make an exact search (SET SEARCH EXACT).
By default, your screen contains 22 lines. If you want to decrease the screen
display to 5 lines, enter the command SET LINES 5. If you are editing at slow
data rates, you can increase your editing speed by decreasing the number of
lines displayed on your screen.
When you are working in line mode, EDT displays line numbers by default.
If you do not want the numbers to appear on the screen or paper, enter the

command SET NONUMBERS.
By default, when you press the GOLD key followed by the FIND key, EDT
searches for the specified string, disregarding the case of letters. For example,
if you enter the search string course, EDT finds every occurrence of the word
(for example, course, Course, COURSE). But, when you enter SET SEARCH

2-30

Editing Files with EDT
2.5 Modifying an EDT Environment

EXACT, EDT only finds occurrences of the word that exactly match the
specified string (course).
You can use the following line-mode commands to enter one of the other
modes:
SET KEYPAD
SET NOKEYPAD
In a startup command file, you would use the following SET commands to
determine your own default editing mode:
SET MODE LINE
SET MODE CHANGE
For example, to enter nokeypad mode from keypad mode, enter the following
command after pressing GOLD/COMMAND:
Command: SET NOKEYPAD

One SET command, SET QUIET, even controls the sound of your terminal.
You can use this command to suppress the terminal bell that signals an error.

2.5.2

Using SHOW Commands to See What Is Set
EDT provides the SHOW commands to enable you to see what is set and
what is not set. For every SET command there is a SHOW command. If
you want to see the number of lines on your screen, enter the SHOW LINES
command. If you want to see whether EDT is performing an exact search,
enter the SHOW SEARCH command.
For example, if you want to check the number of lines displayed on your
screen, enter the following command:
*SHOW LINES
22

Or, if you want to see whether line numbers will be displayed in line mode,
enter the following command:
*SHOW NUMBERS
numbers

The following table lists the SET commands discussed so far along with their
corresponding SHOW commands:
SET Command

SHOW Command

SET KEYPAD
SET NOKEYP AD

SHOW KEYPAD

SET LINES

SHOW LINES

SET MODE LINE
SET MODE CHANGE

SHOW MODE

SET NUMBERS
SET NONUMBERS

SHOW NUMBERS

2-31

Editing Files with EDT
2.5 Modifying an EDT Environment

SET Command

SHOW Command

SET QUIET
SET NOQUIET

SHOW QUIET

SET SCREEN

SHOW SCREEN

SET TRUNCATE
SET NOTRUNCA TE

SHOW TRUNCATE

SET WRAP
SET NOWRAP

SHOW WRAP

For a complete list of the SHOW commands provided by EDT, see the VAX
EDT Reference Manual.

2.6

Using Buffers
Buffers are temporary holding areas for text. They enable you to work with
more than one file at a time. You can use the buffers available in EDT to do
the following:
•

Divide one or more files into sections

•

Move part or all of another file into your editing session

•

Create a file from part or all of the text in a buffer

When you start an editing session, EDT automatically provides a buffer called
MAIN. The MAIN buffer serves as the work area for text you insert and edit.
If you are editing a file that already exists, EDT puts a copy of the contents of
the file into this MAIN buffer.
The MAIN buffer has the following characteristics:
•

MAIN is provided automatically when you invoke EDT.

•

MAIN exists during your entire editing session.

•

MAIN cannot be deleted. (Only the contents, not the name, of this buffer
can be deleted.)

The other buffer that EDT provides automatically is called the PASTE buffer.
When you use the CUT keypad function, the deleted text goes into the
PASTE buffer. Every time you perform a new CUT operation, EDT clears the
PASTE buffer and replaces its contents with the newly deleted text.
The PASTE buffer has the following characteristics:

2-32

•

The PASTE buffer is provided automatically when you begin your editing
session.

•

The PASTE buffer can be edited.

•

The PASTE buffer can be loaded with the contents of another file. (Use
the INCLUDE command.)

•

The PASTE buffer cannot be deleted. (Only the contents, not the name,
of this buffer can be deleted.)

Editing Files with EDT
2.6 Using Buffers

2.6.1

Viewing Existing Buffers
If you want to see a list of the buffers in your editing session, enter the linemode command SHOW BUFFER. If you are working in your MAIN buffer

and you have not used the CUT command or created any new buffers, you
get the following display:
=MAIN
PASTE

23
no

lines
lines

(The number of lines, 23, used in this example is arbitrary.)
These two buffers, MAIN and PASTE, are always displayed when you enter
the SHOW BUFFER command because they always exist and you cannot
delete them.
If you have just used the CUT and PASTE commands to move three lines of

text and you enter the SHOW BUFFER command again, the display indicates
those three lines in the PASTE buffer:
=MAIN
PASTE

20
3

lines
lines

The current buffer (the buffer in which you are working) is preceded by
an equal sign. In the example above, MAIN is the current buffer. If you
cannot remember which buffer you are working in, enter the SHOW BUFFER
command.
Sometimes you will notice an asterisk ( *) following the line count for the
MAIN buffer. This asterisk indicates that EDT has not had a chance to read
through the entire input file and has seen only as many lines as are indicated.

2.6.2

Creating Buffers
To create a buffer from keypad mode, press the GOLD key, followed by the
COMMAND function. When EDT prompts you with Command:, enter the
FIND command, then an equal sign followed immediately by the buffer name
of your choice. A buffer name can contain any alphanumeric characters, but
it must begin with a letter. The only punctuation character you can use in a
buffer name is an underscore.
To create a buffer named BIRD, enter the following line after the command
prompt:
Command: FIND=BIRD

When you enter this command, the screen clears except for the [EOB] symbol,
indicating that the current buffer, BIRD, is empty. After you press RETURN,
you can insert and edit text just as you would in the MAIN buffer.
To create a buffer from line mode, enter the FIND command, an equal sign,
and the buffer name after the asterisk prompt. For example:
*FIND=BIRD

To return to the MAIN buffer, type FIND=MAIN. The buffer named BIRD
remains intact until you exit from the file, when only the MAIN buffer is
saved.

2-33

Editing Files with EDT
2.6 Using Buffers

You can also create a buffer during a MOVE operation. For example, to
move lines 1 through 17 to a new buffer named AINGE, enter the following
line-mode command:
*MOVE 1:17 TO =AINGE

2.6.3

Deleting Buffers
Use the line-mode command CLEAR to delete buffers during an editing
session. For example, to delete a buffer named WALTON, type the following
command:
*CLEAR WALTON

You cannot delete the buffers MAIN and PASTE, only their contents. If
you enter the command CLEAR MAIN, the contents of your MAIN buffer
disappear, but the buffer name remains. When you exit from EDT, the
contents of all the existing buffers, except MAIN, are deleted.

2.6.4

Copying Text from One Buffer to Another Buffer
To copy text from one buffer to another, enter the COPY command. For
example, to copy the contents of a buffer named BIRD to a buffer named
PARISH, enter the following command:
*COPY =BIRD TO =PARISH

When you complete this operation, the current buffer will be PARISH.

2.6.5

Copying Text from a File Into a Buffer
To copy text from a file outside of EDT into a buffer, use the INCLUDE
command. For example, to copy the contents of a file named JOHNSON.DAT
to your MAIN buffer, type the following command:
*INCLUDE JOHNSON.DAT =MAIN

2.6.6

Copying Text from a Buffer to a File
To copy text from a buffer to a file, use the WRITE command. You can use
this command to copy text to a new file without affecting your editing session.
For example, the following command puts a copy of lines 23 through the end
of the current buffer into a file that you name MCHALE.DAT:
*WRITE MCHALE.DAT 23:END

2-34

Editing Files with EDT
2.6 Using Buffers

The following table lists the three commands you need to copy text between
buffers and external files:

2. 7

Direction

Command

One buffer to another

* COPY =other_buffer TO =buffer

External file to buffer

* INCLUDE alien_file.typ =buffer

Buffer to external file

* WRITE alien_file.typ n:n

Recovering a Lost Editing Session
While you are editing or inserting text, EDT is keeping track of every
keystroke you enter at your terminal. EDT records this information in a
file called a journal file. Unless you specify otherwise, this journal file is
deleted as soon as you enter the EXIT or QUIT command. However, when
you experience a system interruption, the journal file is not deleted.
The journal file does not contain a version of your text. Rather, it contains a
record of the keystrokes you entered during the session. By combining the
journal file with the text that you had at the beginning of your session, you
can recover your session to a point just before the interruption.

Note: Sometimes, the last few keystrokes are missing. This is normal. No work
from earlier in your session will be omitted.
The following command line demonstrates how to recover a file named
TRAVEL.SDML after the editing session has been interrupted:
$ EDIT/RECOVER TRAVEL.SDML

When you work with journal files, you will notice that they have a file type of
JOU. The file name is the same as the file you were editing. The journal file
for TRAVEL.SDML is TRAVEL.JOU. And, the journal file for ASCONA.LIS is
ASCONA.JOU.
To recover an editing session you had begun with the command EDIT
JONES.DAT, enter the following command line:
$ EDIT/RECOVER JONES.DAT

Notice that you enter the name of the file you were editing, not the name of
the journal file. If you enter the JOU file type, you edit the journal file. After
you enter the EDIT /RECOVER command, EDT replays the editing session.
When it finishes, you can continue editing.
You can start an editing session and interrupt it to see how the /RECOVER
qualifier works with the following steps:
1

Invoke EDT to create a file named NBA.FUN.

Insert text into NBA.FUN and perform a number of edits.

Press CTRL/Y to end the editing session abruptly. (You will be at the
DCL command level at this point.)

Enter the DCL command DIRECTORY to see the newly created journal
file (NBA.JOU).

2-35

Editing Files with EDT
2. 7 Recovering a Lost Editing Session

Invoke EDT again, using the /RECOVER qualifier to recover your lost
session, by entering the command line:
$ EDIT/RECOVER NBA.FUN

2.8

Be sure that your last few keystrokes were recovered and continue to edit
the file. Then enter the EXIT or QUIT command to terminate your editing
session.

Enter the DCL command DIRECTORY again. The journal file, NBA.JOU,
is not there because you have exited normally from EDT.

Creating Columns and Layered Text
You can use EDT's tabbing facility in keypad mode to format text in two
ways: in columns of eight and in layers.

2.8.1

Creating Columns of Eight
EDT has automatic tabs set for columns eight characters wide. Therefore,
when you press TAB, your text moves to the nearest preset tab stop: column
9, 17, 25, 33, 41, 49, and so on. TAB always moves your text to the right
regardless of EDT's current direction. If you want to move text back toward
the left margin, use the DELETE key.
The following example demonstrates how to use TAB. Enter the following
lines of text:
Tab each word in this sentence?
Tab each word in this sentence?
Tab each word in this sentence?

Move the cursor to the first letter of the first word and press TAB. Then move
the cursor to the first letter of the second word and press TAB; then, to the
third word and press TAB, and so on. When you are done, the sentences look
as follows:
Tab
Tab
Tab

each
each
each

word
word
word

in
in
in

this
this
this

sentence?
sentence?
sentence?

The words are organized in columns of eight characters. As long as you want
to arrange text in columns of eight, you can use TAB.

2.8.2

Creating Layers of Text
If you have layered text, such as an outline, you can use the line mode
command SET TAB along with the TAB key to format the lines. When you
enter the SET TAB command and specify a value (for example, 15), you can
tab your first item over 15 spaces by pressing TAB. The following example
shows a list of colors:
red
green
beige
blue
white

2-36

Editing Files with EDT
2.8 Creating Columns and Layered Text

After you enter the following line mode command, move the cursor to the
first letter of each word in your list of colors and press TAB:
*SET TAB 15

Your tabbed list is shown below:
red
green
beige
blue
white

The two most important things to remember when you are using SET TAB
are the following:
•

The SET TAB value only affects the first indentation on a line.

•

The cursor must be at the left edge of the screen on the line being moved.

To format an outline, use the line-mode command SET TAB along with the
keys CTRL/E, CTRL/D, and TAB to change the indentation level of your
lines.
Enter the SET TAB command to set the indentation level. After you enter
the SET TAB command, you can move the first line to be indented to the
first indentation level by pressing TAB. To move a line of text to the second
indentation level, press CTRL/E. Then press TAB to actually move the line of
text. You increase the indentation level of the text by pressing CTRL/E, and
you move the text to the desired level by pressing TAB.
For example, enter the command SET TAB 10, press TAB, and type the word
TEN. Press RETURN. Then press CTRL/E, followed by TAB, and type the
word TWENTY. Press RETURN. Next, press CTRL/E again, TAB, and type
the word THIRTY. Press RETURN. Finally, press CTRL/E, TAB, and type the
word FORTY. Your display will look as follows:
TEN
TWENTY
THIRTY
FORTY

Figure 2-5 shows the keys TAB and CTRL/E with their corresponding
indentation levels.

2-37

Editing Files with EDT
2.8 Creating Columns and Layered Text

Figure 2-5

Using CTRL/E to Increase the Indentation Level

FIRST
INDENTATION
LEVEL

CTRL/E

SECOND

i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 INDENTATION
TAB

LEVEL

CTRL/E
THIRD

CTRL/E

1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 INDENTATION
LEVEL

TAB

ZK-1262-83

Use CTRL/D to select the next lower indentation level. CTRL/D does the
opposite of CTRL/E. It lowers the indentation level count by the value of
SET TAB. It does not move text back toward the left margin; rather, it reduces
the number of spaces that text is moved to the right.
Figure 2-6 shows the keys TAB and CTRL/D with their corresponding
indentation levels.

2-38

Editing Files with EDT
2.8 Creating Columns and Layered Text

Figure 2-6

Using CTRL/D to Decrease the Indentation Level

CTRL/D
THIRD
INDENTATION
LEVEL

CTRL/D
+

TAB

CTRL/D

SECOND
INDENTATION
LEVEL

TAB

FIRST
INDENTATION
LEVEL

TAB

ZK-1263-83

The following sampling shows part of an outline before you indent the lines:
I.

A.
B.
1C.
IL

Now perform the following steps:
1

Choose the number of spaces you want to indent (for example, 5).

Enter the SET TAB command followed by that number.

Move the cursor to the Roman numeral I and press TAB.

Move the cursor to the letter A, press CTRL/E, and press TAB.

Move the cursor to the letter Band press TAB.

Move the cursor to the number 1, press CTRL/E, and press TAB.

Move the cursor to the letter C, press CTRL/D, and press TAB.

Move the cursor to the Roman numeral II, press CTRL/D, and press TAB.

The outline is now formatted as follows:
A.
B.
1.
C.

II.

2-39

Editing Files with EDT
2.8 Creating Columns and Layered Text

The following shows a longer outline and the tabbing keys you press
to create it:
Malcolm's Family Tree
I. Malcolm
lcrRL/EI + ~

A. Ian
B. Tatiana

c. Lars
lcrRL/EI + ~

Stephanie

Brian

@fil
I CTRL/D I + I CTRL/D I + ~

II.Frederick
ICTRL/El + ~

A. Louis
lcrRL/El + ~

Elsa

ICTRL/D I + I CTRL/D I + ~
III .Louisa
lcrRL/EI + ~

A. Jeffrey
B. Andrew
lcrRL/DI + ~

IV.Sonya
lCTRL/EI + ~

A. Beth
B. Celia
C. Franklin
lcrRL/EI + ~

1. Martin
a) Stephan
I CTRL/D I + I CTRL/D I +

D. Martha

Note: Only two keypad tabbing functions actually move text: TAB and
CTRL/T. The remaining three functions (CTRL/A, CTRL/D, and
CTRL/E) determine the effect that the first two have on your text.
CTRL/ A and CTRL/T are discussed in the following sections.

2-40

Editing Files with EDT
2.8 Creating Columns and Layered Text

2.8.3

Using CTRL/ A to Indent Text
You can use CTRL/ A to move a line of text to more than one indentation
level without having to enter repeated tab increments (CTRL/E). There are
three steps to the process:
1

Enter a SET TAB command, specifying a value.

Move the cursor to one of the indentation levels. The indentation level
must be a character position that is a multiple of the value you specified
with SET TAB. For example, you could move the cursor to 20 or 25 if the
tab size is 5.

Press CTRL/ A.

Once you choose the indentation level you want, and establish the position
with CTRL/ A, you can use TAB to indent the line of text to that place.
If you want to indent text to a different indentation level after establishing a

position with CTRL/ A, you can either use CTRL/ A again to reset the position
or use CTRL/E and CTRL/D to adjust the indentation level up or down.

Note: If the cursor position is not evenly divisible by the SET TAB value when
you press CTRL/ A, EDT displays the message Could not align tabs with
cursor.

2.8.4

Using CTRL/T to Indent Groups of Lines of Text
Use CTRL/T to indent groups of lines using the current SET TAB value.
The CTRL/T function is similar to CTRL/ A, CTRL/D, and CTRL/E in the
following ways:
•

CTRL/T has no effect unless you have specified a value with the SET
TAB command.

•

CTRL/T moves entire lines of text.

On the other hand, CTRL/T differs from these other CTRL tabbing functions
in the following ways:
•

When you press CTRL/T, you do not press TAB to make the block of text
move to the right. The text moves automatically.

•

The block of text is indented only the amount of the value established
with the SET TAB command, without regard to the current indentation
level.

To allow CTRL/T to work correctly in EDT, you must disable DCL control
over CTRL/T. By default, DCL displays process statistics when you press
CTRL/T. To disable DCL control, enter the following command at the DCL
command level:
$ SET NOCONTROL=T

To indent text using CTRL/T, use the SELECT command to choose a range
of lines, and then press CTRL/T. EDT indents the range of lines only to the
current SET TAB value. To indent text by multiples of the SET TAB value,
use the GOLD repeat function described in Section 2.2.2.

2-41

Editing Files with EDT
2.8 Creating Columns and Layered Text

Note: All the functions, except for TAB, require that a SET TAB value be
established for your editing session. EDT's default is SET NOTAB. As
long as NOT AB is in effect, pressing CTRL/ A, CTRL/D, CTRL/E, or
CTRL/T has no effect on the text you are editing.

2.8.5

Looking at the Indentation Level
Use the SHOW TAB command to see the value specified with the SET TAB
command and the current indentation level. For example, if you set your tab
size to 15 and press CTRL/E twice, EDT displays the following information
when you enter the SHOW TAB command:
*SHOW TAB
tab size 15; tab level 3

For more information on the SHOW TAB command, see the VAX EDT
Reference Manual.

2.9

Defining Keys
When you define or redefine a key, you change the function of that key. You
can use combinations of nokeypad commands or existing keypad functions to
dictate what a key does.
Some advantages of defining keys are as follows:

2.9.1

•

You can take advantage of different entities available in nokeypad mode.
For example, you can define keys to delete sentences, paragraphs, and
pages.

•

You can combine several nokeypad commands into one key definition.
For example, you can define a key to find a word, delete it, and substitute
several words in its place.

•

You can access nokeypad commands that do not exist in keypad editing,
such as SHL, SHR, CHGL, CHGU, and DATE.

Definition Procedure
EDT provides two commands to define keys: CTRL/K and DEFINE KEY. The
line-mode command DEFINE KEY allows you to put key definitions in startup
command files and EDT macros, as well as to create key definitions during
your EDT session. You can only use CTRL/K when working in keypad mode.

2.9.1.1

2-42

Using CTRL/K to Define a Key
To define a key in keypad mode, do the following:

Press CTRL/K.

Press the key (or key sequence) you want to define (for example,
GOLD/ A or CTRL/H).

Type in the key definition. (Either enter a string of nokeypad commands
or press a sequence of keypad function keys, or both.)

Editing Files with EDT
2.9 Defining Keys

Type a period.

Press the ENTER key.

To define keys, you need to be familiar with nokeypad commands. See the
VAX EDT Reference Manual for more information.
The following example uses D and SEN. D is the delete command and SEN
refers to a string of characters (a sentence) enclosed by delimiters. This
example defines CTRL/ A to delete the sentence at your cursor.
!CTRL/Kl

Press the key you wish to define
lCTRL/Al

Now enter the definition terminated by ENTER
DSEN . IENTER I

The following example demonstrates how to define a key in keypad mode to
draw a vertical line:
lCTRL/Kl

Press the key you wish to define
jcTRL/Vl

Now enter the definition terminated by ENTER

22(+v11-z) ./ENTER/

In this example, CTRL/K tells EDT to define the key combination CTRL/V.
The number 22 tells EDT to execute the commands in the parentheses 22
times. The definition for the Down arrow is +V. The command I I tells
EDT to put the vertical bar character into your text. The insert command is
terminated by "Z. The period ensures that the command will take effect as
soon as you press the key.

Note: The "Z is typed as a circumflex followed by the letter Z.
2.9.1.2

Using the DEFINE KEY Command
The DEFINE KEY command allows you to assign a different command to a
key or assign a string of text to a key. To assign a command to a key, use the
following syntax with the DEFINE KEY command:
DEFINE KEY key name AS "command(s). 11

Key name is the name of the key or its keypad number, for example, DEFINE
KEY GOLD F or DEFINE KEY 3. (See Figure 2-1 for keypad diagrams
showing key names and keypad numbers. Note that you use the small
number in the lower right corner on the keypad diagram. For example, you
would use the number 11 to redefine keypad key PF3.) Type the command(s),
which is the actual definition, completely in nokeypad syntax. Follow the
nokeypad commands with a period and enclose the definition (and the
period) in quotation marks or apostrophes.
Note: To use a key you have defined with the DEFINE KEY command, you must
be in keypad mode. To enter keypad mode, see Section 2.1.4.
The steps for defining a key using the DEFINE KEY command are outlined
below:
1

Enter line mode. (See Section 2.1.4 if you need help.)

Enter the DEFINE KEY command.

2-43

Editing Files with EDT
2.9 Defining Keys

Type the key name you want to define followed by the word AS (for
example, DEFINE KEY CONTROL B AS ... ).

Enter a string of nokeypad commands followed by a period. Enclose
the string and the period in quotation marks (for example, DEFINE KEY
CONTROL B AS D+NL.).

Press RETURN.

Exit line mode. (See Section 2.1.4 if you need help.)

To assign a string of text to a key, use the following syntax with the DEFINE
KEY command:
DEFINE KEY key-name AS "!Insert your text here. -z. 11

In this example, the command to insert text is enclosed in quotation marks.
The following components are in the quotation marks:
•

The INSERT command (I).

•

Text to be inserted.

•

"Z (to complete the insertion). Remember to enter the "Z by typing the
circumflex followed by the letter Z.

•

A period to enable the command to take effect as soon as you press the

key.
When you use the DEFINE KEY command to define CTRL keys, for example
CTRL/ A, type the word CONTROL:
DEFINE KEY CONTROL A AS "command."

When you want to define the GOLD key, for example GOLD 5, type the
word GOLD:
DEFINE KEY GOLD 5 AS "command."

When you want to redefine a function key on the LK201 keyboard, type the
word FUNCTION, as in the following example:
DEFINE KEY FUNCTION 29 AS "command."

To create key definitions, you can consolidate several keypad functions into
one key definition. The following table lists the key names you use when you
define keys:

2-44

Key name

VT100

VT52

LK201

PF1

red key

PF1

PF2

blue key

PF2

PF3

black key

PF3

PF4

0-9

keypad 0-9

16
19
18

PF4
keypad 0-9

keypad 0-9

period key

comma key

minus key

Editing Files with EDT
2.9 Defining Keys

Key name

VT100

VT52

LK201

ENTER key

FUNCTION 1

Find

FUNCTION 2

Insert Here

FUNCTION 3

Remove

FUNCTION 4

Select

FUNCTION 5

Previous Screen

FUNCTION 6

Next Screen

FUNCTION 28

Help

FUNCTION 29

You can combine keypad functions to correct typing errors. For example, to
correct reversed letters, you delete a character, press the Right arrow key,
and undelete the character. Suppose you type the word social as oscial. You
would move the cursor to the o, delete it, press the Right arrow key to move
the cursor to the c, and undelete the o. The following table displays these
steps translated into nokeypad commands:
Function

Nokeypad Commands

delete a character

D+C

move cursor one character to the right

undelete a character

UNDC

To define CTRL/R to do all three commands at once (thus saving you
keystrokes), enter the following line:
*DEFINE KEY CONTROL RAS "D+C +C UNDC. 11

Now, when you press CTRL/R, EDT will reverse the two characters at the
cursor.

2.9.2

Which Keys Can Be Defined
You can define all keypad keys, all function keys, and GOLD with either a
keypad key or a function key.
DEFINE KEY 8 AS "command."
DEFINE KEY GOLD 8 AS "command."
DEFINE KEY FUNCTION 34 AS "command."

You can define GOLD /keyboard keys. A GOLD /keyboard key refers to the
combination of GOLD with a key on the main keyboard.
DEFINE KEY GOLD A AS "command."

When you define a GOLD /keyboard key sequence, enclose the following
symbols within quotation marks (except for quotation marks, which you must
enclose within apostrophes):
exclamation point ( ! )
percent sign ( % )

2-45

Editing Files with EDT
2.9 Defining Keys

apostrophe ( ' )
quotation marks ( ")
For example, you can define the following GOLD sequence to exit from EDT
in one step, without having to press several keys and type EXIT:
*DEFINE KEY GOLD "!" AS "EXT EXIT"

You can also define keys using the control key (CTRL) with letter keys as
well as with brackets ([ ]), a backslash ( \ ), a tilde ( "'), a circumflex (" ), and
an underscore(_).
DEFINE KEY CONTROL A AS "command."
DEFINE KEY CONTROL] AS "command."

You can also define GOLD CONTROL keys (for example, DEFINE KEY
GOLD CONTROL AS command). When you use GOLD and CONTROL,
press the GOLD key first, then hold down the CTRL key while you press the
keyboard key.
Do not define the following key combinations:
CTRL/C
CTRL/O
CTRL/Q
CTRL/S
CTRL/T (unless you SET NOCONTROL=T)
CTRL/X
CTRL/Y
GOLD/CTRL/C
GOLD/CTRL/O
GOLD/CTRL/Q
GOLD /CTRL/S
GOLD/CTRL/X
GOLD/CTRL/Y
GOLD/digit (keyboard keys 0 through 9)
GOLD /minus sign ( - )
You can redefine the following key combinations, but be aware of their
default functions:
CTRL/H (BACKSPACE)
CTRL/I (TAB)
CTRL/J (LINEFEED)
CTRL/M (RETURN)

2.9.3

Saving Key Definitions
Once you define a key, it stays defined throughout your editing session until
you EXIT, QUIT, or redefine the key. You can save key definitions, however,
by including them in your startup command file or in a macro file. The
following is a sample section from a startup command file:
DEFINE KEY CONTROL RAS "EXT INCLUDE ?'INCLUDE FILE: '. 11 0
DEFINE KEY CONTROL G AS "EXT FIND=MAIN. 11 8
DEFINE KEY CONTROL L AS "EXT EXIT. 11 0
DEFINE KEY CONTROL N AS "EXT QUIT. 11 8

2-46

Editing Files with EDT
2. 9 Defining Keys

When you press:

CTRL/R, EDT prompts you for a file to include.

CTRL/G, EDT puts you at the top of the MAIN buffer.

CTRL/L, EDT exits your editing session.

CTRL/N, EDT quits your editing session.

See Section 2.11 for more information about saving key definitions in startup
command files.

2.10

Using Macros
EDT allows you to define a series of line-mode commands as a macro. The
following sections explain how and why you would want to do this.

2.10.1

Introduction
A macro is a sequence of line-mode commands that you can execute when
you type the macro name. You use the DEFINE MACRO command to add
the macro name to the list of valid line-mode commands for the duration of
your editing session.

2.10.2 Creating a Macro
To create a macro, assign a name-for example, CONCERTS-with the
DEFINE MACRO command:
*DEFINE MACRO CONCERTS

Next, enter a buffer of the same name:
*FIND=CONCERTS

Then, type the list of line-mode commands; in this case, use the INSERT
command to create a list of dates. Type the INSERT command followed by
the semicolon, one space, and then the text to be inserted. End the list with
CTRL/Z to invoke the line-mode prompt. (To return to the current line in the
MAIN buffer, enter the FIND=MAIN command.)
*INSERT

-z

INSERT; February 11, 1988
INSERT; May 2, 1988
INSERT; December 9, 1988
INSERT; January 20, 1989
INSERT; March 20, 1989
INSERT; April 7, 1989
INSERT; August 25, 1990

[EOB]
*FIND= MAIN

2-47

Editing Files with EDT
2.10 Using Macros

EDT executes that series of commands whenever you type the name of the
macro as a line command, as shown in the following example:
*CONCERTS
*TYPE WHOLE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

February 11, 1988
May 2, 1988
December 9, 1988
January 20, 1989
March 20, 1989
April 7, 1989
August 25, 1990

2.10.3 Macro Functions
Although macros can contain only line-mode commands, they are able to
perform a variety of functions, including the following:
•

Macros can contain SET commands to tailor your editing session.

•

Macros can contain a series of line-mode commands.

•

Macros can contain a series of key definitions.

•

Macros can define other macros or call up macros from external files.

2.10.4 Comparing Macros to Startup Command Files
Both macros and startup command files contain line-mode commands, but
macros are more flexible. A startup command file (see Section 2.11) is
executed once at the beginning of an editing session. But, you can create and
access many different macros containing different sets of commands during
one editing session just by typing the macro name.

2.10.5 Saving Macros
Macros can be created at any time during your editing session and can be
used for the remainder of the session. Since they are located in buffers, they
disappear as soon as you leave EDT. If you create a macro that you want to
save for other EDT sessions, you can use the EDT command WRITE to put a
copy of the macro in an external file. When you need that macro again, use
the INCLUDE command to copy the macro into a buffer and then establish
the macro name as a command with the DEFINE MACRO command.
The following example illustrates this process:

2-48

Editing Files with EDT
2.10 Using Macros

$ EDIT FUN. FUN
*DEFINE MACRO HEADING .,
*FIND=HEADING fJ
*INSERT
INSERT; Name: C)
INSERT; Address:
INSERT; Number:
INSERT; Date:

-z

[EOB]
*WRITE HEADING.MAC 8
DISK$: [HARTWELL]HEADING.MAC;1 4 lines
*EXIT

$ EDIT WHY. NOT
*HEADING 0
Unrecognized command
*FIND=HEADING
*INCLUDE HEADING.MAC (!)
*DEFINE MACRO HEADING f)
*FIND=MAIN (D
*HEADING 0
*TYPE WHOLE
Name:
Address:
Number:
Date:

., The DEFINE MACRO command makes HEADING a valid line-mode
command.

You enter a buffer named HEADING.

You use four INSERT commands to create the text you want to use.

e The WRITE command puts a copy of the macro in an external file.
0

In a new editing session, EDT does not recognize the macro named
HEADING until you define the macro with the DEFINE MACRO
command.

The INCLUDE command brings the macro in from an outside file and
puts it in the buffer named HEADING.

The DEFINE MACRO command makes HEADING a valid line-mode
command.

G You return to the MAIN buffer. (You must leave the buffer containing
the macro before you use the macro as a line-mode command.)

The HEADING command now functions as a line-mode command.

Note: Macros override line-mode commands. If you create a macro with the
same name as an existing line-mode command, EDT performs the macro,
not the line-mode command. As long as the macro is in effect, it overrides
the default line-mode command. If you need to reestablish the default
use of the line-mode command, use the CLEAR command to eliminate the
buffer with the same name.

2-49

Editing Files with EDT
2.10 Using Macros

2.10.6 Including Specifiers in a Macro
When you use line-mode commands that take specifiers, you must include
the appropriate specifier in the macro text. For example, if you create a macro
that includes a substitute command, you must supply the strings for EDT to
use with that command.
You cannot use the SUBSTITUTE command in a macro and expect to enter
the strings after typing the macro name.
The same rule applies when you use a command like TYPE in your macro. If
you want to have a command that automatically types the current line and
the next 9 lines, you can create the macro XTYPE to be:
TYPE . THRU +9

You cannot, however, create a command that lets you choose the number of
lines to type and allows you to enter the final digit from the terminal.

2.11

Startup Command Files
A startup command file contains EDT line-mode commands that are executed
when you invoke EDT-before you receive control of the editor. You can
use startup command files to customize your EDT sessions. You can create
startup command files in either your current or main directory. Some of the
line-mode commands that a startup command file might contain are:
•

DEFINE KEY commands-To redefine the function invoked by a function
key, a keypad key, or a control character while you are editing in keypad
mode.

•

DEFINE MACRO commands-To associate a name with a sequence of
line editing commands stored in a text buffer. You can then invoke the
sequence by entering the macro name in response to the line editing
asterisk prompt.

•

INCLUDE commands-To bring text from a file into a text buffer. You
might use them to load macros into a buffer, or to fill a buffer with text
that you often use.

•

SET commands-To establish EDT operating parameters. For example,
SET TAB establishes the increment for structured tabs, and SET MODE
CHANGE invokes keypad mode.

When you begin an editing session, EDT automatically searches your current
directory for a startup command file named EDTINI.EDT. EDT then processes
the commands in that file before giving control to you. For example, if you
create an EDTINI.EDT file and include the following line-mode commands,
EDT automatically executes these commands the next time you invoke EDT:
$ EDIT EDTINI. EDT~ 0
Input file does not exist
[EOB]
*INSERT~

SET QUIET~ f.)
SET NONUMBERS ~ f)
JCTRL/Zl

*EXIT
$ EDIT LIST.DAT ~

0
2-50

EDT is invoked to create the file named EDTINI.EDT.

Editing Files with EDT
2. 11 Startup Command Files

SET QUIET suppresses the bell sound when EDT prints an error message
(in keypad mode).

SET NONUMBERS suppresses line numbers in line mode.

Now when you invoke EDT to edit a file named LIST.DAT, the
commands in EDTINI.EDT execute before you gain control of the editor.

Because EDTINI.EDT is the default startup command file, you do not need to
name it in the command line. If you want EDT to use a startup command file
with another name, you must include that command file specification in the
EDIT /EDT command line.
The following example demonstrates how to create a two-line startup
command file:
$ EDIT SETUP. EDT
Input file does not exist

[EOB]
*INSERT
SET MODE CHANGE
SET LINES 5
/CTRL/Zl

[EOB]
*EXIT

In this example, the name of your startup command file is SETUP .EDT. It
contains two SET commands: SET MODE and SET LINES. SET MODE
CHANGE causes EDT to begin your editing session in keypad mode, and
SET LINES 5 limits the display of text on your screen to five lines.
Use the qualifier /COMMAND= with the EDIT command to indicate the
startup command file you want EDT to use. The following command line
tells EDT to execute the line-mode commands in the startup command file
named SETUP.EDT to edit a file named FUN.FUN:
$ EDIT/COMMAND=SETUP.EDT FUN.FUN

The following startup command file contains two SET commands, three
DEFINE KEY commands, and one DEFINE MACRO command:
SET WRAP 60 0
SET SEARCH EXACT @
DEFINE KEY GOLD WAS "CHGUW. 11 f)
DEFINE KEY CONTROL BAS "EXT INCLUDE ?'INCLUDE FILE: '
DEFINE KEY CONTROL GAS "EXT FIND=MAIN. 11 0
FIND=GENERAL 0
INSERT ;SET SEARCH GENERAL f)
DEFINE MACRO GENERAL C)
FIND=MAIN 0

Limits the line length for inserting text in keypad mode to 60 characters.

Causes EDT to match exactly the case and diacritical marks (for example,
grave accent or circumflex) of letters in search strings.

Defines GOLD /W to change all lowercase letters in a word to uppercase.

Defines CTRL/B to extend the INCLUDE line command to keypad mode
and issue a prompt.

Defines CTRL/G to return to the MAIN buffer.

Creates a buffer named GENERAL and moves there.

2-51

Editing Files with EDT
2.11 Startup Command Files

2-52

Inserts the line-mode command SET SEARCH GENERAL.

Adds GENERAL to the list of valid line mode commands.

Returns to the first line of the MAIN buffer.

Formatting Files with DSR

DIGITAL Standard Runoff (DSR) is a program that formats text. DSR
commands and flags, which are entered into text, allow you to specify the
final appearance of a document. Neither the DSR commands nor flags appear
in your final document.

3. 1

Introduction
You can use DSR to determine your page size, create justified or unjustified
right margins, place space between lines, and form lists. DSR can center titles,
supply page numbers, and organize your text into sections and chapters. You
can also use DSR to create a table of contents and an index. For a complete
list of all the available DSR commands, see the VAX DIGITAL Standard Runoff
Reference Manual.

3.1.1

Using DSR Defaults
When you process a file using DSR, a certain set of DSR commands affect
your file by default. You do not need to add these DSR commands to your
file to achieve the desired effect because DSR does it automatically. If you do
not want your file to be affected by these DSR default commands, you must
disable them. See the VAX DIGITAL Standard Runoff Reference Manual for a
complete list of the default commands provided by DSR and the commands
you need to disable them. The most common of the defaults are discussed
here.
When you use DSR to process a file, your output file looks different from
your input file because DSR provides the following standard format defaults:
•

A text width of 70 characters and a text length of 58 lines.

•

Sequential page numbering (omitting a page number for the first page).

•

A left margin setting of 0 and a right margin setting of 70.

•

Single spacing.

•

Tab stops at character positions 9, 17, 25, 33, and so on.

•

Filling: DSR fills each line with as many words as possible until the
addition of another complete word would exceed the right margin.

•

Justification: DSR adds spaces between words to expand each line exactly
to the right margin, making the right margin even, or justified.

For example, if you create a file containing the text in the next example and
then process the file using DSR, the resulting output file will be 70 characters
wide (beginning at character position 0 and ending at character position 70),
single spaced, filled, and justified.

3-1

Formatting Files with DSR
3.1 Introduction

Input File:
Children learn to speak through imitation.
Researchers find that infants first make random sounds.
NaturaUy, their parents praise them for sounds that are
culturally meaningful, so children begin to
repeat a subset of sounds. In time, babies deliberately
imitate the sounds made by their parents.
As they grow, children expand their language beyond the
family. They incorporate language learned
from friends, neighbors, television, radio, and books.

Output File:
Children learn to speak through imitation.
Researchers find that
infants first make random sounds. Naturally, their parents praise
them for sounds that are culturally meaningful, so children begin to
repeat a subset of sounds. In time, babies deliberately imitate the
sounds made by their parents. As they grow, children expand their
language beyond the family. They incorporate language learned from
friends, neighbors, television, radio, and books.

3.1.2

Including DSR Commands
To use DSR, you create a file, insert text, and include DSR commands in the
appropriate places. DSR creates an output file with a file type of MEM (for
example, TEXT .MEM). The MEM file contains the formatted text, which you
can then print or display on your terminal.
Use the following steps to format text using DSR:

3-2

What You Do

How You Do It

Create a file

$ EDIT list.mo
Input file does not exist
[EOB]

Insert text with
DSR commands

.LIST
.LIST ELEMENT;apples
.LIST ELEMENT;plums
.LIST ELEMENT;oranges
.LIST ELEMENT;bananas
.END LIST

Process file

$ RUNOFF list.mo

Display formatted file

$Type LIST.MEM
1 apples
2 plums
3 oranges
4 bananas

Formatting Files with DSR
3.1 Introduction

3.1.3

Looking at DSR Commands
All DSR commands are English words preceded by a control flag, which is
often a period (. ), as in the following examples:
.BLANK
.CENTER

The .BLANK command inserts a blank line. The .CENTER command centers
the text immediately following it on the same line. You can abbreviate all
DSR commands. The abbreviations for .BLANK and .CENTER are .B and .C,
respectively. For a complete list of valid DSR command abbreviations, see the
VAX DIGITAL Standard Runoff Reference Manual.
You end a DSR command with a terminator. Commands are most commonly
terminated by the end of a line, but you can also use a semicolon (;) as a
terminator, or you can terminate a command and begin another one with
a period. You can also combine terminators. For example, terminate a
command with a semicolon and another command.
DSR commands can be typed in uppercase, lowercase, or a combination of
uppercase and lowercase.
The following table shows four ways to terminate a DSR command:
DSR Command

Terminator

.BLANK2

(end of line)

.BLANK2;

semicolon

.BLANK2 .CENTER;text

another command

.BLANK2;. CENTER;text

semicolon and another command

On any line containing a DSR command, the command must begin in
column 1, unless it follows other commands on the same line. Depending on
the particular command, a line containing a command can contain additional
commands or text.

3-3

Formatting Files with DSR
3.1 Introduction

The following example demonstrates how to use the .BLANK and .CENTER
commands to format text in a file called DIETING.RNO:
.CENTER;Twelve Days of Dieting 0
.BLANK3 8
On the twelfth day of dieting, Millitsa gave to me,
.BLANK 8
Twelve hot fudge sundaes,
.BLANK
Eleven gooey doughnuts,
.BLANK
Ten cherry cheese cakes,
.BLANK2 0
Nine lady fingers,
.BLANK 0
Eight date nut muffins,
.BLANK
Seven oatmeal cookies,
.BLANK
Six bags of corn chips,
.BLANK2
.CENTER;FIVE COFFEE RINGS, 0
.BLANK3
Four sticky buns,
.BLANK
Three candy bars,
.BLANK
Two marbled cakes,
.BLANK
And a pizza with pepperoni.

The .CENTER command terminated by a semicolon centers the title.

The .BLANK command followed by the number 3 creates three blank
lines.

The .BLANK command creates one blank line.

e The .BLANK command followed by the number 2 creates two blank lines.
0

The .BLANK command creates one blank line.

The .CENTER command terminated by a semicolon centers the line of
text.

When you enter the command RUNOFF DIETING.RNO, DSR formats your
text to look like this:

Twelve Days of Dieting
On the twelfth day of dieting, Millitsa gave to me,
Twelve hot fudge sundaes,
Eleven gooey doughnuts,
Ten cherry cheese cakes,
Nine lady fingers,
Eight date nut muffins,

3-4

Formatting Files with DSR
3.1 Introduction

Seven oatmeal cookies,
Six bags of corn chips,
FIVE COFFEE RINGS,
Four sticky buns,
Three candy bars,
Two marbled cakes,
And a pizza with pepperoni.

3.1.4

Running DSR to Process Your Files
After you add DSR commands to your file and exit from the editorl you are
ready to run DSR. To run DSR1 you enter the RUNOFF command followed
by the name of the file you want to process. For example1 to process a file
named FUN.FUN1 enter the following command line:
$RUNOFF FUN.FUN

If you process a file with a file type of RN01 you only need to enter the file
name1 not the file type. For example1 to process a file named FUN.RN01
enter the following command line:
$ RUNOFF FUN

3.1.4.1

Using Qualifiers with the RUNOFF Command
DSR provides twenty different qualifiers that you can use with the RUNOFF
command. These qualifiers are as follows:

/BACKSPACE
/BOLD
/CHANGE_BARS
/CONTENTS
/DEBUG
/DOWN
/FORM_SIZE
/INDEX
/LOG
/MESSAGES
/NONSP ACING _UNDERLINE
/OUTPUT
/PAGES
/PAUSE
/RIGHT
/SEP ARATE_UNDERLINE
/SEQUENCE
/SIMULATE
/UNDERLINE_CHARACTER
/VARIANT
Section 3.13 explains how to create a table of contents and an index by using
the qualifiers /CONTENTS and /INDEX. All the qualifiers are discussed
in detail in the VAX DIGITAL Standard Runoff Reference Manual. The next
section discusses how to use one of the qualifiers1 /MESSAGES.

3-5

Formatting Files with DSR
3.1 Introduction

Using the /MESSAGES Qualifier
If DSR finds any errors during processing, it prints an error message (both on
the screen and in the MEM file) telling you what the error is and where it is
located in both the input and the output files. You can then correct the RNO
file (by using a text editor) and reprocess the file.

You can use the /MESSAGES qualifier to specify where you want DSR to
display error messages. The options are the following:
OUTPUT

Sends error messages only to the output file (MEM file)

USER

Sends error messages only to the terminal (screen)

The default is /MESSAGES=(OUTPUT,USER), which sends messages to
the output file and displays them on the terminal. You can prevent error
messages from going either to the output file or to the terminal, but you
cannot suppress them entirely.
The following command causes DSR to display error messages in the MEM
file, not at the terminal:
$ RUNOFF FUN/MESSAGES=OUTPUT

The following command causes DSR to display error messages at the terminal,
not in the MEM file:
$ RUNOFF FUN/MESSAGES=USER

3.1.5

Stripping MEM Files of Carriage-Return/Line-Feed Symbols
When you edit a MEM file produced by DSR, you will notice that the file
contains carriage-return/line-feed symbols. The format of the symbols is
dependent on the text editor you use. You can also have a file containing
these symbols when you add a MEM file to an RNO file. In either case,
you may want to strip the MEM file of these symbols using a text editor.
Removing the symbols does not break your file. See the documentation for
your text editor for instructions on taking carriage-return/line-feed symbols
from the file.

3.2

Formatting Lists
You need to know only the following three DSR commands to format a
numbered list:
•

.LIST

•

.LIST ELEMENT

•

.END LIST

Begin your list with the .LIST command. The .LIST command causes DSR to
start a list. When DSR formats a list, it indents the left margin, puts a blank
line before the first list item, after the last item, and between each item in the
list. DSR also numbers (or otherwise marks) the items.
Precede each item in your list by the .LIST ELEMENT command. Use a
semicolon to separate the list item from the command or put the list item on
the following line. End your list with the .END LIST command.

3-6

Formatting Files with DSR
3.2 Formatting Lists

The following example shows how to format a list using DSR commands:
Input file (LIST.RNO)
.LIST
.LIST ELEMENT;grosbeak
.LIST ELEMENT;gold finch
.LIST ELEMENT;redpoll
.LIST ELEMENT;sparrow
.END LIST

Output file (LIST .MEM)
1.

grosbeak

gold finch

redpoll

sparrow

The following sections describe other kinds of lists and the DSR commands
you need to create them.

3.2.1

Creating Bulleted Lists
By default, DSR creates a numbered list. If you do not want your list to be
numbered, you can substitute bullets or other characters for the numbers. For
example, if you want a bulleted list, enter the .LIST command followed by a
lowercase o, or bullet, in quotation marks ("o"):
.LIST 11 0 11

The following example shows how to make a bulleted list:
Input file (LIST .RNO)
.LIST 11 0 11
.LIST ELEMENT;ferret
.LIST ELEMENT;mink
.LIST ELEMENT;rabbit
.LIST ELEMENT;sable
.LIST ELEMENT;raccoon
.END LIST

Output file (LIST .MEM)
o ferret
o

mink

o rabbit
o sable
o raccoon

3-7

Formatting Files with DSR
3.2 Formatting Lists

3.2.2

Creating Lists Using Any Symbol
If you do not want numbered or bulleted lists, you can choose another
character or symbol and enclose it in quotation marks following the .LIST
command. Asterisks ( * ), dollar signs ( $ ), and at signs (@) are used in the

following examples:
Input file (LIST.RNO)
.LIST "*"
.LIST ELEMENT;jupiter
.LIST ELEMENT;mars
.LIST ELEMENT;venus
.END LIST

Output file (LIST.MEM)

* jupiter
* mars
* venus
Input file (LIST.RNO)
.LIST 11 $ 11
.LIST ELEMENT;mark
.LIST ELEMENT;yen
.LIST ELEMENT;buck
.LIST ELEMENT;pound
.END LIST

Output file (LIST.MEM)
$ mark
$

yen

buck

pound

Input file (LIST .RNO)
.LIST 11 ©11
.LIST ELEMENT;why
.LIST ELEMENT;not
.LIST ELEMENT;?
.END LIST

Output file (LIST.MEM)
© why
© not

3-8

Formatting Files with DSR
3.2 Formatting Lists

3.2.3

Creating Nested Lists
You can also make a nested list-that is, a list indented within a list-by
entering another .LIST command between the original .LIST and .END LIST
commands. The new .LIST command temporarily suspends the characteristics
of the original list. The next .END LIST command ends only the new .LIST
command and restores the characteristics of the previous one. You must
terminate each list with the .END LIST command.
Figure 3-1 displays the original list containing five elements and the nested
list containing three elements.
Figure 3-1

Creating a Nested List

.LIST
. LIST ELEM ENT
. LIST ELEM ENT
.LIST ELEMENT
.LIST
. LIST ELEM ENT
}
.LIST ELEMENT
.END LIST
.LIST ELEMENT
.LIST ELEMENT
.END LIST

NESTED LIST

ORIGINAL LIST

ZK-1264-83

Notice that the nested list in the following example has bullets, unlike the
original numbered list:
Input file (LIST.RNO)
.LIST
.LIST ELEMENT;German
.LIST ELEMENT;Russian
.LIST ELEMENT;Swedish
.LIST ELEMENT;Yugoslavian
.LIST "o"
.LIST ELEMENT;Serbian
.LIST ELEMENT;Croatian
.LIST ELEMENT;Macedonian
.END LIST
.LIST ELEMENT;Turkish
.LIST ELEMENT;Scottish
.LIST ELEMENT;Irish
.END LIST

Output file (LIST .MEM)
1.

German

Russian

Swedish

3-9

Formatting Files with DSR
3.2 Formatting Lists

3.2.4

Yugoslavian
0

Serbian

Croatian

Macedonian

Turkish

Scottish

Irish

Creating Lists with Letters and Roman Numerals
By default, DSR numbers lists with decimal numbers. To list with letters or
Roman numerals, enter the .DISPLAY ELEMENTS command after the .LIST
command. Use the following syntax:
.DISPLAY ELEMENTS x

The argument xis a one- or two-letter code that specifies the form the
list numbers will take. The codes and their explanations are shown in the
following table:
Code

Form of Sequence and Case

Decimal Numbers

Roman Uppercase Numerals

Roman Lowercase Numerals

Uppercase Letters

Lowercase Letters

The following examples show lowercase Roman numerals and letters.
Notice that the .DISPLAY ELEMENTS command appears between the .LIST
command and the first .LIST ELEMENT command.
Input file (LIST.RNO)
.LIST
.DISPLAY ELEMENTS RL
.LIST ELEMENT;tan
.LIST ELEMENT;beige
.LIST ELEMENT;rust
.LIST ELEMENT;brown
.END LIST

Output file (LIST.MEM)

3-10

tan

ii.

beige

iii.

rust

iv.

brown

Formatting Files with DSR
3.2 Formatting Lists

Input file (LIST.RNO)
.LIST
.DISPLAY ELEMENTS LL
.LIST ELEMENT;January
.LIST ELEMENT;February
.LIST ELEMENT;March
.END LIST

Output file (LIST.MEM)
a.

January

February

March

In the following example, notice that each .END LIST command ends the
sequence that you specified with .DISPLAY ELEMENTS. You must enter the
.DISPLAY ELEMENTS command each time you start a list in which you want
to change the numbers or letters. If you want each list to be marked by the
same characters, you still must enter a .DISPLAY ELEMENTS command for
every .LIST command.
Input file (LIST.RNO)
.LIST
.DISPLAY ELEMENTS RL
.LIST ELEMENT;marble
.LIST ELEMENT;maple
.LIST ELEMENT;alabaster
.LIST ELEMENT;oak
.LIST
.DISPLAY ELEMENTS LL
.LIST ELEMENT;light
.LIST ELEMENT;dark
.END LIST
.LIST ELEMENT;glass
.LIST ELEMENT;plastic
.LIST ELEMENT;mahogany
.END LIST

Output file (LIST.MEM)
i.

marble

ii.

maple

iii.

alabaster

iv.

oak

light

dark

glass

vi.

plastic

vii.

mahogany

3-11

Formatting Files with DSR
3.3 Formatting Memos

3.3

Formatting Memos
You can use the following DSR commands to format a memo:
•

.BLANK

•

.BREAK

•

.TAB STOPS

You can organize these three DSR commands into a memo skeleton, like the
following one, and fill in the variable information every time you need to
send a memo. (Notice that you must press the TAB key to activate the .TAB
STOPS command.)
Input file (SKELETON.RNO)
.TAB STOPS 30
~
DATE:
.BREAK
~
FROM:
.BREAK
~
DEPT:
.BREAK
~
EXT:
.BREAK
~

LDC:

.BLANK 2
TO:

.BLANK
SUBJECT:
.BLANK 2
(Enter text of memo here.)

Output file (SKELETON.MEM)
DATE:
FROM:
DEPT:
EXT:
LDC:
TO:

SUBJECT:
(Enter text of memo here.)

The .BREAK command ends the current line immediately, without filling or
justification. The .TAB STOPS n command changes the current position of
the tab stops. The value of n specifies the character position for a tab stop.
The next memo example uses the following DSR commands:
.BLANK
.BREAK
.LEFT MARGIN
.LIST
.LIST ELEMENT
.END LIST
.LITERAL
.END LITERAL
.TAB STOPS

3-12

Formatting Files with DSR
3.3 Formatting Memos

Input file (SPY.RNO)
.TAB STOPS 40 0
~ATE:

13-Nov-88

.BREAK f)
~ROM:

A. Gent

.BREAK
~EPT:

Topspy

.BREAK
~XT:

007

.BREAK
~DC:

Swiss Branch

.BLANK 2
TO: Underlings
.BLANK 2
SUBJECT: New Equipment
.BLANK 2
The following items will be discussed in our
next meeting:
.LIST 8
.LIST ELEMENT;super slim tie tack monitor
.LIST ELEMENT;wired socks
.LIST ELEMENT;mini diamond stud earring camera
.END LIST
Please attempt to decode the following message
for your next assignment:
.LITERAL 8
que estap dyi
f ho

syto
szru
fsohg
wquip
dwd
.END LITERAL 0

The .TAB STOPS 40 command sets the first tab stop to character
position 40.

The .BREAK command ends the current line immediately and starts a
new line without adding a blank line.

The .LIST command begins a list.

The .LITERAL command displays the text literally, exactly as it is entered.

The .END LITERAL command stops displaying the text literally.

3-13

Formatting Files with DSR
3.3 Formatting Memos

Output file (SPY.MEM)
DATE: 13-Nov-88
FROM: A. Gent
DEPT: Topspy
EXT: 007
LDC: Swiss Branch
TO: Underlings
SUBJECT: New Equipment
The following items will be discussed in our next meeting:
1.

super slim tie tack monitor

wired socks

3. mini diamond stud earring camera
Please attempt to decode the following message for your next
assignment:

que estap dyi
f ho

syto
szru
f sohg
wquip
dwd

3.4

Filling and Justifying Text
By default, DSR automatically fills and justifies text (.FILL and .JUSTIFY
commands) when you process a file. The .FILL command causes DSR to fill
each line with as many words as possible until the addition of another word
would exceed the right margin. The .JUSTIFY command causes DSR to add
spaces between words to expand each line exactly to the right margin, making
the margin even, or justified. If you do not want DSR to fill or justify the text
in your file, you must disable these commands by entering the .NO FILL and
.NO JUSTIFY commands.

3.4.1

DSR Commands .FILL and .JUSTIFY (defaults)
The following example demonstrates how DSR fills and justifies text by
default:

3-14

Formatting Files with DSR
3.4 Filling and Justifying Text

Input file (VERSE.RNO)
.RIGHT MARGIN 40
For it so falls out,
That what we have
we prize not
to the worth
while we enjoy it;
but being lacked,
lacked and lost,
Why,
then we rack the value.

Output file (VERSE.MEM)
For it so falls out, That what we have
we prize not to the worth while we enjoy
it; but being lacked, lacked and lost,
Why, then we rack the value.

3.4.2

DSR Commands .NO FILL and .JUSTIFY
When you do not want each line of your text to fill with words, enter the
.NO FILL command. The .NO FILL command also turns off justification.
To obtain an even right margin, include the .JUSTIFY command after the
.NO FILL command. Entering the .NO FILL command with the .JUSTIFY
command, produces the following variation of the original example. Notice
how the .JUSTIFY command spaces the words on each line to create an even
right margin.
Input file (VERSE.RNO)
.NO FILL

.JUSTIFY
.RIGHT MARGIN 40
For it so falls out,
That what we have
we prize not
to the worth
while we enjoy it;
but being lacked,
lacked and lost,
Why,
then we rack the value.

Output file (VERSE.MEM)
For
That
we
to
while
but
lacked
Why,
then

so
what

falls
we

prize
the
we

enjoy
being
and

rack

the

out,
have
not
worth
it;
lacked,
lost,
value.

3-15

Formatting Files with DSR
3.4 Filling and Justifying Text

3.4.3

DSR Commands .FILL and .NO JUSTIFY
When you want each line of text to fill with words but do not want an even
right margin, use the .FILL and .NO JUSTIFY commands. Notice the ragged
right margins in the following example:
Input file (VERSE.RNO)
.FILL
.NO JUSTIFY

.RIGHT MARGIN 40
For it so falls out,
That what we have
we prize not
to the worth
while we enjoy it;
but being lacked,
lacked and lost,
Why,
then we rack the value.

Output file (VERSE.MEM)
For it so falls out, That what we have
we prize not to the worth while we enjoy
it; but being lacked, lacked and lost,
Why, then we rack the value.

3.4.4

DSR Commands .NO FILL and .NO JUSTIFY
When you want your text to stay the way you type it, that is, without filling
and justification, enter the .NO FILL and .NO JUSTIFY commands.
Input file (VERSE.RNO)
. NO FILL
.NO JUSTIFY

.RIGHT MARGIN 40
For it so falls out,
That what we have
we prize not
to the worth
while we enjoy it;
but being lacked,
lacked and lost,
Why,
then we rack the value.

Output file (VERSE.MEM)
For it so falls out,
That what we have
we prize not
to the worth
while we enjoy it;
but being lacked,
lacked and lost,
Why,
then we rack the value.

3-16

Formatting Files with DSR
3.5 Adjusting the Text Display

3.5

Adjusting the Text Display
By default, DSR provides a page length of 58 lines and a page width of 70

characters. When you want to change the size of your page, use the .PAGE
SIZE and .RIGHT MARGIN commands. The .PAGE SIZE command specifies
the number of lines of text on a page and the page width for the running
heads. The syntax for these commands is as follows:
.PAGE SIZE n
.RIGHT MARGIN n

The parameter n with the .PAGE SIZE command indicates the maximum
number of lines on a page. It cannot be smaller than 13. The parameter
n with the .RIGHT MARGIN command indicates the maximum number of
characters on a line. It cannot be larger than 150.
The following example shows how to create two different page sizes by
entering the .PAGE SIZE command along with the .RIGHT MARGIN
command:
Input file (P AGESIZE.RNO)
.PAGE SIZE 15
.RIGHT MARGIN 20
page size page size 15 lines long 20 characters wide
page size page size 15 lines long 20 characters wide
page size page size 15 lines long 20 characters wide
page size page size 15 lines long 20 characters wide
page size page size 15 lines long 20 characters wide
page size page size 15 lines long 20 characters wide

Output file (P AGESIZE.MEM)
page size page size
15
lines long 20
characters wide page
size page size 15
lines
long
20
characters wide page
size page size 15
lines
long
20
characters wide page
size page size 15
lines
long
20
characters wide page
Page 2
size page size 15
lines
long
20
characters wide page
size page size 15
lines
long
20
characters wide

3-17

Formatting Files with DSR
3.5 Adjusting the Text Display

Input file (P AGE.RNO)
.PAGE SIZE 25
.RIGHT MARGIN 35
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long 35 characters wide

Output file (P AGE.MEM)
page size page size 25 lines long
35 characters wide page size page
size 25 lines long 35 characters
wide page size page size 25 lines
long 35 characters wide page size
size
25
lines
long 35
page
characters wide page size page size
25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long
35 characters wide page size page
size 25 lines long 35 characters
wide page size page size 25 lines
long 35 characters wide page size
25
lines
long 35
page
size
characters wide page size page size
25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long
35 characters wide page size page
size 25 lines long 35 characters
wide page size page size 25 lines
long 35 characters wide page size
25
lines
long 35
page
size
Page 2
characters wide page size page size
25 lines long 35 characters wide
page size page size 25 lines long
35 characters wide page size page
size 25 lines long 35 characters
wide

3-18

Formatting Files with DSR
3.5 Adjusting the Text Display

3.5.1

Indenting Text
By default, when you use the .INDENT command, DSR indents by five
spaces the first line of text following the command. The syntax for the indent
command is as follows:
.INDENT n

The parameter n specifies the number of character positions to the right of the
.LEFT MARGIN setting that the line of text is indented. When you specify
a negative number (-n), DSR moves the line of text n number of character
positions to the left of the .LEFT MARGIN setting.
The following example demonstrates how to use the .INDENT command:
Input file (INDENT.RNO)
.LEFT MARGIN 10
.RIGHT MARGIN 60
The left margin setting for this text is 10 and the right margin
setting is 60. If you want to indent text, use the .INDENT command .
. BLANK
.INDENT 20
This line of text is indented 20 spaces.
Every line you type from now on will be flush with the left
margin until you enter the .INDENT command again .
. BLANK
.INDENT 10
This line of text is indented 10 spaces.
If you want a line of text to begin to the left of the
left margin setting, specify a negative number (--n) with
the .INDENT command .
. BLANK
.INDENT -10
This line of text is 10 spaces to the left of the left margin.
This line of text begins at the left margin setting. Any text
you enter at this point will remain flush with the left
margin until you enter the .INDENT command again. If you
want to indent two or three lines of text, you must enter
the .INDENT command on each line you want to indent .
. BLANK
.INDENT 15
This is the first of three indented lines .
. INDENT 15
This is the second of three indented lines .
. INDENT 15
This is the third.
This line of text is back at the left margin again.

Output file (INDENT.MEM)
The left margin setting for this text is 10 and
the right margin setting is 60. If you want to
indent text, use the .INDENT command.
This line of text is indented
20 spaces.
Every line you type from now on will
be flush with the left margin until you enter the
.INDENT command again.
This line of text is indented 10 spaces.
If you want a line of text to begin to the left of
the left margin setting, specify a negative number
(-n) with the .INDENT command.

3-19

Formatting Files with DSR
3.5 Adjusting the Text Display

This line of text is 10 spaces to the left of the left
margin.
This line of text begins at the left
margin setting. Any text you enter at this point
will remain flush with the left margin until you
enter the .INDENT command again. If you want to
indent two or three lines of text, you must enter
the .INDENT command on each line you want to
indent.
This is the first of three indented
lines.
This is the
second
of
three
indented lines.
This is the third.
This line of
text is back at the left margin again.

3.5.2

Placing a Sing'e line of Text Relative to the Right Margin
You can use the .RIGHT command to position a single line of text relative to
the right margin. The syntax is as follows:
.RIGHT n;text

The number substituted for variable n can be either positive or negative. A
positive number specifies how many character positions to the left of the
right margin setting the line is indented. A negative number specifies the
number of character positions to the right of the right margin setting that the
line extends to. Text indicates the text to be positioned relative to the right
margin. No other DSR command can follow this text on a line.
The following example shows the .RIGHT command being used to notate
various directions in the script of a play. (A positive number is specified
for n.)
Input file (PLAY.RNO)
.LEFT MARGIN 0
.RIGHT MARGIN 50
Celia: What did you want me to do? I really tried to
understand what was going on, but I was scared!
. RIGHT 25; (sob)
.BLANK 1
Bert: Maybe some sensitivity would help? You never
think of anyone but yourself! Did you ever stop to
consider that maybe he was just as scared as you were?
No,
.RIGHT 25;(shake head)
all you can think about is yourself .
. BLANK 1
Celia: Maybe I could apologize ...
. RIGHT 25; (turn)
make amends ...
. BLANK 1
Bert: You had better figure out something because it
is your problem now .
. RIGHT 25; (open door)

3-20

Formatting Files with DSR
3.5 Adjusting the Text Display

Output file (PLAY.MEM)
Celia: What did you want me to do?
I really
tried to understand what was going on, but I was
scared!
(sob)
Bert: Maybe some sensitivity would help?
You
never think of anyone but yourself! Did you ever
stop to consider that maybe he was just as scared
as you were? No,
(shake head)
all you can think about is yourself.
Celia: Maybe I could apologize ...
(turn)
make amends ...
Bert: You had better figure out something because•
it is your problem now.
(open door)

The following example is identical to the previous example, except that a
negative number is specified for n:
Input file (PLAY.RNO)
.LEFT MARGIN 0
.RIGHT MARGIN 50
Celia: What did you want me to do? I really tried to
understand what was going on, but I was scared!
.RIGHT -5;(sob)
.BLANK 1
Bert: Maybe some sensitivity would help? You never
think of anyone but yourself! Did you ever stop to
consider that maybe he was just as scared as you were?
No,
.RIGHT -5;(shake head)
all you can think about is yourself .
. BLANK 1
Celia: Maybe I could apologize ...
. RIGHT -5; (turn)
make amends ...
. BLANK 1
Bert: You had better figure out something because it
is your problem now .
. RIGHT -5;(open door)

Output file (PLAY .MEM)
Celia: What did you want me to do?
I really
tried to understand what was going on, but I was
scared!
(sob)
Bert: Maybe some sensitivity would help?
You
never think of anyone but yourself! Did you ever
stop to consider that maybe he was just as scared
as you were? No,
(shake head)
all you can think about is yourself.
Celia: Maybe I could apologize ...
(turn)
make amends ...
Bert: You had better figure out something because
it is your problem now.

3-21

Formatting Files with DSR
3.6 Creating Space on a Page

3.6

Creating Space on a Page
If you want an example or figure to accompany your text, you need to create

some space on the page for it. You can use several different DSR commands
to create that necessary space. Some of these commands are as follows:

3.6.1

•

.BLANK

•

.FIGURE

•

.FIGURE DEFERRED

•

.LITERAL

Separating Sections with Blank Lines
If you use the .BLANK command, DSR leaves the specified number of lines

blank. For example, .BLANK 2 produces two blank lines and .BLANK 10
produces ten blank lines. By default, .BLANK produces one blank line. The
.BLANK command is useful for creating one or two blank lines between
sections of text. (.BLANK does not work correctly when you use it at the top
of a page.) If you enter the .BLANK 10 command near the bottom of the
page, there may not be enough room on the page for all 10 lines, resulting
in your space being split between pages. To avoid possible space splits, use
either the .FIGURE command or the .FIGURE DEFERRED command.
Figure 3-2 shows an input file (TEXT.RNO) containing the .BLANK command
and the resulting output file (TEXT.MEM) with the blank line.
Figure 3-2

Using the .BLANK Command

INPUT

OUTPUT:

~~~~~
~~~~~
~~~~~
~~~~~

.BLANK 2
.BLANK

~~~~~
~~~~~

.BLANK 3
~~~~~

~~~~~
~~~~~

~~~~~

3.6.2

Creating Uninterrupted Space
The .FIGURE command leaves space for the specified number of blank lines
on the output page at the point in the input file where the command is
entered. In the following example, the command .FIGURE 5 adds enough
space for 5 lines after the words "entitle them":

3-22

Formatting Files with DSR
3.6 Creating Space on a Page

Input file DECLARATION.RNO
.PAGE SIZE 25
.RIGHT MARGIN 40
When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary
for one people to dissolve the political bands which
have connected them with another, and to assume among
the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station
to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle
them,
.FIGURE 5
a decent respect to the opinions of mankind
requires that they should declare the causes which
impel them to the separation.

Output file DECLARATION.MEM

When in the Course of human events it
becomes necessary for one people to
dissolve the political bands which have
connected them with another, and to
assume among the powers of the earth,
the separate and equal station to which
the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God
entitle them,

a decent respect to the opinions of
mankind
requires
that
they should
declare the causes which impel them to
the separation.

If there is not enough space on the output page for the specified number of

blank lines, DSR ends the page immediately and puts the requested number
of blank lines at the top of the next page.
Figure 3-3 shows this circumstance with an input file (TEXT.RNO) containing
the .FIGURE command and the resulting output file (TEXT.MEM) with the
blank lines.

3-23

Formatting Files with DSR
3.6 Creating Space on a Page

Figure 3-3

Using the . FIGURE Command
OUTPUT:

INPUT

~~~~~

~~~~~
~~~~~
~~~~~

~~~~~

FIGURE

~~~~~
~~~~~
~~~~~

FIGURE 40
~~~~~

~~~~~

The .FIGURE DEFERRED command leaves enough space on the current
page for the specified number of lines. If all the lines do not fit, .FIGURE
DEFERRED fills the current page with text and creates space for the specified
number of lines at the top of the next page.
For example, if you are about to add a 40-line figure to your file (using the
.FIGURE 40 command) but you realize only 25 lines are left on the current
output page, add the .FIGURE DEFERRED 40 command to the file instead of
the .FIGURE 40 command. This causes DSR to fill the current output page
with text and leave a 40-line space at the top of the next page for your figure.
Figure 3-4 shows an input file (TEXT .RNO) containing the .FIGURE
DEFERRED command and the resulting output file (TEXT.MEM) with the
blank lines.
Figure 3-4

Using the . FIGURE DEFERRED Command
INPUT:

OUTPUT·

~~~~~

~~~~~
~~~~~

FIGURE DEFERRED 50

FIGURE DEFERRED

~~~~~

3.6.3

~~~~~

~------~~~

~~~~~

~------~~~

~~~~~

~------~~~

~~~~~

Seeing the Space You Create
You can also use the .LITERAL command to create space. If you want to
see the amount of space you are creating, enter the .LITERAL command and
press RETURN until the screen has enough blank space. Then, enter the
.END LITERAL command. You might want to use the .LITERAL command
if you have a picture to paste directly onto your text and want to see how it
looks with the blank space you create.

3-24

Formatting Files with DSR
3.6 Creating Space on a Page

Figure 3-5 shows an input file (TEXT.RNO) containing the .LITERAL
command and the resulting output file (TEXT.MEM) with the blank lines.
Figure 3-5

Using the . LITERAL Command
INPUT:

OUTPUT:

~~~~~
~~~~~

~~~~~

.LITERAL

END LITERAL

3.6.4

~~~~~

Example of Creating Space
The following example uses the .BLANK, .FIGURE DEFERRED, .FIGURE, and
.LITERAL commands in a single file to show the different output that each
produces:
Input file (SP ACE.RNO)
.page size 20
.right margin 40
This is the first line on the page.
Each page will be 20 lines long and 40
characters wide. If you enter
the .BLANK 2 command here, DSR
creates two blank lines .
. BLANK 2
There is not enough space on this page
for a figure that is 15 lines long, so
if you enter the .FIGURE DEFERRED 15
command here,
.FIGURE DEFERRED 15
DSR will fill up the rest of this page
with text, then create 15 lines of
space at the top of the next page.
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
If you enter the .FIGURE 10 command here,
.FIGURE 10
DSR will create 10 lines of space.
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext

3-25

Formatting Files with DSR
3.6 Creating Space on a Page

But, if you enter the .FIGURE 10 command again,
and there is not enough space left on this
page for the entire figure (in this case 10),
DSR stops displaying text immediately
.FIGURE 10
and moves to the top of the next page, creating
the specified space (10 lines). Then DSR
resumes the display of text.
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
If you enter the .LITERAL command and press
~three times,
.LITERAL
.END LITERAL
you will create three blank lines. Remember to
enter the .END LITERAL command when you are
done.

Output file (SP ACE.MEM)
This is the first line on the page.
Each page will be 20 lines long and 40
the
characters wide.
If you enter
.BLANK 2 command here, DSR creates two
blank lines.
There is not enough space on this page
for a figure that is 15 lines long, so
if you enter the .FIGURE DEFERRED 15
command here,
DSR will fill up the rest of this page
with text, then create 15 lines of space
at
the
top
of
the
next
page.
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
Page 2

texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext

3-26

Formatting Files with DSR
3.6 Creating Space on a Page

Page 3
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
If you enter the .FIGURE 10 command
here,

DSR will create 10 lines of space.
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
Page 4
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
But, if you enter the .FIGURE 10 command
again, and there is not enough space
left on this page for the entire figure
(in this case 10), DSR stops displaying
text immediately
Page 5

and moves to the top of the next page,
creating the specified space (10 lines).
Then DSR resumes the display of text.
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext
If you enter the .LITERAL command and
Page 6
press

ffiEll three times,

you will create three blank
to enter the .END
Remember
command when you are done.

lines.
LITERAL

3-27

Formatting Files with DSR
3. 7 Formatting Sections

3. 7

Formatting Sections
When you want to organize text into sections, use the .HEADER LEVEL
command. The syntax for the command is as follows:
.HEADER LEVEL n title

The value of n indicates the specific header level. For example, .HEADER
LEVEL 1 creates a section beginning with 1. If you enter a series of .HEADER
LEVEL 1 commands, DSR produces section numbers starting with 1 and
increasing by 1, as in the following example:
Input file (HEADl.RNO)
.HEADER LEVEL 1
.HEADER LEVEL 1
.HEADER LEVEL 1
.HEADER LEVEL 1
.HEADER LEVEL 1

Output file (HEADl.MEM)

2
3
4

The .HEADER LEVEL 2 command affects the second digit. If you enter a
series of .HEADER LEVEL 2 commands, the second digit changes, as in the
following example:
Input file (HEAD2.RNO)
.HEADER LEVEL 2
.HEADER LEVEL 2
.HEADER LEVEL 2
.HEADER LEVEL 2

Output file (HEAD2.MEM)
0.1
0.2
0.3

0.4

The .HEADER LEVEL 3 command affects the third digit. An example of a
series of .HEADER LEVEL 3 commands follows:
Input file (HEAD3.RNO)
.HEADER LEVEL 3
.HEADER LEVEL 3
.HEADER LEVEL 3
.HEADER LEVEL 3

3-28

Formatting Files with DSR
3. 7 Formatting Sections

Output file (HEAD3.MEM)
0.0.1
0.0.2
0.0.3
0.0.4

Figure 3-6 shows one section number (4.6.2.5) and the various header levels
corresponding to each part of the number.
Figure 3-6

Looking at Header Levels
4.

.HEADER LEVEL 1

.HEADER LEVEL 2

.HEADER LEVEL 3

.HEADER LEVEL 4
ZK-1271-83

3.7.1

Specifying a Title
You can follow the .HEADER LEVEL n command with a title. DSR uses
uppercase for all the letters in a title of header level 1. A title of header level
2 has only initial caps. Header level 3 titles have initial caps followed by a
hyphen to separate the title from the text that follows on the same line.
The following example contains a series of .HEADER LEVEL commands:
Input file (LEVEL.RNO)
.HEADER LEVEL !this is a header level 1 title
.HEADER LEVEL 2this is a header level 2 title
.HEADER LEVEL 3this is a header level 3 title
This is the first line of text .
. HEADER LEVEL !this is the next header level 1 title

3-29

Formatting Files with DSR
3. 7 Formatting Sections

Output file (LEVEL.MEM)

1 THIS IS A HEADER LEVEL 1 TITLE
1.1

This Is A Header Level 2 Title

1.1.1
text.
2

This Is A Header Level 3 Title - This

the

first

line

THIS IS THE NEXT HEADER LEVEL 1 TITLE

The following example demonstrates how to organize recipes using the
.HEADER LEVEL command:
Input file (RECIPES.RNO)
.HEADER LEVEL !pies
An introduction to pies goes here .

. HEADER LEVEL 2grasshopper pie
The origin of the Grasshopper Pie goes here .
. HEADER LEVEL3chocolate wafer crust
This section explains how to make the crust .
. HEADER LEVEL3filling
This section explains how to make the filling .
. HEADER LEVEL2lemon meringue pie
Various lemon pies are discussed here .
. HEADER LEVEL3flaky pie crust
The recipe for a good, flaky crust goes here .
. HEADER LEVEL3lemon filling
This section describes how to make the filling .
. HEADER LEVEL3meringue topping
Meringues are mentioned here .
. HEADER LEVEL1layered cakes
Layered cakes are described here .
. HEADER LEVEL2millie's magnificent torte
Tortes are described here .
. HEADER LEVEL3walnut layers
A recipe for the walnut layers goes here .
. HEADER LEVEL3coffee frosting
Coffee frosting is explained here.

Output file (RECIPES.MEM)
1 PIES
An introduction to pies goes here.
1.1

Grasshopper Pie

The origin of the Grasshopper Pie goes here.
1.1.1 Chocolate Wafer Crust - This section explains how
make the crust.

1.1.2 Filling - This
filling.

the

1.2

section

explains

how

make

Lemon Meringue Pie

Various lemon pies are discussed here.
1.2.1 Flaky Pie Crust - The recipe for a good, flaky
goes here.

3-30

crust

Formatting Files with DSR
3. 7 Formatting Sections

1.2.2 Lemon Filling - This section describes
the filling.
1.2.3
2

how

make

Meringue Topping - Meringues are mentioned here.

LAYERED CAKES

Layered cakes are described here.
2.2

Millie's Magnificent Torte

Tortes are described here.

3.7.2

2.2.1
here.

Walnut Layers - A recipe for the walnut

layers

goes

2.2.2

Coffee Frosting - Coffee frosting is explained here.

Using Roman Numerals or Letters
By default, DSR displays decimal numbers when you use the .HEADER
LEVEL command. If you want to specify Roman numerals or letters, use the
.DISPLAY LEVELS command. The syntax for this command follows:
.DISPLAY LEVELS y1,y2,y3 ... y6

The letter y is a one- or two-letter code. Several available codes follow:
Code

Form of Sequence and Case

Roman Uppercase Numerals

Roman Lowercase Numerals

Letters, Uppercase

Letters, Lowercase

For more information and a complete list of available codes, see the VAX
DIGITAL Standard Runoff Reference Manual.

If you want the numbers in the first level heads to be uppercase Roman
numerals, the second level to be uppercase letters, and the third level to
be lowercase Roman numerals, enter the .DISPLAY LEVELS RU,LU,RL
command. The resulting sections look as follows:
I

ALL HEADER LEVEL 1 TITLES ARE UPPERCASED

The .HEADER LEVEL 1 command produced this title.
The code
RU tells DSR to make all level 1 heads uppercase Roman
numerals.
I.A

Header Level 2 Titles Have Initial Uppercase Letters

The .HEADER LEVEL 2 command produced this title.
The code
LU tells DSR to make all level 2 heads uppercase letters.
I.A.i Header Level 3 Titles Are Followed By A Hyphen - The
.HEADER LEVEL 3 command produced this title. The code RL
tells DSR to make all level 3 heads lowercase Roman
numerals.

3-31

Formatting Files with DSR
3.8 Formatting Chapters

3.8

Formatting Chapters
When you want to organize text into chapters, use the .CHAPTER command.
The .CHAPTER command specifies the beginning of a chapter, numbers it,
and allows you to supply a title. The syntax for the command is as follows:
.CHAPTER title

"Winter Madness" is the chapter title in the following example:
Input file (CHAP.RNO)
.CHAPTER winter madness
.PAGE SIZE 20
.BLANK 15
This line is on the second page .
. BLANK 20
This line is on the third page .
. BLANK 22
This line is on the fourth page.

Figure 3-7 shows the output file (CHAP.MEM).
Figure 3-7

Using the .CHAPTER Command

WINTER MADNESS

Page 1-2

CHAPTER 1
WINTER MADNESS

This line is on the second page.

WINTER MADNESS

Page 1-3

This line is on the third page.

3.8.1

WINTER MADNESS

Page 1-4

This line is on the fourth page.

Numbering Chapters
By default, the .CHAPTER command produces decimal chapter numbers. If
you want Roman numerals or letters instead of decimal numbers, enter the
.DISPLAY CHAPTER command before the .CHAPTER command you want to
affect. The syntax for this command follows:
.DISPLAY CHAPTER y

The letter y is one of the codes discussed in Section 3.7.2.
For more information about all the available codes, see the VAX DIGITAL

Standard Runoff Reference Manual.

3-32

Formatting Files with DSR
3.8 Formatting Chapters

The following example shows how to create chapters numbered with
uppercase Roman numerals by entering the .DISPLAY CHAPTER command
with the code RU. Notice the uppercase Roman numeral page numbers.
Input file (CHAP.RNO)
.DISPLAY CHAPTER RU
.CHAPTER winter madness
.PAGE SIZE 20
.BLANK 15
This line is on the second page .
. BLANK 20
This line is on the third page .
. BLANK 22
This line is on the fourth page.

Figure 3-8 shows the output file (CHAP.MEM).
Figure 3-8

Using the . DISPLAY CHAPTER Command

WINTER MADNESS

Page J.2

CHAPTER!
WINTER MADNESS
This line is on the second page.

WINTER MADNESS

Page 1-3

WINTER MADNESS

Page 1-4

This line is on the third page.

This line is on the fourth page.

3.8.2

Changing the Way Pages Are Numbered
By default, DSR numbers pages using decimal numbers. If you want your
pages lettered or numbered with Roman numerals, use the .DISPLAY
NUMBER command before the page you want to affect. The syntax for
this command follows:
.DISPLAY NUMBER y

The letter y is one of the codes discussed in Section 3.7.2.
The next example shows the commands you enter to specify chapter and page
numbers.

3-33

Formatting Files with DSR
3.8 Formatting Chapters

Input file (CHAP.RNO)
.DISPLAY CHAPTER RU t»
.CHAPTER winter madness
.PAGE SIZE 20
.BLANK 15
This line is on the second page .
. BLANK 20
.DISPLAY NUMBER LL f)
This line is on the third page .
. BLANK 20
.DISPLAY NUMBER RL 0
This line is on the fourth page.

t» This command numbers chapters with uppercase Roman numerals (RU).
f)

This command changes page numbers from decimal numbers to lowercase
letters (LL).

This command changes page numbers from lowercase letters (LL) to
lowercase Roman numerals (RL).

Figure 3-9 shows the output file (CHAP.MEM).
Figure 3-9

Using the .DISPLAY NUMBER Command

WINTER MADNESS

Page 1-2

CHAPTER I
WINTER MADNESS

WINTER MADNESS

This line is on the second page.

Page 1-c

WINTER MADNESS

Page I-iv

This line is on the third page.
This line is on the fourth page.

ZK.1597-84

3.9

Creating an Appendix
You can use the .APPENDIX command to specify the beginning of an
appendix. DSR assigns an identifying letter to it and allows you to supply
a title. Successive .APPENDIX commands assign identifying letters in
alphabetical order.
The syntax for the .APPENDIX command is as follows:
.APPENDIX text

Text indicates the title you give the appendix.

3-34

Formatting Files with DSR
3.9 Creating an Appendix

The following example shows how to create three consecutive appendixes:
Input file (APPENDIX.RNO)
This is the last line of text before the appendixes .
. APPENDIX First Title
.APPENDIX Second Title
.APPENDIX Third Title

Output file (APPENDIX.MEM)

This is the last line of text before the appendixes.

APPENDIX A
FIRST TITLE

APPENDIX B
SECOND TITLE

APPENDIX C
THIRD TITLE

3.10

Creating Running Heads
By default, DSR provides page numbers at the top right of every page except
the first. The .HEADERS ON command controls DSR' s ability to create
running page numbers. Running page numbers, which are provided by
default, are just part of the information that DSR is able to display about the
contents of a page. By using the DSR commands discussed in the following
sections, you can create one or two lines of information (running heads) at
the top of each page.
If you do not want page numbers, you can disable the page numbering

default with the .NO NUMBER command.

3-35

Formatting Files with DSR
3. 10 Creating Running Heads

The following example shows how DSR formats pages, providing running
page numbers by default:
Input file (RUNNING.RNO)
.PAGE SIZE 15
.BLANK 15
This line of text is on the first page. The first page does
not have a page number .
. BLANK 15
This line of text is on the second page. From this point on,
every page has a number preceded by the word page at the top
right .
. BLANK 15
This line of text is on the third page. Notice the position
of the page number.

Output file (RUNNING.MEM)
This line of text is on the first page.
not have a page number.

The first page does
Page 2

This line of text is on the second page.
From this point
on, every page has a number preceded by the word page at the
top right.
Page 3
This line of text is on the third page.
of the page number.

Notice the position

3.10.1 Specifying a Title
If you want your running head information to contain a title, use the .TITLE

command. By default, DSR displays this title at the top left of every page
except the first.
The following example shows how DSR formats pages when you enter the
.TITLE command with running page numbers and a running title:
Input file (RUNNING.RNO)
.TITLE Whispering Willows
.PAGE SIZE 15
.BLANK 15
This line of text is on the first page. The first page does
not have a page number or a title .
. BLANK 15
This line of text is on the second page. From this point on,
every page has a number preceded by the word page at the top
right and a title at the top left .
. BLANK 15
This line of text is on the third page. Notice the position
of the page number and the title.

3-36

Formatting Files with DSR
3.10 Creating Running Heads

Output file (RUNNING.MEM)
This line of text is on the first page.
not have a page number or a title.
Whispering Willows

The first page does
Page 2

This line of text is on the second page.
From this point
on, every page has a number preceded by the word page at the
top right and a title at the top left.
Whispering Willows
Page 3
This line of text is on the third page.
of the page number and the title.

Notice the position

3.10.2 Specifying the Date
When you want the current date to appear in running heads, use the .DATE
command. The date appears in the format dd mm yy, for example, 09
December 1988, on the right side of the subtitle line. The .SUBTITLE
command must be included for the .DATE command to work.
The following example shows how DSR formats pages when you enter the
.DATE command with the .TITLE command:
Input file (RUNNING.RNO)
.TITLE Whispering Willows
.SUBTITLE
.DATE
.PAGE SIZE 15
.BLANK 15
This line of text is on the first page. The first page does
not have a page number, a title, or the date .
. BLANK 15
This line of text is on the second page. From this point on,
every page has a number preceded by the word page at the top
right, a title at the top left, and the date .
. BLANK 15
This line of text is on the third page. Notice the position
of the page number, the title, and the date.

Output file (RUNNING.MEM)
This line of text is on the first page. The first page does
not have a page number, a title, or the date.
Whispering Willows

Page 2
14 December 1986

This line of text is on the second page.
From this point
on, every page has a number preceded by the word page at the
top right, a title at the top left, and the date.
Whispering Willows

Page 3
14 December 1986

This line of text is on the third page. Notice the position
of the page number, the title, and the date.

3-37

Formatting Files with DSR
3.10 Creating Running Heads

3.10.3 Specifying a Subtitle
To specify a subtitle, enter the .SUBTITLE command after the .TITLE
command.
The following example shows how to enter the .TITLE command and the
.SUBTITLE command to create running heads with a title and a subtitle:
Input file (RUNNING.RNO)
.TITLE Country Gardens
.SUBTITLE Fragrant Garden Lilies
.PAGE SIZE 15
.BLANK 15
The first page does not have any running head information .
. BLANK 15
The title and subtitle appear at the top left of the second page.
The page number is at the top right .
. BLANK 15
Notice the position of the title, subtitle, and page
number on this page.

Output file (RUNNING.MEM)
The first page does not have any running head information.
Country Gardens
Page 2
Fragrant Garden Lilies
The title and subtitle appear at the top left of the
page. The page number is at the top right.
Country Gardens
Fragrant Garden Lilies
Notice the position of the title, subtitle, and page
on this page.

second
Page 3

number

3.10.4 Organizing Running Head Information
Figure 3-10 shows the different parts of running head information and the
commands you use to generate each part.

3-38

Formatting Files with DSR
3.10 Creating Running Heads

Figure 3-10

Running Head Information

.TITLE

.HEADERS ON

.SUBTITLE

.SUBTITLE
.DATE

ZK-1269-83

You can use any combination of running head commands to alter the
organization of information at the top of your documents.

3.10.5 Reorganizing Running Head Information
You can change the position of running head information on a page by using
the .LAYOUT command. The .LAYOUT command can be entered before
or after the running head information (.TITLE, .SUBTITLE, .DATE, .PAGE
commands). You can center titles and subtitles at the tops of pages, center
page numbers at the bottom, and surround page numbers with hyphens. All
the available options are shown in the following syntax description:
. LAYOUT n1. n2

The parameter nl is a number from 0 to 3 that specifies an alternative
arrangement of running head information as follows:
.LAYOUT 0

Restores the standard arrangement of a title and subtitle in
the upper left of a page, and a page number and date in the
upper right .

.LAYOUT 1

Titles and subtitles are centered at the tops of pages. Page
numbers are centered at the bottom. Date does not appear.

3-39

Formatting Files with DSR
3.10 Creating Running Heads

.LAYOUT 2

Titles and subtitles appear at the top right of right-hand (oddnumbered) pages and the top left of left-hand (even-numbered)
pages. Page numbers are centered at the bottom. Date does
not appear .

. LAYOUT3

Gives the standard page arrangement for title and subtitle (as
in .LAYOUT 0) but with the addition of running page numbers
centered at the bottom of pages between two hyphens (for
example, - 13 -). Running page numbers are consecutive
throughout the entire document rather than within chapters.

The parameter n2 specifies how many lines below the last line of text on a
page the number will appear.
Note: When you use .LAYOUT 1, .LAYOUT 2, or .LAYOUT 3, you must use
the n2 parameter. When you use .LAYOUT 0, you cannot use the n2
parameter.
The following example uses the .LAYOUT 1 command, which centers the title
and the subtitle at the top of the page and centers the page number at the
bottom:
Input file (LAYOUT.RNO)
.TITLE Country Gardens
.SUBTITLE Fragrant Garden Lilies
.LAYOUT 1,2
.PAGE SIZE 15
.BLANK 15
This line of text is on page 1.
.BLANK 15
This line of text is on page 2.
.BLANK 12
This line of text is on page 3.
.BLANK 10
This line of text is on page 4.

Output file (LAYOUT.MEM)
This line of text is on page 1.

Country Gardens
Fragrant Garden Lilies
This line of text is on page 2.

Country Gardens
Fragrant Garden Lilies

3-40

Formatting Files with DSR
3.10 Creating Running Heads

This line of text is on page 3.

Country Gardens
Fragrant Garden Lilies
This line of text is on page 4.

For more information about the .LAYOUT command, see the VAX DIGITAL
Standard Runoff Reference Manual.

3 .10. 6 Specifying the Title on the First Page
When you want running head information to appear on the first page of a
document, enter the .FIRST TITLE command. You must insert the .FIRST
TITLE command before any text on the first page.
By default, DSR uses .HEADER LEVEL titles for running head subtitles.
So, if you want your own subtitles to override the header level titles, you
must use the .NO AUTOSUBTITLE command. For more information about
the .AUTOSUBTITLE and .NO AUTOSUBTITLE commands, see the VAX
DIGITAL Standard Runoff Reference Manual.
The following example shows how to create running head information on the
first page by using the .FIRST TITLE command. The .NO AUTOSUBTITLE
command causes the specified subtitle (Fragrant Garden Lilies) to override the
header level title (1Troubadour').
Input file (RUNNING.RNO)
. FIRST TITLE
.TITLE Country Gardens
.NO AUTOSUBTITLE
.SUBTITLE Fragrant Garden Lilies
.DATE
.HEADER LEVEL1'Troubadour'
"A magnificent trumpet Lily of most unusual coloring. The inside is purest
white, the outside is a rich maroon with a white margin. Very hardy. It
produces 6-foot stems that bear up to a dozen or more huge 6-inch flowers.
July blooming."
.HEADER LEVEL2Planting
"Lilies are sent in late October and November. In areas where the ground
freezes early, we recommend that you dig the holes for them early, covering
with mulch, so that your Lilies can easily be planted when they arrive."
.HEADER LEVEL3Price
90887-1
Each $3.75, Three $9.50, Six $18.00, Doz. $34.00

3-41

Formatting Files with DSR
3.10 Creating Running Heads

Output file (RUNNING.MEM)
Country Gardens
Fragrant Garden Lilies
1

Page 1
16 October 1988

'TROUBADOUR'

"A magnificent trumpet Lily of most unusual coloring. The inside is
purest white, the outside is a rich maroon with a white margin. Very
hardy. It produces 6-foot stems that bear up to a dozen or more huge
6-inch flowers. July blooming."
1.1

Planting

"Lilies are sent in late October and November.
In areas where the
ground freezes early, we recommend that you dig the holes for them
early, covering with mulch, so that your Lilies can easily be planted
when they arrive."
1.1.1 Price - 90887-1 Each $3.75,
$34.00

3.11

Three

$9.50,

Six

$18.00,

Doz.

Creating Notes and Footnotes
You can use DSR to format notes and footnotes. This section discusses the
DSR commands you need to create notes and footnotes.

3.11.1

Using the .NOTE Command
The .NOTE command causes DSR to make the margins narrower, center a
title over the text, and leave two blank lines before and one blank line after
the title. The .END NOTE command causes DSR to leave a blank line after
the note and restore the margin settings that were in effect before you
entered .NOTE.
Use the following syntax for this command:
.NOTE note_title
text of note
.ENDNOTE

Specify a title for the note as a parameter to the .NOTE command. If you do
not specify a title for the note, DSR provides the word NOTE.
The following example demonstrates how to create a note using the .NOTE
command:
Input file (NOTE.RNO)
When you are entering text and you want to set off some
information, you can use the .NOTE and .END NOTE commands.
Notice the title and change in margins that DSR provides .
. NOTE Note Fun
This text is part of the note. The margins are much narrower.
There are two blank lines before and one after the note. Also,
the title is centered over the note .
. END NOTE
When you enter the .END NOTE command, your original margins
return.

3-42

Formatting Files with DSR
3.11 Creating Notes and Footnotes

Output file (NOTE.MEM)
When you are entering text and you want to set off some
information, you can use the .NOTE and .END NOTE commands.
Notice the title and change in margins that DSR provides.
Note Fun
This text is part of the note.
The margins are much narrower.
There are two blank
lines
before and one after the note.
Also, the title is centered
over the note.
When you enter the .END NOTE command, your original
return.

margins

3.11.2 Using the .FOOTNOTE Command
Use the .FOOTNOTE and .END FOOTNOTE commands to create footnotes.
The .FOOTNOTE command places the text following it at the bottom of
the current page if there is room. If there is not enough room for the entire
footnote, DSR places it at the bottom of the next page.
The .END FOOTNOTE command ends the footnote and restores any case,
fill, justify, spacing, or margin settings that you might have changed in the
footnote text.
The following example demonstrates how to create footnotes:
Input file (FOOT.RNO)
.PAGE SIZE 35
. RIGHT MARGIN 55
When you want to add a footnote to your text, use the .FOOTNOTE
and .END FOOTNOTE commands. DSR puts the footnote at the bottom
of the page. If there is not enough room on the current page,
DSR puts the footnote on the next page .
. BLANK
For this example, the page size is set to 35 lines long and the
page width is set to 55 characters .
. FOOTNOTE
This text is part of the footnote. Notice where it appears on
the page .
. END FOOTNOTE

Output file (FOOT.MEM)
When you want to add a footnote to your text, use the
.FOOTNOTE and .END FOOTNOTE commands. DSR puts the
footnote at the bottom of the page. If there is not
enough room on the current page, DSR puts the footnote
on the next page.
For this example, the page size is set to 35 lines long
and the page width is set to 55 characters.

This text is part of the
appears on the page.

footnote.

Notice

where

3-43

Formatting Files with DSR
3.11 Creating Notes and Footnotes

The .FOOTNOTE command does not provide a footnote symbol such as an
asterisk ( *) or ( 1 ). You can add one of these symbols before the text of the
footnote by adding the .LEFT MARGIN command and the SP ACE flag ( #) as
the following syntax shows:
Using an asterisk
.FOOTNOTE
.LEFT MARGIN -2;*#text
.END FOOTNOTE

Using a number
.FOOTNOTE
.LEFT MARGIN -2;(1)#text
.END FOOTNOTE

Text is the text of the footnote.
The following example shows how DSR moves the footnote to the next page
and how you can precede the footnote by an asterisk:
Input file (FOOT.RNO)
.PAGE SIZE 15
.RIGHT MARGIN 50
This is the first line of text on this page.
Each page will have 15 lines. If the footnote does not fit
on the page on which it occurs, DSR places it on the bottom
of the next page. But, DSR will not split a single footnote
over two pages .
. BLANK 2
The .FOOTNOTE command does not provide a footnote symbol such
as an asterisk(*) or (1). But, if you want to put an asterisk
before the text of the footnote, add the .LEFT MARGIN command
and the SPACE flag .
. FOOTNOTE
.LEFT MARGIN 2
.INDENT -2;*#
This is the first line of the footnote. Because there is not
enough room on the first page, DSR will put this footnote on
the second page .
. END FOOTNOTE
.BLANK 3
Here is more text following the footnote insert.

Output file (FOOT.MEM)

This is the first line of text on this page. Each
page will have 15 lines. If the footnote does not
fit on the page on which it occurs, DSR places it
on the bottom of the next page. But, DSR will not
split a single footnote over two pages.
The .FOOTNOTE command does not provide a footnote
symbol such as an asterisk(*) or (1). But, if
you want to put an asterisk before the text of the
footnote, add the .LEFT MARGIN command and the
SPACE flag.

3-44

Formatting Files with DSR
3.11 Creating Notes and Footnotes

Page 2
Here is more text following the footnote insert.

This is the first line of the footnote.
Because there is not enough room on the first
page, DSR will put this footnote on the second
page.

For more information about the .NOTE and .FOOTNOTE commands, see the
VAX DI GITAL Standard Runoff Refere nee Manual.

3.12

Emphasizing Text
DSR allows you to emphasize text by either boldfacing or underlining. To
boldface or underline, you insert a special character called a flag into your
text where you want the boldfacing or underlining to occur. (To boldface,
you need to enter the .FLAGS BOLD command before the flag, which causes
DSR to recognize the bold flag.) The Bold and Underline flags are as follows:
Bold Flag

(*)

Underline Flag

(&)

When you precede a character by the Bold flag ( * ), the character is boldfaced,
that is, overstruck once. You can cause the characters to be overstruck more
than once by using the /BOLD qualifier in the DSR command line. (See the
VAX DIGITAL Standard Runoff Reference Manual for information about the
/BOLD qualifier.)
The following example shows how to boldface individual characters:
Input file (BOLD.RNO)
.FLAGS BOLD
Follow route *3 to route *7.

Output file (BOLD.MEM)
Follow route 3 to route 7.

You can pair the Bold flag with the Uppercase flag C*) to turn boldfacing on
and pair it with the Lowercase flag (\*)to turn boldfacing off. The following
example demonstrates how to boldface an entire line of text:
Input file (BOLD.RNO)
.FLAGS BOLD
-*This entire line of text is in boldface.\*

Output file (BOLD.MEM)
This entire line of text is in boldface.

When you precede a character by the Underline flag ( & ), DSR underlines
the character. The following example shows how to underline individual
characters:
Input file (UNDERLINE.RNO)
&A is for Amy and &B is for Basil ...

3-45

Formatting Files with DSR
3.12 Emphasizing Text

Output file (UNDERLINE.MEM)
~is

for Amy and~ is for Basil ...

You can pair the Underline flag with the Uppercase flag C&) to turn
underlining on and pair it with the Lowercase flag (\&) to turn underlining
off. The following example demonstrates how to underline an entire line of
text:
Input file (UNDERLINE.RNO)
-&KEEP OFF THE GRASS, PLEASE\&

Output file (UNDERLINE.MEM)
KEEP OFF THE GRASS, PLEASE

3.13

Creating a Table of Contents and an Index
You can use DSR to create a table of contents or an index. The table of
contents you produce can display chapter titles and numbers, header levels,
and appendix titles and letters. The index you produce can display a twocolumn index with alphabetized entries at the left of each column. Each entry
is separated from its page numbers by a comma. Entries with different first
letters are separated by a blank line.
Figure 3-11 displays the three steps to follow to create either a table of
contents or an index. Step 1 is the same whether you are creating a table of
contents or an index. It produces a single intermediate (binary) file with a
file type of BRN. This BRN file contains both table of contents and indexing
information.

3.13.1 Creating a Table of Contents
To create a table of contents, follow three steps.
1

Enter the following command line to generate an intermediate (binary)
file:
$RUNOFF/INTERMEDIATE file.RNO

Be sure to specify an RNO file. DSR produces a BRN file.
2

Enter the following command line to run the Table of Contents Utility:
$RUNOFF/CONTENTS file.BRN

Be sure to specify a BRN file. You can add qualifiers to this command line
to customize the Table of Contents Utility. DSR produces an RNT file.
3

Enter the following command line to process the RNT file:
$ RUNOFF FILE.RNT

Be sure to specify an RNT file. DSR produces a MEC file. This MEC file
contains the table of contents.

3-46

Formatting Files with DSR
3.13 Creating a Table of Contents and an Index

Figure 3-11

Creating a Table of Contents or an Index
HOW TO CREATE

STEP 1:

$ RUNOFF/INTERMEDIATE FILE.ANO

STEP 2:

$ RUNOFF/CONTENTS FILE.BAN

$ RUNOFF/INDEX FILE.BAN

STEP 3:

$ RUNOFF FILE.RNT

$ RUNOFF FILE.RNX

TABLE
OF
CONTENTS

INDEX
ZK-1270-83

The following table shows the command lines to enter for each step and the
resulting file types:
Command Line

Resulting File Types

RUNOFF/INTERMEDIATE FILE.ANO

.BRN

RUNOFF /CONTENTS FILE.BAN

.RNT

RUNOFF FILE.ANT

.MEC

When you enter the RUNOFF /CONTENTS command without qualifiers, you
get the following defaults:
•

Chapter titles and numbers (generated by the .CHAPTER command).

•

Section titles and numbers (generated by the .HEADER LEVEL
command). By default, DSR allows up to six levels of headers to appear
in the table of contents.

•

Appendix titles and letters (generated by the .APPENDIX command).

•

Chapter-oriented page numbers (1-1, 1-2, 1-3, ... ) for all table of
contents entries.

•

An output file with the same name as the input file.

3-47

Formatting Files with DSR
3.13 Creating a Table of Contents and an Index

3.13.1.1

Tailoring the Table of Contents Utility
To tailor the DSR Table of Contents Utility to your own needs, use the
qualifiers listed in the following table:
Qualifier

Results

/BOLD

Any balding specified in chapter and header
titles appears in the table of contents.

/DEEPEST_HEADER=n

The number you specify for n determines
the deepest header level displayed in the
table of contents.

/OUTPUT=newfile

DSR produces an output file with the name
specified by =newfile. This output file, like
the default output file, has a file type of
ANT.

3.13.1.2

/LOG

Processing information is displayed.

/IDENTIFICATION

The version of DSR used to process your
file is displayed.

/NOOUTPUT

An output file is not produced.

/PAGE _NUMBERS=RUNNING

Running page numbers appear instead
of chapter-oriented page numbers for all
table of contents entries, whether or not
you specified running page numbers in the
document.

/NOSECTION_NUMBERS

Header level numbers do not appear in the
table of contents.

/UNDERLINE

Any underlining specified in chapter and
header titles appears in the table of
contents.

Looking at Tables of Contents
The following examples demonstrate how two of the qualifiers already
described can alter the appearance of a table of contents. For more
information about these and other qualifiers, see the VAX DIGITAL Standard
Runoff Reference Manual.

The first example shows a table of contents produced by DSR defaults. No
qualifiers are added to the command line.
$ RUNOFF/CONTENTS

CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2

1.1.3
1.1.4

3-48

HOW TO TILE A FLOOR
READING ABOUT TILING
Tiling For Fun . .
Your Home In Tile
Changing A Room With Tile
How To Tile Floors And Walls

1-1
1-2

1-3
1-3
1-4

Formatting Files with DSR
3.13 Creating a Table of Contents and an Index

1.2
BUYING THE TILE . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1
Researching Tiles Produced Abroad
1.2.2
Coordinating Colors
1.2.2.1
Colors That Fade
1.2.3
Tile Textures
1.2.4
Types Of Tiles
1.2.4.1
Ceramic
1.2.4.2 Clay . .
1.2.4.3 Cement .
1.3
TOOLS FOR TILES
1.3.1
Renting A Cutter
1.3.2
Buying Or Renting Crimpers
1.4
ACCOMPANYING MATERIALS . .
1.4.1
How To Adhere The Tiles
1.4.1.1
Mastic .
1.4.1.1.1 Types Of Mastic
1.4.2
Grout . . . . .
1.4.2.1
Coordinating Colors
1.4.2.2 How To Mix . . . . .
1.4.2.3
How To Apply . . . .
CHAPTER 2
2.1
2.1.1

1-5
1-5
1-6
1-6
1-6
1-7
1-7
1-7
1-7
1-8
1-8
1-9
1-9
1-9
1-9
1-10
1-10
1-10
1-11
1-11

HOW TO CEDAR A CEILING
GETTING STARTED
. . . . . . . . . 2-1
Various Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

The second example changes the display of page numbers from chapteroriented numbers (1-1, 1-2, 1-3, ... ) to running numbers (l,2,3, ... ) by
using the following command line:
$ RUNOFF/CONTENTS/PAGE_NUMBERS=RUNNING

CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1

HOW TO TILE A FLOOR

1.1
READING ABOUT TILING
1.1.1
Tiling For Fun . .
1.1.2
Your Home In Tile
1.1.3
Changing A Room With Tile
1.1.4
How To Tile Floors And Walls
1. 2
BUYING THE TILE . . . . . . .
1.2.1
Researching Tiles Produced Abroad.
1.2.2
Coordinating Colors
1.2.2.1
Colors That Fade
1.2.3
Tile Textures
1.2.4
Types Of Tiles
1.2.4.1
Ceramic
1.2.4.2
Clay . .
1.2.4.3
Cement .
1.3
TOOLS FOR TILES
1.3.1
Renting A Cutter
1.3.2
Buying Or Renting Crimpers
1.4
ACCOMPANYING MATERIALS . .
1.4.1
How To Adhere The Tiles
1.4.1.1
Mastic .
1.4.1.1.1 Types Of Mastic
1.4.2
Grout . . . . .
1.4.2.1
Coordinating Colors
1.4.2.2
How To Mix .
1.4.2.3
How To Apply . . . .

1
2
3
3
4
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11

3-49

Formatting Files with DSR
3.13 Creating a Table of Contents and an Index

CHAPTER 2
2.1
2.1.1

HOW TO CEDAR A CEILING
GETTING STARTED . . .
Various Surfaces . .

12
12

The third example displays a table of contents without section numbers by
using the following command line:
$ RUNOFF/CONTENTS/NOSECTION_NUMBERS

CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1

HOW TO TILE A FLOOR
READING ABOUT TILING
Tiling For Fun . .
Your Home In Tile
Changing A Room With Tile
How To Tile Floors And Walls
BUYING THE TILE . . . . . . .
Researching Tiles Produced Abroad
Coordinating Colors
Colors That Fade
Tile Textures
Types Of Tiles
Ceramic
Clay . .
Cement .
TOOLS FOR TILES
Renting A Cutter
Buying Or Renting Crimpers
ACCOMPANYING MATERIALS . .
How To Adhere The Tiles
Mastic . . . . .
Types Of Mastic
Grout . . . . .
Coordinating Colors
How To Mix . . . . .
How To Apply . . . .

CHAPTER 2

HOW TO CEDAR A CEILING
GETTING STARTED .
Various Surf aces . .

3.13.1.3

1-1
1-2
1-3
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-5
1-6
1-6
1-6
1-7
1-7
1-7
1-7
1-8
1-8
1-9
1-9
1-9
1-9
1-10
1-10
1-10
1-11
1-11
2-1
2-1

Comparing New DSR with Previous Versions of DSR
Previous versions of DSR also required three steps to create a table of
contents. These three steps and the corresponding new steps are shown
in the following list:

2
3

OLD

RUNOFF/CONTENTS FILE.ANO

NEW

RUNOFF /INTERMEDIATE FILE.ANO

OLD

RUN SYS$SYSTEM:TOC (.BTC)

NEW

RUNOFF/CONTENTS FILE.BAN

OLD

RUNOFF FILE.ANT

NEW

RUNOFF FILE.ANT

As shown in the list, previous versions of DSR generated BTC files instead of
BRN files. Although these BTC files are no longer produced, the new DSR
contents utility processes any BTC files you still have and want to process.

3-50

Formatting Files with DSR
3.13 Creating a Table of Contents and an Index

3.13.2 Creating an Index
To create an index, you enter .INDEX and .ENTRY commands throughout
your file. The syntax for an index entry is as follows:
.INDEX topic> subtopic> subtopic
or
.ENTRY topic

For example, if you want the words "clown fish" to appear in your index,
enter the .INDEX command followed by the words "clown fish":
The tank was teaming with tetras, but Marvin was interested in
.INDEX clown fish
the clown fish at the front of the store.

For more information about the index commands, see the VAX DIGITAL

Standard Runoff Reference Manual.
After you enter the index commands in your file, you are ready to run the
Indexing Utility. To run the Indexing Utility, follow three steps.

Enter the following command line to generate an intermediate (binary)
file:
$ RUNOFF/INTERMEDIATE FILE.RNO

Be sure to specify a RNO file. DSR produces a BRN file.

Enter the following command line to run the Indexing Utility:
$ RUNOFF/INDEX FILE.BRN

Be sure to specify a BRN file. You can add qualifiers to this command
line to customize the Indexing Utility. DSR produces a .RNX file.

Enter the following command line to process the .RNX file:
$ RUNOFF FILE.RNX

Be sure to specify an RNX file. DSR produces a MEX file. This MEX file
contains the index.
The following table shows the command lines you enter for each step and the
resulting file types:

3.13.2.1

Command Line

Resulting File Types

RUNOFF /INTERMEDIATE FILE.ANO

.BRN

RUNOFF /INDEX FILE.BRN

.RNX

RUNOFF FILE.RNX

.MEX

Tailoring the Index Utility
When you use the RUNOFF /INDEX command without qualifiers, you get the
following defaults:

•

55 lines per page, including the top and bottom header areas

•

Chapter-oriented page numbers for index entries

3-51

Formatting Files with DSR
3.13 Creating a Table of Contents and an Index

•

Consecutive page numbers merged into ranges

•

An output file with the same name as the input file

You can use the qualifiers listed in the following table to tailor the indexing
utility:
Qualifier

Results

/IDENTIFICATION

The version of DSR used to process your
file is displayed.

/LINES_PER_PAGE=n

The number you specify for n determines
the size of the page text, including the top
and bottom header areas.

/LOG

Processing information is displayed.

/OUTPUT=newfile

DSR produces an output file with the name
specified by =newfile. This output file, like
the default output file, has a file type of
.RNX.

/NOOUTPUT

An output file is not produced.

/NOPAGE_NUMBERS

Index entries will not have page numbers.

/P AGE_NUMBERS=RUNNING

Running page numbers (1,2,3, ... ) appear
instead of chapter-oriented page numbers
(1-1, 1-2, 1-3, ... ) for all index entries,
whether or not you specified running page
numbers in the document.

/REQUIRE=filename

Allows you to change the heading on the
first page of an index.

/RESERVE=n

DSR reserves n number of lines on the top
of the index page.

For more information about all the qualifiers available for creating an index,
see the VAX DIGITAL Standard Runoff Reference Manual.

3.13.2.2

Looking at Indexes
The following examples demonstrate how two of the qualifiers already
described can alter the appearance of an index. For more information about
these and other qualifiers, see the VAX DIGITAL Standard Runoff Reference
Manual.

The first example shows an index produced by DSR defaults. No qualifiers
are added to the command line.

3-52

Formatting Files with DSR
3.13 Creating a Table of Contents and an Index

$ RUNOFF/INDEX

Page Index-1
INDEX
Liszt, franz, 3-2, 4-11

Amadeus
see mozart
Bach, earl phillip emanuel, 1-2
to 1-3, 4-9
Bach, johann sebastian, 1-1, 3-2,
4-9, 4-12
Baroque composer
see bach
Bartok, bela, 2-1, 3-4, 4-10,
4-13
Britten, benjamin, 4-3, 4-14

Mozart, wolfgang amadeus, 3-5,
4-14
Prokofiev, sergei, 4-5, 4-15
Rachmaninoff, sergei, 3-3 to 3-4,
4-13
Rite of spring
see stravinsky
Satie, erik, 2-2, 4-10
Stravinsky, igor, 4-7, 4-15
Syrinx
debussy, 4-8, 4-17

Ceremony of carols
see britten
Chopin, frederic, 4-3 to 4-4,
4-14
Debussy, claude, 3-3, 4-13

Velvet gentleman
see satie

French composer
see debussy
Hindemith, paul, 4-6 to 4-7, 4-15

Waltz
see chopin

In the second example, DSR displays index pages 15 lines long instead of 55
lines long (the default) by using the following command line:
$ RUNOFF/INDEX/LINES_PER_PAGE=15

Page Index-1
INDEX
Amadeus
see mozart
Bach, earl phillip emanuel, 1-2
to 1-3, 4-9
Bach, johann sebastian, 1-1, 3-2,
4-9, 4-12
Baroque composer
see bach
Bartok, bela, 2-1, 3-4, 4-10,
4-13

Britten, benjamin, 4-3, 4-14
Ceremony of carols
see britten
Chopin, frederic, 4-3 to 4-4,
4-14
Debussy, claude, 3-3, 4-13
French composer
see debussy

3-53

Formatting Files with DSR
3.13 Creating a Table of Contents and an Index

Page Index-2
Hindemith, paul, 4-6 to 4-7, 4-15
Liszt, franz, 3-2, 4-11
Mozart, wolfgang amadeus, 3-5,
4-14
Prokofiev, sergei, 4-5, 4-15
Rachmaninoff, sergei, 3-3 to 3-4,
4-13
Rite of spring

see stravinsky
Satie, erik, 2-2, 4-10
Stravinsky, igor, 4-7, 4-15
Syrinx
debussy, 4-8, 4-17
Velvet gentleman
see satie
Waltz
see chopin

The third example shows how to create an index with running page numbers
(1,2,3, ... ), instead of chapter-oriented page numbers (1-1, 1-2, 1-3, ... ),
by using the following command line:
$ RUNOFF/INDEX/PAGE_NUMBERS=RUNNING
Page Index-1

INDEX
Liszt, franz, 8, 22

Amadeus
see mozart

Mozart, wolfgang amadeus, 11, 25
Bach, earl phillip emanuel, 2 to
3, 20
Bach, johann sebastian, 1, 8, 20,
23
Baroque composer
see bach
Bartok, bela, 4, 10, 21, 24
Britten, benjamin, 14, 25
Ceremony of carols
see britten
Chopin, frederic, 14 to 15, 25
Debussy, claude, 9, 24

Prokofiev, sergei, 16, 26
Rachmaninoff, sergei, 9 to 10, 24
Rite of spring
see stravinsky
Satie, erik, 5, 21
Stravinsky, igor, 18, 26
Syrinx
debussy, 19, 28
Velvet gentleman
see satie

French composer
see debussy
Hindemith, paul, 17 to 18, 26

3.13.2.3

Comparing New DSR with Previous Versions of DSR
Previous versions of DSR also required three steps to create an index. These
three steps are shown in the following list, along with the corresponding new
steps:

2
3

3-54

Waltz
see chopin

OLD

RUNOFF/INDEX FILE.ANO

NEW

RUNOFF /INTERMEDIATE FILE.ANO

OLD

RUN SYS$SYSTEM:TCX (.BIX)

NEW

RUNOFF /INDEX FILE.BAN

OLD

RUNOFF FILE.RNX

NEW

RUNOFF FILE.RNX

Formatting Files with DSR
3.13 Creating a Table of Contents and an Index

As shown in the list, previous versions of DSR generated BIX files instead of
BRN files. Although these BIX files are no longer produced, the new indexing
program processes any BIX files that you still have and want to process.

3-55

Customizing EVE

This appendix describes how to use startup files to modify the standard
EVE editor. Startup files hold key definitions and editing commands that
set the characteristics of the editing environment. Startup files can also hold
VAXTPU procedures, which augment the editing capability of the standard
EVE editor.
By placing your definitions and procedures in a startup file, you can invoke
the editor and automatically establish the editing environment your task
requires. The following sections describe how to create and use different
types of startup files.

A.1

Creating a Customized Editor
EVE provides the following ways of tailoring the standard editor to meet your
editing requirements:
•

Defining editing keys. You can assign an editing command to a key so
that commands are faster to enter. For example, you can bind the EVE
command ERASE WORD to the key sequence CTRL/D.

•

Creating learn sequences. You can assign a series of commands or
keystrokes to one key. For example, you can create a learn sequence
where you can press one key to insert a new phone number into a
standard memo heading.

•

Writing editing procedures using the VAX Text Processing Utility
(VAXTPU). Because EVE is built on a powerful, programmable utility
called the VAX Text Processing Utility, you can expand the editor beyond
its standard set of commands by using VAXTPU procedures~ With
VAXTPU language statements, you can write procedures that create
features that are not available in standard EVE. For example, you can
write a procedure to transpose two characters and assign this procedure
to a key.

Section 1. 9 and Section 1.12 in the EVE chapter describe how to define keys
for command and learn sequences and how to write VAXTPU procedures.

A.2

Using Startup Files
You can save key definitions, learn sequences, or VAXTPU procedures in a
startup file. A startup file allows you to save all the modifications you have
made of standard EVE so you do not have to recreate your modifications at
each editing session.
EVE has three types of startup files:
•

Section files

•

Initialization files

•

Command files
A-1

Customizing EVE
A. 2 Using Startup Files

A section file contains key definitions, learn sequences, and compiled
VAXTPU statements and procedures in binary form. Because section files
are in binary form, they set up the editing environment very quickly, but you
cannot display or edit a binary file. Use a section file to implement editing
features that are not likely to change from one editing session to another. For
example, define keys that you use regularly in a section file.
An initialization file is an ASCII file containing standard EVE commands.
You can easily display an initialization file and edit it. You can execute an
initialization file when invoking EVE or during an editing session, with the
@ command. Initialization files set up the editing environment more slowly
than section files or command files. They contain key definitions but not
learn sequences.
A command file is a VAXTPU source file containing VAXTPU statements
and procedures. You can use a command file in two different ways. A
command file can be used to generate an EVE section file. Or, it can be used
as a command file that EVE executes to create an editing environment. For
example, you can use a command file to control the appearance of the buffer
and the startup mode of the editor. Command files execute more slowly than
section files, but since they are ASCII files, you can display and edit them.
Command files and initialization files can be used for many of the same tasks.
However, command files execute more quickly and offer more sophisticated
editing tools.

A. 3

Creating Section Files
EVE requires a section file for startup. By default, EVE uses the section
file EVE$SECTION.TPU$SECTION located in directory SYS$SHARE.
This default section file defines the editing keys, shown in Figure 1-1 and
Figure 1-2, as well as the standard EVE commands, discussed in Chapter 1.
Rather than use the default section file, you can create a modified section file
that contains the standard EVE functions as well as your own key definitions,
learn sequences, and editing functions. You can create a section file in two
ways:
•

If you have a small number of key definitions and learn sequences, define
editing keys and assign learn sequences interactively. (See Section 1.12.2
for details.) To save the definitions in a section file, enter the SAVE
EXTENDED EVE command.

The default extension for section files is TPU$SECTION. Each time you
enter the SAVE EXTENDED EVE command, you can specify the same file
to ensure that all your customizations are saved cumulatively in the same
file.
•

A-2

If you have a large number of modifications, create a command file
with key definitions and VAXTPU procedures. (Note, however, that a
command file cannot have learn sequences.) End the file with the SAVE
and QUIT statements, assigning a section file name with the file type
TPU$SECTION, as shown in Example A-1. Then invoke EVE with
the /COMMAND qualifier and the command file name. EVE executes
statements in the command file, saves the compiled procedures and key
definitions in the section file named in the SAVE statement, and then

Customizing EVE
A.3 Creating Section Files

executes the QUIT statement, returning control to the DCL. You can now
use the new section file, as named in the SAVE statement.
To use a section file, specify the section file name with the /SECTION
qualifier on the EVE command line. For example, the following command
invokes EVE with a section file named MY_SECTION.TPU$SECTION,
located in directory ALEXIS on a disk called WORKl:
$ EDIT/TPU/SECTION=WORK: [ALEXIS]MY_SECTION

By default, VAXTPU uses the section file whose logical name is
TPU$SECTION. If you define this logical name in your LOGIN.COM file,
VAXTPU automatically uses your section file when you invoke EVE. For
example,
$DEFINE TPU$SECTION WORK1: [ALEXIS]MY_SECTION.TPU$SECTION

Use the EVE command SHOW SUMMARY to display the name of the current
section file.
EVE executes a section file before a command file or an initialization file.
Therefore, definitions in the command file and initialization file override
section file definitions. When you want to set the characteristics of the editing
environment, use either a command file or an initialization file. EVE executes
these commands upon startup, so the appearance of the buffer and the editing
mode is adjusted according to your definition.

A.4

Creating Initialization Files
Rather than defining keys or setting the characteristics of an editing
session interactively, you can put EVE commands and key definitions in
an initialization file. You can execute an initialization file when invoking EVE
or during an editing session, by using the @ command; for example,
Command: ©SETUP_INIT

Each command in an initialization file begins on a separate line. You
can add comments to the file to document it, as long as you precede the
comments with an exclamation mark and place them on a line separate from
a command. An initialization file has a file type of EVE.
The following is an example of an initialization file:
set tabs every 5
set left margin 15
set right margin 75
overstrike mode
define key=Ctrl/D erase word
define key=Gold/W start of line
define key=KP5 fill paragraph
!

!Binds the EDT forward function (KP4 on
!EDT keypad) to GOLD F
define key=Gold/F EDT KP4

A-3

Customizing EVE
A.4 Creating Initialization Files

An initialization file can be specified with the /INITIALIZATION qualifier,
defined as EVE$INIT in your LOGIN.COM file, or named EVE$INIT.EVE in
your SYS$LOGIN directory. The following command invokes EVE with the
initialization file named MY_INIT:
$ EDIT/TPU/INIT=WORK1: [ALEXIS]MY_INIT

By default, VAXTPU uses the initialization file whose logical name is
EVE$INIT. If you define this logical name in your LOGIN.COM file, VAXTPU
automatically uses your initialization file when you invoke EVE. For example,
you could insert the following command in your LOGIN.COM file:
$DEFINE EVE$INIT WORK1:[ALEXIS]MY_INIT.EVE

When EVE starts up, it looks first for a section file, then for a command file,
and finally for an initialization file. Since an initialization file is executed
after a section file and a command file, the definitions in an initialization
file override those in a section file or a command file. For this reason, place
commands that define the editing environment in either your command file
or your initialization file. Commands that define the environment include the
following:

A-4

•

SET CURSOR BOUND or FREE

•

SET FIND WHITESPACE or NOWHITESP ACE

•

SET KEYPAD

•

SET GOLD KEY

•

SET LEFT MARGIN

•

SET RIGHT MARGIN

•

SET SCROLL MARGINS

•

SET TABS AT or EVERY

•

SET TABS SP ACES, MOVEMENT or INSERT

•

SET TABS VISIBLE or INVISIBLE

•

SET WIDTH

•

SET WILDCARD VMS or UL TRIX

•

SET WRAP or NOWRAP

•

The default mode of the buffer: CHANGE MODE, OVERSTRIKE MODE,
or INSERT MODE

•

The default direction of the buffer: CHANGE DIRECTION, FORWARD,
or REVERSE

Customizing EVE
A.5 Creating Command Files

A.5

Creating Command Files
A command file is a source program that contains VAXTPU procedures and
executable statements. A VAXTPU procedure is a set of related VAXTPU
statements that are executed when the procedure name is invoked. The
statements and procedures define what happens when you press a key or
enter a command.
When you use an EVE command, you are actually invoking a compiled
VAXTPU procedure. For example, the EVE command SET KEYPAD EDT
invokes the EVE_SET_KEYPAD__EDT procedure in the standard EVE section
file.
EVE executes a command file after a section file. For this reason, any key
definitions or procedures defined in a command file override those in a
section file.
There are two different ways to use a command file. A command file can
create an editing environment that is independent of the section file, or a
command file can be used to produce a new section file.
Whenever you want to set editing defaults, use a command file because EVE
executes the statements in the command file (or initialization file) at startup
and applies the new defaults. See Section A.4 for a list of commands that set
the editing environment. For example, you can use one command file to set
up margins and tabs and a header for a memo and a second command file
that sets tabs suitable for writing a financial report.
To create a command file, invoke EVE and specify a filename with an
extension of TPU, such as MY_COMMAND.TPU. Once in the editor, enter
VAXTPU statements and procedures.
Example A-1 shows a command file that modifies EVE to be more like the
EDT editor. This file is meant to create a personal section file named MY_
SECTION. TPU$SECTION.
If you intend to use a command file to create a section file, you conclude the
file with the SAVE and QUIT statements and include a file specification for
the section file, as described in Example A-1. To convert the command file to
a section file, invoke EVE with the /COMMAND qualifier. For example:
$ EDIT/TPU/COMMAND=MY_COMMANDS

EVE executes the commands in the file and saves the compiled procedures
and key definitions in the TPU$SECTION file that you name in the SAVE
statement. The QUIT statement terminates the editor, returning control to the
DCL. At this point, you have a new section file. Therefore, on invoking EVE,
the editor automatically reads the section file that you have defined in your
LOGIN.COM or in your SYSLOGIN directory.
One advantage of creating a section file from a command file is that a
command file can be easily edited. This is especially important when you
want to add VAXTPU procedures or add a large number of key definitions.
To use a command file to set the characteristics of the editing environment
and add functions to the standard EVE editor, again invoke EVE with the
/COMMAND qualifier. For example:
$ EDIT/TPU/COMMAND=DATA_SETUP

EVE again executes the statements in the command file, but since there is no
SAVE statement, the compiled procedures and key definitions are not saved.

A-5

Customizing EVE
A.5 Creating Command Files

If you do not include a command qualifier, EVE searches for the file specified
by the logical name TPU$COMMAND. You can define this logical name in
your LOGIN.COM file. If this file is not found, VAXTPU then searches for a
file named TPU$COMMAND.TPU in the current directory.

Example A-1

Sample EVE Command File

'******************************************************************************
!Command file making EVE more like EDT and implementing personal customizations

'******************************************************************************
!Procedure to delete a line and close the gap left by the deletion
procedure eve_zapline

«t

eve_end_of_line;
eve_erase_start_of_line;
eve_delete;
endprocedure

!Procedure to move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph:
procedure eve_next_paragraph
local

patl,
the_range;

patl := LINE_BEGIN + LINE_BEGIN + arb (1);
the_range := search_quietly (patl, FORWARD, EXACT);
if the_range <> 0
then
position (end_of (the_range));
return (TRUE) ; f)
else
return (FALSE);
endif;
endprocedure
!Procedure to make EVE behave more like EDT
procedure eve_mimic_edt
eve_set_keypad_edt;
eve_set_cursor_bound;
eve_set_left_margin(lO);

endprocedure
!Procedure to transpose two characters
procedure eve_transpose
local

whack;

whack := erase_character (1);
move_horizontal (1);
copy_text (whack);
return (TRUE);
endprocedure

Example A-1 Cont'd. on next page

A-6

Customizing EVE
A.5 Creating Command Files

Example A-1 (Cont.)

Sample EVE Command File

!Procedure to make both the screen width and the right margin narrow
procedure eve_narrow_screen
eve_set_width (80);
eve_set_right_margin (79);
endprocedure;
!Procedure to make both the screen width and the right margin wide
procedure eve_wide_screen
eve_set_width (132);
eve_set_right_margin (131);
endprocedure;
!Procedure to toggle screen width and right margin from the current setting
!to the other setting, i.e. change to wide if narrow, change to narrow if wide

procedure eve_change_width

if get_info (SCREEN, "width") <> 80
then
eve_narrow_screen;
else
eve_wide_screen;
endif;
endprocedure;
procedure tpu$local_init

eve_mimic_edt;

eve$define_key ("eve_next_paragraph", CTRL_P_KEY, "Next Para".
eve$x_user_keys);
~
eve$define_key("eve_zapline", key_name ( 11 0 11 , shift_key), "Zap Line".
eve$x_user_keys);
«I>
eve$define_key ("eve_two_windows". Fi 7. "Two Windows", eve$x_user_keys);

eve$define_key ("eve_other_window", CTRL_G_KEY. "Other Window",
eve$x_user_keys);
01)
eve$define_key ("eve_get_file(' ') ". key_name (KP6, SHIFT_KEY), "Get File".
eve$x_user_keys);
~
eve$define_key ( 11 eve_transpose 11 , key_name (F20, SHIFT_KEY), "Transpose".
eve$x_user_keys);
f>
endprocedure
tpu$local_init; ~
save ("WORK: [LINCOLN]MY_SECTIDN. TPU$SECTION 11 ) ;
quit;

Cl)

Example A-1 illustrates the following points about writing command files:

Document a command file using comments. An exclamation mark starts
a comment. When VAXTPU encounters the mark, it ignores everything
else on the line.

Start each procedure with the word procedure.

End each VAXTPU statement in the procedure with a semicolon.

Each EVE command corresponds to the name of a
VAXTPU procedure in the section file of standard EVE
(SYS$SHARE:EVE$SECTION.TPU$SECTION).

A-7

Customizing EVE
A.5 Creating Command Files

The names of these VAXTPU procedures can be used in procedures you
write, or they can be executed independently as VAXTPU statements. If
your command file contains both user-written procedures and executable
VAXTPU statements, put all the procedures before any of the executable
statements.

End each procedure with the word endprocedure.

When you write a procedure implementing a command in EVE, use
eve_ as the first four characters of the procedure name. By following this
convention, the procedure name, without the characters eve_, becomes
an EVE command. For example, if you write a procedure called EVE_
NEXT_P ARAGRAPH in a command file, once the section file is compiled,
you can use the new EVE command NEXT PARAGRAPH.
Since a command file executes after a section file, a procedure overwrites
a command by the same name in the section file. For example, if you
name a procedure EVE_ERASE_CHARACTER, the ERASE CHARACTER
command executes your procedure, not the standard F.VE command.

In order for an EVE command to be usable with a repeat count (either
by itself or as part of a learn sequence), it must return TRUE when it
succeeds.

If you use a VAXTPU procedure name that requires a parameter, put the

parameter in parentheses. For example, the EVE command SET LEFT
MARGINS requires a parameter specifying where to set the left margin.
The EVE syntax is
SET LEFT MARGIN 10

But the VAXTPU syntax is
eve_set_left_margin(10);

Notice that, if a parameter is a string rather than an integer, you must
enclose the parameter in quotes. For example, with EVE_SET_SCROLL_
MARGINS, the parameter "10%" is a string and must be enclosed in
quotes. To pass a null parameter, use an empty pair of quotes, such as
eve_spawn("").

A procedure must be compiled before it can be invoked. Then the
procedure can be invoked as either an EVE command or as a VAXTPU
executable statement. In this example, the procedure named EVE_
CHANGE_WIDTH can be invoked as the EVE command CHANGE
WIDTH. The procedure name can also be invoked as the VAXTPU
executable statement EVE_CHANGE_WIDTH.

Add a procedure called TPU$LOCAL_INIT to a command file that you
use as a section file.
This procedure should contain all executable statements (including those
calling other procedures) that you want to be defined and executed when
EVE is invoked. Because any executable statement in this procedure is
executed when EVE is invoked, the statements in this procedure become
default settings for the EVE editor.

48 This VAXTPU statement invokes the procedure EVE_MIMIC_EDT,
which contains VAXTPU statements that change EVE' s settings. If you
compile the sample command file, save it in a personal section file, and
then invoke EVE using that section file, the keypad setting, cursor style,

A-8

Customizing EVE
A.5 Creating Command Files

and left margin are automatically set by the procedure
EVE_MIMIC_EDT. As a result, EVE behaves like EDT at startup.
~

This VAXTPU statement uses the predefined EVE routine
EVE$DEFINE_KEY to define the user-written procedure
EVE_NEXT_PARAGRAPH for the key sequence CTRL/P. The
EVE$DEFINE_KEY routine ensures that the program bound to the key
has an error handler. The VAXTPU built-in DEFINE_KEY does not
perform this step. Notice that there are four parameters to
EVE$DEFINE_KEY. (This routine uses the same parameters as the
VAXTPU built-in DEFINE_KEY.) The first specifies the EVE procedure or
command to be bound to a key. The second specifies the key to which
the command should be bound. The third specifies the label that EVE
should use for the key in the HELP keypad diagram. The fourth is an
EVE variable specifying the keymap list in which the key definition
should be saved. Use the variable name EVE$X _USER_KEYS for the
fourth parameter unless you are an advanced user implementing a special
application.

41> This VAXTPU statement defines the procedure EVE_ZAPLINE for the
key sequence GOLD /0. This line demonstrates the VAXTPU syntax to
use when defining a sequence consisting of the GOLD key plus a letter
key. Note that using "shift_key" makes the definition case insensitive, so
that both o and 0 are defined.
~

This statement defines the EVE command TWO WINDOWS for the
F17 key.

e This statement defines the EVE command OTHER WINDOW for the key
sequence CTRL/G.
~

This statement defines the EVE command GET FILE for the key
sequence GOLD /KP 6. Note that this keypad binding supersedes
the previous definition of the GOLD/KP 6 key. The EVE_MIMIC_EDT
procedure sets the keypad to EDT and the EDT keypad then binds the
GOLD /KP 6 key sequence to the INSERT HERE command. However,
this VAXTPU statement changes the key binding to the GET FILE
command. The pair of single quotes passes a null argument to the
procedure.

41 This statement defines the procedure EVE_TRANSPOSE for the key
sequence GOLD /F20.

CD The statement TPU$LOCAL _INIT calls the procedure
TPU$LOCAL_INIT, which is then executed, creating new
default settings for EVE.

41 Enter the SAVE statement to create a new section file. In parentheses and
quotation marks, specify the device, directory, and filename of the section
file. To update a section file, specify the existing personal section file.
~

Add the statement QUIT as the last statement in a command file if the file
is to be compiled as a section file. QUIT ends EVE processing and returns
control to the DCL.

A-9

Customizing EVE
A.6 Modifying the $DEFAULTS$ Buffer

A.6

Modifying the $DEFAULTS$ Buffer
In EVE, each new buffer you create uses default settings for the editing mode,
direction, margins, and tab stops. The system buffer $DEFAULTS$ lists the
default buffer characteristics.
These characteristics are either the EVE defaults or they derive from the
command settings established in your section file, command file, and
initialization file for the initial editing buffer. The initial buffer is the main
buffer or the buffer cited on the EVE command line.
For example, if your initialization file sets margins, tab stops, cursor
direction, and editing mode, then those settings are also set for the buffer
$DEFAULTS$. EVE applies the characteristics listed in the $DEFAULTS$
buffer to all subsequent buffers that you create.
To see the current characteristics of the buffer, enter the command SHOW
DEFAULTS BUFFER. EVE displays the following type of information:
Information about buff er $DEFAULTS$
Not modified
Mode: Insert
Direction: Forward
Max lines: No limit

Left margin set to 1
Right margin set to 79

Tab stops set every 8 columns

You can also modify characteristics of the $DEFAULTS$ buffer interactively.
Move to the $DEFAULTS$ buffer by entering the command BUFFER
$DEFAULTS$. Then enter the appropriate SET command; for example,
SET LEFT MARGIN 7. The $DEFAULTS$ buffer now has a left margin
of 7. As a result, any new buffers created during the editing session have a
left margin of 7.

A-10

EDT Commands and Equivalent EVE Commands

This appendix lists basic EDT commands and the EVE equivalents.
The EVE command SET KEYPAD EDT provides most EDT keypad functions.
However, EVE does not implement or support EDT line-mode commands and
"nokeypad" commands. SET KEYPAD EDT does not implement GOLD-key
equivalents for EDT control keys. For example, GOLD /U and GOLD /W are
not defined, although CTRL/U and CTRL/W are defined.
If you are accustomed to using an EDT initialization file, you can create
a similar startup file for EVE, by using the corresponding EVE commands
or VAXTPU procedures. See Appendix A for a description of startup files.
For example, the following initialization files set up equivalent editing
environments:
!

EDT initialization file

set notruncate
set wrap 70
set cursor 7:14
def key gold 10 as "chglw. 11
def key gold u as "chguw."
def key f unc 34 as "ext =main .. 11

Table B-1

EVE initialization file

set wrap
set right margin 70
set scroll margins 7 7
def key=gold/pf2 lowercase word
def key=gold/u uppercase word
def key=f20 buff er main

Corresponding EDT and EVE Commands

EDT Command or Function

Equivalent EVE Command

line-number

LINE. EVE does not display line numbers. Use the WHAT LINE
command to display the current line number. Line numbers are
always integers.

Repeat count with IGOLD I key

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT. Alternatively, use the EVE
command REPEAT and type the repeat count.

ADJUST TAB or lcTRL/Tl

Not implemented. To set tab stops, use the EVE command SET
TABS or define a key for the WPS Ruler key (GOLD/R).

ADVANCE or lKP4l

FORWARD.

APPEND or lKP9l

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT.

ASC

No equivalent EVE command, but you can usually get the same
effect by using QUOTE.

BACKUP or IKP5 I

REVERSE.

BOL or BACKSPACE lCTRL/HI

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT. You can also use the EVE
command ST ART OF LINE or press the GOLD /Left arrow key.

BOTTOM or IGOLD /KP4 I

BOTTOM or the GOLD /Down arrow key.

CHARACTER or IKP3 I

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT.

CLEAR

DELETE BUFFER.

COMMAND

DO. However, EVE does not accept EDT line-mode commands.

B-1

EDT Commands and Equivalent EVE Commands

Table 8-1 (Cont.)

Corresponding EDT and EVE Commands

EDT Command or Function

Equivalent EVE Command

COMPUTE TAB LEVEL or I CTRL/ A I

Not implemented. To set tab stops, use the EVE command SET
TABS or define a key for the WPS Ruler key (GOLD/A). EVE defines
CTRL/ A as CHANGE MODE, so it switches between insert and
overstrike modes.

COPY

No equivalent EVE command, but you can get the same effects by
using STORE TEXT and INSERT HERE.

CUT or IKP6I

REMOVE.

CHNGCASE or IKP 1 I

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT. You can also use the EVE
commands CAPITALIZE WORD, LOWERCASE WORD, and
UPPERCASE WORD.

CHGL

LOWERCASE WORD. In EVE Version 2.0, this command works on
the currently highlighted text or on the current word.

CHGU

UPPERCASE WORD. In EVE Version 2.0, this command works on
the currently highlighted text or on the current word.

lcTRL/Cl

In EVE, CTRL/C can cancel an operation, such as a repeat count
or a global replacement. However, its use is not recommended
because CTRL/C interferes with the journaling facility. If you use
CTRL/C, immediately exit from EVE and then restart the editing
session.

lcTRL/Ll (insert form feed)

INSERT PAGE BREAK. EVE always puts a page break on a line by
itself.

DATE

No equivalent EVE command, but you can define a key for WPS
Insert Date Time (GOLD/\ or GOLD/I). For example, the command
DEFINE KEY=ctrl/d wps gold/I defines CTRL/D to insert the current
date and time.

DECREASE TAB LEVEL or ICTRL/D I

Not implemented. To set tab stops, use the EVE command SET
TABS or define a key for the WPS Ruler key (GOLD/A).

DEFINE KEY or I CTRL/K I

DEFINE KEY. Note that the EVE syntax is different, and EVE
generally uses key names like the DCL. Setting the EDT keypad in
EVE defines lcTRL/KI as LEARN.

DEFINE MACRO

No equivalent EVE command. However, you can usually create a
learn sequence or VAXTPU procedure to do the same thing. In
some cases you can use an EVE initialization file.

DEL BOL or ICTRL/Ul

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT. You can also use the EVE
command ERASE ST ART OF LINE, although it is slightly different.

DEL C or lcOMMAI

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT. Also, the EVE command
ERASE CHARACTER is functionally the same. However, in EVE,
the operation is sensitive to the mode of the buffer (insert or
overstrike).

DEL EOL or IGOLD/KP2l

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT.

DEL L or IPF41

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT. You can also use the EVE
command ERASE LINE.

DEL W or IMINUS I

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT. The EVE command ERASE
WORD performs a similar function.

8-2

EDT Commands and Equivalent EVE Commands

Table B-1 (Cont.)

Corresponding EDT and EVE Commands

EDT Command or Function

Equivalent EVE Command

DELETE

DELETE. In EVE, the delete operation is sensitive to the mode of
the buffer (insert or overstrike).

DOWN

MOVE DOWN.

!ENTER!

RETURN.

EOL or IKP2l

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT. You can also use the EVE
command END OF LINE (or press the GOLD/RIGHT arrow key),
although it is slightly different.

EXIT

EXIT or lCTRL/ZI or IF1ol. Note that in EVE, exiting does not write
out a file unless you have made changes to it.

EXT

DO. Keep in mind that EVE does not have a separate line-mode
state.

FILL or !GOLD/KP8l

FILL, FILL PARAGRAPH, or FILL RANGE. With EVE Version 2.0, the
FILL command does a FILL RANGE if you have selected some text;
otherwise, it does a FILL PARAGRAPH.

FIND

FIND. However, the rules for case sensitivity are different in EVE.

FIND=

BUFFER. In EVE, buffer names are usually the same as the file in
that buffer.

FNDNXT or IPF3 I

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT. You can also press !FIND! twice.

HELP

HELP.

INCLUDE

INCLUDE FILE. In EVE, the included file is copied into the buffer
before the start of the current line.

INCREASE TAB LEVEL or !CTRL/El

Not implemented. To set tab stops, use the EVE command SET
TABS or define a key for the WPS Ruler key (GOLD/R). Also, EVE
defines CTRL/E as END OF LINE.

INSERT

No equivalent EVE command, because EVE does not have a
separate line-mode state. In an initialization file, you can use the
EVE command TPU and the V AXTPU procedure COPY_TEXT.

LEFT

MOVE LEFT.

LINE or lKPOI

MOVE BY LINE. The EVE command LINE takes a line number and
optionally a procedure name.

LINEFEED or ICTRL/ JI

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT. The EVE command ERASE
PREVIOUS WORD is similar.

MOVE

No equivalent EVE command, but you can get the same effect by
using REMOVE and INSERT HERE.

OPEN LINE or !GOLD/KPOl

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT.

PAGE or IKP7l
PASTE or!~G-O-LD_/_K-P6~,

MOVE BY PAGE.

No equivalent EVE command. However, you can create a learn
sequence or VAXTPU procedure to do the same thing; that is, copy
the current buffer, add page breaks, and write out the file. EVE
does not insert line numbers as text in the buffer.

QUIT

QUIT. If you have modified any buffers, EVE prompts you to
confirm that you are quitting.

INSERT HERE.

B-3

EDT Commands and Equivalent EVE Commands

Table 8-1 (Cont.)

Corresponding EDT and EVE Commands

EDT Command or Function

Equivalent EVE Command

REF or I CTRL/W I

REFRESH. EVE defines CTRL/R as REMEMBER (to end a learn
sequence).

REPLACE or IGOLD/KP9l

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT. The EVE command REPLACE is
similar to the EDT command SUBSTITUTE.

RESEQUENCE

No equivalent EVE command. EVE line numbers are always integers
(no fractions). To find out the current line number, use WHAT LINE.

RESET or IGOLD/PERIODI

RESET or IGOLD /SELECT I.

RIGHT

MOVE RIGHT.

SECT or IKP8I

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT. You can also use NEXT
SCREEN and PREVIOUS SCREEN.

SELECT or IPERIOD I

SELECT.

SET [NO]AUTOREPEA T

No equivalent EVE command.

SET CASE

No equivalent EVE command.

SET COMMAND

@ command. For example, the command @ MYEVE executes an
initialization file called MYEVE.EVE.

SET CURSOR

SET SCROLL MARGINS. EVE scroll margins are set at the top and
bottom of the window, whereas in EDT, they are both set from the
top. For example, the command SET SCROLL MARGINS 2 3 sets
scroll margins at two lines from the top of the window and three
lines from the bottom of the window. Also, in EVE, you can specify
the scroll margins as percentages of the window height.

SET ENTITY

No equivalent EVE command.

SET [NO]FNF

No equivalent EVE command.

SET MODE

No equivalent EVE command. EVE is always a full-screen editor and
does not have a separate line-mode state.

SET HELP

No equivalent EVE command, but you can define the logical names
EVE$HELP and EVE$KEYHELP at the DCL level to specify other
HELP files.

SET [NO]KEYPAD

SET KEYPAD EDT and SET KEYPAD NOEDT.

SET LINES number

No equivalent EVE command. However, if you use multiple
windows, you can shrink and enlarge them. The size of the
EVE main window depends on the size of your terminal screen
(established with the DCL command SET TERMINAL/PAGE).

SET [NO]NUMBERS

No equivalent EVE command.

SET PARAGRAPH

No equivalent EVE command. In EVE, a paragraph (for purposes of
FILL commands) is bound by blank lines, the top or bottom of the
buffer, page breaks, or RUNOFF commands.

SET PROMPT

No equivalent EVE command.

SET [NO]REPEA T

No equivalent EVE command.

SET [NO]QUIET

No equivalent EVE command.

SET SEARCH

No equivalent EVE command. However, you can get some of the
same effects by using WILDCARD FIND.

8-4

EDT Commands and Equivalent EVE Commands

Table B-1 (Cont.)

Corresponding EDT and EVE Commands

EDT Command or Function

Equivalent EVE Command

SET SCREEN

SET WIDTH. By default, the width of the EVE main window is the
width of your terminal screen (established with
SET TERMINAL/WIDTH). Typically, this is 80 columns.

SET [NO]SUMMARY

No equivalent EVE command.

SET [NO]TAB

SET TABS. The EVE syntax is different. Also, EVE does not
implemenent EDT-style keys for computing tabs.

SET TERMINAL

No equivalent EVE command.

SET TEXT

No equivalent EVE command.

SET [NO]TRUNCA TE

SET NO WRAP and SET WRAP.

SET [NO]VERIFY

No equivalent EVE command.

SET WORD [NO]DELIMITER

No equivalent EVE command. In EVE, a word is bounded by
spaces, tabs, or the start or end of a line. A space before a word
is considered part of that word (for the commands ERASE WORD,
CAPITALIZE WORD, LOWERCASE WORD, and UPPERCASE
WORD).

SET [NO]WRAP

SET RIGHT MARGIN.

SHL

SHIFT LEFT. The EVE command requires a numeric parameter (an
integer, specifying the number of columns you want to shift the
window to the left).

SHOW BUFFER

The following EVE commands:
SHOW-To display information about the current buffer.
SHOW BUFFERS-To get a list of the buffers you have created.
SHOW DEF AUL TS BUFFER-To show information about the
$DEF AULTS$ buffer, which lists the settings used when you create
buffers.
SHOW SYSTEM BUFFERS-To get a list of the buffers created
by EVE, such as the message buffer, commands buffer, and Insert
Here buffer.

SHOW KEY

SHOW KEY. Either type the key name on the command line or
press the key you want to know about, in response to an EVE
prompt.

SHOW VERSION

SHOW SUMMARY.

SHR

SHIFT RIGHT. The EVE command requires a numeric parameter (an
integer, specifying the number of columns you want to shift the
window to the right).

SPECINS or lGOLD/KP3 I

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT. You can also enter control
codes by using the EVE command QUOTE, and you can enter DEC
Multinational Characters by using the COMPOSE CHARACTER key
on VT200-series and VT300-series terminals.

SUBS or !GOLD/ENTER I

Implemented by SET KEYPAD EDT. You can also use the EVE
command REPLACE, which corresponds to the EDT line-mode
command SUBSTITUTE.

SUBSTITUTE

REPLACE. The EVE command does not use qualifiers. The search
follows the same rules as FIND for case sensitivity.

B-5

EDT Commands and Equivalent EVE Commands

Table B-1 (Cont.)

Corresponding EDT and EVE Commands

EDT Command or Function

Equivalent EVE Command

TAB ADJUST

No equivalent EVE command. To set tab stops, use the EVE
command SET TABS or define a key for the WPS Ruler key
(GOLD/R).

TOP or IGOLDF /KP5 l

TOP or the GOLD /Up arrow key.

TYPE

No equivalent EVE command, but you can use NEXT SCREEN and
PREVIOUS SCREEN to scroll through a file. Also, you can define
keys for WPS Scroll Backup (GOLD/KP1) and WPS Scroll Advance
(GOLD/KPO). For example:

Command: DEFINE KEY=gold/e5 wps gold/kpl
Command: DEFINE KEY=gold/e6 wps gold/kpO
Defines GOLD /PREV SCREEN as Scroll Backup and GOLD /NEXT
SCREEN as Scroll Advance.
UNO C or lGOLD/COMMAl

RESTORE CHARACTER. In EVE, the function is sensitive to the
mode of the buffer (insert or overstrike).

UNO Lor lGOLD/PF4l

RESTORE LINE.

UNO W or lGOLD/MINUSl

RESTORE WORD.

MOVE UP.

WORD or lKP1 I

MOVE BY WORD.

WRITE

WRITE FILE. The EVE command always writes out the entire current
buffer. You can create a V AXT PU procedure to write out a range.

B-6

Index

A
ADVANCE (EDT keypad function)• 2-9
ADVANCE key (EDT)• 2-15
Appendix
creating• 3-34
APPEND key• 2-18

B
BACKUP (EDT keypad function)• 2-9
BACKUP key (EDT)• 2-15
.BLANK command•3-3, 3-12, 3-22, 3-25
Boldfacing text• 3-45
BOTTOM command• 1-7
BOTTOM keypad function• 2-9
.BREAK command• 3-12
BRN file• 3-46, 3-51
Buffer• 1-1
creating• 2-33
deleting• 1-31, 2-34
displaying• 1-31, 1-32, 2-33
selecting• 1-31 , 1-32
BUFFER command• 1-7, 1-31
Bulleted list
See List

c
CAPITALIZE command• 1-29
CAPITALIZE WORD command• 1-25
.CENTER command• 3-3
CENTER LINE command• 1-25, 1-29
Chapter format• 3-32
Chapter number
letter• 3-32
Roman numeral • 3-32
CHAR keypad function (EDT)• 2-10
CHNGCASE key• 2-20
CLEAR MAIN command• 2-34
Column format• 2-36
Command file• A-1 to A-1 0

COMMAND key• 2-20
/COMMAND qualifier• 2-51
COPY command• 2-28, 2-34
CTRL/C• 1-23
CTRL/U
See Find keypad function (EDT)
Cursor control
in EDT•2-9
in EVE• 1-6
CUT key•2-17, 2-18
CUT keypad function (EDT)• 2-14

D
.DATE command• 3-37, 3-41
Date within running head
See Running head
DCL command• 1-43
DEFINE KEY command• 1-38, 2-43, 2-50, 2-51
DEFINE MACRO command• 2-50, 2-51
DEL C keypad function (EDT)• 2-13
DEL EOL keypad function (EDT)• 2-13
DELETE BUFFER command• 1-31
DELETE command• 2-25
DELETE WINDOW command• 1-35
DEL L keypad function (EDT)• 2-13
DEL W keypad function (EDT)• 2-13
DIGIT AL Standard Runoff
See DSR
.DISPLAY CHAPTER command• 3-32
.DISPLAY ELEMENTS command• 3-10
.DISPLAY LEVELS command• 3-31
.DISPLAY NUMBER command• 3-33
DO key• 1-5, 2-15
DSR (DIGIT AL Standard Runoff)
.APPENDIX command• 3-34
.BLANK command• 3-3, 3-12, 3-22, 3-25
.BREAK command• 3-12
.CENTER command• 3-3
.CHAPTER command• 3-32
.DATE command• 3-37, 3-41
.DISPLAY CHAPTER command• 3-32
.DISPLAY ELEMENTS command • 3-10
.DISPLAY LEVELS command• 3-31
.DISPLAY NUMBER command • 3-33

lndex-1

Index

DSR (DIGIT AL Standard Runoff) (cont'd.)
.END FOOTNOTE command• 3-43
.END LIST command• 3-6, 3-12
.END LITERAL command• 3-12
.END NOTE command •3-42
.ENTRY command• 3-51
.FIGURE command• 3-22, 3-25
.FIGURE DEFERRED command• 3-22, 3-24,
3-25
.FILL command• 3-14
.FIRST TITLE command• 3-41
.FOOTNOTE command• 3-43
.HEADER LEVEL command• 3-28, 3-41
.HEADERS ON command•3-35
.INDENT command• 3-19
.INDEX command• 3-51
.JUSTIFY command• 3-14
.LEFT MARGIN command• 3-12
.LIST command• 3-6, 3-12
.LIST ELEMENT command• 3-6, 3-12
.LITERAL command• 3-12, 3-13, 3-22, 3-24,
3-25
.NO AUTOSUBTITLE command• 3-41
.NO FILL command•3-15
.NO JUSTIFY command• 3-16
.NO NUMBER command• 3-35
.NOTE command• 3-42
.PAGE SIZE command •3-17
RUNOFF command• 3-4, 3-5, 3-6
RUNOFF /INDEX command• 3-51
.SUBTITLE command• 3-37, 3-38
.TAB STOPS command• 3-12
terminator• 3-3
.TITLE command• 3-36, 3-37, 3-41
/DUPLICATE qualifier• 2-29

E
EDIT command• 2-2
Editing session
changing mode in EVE • 1-10
changing modes in EDT• 2-6
exiting from EDT• 2-3
exiting from EVE• 1-1
invoking EDT• 2-2
invoking EVE• 1-1
recovering after system interruption• 1-22,
2-6,2-35
refreshing the screen• 1-22
EDIT /TPU command • 1-2

lndex-2

EDT editor
boldfacing text• 3-45
copying text• 2-28
creating macros• 2-4 7
defining keys• 2-42, 2-44, 2-46
deleting text•2-13, 2-25
exiting from• 2-3
finding text• 2-15
indenting text• 2-4 1
inserting text• 2-9, 2-22, 2-34
invoking• 2-2
modes of editing• 2-2, 2-6
moving text• 2-17, 2-28, 2-34
recovering text from journal file• 2-35
replacing text• 2-18, 2-27, 2-29
restoring text• 2-13
tabbing facility• 2-36
writing buffer to a file• 2-34
EDT equivalents to EVE commands• B-1 to B-6
EDTINl.EDT • 2-50
EDT keypad option (EVE) • 1-5
. END FOOTNOTE command• 3-43
. END LIST command• 3-6, 3-12
. END LITERAL command• 3-12
.END NOTE command• 3-42
END OF LINE command • 1-7
ENLARGE WINDOW command• 1-35
ENTER key (EDT)• 2-15
.ENTRY command • 3-51
EOL keypad function (EDT)• 2-10
ERASE CHARACTER command• 1-12
ERASE LINE command • 1-12
ERASE PREVIOUS WORD command• 1-12
EVE$1NIT. EVE• A-3
EVE editor
assigning multiple definitions to a key• 1-4 1
copying text• 1-14
creating buffers• 1-32
defining keys• 1-38, 1-39
entering commands• 1-3, 1-6
erasing text• 1-12
finding text• 1-16
formatting text• 1-23
inserting text• 1-10
invoking • 1-1
marking locations• 1-18
modes of editing• 1-2
moving text• 1-14
reaching the DCL • 1-43
reading files into buffers• 1-34
removing key definitions• 1-39

Index

EVE editor (cont'd.)
replacing text• 1-12, 1-19
startup files• A-1 to A-10
using buffers• 1-30
using windows• 1-34
EVE equivalents to EDT commands• B-1 to 8-6
EXIT command• 1-2, 2-3
EXTEND EVE command• 1-46

.INDENT command• 3-19
Index
creating • 3-46, 3-5 1
Initialization file• A-1 to A-10
INSERT command• 2-22
Insert mode• 1-10
INSERT PAGE BREAK command• 1-25
Intermediate file• 3-46, 3-51

.FIGURE command• 3-22, 3-25
.FIGURE DEFERRED command• 3-22, 3-24, 3-25
FILL command• 1-25, 1-28
.FILL command• 3-14
FILL key• 2-20
FILL PARAGRAPH command• 1-25, 1-28
FILL RANGE command• 1-25
Find key
VT 100-series terminal• 1-16
FIND keypad function (EDT)• 2-15
.FIRST TITLE command• 3-4 1
FNDNXT keypad function (EDT)• 2-15
Footnote
creating • 3-43

Journal file• 1-22, 2-6, 2-35
Justification of text• 3-14

G
GET FILE command• 1-7, 1-31, 1-34
GOLD key• 1-41, 2-9, 2-17
GO TO command• 1-18, 1-31

H
Head
See Running head
.HEADER LEVEL command• 3-28, 3-41
.HEADERS ON command• 3-35
HELP command• 1-21, 2-4

I
INCLUDE command• 2-34, 2-50
INCLUDE FILE command• 1-10. 1-34

K
Key definition• 1-38, 2-42
in EDT•2-46
saving in a section file• 1-47
Keypad
default editing keys for EDT• 2-5
default editing keys for EVE• 1-3
displaying diagram of• 1-22
EDT option• 1-5
WPS option • 1-5
Keypad mode• 2-7
Keypad mode (EDT)• 2-2
deleting text• 2-13
finding text• 2-15
inserting text• 2-9
moving text• 2-17
moving the cursor• 2-9
replacing text• 2-18
restoring text• 2-13

L
Learn sequence
assigning to a key• 1-39
saving in a section file• 1-47
.LEFT MARGIN command• 3-12
Letter
chapter number• 3-32
page number• 3-33
Lettered list
See list

lndex-3

Index

LINE command• 1-7
LINEFEED key• 2-13
LINE keypad function (EDT)• 2-10
Line mode• 2-2, 2-21
copying text• 2-28
deleting text• 2-25
inserting text• 2-22
line numbers• 2-21
moving text• 2-28
replacing text• 2-27, 2-29
specifying a range• 2-23
List
bulleted • 3-7
formatting• 3-6
lettered • 3-10
.LIST command• 3-6, 3-12
.LIST ELEMENT command• 3-6, 3-12
.LITERAL command• 3-12, 3-22, 3-24, 3-25
LOWERCASE command• 1-29
LOWERCASE WORD command• 1-25

PAGE keypad function (EDT)• 2-11
Page number
letter• 3-33
Roman numeral• 3-33
Page size • 3-1 7
.PAGE SIZE command •3-17
PASTE key• 2-17
PREVIOUS WINDOW command• 1-7, 1-35

Macro•2-47
MARK command• 1-18
MEC file• 3-46
Memo
formatting• 3-12
MEX file • 3-51
MOVE BY PAGE command• 1-7
MOVE BY WORD command• 1-7
MOVE command• 2-28

N
NEXT WINDOW command• 1-7, 1-35
.NO AUTOSUBTITLE command• 3-41
.NO FILL command• 3-15
.NO JUSTIFY command• 3-16
Nokeypad mode• 2-2, 2-30
.NO NUMBER command• 3-35
Note
creating• 3-42

lndex-4

0
ONE WINDOW command• 1-35
OPENLINE key• 2-17
OTHER WINDOW command• 1-35
Overstrike mode• 1-10

/QUERY qualifier• 2-26
QUIT command• 1-2, 2-3
QUOTE command• 1-10

R
/RECOVER qualifier• 1-23, 2-35
REPEAT command• 1-6
REPLACE command• 1-19, 2-29
REPLACE key• 2-20
RESEQUENCE command• 2-21
RESET key• 2-17, 2-20
RESTORE CHARACTER command• 1-12
RESTORE command• 1-12
RESTORE LINE command• 1-12
RESTORE WORD command• 1-12
RNT file• 3-46
RNX file• 3-51
Roman numeral
chapter number• 3-32
page number• 3-33
Running head• 3-35
date within• 3-37
subtitle within• 3-38

Index

Running head (cont'd.)
title on first page within• 3-4 1
title within• 3-36
RUNOFF command• 3-4, 3-5, 3-6
RUNOFF /CONTENTS command• 3-4 7
RUNOFF /INDEX command• 3-51

s
SAVE EXTENDED EVE command• 1-38, 1-42,
1-47
Search string• 1-16
EDT delimiters• 2-2 7
Section file• A-1 to A-10
Section number• 3-31
SECT keypad function (EDT)• 2-11
SELECT command• 1-14
SELECT key•2-17, 2-18
/SEQUENCE qualifier• 2-22
SET CURSOR BOUND command • 1-7
SET CURSOR FREE command• 1-7
SET GOLD KEY command• 1-41
SET KEYPAD command• 2-31
SET LEFT MARGIN command• 1-25
SET LINES command• 2-30, 2-51
SET MODE command• 2-31, 2-51
SET NOGOLD KEY command• 1-43
SET NONUMBERS command• 2-50
SET NOWRAP command • 1-25
SET NUMBERS command• 2-30
SET QUIET command• 2-31, 2-50
SET RIGHT MARGIN command• 1-25, 1-26
SET SEARCH EXACT command• 2-16, 2-30,
2-51
SET TAB command• 2-36
SET TABS command• 1-25
SET WIDTH command• 1-25 to 1-28
SET WILDCARD command• 1-1 7
SET WRAP command• 1-25, 2-51
SHIFT LEFT command• 1-25, 1-27
SHIFT RIGHT command• 1-25, 1-27
SHOW BUFFER command (EDT)• 2-33
SHOW BUFFERS command• 1-31
SHOW command• 1-31
SHOW LINES command• 2-31
SHOW NUMBERS command• 2-31
SHOW SEARCH command• 2-31
SHOW SUMMARY command• A-3
SHOW SYSTEM BUFFERS command• 1-31
SHOW TAB command• 2-42

SHRINK WINDOW command• 1-35
Space
creating• 3-22
SP AWN command• 1-43
SPEC INS key• 2-20
SPLIT WINDOW command• 1-35
ST ART OF LINE command• 1-7
Startup file• A-1 to A-10
in EDT• 2-50, 2-51
STORE TEXT command• 1-14
SUBS key• 2-18
SUBSTITUTE command• 2-27
SUBSTITUTE NEXT command• 2-27
.SUBTITLE command• 3-37, 3-38
Subtitle within running head
See Running head

T
Table of contents
creating • 3-46
.TAB STOPS command• 3-12
Terminator• 3-3
Text
boldfacing • 3-45
deleting • 2-1 3
filling •3-14
formatting into chapters• 3-32
indenting • 3-19
justifying• 3-14
organizing into sections• 3-28
underlining• 3-45
.TITLE command• 3-36, 3-3 7, 3-4 1
T JL file• 1-22
TOP command• 1-7
TOP keypad function• 2-9
TPU command• 1-44
TWO WINDOWS command• 1-35
TYPE command• 2-23
TYPE WHOLE command• 2-21

u
UNO C keypad function (EDT)• 2-13
UNDEFINE KEY command• 1-39
Underline flag• 3-45
UNO L keypad function (EDT)• 2-13

lndex-5

Index

UNO W keypad function (EDT)• 2-13
UPPERCASE command• 1-29
UPPERCASE WORD command• 1-25

v
V AXTPU procedures
rules for writing• 1-45
saving in a section file• 1-47

lndex-6

w
Whitespace• 1-1 8
Wildcard
in EVE file name• 1-2
in search strings• 1-17
WILDCARD FIND command• 1-18
Window• 1-1, 1-34
WORD keypad function (EDT)• 2-10
WPS keypad option (EVE)• 1-5
WRITE command• 2-34
WRITE FILE command• 1-23, 1-31, 1-34

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