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Document:	ULTRIX Worksystem Software DECwindows User's Guide
Order Number:	AA-MA87A-TE
Revision:	0
Pages:	111
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ULTRIX Worksystem Software
DECwindows User's Guide

Order No. AA-MA87A-TE

ULTRIX Worksystem Software, Version 2.0

Digital Equipment Corporation

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be
construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation
assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document.
The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or
copied only in accordance with the terms of such license.
No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment that is not
supplied by DIGITAL or its affiliated companies.

The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:

DEC
DECnet
DECUS
DECwindows
MicroVAX

ULTRIX
ULTRIX-ll
ULTRIX-32
VAX
VAXstation

VMS
VT
XUI
ULTRIX Worksystem Software
~BmBDmD

UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T in the USA and other countries.
X Window System is a trademark of MIT.
This manual was written and produced by the Corporate User Publications group in Nashua,
New Hampshire.

Production Note
This book was produced with the VAX DOCUMENT electronic
publishing system, a software tool developed and sold by
DIGITAL. In this system, writers use an ASCII text editor to
create source files containing text and English-like code; this code
labels the structural elements of the document, such as chapters,
paragraphs, and tables. The VAX DOCUMENT software, which
runs on the VMS operating system, interprets the code to format
the text, generate a table of contents and index, and paginate the
entire document. Writers can print the document on the terminal
or line printer, or they can use DIGITAL-supported devices, such
as the LN03 laser printer and PostScript printers (PrintServer
40 or LN03R ScriptPrinter), to produce a typeset-quality copy
containing integrated graphics.

Contents
About This Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Opening DECwindows
What Are Windows? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the Mouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Starting a Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Running Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Choosing from a Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Entering Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Copying Text ......................................
Moving a Window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shrinking a Window to an Icon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changing the Size of a Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scrolling Through Text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exiting an Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Putting a Session on Hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ending a Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-2
1-2
1-3
1-7
1-8
1-1 0
1-11
1-12
1-12
1-13
1-13
1-15
1-15
1-16

2 Using DECwindows
Using the Mouse ......................................
Choosing Items from Pull-Down Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Choosing Items from Pop-Up Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supplying Information in Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Moving in a Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Making Selections from List Boxes .....................
Selecting Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Editing in DECwindows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-1
2-2
2-2
2-3
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-5
v

Basic Text Editing Key Definitions .....................
Selecting Text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Copying· Text .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Moving Text Between Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
U sing Pending Delete ..................................
Using Scroll Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Getting Help .........................................
Invoking Help .....................................
Help Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Help Menu Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Managing Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shrinking Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Moving Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sizing Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stacking Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Making Stacked Windows Stick in Place . . . . . . . . . . .
Releasing Windows ...........................

2-5
2-7
2-7
2-8
2-8
2-9
2-9
2-9
2-10
2-11
2-13
2-14
2-14
2-14
2-15
2-15
2-16

3 Using UE
Starting the User Executive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Working with UE .....................................
Running Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Making Selections ............................. . . . . .
Updating Your File View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shortcuts for Accessing Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U sing Predefined Pop-Up Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Double-Click Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Keeping Track of Work in Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changing the Way a File View Looks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changing the Fields in Your File View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changing the File Order in Your File View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Displaying a Partial File View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saving a File View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Restoring a Saved File View ..........................
Working with Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Creating a Directory ................................
Navigating a Directory Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removing a Directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Working with Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Copying Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Copying One File to Another ............ ~ . . . . . . .
Copying Groups of Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Viewing the Contents of Files .........................

3-1
3-3
3-3
3-3
3-4
3-4
3-4
3-5
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-8
3-8
3-10
3-10
3-11
3-11
3-12
3-13
3-13
3-13
3-14
3-15

Searching Files for Text Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removing Files ....................................
Opening a New UE Window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exiting from UE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-16
3-17
3-18
3-19

4 Customizing UE Menus
Modifying Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adding an Item to an Existing Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removing Menu Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adding New Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adding a Menu ....................................
Adding Items to aNew Menu .........................
Removing a Menu .....................................

4-1
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-5
4-6
4-6

5 Using the Session Manager
Creating a Terminal Emulator Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Creating a UE Window .................................
Customizing Your DECwindows Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changing Your Keyboard Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting a Primary and Secondary Language .... . . . . . . . . . .
Changing Your Mouse and Pointer Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changing Your Print Screen Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Authorizing Other Users to Display Applications on Your
Workstation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changing Your Session Manager Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changing Your Window Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saving Your New Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Putting a Session on Hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ending a Session. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-2
5-3
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-7
5-11
5-13
5-15
5-16
5-22
5-23
5-23

6 Printing with DECwindows
Printing Files You Create in Applications

6-1

vii

7 Running Remote Applications
Specifying Your Workstation Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Running Applications from a Command Line ................

7-1
7-2

Sample Title Bar ...................................... .

2-13

Index
Figures
2-1

viii

About This Guide

Purpose of This Guide
This manual describes how to use DECwindows.

Who Should Use This Guide
This manual is intended for all ULTRIX DECwindows users.

Structure of This Guide
This manual includes the following chapters:
•

Chapter 1 - Opening DECwindows

•

Chapter 2 - Using DECwindows

•

Chapter 3 - Using UE

• Chapter 4 - Customizing UE
•

Chapter 5 - Using the Session Manager

•

Chapter 6 - Printing with DECwindows

• Chapter 7 - Running Remote Applications

Conventions
mouse

The term mouse refers to any
pointing device, such as a mouse,
a puck, or a stylus.

MBI, MB2, and MB3

MBI indicates the left mouse
button. MB2 indicates the middle
mouse button, and MB3 indicates
the right mouse button. (The
buttons can be redefined by the
user.)

PB1,PB2,PB3,PB4

PBI, PB2, PB3, and PB4 indicate
buttons on the puck.

SB1,SB2

SBI and SB2 indicate buttons on
the stylus.
A sequence such as ICtrl/x I
indicates that you must hold down
the key labeled Ctrl while you
press another key or a pointing
device button.

IDelete I

A sequence such as ~ indicates
that you must first press and
release the key labeled PFI, then
press and release another key or a
pointing device button.
A key name enclosed in a box
indicates that you press a key on
the keyboard.
In examples, a horizontal ellipsis
indicates one of the following
possibilities:
•

Additional optional arguments in a statement have
been omitted.

•

The preceding item or items
can be repeated one or more
times.

•

Additional parameters,
values, or other information
can be entered.
A vertical ellipsis indicates the
omission of items from a code
example or command format; the
items are omitted because they
are not important to the topic
being discussed.

1
Opening DECwindows
The DECwindows interface to the ULTRIX operating system
gives you a visual way to organize your work in windows. With
DECwindows, you can run these applications simultaneously
on a single screen and switch between them. And because
DECwindows provides an environment in which all applications
have similar features, you use the same handful of techniques to
interact with each application.
The exercises in this chapter will give you hands-on experience
using DECwindows. In this chapter, you will learn how to
•

Start a DECwindows session

• Run and use applications
• Manage windows, including moving windows, shrinking
a window to an icon, expanding an icon to a window, and
changing the size of a window
•

Put a session on hold

•

End a session

When you complete the exercises, you will be familiar with most
of the techniques you need to know to use each DECwindows
application successfully.

Opening DECwindows

1-1

What Are Windows?
You can think of your workstation screen as a desk top with sheets
of paper lying on it. You can move the sheets of paper around and
you can arrange sheets of paper above or below other sheets.
In DECwindows, these sheets of paper where you do your work
are called windows. A window is an area on your workstation
screen that represents all or part of an application. For example,
one window you can open represents the Notepad text editor. In
this window, you can create new files or edit existing ones. Other
applications include a mail handler and a terminal emulator,
which emulates a VT320 terminal.

Using the Mouse
Traditional computing requires you to interact with your screen
by typing text and pressing keyboard keys. The mouse-the
hand-held pointing device attached to your workstation terminalmakes using DECwindows as easy as pointing to an item and
clicking a button. You use the mouse to choose commands from
a menu, to expand and shrink windows, and to rearrange the
location of windows on your screen.
When you work with the mouse, make sure that the cable
connecting it to the workstation is pointing away from you. Place
the mouse on a smooth surface. As you move the mouse, watch
your screen to see how moving the mouse moves the pointer on
the screen in exactly the same way.
Usually the pointer is shaped like an arrow, but it can take on a
different shape to reflect its position on the screen or the state
of an application. For example, it becomes an I-beam when you
move it over a text entry field, indicating that you can edit the
text below, and a wristwatch when DECwindows is performing a
task that needs a little more time to complete.
If you are using the mouse and run out of room on your desk, just
lift the mouse and put it down where you have more room. The
pointer does not move when you lift the mouse.

1-2 Opening DECwindows

)tarting a Session
If the system startup procedure has been successful, your screen
looks like this:

Start Session
login: L:..II_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Passvvord ~II

__________________________

,10K II

Clear

@ Digital Equipment Corporation. 1988.
All Rights Reserved

The Start Session dialog box is the gate through which you
become authorized to use your workstation. DECwindows displays
a dialog box whenever it needs information from you.
Note Most workstations provide a screen timeout feature. After a period
of inactivity, the screen goes blank. Any activity, such as moving
the mouse or pressing a key, restores the screen image.

The Start Session dialog box prompts you for your user name
and password. When you or your system manager installed
DECwindows, you may also have established an account for
yourself with an associated password. Your account's name is your
user name. Your user name is unique and identifies you to the
system. In many cases, a user name is your first or last name.
Your password is for your protection. Keep it secret so that other
users cannot access your account.
You type your user name and password in the text entry fields.
A text insertion cursor is visible in each field. The text cursor
in the U sername field blinks to indicate this field has input
focus. When a text field or window has input focus, you see your
keystrokes echoed there. The text cursor in the Password field is

Opening DECwindows

1-3

dimmed, indicating that this field is currently disabled and that
you cannot enter text in it.
To start a session:
Type your user name.
2

Select the Password field by placing the pointer on the
Password field and clicking MB1, or simply press the ITabl
key.
You click on an object by pressing and quickly releasing the
left mouse button, which is called MB1. (The middle mouse
button is called MB2 and the right mouse button is called
MB3.)
The text cursor in the Password field blinks to indicate this
field now has input focus.

Type your password.
To preserve the secrecy of your password, the letters you type
are not displayed on the screen.

Click on the OK button or press IReturn I.
This sends the information to the system.

The bold border around the OK button in the Start Session· dialo~
box indicates it is the default option. Default options are those
you will choose most frequently. DECwindows provides you with
a shortcut to choose default options: Whenever you see a button
with a bold border, pressing the Return key achieves the same
results as clicking on that button.
If you make a typing mistake before you click on the OK button,
press the <KI key to· erase the character to the left of the text
cursor. To insert a character in the middle of text you already
typed, point where you want the text inserted and click MB1. Or
use the right and left arrow keys to move the text cursor right or
left. The new characters you type push existing ones to the right.
If you provide incorrect information, or make a typing mistake
and do not correct it, DECwindows does not let you start a
session. Instead, it displays a Problem Report dialog box as a
warning that you made a mistake.

1-4 Opening DECwindows

Problem Report
Login incorrect

Click on the OK button in the Problem Report dialog box, or press
the RETURN key, to try again.

Opening DECwindow5

1-5

If your user information is correct, your session begins. Your
screen looks like this:
~I Session Manager
Session Create Customize

1[:2] !ill
Print Sct'een

Help

Messages
lusr/adm/instaII.FS.IO!1
lusr/ad m/i nstall.D EV.log

- file sYstems 10!1 file
- special device log file

CUO installed October 21.1988
Starting Process 4427 "d:-.1:erm"

I~'

~
Q

• The title bar tells you the name of the application and
contains window management buttons you can use to
rearrange your screen display. Most windows have a title bar.
• The menu bar contains the names of menus you can choose
from. Most windows have a menu bar.
• The work region is the area in a window where you interact
with the application.
• Icons representing applications or objects appear in the icon
box. If you want to keep an application readily available, but
do not have room for it on the screen, you can shrink that
application to an icon. Once you start an application, its icon
appears in the icon box. When the application is running in a
window, the icon is dimmed. The icon appears bold when the
application is stored in the icon box.
• The shrink-to-icon button lets you shrink a window to an
icon and store it in the icon box.

1-6 Opening DECwindows

• The push-to-back button lets you move a window to the
bottom of a stack of overlapping windows, or move a window
to the opposite location in the stack.
• The resize button lets you change the size of a window.
• The Session Manager helps control the look and feel of your
DECwindows session, and is available until you end your
session. Use it to adjust your workstation settings, such as
keyboard features and pointer shape. The Session Manager
also displays system messages, which include error messages
and status messages.
• The User Executive, called UE, lets you execute UE
commands and gives you access to all DECwindows
applications and to the ULTRIX operating system.
Note The exercises in this chapter assume that a UE window was

automatically opened at the start of your session.
If a UE window is not displayed on your screen, you may wish to
start the UE now. To open a UE window:
• Point to the Session Manager's Create menu.
• Press and hold MB1.
This highlights the Create menu name and pulls down a menu.
• While holding MB1, move the pointer through the menu.
A rectangular outline surrounds each menu item as you move
through the menu.
• Release MBl on the UE window menu item.

Running Applications
To use an application, you must start it from the User Executive
(UE) window or a DECterm terminal emulator window.

In the following exercises you will use the Mail application to
learn how to:
• Choose an item from a menu
• Copy text from one location to another
• Move text from one location to another
• Move a window
• Change the size of a window
•

Shrink a window to an icon

Opening DECwindows

1-7

•

Scroll through text

•

Stack windows

•

Exit an application

Choosing from a Menu
To run Mail, you first pull down a menu in the DE window. You
tell DECwindows what you want to do or what you want to work
with by choosing items from menus.
First, just try looking at a menu:
1

Point to UE's Applications menu name with the mouse.

Press and hold MBI.
This highlights the menu name and pulls down a menu.

Point to the other menus on DE's menu bar.
The other pull-down menus are displayed.

Release MBI.

You display every menu on a menu bar in exactly this way.
Now try choosing an item from the Applications menu:

Calculator
Clock
DDIFViewer
Il\t'lail

Point to UE's Applications menu.

Press and hold MBI.

While holding MBl, move the pointer through the menu.
This technique is called dragging. A rectangular outline
surrounds each menu item in turn as you drag through the
menu. As long as you hold MBl, you can move up and down
through the menu. If you release MBI without choosing a
menu item, the menu disappears and nothing happens.

Release MBI on the Mail menu item.

Notepad

In a few seconds, Mail's main window opens.

1-8 Opening DECwindows

This window lists your mail folders and messages. You have three
folders called inbox, mail, and wastebasket, and some messages.

Try creating a mail message. Move the pointer to the Create/Send
button along the bottom of Mail's main window and click MB1.
Mail opens the Create-Send window, where you will compose your
message.

Opening DECwindows

1-9

~I I\"ai I: Ct'eate
File

Edit

To:I

{}

(:c!
SubJect:

II Qose /I Reset " Save /I 2m d I

Entering Text
You entered text in text entry fields when you typed your user
name and password at the start of your session. In the CreateSend window, you enter the name of the user receiving the
message, as well as other optional information, in the text fields.
While you can always move between text fields by pointing and
clicking with the mouse, there's a shortcut available. In dialog
boxes and applications, it's faster to press the TAB key to move
to the next text field and the SHIFT TAB to move to the previous
text fields.
Try sending a message to yourself. To create your message:
Move the pointer to the To text field.
2

Click MBI to give it input focus.
The window's title bar is highlighted to indicate that this
window has input focus. The text cursor blinks to indicate
that the To text field has input focus and to show you where
the text you type will appear.

Type your user name.

1-10 Opening DECwindows

Press the !Tab! key twice to move to the Subject field and type
MESSAGE FROM A FRIEND.

Press the !Tab! key to move to the message area underneath
the Subject field and type your message.
Make your message a grocery list that contains about six
items. Type one item on each line. (You will see why later.) To
delete any mistakes, use the<X1 key.

Copying Text
Mail, like many DECwindows applications, lets you copy text from
one location to another. This saves you from retyping a large piece
of text or a long file name.
First, you must let DECwindows know which text you want to
copy by selecting it. Try selecting the text in your list in the
Create/Send window:
Make sure the cursor is at the end of your grocery list.
If it isn't, point to the end of the list and click MB1.
2

Move the pointer to the first character of text in your list.

Press and hold MB1.

Drag the pointer through the list.
As you drag the pointer, the selected text is highlighted.

Select the entire list.

Release MB1.

Now make the grocery list twice its original length by adding the
selected text to the bottom of the list.
Click MB3 to copy the text to the bottom of the list.
The text is copied, but the original text remains selected.
2

Cancel the original selection by pointing to the selected text
and clicking MB1.

When you are ready to send the message, click on the Send button
in the Create-Send window. Mail notifies you that your message
has been sent.
Now you can close the Create-Send window. Click on the Quit
button in the Create/Send window.

Opening DECwindows

1-11

Moving a Window
You can rearrange the windows on your screen in any way you
want. If one window partially obscures another, you might want
to arrange them so that each is completely visible.
Try moving Mail's main window:

Move the pointer to the Mail window's title bar (anywhere but
on a button).
2

Press and hold MB1.
An outline of the window appears. Move the mouse around
and watch how the outline moves accordingly.

Drag the outline a few inches to the right.

Release MB1.
The Mail window is moved to its new location.

To cancel a window-moving operation in progress, click any other
mouse button before releasing MB1. The outline disappears, and
the window is not moved.

Shrinking a Window to an Icon
Your screen is getting crowded, but you can make more room
easily. By shrinking the Session Manager window to an icon, you
free up space on your screen. Even as an icon, the Session
Manager remains easily accessible. To shrink the Session
Manager window, click on its shrink-to-icon button.
The window closes and its icon in the Icon Box appears bold.

1-12 Opening DECwindows

Now there is more room on your screen to read your new message.
Click on the Read New Mail button in Mail's main window. Mail
displays your new message in a Read window.

Changing the Size of a Window
Sometimes you want to make the window you are working in very
large. Other times, you might want several small windows, such
as when several applications are running simultaneously. You
change the size of the windows by using the resize button.
Try making Mail's Read window smaller so you can see more of
the other windows on your screen:

Point to the Read window's resize button.
If the Read window is flush against the right side of your
screen, move the window to the left a few inches so you have
enough room to move the pointer.
2

Press and hold MB1.
The pointer changes shape.

Drag the pointer until it touches the bottom window border
and then back toward the top.
The outline stretches and shrinks in accordance with where
you move the pointer and stops shrinking when the window is
as small as it can get.

Drag the pointer until the window is half its original height.

Release MBl.
The Read window is redrawn in the new size.

Scrolling Through Text
If a document or message is too long to fit in one screen, scroll
bars allow you to see text or graphics that cannot fit. If you made
the Read window small enough, a scroll bar is visible on the right
side of the Read window. Use this scroll bar to scroll through your
mail message.

Opening DECwindows

1-13

To scroll the text in the Read window up one line at a time:
Move the pointer to the down stepping arrow at the bottom
of the scroll bar in the Read window.
2

Click MBl.

Continue clicking MBl to scroll the text up one line at a time.

Similarly, click MBl on the up stepping arrow to scroll the text
down one line at a time. To scroll continuously, press and hold
MBl on the stepping arrow.
The position of the slider-the empty rectangle between the
striped rectangles-in the scroll bar indicates your position in the
text. A slider at the top of the scroll bar indicates you are at the
beginning of the message. If the slider is at the bottom, you are at
the end of the message.
In addition, the size of the slider is relative to the total amount of
text in the document and indicates how much more text remains
to be displayed. For example, a small slider indicates that much
text remains undisplayed. A large slider that completely fills the
scroll bar indicates that all the text is currently displayed.

1-14 Opening DECwindows

Exiting an Application
When you exit an application, you remove it from memory. To
work with it again, you need to choose the application from UE's
Applications menu or start it from a DECterm terminal emulator
window.
When you are ready to exit from the Mail application:
Point to the File menu on the Mail window's menu bar.
2

Press and hold MB1.

Drag the pointer to the Exit menu item.

Release MB1.

The Mail window closes and the Mail icon is removed from the
Icon Box. To start Mail again, choose the Mail menu item from
UE's Applications menu.

Putting a Session on Hold
At any time, you can put your current session on hold indefinitely
and lock your workstation without ending your session. When you
put your session on hold, your screen is cleared. To continue your
session, you must enter your password in the text field provided.
Your session is maintained exactly as it was. This means you
can resume working without having to re-create your screen
environment.
To put your current session on hold:

Session

If the Session Manager is stored as an icon, click on its icon.
2

Point to the Session menu on the Session Manager's menu
bar.

Press and hold MB1.

Drag the pointer to the Pause menu item and release MB1.

Pause

Quit

Your screen is cleared and the Continue Session dialog box is
displayed.

Opening DECwindows

1-15

Your Workstation Is Paused

Password

1.&.11_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Clear

To continue your session:
Type your password.
2

Click on the OK button or press IReturn I.

Once the system verifies your password, your session resumes.

Ending a Session
You can end a session at any time. When you end a session,
DECwindows stops all applications and clears the screen.
To end your session:
Point to the Session menu on the Session Manager's menu
bar.

Session
Pause

Press and hold MBI.

Quit

Drag the pointer to the Quit menu item and release MBI.

If you suddenly change your mind and decide not to end your
session, you have a second chance. The Session Manager displays
a dialog box asking you to confirm that you indeed want to end
your session.

1-16 Opening DECwindows

Do you really want to end the session?

I Yes I I Cancel End Session I
ZK-0232A-GE

To return to your session, click on the Cancel End Session button.
To end your session, click on the OK button or press the Return
key. All windows are closed and the session ends. DECwindows
displays the DIGITAL logo and Start Session dialog box, ready to
begin another session.

Opening DECwindows

1-17

2
Using DECwindows
You work with most DECwindows applications by using the same
handful of techniques. Whether you are already familiar with
windowing software, or you just want a refresher on how to use a
specific DECwindows feature, use this chapter to learn new skills
or brush up on old.

Using the Mouse
You can do all your work with DECwindows (except typing text
and numbers) by mastering the following mouse techniques:
• To point: Using the mouse, move the cursor to where you
want the next action to occur.
• To click: Point to the object you want to select. Quickly press
and release MBI.
• To press: Point to the menu name, scroll bar stepping arrow,
or wherever you want the action to occur. Without moving the
mouse, press and hold MB1. If you are pointing at a menu
name, pressing MBI pulls down a menu and keeps it down
until you release MB1.
• To drag: Point to the object you want to move. Press MBI.
While holding MB1, move the object to the desired location
and release MB1. To cancel a drag in progress, click another
mouse button before releasing MB1.
• To double-click: Point to the object and click MBl twice in
quick succession.
• To shift-click: Point to the object. Press and hold the Shift
key and click MB1. Release the Shift key.

Using DECwindows 2-1

Choosing Items from Pull-Down Menus
Some pull-down menus contain commands. Others contain the
names of items you can work with. You tell DECwindows what
you want to do or what you want to work with by choosing items
from pull-down menus. Any menu item followed by three ellipsis
( . . . ) is your cue that a dialog box will be displayed.
To choose an item from a pull-down menu:
Point to the menu name whose menu you want to display.
Copy ...
Display .. ,

Search...
Create Directory...
Move ...
Remove ...

Press and hold MB1.
This highlights the menu name and pulls down a menu.

While holding MB1, drag the rectangular outline to the menu
item you want.

Release MB1.

If you change your mind while looking at a pull-down menu,
move the pointer outside the menu and release MB1. The menu
disa ppears and no action is taken.

The applications described in the DECwindows Desktop
Applications Guide are menu items on UE's Applications menu.
To run these applications, choose them as you would any other
menu item. You can also run these applications from a terminal
emulator window. See Chapter 7 for more information about
running applications from a terminal emulator window.
Some applications, for example, Mail, use command buttons to
duplicate frequently used commands that are also available as
menu items. To execute these commands quickly, click MBl on
the command button.

Choosing Items from Pop-Up Menus
DECwindows provides pop-up menus to make it easier for you to
work with files and applications. Pop-up menus give you quick
and direct access to functions within applications.
To display a pop-up menu:
Copy...
Display .. .
Search .. .
Move .. .
Remove ...

Press and hold MB2 on the work area.
In UE, press and hold MB2 on the file type whose
corresponding pop-up menu you want to display.
2

Drag the pointer to the menu item you want.

Release MB2.

2-2 Using DECwindows

Supplying Information in Dialog Boxes
DECwindows displays a dialog box whenever it needs additional
information from you to carry out a task. Sometimes you need
to type text; other times, you need only click MBI on a button to
change a setting. Some dialog boxes display settings you chose
earlier.
Dialog boxes contain various ways for you to supply information
to an application:
•

By typing text in a text entry field. The flashing text cursor
shows you where the text you type will appear. What you
type appears to the left of the text cursor. Use the <XI key to
correct typing mistakes.

• By choosing round option buttons or square toggle buttons.
Option buttons let you select one option from a group. Toggle
buttons let you turn a setting on or off.
•

By changing the value in a scale. Dialog boxes often contain
a scale and slider when you need to supply a numeric value.
The arrow in the slider points to the current value.

• By selecting choices, for example, file names, from a list box.
The list box may contain scroll bars if the available choices do
not fit in the list box.
• By clicking on command buttons. Command buttons, such
as OK, Cancel, or Filter, let you tell DECwindows what to do
next with the dialog box.
A double outline around a command button indicates it is the
default option. Default options are those you will choose
most frequently. Usually, the OK button is the default option
in a dialog box. Whenever you see a button with a bold border,
pressing the Return key achieves the same results as clicking
on that button.

Moving in a Dialog Box
How you move in a dialog box depends on the object to which you
want to move. The following table describes the ways in which
you can move in a dialog box:

Using DECwindows 2-3

Do This

Move forward between
text entry fields

Press the Tab key. Or point to the field you
want to move to and click MB1.

Move backward between
text entry fields

Simultaneously press the Shift key and Tab
key. Or point to the field you want to move to
and click MB1.

Move the text cursor
within a text entry field

Point to where you want the text inserted and
click MB1. Or use the right and left arrow
keys to move the text cursor right or left.
New characters push existing ones to the
right.

Change the numeric
value on a scale

Drag the slider on the scale right or left. Or
point to another location on the scale and
click MB1.

Move to an option
or toggle button and
change the setting

Point to the option or toggle button and click
MBl.

Making Selections from List Boxes
List boxes may contain many kinds of items, but most often
contain file names. To select from a list box, point to the item and
click MBI. The file name is highlighted.

lusr/staff/t·O/jean ne/DW _ST ATUS.TXT;2

l
-

..r.•.•...

<:) 0

2-4 Using DECwindows

1(> [

Selecting Windows
When you have several windows open at once, you give one
window input focus by selecting it. When a window has input
focus, your typing and mouse activity are, directed to that window.
To give a window input focus:
Point to a location in the window or title bar (anywhere except
on a button).
In the Session Manager window, point to the title bar.
2

Click MBI.

The window's title bar becomes highlighted. Any keystrokes
you type will appear in this window. The title bar is no longer
highlighted when another window has input focus.
Occasionally, a dialog box will be missing a window management
button, usually the resize or shrink-to-icon button. The window
will not take input focus if you click MBI in the space that these
buttons usually occupy. To give this kind of window input focus,
point to another location in the window and try again.

Editing in OECwindows
DECwindows provides many ways for you to edit text. For
example, most applications define specific keys to let you perform
basic text editing operations. These keys let you move the cursor
and delete small amounts of text efficiently. Many applications,
including Calendar, Cardfiler, Mail, and Notepad Editor, also let
you copy or move text within a window or between applications,
thus saving you from retyping long file names or large blocks of
text.

Basic Text Editing Key Definitions
You can use the text editing techniques described in the following
table in any text entry field in any DECwindows application. You
can also use them in any application in which you add text to
a file. These applications include Cardfiler, Calendar, Mail, and
Notepad Editor.

Using DECwindows

2-5

Press

Move the text cursor one
character to the right

Right arrow. In a text entry field
with only one line, the text cursor
does not move when you position it
at the end of the line. In a text entry
field with multiple lines, the text
cursor moves to the first position in
the next line.

Move the text cursor one
character to the left

Left arrow. In a field with only one
line, the text cursor does not move
when you position it at the beginning
of the line. In a field with multiple
lines, the text cursor moves to the
last position in the previous line.

Move the cursor up one line in
a text entry field with multiple
lines

Up arrow.

Move the cursor down one line
in a field with multiple lines

Down arrow.

Move the text cursor to the
beginning of the line

F12.

Move the text cursor to the end
of the line

ShiftIF12.

Move the text cursor forward
between text entry fields

Tab.

Move the text cursor backward
between text entry fields

ShiftlTab.

Delete the characters to the left
of the text cursor

F13.

Delete the characters to the
right of the text cursor

ShiftIF13.

Delete the character to the left
of the text cursor and move all
text to the right of the deleted
character one space to the left

Delete.

Delete the character after the
text cursor and move all text to
the right of the deleted character
one space to the left

ShiftlDelete. In overstrike mode,
SHIFTIDELETE deletes the
character under the block cursor.

2-6 Using DECwindows

Selecting Text
Before you can copy or move text to other locations in a window
or between windows, you must select the text you want to affect.
The following table describes how to select text.

Do This

Position the cursor

Point to the location and click once on MBI.

Select a word

Point to the word and double click on MBI.

Select a line

Point to the line and triple click on MBI.

Select a paragraph

Point to the paragraph and click MBI four
times.

Select a module

Point to the module and click MBI five times.

Select continuous text

Press and hold MBI and drag the pointer
through the text.

Extend the current
selection

ShiftJDrag MBI through the additional text.

Extend the current
selection

Shift/Click MBI. If the selection is null,
Shift/Click MBI extends the current selection
to the position where the click occurred.

Copying Text
Once you have selected text, you can copy it anywhere within a
window if the application supports text editing. You can also copy
text between application windows if both applications support text
editing. Applications that support text editing include Calendar,
Cardfiler, Mail, and Notepad Editor.
You can also copy text from a DECterm window into an
application that supports text editing.
To copy text within a window or between applications:
Select the text you want to copy using the text selection
techniques described in the previous section.
2

Point to where you want the text copied.

Click MB3.
The text is copied to the new location.

By using QuickCopy, you can work in one window, select text from
another, and paste it in the original window all without losing
input focus in your current window.

Using DECwindows

2-7

To use QuickCopy:
1

Press and hold MB3.

Drag the pointer across the text you want to copy.

Point to the location in your current window to which you
want the text copied.
Be sure the window has input focus.

Release MB3.
The text is copied to the new location.

Moving Text Between Windows
Between applications that support text editing, you can work in
one window, select text from another, and move that text to the
original window all without losing input focus in your current
window.
To move text from one window to another:
1

Press and hold the Control key and MB3.

Drag the pointer across the text you want to move.

Point to the location in your current window to which you
want the text moved.
Be sure the window has input focus.

Release the Control key and MB3.
The text is moved to the new location and deleted from the
old.

Using Pending Delete
By using the Pending delete function, you can delete large
blocks of text in one motion instead of pressing the <XI key
repeatedly. In the pending delete operation, currently selected
text is deleted when you press any key and is replaced by your
new text.
To cancel a pending delete selection, point to the selected text and
click MB1.

2-8 Using DECwindows

Using Scroll Bars
The following table describes the different ways you can use a
scroll bar:

Do This

Scroll the text up one
line at a time
Scroll the text down one
line at a time

Click MBI on the down stepping arrow.

Scroll the text up
continuously

Press MBI on the down stepping arrow.

Scroll the text down
continuously

Press MBI on the up stepping arrow.

Move to another location
in the file

Drag the slider. This moves a ghost or outline
of the slider. Releasing MBI repositions
the window to a location in the file that
corresponds to the new slider location. Cancel
the drag by clicking any of the other mouse
'
buttons before releasing MBI.

Advance the window so
that the desired text is
at the top of the window

In the scroll bar, point to the line of text you
want at the top of the window and click MB2.
This is a shortcut for repeatedly clicking on
the stepping arrow.

Move the window back
so that the desired text
is at the bottom of the
window

In the scroll bar, point to the line of text
you want at the bottom of the window and
click MB3. This is a shortcut for repeatedly
clicking on the stepping arrow.

Click MBI on the up stepping arrow.

Getting Help
You can get help in many DECwindows applications by using
the Help menu or the Help key. Help provides brief information
about screen objects, concepts, or tasks you can perform in an
application.

Invoking Help

I Overview I

About

To get help in any DECwindows application, choose the Overview
menu item from the application's Help menu. A Help window
opens to display an overview of the topic.

Using DECwindows 2-9

To get help on screen objects such as menu names, menu items,
and dialog boxes:
Point to the screen object.
2

Press and hold the Help key while you click MBl.

A Help window opens with information on the screen object. Help
is also available for individual items in some dialog boxes.

Help Window
The Help menu in every application contains the Overview and
About menu items. To see an overview of your application, choose
the Overview menu item. To get product information about your
application, such as the software version number, choose the
About menu item. Some applications also have the Glossary menu
item, which lets you look up terms used in your application.
Choosing any menu item from the Help menu displays a Help
window.

OECwindows Calendar
This is the Ove)"view topic for t.he OEC!tlindows C.:dend.:rr
Help lib'ra'r~.'. Calendar p'rovide:3 a :3il')ple f.:'Icilit~,1 for
)"ecording '1.'our r,)eet.ing:3 and ot.her event.::;. Like a p.:'Iper
calendar, se'.,.'e'I".:'Il different. viel.l.l::; are a'. . ail.:'Ible. For
exar)ple,. it C·:lt1 displ.:l'll t.he whole 'l.'ear in a window,. or
just. one day' with all it.::; .:lppo::tint.r"lent.::;.
Task-oriented Help describe3 hOl.I.I t.o::t carr~. ' 'Jut. ::;pecific
t.asks in C.:llendar. Select. U3ing Calend.:w fror~ t.he liost
of additio::tnal topiC3 for furtt-Ier inforfo).:ltion.
Each Calenda)" feat.ure is al:30 ,je:3cribe,j. The fe.:'Iture:3
are list.ed belm,l. t'lucl1 of the info)"l')ation fotJt1,j in
task-oriente,j Help can be accesse,j r"lore quickl~,1 u::;ing
context-sensitive Help.
Fo::tr info'fr').:'Ition abo::tut using Help, choose the Ovenlie~.1
fttenu iteftt f)"ol') the Help r')enu.

Using Calenda)"
t·lemlS
OECt.o.lindo~,ls

Calenda'l" Displa~t3

Brief History of the Grego)"ian Calenda)"
Julian Pe)"iod

Exit

2-10

Using DECwindows

• The menu bar displays the names of menus available in
Help.
• The Help frame contains text describing the current topic.
• The List of additional topics contains topics you can select
to display information about the desired topic. You select
these topics by pointing to them and double clicking MBI.
• The Help buttons, Go Back and Exit, let you display
the previous Help frame or exit Help by clicking on the
appropriate button.
The Help Menu Bar The menu bar of the Help window contains
the following menus:

• File
• Edit
• View
• Search
•

Help

The following table describes each menu on the menu bar and its
respective menu items.
From the

Choose

Save As ...

Invoke a dialog box that allows
you to save a copy of the current
Help topic in a specified file.

Quit

Dismiss the current Help
window.

Copy

Copy a selected portion of the
current topic to the clipboard.

Select All

Select the entire current topic.

Go To Topic

Replace the current topic with
the selected additional topic.

Go Back

Replace the current topic with
the previous topic.

File Menu:

Edit Menu:

View Menu:

Using DECwindows

2-11

From the

Choose

Go to
Overview

Replace the current topic with
the application-specific Overview
topic.

Visit Topic

Create a new Help window
containing the selected
additional topic. The current
Help topic remains displayed in
the previous window.

Visit
Glossary

Create a new Help window
containing the current
application Glossary. The
current Help topic remains
displayed in the previous
window. Not all applications
incl ude a Glossary.

History...

Invoke a dialog box that lists
the titles of all the Help topics
viewed during the current Help
session. You can display a
specific topic by selecting a topic
from the list box and clicking on
the Go To or Visit buttons.

Title ...

Invoke a dialog box that allows
you to display a list of topic
titles that contain a particular
word or phrase. To display a
list of related topics, enter the .
key word or phrase in the text
entry field and click on the Apply
button.

Keywords ...

Invoke a dialog box that lists
all the keywords for your
application. To search for
keyword-related topics, enter
a keyword in the text entry field
or select a keyword from the list
box. Then click on the Apply
button to display a list of titles
for topics that correspond to the
specified keyword.

Help

Provide information about using
DECwindows Help.

Search Menu:

Help Menu:

2-12 Using DECwindows

From the

Choose

About

Provide product information
about DECwindows Help,
including the copyright notice
and version number.

Managing Windows
This section describes how to manage (shrink, move, change the
size of, and stack) windows using components of the title bar.
Figure 2-1 shows a sample title bar. You can use a DECterm
window to practice these window management techniques.

Figure 2-1

Sample Title Bar

Four elements on the title bar let you change the window's size,
shape, and location. From left to right, the title bar elements are
Shrink-to-icon button

Shrinks the window to an icon.

Application title

Identifies the name of the application; can be
used to move the window.

Push-to-back/opposite
button

Depending on whether you change the state of
your windows, moves a window to the bottom
of a stack of overlapping windows or moves
the window to the opposite location in the
stack.

Size button

Changes the size of the window.

Using DECwindows

2-13

Shrinking Windows
To make more room on your screen, you can shrink a window
to an icon. As an icon, an application remains active and easily
accessible. To shrink a window, click on its shrink-to-icon button.
The window closes and its icon in the Icon Box appears bold. To
expand the application's icon to a window, click on its icon in the
Icon Box.

Moving Windows
You can rearrange the windows on your screen in any way you
want. If one window partially obscures another, you can arrange
them so that each window is completely visible.
To move a window:
1

Point to the window's title bar (anywhere but on a button).

Press and hold MB1.
An outline of the window appears. When you move the mouse,
the outline moves accordingly.

Drag the outline to the new location.

Release MB1.
The window is moved to its new location.

To cancel a window-moving operation in progress, click any other
mouse button before releasing MB1. The outline disappears, and
the window stays in its original location.

Sizing Windows
You can change the size of a window in one dimension (height or
width) or in both dimensions simultaneously.
To change the size in one dimension:
Select the size button and move the pointer across one border
of the window.
A dotted outline appears. When you move the mouse, the
dotted outline moves accordingly.
2

Drag the border outline until you are satisfied with the size.

Release MBl.

To change the size in both dimensions:
Select the size button and move the pointer across one border
and then across an adjacent border.

2-14 Using DECwindows

A dotted outline appears. When you move the mouse, the
dotted outline moves accordingly.
2

Drag the border outline until you are satisfied with the size.

Release MBI.

To cancel the sizing operation while you are dragging the outline,
click another mouse button before releasing MBI. The dotted
outline disappears, and the window retains its original size.

Stacking Windows
You do not have to move a window in order to see its entire
contents. When windows are overlapping, clicking on a window's
push-to-back button pushes that window to the bottom of the
stack. The next window is then fully visible.
To stack your windows in a different order:
Move the Read window so that it partially obscures Mail's
main window.
2

Point to the Read window's push-to-back button.

Click MBI.
The Read window is pushed to the bottom of the stack and
Mail's main window pops to the top of the stack.

If you try this repeatedly with three or more windows, you see
that the windows cycle through the stacking order, moving up one
position each time a window is moved to the bottom of the stack.
Making Stacked Windows Stick in Place When you are
working with stacked windows and give a window input focus,
DECwindows automatically moves that window to the top of the
stack. You can, however, make your windows stick in the stacking
order, even when you give them input focus, by using a technique
called shift clicking. This way, you can arrange windows on your
screen to display only what you need to see and then secure them
in place.

To make a window stick in place:
Move the Mail window so that it overlaps the UE window.
Remember, clicking MBI on a window pops a window to the
top of the stack.
2

Move the pointer to the Mail window's push-to-back button.

Shift click by pressing and holding the SHIFT key, clicking
MBl, and releasing the SHIFT key.
The Mail window is pushed to the bottom of the stack.
Using DECwindows

2-15

Drag the other windows out of the way and look at the lower
right-hand corner of the push-to-back button on the Mail window's
title bar. It is darkened to indicate that the window is stuck in
the stacking order. It will not pop to the top of the stack when you
give it input focus. Similarly, an unshaded push-to-back button is
your cue that the window is "unsticky."

You can still, however, push a stuck window out of the way or
bring it to the top of the stack to see it unobscured. Clicking on
a window's darkened push-to-back button moves that window to
the opposite position in the stack, but does not give it input focus.
Thus, a top window moves to the bottom of the stack and a bottom
window to the top. A window in the middle of the stack moves
to the top the first time you click on its darkened push-to-back
button, and then alternates between the bottom and top.
Releasing Windows To release the stuck Mail window, shift
click again on its push-to-back button. If the Mail window was
on the bottom of the stack, it pops to the top; if the window was
on top, it is pushed to the bottom. Notice that the Mail window's
push-to-back button is no longer darkened. Giving the Mail
window input focus will once again pop it to the top of the stack.

2-16 Using DECwindows

3
Using UE
The ULTRIX D ser Executive (DE) provides a window that lets
you access the DLTRIX operating system and DECwindows
applications. DE provides commands for you to work with
directories and files. You can use these commands to copy, search,
remove, and display files.
'I,

In this chapter, you will learn how to run applications, use
commands to perform file tasks, get helpful information about
files, and navigate the directory structure to gain quick access to
files.

Starting the User Executive
To start the DE window, choose the DE Window menu item
from the Session Manager Create menu , or enter the following
command in a DECterm terminal emulator window:
% dxue &

Using UE 3-1

The UE window on your screen looks like this:

IHlI Startup -/usr/staff/jeanne

MI6i

Control Customize Views Files Applications
Dh'ectoI"ies Files Total: 31 ~elected : 0
~

staff
jeanne

..
.Xdefaults
.cshrc
.login
.mailrc
.profile
.ue-profile
cardfilerl.scr
cardfile_create.scr
cardfile_card.scr
cardfile- searchin.scr
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Full Dh-ectory Path: llusrlstafflje~

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Filter:

I* ~.

• The title bar displays the name of the application and the
name of the current directory.
• The menu bar displays the names of UE's menus: Control,
Customize, Views, Files, and Applications.
• The Directories list box displays a list of your directories,
including the current directory, the directory directly above
it, and any subdirectories. The name of the current directory
appears in italics.
• The Files list box contains information about the files in
the current directory. This information is called a file view.
When you first start UE, this file view contains a list of the
files in the current directory.
• The Full Directory Path text entry field displays the name
of the current directory. Unless you specify otherwise, you are
placed in this directory whenever you start the UE.
• The Filter field text entry field lets you list a subset of files
in the current file view. By entering a file specification here,
you can also list the contents of a directory without changing
your current directory.

3-2 Using UE

• The Total field displays the number of files in the current
directory.
• The Selected field displays the number of files currently
selected.

Working with UE
The UE window makes it easy to access the ULTRIX operating
system and DECwindows applications. From the UE, you can run
applications and perform file operations on files that you select.
Because you select commands from a menu, you don't need to
remember the format of system commands.

Running Applications
You can start many DECwindows applications from UE. To start
an application, choose the application you want to run from UE's
Applications menu. DECwindows starts the application in a
new window and places its icon in the icon box. The UE window
remains available for you to start additional applications or to
perform other tasks.

Making Selections
Before you perform a task, you can select the file you want to
work with. DECwindows highlights the file you select, and the
next command you choose affects that selected file.
To select a file from your file view:
Move the pointer to the file you want to select.
2

Click MBI. The file name is highlighted.

Selecting one file at a time cancels the previous file selection. UE
keeps track of the number of files currently selected.
To select a block of adjacent files from your file view:
1

Move the pointer to the first file in the range.

Drag the pointer through the files you want to select.
The block of files is highlighted and UE reports the number of
files selected.

To select two or more nonadjacent files from your file view:
Move the pointer to the first file you want to select and click
onMBl.

Using UE 3-3

Press and hold the SHIFT key and click MBl on the other
files you want to select.

Release the SHIFT key.
The files you selected are highlighted and UE reports the
number of files selected.

To select all of the files in your file view, choose the Select All
menu item from UE's Control menu. All the files in your file
view are highlighted and UE reports the number of files selected.
Choose the Select None menu item from UE's Control menu to
cancel a select all operation.
If you choose a command without first selecting a file, UE will
open a dialog box to prompt you to type one or more file names.
If you select a file or files and then perform a command on them,
UE displays a dialog box that lists the selected files or files that
you selected. You can make changes to this list of files at this
time.

Updating Your File View
When you make changes to the contents of your directory, for
example, by renaming or deleting a file, UE automatically updates
your file view to reflect those changes.
Select None
Processes ...
New View
Save View ...
Save A5 Startup View
Exit

If you change any information in the Full Directory Path or Filter
text entry field, choose the Update menu item from UE's Control
menu, or press the RETURN key to update the file view.

Shortcuts for Accessing Commands
To make your session easier to use and more efficient, UE gives
you two shortcuts when using commands: pop-up menus and
double-click command definitions.
Because you often perform the
same few tasks on certain files, UE provides a pop-up menu that
makes it easier for you to work with files.
Using Predefined Pop-Up Menus

Copy ...
Display ...
Search...
l\o'iove ...
Reulove ...

3-4 Using UE

To see which commands are predefined on a pop-up menu for a
specific file, press and hold MB2 on a file in your file view. A popup box appears with the commands listed that can he performed
on that file. Choose the command from the pop-up menu by
releasing MB2 on the command that you want to perform.

Using Double-Click Commands UE executes specific predefined
commands when you double-click on file names with certain
file types. Double-clicking on most file types executes a Show
command on that file. Double-clicking on other file types, however,
executes different commands. For example, double-clicking on a
card file opens the Cardfiler. Double-clicking on an executable file
executes the Run command on that file.

Keeping Track of Work in Progress
You can monitor and control the processes you start from a UE
window. These processes include:
• DECwindows applications currently running and started from
UE.
• Processes started as the result of choosing a command from
UE's File menu (such as Copy, Search, Create Directory, and
so forth).
To monitor your processes, choose the Processes... menu item from
UE's Control menu. The Processes dialog box opens.

Clock pid 29851 (Rmuung)
Notepad pid 29853 (Rluming)

I Suspend
Contbme

The dialog box displays the processes currently running. Status
for each process is displayed in parentheses. Toggle buttons let
you suspend, continue, or permanently stop a process you select.
To suspend a process:
Choose the Processes... menu item from DE's Control menu.

Using UE 3-5

Select the process you want to suspend.
The process name is highlighted.

Click on the Suspend button.
In the highlighted process name, the word Stopped appears in
parentheses to indicate that the process is suspended.
Click on Continue to restart a suspended process.

Click on the OK button or press 1Return I.

To permanently stop a process:
1

Choose the Processes... menu item from UE's Control menu.

Select the process you want to permanently stop.
The process name is highlighted.

Click on the Kill button.
The process is stopped and the highlighted item is removed
from the list box.

Click on the OK button or press 1Return I.

Changing the Way a File View Looks
When you first start the UE, your file view lists the files in your
current directory.
You can change the way the files in your file view are listed. You
might want to list each file by its size or the date it was created,
or change the order in which the files are listed.
To change the way that files are listed, choose the File Properties ...
menu item from UE's Customize menu. A dialog box is displayed.

3-6 Using UE

FileView - Layout

Display Fields
File Nrulle

S011·

r···· ..:

........

•

ProtectioJls

Lbtk COtuit·
O\Yller
Size

D
D
D

Creation tiltle

S011· Order: () Ascending 0 Descending ~ Unsorted

Sruuple: prisnlj)nl
OK

Cancel

The Layout dialog box is divided into two sections: a Display
Fields column and a Sort column. Some settings are preset and
are already in effect. When you change settings using the Layout
dialog box, the changes are set for every subsequent file view until
you change the setting again.

Changing the Fields in Your File View
By using the toggle buttons in the Display Fields column, you can
display the following information about each file in your file view:
• The File Name displays the unique file name for the file.
• The Protections field displays the protection settings for the
file.
• The Link Count field displays the number of links for the
file.
• The Owner field displays the owner, in numeric or textual
format, of the file.
• The Size field displays the size, in bytes, of the file.
• The Creation Time field displays the date and time the file
was created.
Notice that the file name toggle button is preset. The file view
shown in these examples reflects this.

Using UE 3-7

Changing the File Order in Your File View
Unless you specify otherwise, the files in your file view are listed
in the order in which they appear in the directory structure.
Because UE imposes no order on these files, they are considered
unsorted.
You can change the file order by clicking on either the Ascending
or Descending Sort Order button, then clicking on one of the toggle
buttons in the Sort column. For example, click on the File Name
toggle button under the Sort column to list files alphabetically. Or,
click on the Size toggle button to list files by size. You can choose
only one option from the Sort column at a time.

Displaying a Partial File View
Sometimes you want to display only a subset of files, for example,
only files that start with "chapter." You can display a partial file
view by blocking out those files you don't need to see. To display a
partial file view:
1

Give the Filter text entry field input focus.

Type the file or files you want to list in your file view.
For example, to see all files that begin with "Chapter" in your
current directory, type Chapter*.

Press IReturn I .

When you use the asterisk wildcard, the file view displays only
the files that match the characters you specified.

Saving a File View
Once you have modified a file view to your satisfaction, you can
save it. You might want to save a file view that you need to
redisplay often, for example, a file view of a subdirectory you
use frequently. Using a saved file view in this way establishes a
shortcut for ascending and descending the directory structure.
You save a file view by choosing the Save View command from the
UE Control menu. The Save View dialog box is displayed.

3-8 Using UE

(!Ii]

FileView - Save View

Save View
NaIne of Vie\v:1 _I______________
L-

The saved "iew includes the follo\ling settings :
~ Files St.1ing

D Defa111 t Direcu)l1l
D \Vindml Size
r

D \Vindow Position
D Fields (Layout)
D Order (Layout)

• Saving the Files String preserves the text you specify in the
file view.
• Saving the Default Directory preserves the directory you
specify in the Full Directory Path text field.
• Saving the Window Size preserves the size of the UE window
on your screen.
• Saving the Window Position preserves the location of the
UE window on your screen.
• Saving the Fields preserves the field settings-such as Create
Date and Size Used-you specify in the Layout dialog box.
• Saving the Order preserves the order settings-such as
Unsorted or By Name-you specify in the Layout dialog box.
To save a file view:
Update
Select All
Select None
Processes ...
New View
J Save View...
Save As Startup View
Exit

Display the file view you want to save.

Choose the Save View... menu item from UE's Control menu.
UE displays a dialog box.

Choose portions of the view that you want to save.

Type the name of the view you want to save.
The file view is saved. The name of the saved view appears as
a menu item in UE's Views menu.

Using UE 3-9

Your login directory is a file view that has already been saved for
you. You can redisplay a saved view by choosing its corresponding
menu item in DE's Views menu.
You can supersede a saved file view by saving another file view
under the same name. To supersede a saved file view, display
the new file view you want to supersede the old and then save it,
giving it the same name as the old file view.

Restoring a Saved File View
When you restore a saved view, those components not saved are
obtained from the current file view. By saving some components
of a file view, such as the fields and order, but not a full file view,
you can quickly change the look of your current file view.
To restore a saved file view in the current DE window:

Startt\P
Screens

Move the pointer to the Views menu.

Press and hold MBI.
A list of your saved file views is displayed.

Drag the pointer to the saved view you want to restore and
release MBI.
The saved file view is displayed in a new DE window.

Working with Directories
To access files on your system, you need to know how to work with
and navigate directory structures. By default, you can access your
own directory and any other directories that are set up to allow
public access.
With DE, you can perform the following directory operations:
•

Create a directory

• Navigate a directory structure
• Remove a directory
• Change directories

3-10 Using UE

Creating a Directory
You can do all your work, including using files and running
applications, in your login directory and never move from it.
However, by creating and using subdirectories, you can organize
your files into convenient groups.
To create a directory:
Choose the Create Directory menu item from the Files menu.
UE displays a dialog box.

New Dit-ecto

Ne\v Directory

NCUlle:

1.-11_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Cancel

Type the name of the directory you want to create.

Click on the OK button or press IReturn I.

Navigating a Directory Structure
UE's Directories list box lets you move up and down your directory
structure and access files easily. When you select another
directory, you can display the files in that different directory
in the file view.
When you first run DE, the current directory is your own login
directory. The Directories box lists the names of the subdirectories
that you have in your home directory, plus the directory above.
The current directory is always displayed in an italic font to
help keep you oriented. The file view lists all the files, including
directories, in your login directory.

Using UE 3-11

To display files in a different directory, select that directory in
the Directory box. For example, if you select the directory Mail,
your file view displays a list of files and directories in your Mail
directory.
If you want to display a directory that doesn't appear in the
Directories box, you can type the name of that directory in the
Full Directory Path text entry field and press RETURN. To return
to your home directory, type the name of your directory in the Full
Directory Path text field and press RETURN.

Removing a Directory
Remove a directory by using the Remove... menu item from the
Files menu.
To remove one or more directory files:
1

Select the directory files you want to remove.

Choose the Remove... menu item from the Files menu.
A dialog box appears asking you to confirm the directory
specifications you selected.

Renlove

Files: ~II________________
Cancel

Click on the OK button when you're satisfied with your
selection.

The directory you specify and any files in that directory will be
deleted.

3-12 Using UE

Working with Files
DE provides commands that let you:
•

Create directories

• Copy files
• Display the contents of files
• Move files
•

Search files for text strings

• Remove files
Because you select commands from a menu, you don't need
to remember the format of system commands. To execute a
command, simply choose the command from UE's Files menu.
When you choose a command, DE displays a dialog box to prompt
you for any command parameters and provides status information
until the task has completed.

Copying Files
You can copy a file to a new file name or copy a group of files to a
group of new files. When you copy a file to another file name, the
original file remains unchanged.
Copying One File to Another

To copy a file to a new name or to

a different directory:
Select the file you want to copy.

ICopy...
Display .. .

Search.. .
Create Directory...
Move ...
Remove ...

Choose the Copy... menu item from the Files menu.
DE displays a dialog box.

Using UE 3-13

Copy

Froln:
To:

Cancel

Type the new file name, or the file name and full directory
path you want the file copied to.

Click on the OK button or press ~.

If UE cannot copy the file, the TaskStatus box appears and
displays an error message. Click on the OK button when you
finish viewing the message.
If you choose the Copy command without first selecting a file, the
Copy dialog box prompts you for the file name.
Copying Groups of Files You can copy multiple input files to
multiple output files. To copy a group of files at the same time,
you select the files and then copy them in one operation.
To copy a group of files in one operation:

3-14 Using UE

Select the files you want to copy.

Choose the Copy... menu item from the Files menu.
UE displays a dialog box.

Type the new file name or the full· directory path you want thE
files copied to.

Click on the OK button or press ~.

For each file you selected, UE displays a dialog box that prompts
you for a destination name for each file. If you enter a directory
name here, the directory name will appear as the destination
in succeeding dialog boxes. You can enter new file names or, by
entering a directory name only, have the new files keep the same
name.
If you choose the Copy command without first selecting a file, the
Copy dialog box prompts you for the names of the files you want
to copy. If you specify multiple input files, separate them with
spaces.
To create multiple output files, specify multiple input files and
include at least one of the following:
•

An asterisk wildcard in the output directory, file name, or file
type

•

Only a directory specification as the output file specification.

Viewing the Contents of Files
To view the contents of one or more files without making any
changes, use the Display command.
Copy ...

IDisplay ...
Search...
Create Direct{l:ry...
Move ...
Remove ...

Select the files you want to view.

Choose the Display... menu item from the Files menu.
UE displays a dialog box prompting you to confirm your file
selection.

Click on the OK button when you're satisfied with your
selection.
UE opens a TaskStatus list box and displays the files you
want to view.

Using UE

3-15

Cat

Files: I~I

_______________
Cancel

Click on the OK button when you finish viewing the file.

The task output window opens, and the file you specified is
displayed. If the file contains more than one screen of text, the
text scrolls off the screen.
D se the scroll bars to redisplay the first 100 lines of text that
scrolled off the screen. If the file contains more than 100 lines of
text, a status message is displayed indicating that there is text
that cannot be seen. Click on the OK button when you're done
viewing the file.

Searching Files for Text Strings
To search one or more files for one or more text strings, use the
Search command.
Select the file or files you want to search.
Copy ...
Display ...
ISearch...
Create Directory ...
Move ...
Remove ...

3-16 Using UE

Choose the Search... menu item from the Files menu.
DE displays a dialog box.

Search
Search

Files:

I~I________________

Search For: IL-I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Cancel
3

Enter the text string you want to search for.
Separate multiple text strings with spaces.

Click on the OK button or press 1Return I.

The TaskStatus list box opens, displaying the lines in the files you
specified that contain the text string you entered. If the output is
more than one screen of text, use the scroll bars to redisplay the
last 100 lines of text that scrolled off the screen. Click on the OK
button when you finish viewing the text.
To use wildcards in the file specifications of the files you want to
search, choose the Search command without first selecting any
files. For example, if you choose the Search command, enter the
file specification *.script in the Files text field, and the string
"write" in the Search For text entry field, all the files in the
current directory with the file type *.script will be searched for the
text string "write". The TaskStatus box displays each occurrence.

Removing Files
By removing the files you no longer need, you make room on
your disk for other files. You remove files by using the Remove
command from the Files menu.
To remove one or more files:
Copy .. .
Cat .. .
Search...
Create Directory...
l\'love ...
Remove ...

Select the files you want to delete.

Choose the Remove... menu item from the Files menu.

Using UE 3-17

A dialog box appears asking you to confirm the file
specifications you selected.

Relllove

Files: ~I________________
Cancel

Click on the OK button or press IReturn I.

To use wildcards in the file specifications of the files you want
deleted, choose the Remove command without first selecting any
files.

Opening a New UE Window
You can open a new UE window that maintains the file and
directory context of the current UE window. When you choose
the New View menu item from UE's Control menu, UE copies the
file view from the current window into the new UE window and
updates it, leaving the current file view in its original state. Any
changes you made to the current file view (such as deleting a file)
without updating it are reflected in the new file view.
You can also open a new UE window that reflects changes you
make to the Files or Default fields in the current file view:
Update
Select All
Select None
Processes ...
INewVimv
Save View ...
Save As Startup View
Exit

3-18

Using UE

Edit the Files or Default fields to reflect the new file view you
want to see.
2

Choose the New View menu item from the Control menu.

A new UE window is opened whose file view reflects the new file
and directory information you specified. The Files and Default
fields in the current UE window are reset to the original text.

Exiting from UE
To exit from DE, choose the Exit menu item from UE's Control
menu. If processes you started from UE are still active, UE
displays a dialog box to confirm that you really want to exit.
Select None
Processes ...
New View
Save View ...
Save As Startup View
Exit

Fi leView Co nfit"nl

\:"ou have active tasks.
Do you really,\'ant to exit?

Click on the Yes button when you are ready to exit UE.

Using UE 3-19

4
Customizing UE Menus
The DLTRIX DE makes it easy to start DECwindows applications
and execute DLTRIX commands. You can use DE as it comes
packaged for you or you can create a personalized environment.
This chapter tells how to customize your DE menus. You will
learn how to add items to and remove items from DE menus,
You'll also learn how to add new menu names to your DE window
and create accompanying pull-down menus.

Modifying Menus
D se DE's Customize menu to add items to your DE menus. When
you choose the Edit Menus... menu item from the Customize
menu, DE displays the Menu Profile dialog box.

Customizing UE Menus 4-1

Menu Items

Menus

Copy ...

Files
(Popup)
Applications

Search ...
Create Dil-ectory...
Move ...
Remove ...

Insert
RenlOve
v

New l\'lenu Name

New Menu Item

Idocp:
Associat~d Conunand or Sclipt

III Append Files to COItlllaJld

• The Menus list box contains the names of all defined menus.
• The Menu Items list box lists the menu items that are in the
currently highlighted menu in the Menus list box.
• The New Menu Name text field lets you add a new menu
name.
• The New Menu Item text field lets you add a new menu
item.
• The Associated Command or Script text field shows you
the command or script that runs when you choose a specific
menu item. Use this text field to add a command or script to
a new menu item.
The Menu Profile dialog box control buttons let you control how
the changes take effect.

4-2 Customizing UE Menus

Click On

Record new settings and dismiss the dialog box.

Cancel

Dismiss the dialog box without changing any
settings.

Insert

Add a new name or item to the Menus or Menu
Items list boxes.

Remove

Remove a name or item from the Menus or
Menu Items list boxes.

Append Files to
Command

Add a command or script to a new menu item.

Adding an Item to an Existing Menu
You can add items to DE's Files, Applications, and pop-up menus.
To add an item to a DE menu:
Choose the Edit Menus... menu item from the Customize
menu.
DE displays the Menu Profile dialog box.

File Properties ...

IEdit MeJU1S ...

I
2

Select a name from the Menus list box.
For example, click on Applications to select the Applications
menu. Note that the item names for this menu now appear in
the Menu Items list box.

Give the New Menu Item text entry field input focus.

Type the name of the new item and then click on the Insert
button or press IReturn I.
For example, click on the New Menu Item field then type the
word "Paint". Click on the Insert button. Notice that the item
"Paint" now appears in the Menu Item list box.

Customizing UE Menus 4-3

[!i]

FileView - Menu Profile

MelUl It~ms

MetUlS
~

~ Calculator

Files
(Popup)
Applications

Clock
Mail

Notepad
DDIFViewer
Paint.

Insert
Remove

Insert.
Remove

NeVI' MelU.l Name

New MetUl Item

Iexec fusrlbinldxpaint
Associat~d Conuna:nd or Scdpt

o Append Files to Conunand
5

Give the Associated Command or Script text entry field input
focus.
Type the associated command needed to start the new item
and then press IReturn I.
For example, click on the Associated Command or Script text
field and type:
/usr/bin/dxpaint

Click on the OK button or press ~.

The new item is now displayed in a UE pull-down menu. If you
added the Paint menu item, Paint is now listed as a selection in
UE's Applications menu.

Removing Menu Items
You can easily remove menu items that you don't want. To remove
an item from a UE menu:
Choose the Edit Menus... menu item from the Customize
menu.
2

Select the menu name that contains the menu item you want
to remove.
The menu name is highlighted. The menu items are displayed
in the Menu Items list box.

4-4 Customizing UE Menus

Select the menu item you want to remove and click on the
Remove button.
The item you selected is removed from the Menu Item list.

Click on the OK button or press IReturn I.

Adding New Menus
The Customize menu also makes it easy to add new menus to
your UE window.

Adding a Menu
You can create a new menu name and build an accompanying
pull-down menu.
To add a menu to UE:
Choose the Edit Menus... menu item from the Customize
menu.
2

Give the New Menu Name text entry field input focus.

Type the name of the new menu and then click on the Insert
button. The name you type automatically appears in the
Menus list box.
For example, click on the New Menu name text entry field
and type the word Hosts. This menu could be a collection of
remote systems to which you want to connect.

!!Il

FileView - Menu Profile

Menu Items

Menus
A

Files
(Popup)
Applications
Hosts
Insert

Insert

Remove

New Menu Name

New Menu Item

Customizing UE Menus 4-5

Adding Items to a New Menu
A menu is made up of one or more items. To add a menu item to
the menu you just created:
Give the New Menu Item text entry field input focus.
2

Type the name of the new menu item and then click on the
Insert button.
The name you type appears in the Menu Items list box.

Give the Associated Command or Script text entry field input
focus.

Type the command or script you want run when the item is
chosen from a menu then press IReturn I.

Repeat steps 2 to 4 to add each new menu item.

Click on the OK button or press IReturn I.

When you dismiss the Menu Profile dialog box by clicking on OK,
the UE window is automatically updated; the menu you created
now appears in the UE menu bar.

91 Startup -/usr/staff/rO/jeanne

IGBI@]

Control Customize Views Files Applications Hosts
Dire cbnies
Files Total: 9 Selected: 1

f1 1'0

II .

Removing a Menu
You can remove menus that you do not need. To remove a menu
from UE's menu bar:
Select the menu name that you want to remove from the
Menus list box.
2

Click on the Remove button.

Click on the OK button or press IReturn I.

4-6 Customizing UE Menus

5
Using the Session Manager
The Session Manager is displayed on your screen at the start of
every DECwindows session. It acts as a control panel for your
current session. From the Session Manager, you can create new
terminal emulator and UE windows, capture window snapshots
in a file for printing, lock your workstation, and end your
DECwindows session.
You can also use the Session Manager to customize your
DECwindows environment. You can make these changes for
the current session only or save them so that every subsequent
DECwindows session reflects your fine-tuning.
This chapter describes how to customize your workstation and
DECwindows environment by choosing and saving new settings.
Where appropriate, this chapter also describes how to customize
the screen display for three types of workstations:
• Monochrome system-supports black and white output only
• Intensity system-supports shades of gray
• Color system-supports a full spectrum of color

Using the Session Manager 5-1

The Session Manager window on your screen looks like this:

~I Session Manager
Session

Create

Customize

Ib!Hill
Print Screen

Help

Messages

6
Starting Process 2021 "dxue1 pp
Stattin~ Process 2022 PPdxterml PP

~
Q

• The menu bar displays the names of menus available from the
Session Manager.
• The Messages region displays system status information.
When you start your session, this information includes a
welcome message, the date you started your last session, and
notification of any new mail messages.

Creating a Terminal Emulator Window
(Terminal Window
UE Window

By choosing the Terminal Window menu item from the Session
Manager's Create menu, you open a terminal emulator window,
which emulates a VT320 terminal. From this terminal emulator
window, you can use any command line interface to enter
commands. If your system is part of a network, you can
communicate with other systems and share information and
resources.
See the DECwindows Desktop Applications Guide for more
information about using a terminal emulator window.

5-2 Using the Session Manager

Creating a UE Window
Terminal Window
IUE Window

By choosing the UE Window menu item from the Session
Manager's Create menu, you open a User Executive window.
From UE, you can access every DECwindows application and
work with files and directories.
By default, a UE window opens whenever you start a
DECwindows session. Most often, you open additional UE
windows from within UE. The ability to open a UE window from
the Session Manager is provided as a safety net: if only one UE
window is open and you close it by mistake, you can still
access UE.
See Chapter 3 for more information about using UE.

Customizing Your DECwindows Environment
DECwindows comes to you with a host of preset options that
you are invited to change. You can work successfully with
DECwindows and never change these options, but by taking
advantage of these customization features, you can design an
environment to fit your own working style.
Keyboard ...
International...
Pointer ...

These options-which include keyboard, window, pointer, and
security settings-are accessible from the Session Manager's
Customize menu. By using the Customize menu, you can look at
the current settings and choose and save new settings.

Print Screen ...
Security ...
Session Manager...
Window ...

Choosing each menu item from the Customize menu displays a
dialog box. In any of the Customize dialog boxes, you can record
your settings or dismiss the dialog box.

Use last Saved Setti ngs
Use Syste m Defau Its
Save Curre nt Setti ngs

Click On

Record new settings and dismiss the dialog box.

Apply

Record new settings without dismissing the
dialog box.

Dismiss

Dismiss the dialog box without changing any
settings. If you made any changes without
applying them, clicking on the Dismiss button
cancels those changes.

The sections that follow list the various preset options and
describe how to change and save them.
For more information about customizing the Session Manager, see
dxsession(1X).

Using the Session Manager 5-3

Changing Your Keyboard SeHings
To change your keyboard settings, choose the Keyboard... menu
item from the Session Manager's Customize menu. The Session
Manager displays the Keyboard dialog box.

•

Customize Keyboard
Eell volume

,:fj Enable

o Disable

Keyboard type
austrian german Ik2011g
austrian german Ik201 ng

Percent volume

belgian french Ik2011p
Keyclick volume
,~ Enable
() Disable

britis h Ik2011e

canadian french I k2011c
danish Ik2011d dp

Percent volume
Auto repeat
,~ Enable

o Disable
I~I

Lock key state
@ Caps lock

o Shift lock

I Dismiss I

From the Customize Keyboard dialog box, you can change any of
the following settings:
Bell Volume
A warning bell sounds to alert you to system messages. Adjust
the bell's volume by dragging the arrow in the Percent Volume
slider right or left, or move the pointer to a location on the slider
and click MBI. Click on the Disable button to disable the bell.
Keyclick Volume
Each time you press a key, the keyboard makes a clicking sound.
This setting is indicated by a shaded button. Adjust the clicking
volume by dragging the arrow in the Percent Volume slider right
or left, or move the pointer to a location on the slider and click
MBI. Click on the Disable button to disable keyclick.

5-4 Using the Session Manager

Auto Repeat

When a key is pressed longer than normal, it repeats until it is
released. This setting is indicated by a shaded button. Click on
the Disable button to disable auto repeat.
Lock Key State

Normally, you can produce capital letters but not shifted number
keys when you press the Lock key on your keyboard. You can,
however, make your keyboard work just like a typewriter keyboard
by clicking on the Shift Lock button. Choosing the Shift Lock
option produces both capital letters and shifted number keys when
you press the Lock key.
Keyboard Type

The location of specific characters on the keyboard varies
depending on the language for which the keyboard is designed.
Selecting the keyboard type that matches your keyboard model
allows the system to echo the correct character when you press
the corresponding key.
Unless you specify otherwise, the keyboard type is North
American. Most languages have multiple keyboard models.
The model number appears on the underside of your keyboard.
Make sure the keyboard type you select matches that model
number. For example, if your keyboard model is LK201 NG, and
you are using an Austrian German keyboard, select the Austrian
German LK201 NG keyboard type. To change the keyboard type,
scroll through the list of keyboard types and select the one you
want.
For any language other than North American or US, you can
also specify whether you want your keyboard to act as a data
processing (DP) or as a typewriter (TW) keyboard. Selecting a
data processing keyboard type enables the characters on the right
half of the keycaps. Choosing a typewriter keyboard enables the
characters on the left half of the keycaps.

Seffing a Primary and Secondary Language
Bundled DECwindows applications are currently available only
in English; however, several future applications will be available
in other languages. If an application is available in multiple
languages, you can tell DECwindows the language in which you
want the application displayed. You select two languages-a first
and second choice. DECwindows tries to display the application in
the first language you selected, but uses your second choice if the
first is unavailable.

Using the Session Manager 5-5

To set your primary and secondary language, choose the
International... menu item from the Session Manager's Customize
menu. The Session Manager displays the International dialog box.

Primary language
English American
French
Ft'ench Canadian
French Belgium

Flemish

Secondary language
{}

English American

French
Ft'ench Canadian
French Belgiu m

Flemish

Apply

Dismiss

From the Customize International dialog box, you can change
either of the following settings:

Primary Language
Unless you specify otherwise, DECwindows applications available
in multiple languages are displayed in English. To change
the language in which DECwindows first tries to display the
application, scroll through the list of languages and select the one
you want.
Your specific applications manual will tell you whether the
application supports this feature. Note that the desktop
applications described in the DECwindows Desktop Applications
Guide do not support this feature.

Secondary Language
Unless you specify otherwise, applications available in multiple
languages are displayed in English. If your first choice language
is unavailable, DECwindows looks for a second choice. To record
this second choice, scroll through the list of languages and select
the one you want.

5-6 Using the Session Manager

Your specific applications manual will tell you whether the
application supports this feature. Note that the desktop
applications described in the DECwindows Desktop Applications
Guide do not support this feature.

Changing Your Mouse and Pointer SeHings
You can change the shape and color of the pointer, as well as
certain mouse characteristics. To change your mouse and pointer
settings, choose the Pointer... menu item from the Session
Manager's Customize menu. The Session Manager displays the
Pointer dialog box. The Pointer dialog box on a monochrome
system looks like this:

Mouse accelemtion

Pointet· fot·eground colot'

o None
OSlow
• Medium
Fast

•

BI~ck on white

o White on black
B utto n at·t·ange me nt
• Rig ht handed
Left handed

Pointer shape
Left pointer
Right pointer
Center pointer

Mouse double click timeout

L:::..

Star

250

Dot
M i" iseco nds

Double Art·ow

Apply

Dismiss

USing the Session Manager 5-7

The Pointer dialog box on intensity and color systems looks like
this:

customize Pointet·
Pointer acceleration

o None
o Slow
<i) Medium

o Fast

Pointer foreground colot·
Pointer backgt·ound color
Button at·rangement
,:t)Rig ht handed
o left handed

250

left pointer
Right pointer
Star
Dot

Milliseconds

r:;:;J

center pointet·

I\"ouse double click timeout

Pointet· shape

Double Arrow

Apply

Dismiss

On intensity and color systems, clicking on some of the pointer
settings displays a color box, which allows you to set specific colors
for your session.

5-8 Using the Session Manager

I If)
Red intensity

I If)
Green intensity

I If)
Blue intensity

I Cancel I
ZK-0230A-GE

On an intensity system, you can mix black and white to create
shades of gray. On a color system, you can mix amounts of red,
green and blue. To create these mixes on either system, drag the
arrows in the slider right or left, or move the pointer to a location
on the slider and click MBI. Click on the OK button in the color
box when you have created the color you want. To see your new
setting in effect, click on the OK or Apply button in the Customize
Window dialog box and start a new application.
From the Customize Pointer dialog box, you can change any of the
following settings:

Using the Session Manager 5-9

Pointer Acceleration
Click on one of the four options to vary the rate at which the
pointer moves in relation to the mouse. The "None" setting keeps
the pointer speed constant. The "Fast" setting makes the pointer
move farther as you move the mouse faster. Thus, you can move
the pointer to another part of the screen without moving the
mouse the same relative distance. The preset option is "Medium."
Mouse Double Click Timeout
DECwindows can tell two successive single clicks from a double
click. To change the speed by which DECwindows expects one
click to follow another in a double click sequence, drag the arrow
in the slider right or left, or move the pointer to a location on the
slider and click MB1.
Pointer Foreground Color
The pointer consists of an outline and filled center.

On a monochrome system, the pointer's filled area is normally
white with a black outline. Click on the Black On White button to
reverse the fill and outline colors.
On intensity and color systems, the pointer's filled area or
foreground is normally white. To change this setting, click on the
Pointer Foreground Color button. The Session Manager displays a
color box. Click on the OK button in the color box when you have
created the color you want.
To see your changes, click on the OK or Apply button in the
Pointer dialog box.
Pointer Background Color
This setting applies to color and intensity systems only.

The pointer's outline or background is normally black. To change
this setting, click on the Pointer Background Color button. The
Session Manager displays a color box. Click on the OK button
in the color box when you have created the color you want. To
see your changes, click on the OK or Apply button in the Pointer
dialog box.
Button Arrangement
The preset mouse button arrangement-MBl on the left and MB3
on the right side of the mouse-is natural for a right-handed user.
You can switch the mouse button arrangement by clicking on the
Left Handed option. The right mouse button becomes MBI and
the left mouse button becomes MB3. MB2 stays the same.

5-10 Using the Session Manager

Pointer Shape
Normally, the pointer is a left arrow. You can choose from shapes
that include a pointer, a pencil, or a plus sign. To change the
pointer shape, scroll through the list of shapes and select the one
you want.

Changing Your Print Screen SeHings
DECwindow's print screen feature lets you take a snapshot of an
entire window or just a portion or it and print the file containing
this snapshot. (See Chapter 6 for information about printing in
DECwindows.)
To change the print screen settings, choose the Print Screen...
menu item from the Session Manager's Customize menu. The
Session Manager displays the Print Screen dialog box.

output format

Pt'i ntet' colot'

,i) Black and white

C+-) Po sts Ct' i pt
() Sixel
DDIF

Aspect t'atio

Ri b bo not' to net' savet'
~) Positive inlage

@ 1 to 1
2 to 1

C:' Negative itnage

output filenafne 11.--_____________

III Pt'o nl pt fOt' fi Ie nanle
OK

Apply

Disnliss

From the Customize Print Screen dialog box, you can change any
of the following settings:
Output Format
Normally, DECwindows captures a snapshot of a window in files
formatted for PostScript®. Click on the Sixel or DDIF buttons to
change this output format.
® PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.

Using the Session Manager 5-11

Aspect Ratio
The 1 to 1 setting allows captured window snapshots to be printed
without distortion on most devices, including both hardcopy
printers and terminals. This setting is indicated by a shaded
button. To print captured window snapshots without distortion on
an LA50 sixel device, click on the 2-to-l button.

Modify this setting only if you have chosen a Sixel output format,
and you want to print captured window snapshots on an LA50
sixel device.
Printer Color
Captured window snapshots are printed in black and white.
Neither gray shades nor color printing is available in
DECwindows Version 1.0
Ribbon or Toner Saver
Normally, captured window snapshots are printed as you would
expect: the image is black and the background (the portion of
the paper not printed on) stays white. Printing an image that
is nearly or completely solid using the conventional method
consumes a great deal of printer ribbon or toner. To reverse the
dark and light portions of the printed output and conserve ribbon
or toner, click on the Negative Image button.
Output Filename
By default, DECwindows names the output file containing a
window snapshot printscr. psc. This file is placed in your current
directory. To change this output file name, type the new file name
in the Output Filename text entry field.
Prompt For Filename
When you take a snapshot of a window, DECwindows displays
a dialog box that asks you for the name of the output file. This
gives you the opportunity to override the output file specification
that you specified in the Customize Print Screen dialog box. This
means that you can redirect the output to another directory, or
give it another file name.

This setting is indicated by the shaded button. To prevent
DECwindows from asking you for the output file name each
time you take a snapshot of a window, click on the Prompt For
Filename button.

5-12 Using the Session Manager

Authorizing Other Users to Display Applications on
Your Workstation
When you start a session by typing your user name and password,
you become the only user authorized to display DECwindows
applications and programs on your workstation. You are
authorized to run applications on your local node only. This
means that you cannot log in to one node and then set your
DECwindows display to run applications and programs on your
workstation. This feature prevents other users from displaying
programs on your workstation, and from capturing and displaying
your keystrokes (including your password) and mouse movements
on another system.
You can, however, explicitly authorize other users or yourself,
when you are logged in from another node, to display
DECwindows applications and programs on your workstation.
To authorize other users or yourself to use your workstation
display:
Choose the Security... menu item from the Session Manager's
Customize menu.
The Session Manager displays the Security dialog box.

W Custo m ize Security

III

A uthot'ized hosts
{)

localhost

Hostname(::)

Add

oC:· 0

<)1
OK

Apply

IDisrniss I

Using the Session Manager 5-13

Type the node name and user name of the user you want to
authorize, using the format
node::username

Click on the Add button.
The user name is added to the list of authorized users.

Click on the OK or Apply button.

To authorize a user on your node, omit the node name. You can
use an asterisk wildcard to add all users who match the node and
user name information you specify. For example, to authorize all
users on your local node, type an asterisk ( * ) in the text field and
click on Add. The Session Manager adds the following text to the
list of authorized users:

o· . *
"0" is the shorthand notation for representing your node.
The node name you provide cannot be a cluster alias (a name that
represents multiple nodes configured in a VAXcluster), but must
instead identify an actual node.
To save a list of authorized users so that they will always be
authorized on your system, choose the Save Current Settings
menu item from the Session Manager's Customize menu. See
Saving Your New Settings for more information.
To remove a user from the list of currently authorized users:
Choose the Security... menu item from the Session Manager's
Customize menu.
The Session Manager displays the Security dialog box.
2

Select the node and user name you want to remove.

Click on the Remove button.
The user name is removed from the list of authorized users.

Click on the OK or Apply button.

5-14 Using the Session Manager

Changing Your Session Manager SeHings
To change your Session Manager settings, choose the Session
Manager... menu item from the Session Manager's Customize
menu. The Session Manager displays the Session Manager dialog
box.

stat1:u p state
@ Window

o Icon

Ct'eate UE window
[jI Confirm quit session

Message region size
80

Tenn i nal wi ndows

,-----,=------,

Iff]

,-----=ff]=__"

Iff]

Cols

Rows

Scree ns saved

_---J

Message t'egion header te:-..1:1'-~_"e_"s_s_a_ge_"s_:'_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Apply

Dismiss

From the Customize Session Manager dialog box, you can change
any of the following settings:
Startup State
The Session Manager is displayed as a window at the start of
each session. Click on the Icon button to specify that the Session
Manager be stored as an icon at the start of every session.

A UE window is opened at the start of each session. This setting
is indicated by a shaded button. Click on the Create UE Window
button to prevent a UE window from opening when you start a
session.
By default, no terminal emulator windows are created when
you start a session. To set the number (up to five) of terminal
emulator windows you want opened when you start a session,
drag the arrow in the Terminal Windows slider right or left, or
move the pointer to a location on the slider and click MB1.

Using the Session Manager 5-15

When you end a session, the Session Manager asks you for
confirmation. This setting is indicated by the shaded option
button. By clicking on the Confirm Quit Session button, you will
not be asked to confirm that you want to end a DECwindows
session.
Message Region Size

The size of the Session Manager's message area is 80 columns
across and 10 rows down. To change these settings, drag the
arrows in the Columns and Rows slider right or left, or move the
pointer to a location on the slider and click MB1.
By default, you can scroll through the last ten message screens to
view system messages you may have missed. The Screens Saved
slider lets you vary the number of message area screens that the
Session Manager saves.
Message Region Header Text

The Session Manager message area is labeled Messages. To
change this heading, type a new heading in this text field.

Changing Your Window Settings
Whether you have a monochrome, an intensity, or a color system,
you can change the look of your DECwindows display. For
example, you can alter the background and foreground pattern
and the window and screen colors. If you have a color system,
you can choose from a wide palette of colors to design a visually
pleasing display.

5-16 Using the Session Manager

To change your window settings, choose the Window... menu
item from the Session Manager's Customize menu. The Session
Manager displays the Window dialog box. The Window dialog box
on a monochrome system looks like this:

Screen saver
• Enable
Disable

10
Minutes

Scree n backgro u nd pattern
Default

Scree n foregro u nd co lor

• Black on white

o White on black

L:::...

Solid background
Window foreground color

So I id foregrou nd
Vet1ical 1/4 stripe
Vet1ical 2/4 stripe
Vet1ical 3/4 stripe

L -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

• Black on white
() White 0 n b lac k

Vet1ical 1/2 stri pe

Window highlight colot·

·.,~"",.A'

Window border color

'."",x,A

Apply

Dismiss

Using the Session Manager 5-17

The Window dialog box on intensity and color systems looks like
this:

Scree n saver
@ Enable

ill

.-~~------------------~
~~~------------------~

o Disable Minutes

Scree n backgt"o u nd pattet"n
Default

Screen fot"egt"ound color

Sct"een backgt"ound color

Solid backgt"ound
Window foregt"ound color _

So I id foregro u nd

Window backgt"Olmd colot" U

Vertical 1/2 stt"jpe
Vertical 1/4 stri pe

Window highlight co 1m"

Vettical 2/4 sb"j pe
Vettical 3/4 stripe

Apply

Window bordet" co lor

Dismiss

On intensity and color systems, clicking on most of the window
and screen settings displays a color box, which allows you to set
specific colors for your session"

5-18 Using the Session Manager

I If!
Red intensity

I If!
Green intensity

I If!
Blue intensity

I Cancel I
ZK-0230A-GE

On an intensity system, you can mix black and white to create
shades of gray. On a color system, you can mix amounts of red,
green and blue. To create these mixes on either system, drag the
arrows in the slider right or left, or move the pointer to a location
on the slider and click MBI. Click on the OK button in the color
box when you have created the color you want. To see your new
setting in effect, click on the OK or Apply button in the Customize
Window dialog box and start a new application (like Clock or
Notepad).
From the Customize Window dialog box, you can change any of
the following settings:

Using the Session Manager 5-19

Screen Saver

Screen Saver extends the life of your monitor by shutting off its
display after a specified time. Normally, the monitor shuts off its
display after ten minutes of keyboard or mouse inactivity. To vary
the time the screen saver waits before shutting down the display,
drag the arrow in the slider right or left, or move the pointer to a
specific location on the slider and click MB1. Click on the Disable
button to keep the display on indefinitely.
Screen Background Pattern

Normally, the screen background pattern is gray. To change the
background pattern, scroll through the list of patterns and select
the one you want. Click on the Apply button to see your selection
in effect.
Screen Foreground Color

When the screen pattern is set to anything other than gray, the
screen pattern consists of a screen foreground (the filled area in
the pattern) and a screen background (the pattern's outline).
On a monochrome system, the screen foreground color is normally
black on white. Click on the White On Black option button to
reverse the fill and outline colors.
On intensity and color systems, the screen foreground color
is normally black. To change this setting, click on the Screen
Foreground Color button. The Session Manager displays a color
box. Click on the OK button in the color box when you have
created the color you want.
To see your new setting in effect, click on the OK or Apply button
in the Window dialog box and start a new application.
Screen Background Color

This setting applies to intensity and color systems only.
When the screen pattern is set to anything other than gray, the
screen pattern consists of a screen foreground (the filled area in
the pattern) and a screen background (the pattern's outline).
On intensity and color systems, the screen background color is
white by default. To change this setting, click on the Screen
Background Color button. The Session Manager displays a color
box. Click on the OK button in the color box when you have
created the color you want. To see your new setting in effect, click
on the OK or Apply button in the Pointer dialog box and start a
new application.

5-20 Using the Session Manager

Window Foreground Color
Changing the Window Foreground Color setting in a window
containing text changes the color of that text. If the window
contains graphics, the color of the graphics is changed.

On a monochrome system, the window foreground is normally
black on white. Click on the White On Black option button to
change the window foreground to white.
On intensity and color systems, the window foreground is black by
default. To change this setting, click on the Window Foreground
Color button. The Session Manager displays a color box. Click on
the OK button in the color box when you have created the color
you want.
To see your new setting in effect, click on the OK or Apply button
in the Window dialog box and start a new application.
Window Background Color
This setting applies to intensity and color systems only.

On intensity and color systems, the window background is
normally white. To change this setting, click on the Window
Background Color button. The Session Manager displays a color
box. Click on the OK button in the color box when you have
created the color you want.
To see your new setting in effect, click on the OK or Apply button
in the Window dialog box and start a new application.
Window Highlight Color
This setting applies to intensity and color systems only.

Screen objects, for example, toggle and option buttons and title
bars, are normally black to indicate the current setting or input
focus. To change this setting, click on the Window Highlight Color
button. The Session Manager displays a color box. Click on the
OK button in the color box when you have created the color you
want.
To see your new setting in effect, click on the OK or Apply button
in the Window dialog box and start a new application.
Window Border Color
This setting applies to intensity and color systems only.

Using the Session Manager 5-21

On intensity and color systems, the window border is normally
black. To change this setting, click on the Window Background
Color button. The Session Manager displays a color box. Click
on the OK button in the color box when you have created the
color you want. To see your new setting in effect, click on the
OK or Apply button in the Window dialog box and start a new
application.

Saving Your New Settings
Keyboard ...
International...
Po inter...
Pri nt Scree n ...

It is not enough just to choose new settings. The settings you
choose are in effect for the current session only unless you save
them. From the Customize menu, you can choose any of the
following menu items to save new settings or reinstate old ones:

Security ...
Session Manager ...
Window ...
Use Last Saved Setti ngs

Choose

Use Last Saved Settings

Reinstates the last settings
you saved. Choose this menu
item if you want to reset any
attributes that you changed
temporarily but did not save.

Use System Defaults

Reinstates the system default
settings defined when you
installed DECwindows.

Save Current Defaults

Saves the settings you just
changed for use in every
subsequent session.

Use System Defaults
Save Curre nt Setti ngs

Note that some new settings you save will not be in effect until
you end your current session and begin another one.
If you have changed any settings and try to end your session
without saving them, DECwindows asks you whether you want to
save your settings before you end your session.
Click On

Save Changes

Save your workstation settings and end your
session.

Don't Save Changes

End your session without changing the current
settings.

Cancel End Session

Continue working in your current session.
The settings you chose are still in effect, but
you must remember to save them when you
eventually end your session.

5-22 Using the Session Manager

Putting a Session on Hold
From the Session Manager, you can put your current session
on hold indefinitely and lock your workstation without ending
your session. When you put your session on hold, your screen is
cleared. Your session is maintained exactly as it was. This means
you can resume working without having to recreate your screen
environment.
To put your current session on hold, choose the Pause menu item
from the Session menu. Your screen is cleared and the Continue
Session dialog box is displayed.

Your Workstation Is Paused

Password

....
11 __________

II OK II

Clear
ZK-0249A-GE

To continue your session:
Type your password.
2

Click on the OK button.

Once DECwindows verifies your password, your session resumes.

Ending a Session
You can end a session at any time. When you end a session,
DECwindows stops all applications and clears the screen.

Session
Pause

Quit

To end your session, choose the Quit menu item from the
Session menu. Unless you have disabled the confirmation option,
DECwindows asks you to confirm that you indeed want to end
your session. Click on the OK button or press the Return key to
confirm that you do. All windows are closed and the session ends.

Using the Session Manager 5-23

DECwindows displays the DIGITAL logo and Start Session dialog
box, ready to begin another session.
If you change your mind and decide not to end your session, click
on the Cancel End Session button to return to your session. Your
session is maintained exactly as it was.

5-24 Using the Session Manager

6
Printing with OECwindows
DECwindows allows you to print the files that you create
and work with in applications. For example, you can print a mail
message or a drawing you created in Paint. This chapter describes
how to print the files you create.
Whenever you choose the Print command in an application, the
application creates a file that it then sends to the printer. You can
also specify further printing instructions if you want to execute
more sophisticated printing tasks. While your job is being printed,
you can continue to work in your current application or go on to
other tasks.

Printing Files You Create in Applications
Within applications, you can print the files you create. When you
simply want to print something currently displayed, for example,
a mail message, choose the Print menu item from the application's
File menu. The file is sent to a print queue, which holds jobs
waiting to be printed. Your print job is sent to the next available
printer that can accept print jobs from that application. When
your job is printed, the Session Manager displays a message that
tells you the name of the printer on which your job was printed.
DECwindows also lets you provide additional information about
how you want your job printed. This information might include
the print queue to which you want your job sent, and how many
copies you want printed.
To provide this additional printing information to DECwindows,
choose the Print... menu item from the application's File menu.
The application displays a dialog box.

Printing with DECwindows 6-1

IPJ

Cardfiler Printing
Number of copies:

L-.
to

L-

Printer

Pri nt Format

,
Ip3
Ip4
Ip6
f
Ina
orientationl

II
Cancel I
Options ... I
OK

Page Range: from ~

-6

-()

!Inow

Default

Print after

In the Print dialog box, you can record your settings or dismiss
the dialog box.
Click On

Record new settings, dismiss the dialog box,
and print your job.

Cancel

Dismiss the dialog box without changing any
settings and cancel your print request.

Options ...

Display the advanced print settings dialog box.

From the Print dialog box, you can change any of the following
settings:
Number Of Copies

Normally, one copy of a job is printed. To increase the number of
copies printed, double click on the Number Of Copies text field,
and type the number of copies you want.
Page Range

When you send a file for printing, the entire file is printed. If,
however, you want to see page 2 of a 5-pagemail message, you
can save paper by printing only that page. To change the page

6-2 Printing with DECwindows

number at which the file starts printing, double click on the From
text field and type another number. Do the same in the To text
field. To print only page 2 of a 5-pagemail message, type 2 in
both text fields.
Print Format
The Print Format list box contains the file formats that are
produced by the current application for printing.. These formatted
files can be printed only on those printers that recognize the
specific format. For example, card files you create with the
Cardfiler are formatted as text files. Any printer that can print
text files-from line printers to sophisticated laser printers-can
print these card files. Paint, however, produces files formatted for
either PostScript@ or ANSI2 output. The list of printers that can
print these files is more restrictive: ANSI2 files can be printed
on LN03 and LPS40 printers; PostScript files can be printed on
LN03R and LPS40 printers only.
Printer
The Printer list box lists those print queues that can accept files
in the format produced by the current application. Your print job
will be sent to the selected queue. To change the print queue to
which your print job will be sent, select another print queue. Use
the scroll bars to view the list of available print queues.

If an application produces files formatted for more than one type
of output, the Printer list box displays those print queues that can
accept files in the format currently selected. For example, Paint
produces files formatted for either PostScript or ANSI2 output.
When the selected print format is PostScript, the Printer list box
displays only those print queues that can accept PostScript files.
When you select the ANSI2 print format, the Printer list box
responds dynamically and displays only those print queues that
can accept ANSI2 files.
You or your system manager have defined which print queues will
be displayed when a specific print format is selected. These print
queues are defined as environment variables at login time. If you
need more information about defining a print queue to support a
print format, see the ULTRIX Worksystem Release Notes.

® PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.

Printing with DECwindows 6-3

Orientation
All printers except line printers can print pages in two different
page orientations, portrait and landscape. In portrait orientation,
characters print parallel to the short edge of the paper. For
example, this page is printed in a portrait orientation. In
landscape orientation, characters print parallel to the long edge
of the paper. Note that the definition of portrait and landscape
may be altered if you choose advanced print settings.

Your system manager set up each printer with a default
orientation. Unless you change the orientation, the printer
uses this orientation when it prints your job. To change the
orientation for your print job:
Point to the Default button
2

Press and hold MB1.

Choose the Portrait or Landscape menu item.

Print After Time
DECwindows submits your job to the print queue immediately.
You can change the time at which your job is printed by changing
the information in the Print After Time text field. By requesting
that a print job be held until a specific time, you can ensure that a
large print job is printed after hours when fewer users are sharing
printers.

To change the time at which your job is printed, double click
on the Print After Time text field and type the time using the
following format:
19-APR-1990 14:32

The print job in this example will be held for printing until
April 19, 1990 at 2:32 p.m.
Delete File When Printed
When you tell DECwindows to print a text or graphics file, it
sends a copy of that file to the printer. These print files are not
deleted once they are printed. This setting is indicated by an
unshaded button. If you want to delete the print file after it is
printed, click on the Delete File When Printed button.

This button may not be displayed in all applications.

6-4 Printing with DECwindows

7
Running Remote Applications
A typical work environment might include a single workstation
running DECwindows and displaying applications. However,
DECwindows opens the door to more sophisticated computing
scenarios by allowing you to run applications remotely from
another computer for local display on your workstation monitor.
Remotely run applications always appear to be running on your
workstation, but allow you to take advantage of larger computers
that may be better suited for a specific computing task. Because
DECwindows can also function across networks, you can make the
most of your computer resources.

Specifying Your Workstation Display
You are authorized to run applications from your local node only.
This feature prevents other users from displaying programs
on your workstation, and from capturing your keystrokes
(including your password) and mouse movements on another
system. Consequently, before you can run an application on a
remote computer and view it from your workstation, you must
first give yourself the proper authorization. See Chapter 5 for
more information on how to use Session Manager's Customize
Security dialog box to authorize yourself to display remotely run
applications on your workstation.
Once you are registered (through Session Manager) to display
applications on your workstation from another node, you must
authorize your node to connect to the remote node. From a
DECterm terminal emulator window, type the following command
at the system prompt:
% xhost remote node

Running Remote Applications 7-1

Next, log on to the remote system and type the following command
at the system prompt to specify where you want the application
displayed:
% setenv DISPLAY your_node

Now you can start applications on the remote node for display in
your workstation.

Running Applications from a Command Line
Once you have redefined your display, you are ready to run remote
applications.
Run DE and the desktop applications from a remote note for
display on your workstation monitor by using the following
command lines.
Application

Command Line

Calculator

lusrlbinldxcalc &

Calendar
Cardfiler

lusrlbinldxcalendar &
lusrlbinldxcardfiler &

Clock

lusrlbinldxclock &

DDIF Viewer

lusrlbinldxdoc &

DECterm

Puzzle

lusrlbinldxterm &
lusrlbinldxmail &
lusrlbinldxnotepad &
lusrlbinldxpaint &
lusrlbinldxpsview &
lusrlbinldxpuzzle &

User Executive

lusrlbinldxue &

Mail
Notepad Editor
Paint
PostScript Viewer

You cannot run the Session Manager from a remote node for
display on your workstation.

7-2 Running Remote Applications

Index
A

Applications
running, 1-7
running from terminal emulator,
7-2
running remote, 7-1
Aspect ratio
setting the for captured window
snapshots, 5-12
Asterisk wildcard
using with Copy command, 3-15
Auto repeat
setting, 5-5

Deleting
file after printing, 6-4
Directory
creating, 3-11
Directory structure
navigating, 3-11
removing, 3-12
Display command, 3-15
Displaying remote applications
authorizing users, 7-1
on your workstation, 7-1
setenv command, 7-2
Double-click
changing speed, 5-10
defined, 2-1
using in DE, 3-5
Dragging
a window, 1-12
defined, 1-8, 2-1

B
Bell
setting warning,

5-4

c
Clicking
defined, 1-4, 2-1
Continue Session Dialog Box, 1-16
Copy command, 3-14
Copying text, 2-7
Creating menus, 4-5
Creating terminal window, 5-2
Customize menus, 4-1

E
Editing menus
adding items, 4-1, 4-3
removing, 4-6
removing items, 4-4
Editing text
copying, 2-7

Index-l

Editing text (cont'd.)
deleting, 2-8
key definitions, 2-5
moving, 2-8
pasting, 2-7
selecting, 2-7

F
File
deleting after printing, 6-4
printing, 6-1
printing multiple copies, 6-2
File operations in UE, 3-13
copying, 3-13
copying multiple, 3-14
removing, 3-17
searching in, 3-16
viewing, 3-15
Files
sorting in file view, 3-8
File view
changing fields in, 3-7
changing file order in, 3-8
defined, 3-2
listing files in, 3-6
saving, 3-8
selecting files from, 3-3
selecting files in, 3-3
superseding saved, 3-10
updating, 3-4

H
Help
command, 2-10
edit menu, 2-11
file menu, 2-11
help menu, 2-12
invoking, 2-9
search menu, 2-12
view menu, 2-11
window, 2-10
Help menu items
About, 2-13

Index-2

Help menu items (cont'd.)
copy, 2-11
go back, 2-11
go to, 2-11
go to overview, 2-12
help, 2-12
history, 2-12
keywords, 2-12
quit, 2-11
save as ... , 2-11
select all, 2-11
titles, 2-12
visit, 2-12
Help menu names
edit, 2-11
file, 2-11
help, 2-12
search, 2-12
view, 2-11
Help window, 2-10
components, 2-10
invoking, 2-9
invoking by command, 2-10
invoking by Help key, 2-10
menu bar, 2-11

Icon
illustrated, 1-6
Icon Box, 1-12
defined, 1-6
illustrated, 1-12
Input focus
defined, 1-3
giving windows, 2-5

K
Keyboard settings
auto repeat, 5-5
bell volume, 5-4
keyboard type, 5-5
keyclick volume, 5-4
lock state, 5-5

Keyboard type
data processing, 5-5
setting international, 5-5
setting North American, 5-5
typewriter, 5-5
Keyclick
setting, 5-4
Keywords, 2-12

L
Landscape mode
setting for print jobs,

6-4

M
Mail
exiting, 1-15
Managing windows
expanding, 2-14
moving, 2-14
shrinking, 2-14
sizing, 2-14
stacking, 2-15
title bar elements for, 2-13
Menu bar
defined, 1-6
illustrated, 1-6
Message Region
changing label of Session Manager,
5-16
changing size of Session Manager,
5-16
Mouse
using, 1-2
Mouse buttons
clicking, 1-4
MBI defined, 1-4
MB2 defined, 1-4
MB3 defined, 1-4
redefining in Session Manager, 5-10
shift-clicking, 2-15
Mouse settings
changing, 5-7
Moving text, 2-8

Moving windows,

2-14

o
OK button, 1-4
Orientation
of print jobs, 6-4

p
Page range
printing a, 6-2
Password, 1-3
Pasting text, 2-7
Pending delete
defined, 2-8
Pointer settings, 5-7
acceleration, 5-10
background color, 5-10
double click speed, 5-10
foreground color, 5-10
redefining mouse buttons, 5-10
shape, 5-11
Pop-up menu
using in UE, 3-4
Portrait mode
setting for print jobs, 6-4
Press
defined, 2-1
Primary language keyboard
setting, 5-6
Printer
specifying in print requests, 6-3
Printer color
changing, 5-12
Print format
landscape mode, 6-4
portrait mode, 6-4
specifying in print requests, 6-3
Printing
files created in applications, 6-1
multiple copies of a file, 6-2
screens, 5-11
window output, 5-11

Index-3

Print screen
changing output format, 5-11
changing settings, 5-11
Problem Report Dialog Box
illustrated, 1-5
Processes dialog box
defined, 3-5
Pull-down menu
choosing items, 1-8
defined, 1-8
displaying items, 1-8
Pull-down menus
adding items, 4-5
creating in UE, 4-5
removing items, 4-4
Push-to-back button, 2-15
illustrated, 1-6

Q
QuickCopy
using, 2-7
Quitting session,

5-16

R
Remote applications
displaying on your workstation, 7-1
running, 7-1
Remove command, 3-17
Resize button, 1-13
illustrated, 1-6
Ribbon
conserving when printing window
output, 5-12

5
Screen background
setting color of, 5-20
setting pattern of, 5-20
Screen foreground
setting color of, 5-20
Screen objects
setting color of, 5-21

Index-4

Screen saver
adjusting, 5-20
defined, 1-3
disabling, 5-20
Screen timeout, 1-3
Scroll bar
defined, 1-13
using the slider, 1-14
Scroll bars
using, 2-9
Search command, 3-16
Secondary language keyboard
setting, 5-6
Selecting
text fields, 1-4
windows, 2-5
Selecting files
in UE, 3-3
Selecting text, 2-7
Session
ending, 1-16
ending without saving changes, 5-22
exiting, 5-22
putting on hold, 1-15, 5-23
resuming, 5-23
saving changes before ending, 5-22
starting, 1-3, 1-4
Session manager
defined, 1-7
Session Manager
creating terminal window, 5-2
ending session, 5-23
pausing session, 5-23
saving settings, 5-22
starting as icon, 5-15
starting UE window, 5-15
Session Manager window, 1-16
illustrated, 5-2
Shift click
defined, 2-15
Shrink-to-icon button
defined, 1-12
illustrated, 1-6
Sizing windows, 2-14

Start Session dialog box
illustrated, 1-3

T
Terminal emulator
opening window at start of session,
5-15
Text
copying, 1-11, 2-7
editing, 2-5
entering in text fields, 1-10
moving, 2-8
scrolling through, 1-13
selecting, 1-11,2-7
Text entry field
defined, 1-3
Text strings
searching for in files, 3-16
Title bar
elements for managing windows,
2-13
illustrated, 1-6, 2-13
Toner
conserving when printing window
output, 5-12

u
UE
creating menus, 4-5
customizing menus, 4-1
defined, 1-7
editing menus, 4-3
file view, 3-2
navigating a directory, 3-11
opening window at start of session,
5-15
removing a directory, 3-12
running applications from, 3-3
selecting files, 3-3
starting, 3-1
updating file view, 3-4
using double-click commands in, 3-5
using pop-up menus, 3-4

UE (cont'd.)
working with directories, 3-10
working with files, 3-13
UE window
illustrated, 3-2
opening another, 3-18
User name, 1-3

w
Window
defined, 1-2
dragging a, 1-12
naming captured output file,
popping a, 2-15
selecting, 2-5
stacking, 2-15
sticky, 2-15
unsticky, 2-15
Window backwound color
setting, 5-21
Window border
setting color of, 5-21
Window foreground
setting color of, 5-21
Window highlights
setting color of, 5-21
Work region
illustrated, 1-6
Workstation
locking your, 1-15, 5-23
Workstation attributes
setting, 5-3
Workstation display
protecting access to, 5-13
specifying, 7-1

5-12

Index-5

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DECwindows User's Guide
AA-MA87 A-TE

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