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Document:	ULTRIX Worksystem Software Reference Pages, Sections 1X and 8X
Order Number:	AA-MA85C-TE
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ULTRIX
W orksystem Software

Reference Pages,
Sections 1X and ax

Order Number: AA-MA85C-TE

ULTRIX Worksystem Software

Reference Pages,
Sections 1X and ax
Order Number: AA-MA85C-TE
June 1990

Product Version:

ULTRIX Worksystem Software Version 4.0

Operating System and Version:

ULTRIX Version 4.0

digital equipment corporation

maynard, massachusetts

Restricted Rights: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the U.S. Government is subject to restrictions as
set forth in subparagraph (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause of
DFARS 252.227-7013.
© Digital Equipment Corporation 1989, 1990

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a
commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no
responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document.
The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in
accordance with the terms of such license.
No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment that is not supplied by
Digital or its affiliated companies.

The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:

IJlmaDID

CDA
DDIF
DDIS
DEC
DECnet
DECstation

DECUS
DECwindows
DTIF
MASSBUS
MicroVAX
Q-bus
ULTRIX
ULTRIX Mail Connection

ULTRIX Worksystem Software
UNIBUS
VAX
VAXstation
VMS
VMS/ULTRIX Connection
VT

XUI

UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T in the USA and other countries.
X Window System, X, and XII are registered trademarks of MIT.

About This Manual

Organization
The ULTRIX Worksystem Software Sections lX and 8X Reference Pages
provide descriptions of the X and DECwindows user commands and X
window system maintenance commands that are supported in W orksystem
Software. Similar to the reference pages in the ULTRIX Reference Pages,
those provided in this manual are divided into separate sections:

Section 1: Commands
Describes the user commands that are available to all ULTRIX W orksystem
Software users.

Section 8: Maintenance
Describes the maintenance commands that can be used specifically for the
ULTRIX Worksystem Software.

Format
Each reference page has the following general format.
Each has a title header consisting of the subject name and the appropriate
section number. For example, the title header for the dxclock command
from Section 1 is dxclock(1).
The remaining subsections provide the specific information that is relevant to
the topic. In general, the following subsection titles are used where
appropriate:

Name
Lists the topic name and a short description of the entry.

Syntax
Provides the command syntax. Boldface indicates characters typed literally.
A minus sign (-) indicates a command option and is typed as part of the
option. Italics indicate variable information that you must specify. An
ellipsis ( ... ) indicates that the preceding argument can be repeated. Square
brackets [ ] enclose optional arguments.

Arguments
Describes the arguments you provide with the command.

Description
Describes the command function, usage, and syntax variations.

Options
Describes the use and effects of each option.

Menus
Describes the menus that may appear.

Diagnostics
Describes the diagnostic and error messages that may appear. In most cases,
self-explanatory messages are not listed.

Restrictions
Describes all known command restrictions or limitations.

X Defaults
Describes the format for a resource specification in the . Xde fa ul t s file.

Files
Lists the related files that are either part of the command or used during
execution.

See Also
Lists references to related reference page entries and to other documents.

vi About This Manual

dxcalc(1X)
Name
dxcalc - DECwindows interface to the calculator

Syntax
dxcalc [ options ]

Description
The dxcalc command displays a 27-function calculator with one memory
location that is always visible. The dxcalc calculator has a maximum display
of 15 digits.
To press a button displayed in the dxcalc window, click on it with MBI (the
left mouse button, unless you have redefined it). In addition, you can enter
numbers by typing them in from the keyboard. To perform a function from
the keyboard, check the key binding listed in the application's on-line help or
in this reference page.

Options
-bd color

Specifies the color of the window's border (color
displays only). The default is specified by means of
the Session Manager's Customize Windows dialog
box.

-bg color

Specifies the color of the window's background
(color displays only). The default is specified by
means of the Session Manager's Customize
Windows dialog box.

-d dispname

Specifies the display screen on which dxcalc
displays its window. If the display option is not
specified, dxcalc uses the display screen specified by
your DISPLAY environment variable. The display
option has the format hostname:number. Using two
colons (::) instead of one (:) indicates that DECnet is
to be used for transport. The default is :0. For more
information, see X( IX).

-display dispname

This option is the same as the -d option.

-fg color

Specifies the color of the text (color displays only).
The default is specified by means of the Session
Manager's Customize Window dialog box.
Commands 1-1

dxcalc(1X)
-fn/ont

Specifies the font for calculator menus. (Key fonts
are automatically scaled to match the size of the
calculator.) The default font is menuI2. A font
value specified in the .Xdefaults file overrides this
option.

-geometry

Specifies the width, length, and location of the
dxcalc window. If the geometry option is not
specified, dxcalc uses default values. The geometry
option has the format [width][xlength][x][y]. For
more information about the screen coordinate
system, see X( IX).

Menus
The dxcalc application contains the following menus:
File
Edit
Help
Pop-up

File Menu
The File menu contains the following items:
Save Geometry

Saves the calculator's size and position, to use
the next time you run the calculator.

Use System Defaults

Restores the use of the system default values
for size and position.

Quit

Closes the dxcalc window.

Edit Menu
The Edit menu contains the following items:
Undo

Undoes the last keystroke or operation.

Copy

Copies the selected text onto the clipboard.

Paste

Pastes in text from the clipboard.

1-2 Commands

dxcalc(1X)
Help Menu
The Help menu displays information about dxcalc.

Pop-up Menu
To display the dxcalc pop-up menu, place the pointer at any position in the
dxcalc window and click MB2. This menu contains the following items:
Undo
Copy
Paste
Quit

Key Bindings
The dxcalc application has a specific set of key bindings that allow you to
use the keypad for all mathematical functions. The built-in key bindings are
as follows:

numbers

The numbers on the keypad and the numbers in the
number line map to themselves.

Clears both the display and the accumulator. Maps
to the C key and the Fl key.

Clears the display. Maps to the E key and the F2
key.

Square root

Returns the square root of the value in the display.
Maps to the Q keyboard key and the PF2 numeric
keypad key.

Adds the value in the display to the value in the
accumulator. Maps to the plus symbol (+) in the
number line and the comma key (,) in the keypad.
Subtracts the value in the display from the value in
the accumulator. Maps to the minus sign (-) in the
number line and the minus sign in the keypad.

Multiplication

Multiplies the value in the accumulator by the value
in the display. Maps to the asterisk (*) and to the
PF3 key.

Division

Divides the value in the accumulator· by the value in
the display. Maps to the slash (/) key on the
keyboard and the PFI key in the keypad.
Commands 1-3

dxcalc (1X)
Negation

Changes the value in the display from positive to
negative or from negative to positive. Maps to the n
key.

Percent

Maps to the percent (%) keyboard key and the PF4
keypad key.

Memory clear

Clears the contents of memory. Maps to the m keyIc
key sequence and to the FI7 key.

Memory minus

Subtracts the value in the display from the value in
memory. Maps to the m key/- key sequence and to
the FI8 key.

Memory plus

Adds the value in the display to the value in memory
and stores the result. Maps to the m keyIplus (+) key
sequence and to the FI9 keypad key.

Memory recall

Places the contents of the memory in the display.
Maps to the m keyIr key sequence and to the F20
key.

Equals

Displays the result of the last operation (or series of
operations). Maps to the Enter, Do, and Return
keys.

Decimal Point

Inserts a decimal point into the number in the
display. Maps to the period keys on the keyboard
and keypad.

Places the value for PI in the display. Maps to the p
keyboard key.

Inverse

Inverts the next operation. Maps to the i and F3
keys.

Sine

Returns the sine of the value in the display. (If the
inverse setting is on, returns the arcsine.) The angle
is in degrees, radians, or gradients, according to the
state of the degrees key. Maps to the s and F4 keys.

Cosine

Returns the cosine of the value in the display. (If the
inverse setting is on, returns the arccosine.) The
angle is in degrees, radians, or gradients, according
to the state of the degrees key. Maps to the 0 and F5
keys.

Tangent

Returns the tangent of the value in the display. (If
the inverse setting is on, returns the arctangent.) The

1-4 Commands

dxcalc(1X)
angle is in degrees, radians, or gradients, according
to the state of the degrees key. Maps to the t and F6
keys.
Log based 10

Returns the log (base 10) of the value in the display.
(If the inverse setting is on, returns 10 to x.) Maps to
the I key/0 key sequence and to the F7 key.

Natural log

Returns the natural log of the display. (If the inverse
setting is on, returns e to x.) Maps to the I keyIn
key sequence and to the F8 key.

y to the x

Returns the value in the accumulator raised to the
power of the value in the display. (If the inverse
setting is on, returns y to the minus x.) Maps to the
circumflex (A) and FlO keys.

Degrees

Switches the measurement unit for trig functions
among degrees, radians, and gradients. Maps to the d
and Fl1 keys.

Factorial

Returns the factorial of the display (n*(n-l)*(n2) ... *1). Maps to the exclamation mark (1) and F12
keys.

lover x

Returns the reciprocal of the display. Maps to the
tilde (,.,.) and Fl3 keys.

Random number

Returns a random number between 1 and the
display. Maps to the r and Fl4 keys.

X Defaults
The dxcalc application reads the .Xdefaults file during startup and uses the
appropriate resource specification to customize the appearance of the dxcalc
window. The format for a resource specification in the .Xdefaults file is:

[name*]resource: value
Specifies the application name or the name string that
name
restricts the resource assignment to that application or to a
component of an application. If this argument is not
specified, the resource assignment is globally available to all
X applications.

resource
value

Specifies the resource.
Specifies the value that is to be assigned to the resource.

Commands 1-5

dxcalc{1X)
Because each toolkit-based application can consist of a combination of
widgets (for example, push buttons and a scroll bar), you can form the name
string by adding widget class and name identifiers to the string. For further
information about adding class and name identifiers, see X(1X).
For dxcalc, the available class identifiers are:
Calc
MenuBar
For dxcalc, the available name identifiers are:
sqrtFontFamily
KeyFontFamily
The general resources listed in X( IX) apply to dxcalc.
The fonts used by dxcalc are specified by an asterisk (*). This is done so
that a font family is choosen instead of a particular font. The asterisk (*) is a
wildcard character that matches all font sizes.

Flies
-/.Xdefaults
/usr/lib/XII/app-defaults/DXcalc

See Also
X(1X), dxwm(1X), DECwindows Desktop Applications Guide

1-6 Commands

dxcalendar (1 X)
Name
dxcalendar - DECwindows calendar program

Syntax
dxcalendar [ options]

Description
The dxcalendar command starts an on-line interactive calendar and
appointment book. The calendar stores and organizes information about
events, reminds you when the scheduled events are due to take place, and can
automatically schedule events that repeat on a regular basis.
When it first starts, dxcalendar creates a binary database file named
.dxcalendar.dat in your home directory.
The dxcalendar command displays calendar information by providing
individual windows for a year, month, or day. By default, dxcalendar
displays a window containing a month display with the current day enclosed
in a box.
To select a month or day, click on the appropriate name or number. To
move backwards and forwards within one display type, use the scroll bars
provided. To change from one display type to another, double-click on the
appropriate item. For example, to show a year display, double-click on the
year.
For more information, see the DECwindows Desktop Applications Guide,
click on the Help menu, or use the Help key.

Options
-bd color

Specifies the color of the window's border (color
displays only). The default is specified by means of
the Session Manager's Customize Window dialog
box.

-bg color

Specifies the color of the window's background
(color displays only). The default is specified by
means of the Session Manager's Customize Window
dialog box.

Commands 1-7

dxcalendar (1 X)
-d dispname

Specifies the display screen on which dxcalendar
displays its window. If the display option is not
specified, dxcalendar uses the display screen
specified by your DISPLAY environment variable.
The display option has the format hostname:number.
U sing two colons (::) instead of one (:) indicates that
DECnet is to be used for transport. The default is
:0. For more information, see X( IX).

-display dispname

This option is the same as the -d option.

-fg color

Specifies the color of the text (color displays only).
The default is specified by means of the Session
Manager's Customize Window dialog box.

-fnfont

Specifies the font. The default is 6x 10.

Restrictions
Resource specifications in the .Xdefaults file have not yet been fully tested.

X Defaults
The dxcalendar application reads the .Xdefaults file during startup and uses
the appropriate resource specification to customize the appearance or
characteristics of its displayed dxcalendar window. The format for a
resource specification in the .Xdefaults file is:

[name*] resource:

value

name

Specifies the application name or the name string that
restricts the resource assignment to that application or to a
component of an application. If this argument is not
specified, the resource assignment is globally available to all
X applications.

resource

Specifies the resource.

value

Specifies the value that is to be assigned to the resource.

The available class identifier is dxcalendar.
For more information, see X( IX).

1-8 Commands

dxcalendar (1 X)
Files·
-/.Xdefaults
-/.DXcalendar
-/.dxcalendar.dwc
/usr/liblX 11/app-defaults/DXcalendar

See Also
X(lX), dxwm(lX), DECwindows Desktop Applications Guide

Commands 1-9

dxcardfiler (1 X)
Name
dxcardfiler - DECwindows interface to the cardfiler

Syntax
dxcardfiler [ options]

Description
The dxcardfiler command displays an Index window that provides access to
an electronic version of a set of 3x5 index cards. You can add, delete,
rename, duplicate, save, read, search, and print these cards. By organizing
your index cards into sets, called card files, you can keep one group of cards
separate from another group.
The cards, which can hold 4000 characters of text and 64K bits of DDIF
image (for example dxpaint output), will appear on your screen to the right
of the Index window.
In addition, the dxcardfiler Index window contains a Help menu that, when
selected, displays an appropriate help message.

Options
-bd color

Specifies the color of the window's border (color
displays only). The default is specified by means of
the Session Manager's Customize Window dialog
box.

-bg color

Specifies the color of the window's background
(color displays only). The default is specified by
means of the Session Manager's Customize Window
dialog box.

-d dispname

Specifies the display screen on which dxcardfiler
displays its window. If the display option is not
specified, dxcardfiler uses the display screen
specified by your DISPLAY environment variable.
The display option has the format hostname :number.
Using two colons (::) instead of one (:) indicates that
DECnet is to be used for transport. The default is
:0. For more information, see X( IX).

1-10 Commands

dxcardfiler ( 1X)
-display dispname

This option is the same as the -d option.

-fg color

Specifies the color of the text (color displays only).
The default is black.

-fnfont

Specifies the font for all windows except the index
list box. The default font is menu12. The default is
6xlO.

-geometry

Specifies the width, length, and location of the

dxcardfiler window. If the geometry option is not
specified, dxcardfiler uses default values. The
geometry option has the format
[width] [xlength] [x] [y]. For more information about
the screen coordinate system, see X(1X).

Index Window
The index window lists the names of the current cards (you can open new or
previously selected cards by choosing Open ... from the File menu). To select
a card, place the pointer on the name of the card and click MBl (the left
button unless you have redefined it). You can also search for specific cards
by selecting the card window and choosing the search menu. Once you
. select a card, you can manipulate it by using the items contained in the Card
window menus.
Th index window contains the following menus:
File
Search
Card

File Menu
The File menu contains the following items:

Open...

Opens an existing card file that you specify. If
the specified card file does not exist,
dxcardfiler asks if you want to open a new
database. If you confirm, dxcardfiler opens a
new Index window. You can begin adding
cards. If you try to open a card file without
first saving any changes to a previously
opened file, a dialog box appears asking you
whether you want to save your changes.

Commands 1-11

dxcardfi ler (1 X)
Merge•..

Merges the contents of the current card file
with another, resulting in a card file that
combines and sorts the contents of both files.
The card file whose contents are merged with
the current card file remains unchanged.

Save

Saves the current card file. If a name has been
specified previously, dxcardfiler uses that
name. If a name has not been specified
previously, dxcardfiler prompts for a new
name.

Save As ...

Saves the current card file under a name that
you specify.

Prints a representation of all cards in the index
to the default printer. You can change the
default printer by means of the Print... option.

Print..•

Prints the current card file to a device you
specify.

Save Geometry

Saves the cardfiler's size and position, to use
the next time you run the cardfiler.

Use System Settings

Restores the use of system defaults for the
cardfiler's size and position.

Quit

Closes the dxcardfiler window. If you have
not saved any changes or additions to the
current file, a dialog box appears asking
whether you want to save your changes.

Search Menu
The Search menu contains the following items:
Search Index...

Searches the index topics for a text string. Because
dxcardfiler treats spaces as text, you can search for
two or more words. A dialog box appears that
prompts for the text string. Then, dxcardfiler
searches the topics of all index cards in the file and
displays the first card in your file containing the text
string.

Search Card...

Searches the contents of each card in the file for a
text string. A dialog box appears that prompts for
the text string. Then, dxcardfiler searches all index

1-12 Commands

dxcardfiler (1 X)
cards in the file and displays the first card in your
file containing the text string.

Find Next

Searches for the next occurrence of the searched for
string.

Card Menu
The Card menu contains the following item:

Create Card...

Opens an empty card in a Card window and displays
a dialog box that prompts for the card name. After
you type the card name, type any information
belonging on the index card in the Card window.

Card Window
A Card window contains a Text window in which the body of the card can
be created and edited. The Card window also contains buttons that allow you
to move to the next or the previous cards. For more information about the
editing commands that can be used in the Text window, see x(1X). The
name of the card displayed is listed in the title bar of the Card window. A
Card window contains the following menus:
File
Edit
Search
Card
Previous
Next

File Menu
The File menu contains the following items:

Prints a representation of a specified card in the
index to a device or DDIF file. If a device has been
specified previously, dxcardfiler uses that device. If
a name has not been specified previously,
dxcardfiler prompts for a name.

Print...
Include Image

Prints the current card to a device you specify.
Includes into a card an image from a DDIF image
file, such as one created with dxpaint(1X)or

printscreen.

Commands 1-13

dxcardfiler (1 X)
Close

Closes the Card window.

Edit Menu
The Edit menu contains the following items:
Undo

Undoes the last cut, copy, paste, or undo operation.

Cut

Cuts the selected text or image onto the clipboard.

Copy

Copies the selected text or image from the clipboard.

Paste

Pastes the contents of the clipboard at the cursor if it
is text or into the image region if it is an image.

Clear

Removes the selected text or image from the card.

Search Menu
The Search menu allows you to search the stack of cards for a text string.

Card Menu
The Card menu contains the following items:
Create Card...

Opens an empty card in a Card window and displays
a dialog box that prompts for the card name. After
you type the card name, type any information
belonging on the index card in the Card window.

Duplicate

Duplicates the currently selected card.

Rename ••.

Displays a dialog box that prompts for the new name
under which to index the card.

Delete

Deletes the current card.

Undelete

Restores the last deleted card.

Displays the next card in the Card window.

Displays the previous card in the Card window.

Restore

Restores the card to its original unedited state.

Previous Button
The Previous button lets you view the previous card. Hold down the button
to search quickly through the stack of cards.

1-14 Commands

dxcardfiler (1 X)
Next Button
The Next button lets you view the next card. Hold down the button to search
quickly through the stack of cards.

X Defaults
The dxcardfiler application reads the .Xdefaults file during startup and uses
the appropriate resource specification to customize the appearance of the
dxcardfiler window. The format for a resource specification in the
.Xdefaults file is:
[name*] resource: value
name

resource

Specifies the resource.

value

Specifies the value that is to be assigned to the resource.

Because each toolkit-based application can consist of a combination of
widgets (for example, push buttons and a scroll bar), you can form the name
string by adding widget class and name identifiers to the string. For further
information about adding class and name identifiers, see X(lX).
For dxcardfiler, the available class identifiers are:
CardFiler
cardmainwindow
MenuBar
indexmainwindow
VList
The resources available for dxcardfiler are listed in X( IX).
Each specification included in the .Xdefaults file for the translations resource
modifies a key setting for the editor that dxcardfiler uses. For more
information about key and mouse specifications in the .Xdefaults file, see
x(1X).

Commands 1-15

dxcardfiler (1 X)
Files
...../.Xdefaults
/usr/liblX 11/app-defaults/DXcardfiler

See Also
X(1X), dxpaint(1X), dxwm(1X), DECwindows Desktop Applications Guide

1-16 Commands

dxclock (1X)
Name
dxclock - DECwindows interface to the clock

Syntax
dxclock [ options]

Description
The dxclock command displays a window that continuously displays the
system date and time. The clock can display time values in military style (0
through 23 hours) or in 12-hour AM and PM format. The dxclock window
has an alarm and the following components:

Analog region
Digital region
Date region

Options
-bd color

Specifies the color of the window's border (color
displays only). The default is specified by means of
the Session Manager's Customize Window dialog
box.

-bg color

Specifies the color of the window's background
(color displays only). The default is specified by
means of the Session Manager's Customize Window
dialog box.

-d dispname

Specifies the display screen on which dxclock
displays its window. If the display option is not
specified, dxclock uses the display screen specified
by your DISPLAY environment variable. The
display option has the format hostname:number.
Using two colons (::) instead of one (:) indicates that
DECnet is to be used for transport. The default is
:0. For more information, see X(1X).

-display dispname
-fg color

This option is the same as the -d option.
Specifies the color of the text (color displays only).
The default is specified by means of the Session
Manager's Customize Window dialog box.

Commands 1-17

dxclock (1 X)
-fnfont

Specifies the font for all of the clock menus. (The
analog and digital fonts are automatically scaled to
match the clock size.) The default font is menu 12.
This option is overriden by the .Xdefaults file.

-geometry

Specifies the width, length, and location of the
dxclock window. If the geometry option is not
specified, dxclock uses default values. The
geometry option has the format
[width][xlength][x][y]. For more information about
the screen coordinate system, see X( IX)

The dxclock window has one pop-up menu. To display this pop-up menu,
position the pointer anywhere within the dxclock window and click MB2
(the middle mouse button unless you have redefined it). This menu contains
the following menu items:

Settings...

Displays the Settings dialog box that lets you
specify the clock regions to display, tum on
or tum off the use of 24-hour digital time, set
the alarm, and enter a message that appears
when the alarm goes off. You can also display
this dialog box by placing the pointer at any
position within the dxclock window and
double-clicking MB 1.

Save Settings

Saves the clock's settings and its size and
position, to use the next time you run the
clock.

Use System Settings

Restores the use of system default values for
the clock's settings, size, and position.

Help

Displays information about using the dxclock
command.

Exit

Closes the dxclock window.

Restrictions
The system time cannot be changed while the clock is running. The dxclock
window must be closed and reopened if the system time is changed.

1-18 Commands

dxclock (1 X)
X Defaults
The dxcIock application reads the .Xdefaults file during startup and uses the
appropriate resource specification to customize the appearance dxcIock
window. A resource specification in the .Xdefaults file has the following
format:
[name*] resource:

value

name

resource

Specifies the resource.

value

Specifies the value that is to be assigned to the resource.

Because each toolkit-based application can consist of a combination of
widgets (for example, push buttons and a scroll bar), you can form the name
string by adding widget class and name identifiers to the string. For further
information about adding class and name identifiers, see X(1X).
For dxcIock, the available class identifiers is:
Clock
For dxcIock, the available name identifiers are:
Digital
FontFamily
In addition to the general resources listed in X(1X), the resources available
for dxcIock are:

AlarmOn

Specifies that the alarm be turned on. If set to zero,
the alarm is not turned on. If set to 1, the alarm is
turned on. The default is zero.

AlarmHour

Specifies the hour the alarm is to go off (0 to 23).
The default is 12.

AlarmMessage

Specifies the message to be displayed when the
alarm goes off. The default is the string Alarm
Message.

AlarmMinute

Specifies the minute the alarm is to go off (00 to
59). The default is 00.
Commands 1-19

dxclock (1 X)
AlarmPM

Specifies that the alarm is set for PM. If set to zero,
the alarm is set for AM. If set to 1, the alarm is set
for PM. The default is zero.

AnalogOn

Specifies whether the analog portion of the dxclock
window is displayed. If set to zero, the analog
portion is not displayed. If set to 1, the analog
portion is displayed. The default is 1.

DateOn

Specifies whether the date portion of the dxclock
window is displayed. If set to zero, the date portion
is not displayed. If set to 1, the date portion is
displayed. The default is 1.

DigitalOn

Specifies whether the digital portion of the dxclock
window is displayed. If set to zero, the digital
portion is not displayed. If set to 1, the digital
portion is displayed. The default is 1.

militaryOn

Specifies whether the digital portion of the dxclock
window displays the date in 12-hour format or 24hour format. If set to zero, 12-hour format is used.
If set to 1, 24-hour format is used. The default is
zero.

The fonts used by dxclock are specified by an asterisk (*). This is done so
that a font family is choosen instead of a particular font. The asterisk (*) is a
wildcard character that matches all font sizes.

Files
-/.Xdefaults
-/.DXclock
/usr/lib/Xl1/app-defaults/DXc1ock
-./DXclock

See Also
X(lX), dxwm(lX), DECwindows Desktop Applications Guide

1-20 Commands

dxdb(1X)
Name
dxdb - DECwindows debugger

Syntax
dxdb [options] file [coredump]

Description
The dxdb debugger is a DECwindows utility that lets you debug a C
program, view its source code, and fix bugs found in the code. It uses many
of the same methods as the dbx( 1) debugger.

Options
file

A C object file compiled with the -g option of the
cc( 1) command. The -g option produces the
appropriate symbol information in the object file.

coredump

A core file that you can access through dxdb to
examine the state of a program that crashed.

-I dir

Adds dir to the list of directories that dxdb searches
when looking for source files. Normally, dxdb
searches only in the current directory.

Menus
When you invoke the debugger, dxdb displays the Control window. The
menu bar of the Control window contains the following menus:
•
•

File
Control

•

Options

•

Windows

•

Functions

File Menu
The File menu lets you perform global actions affecting the entire debugging
session. It contains the following items:
Open ...

Reads in a new source file.
Commands 1-21

dxdb{1X)
Make/Restart

Builds a new executable and restarts the debugger.

Edit

Edits a source file.

Quit

Terminates the dxdb session.

Control Menu
The Control menu controls program execution. It contains the following
items:
Run

Runs the program.

Step

Runs the program in single- or multiple-line increments.
You set the step count using the Step window (see Options
Menu).

Skip

Runs the program in single- or multiple-line increments
but views all code of a subroutine as a single step. You set
the skip count using the Skip window (see Options Menu).

Continue

Restarts a program after a Stop command, a breakpoint, or
a Skip or Step function.

Stop

Stops execution of the program.

Return

Continues execution until the current procedure returns.

Options Menu
The Options menu items create the following windows:
Run...

Lets you supply arguments to a program. The Run
window consists of an input area and the following
control buttons:
•

Run with Argument

•
Run
•
Close
To supply an argument to a program, enter it in the input
area and click on the Run with Arguments button. To run a
program without specifying an argument, click on the Run
button. Clicking on the Close button quits the window.

Step...

1-22 Commands

Specifies the line increment (step count) in which dxdb
runs a program. The Step window consists of an input
area, plus (+) and minus (-) accelerator buttons, and the
following command buttons:

dxdb{1X)
•

Step Count

•

Step Once

Close
•
To set a step count, either click on the appropriate
accelerator button until you reach the desired count or
enter the count in the input area. Click on the Step Count
button, and then return to the Control window and click on
the Step button. The debugger executes the specified
number of lines of code each time you click on the Step
button.
To return to single-step increments, use the Step Once
button.
Skip ...

Sets the number of lines (skip count) that dxdb skips when
running a program. The Skip window consists of an input
area, plus (+) and minus (-) accelerator buttons, and the
following command buttons:
•

Skip Count

•

Skip Once

•
Close
You set the skip count as you set the step count. However,
if dxdb encounters a subroutine call when executing a
skip, it executes the entire routine as a single skip and
resumes the skip count when it returns from the call.

Windows Menu
The Windows menu items create the following windows:
Assign ...

Assigns a value to a specified variable. The Assign
window consists of the following input areas:
•

Variable prompt

•

Value prompt

•

Assign button

•
Close button
To assign a value to a variable, enter a variable in the
Variable text field, enter a value in the Value text field,
and click on the Assign button.
Commands 1-23

dxdb{1X)
Breakpoints...

Displays the current breakpoints and tracepoints. To delete
a breakpoint or tracepoint, select it in the text and click on
the Delete button.

Dump...

Displays the values of all currently active local variables.
The debugger updates the contents of this window each
time you stop execution of the program (using the Step,
Skip, or Stop function, or by setting a breakpoint).

Examine...

Displays the values of specified variables. This window
consists of the following areas:

•
•
•

Text area

•

Delete button

•

Close button

Examine prompt
Add button

To examine a variable, enter its name in the Examine text
field and click on the Add button. The debugger displays
the variable's current value in the window's text area.
To delete a variable from the Examine window, click on
its name in the window's text area and then click on the
Delete button.
Stack

Lets you view elements of the program execution stack.
The program that dxdb is running places an entry on this
stack each time program control executes one of its
routines. Each element on the stack contains the routine
name and the parameters passed to that routine. The
debugger updates this window each time you stop the
execution of the program.

Make••.

Displays the output of the MakeIRestart command. The
Restart Command field is executed when the MakeIRestart
command is executed and can be edited to suit the
program being debugged.

Functions Menu
The Functions menu contains the following items:
Whatis

1-24 Commands

Returns the data type of a variable. Select a variable
currently displayed in the Source window and then choose

dxdb(1X)
Whatis from the Functions menu. Whatis returns the
variable's data type in the following format:

variable - routine.datatype variable;

Where is

Returns a list of routines from which you can locate a
variable. Select a variable from the Source window and
then choose Whereis from the Functions menu. Whereis
returns the variable's location in the following format:

routine.variable routine. variable ...
Which

Returns the scope of the variable (local or global) that is
currently active. Select a variable from the Source window
and then choose Which from the Functions menu. Which
returns the variable's scope in the following format:

variable - rotuine function ... variable
In addition to those pulldown menus, there are several pop-up menus:

Control Pop-up Menu
The Control pop-up menu duplicates the Control pull-down menu; it controls
program execution. To invoke this menu, press MB2 on the Source Area.

Examine Pop-up Menu
The Examine pop-up menu lets you examine the value of variables, and set
and delete breakpoints and tracepoints. To invoke this menu, press the Shift
key and click MB2 in the Source Area. The menu items operate on text in
the Source area. If you position the pointer over some text before invoking
the menu, the menu options refer to that text. If there is no text under the
pointer, dxdb uses text that is highlighted. The menu items are as follows:
Print

Prints the value of a variable in the text area.

Print *

Prints the value of a variable treated as a pointer.

Examine

Enters a variable in the Examine window.

Examine *

Enters a variable in the Examine window treated as a
pointer.

Delete Examine Removes a variable from the Examine window.
Stop in Func

Sets a breakpoint in the selected function.

Trace in Func

Sets a tracepoint in the selected function.

Commands 1-25

dxdb(1X)
The Examine and Print options have submenus that let you view the values
in hexidecimal notation.

Breakpoints Pop-up Menu
This menu lets you set and delete breakpoints. To invoke the menu, press
MB2 in the Margin Area. All options operate on the text indicated by the
pointer when you invoke the menu. The menu options are as follows:
Set at Line

Sets a breakpoint at the specified line.

Set in Func

Sets a breakpoint in the specified function.

Global

Sets a global breakpoint.

Random Func

Sets a breakpoint in any function in the program.

Random Line

Sets a breakpoint at any line in the program.

Delete BP

Deletes a breakpoint whose symbol is under the cursor.

The Set at Line and Set in Func options have submenus that let you set
conditional breakpoints.

Tracepoints POP-Up Menu
This menu lets you set and delete tracepoints. To invoke the menu, press
Shift/MB2 on the Margin Area. All options operate on the text indicated by
the pointer when you invoke the menu. The Tracepoint pop-up menu has
the following items:
Trace Global

Sets a global tracepoint.

Trace at Line

Sets a tracepoint at the specified line.

Trace in Func

Sets a tracepoint in the specified function.

Delete Trace

Deletes a tracepoint whose symbol is under the cursor.

X Defaults
The dxdb debugger reads the .Xdefaults file during startup and uses the
appropriate resource specification to customize the appearance or
characteristics of its windows. The format for a resource specification in the
.Xdefaults file is as follows:

[natne*] resource: value
natne
Specifies the application name or, in the case of toolkitbased applications, the name string that restricts the
1-26 Commands

dxdb{1X)
resource assignment to that application or to a component
of an application. If this argument is not specified, the
resource assignment is globally available to all X
applications.
resource

Specifies the X resource.

value

Specifies the value that is to be assigned to the resource.

Because each X-based application can consist of a combination of widgets
(for example, push buttons and a scroll bar), you can form the name string by
adding widget class and name identifiers to the string. For additional
information about adding class and name identifiers, see X(lX).

Files
/usr/liblX 11lapp-defaultslDb
- .Xdefaults
core

See Also
X(1X), dxfc(1X)

Commands 1-51

dxnotepad (1 X)
Name
dxnotepad - DECwindows text editor

Syntax
dxnotepad [ options ] [file ]

Arguments
file

Specifies a file to open at startup. If you omit the file
name, you can open or create a file from within
dxnotepad.

Description
The dxnotepad command displays a window in which you can edit a file or
a text buffer that you can later save as a file. At startup, the dxnotepad
window consists of the following three areas:
Title Bar

Displays the name of the window, the name of the
file currently being edited, and window manager
buttons that move and resize the window and shrink
the window to an icon. For more information, see
dxwm(1X).

Menu Bar

Lists the available dxnotepad menus.

Edit Window

Displays the text that you are editing or creating.

Options
-bd color

Specifies the color of the window's border (color
displays only). The default is specified by means of
the Session Manager's Customize Window dialog
box.

-bg color

Specifies the color of the window's background
(color displays only). The default is specified by
means of the Session Manager's Customize Window
dialog box.

-d dispname

Specifies the display screen on which dxnotepad
displays its window. If the display option is not
specified, dxnotepad uses the display screen
specified by your DISPLAY environment variable.

1-52 Commands

dxnotepad (1 X)
The display option has the format hostname :number.
Using two colons (::) instead of one (:) indicates
that DECnet is to be used for transport. The default
is :0. For more information, see X(1X).
-display dispname

s the same as the -d option.

-fg color

-fnfont

Specifies the font used as the output font in digital
mode. Any fixed-width font can be used. The
default is 6xlO.

-geometry

Specifies the width, length, and location of the
dxnotepad window. If the geometry argument is
not specified, dxnotepad uses default values. The
geometry option has the format
[width][xlength][x][y]. For more information about
the screen coordinate system, see X(lX).

Menus
The dxnotepad window contains the following menus:
File
Edit
Search
Navigate
Customize

File Menu
The File menu contains the following items:
New

Creates a new dxnotepad window.

Open...

Displays a dialog box that lets you specify the
file to open.

Open Selected

Opens the file whose name has been selected
in any application window on the screen.

Include...

Displays a dialog box that lets you specify a
file to write into the current buffer. The
Commands 1-53

dxnotepad (1 X)
included file appears at the cursor's current
position.
Save

Saves the contents of the Edit window in a
file. If the file is untitled when Save is
selected, dxnotepad displays a dialog box that
prompts for the file name.

Save As•••

Automatically displays a dialog box that
prompts for the file name under which to save
the contents of the buffer.

Revert

Cancels all edits made since the last time
dxnotepad saved edits. Edits are saved when
you choose the Save menu item from the File
menu and when you exit from an editing
session.

Quit

Ends the current editing session without
saving changes and closes the dxnotepad
window.

Exit

Ends the current editing session, saving the
modified text in the output file.

Edit Menu
The Edit menu contains the following items:
Undo

Undoes the last edit. Each time you select this
menu item, each previous edit is undone.

Redo

Redoes the last edit. Each time you select this
menu item, each edit that has been undone is
redone.

Undo •••

Displays the Undo dialog box that allows you
to undo and redo sequences of edits.

Cut

Removes text selected in the Edit window and
moves it to the clipboard. This text can be
retrieved with the Paste menu item.

Copy

Copies text selected from the Edit window to
the text buffer. You can retrieve this text with
the Paste menu item.

Paste

Inserts text previously cut or copied to the
clipboard.

1-54 Commands

dxnotepad ( 1X)
Clear

Deletes selected text without copying it to the
clipboard.

Select All

Marks the entire buffer as the current
selection, as if you had selected it with the
mouse and pointer.

Filter Selection...

Displays a dialog box in which you can
specify an ULTRIX command through which
to process text selected from your dxnotepad
buffer. The command operates on the text and
writes the output to the original location in the
buffer.

Fill

Reorganizes selected text so that the maximum
number of whole words fits within an 80
character line width, inserting carriage return
characters at the end of each 80-character line.
If your dxnotepad window width is less than
80 characters, the fill operation can leave some
lines broken, where the carriage return occurs.

Sort

Sorts the selected text in ascending
alphanumeric order, as if by executing the
ULTRIX sort command.

Indent+4

Moves the left margin for a selected block of
text four columns to the right.

Indent-4

Moves the left margin for a selected block of
text four columns to the left.

Search Menu
The Search menu contains the following items:

Next Selected

Searches from the current insertion point to
the end of the file for the next occurrence of a
string selected from any window on the
screen.

Previous Selected

Searches from the current insertion point to
the beginning of the file for the next
occurrence of a string selected from any
window on the screen.

Next..•

Displays a dialog box that prompts for a
search string. The Next button finds the next
Commands 1-55

dxnotepad (1X)
occurrence of the string (moving forward); the
Previous button finds the previous occurrence
of the string (moving backward). The default
direction is forward.
Previous••.

Displays a dialog box that prompts for a
search string. The Next button finds the next
occurrence of the string (moving forward); the
Previous button finds the previous occurrence
of the string (moving backward). The default
direction is backward.

Next IncrementaI. .•

Searches from the initial search position to the
bottom of the buffer for a string of characters.
You can change the search string during the
operation; each time you add or delete a
character, dxnotepad returns to the initial
position and highlights the next occurrence of
the pattern now specified.

Previous Incremental...

Searches from the initial search position to the
top of the buffer for a string of characters.
You can change the search string during the
operation; each time you add or delete a
character, dxnotepad returns to the initial
position and highlights the next occurrence of
the pattern now specified.

Replace Once...

Displays a dialog box in which you enter an
existing string and the string that you want to
substitute. Searching from the insertion point
forward, dxnotepad finds the next occurrence
of the existing string. Click on the Yes button
to replace the string and move to the next
occurrence; click on the No button to skip to
the next occurrence without making the
replacement.

Replace Within Selected Area
Displays a dialog box in which you enter an
existing string and the string that you want to
substitute. The operation replaces all
occurrences of the string within a selected
block of text.
Replace All .••
1-56 Commands

Displays a dialog box in which you enter an

dxnotepad (1X)
existing string and the string that you want to
substitute. The operation replaces all
occurrences of the string in the buffer.

Navigate Menu
The Navigate menu contains the following items:
Go to Top

Moves the cursor to the top of the buffer.

Go to Bottom

Moves the cursor to the bottom of the buffer.

Go to Selected Line Number
Moves the cursor to the line whose number
has been selected somewhere on the screen.
Split View

Divides the current view of the file into two
views of that file. The first time you use this
option, it splits the window into two views.
Each view has its own scroll bars, so that you
can work with two sections of the file at once.
Further splits affect the view in which the
cursor is active.

Delete View

Removes the view in which the cursor is
active.

Customize Menu
The Customize menu contains the following items:
Case Sensitive Searches

Specifies whether dxnotepad distinguishes
between uppercase and lowercase occurrences
of text characters when searching for a string.
When the button is set to On, a search finds all
occurrences of a character. When the button is
set to Off, a search finds only occurrences
whose case matches the case in which you
enter the search string.

Word Wrap

Specifies whether dxnotepad automatically
starts a new line when you reach the right
margin. When the button is set to On, word
wrapping is automatic. When the button is set
to Off, you must press the Return key at the
end of each line. Note that dxnotepad does
not insert carriage return characters as it wraps
Commands 1-57

dxnotepad (1 X)
the line; with word wrapping on, you can
create a line that looks like a paragraph in
your dxnotepad edit window, but that a
printer interprets as a single long line.
Font

Displays a dialog box in which you choose
font attributes and see a sample of the
resulting font; the Apply button applies the
font you select to your buffer.

Save Attributes

Saves the values that you specified for options
on the Customize menu. These values are
stored in the file .notepad.dat in your home
directory; they will be used the next time you
invoke dxnotepad.

Restore Attributes

Restores the last saved values for options on
the Customize menu.

Journals
The dxnotepad editor records your edits in a journal file. When you save
the file you are editing, the journal file is deleted. If an editing session
terminates unexpectedly (due to a system crash, for example), the edits
recorded in the journal file can be restored.
When you attempt to edit a file whose journal file still exists, the Recover
dialog box asks whether to apply the previous edits to the input file. Click
on the OK button to restore the edits; click on the No button to forego
applying the edits and delete the journal file.
If an editing session is interrupted before you have saved the editing buffer as
a file and assigned it a file name, dxnotepad assigns the journal file under a
name based on your process number, with the suffix JNL (unless you have
changed the default name, using a dxnotepad resource).

To recover, first locate the journal file. You can recognize it in your
directory because it has the form of AAAXXXXXXCCC, where AAA is your
journalNamePrefix, XXXXXX is a unique number for this session (derived
from your process ID), and CCC is your journalNameSuffix. Invoke
dxnotepad, specifying an input file whose name is the number portion of the
default journal file name. A dialog box asks whether to recover the crashed
session. To restore the edits, answer yes.
For information about specifying the journalNamePrefix and the
journalNameSuffix, see the X DEFAULTS section.

1-58 Commands

dxnotepad (1 X)
Restrictions
Large numbers of certain edit functions tend to degrade performance over
time. If there is a noticeable decrease in response time, save the file; saving
a file resets dxnotepad' s internal state.

X Defaults
The dxnotepad application reads the .Xdefaults file during startup and uses
the appropriate resource specification to customize the appearance or
characteristics of its displayed dxnotepad window. The format for a
resource specification in the .Xdefaults file is:

[name* ] resource: value
name

resource

Specifies the resource.

value

Specifies the value that is to be assigned to the resource.

The name of the application.

textwindow

View of the edit window. Each edit window can
have one or more views into a text buffer or file.

Commands 1-59

dxnotepad (1 X)
In addition to the general resources listed in x(1X), the resources available
for dXDotepad are:
EnableBackups

Specifies that the original file is saved as the backup
file. The name of the backup file is constructed by
prepending the orignal file name with the string
contained within the backupNamePrefix, and
appended with the backupNameSuffix. The default
is On.

BackupNamePrefix

Specifies the prefix of the backup file name.

BackupNameSuffix

Specifies the suffix of the backup file name.

Geometry

Specifies the geometry (window size and location) to
be used as the default for the dXDotepad window.
For more information about the geometry
specification and screen coordinate system, see
X(1X). If Geometry is not specified, a default builtin geometry is used.

filter

Specifies a text filter to add as an option to the Edit
. menu. The resource value has two parts, separated
by one or more space or tab characters: the option
name to add to the menu and the ULTRIX command
to execute when that option is selected.

journalNamePrefix

Specifies the prefix of the journal file name.

journalNameSuffix

Specifies the suffix of the journal file name.

Each specification included for the translations resource in the .Xdefaults file
modifies a key setting for the editor that dxnotepad uses. For more
information about key and mouse specifications in the .Xdefaults file, see
X(1X).

Files
-/.Xdefaults

See Also
X(1X), dxwm(1X), DECwindows Desktop Applications Guide

1-60 Commands

dxpaint (1 X)
Name
dxpaint - DECwindows bitmap editor

Syntax
dxpaint [ options ]

Description
The dxpaint application allows you to create and edit bitmap images (for
example, simple sketches or pictures). These images are treated as a
collection of pixels. By using different drawing tools, you can edit pixels to
create lines, shapes, and text. The resulting bitmap image can then be saved
as a file, printed, or copied to another application.
For the bitmap image, the standard file format is Digital Document
Interchange Format (DDIF). Therefore, you can also project these images on
your display with the DDIF Viewer.
The dxpaint window offers a variety of art tools and basic shapes. For
example, you can work with a pencil, a paintbrush, a can of spray paint, or a
paint bucket. The current tool is highlighted. To make a tool current, click
on it. Only one tool on the tool palette can be active at a time and that tool
remains active until you make another selection.

Options
-bd color

Specifies the color of the window's border (color
displays only). The default is the window border
color specified by Session Manager.

-bg color

Specifies the color of the window's background
(color displays only). The default is the window
background color specified by Session Manager.

-d dispname

Specifies the display screen on which dxpaint
displays its window. If the display option is not
specified, dxpaint uses the display screen specified
by your DISPLAY environment variable. The
display option has the format hostname :number.
Using two colons (::) instead of one (:) indicates
that DECnet is to be used for transport. The default
is :0. For more information, see X(lX).

Commands 1-61

dxpalnt (1 X)
-display dispname

This option is the same as the -d option.

-fg color

Specifies the color of the window's foreground
(color displays only). The default is the window
foreground color specified by Session Manager.

-fnJont

Specifies the font used as the output font in digital
mode. Any fixed-width font can be used. The
default is 6x 10.

M&nus
The dxpaint application contains the following menus:
File
Edit
Options
Font
Customize

File Menu
The File menu contains the following items:

Open...

Displays a dialog box in which you specify the file
to open. The dialog box displays the names of the
graphics files in the current directory. To specify a
graphics file not listed, type the file name.

Save

Saves the picture in the current file. If no file exists,
dxpaint displays a dialog box that prompts for the
file name.
Saves the picture in a file whose name you specify.

Save As.".
Print

Prints the picture using the values previously set in
the print dialog box. If this is the first print request,
the Print dialog box is displayed.

Print •••

Displays the Print dialog box (which allows you to
specify a printer, output format, and so forth) and
prints the picture using these settings. The output
format can be ANSI2 (sixel) or PostScript. If you
are using an LA50 printer, you must specify an
aspect ratio of 2:1.

Quit

Quits the current dxpaint session and closes the
dxpaint window. If no changes were saved,

1-62 Commands

dxpaint(1X)
dxpaint displays a Caution dialog box.

Edit Menu
The Edit menu contains the following menu items:
Undo/Redo

Undoes or redoes the last paint operation.

Cut

Clears the selection from the drawing window and
copies it to the clipboard.

Copy

Copies the image selected from the drawing window
onto the clipboard.

Paste

Pastes an image from the clipboard into the drawing
window.

Clear

Erases any area previously selected with the
selection box or scissors tool.

Invert

Creates a negative image of the selection by
displaying it in reverse video.

Crop

Repositions the selection in the upper left comer of
the window and discards the rest of the painting.

Scale...

Displays a dialog box that lets you scale a selection.
Enter a number less than 100 to shrink the selection
or a number greater than 100 to expand the
selection.

Select All

Selects the entire contents of the drawing window.

Scale Picture...

Displays a dialog box that lets you scale the entire
picture. Enter a number less than 100 to shrink the
picture or a number greater than 100 to expand the
picture.

Options Menu
The Options menu contains the following menu items:
Brushes...

Displays a dialog box that lets you choose the size
and shape of the paintbrush.

Line Width ...

Displays a dialog box that lets you choose the line
thickness for the shape to be drawn with the selected
tool. This affects lines, arcs, ellipses, circles,
rectangles, squares, strokes, and polygons.

Commands 1-63

dxpaint (1X)
Patterns•..

Displays a dialog box that provides a selection of
designs that you can use as border and fill patterns.
The foreground, background, and "none" patterns are
always available. Click on the button at the top left
of the dialog box to signal a change in the border
pattern; click on the button at the top right to signal
a change in the fill pattern. Next, click on any of the
patterns (including foreground, background, and
"none") to select it as the border or fill pattern.

Edit Pattern •.•

Displays a dialog box that lets you modify an
existing pattern. Before choosing this menu item,
you must indicate whether you are customizing a
border or a fill pattern by clicking on the appropriate
button in the Patterns dialog box. Next, choose the
pattern to edit. The dialog box contains a magnified
version of the pattern you chose (16 pixels by 16
pixels).

Opaque

Prevents background shapes from showing through
the clear areas of patterned objects in the foreground.
Opaque is the default.

Transparent

Allows background shapes to show through the clear
areas of patterned objects in the foreground.

Grid On/Off

Turns a fixed snap grid on and off. This is used in
alignment.

Zoom On/Off

Magnifies a portion of the picture. Displays a
magnifying frame and a Zoom window. Drag the
frame to the portion of the picture to be magnified
and release MB 1. The framed image appears in the
Zoom window and is magnified eight times. To
close the Zoom window, display the Opions menu
and choose Zoom Off.

Full View...

Displays a dialog box that shows the entire picture
in smaller scale. U sing this dialog box, you can
select a portion of the picture to edit or you can crop
the picture.

1-64 Commands

dxpaint (1X)
Font Menu
The Font menu contains the following items:
Family
Size
Style

Allows you to choose from Courier, Times, and
Helvetica fonts.
Specifies the point size. Choose from 10, 12, 14,
18, and 24 points.
Specifies normal, italic, or bold typeface.

Customize Menu
The Customize menu contains the following items:
Picture Size...

Displays a dialog box that lets you change the size
and output resolution of the picture. The maximum
picture size is 2550 x 3300 pixels, which is 8 1/2 x
11 inches at 300 dots per inch. The minimum
picture size is lOx 10 pixels. You can choose a
predefined size or select Non-Standard and supply
the width and height of the picture in pixels, inches,
or centimeters. You can choose a predefined
resolution or select Non-Standard and supply the
resolution in dots per inch.

X Defaults
The dxpaint application reads the .Xdefaults file during startup and uses the
appropriate resource specification to customize the appearance or
characteristics of its displayed dxpaint window. The format for a resource
specification in the .Xdefaults file is:
[name*] resource: value
name

resource

Specifies the resource.

value

Specifies the value that is to be assigned to the resource.

Commands 1-65

dxpaint (1X)
For more information, see X(lX).
Because each toolkit-based application can consist of a combination of
widgets (for example, push buttons and a scroll bar), you can form the name
string by adding widget class and name identifiers to the string. For further
information about adding class and name identifiers, see X(lX).
For dxpaint, the available class identifiers are:
paint
main_menu_bar
paint_v_scroll_bar
paint_h_scroll_bar
For dxpaint, the available name identifiers are:
dxpaint
The general resources available for dxpaint can be found in x(1X).
Each specification included in the .Xdefaults file for the translations resource
modifies a key setting for the editor that dxpaint uses. For more information
about key and mouse specifications in the file, see X(1)

Files
-/.Xdefaults
/usr/lib/X 11/app-defaults/DXpaint

See Also
X(lX), dxwm(lX), DECwindows Desktop Applications Guide

1-66 Commands

dxpsview{1X)
Name
dxpsview - DECwindows PostScript previewer

Syntax
dxpsview [ options ] [file ]

Arguments
file

Specifies the file to open at startup. If you omit a file
name, you can open a file from within dxpsview.

Description
The dxpsview PostScript viewer displays files coded in the PostScript page
description language. The dxpsview window consists of the following four
areas:
Title Bar

Displays the name of the window, the name of the
file currently being viewed, and window manager
icons that allow you to move and resize the
dxpsview window and shrink the window to an icon.
For more information, see dxwm( IX).

Menu bar

Lists the available dxpsview menus.

Work area

Contains the image of a page generated by the
PostScript document (or some of that image if the
page is larger than the work area). This window
does not accept input focus and does not support text
selection.

Status area

Specifies the current page status and provides
buttons for viewing the next or previous page.

Options
-bd color

Specifies the color of the window's border (color
displays only). The default is specified by means of
the Session Manager's Customize Window dialog
box.

-bg color

Specifies the color of the window's background
(color displays only). The default is specified by
means of the Session Manager's Customize Window

Commands 1-67

dxpsview (1 X)
dialog box. When a file is open, the work area has
its own color, which cannot be customized.
-d dispname

Specifies the display screen on which dxpsview
displays its window. If the display option is not
specified, dxpsview uses the display screen specified
by your DISPLAY environment variable. The
display option has the format hostname:number.
Using two colons (::) instead of one (:) indicates that
DECnet is to be used for transport. The default is
:0. For more information, see X( IX).

-display dispname

This option is the same as the -d option.

-geometry

Specifies the width, length, and location of the
dxpsview window. If this option is not specified,
dxpsview uses default values. The geometry option
has the format [width][xlength][x][y]. For more
information about the screen coordinate system, see
X(1X).

Menus
The dxpsview application contains the following menus:
File
Page
Options

File Menu
The File menu contains the following items:
Open Selected

Opens a file that you selected using the pointer in
another application window on the screen.

Open...

Displays a File Selection dialog box that lets you
specify the file to open. To view a file in another
directory or one that does not have the .ps extension,
change the pattern in the File Filter text input field
and click on the Filter button. When a file is
opened, the title bar displays its file name.

Revisit

Reopens the current file. This is useful for
displaying modifications you have made to the
source file.

1-68 Commands

dxpsview (1 X)
Exit

Closes the dxpsview window and exits from the
application.

Page Menu
The Page menu contains the following items:
Display number

Displays the page that precedes the current page. If
the current page is the first page, this menu item is
disabled.

Display .••

Displays a dialog box that prompts for the number
of the page to display.

Display number

Displays the page that follows the current page. If
the current page is the last page, this menu item is
disabled.

Options Menu
The Options menu contains the following items:
Sheet Selection

Displays a dialog box that lets you specify how
dxpsview displays the file image on a screen
"sheet."
The Sheet Sizes option lets you select the screen
sheet size. Each PostScript file is designed for a
particular page size; this option lets you match the
screen sheet size to the page size in the file. If the
screen sheet size is smaller than the file's, some of
the file image is lost. If the screen sheet size is
larger than the file's, white space appears around the
file image. The choices are Letter, Legal, Ledger,
Executive, A3, A4, A5, B4, and B5. The default is
Letter.
The sheet can be at one of four angles, in portrait or
landscape orientation. Click on the button next to
the layout you prefer. The default is upright (0
degrees), in portrait layout.
The scale factor specifies how much to shrink or
magnify the images in the file, in comparison to
their sizes when printed on paper. The scale factor
range is from .1 to 4.0; the default value is 1.0
(screen images are the same size as printer images).

Commands 1-69

dxpsview (1 X)
When you change the scale factor from the default
value, the new scale factor appears in the status area.
Use Comments

Turns comment mode on or off. In comment mode,
dxpsview attempts to interpret comments in the file
as hints that allow moving from page to page more
quickly. By default, comment mode is on. If you
have trouble viewing a file, you may be able to
correct the problem by turning off comment mode.

Use Bitmap Widths

Specifies whether to use the bitmap widths or
scalable widths of the predefined fonts. Using
bitmap widths, characters are spaced more evenly
and legibly, but the right edge of paragraphs is
jagged. U sing scalable widths, the right edge lines
up but character spacing is uneven. Scalable widths
help to show font placement when you are viewing a
document for form rather than content. A change in
this setting applies to the next file that you open; to
apply the change to the current file, choose Revisit
from the File menu. This option is turned off by
default.

Use Fake Trays

Allows files containing tray size directives to be
displayed. Some PostScript files for the LPS40
include tray size directives. Tray size directives are
PostScript programming language instructions that
tell the printer which tray size to use. For example, a
file might contain tray size directives that instruct
the printer to switch from the letter tray (8 1/2 x 11)
to the ledger tray (11 x 17) while printing the file.
The viewer does not, however, permit the addition of
tray size directives to PostScript files in this way.
If you try to display a file that contains PostScript
tray size directives, dxpsview displays an error
message. To display the file, acknowledge the error,
choose the Use Fake Trays menu item, and redisplay
the file by choosing the Revisit menu item from the
File menu. By default, this option. is turned off.

Watch Progress

1-70 Commands

The Watch Progress menu item lets you specify how
dxpsview draws images onto the screen. Usually,
dxpsview prepares and stores an entire page in its
cache before drawing it. With the Watch Progress

dxpsview (1 X)
option on, dxpsview displays images immediately as
it prepares them. This option is turned off by
default.
The command box of the dxpsview window contains the following labels
and buttons:

Page

Specifies the number of the page currently being
displayed. In most cases, the label specifies the total
number of pages that can be displayed in the file.

Displays the next page. If the current page is the
last page, this command is disabled.

Displays the previous page. If the current page is
the first page, this command is disabled.

Cancel

Cancels a display operation. The Cancel command
is enabled only while dxpsview is in the process of
displaying a file or page. When dxpsview stops
displaying the file, it leaves the screen sheet with
whatever was completed at the time you cancelled
the operation.

Scale Factor

Displays the current scale factor, in the format nnX,
when the scale factor is other than 1.0.

X Defaults
The dxpsview application reads the .Xdefaults file during startup and uses
the appropriate resource specification to customize the appearance or
characteristics of its displayed dxpsview window. The format for a resource
specification in the .Xdefaults file is:

[name*] resource: value
name

resource

Specifies the resource.

value

Specifies the value that is to be assigned to the resource.

Commands 1-71

dxpsview ( 1X)
For more information, see X(1X).
Because each toolkit-based application can consist of a combination of
widgets (for example, push buttons and a scroll bar), you can form the name
string by adding widget class and name identifiers to the string. For further
information about adding class and name identifiers, see X( IX).
For dxpsview, the available class identifiers are:
DPSViewer
Label
MainWindow
Menu
Pulldown
PushButton
Scroll
Scrollw
Separator
Window
The class DPSViewer must be specified in the .Xdefaults file when the
resource applies to dxpsview only. The class DPSViewer must be the first
element in the specification.
For dxpsview, the available name identifiers are:
commandBar

Applies the resource to the command bar located at the
bottom of the dxpsview window. The named items on the
command bar are odometer, next, prev, abortBtn, and
scale.

scrollw

Applies the resource to all dxpsview scroll bars.

vbar

Applies the resource to the vertical scroll bar. To specify a
resource for either the up or down stepping arrows, you
can add the name ScrollButtonl or ScrollButton2.

hbar

Applies the resource to the horizontal scroll bar. To
specify a resource for either the left or right stepping
arrows, you can add the name ScrollButtonl or
ScrollButton2.

menuBar

Applies the resource to the menu bar.

file

Applies the resource to the File menu. To specify a
resource for one of the items displayed in the file menu,
you can specify openSel, openDialog, revisit, or quit.

page

Applies the resource to the Page menu. To specify a

1-72 Commands

dxpsview ( 1X)
resource for one of the items displayed in the file menu,
you can specify displayPrev, displayChoose, or
displayNext.
options

Applies the resource to the Options menu. To specify a
resource for one of the items displayed in the File menu,
you can specify trays, comments, bwidths, faketrays, or
windowDraw Mode.

Help

Applies the resource to the Help menu. To specify a
resource for one of the items on the Help menu, you can
specify Help or About.

In addition to the general resources listed in X(1X), the resources available
for dxpsview are:
pixmapCacheSize

Specifies the number of pages that dxpsview
stores in its cache. If the value is greater than
0, dxpsview can display previously viewed
pages more quickly. However, the greater the
number, the more memory used in the server.
The default is O.

fileNameSuffix

Specifies the file name extension used by the
Open... menu item in the File menu. The
default is ps.

fileNamePrefix

Specifies the directory used by the Open ...
menu item in the File menu when searching
for a file. The default is the directory from
which the previewer was invoked.

Files
...../.Xdefaults
/usr/lib/X 11/app-defaults/DPS Viewer

See Also
X(IX), dxwm(IX), DECwindows Desktop Applications Guide

Commands 1-73

dxpuzzle (1 X)
Name
dxpuzzle - DECwindows interface to a puzzle game

Syntax
dxpuzzle [ options]

Description
The dxpuzzle command displays a window that contains a puzzle. The
puzzle is a video version of a number puzzle with slidable squares. The goal
is to arrange the squares in ascending order in the fewest possible moves. To
move a square, click on it.

Options
-bd color

Specifies the color of the window's border (color
displays only). The default is specified by means of
the Session Manager's Customize Window dialog
box.

-bg color

Specifies the color of the window's background
(color displays only). The default is specified by
means of the Session Manager's Customize Window
dialog box.

-d dispname

Specifies the display screen on which dxpuzzle
displays its window. If the display option is not
specified, dxpuzzle uses the display screen specified
by your DISPLAY environment variable. The
display option has the format hostname :number.
Using two colons (::) instead of one (:) indicates that
DECnet is to be used for transport. The default is
:0. For more information, see X( IX).

-display dispname

This option is the same as the -d option.

-fg color

Specifies the color of the text (color displays only).
The default is specified by means of the Session
Manager's Customize Window dialog box.

-fn/ont

Specifies the font for all parts of the puzzle other
than the numbers. Use the defaults file to change the
font of numbers. The default is menuI2.

1-74 Commands

dxpuzzle{1X)
-geometry

Specifies the width, length, and location of the
dxpuzzle window. If the geometry option is not
specified, dxpuzzle uses default values. The
geometry option has the format
[width][xlength] [x] fy]. For more information about
.
the screen coordinate system, see X(lX)

The dxpuzzle application contains the following menus:
File
Customize
Help
Pop-Up

File Menu
The File menu contains the following items:
New Game

Specifies that dxpuzzle scramble the squares
and start a new game.

Quit

Closes the dxpuzzle window.

Customize Menu
The Customize menu contains the following items:
Settings...

Displays the Settings dialog box that lets you
specify the number of squares displayed in the
puzzle.

Save Current Settings

Saves the number of squares and the puzzle's
size and position. These values will be used
the next time you run the puzzle.

Use System Defaults

Restores the use of system default values for
number of squares and puzzle size and
position.

Help Menu
The Help menu contains the following items:
Overview

Displays an overview of the dxpuzzle
command

About

Provides specific information about dxpuzzle.

Commands 1-75

dxpuzzle (1 X)
Pop-up Menu
The dxpuzzle window has one pop-up menu. To display this pop-up menu,
place the pointer at any position within the dxclock window and click MB2
(the middle mouse button, unless you have redefined it). This menu contains
the following items:
New Game
Settings ...
Quit

X Defaults
The dxpuzzle application reads the .Xdefaults file during startup and uses the
appropriate resource specification to customize the appearance dxpuzzle
window. The format for a resource specification in the .Xdefaults file is:
[name*] resource:

value

name

resource

Specifies the resource.

value

Specifies the value that is to be assigned to the resource.

Changes such as font and colors for the work area
only.

game_level

Initial number of squares in the puzzle.

1-76 Commands

dxpuzzle (1 X)
The general resources listed in X(1X) apply to dxpuzzle.

Files
-/.Xdefaults
/usr/lib/Xll/app-defaults/DXpuzzle

See Also
X(1X), dxwm(1X), DECwindows Desktop Applications Guide

Commands 1-77

dxsession (1X)
Name
dxsession, Xprompter - DECwindows session manager and login window

Syntax
dxsession

Description
The dxsession program provides a window-oriented interface that gives you
access to a workstation. In addition, you can use dxsession to invoke highlevel applications and customize the workstation environment.
By default, dxsession is automatically executed from the /etc/ttys file. A
sample command line in the /etc/ttys file for a color workstation is as
follows:
:0 "/usr/bin/login -P /usr/bin/Xprompter -c
/usr/bin/dxsession" none on secure window=
"/usr/bin/Xqdsg -fd 75 -bp #000080 c 70"

For a monochrome workstation the command line is as follows:
:0 "/usr/bin/login -P /usr/bin/Xprompter -C
/usr/bin/dxsession" none on secure window=
"/usr/bin/Xqvsm -fd 75 c 70"

In these command lines, login has two flags. The first flag, -P, specifies the
prompting program (in this case, Xprompter). The Xprompter command
displays the dialog box through which you log into a session. The second
flag, -C, specifies the command that login runs through your shell (in this
case, it runs dxsession). The last command starts the X Server.

A DECwindows session begins when you log into the workstation through
the Start Session dialog box. Once you complete logging in, dxsession reads
your .Xdefaults file and incorporates any values that it contains into the X
Server. Next, dxsession sets the DISPLAY variable to :0 and starts the
window manager. The default window manager is dxwm. (You can use
another window manager by specifying it in the .Xdefaults file or by entering
it in the Customize Window dialog box.)
The session manager window appears, and dxsession starts up the
applications contained in the AutoStartup list. If you have an .XIIStartup file
in your home directory, dxsession reads that as well. The .XI1Startup file is
a shell script that you can use to execute commands at startup. It is usually
unnecessary, unless you execute commands that use environment variables,

1-78 Commands

dxsession (1X)
because you can use the AutoStartup list to specify which applications should
start automatically.
Use the Customize menu to tailor dxsession. Whenever you save the
attributes you have specified by means of the Customize dialog boxes,
dxsession writes resource specifications into your .Xdefaults file (from which
it again reads them at subsequent startups).

Start Session Dialog Box
The start session dialog box gives you initial access to the workstation by
displaying text input fields that accept a login name and a password. The
Login field has input focus when the dialog box appears. After entering your
login name, press the Return key to move to the password field. You can also
set the insertion point at a text field by positioning the pointer there and
clicking MB 1 (the left button, unless you have redefined it).
If your login name is longer than its text field, the text in the field scrolls one
character to the left each time you type a new character. Password characters
are not echoed on the screen. To confirm your login name and password,
click on the OK button or press the Return key after typing your password.
To cancel the operation, click on the Cancel button.
After the login name and password are confirmed, dxsession starts the
window manager and displays the session manager window.

Session Manager Window
The session manager window consists of the following areas:

Title Bar

Displays window manager icons that let you move,
and resize the· session manager window and shrink
the window to an icon. For more information, see
dxwm(1X).

Menu Bar

Lists the available dxsession menus (such as
Applications and Customize).

Message Region

Displays system status messages. By default, the
message region is a scrollable text region that
displays seven lines of text. If system status
messages are received while the session manager
window is in icon form, the appearance of the icon
changes.

Commands 1-79

dxsession (1 X)
Menus
The session manager window contains the following menus:
Session
Applications
Customize
Print Screen

Session Menu
The Session menu contains the following items:
Pause

Places a blank screen over the workstation screen
and displays the Continue Session dialog box, which
prompts for the password of the person whose
session was paused. When you enter the correct
password, dxsession removes the blank screen and
resumes the session.

Quit

Ends the current session and exits from all
applications.

Applications Menu
The Applications menu contains a list of applications that you can start. By
default it includes all of the standard DECwindows applications (Notepad,
Mail, Cardfiler, DECterm, User Executive, and so forth). Choose one of the
applications to start it up. You can add applications as items on the menu or
remove those currently listed by choosing the Applications Menu item from
the Customize menu.

Customize
The Customize menu contains the following items:
Application Definitions...

Displays a dialog box that lets you provide or
change application definitions. An application
definition consists of the name to use in Session
Manager menus and the associated command
that is executed when dxsession starts the
application. Applications must be defined
before you can add them to the Applications
menu or Autostartup list.

Applications Menu...

Displays a dialog box that lets you specify the
applications that appear on the Applications

1-80 Commands

dxsession (1X)
menu. You must define an application by means
of the Customize Applications Definitions menu
before you add it to to the Applications menu.

AutoStartup ••.

Displays a dialog box that lets you specify the
applications that dxsession automatically starts
each time a session starts. You must define an
application by means of the Customize
Applications Definitions menu before you add it
to to the Applications menu.

Keyboard...

Displays a dialog box that lets you specify
characteristics of your keyboard (such as bell
and key click volume).

Language ...

Displays a dialog box that lets you specify the
language in which you prefer to work.

Pointer.•.

Displays a dialog box that lets you specify
characteristics of your pointer (such as its shape
and color).

Print Screen...

Displays the Customize Print Screen dialog
box, which lets you customize the following
attributes:

Output Format Selects the image's output format.
Output can be prepared for
printing on a PostScript, sixel, or
DDIF printer. A bitmap can also
be placed directly in a file. The
options are PostScript, standard
sixel file format, or DDIF image
format for bitmap files. The
default format is PostScript.

Output Color

Specifies that the image is black
and white, that black and white
should be combined to produce
gray shades, or that the image
should be prepared for a color
printer. The default is black and
white.

Aspect ratio

Specifies how many printer pixels
represent each screen pixel. Some
devices have square pixels and
Commands 1-81

dxsession (1X)
some have rectangular pixels. The
aspect ratio 2 to 1 uses twice as
many device pixels as screen
pixels in one direction to make the
image shape come out correctly
on devices with rectangular pixels.
The default is 1 to 1.
Ribbon or Toner Saver
Specifies that ribbon or toner
should be saved by reversing the
image. When dxsession is
printing color or gray shades, this
option is ignored. The default is a
positive image.
Rotate Picture to Fit Paper
Specifies that a picture's
orientation is automatically rotated
or its size reduced so that it fits on
a single sheet of paper.
Prompt for File Name
Specifies that each Capture Screen
operation displays a dialog box
asking for the name of the output
file. When the toggle is on, the
dialog box appears; when the
toggle is off, the output file is the
one whose name appears in the
Output File Name text field.
Output File Name
Lets you specify the name of the
Capture Screen output file. The
default destination for captured
screen images is printscreen.ps. If
the output file name starts with a
vertical bar (I), the destination is
interpreted as a command to
which the output is piped (for
example, Ilpr).
Security•••

1-82 Commands

Displays a dialog box that lets you specify the
hosts that can display applications on this

dxsession (1 X)
workstation.
Session Manager.•.

Displays a dialog box that lets you customize
attributes of dxsession. These include its startup state (as an icon or opened window), the text
that appears when your workstation is paused,
and the message region's size and header.

Window..•

Displays a dialog box that lets you specify
screen and window characteristics. These
include colors, size of your icons, and on some
systems, the screen background pattern. In
addition, if you want to use a window manager
other than the default DECwindows one, you
can specify it here.

Use Last Saved Settings

Restores the settings you last saved.

Use System Defaults

Restores the system default settings.

Save Current Settings

Saves the current settings.

Print Screen Menu
The Print Screen menu lets you print screen images or capture them to a file.
You can print or capture the entire screen or a portion of it.
The Print menu consists of the following items:
Print Entire Screen

Takes a snapshot of the screen, displays
the Print Options dialog box so that you
can specify print attributes, and sends
the snapshot to the printer.

Print Portion of Screen

Lets you delineate the portion to print,
takes a snapshot of the area you
delineated, displays the Print Options
dialog box so that you can specify print
attributes, and sends the snapshot to the
printer.
To delineate the portion to save, use the
following technique: Position the pointer
at one comer of the area you want to
mark off. Press and hold MB 1 to display
a box outline, and then adjust the size
and location of the box outline by
dragging the pointer. Release MB 1.

Commands 1-83

dxsession (1X)
Capture Entire Screen

Saves an image of the entire screen in a
file. The file name is specified in the
Customize Print Screen dialog box; if
the toggle button for Prompt for File
Name is on in that dialog box, you are
prompted to confirm or specify the file
name.

Capture Portion Of Screen

Saves a portion of the screen in a file.
The file name is specified in the
Customize Print Screen dialog box; if
the toggle button for Prompt for File
Name is on in that dialog box, you are
prompted to confirm or specify the file
name.
To delineate the portion to save, use the
following technique: Position the pointer
at one comer of the area you want to
mark off. Press and hold MB 1 to display
a box outline, and then adjust the size
and location of the box outline by
dragging the pointer. Release MB 1.

X Defaults
The dxsession application reads the .Xdefaults file during startup and uses
the appropriate resource specification to customize the appearance or
characteristics of its displayed dxsession window. The format for a resource
specification in the .Xdefaults file is:
[name*] resource:

value

name

resource

Specifies the resource.

value

Specifies the value that is to be assigned to the resource.

For more information, see X(1X).

1-84 Commands

dxsession (1X)
Because each toolkit-based application can consist of a combination of
widgets (for example, push buttons and a scroll bar), you can form the name
string by adding widget class and name identifiers to the string. For further
information about adding class and name identifiers, see X(1X).
Note that the first name for lines that apply only to the session manager
should be labeled "sm".
For dxsession, the available classes are:
AttachedDialogBox
Dialog
Label
MainWindow
Menu
Menubar
Message
Pulldown
Pushbutton
SText
Toggle
For dxsession, the available names are:
ConfirmFilename
ConfirmPrint
CreatePulldown
CusotmizeAutoStart
CustomizeAppDef
CustomizeAppMenu
CustomizeKeyboard
CustomizePrinter
CustomizePulldown
Customize Security
CustomizeSession
CustomizeWindow
MainWindow
Menubar
Messages
PrintPulldown
SessionPulldown
SETLANGUAGE_BOX
WorkAreaDialog

Commands 1-85

dxsession (1X)
In addition to the general resources listed in X(1X), and those that the
Customize dialog boxes specify, dxsession uses the following resources:

terminalEmulatorName Specifies the name of the terminal emulator to run
at dxsession startup. The default is dxterm.
create vue

Specifies the number of User Executive windows
to create at startup. The default is O.

create terminal

Specifies the number of terminal emulator
windows to create at startup. The default is 1.

rootPasswd

Specifies whether the root password can be used
to resume a paused session. True means that the
root password or the user's password is accepted;
false means that only the user's password is
accepted. The default is False.

pointer_shape

Specifies the design of the pointer character.
DECwindows pointers are specified by negative
numbers; choose the pointer by using the
Customize Pointer dialog box. MIT pointers can
be specified by positive numbers that correspond
to values in lusr/include/Xl1/cursorfont.h.

Files
-/.login
-I.cshrc
-I.X 11 Startup
-/.Xdefaults
lusr/lib/Xl1/app-defaults/SessionManager
lusr/lib/X ll/app-defaults/XSessionManager
lusr/lib/Xl1/getcons

See Also
X(1X), dxwm(1X), init (8), ttys (5), DECwindows User's Guide

1-86 Commands

dxterm (1X)
Name
dxterm - DECwindows terminal emulator

Syntax
dxterm [ options]

Description
The dxterm command displays a window that provides Digital VT320
terminal emulation and a standard terminal type for programs not aware of
the X Window System directly. The terminal emulator also supports the
ReGIS and sixel graphics protocols.

Options
-customization string Specifies a value for a dxterm resource that
overrides a default setting. The string has the form
resource: value. You can specify this option multiple
times to change multiple resources. See X
DEFAULTS for a list of resources that can be
changed. You can specify both dxterm and shell
resources as *resource.
-d dispname

Specifies the display screen on which dxterm
displays its window. If the display option is not
specified, dxterm uses the display screen specified
by your DISPLAY environment variable. The
display option has the format hostname :number.
U sing two colons (::) instead of one (:) indicates that
DECnet is to be used for transport. The default is
:0. For more information, see X( IX).

-display dispname

Is the same as the -d option.

-e command [ options] Specifies that the named command, and any of its
specified options, be executed in the dxterm window
when the window is first created. This option must
appear last on the dxterm command line.
-geometry

Specifies the width, length, and location of the
dxterm window, in pixels. If this option is not
specified, dxterm positions the window at a default
location and sizes the window according to the

Commands 1-87

dxterm(1X)
number of rows and columns and the size of the
characters. To specify the window size in rows and
columns, use the -size option, which does not require
knowledge of character size. The geometry option
has the format [width][xlength][x][y]. For more
information about the screen coordinate system, see
X(1X).

-Is

Specifies that dxterm create a login shell rather than
a subshell.

-setup file

Specifies the setup file or files that provide
parameters that control the terminal's initial settings.
This must be a file saved by the Customize/Save
function in dxterm. The default is
-/default.DECtenn. Specify -setup "" to prevent
default.DECtenn from being read.

-size CxR

Specifies the size of the dxtenn window in columns
(C) and rows (R).

-xrm string

Is the same as the -customization option.

Menus
The menu bar contains the following items:
Commands
Edit
Customize

Commands Menu
The Commands menu contains the following items:
Clear Lines Off Top

Erases data recorded by dxterm from the top
of the scrolling area.

Clear display

Clears the display and positions the cursor at
the first column and first line of the display.

Resize window

Changes the size of the window to match the
display so that all characters in the display are
visible.

Clear Comm

Clears the communication buffers.

Reset Terminal

Resets the emulator to the original settings; for
example, sets the keyboard action mode to

1-88 Commands

dxterm(1X)
unlocked and the keypad mode to numeric.
Clear Communications

Clears the communication buffers.

Quit

Shuts down the terminal emulator application
(removes all its windows, stops the process
running the emulator, and ends any
applications).

Edit Menu
The Edit menu contains the following items:
Copy

Copies the text selected from the dxterm
window onto the clipboard.

Paste

Pastes text selected from the clipboard into the
dxterm window, as if it had been typed.

Select All

Selects all displayed text.

Customize Menu
The dxterm setup features are grouped into a number of related categories.
The Customize menu lets you access the dialog box for each of these
categories (these correspond to VT320 Set-Up screens).
The Customize menu contains the following items:
Window...

Displays the Window Customize dialog box,
which contains controls that affect the window
features.

Display•••

Displays the Display Customize dialog box,
which contains controls that affect the format
of the user's current window.

General ••.

Displays the General Customize dialog box,
which contains controls for commonly
changed Customize features.

Keyboard •••

Displays the Keyboard Customize dialog box,
which contains controls for keyboard operating
features.

7·Bit NRCS Selection.••

Allows you to specify a 7-bit National
Replacement Character Set (NRCS).

Graphics •••

Displays the Graphics Customize dialog box
that contains controls for ReGIS and sixel

Commands 1-89

dxterm(1X)
graphics.
Use Last Saved Settings

Restores the setup configuration from the most
recently read or written saved setup file
(corresponds to NVR recall on a VT320
terminal).

Use System Defaults

Reinitializes the terminal emulator with the
system default characteristics defined by your
system.

Use Saved Settings From...

Opens a different saved setup configuration.
The standard DECwindows file selection
dialog box appears, showing a list of saved
setup files in the current directory. Selecting
one of these files and clicking on OK (or
double-clicking on the file) reinitializes the
terminal emulator with the configuration stored
in that file.

Save Current Settings

Saves the current setting. If you do not
specify a file, dxterm writes to the file
.....Jdefault.DECterm.

Save Current Settings As... Saves the current settings in the file you
specify.

Customize Dialog Boxes
The Customize dialog boxes represent the state of the terminal. At
application startup, the previously saved state of most terminal features is
read from a saved set-up file (which corresponds to VT320 NVR); these
feature settings remain constant until you explicitly change them. You can
change terminal operating features directly by means of the Customize dialog
boxes. You can also change some of these features indirectly by means of
control functions from the host.
There are a few terminal features whose state is not stored in a saved setup
file. These features are restored to their factory default values at application
startup, or when you reset the terminal (with Reset Terminal or DECSTR).

Window Customize Dialog Box
The Window Customize dialog box lets you change the following display
attributes:
Auto Resize Terminal

1-90 Commands

Changes the terminal size to match the

dxterm{1X)
window size automatically whenever the
window size changes.
Auto Resize Window

Changes the window size to match the
terminal size automatically whenever the
terminal size changes.

Terminal Driver Resize

Changes the terminal size to match the size
known to the terminal driver whenever the
size changes in the terminal driver, and
vice versa.

Big Font

Displays an 18-point font.

Little Font

Displays a 14-point font.

Normal Font (80 Columns)

Sets a font to a column width of 80
characters.

Condensed Font (132 Columns) Sets a font to a column width of 132
characters.
Normal/80, Condensed/132

Adjusts the font to match the width of the
terminal automatically.

Window Title

Changes the title displayed in the title bar.

Icon Name

Changes the title displayed in the icon box.

Terminal Size

Sets the number of rows and columns that
are displayed. You can select 24, 48, or
72 rows and 80 or 132 columns, or enter a
custom size in the numeric entry fields.

Display Customize Dialog Box
The Display Customize dialog box lets you change the following display
attributes:
Record Lines Off Top

Saves lines that are scrolled off the top of
the display. When you choose Record
Lines Off Top, a filled-in button appears to
the left of the menu selection.

Vertical Scroll Bar

Displays a vertical scroll bar along the
right side of the dxterm window.

Horizontal Scroll Bar

Displays a horizontal scroll bar along the
bottom of the dxterm window.

Vertical Cursor Coupling

Specifies that the window scrolls vertically

Commands 1-91

dxterm{1X)
so that the cursor is visible.
Horizontal Cursor Coupling

Specifies that the window scrolls
horizontally so that the cursor is visible.

Auto Wrap

Specifies that when the cursor reaches the
right margin, new characters are displayed
on the next line. If you do not
automatically wrap text, when the cursor
reaches the right margin each new
character deletes the previous character.

Display Cursor

Specifies whether the cursor is displayed.
The default is to display the cursor.

Cursor Blink

Specifies whether the cursor blinks. The
default is to have the cursor blink.

Batch Scroll nnn Lines

Specifies how many lines scroll at the
same time. Increasing the Batch Scroll
count improves performance but makes it
harder to read text while it is scrollirig.

Record nnn Lines Off Top

Specifies how many lines to save when
they scroll off the top of the display (when
the Record Lines Off Top item is enabled).

Dark Text, Light Background

Sets dark text on a light background
display.

Light Text, Dark Background

Sets light text on a dark background
display.

No Status Display

Suppresses the status line at the bottom of
the window.

Host Status Display

Specifies that a host-writable status line
appears at the bottom of the window.

Block Cursor

Specifies that the text cursor is a block that
covers the character cell.

Underline Cursor

Specifies that the text cursor is an
underline at the bottom of the character
cell.

1-92 Commands

dxterm (1X)
General Customize Dialog Box
The General Customize dialog box lets you change the following general
attributes:
Newline

Turns on new line mode (NLM), which
causes the Return key to send a line feed
as well as a carriage return. A line feed
character moves the cursor to the start of
the line as well as advancing it to the next
line.

Lock UDKs

Locks the user-defined keys so that the
host system cannot change these
definitions.

Lock User Features

Stops the host from changing your
customized settings for the Auto Repeat
key and the Foreground and Background
display.

Normal Cursor Keys

Specifies that the arrow keys are set to the
characters labeled on the keycaps. The
keys are not mapped to any other
functions.

Appl Cursor Keys

Specifies that the arrow keys are. mapped
to application-specific functions.

TerminalID

Specifies the device attributes response
(TerminaIID). The device attributes
response lets the host system know specific
operating attributes of the terminal. The
Terminal ID can be one of the following:
VT100
VT101
VT102
VT125
VT220
VT240
VT320
VT 330
VT340
DECterm ID
The default is DECterm ID.

Commands 1-93

dxterm (1X)
Numeric Keypad

Specifies that the numeric keypad is set to
the characters labeled on the keycaps.

Application Keypad

Specifies that the application keypad is set
to function as user-defined keys.

UPSS DEC Supplemental

Specifies that dxterm use the DEC
Multinational Character Set. To use this
character set, set the Character Set mode
menu item to 8-bit Characters. The default
is the DEC Multinational Character Set.

UPSS ISO Latin-1

Specifies that dxterm use the International
Standards Organization (ISO) Character
Set. To use this character set, set the
Character Set mode menu item to 8-bit
Characters.

8-bit Multinational Characters Specifies the character set mode to be 8
bits for use with the DEC Supplemental or
ISO Latin-l Character Set. The default is
8-bit character mode.

7-bit NRCS Characters

Specifies the character set mode to be 7
bits for use with the National Replacement
Character Sets. The default is 8-bit
character mode.

VT300 Mode, 8-bit Controls

Specifies that the terminal operates in
VT300 mode and transmits 8-bit control
characters.

VT300 Mode, 7-bit Controls

Specifies that the terminal operates in
VT300 mode and transmits 7 -bit control
characters.

VT100 Mode

Specifies that the terminal operates in
VT100 mode, using 7-bit characters for
both input and output.

VT52 Mode

Specifies that the terminal operates in
VT52 mode, using 7 -bit characters for both
input and output.

1-94 Commands

dxterm (1X)
Keyboard Customize Dialog Box
The Keyboard Customize dialog box lets you change the following display
attributes:
Warning bell

Specifies whether the warning bell sounds
when dxterm receives a BEL character
(ASCII 7). The default is that the bell
sounds.

Margin Bell

Specifies whether the warning bell sounds
when the cursor reaches the right margin.
The default is that the bell does not sound.

Auto Repeat

Specifies whether a character repeats or
does not repeat when you hold the key
down. If you set the Lock User Feature
menu item, the host system cannot change
this setting.

Ctrl-Q, Ctrl-S =Hold

Specifies that the Ctrl-S and Ctrl-Q keys
freeze and unfreeze the display. If this is
not specified, the Ctrl-S and Ctrl-Q keys
are transmitted to the host as data
characters.

<X] Delete

Specifies that the back arrow key sends a
delete (ASCII 127) character. Depending
on your terminal settings, this usually
deletes the previous character. The default
back arrow operation sends a delete
character.

<X] Backspace

Specifies that the back arrow key sends a
backspace (ASCII 8, Ctrl/H). The effect of
this character depends on your terminal
settings. The default back arrow operation
sends a delete character.

Comma Key Sends"

Specifies that a comma is displayed when
you press the Shift key and comma key on
a keyboard using the North American or
Dutch keyboard dialect. This is the
default.

Comma Key Sends ,<

Specifies that a comma is displayed when
you press the Shift key and comma key,

Commands 1-95

dxterm (1X)
and that a left angle bracket «) is
displayed when you press just the comma
key on a keyboard using the North
American or Dutch keyboard dialect. The
default is to display a comma.
Tilde Key Sends '-

Specifies that a left single quotation mark
(') is displayed when you press the',.., key
and that a tilde (,..,) is displayed when you
press the Shift key and ',.., key on a
keyboard using the North American or
Dutch keyboard dialect. This is the
default.

Tilde Key Sends ESC

Specifies that the ',.., key functions as an
escape character (ESC) on a keyboard
using the North American or Dutch
keyboard dialect. The default is to display
the characters as labeled on the keyboard.

Angle Brackets Key Sends

«» Specifies that a left angle bracket «) is

displayed when you press the angle bracket
key, and that a right angle bracket (» is
displayed when you press the Shift key
and angle bracket key. This is the default.
Angle Brackets Key Sends '-

Specifies that a left single quotation mark
(') is displayed when you press the angle
brackets key and that a tilde (,..,) is
displayed when you press the Shift key
and angle brackets key. The default is to
display the characters as labeled on the
keyboard.

7-bit Nrcs Selection Dialog Box
The 7 -bit NRCS Selection dialog box lets you select a National Replacement
Character Set (NRCS) for use when the terminal is in 7-bit mode. This
selection affects output to the terminal, but not keyboard input. To select the
keyboard dialect, which does affect input, use the Keyboard dialog box from
the Session Manager's Customize menu. For example, to use the Spanish
NRCS, select the keyboard in the Session Manager and also select the
Spanish NRCS in DECterm.

1-96 Commands

dxterm (1X)
To select a character set, click MBI on the desired entry. The choices are:
North American
Flemish
Canadian (French)
British
Danish
Finnish
Austrian/German
Dutch
Italian
Swiss (French)
Swiss (German)
Swedish
Norwegian
Belgian/French
Spanish
Portugese
The default character set is North American. The Dutch NRCS is no longer
supported; selecting Dutch is equivalent to selecting North American.

Graphics Dialog Box
Share Color Map Entries

Controls whether dxterm uses shared,
read-only colors for graphics. The default
is Off, but the option is forced to On if the
hardware color map is read-only.

Enable Backing Store

Specifies whether dxterm creates a pixmap
to allow graphics to be redrawn when the
window is exposed. The default is On.

Report Macrograph Contents

Enables the ReGIS macrograph report
command. The default is Off.

NN Bit Planes

Controls the number of bit planes used for
graphics. VT240 emulation requires 2
planes; VT340 emulation requires 4
planes. On systems with fewer than 8
hardware planes, the default is 2 planes; on
systems with 8 or more hardware planes,
the default is 4 planes.

Commands 1-97

dxterm(1X)

x Defaults
The dxterm application reads the .Xdefaults file during startup and uses the
appropriate resource specification to customize the appearance or
characteristics of its displayed dxterm window. The format for a resource
specification in the .Xdefaults file is:
[name.]resource: value
name

resource

Specifies the X resource.

value

Specifies the value that is to be assigned to the resource.

In most cases, the period (.) delimiter should be replaced by an asterisk (*).
For more information, see X(1X).
Because each toolkit-based application can consist of a combination of
widgets (for example, push buttons and a scroll bar), you can form the name
string by adding widget class and name identifiers to the string.
For dxterm, the application class is DXterm and the application name is the
name that was specified on the command line (usually dxterm).
For dxterm, the available name identifier is terminal. This name identifier
specifies the work area of the dxterm window.
In addition to the general resources listed in X(1X), the resources available
for the dxterm work area are:

adjustFontSizes

Specifies that dxterm selects the normal or
condensed font based on the number of
columns selected. The default is On.

allowShellResize

If On, the program can change the size of the
dxterm window. If Off, you can specify a
fixed size with the geometry specification.
However, DECterm always turns on this
resource even if you have turned it off,
because DECterm resizes its window
according to the font, the number of rows,
and the number of columns.

angleBracketsKey

Specifies the mapping of the angle brackets

1-98 Commands

dxterm(1X)

«»

key. Zero maps the key to
AngleBrackets (0); 1 maps it to
OpenQuoteTilde (1). The default is O.
applicationKeypadMode

Specifies that the application running in the
window take control of the keypad. The
default is false.

autoRepeatEnable

Specifies that autorepeat be enabled. The
default is On.

autoResizeTerminal

Specifies that dxterm changes the logical
display size to match the window size when
the user changes the window size. The
default is Off.

auto Resize Window

Specifies that the dxterm window
automatically resize itself to match the
logical display size whenever the logical
display size changes. Note that this may
interfere with other windows on the display.

autoWrapEnable

Specifies that autowrap mode be enabled.
The default is Off.

backArrowKey

Specifies the back arrow key code. This code
can be delete (0) or backspace (1). The
default is O.

backingStoreEnable

Specifies whether dxterm should create a
pixmap to allow graphics to be redrawn when
the window is exposed. The default is On.

batchScrollCount

Specifies how many lines can be scrolled at
once. The dxterm application never scrolls
more than the total number of lines on the
screen at once. The default is 1000.

bigFontSetName

Specifies the font used for the "big" font set.
The default is -*-Terminal-*-*-*--18-*-**-*-*-*-*.

bitPlanes

Controls the number of bit planes used for
graphics; 2 planes are needed for VT240
emulation and 4 planes for VT340 emulation.
The default is 0, which means to use 2 planes
on systems with fewer than 8 hardware
planes, and 4 planes on systems with 8 or

Commands 1-99

dxterm (1X)
more hardware planes.
columns

Specifies the width of the logical display in
columns. The default is 80.

condensedFont

Specifies that the condensed font should be
used. The default is to display the normal
font (Oft).

controlQSHold

Specifies that the Ctrl-S and the Ctrl-Q keys
hold and release the display. The default is
On.

couplingHorizontal

Specifies whether the window moves
horizontally to follow the text cursor when
the cursor moves outside the window. In this
way, the cursor is always contained in the
window. The default is Off.

couplingVertical

Specifies whether the window moves
vertically to follow the text cursor when the
cursor moves outside the window. In this
way, the cursor is always contained in the
window.

cursorBlinkEnable

Specifies whether the cursor blinks. Specify
on for a blinking cursor or off for one that
does not blink. The default is On.

cursorStyle

Specifies the cursor style. Specify 0 for a
block cursor or 1 for an underline cursor.
The default is O.

eightBitCharacters

Specifies that 8-bit characters are used in the
VT300 terminal modes. If not selected, 7-bit
NRCS characters are used. The default is
On.

fontSetSelection

Specifies which font is used. Specify 1 for
little and 0 for big. The default is 1.

geometry

Specifies the width,length, and location of the
dxterm window. This is the· same as the
-geometry command line option.

iconName

Specifies the name in the icon box.

iconNameWidth

Specifies the width of the name in the icon
box.

1-100 Commands

dxterm (1X)
iconic

Specifies whether the dxterm window is
initialized as an icon.

keyboardDialect

Selects the 7-bit national replacement
character set (NRCS). The choices are:
North American (0), Flemish (1), French
Canadian (2), British (3), Danish (4), Finnish
(5), Austrian/German (6), Dutch (7), Italian
(8), Swiss French (9), Swiss German(10),
Swedish (11), Norwegian (12),
Belgian/French (13), Spanish (14),
Portuguese (15). The default is o.

IittleFontSetName

Specifies the font used for the "little" font
set. The default is -*-Terminal-*-*-*--14-**-*-*-*-*-*
Specifies that changes to UDK definitions are
prevented. The default is Off.

lockUDK
lockUserFeatures

Specifies that changes to user features are
prevented. The default is Off.

macrographReportEnable

Specifies that the ReGIS macrograph report
command is enabled. The default is Off.

marginBellEnable

Specifies that the margin bell is turned on.
The default is Off.

newLineMode

Specifies whether line-feed or newline mode
is turned on. The default is line-feed mode.

openQuoteTiideKey

Specifies the mapping of the tilde key ('-).
This mapping can be either ApostropheTilde
(0) or Escape (1). The default is O.

periodCommaKeys

Specifies the mapping of the period and
comma keys. This mapping can be either
PeriodComma (0) or GreaterLessThan (1).
The default is o.

responseDA

Specifies the response to a Device Attributes
(terminal ID) request. The terminal ID can
be VT100 (0), VTIOI (1), VTI02 (2), VT125
(3), VT220 (4), VT240 (5), VT320 (6),
VT330 (9), VT340 (7), or DECterm (8). The
default is 8.

reverseVideo

Specifies that dxterm reverse the color
Commands 1-101

dxterm (1X)
values for foreground and background. The
default is Off.
rows

Specifies the height of the logical display in
rows. The default is 24.

saveErasedLines

Specifies whether dxterm should scroll lines
into the transcript instead of erasing them.
The default is On.

saveLinesOffTop

Specifies that a transcript of lines be saved
off the top of a scrolled display. The default
is On.

screenMode

Specifies the screen mode. The screen mode
can be dark on light or light on dark. The
default is light on dark.

scroll Horizontal

Specifies that a horizonal scroll bar be
displayed in the dxterm window.

scrollVertical

Specifies that a vertical scroll bar be
displayed in the dxterm window.

shareColorMapEntries

Controls whether DECterm uses shared,
read-only color map entries for graphics. The
default is Off, but the option is forced on if
the hardware color map is read-only.

statusDisplayEnable

Specifies that the status line be displayed.
The default is false.

terminalDriverResize

Specifies whether changing the size of the
logical display changes the size known to the
terminal driver, and vice versa. The default
is On.

terminalMode

Specifies the terminal operating mode. The
terminal operating mode can be VT52 (0),
VT100 (1), VT300_7bit (2), VT300_8bit (3)

textCursorEnable

Specifies that the text cursor be enabled.

title

Specifies the name in the title bar.

transcriptSize

Specifies the maximum number of lines that
can be recorded off the top of the display.
The default is 500.
Specifies the user preference set to DEC (0)

userPreferenceSet

1-102 Commands

dxterm (1X)
or ISO (1). The default is o.

warningBellEnabJe

Specifies that the warning bell be turned on.
The default is On.

Files
-/.Xdefaults
-/default.DECterm
/usr/lib/Xl1/app-defaults/DXtenn
-/.DXterm

See Also
X(1X), dxwm(1X), DECwindows Desktop Applications Guide
For descriptions of VT320, ReGIS and sixel commands, refer to the
DECtenn Text and Graphics Programming manuals. These are not part of
the UWS documentation set; they must be ordered separately.

Commands 1-103

dxue(1X)
Name
dxue - DECwindows user executive

Syntax
dxue [ options ]

Description
The dxue command provides a window that lets you access the ULTRIX
programming environment and DECwindows applications. In addition, you
can expand the selection of commands by modifying existing or adding new
dxue menus.
When started, dxue creates a text file in your home directory named
.ue_profile. When you make modifications to the dxue interface, dxue
records those changes in this file.

Options
-bd color

Specifies the color of the window's border (color
displays only). The default is specified by means of
the Session Manager's Customize Window dialog
box.

-bg color

Specifies the color of the window's background
(color displays only). The default is specified by
means of the Session Manager's Customize Window
dialog box.

-d dispname

Specifies the display screen on which dxue displays
its window. If the display option is not specified,
dxue uses the display screen specified by your
DISPLAY environment variable. The display option
has the format hostname:number. Using two colons
(::) instead of one (:) indicates that DECnet is to be
used for transport. The default is :0. For more
information, see X(1X).

-display dispname

This option is the same as the -d option.

-fg color

Specifies the color of the window's foreground
(color displays only). The default is specified by
means of the Session Manager's Customize Window
dialog box.

1-104 Commands

dxue(1X)
-fnfant

Specifies the font used when displaying text.

-geometry

Specifies the width, length, and location of the dxue
window. If the geometry option is not specified,
dxue uses default values. The geometry option has
the format [width][xlength][x][y]. For more
information about the screen coordinate system, see
x(1X).

Main Window
In the dxue window, the Full Directory Path field displays the name of your
current default directory. The current directory appears in italics in the
Directories list box. You can change directories by selecting a directory
name from the Directories list box. The Filter field contains the file name
pattern to which the files shown in the Files subwindow conform. An empty
Filter field indicates that all files in the current directory are displayed. The
current directory and its displayed files are called the current view.

There are three methods for performing file operations. You can select one
or more files and then choose one of the items from the Files menu to apply
to those files. You can also position the pointer on a file name and press
MB2 (the middle mouse button, unless you have redefined it); you then
choose a file operation from the pop-up menu that appears. The dxue
application also defines default operations for various types of files; you
perform the default operation by positioning the pointer on a file name and
double-clicking MBl (the left mouse button, unless you have redefined it).
To view or change the default file operations, choose the Double Click
Actions ... menu item from the Customize menu.

Menus
The dxue window contains the following menus:
Control
Customize
Views
Files
Applications

Control Menu
The control menu contains the following items:
Update

Updates the current dxue window.

Select All

Selects all the files in the current file view. The files
Commands 1-105

dxue{1X)
will be displayed in reverse video to indicate that all
files have been selected.
Select None

Cancels the Select All command.

Processes...

Displays a window containing all current processes.
Kill, Suspend, Continue, and OK buttons are also
displayed that allow you to kill suspend or continue
a current process.

New View

Creates an additional dxue main window.

Save View..•

Saves your current file view and format. Displays a
dialog box that prompts for the name of the view.
In addition, you can select which settings (file
strings, defaults directories, window sizes, window
positions, fields, and orders) are saved.

Delete View•••

Displays a dialog box that lets you delete previously
saved views.

Save as Startup View Saves your current file view and format as your
startup view.
Exit

Closes the dxue main window.

Customize
The Customize menu contains the following items:
File Properties...

Displays a window for selecting the file properties to
display in the Files window. The choices are file
name, protection, link count, owner, size, and
creation time. As you choose a file property by
clicking on its toggle button, the Sample field
displays that property for one of your files. You can
select the field by which the files are sorted and
specify the sort order: ascending or descending.
To immediately apply these changes to the files
currently displayed in the Files subwindow, click on
the Apply button. To cancel any changes, click on
the Cancel button. To save the changes, click on the
OK button.

Edit Menus •••

1-106 Commands

Displays a window containing a Menu and Menu
Items list boxes. The Menu list box contains the
names of all defined menus. The Menu Items list
box contains the names of all the defined menu

dxue(1X)
items in the menu selected in Menu list box. You
can create additional menus by entering the name of
the menu in the New Menu Name field and clicking
on the Insert button. You can remove menus by
selecting the name from the list and clicking on the
Remove button. You can add menu items in the
same manner.
To associate a shell string with a menu item, select
the menu item and type the string in the Associated
Command or Script field. If you want the file names
that are selected in the files list to be appended to the
command when it is executed, click on the Append
Files to Command selection. Click on the Add to
Menu Item button to associate the string to the menu
item.
To cancel the changes you have made, click on the
cancel button. To save the changes you have made,
click on the OK button.
Double Click Actions...
Displays a dialog box that lets you specify what
action dxue takes when you double click on a
particular type of file, such as a directory or a file
containing C code. Through this dialog box you can
also define new file types.

Views Menu
The Views menu contains the following item:
Startup

Displays your startup file view and format. In
addition, if you saved any views with a different file
name, these appear as separate menu item in the
Views menu.

Files Menu
The Files menu contains the following items:
Copy...

Displays a window asking for the files you want to
copy and the destination of each of the selected files.
Each file is copied to the specified destination.

Display•..

Displays a window containing a Files list box. Enter
the name of the files you want to display and click
Commands 1-107

dxue(1X)
on the OK button.
Search...

Displays a window asking for the files you want to
search and the string you want to search for. When
you enter the file and the string to search for, dxue
searches for the specified string.

Create Directory•••

Displays a window containing a Name list box.
Enter the name of the directory you want to create.

Move .••

Displays a window asking for the files you want to
move and the destination of each of the selected
files. Enter the two file names and click on the OK
button.

Remove...

Removes each of the selected files from the current
directory.

Show Print Jobs .•.

Displays a dialog box that lets you specify a printer
queue, and then displays the items on that queue.

Print File...

Prints a file.

Applications Menu
The Applications menu contains the following items:
Calculator

Starts a dxcalc application. See dxcalc(lX) for
more information about the dxcalc application.

Clock

Starts a dxclock application. See dxclock(lX) for
more information about the dxclock application.

Mail

Starts a dxmail application. See dxmail(1X) for
more information about the dxmail application.

Notepad

Starts a dxnotepad application. See
dxnotepad(1X) for more information about the
dxnotepad application.

CDA Viewer

Starts a dxvdoc application. See dxvdoc(lX) for
more information about the dxvdoc application.

Restrictions
Help is not implemented.

1-108 Commands

dxue{1X)
X Defaults
The dxue application reads the .Xdefaults file during startup and uses the
appropriate resource specification to customize the appearance or
characteristics of its displayed dxue window. The format for a resource
specification in the .Xdefaults file is:

[name*] resource:

value

name

resource

Specifies the resource.

value

Specifies the value that is to be assigned to the resource.

Files
-/.Xdefaults
lusr/lib/X ll/app-defaults/Executive
-I. ue_profile

See Also
X(lX), dxwm(lX), dxsession(lX)
DECwindows User's Guide

Commands 1-109

dxuil (1X)
Name
dxuil - user interface language compiler for X window system

Syntax
dxuil [ options ] file

Arguments
file

Specifies the file to be compiled through the UIL
compiler.

Description
The dxuil command invokes the UIL compiler. The XUI User Interface
Language (UIL) is a specification language for describing the initial state of a
user interface for an XUI application. The specification describes the objects
(menus, dialog boxes, labels, push buttons, and so on) used in the interface
and specifies the routines to be called when the interface changes state as a
result of user interaction.
For more information about the UIL compiler, see the Guide to the XUI User
Interface Language Compiler.

Options
-Ipathname

Specify this option followed by a pathname, with no
intervening spaces, to locate include files when the
include directive is used. This option causes the
compiler to look for include files in the directory
specified if the include files have not been found in
the paths that have already been searched.

-m

Machine code is listed. This directs the compiler to
place in the listing file a description of the records
that it added to the UID database. This helps you
isolate errors. The default is no machine code.

-0 file

Directs the compiler to produce a user interface
database (UID). By default, UIL creates a UID with
the name a. uid. The file specifies the filename for
the UID. No UID will be produced if the compiler
issues any diagnostics categorized as error or severe.

-v file

Directs the compiler to generate a listing. The file

1-110 Commands

dxuil (1X)
specifies the filename for the listing. If the -v
option is not present, no listing is generated by the
compiler. The default is no listing.

-w

Specifies that the compiler suppress all warning and
informational messages. If this option is not present,
all messages will be generated, regardless of the
severity.

See Also
cdoc( 1), vdoc( 1)

1-114 Commands

dxwm(1X)
Name
dxwm - DECwindows window manager

Syntax
dxwm [ options]

Description
The dxwm window manager manages the location and size of application
windows on the screen. Using dxwm, you can move windows, resize
windows, change the order of windows in the window stack, shrink windows
to icons, and expand icons into windows. The window manager also works
with applications to assign input focus to windows.

Appearance
When it starts up, dxwm displays an icon box. The icons in the box
represent application windows. A dim icon represents a window that is
displayed on the screen. A bright icon represents a window that is not
displayed.
The window manager also places a banner on each application window. The
banner consists of buttons that perform window management functions. If an
application does not support certain window management functions, its
banner does not have the buttoms that perform those functions.
From left to right, the banner buttons are:
Shrink-to-icon button Shrinks the window into a brightened icon in the
icon box.
Title bar

Displays the application name or other applicationspecific information and moves the window around
the screen.

Push-to-back button

Changes the window's order in a stack of
overlapping windows.

Resize button

Changes the size of the window.

One window's title bar might be highlighted, to indicate that the window has
input focus. (The window with input focus is the window to which keyboard
input is sent).

Commands 1-115

dxwm{1X)
If sticky windows have been specified (see the following sections Sticky
Windows and X Defaults), shading appears on the stacking button of the
sticky windows. By default, no windows are sticky.

Functionality
Mouse button I (MBl), the left button for most users, controls all window
manager functions. To use dxwm, you must know how to use MB 1 to click
on an object, double click on an object, and drag the pointer.
To click on an object (such as one of the buttons previously described under
Appearance), position the pointer over the object, and then press and
immediately release MB 1. Try not to move the mouse when MB 1 is down.
To double click on an object, click on the object twice in quick succession
without moving the mouse.
To drag the pointer, press and hold MBl, move the mouse until the pointer is
at the desired location, and then release MB 1.

Moving Windows
To move a window, position the pointer on the title bar. Press and hold down
MBI. A window outline appears. Move the mouse while continuing to hold
down MB 1, dragging the outline to the new location. When you release
MB 1, the window shifts to the new position.
The move operation affects an unsticky window more than a sticky window
by changing its stack position and input focus. An unsticky window moves to
the top of the window stack (so that it is unobscured by other windows at the
new location); a sticky window's position does not change. An unsticky
window also acquires input focus (if it is one that ever takes input); a sticky
window does not acquire focus.
To cancel the move operation while you are dragging the window outline,
click any other mouse button before releasing MB 1.

Shrinking Windows Into Icons
To shrink a window to its icon, click on the shrink-to-icon button; dxwm
removes the window and brightens the associated icon in the icon box. (For
another way to shrink a window to its icon, see the section Icon Box
Operations. )
To cancel the shrink-to-icon operation, click any other mouse button before
releasing MB 1.

1-116 Commands

dxwm(1X)
Expanding Icons Into Windows
To expand an icon into a window, click (or double click) on the icon. The
window opens at its previous screen location and at the top of the window
stack, while the icon dims. If the window ever takes keyboard input, it now
acquires input focus, unless the user specified otherwise (see the section X
Defaults).
To cancel the expand operation, click any other mouse button before
releasing MB 1.

Resizing Windows
To adjust the size of one side of a window, point to the resize button. Press
and hold MB 1. Drag the pointer toward the side you want to adjust. When
the pointer touches the border on that side, dxwm clamps the border; the
border's outline now follows the pointer as you move it around the screen.
When the border outline is in the desired new location, release MB 1. The
window adjusts to the newly sized border.
While dragging the pointer to resize the border, you can change your mind
and resize the opposite side instead. Drag the pointer past the opposite
border. The original border outline snaps back and dxwm clamps the more
recently crossed border.
To adjust two sides of a window, as if by manipulating the comer, drag the
pointer to touch each adjacent border in tum.
The resize operation affects unsticky windows more than it affects sticky
ones, by changing their stack position and input focus. During the resize
operation, an un sticky window moves to the top of the window stack. If the
un sticky window ever accepts keyboard input, it acquires input focus. A
sticky window retains its position in the window stack and does not acquire
input focus.
To cancel the resizing operation, click any other mouse button before
releasing MB 1.

Changing A Window's Stack Position
Windows are unsticky by default. To raise an unsticky window to the top of
the window stack, where it is not obscured by other windows, click almost
anywhere in the window (except on the shrink-to-icon button or the push-toback button). To lower an un sticky window to the bottom of the stack,
where it is obscured by windows with which it shares a portion of the screen,
click on its push-to-back button.

Commands 1-117

dxwm(1X)
To change a sticky window's position in the window stack" you must use the
push-to-back button, since a sticky window retains its position in the window
stack when you click elsewhere. To raise a partially obscured sticky window
to the top of the window stack or to lower an unobscured sticky window to
the bottom of the stack, click on the window's push-to-back button.

Making Windows Sticky
To make an unsticky window sticky, press and hold down the Shift keyboard
key and click in the push-to-back button of the window. The window moves
to the bottom of the window stack and becomes sticky. Partial shading
appears in the push-to-back button to indicate the window's stickiness.

Making Windows Unsticky
To make a sticky window unsticky, hold down the Shift keyboard key and
click on the push-to-back button. The stacking operation for the sticky
window is performed (the window is raised or lowered in the window stack,
depending on whether or not it was obscured), but the window then becomes
unsticky and henceforth has un sticky behavior. The push-to-back button's
partial shading, which indicated stickiness, now disappears.

Assigning Input Focus
The window manager cooperates with applications to assign input focus, in a
way that varies according to the user action, the situation, and the
application. You can give an application input focus by clicking on its title
bar, clicking into its window, or expanding its icon. Unsticky windows
also acquire input focus when you move or resize them.
When you click on the title bar to assign input focus to a window, clicking
leaves the insertion point for input where it was before you clicked. This lets
you give a window input focus without disturbing its contents. In contrast, if
you click into the window on a field where input is possible, clicking places
the insertion point for input wherever you clicked. This lets you give input
focus and reset the insertion point in one action.

Icon Box Operations
The icon box is the window manager's application window. Like other
application windows, it has a banner, whose buttons allow the icon box to be
moved, resized, lowered, or raised. But unlike other application windows,
the icon box cannot be shrunk to an icon: where would its icon go? Instead,
the icon box has a tidy button, described in a later paragraph.

1-118 Commands

dxwm(1X)
The icon box contains icons for application windows. Most (but not all)
application windows store icons in the icon box. Icons can be large or small,
according to user preference (see the section X Defaults); they are small by
default. Each icon contains a picture and some text. The picture for an icon
looks like the picture in the shrink-to-icon button of its application window.
Dim icons represent application windows that are currently displayed; bright
icons represent those that are not displayed, but are stored in the icon box.
Icons provide quick access to application windows. Clicking in a bright icon
expands it into an application window; clicking in a dim icon removes the
window, so that just the brightened icon is displayed. Double-clicking in any
icon, bright or dim, brings its application window to the top of the window
stack. If the window accepts input, this action also gives it input focus.
You can move icons around within the icon box to position them
conveniently (but you cannot move them out of the icon box). To move an
icon, position the pointer over the icon and drag the outline that appears to
the new location, as if moving a window by its title bar. Icons can overlap:
icons on the right overlap icons on the left. Icon pictures, however, cannot
overlap.
When adding new icons to the icon box, dxwm places them in left-to-right
and top-to-bottom order. When the icons do not fit in the icon box, dxwm
creates horizontal or vertical scroll bars, or both. You can then scroll the
icon box to view all of the icons. When adding a new icon, dxwm attempts
to place it at the first position that is visible in the icon box and that has
enough space to accommodate the icon without obscuring others. If no such
position is available, dxwm places the icon at the first position with enough
space and scrolls the icon box to make the position visible.
The tidy button of the icon box is in the position usually occupied by a
window's shrink-to-icon button. The tidy button rearranges the icons so that
they are arranged one next to another.

X Defaults
Read X( IX) for a general description of the format and function of the
.Xdefaults file. The following list describes some dxwm resources you can
set; the description does not attempt to be complete, or to provide a general
discussion about resources or the format of resource files.
Wm*default.sticky
Specifies whether windows are sticky at startup. A value of true
causes application windows to be sticky at startup. The default
value is false.

Commands 1-119

dxwm(1X)
Wm *defauIt.initiaIState
Specifies whether application windows start up open or as icons.
The value 1 specifies that windows start up open; the value 3
specifies that they start up as icons. The default value is 1.
Wm*default.deiconifyFocus
Specifies whether windows that accept keyboard input
automatically acquire input focus when expanded from icons.
The value true means that windows acquire focus when
expanded; false means that they do not. The default value is
true.
Wm*defauIt.startupFocus
Specifies whether new windows have input focus when they first
appear on the screen. The value true means that new windows
have focus; false means they do not. The default value is false.
Wm*defauIt.autoFocus
Specifies whether the window manager tries to assign focus to a
window when the window with focus goes away (because it is
shrunk to an icon, for example). The value true means that the
window manager tries to assign focus to another window; false
means that it does not automatically assign focus in that
situation. The default value is true.
Wm*defauIt.spaceout
Specifies a limit on mouse movement during a click, to
distinguish a user's intention to click on an object from the
intention to drag the object. This helps prevent the window
manager from mistaking mouse movement due to slight
unintentional hand movement for intentional mouse motion.
The units are pixels; the default value is 3 pixels.
Wm*defauIt.doubleClickTimeout
Specifies how much time can elapse between the two clicks of a
double mouse click. If the timeout value elapses after one click,
the next click is considered a separate action. The units are
milliseconds; the default value is 500 milliseconds.
Wm*defauIt.titleTimeout
Specifies how long MB 1 can be pressed in the title bar (with no
mouse motion) before dxwm treats the action as the start of a
drag rather than as a click. This timeout distinguishes a title bar
click (which gives input focus) from the start of a title drag
(which repositions the window). Once the time-out value elapses,
any mouse motion while MB1 is down adjusts the position of
1-120 Commands

dxwm(1X)
the window (even if the motion is less than the value of
Wm*default.spaceout). The units are milliseconds; the default
value is 500 milliseconds.
Wm*default.flash
Specifies whether to display a flashing outline as a visual cue
when shrinking a window to an icon or expanding an icon to a
window. The flashing outline shows boxes of decreasing size
(leading from a window to its icon) or increasing size (leading
from an icon to its window). The value true causes flashing
outlines to appear; false suppresses them. The default is false.
Wm*default.titleFont
Specifies the font for the title bar text. The DECwindows default
font is the default value for this resource.
Wm*default.iconFont
Specifies the font for the icon text. The DECwindows default
font is the default value for this resource.
Wm*default.geometry
Specifies the size and location of the icon box. The format of
the geometry string is described in XCIX). The default
placement of the icon box is at screen coordinates 0,0; its height
is 46, and its width is approximately the width of the screen.
Wm*ScroIlW.forceBars
Specifies whether scroll bars are always displayed in the icon
box. The value true means that scroll bars are always displayed
in the icon box; false means that they are displayed only when
needed. The default value is false.
Wm*ScroIlW.scroIlTopSide
Specifies where the horizontal scroll bar appears in the icon box.
The value true places the horizontal scroll bar at the top of the
icon box; false places it at the bottom. The default value is false.
Wm*ScroIlW.scroIlLeftSide
Specifies where the vertical scroll bar appears in the icon box.
The value true places the vertical scroll bar on the left side of the
icon box; false places it on the right side. The default value is
false.
Wm*WmForm.borderColor
Specifies the color of the thin outer border of each managed
window. The default value is white.

Commands 1-121

dxwm (1X)
Wm*WmForm.foreground
Specifies the color of the thick inner border of each managed
window and the borders between buttons. The default value is
black.

Wm*WmlconForm.iconStyle
Specifies whether icons are small or large by default. The value 0
specifies small icons; the value 1 specifies large ones. The
default value is O.
You can specify that the default values for WmForm and WmIconForm
apply to windows of only a specific class, and not to all application windows.
To do this, substitute the class of the application for WmForm or
WmIconForm when specifying the resource. For example, the following
lines specify that icons are small by default, but that the icon for the Notepad
application is large:
Wm*WmForm.iconStyle: 0
Wm*Notepad.iconStyle: 1
Resource settings can be overridden by command line options; see Guide to
the XUI Toolkit Intrinsics: C Language Binding for a description of how to
do this. Resources standard to all applications, including dxwm, are
described in X(1X).

Files
/usr/lib/Xl1/app-defaults/Wm

See Also
X(1X), DECwindows User's Guide, Guide to the XUI Toolkit Intrinsics: C
Language Binding

1-122 Commands

resize (1X)

Name
resize - reset TERMCAP with the current window size

Syntax
resize [ options ]

Description
The resize command prints on its standard output the TERM and TERMCAP
commands for the current window. When executed, the resize command
resets the environment of the current shell.
However, the resize command should never be executed directly, but should
be aliased in the .cshrc file to cause the C shell to execute the commands
(see EXAMPLES).

Options
-s

Specifies that Sun terminal escape sequences are used. Using Sun
terminal sequences resizes a window appropriately when a new row
and column size are specified.

-u

Specifies that the commands be formed appropriately for the Bourne
shell rather than the C shell.

Restrictions
The -u option must appear before the -s option if both are specified.

Examples
alias xs
'set noglobi eval 'resize'iunset noglob'
alias xrs 'set noglob; eval 'resize -s \!\*';unset noglob'

Each alias, when executed as a command, resets the environment of the
current shell.

Files
/etc/termcap
..../.cshrc

Commands 1-123

resize (1X)
See Also
xterm(lX)

1-124 Commands

X(1X)
Name

x - A network-transparent window system
Description
The X Window System, which consists of an X Server and a variety of X
client applications, is network transparent, runs on workstations, and provides
the capabilities to design a variety of user interface styles. Within the X
Window System, the X Server distributes user input to and accepts output
requests from the various X client programs, which can be located either on
the same machine or elsewhere on the network.
The X Window System supports overlapping windows, fully recursive
subwindows, and text and graphics operations within windows. One of the X
window managers can be used to manipulate existing windows.
The command that executes the X Server usually is specified in the
/ et c / tty s file and, therefore, is automatically running when your system
is in multiuser mode.
By default when you log in, only programs running on your local machine or
those machines listed in a trusted-hosts database file are allowed to interact
with the X Server that is connected to your display. To allow programs
running remotely to interact with your display, use the xhost(1X)
command.
See the Xfmb(8X) and Xqvsm(8X) reference pages for more detailed
information on starting and running the X servers.

The Display Option
Many X-based applications take a display option. The display option has one
of the following formats:
-d[isplay] hostname
The display option specifies the display screen on which the X Server is to
accept requests from X clients. If the display option is not specified, X uses
the display screen specified by your DISPLAY environment variable. The
display option has the format hostname:number. Using two colons (::)
instead of one (:) indicates that DECnet is to be used for transport.
hostname

Specifies the name of the host machine on which the
display is connected. You can specify the name
unix or leave the field blank to use UNIX IPC, or
the name of your host machine to use TCP.

Commands 1-125

X(1X)
number

Specifies the number of the display on that host
machine.
The default is :0.

Window Geometry
Most X client applications let you specify the size and position of the
application window with the geometry option. The geometry option has the
following format:
[width] [xlength] [x] [y]
width

Specifies the number of pixels the window spans
horizontally.

length

Specifies the number of pixels the window spans
vertically.

Specifies the x screen coordinate (pixel value) for the
starting comer of the window.

Specifies the y screen coordinate (pixel value) for the
starting comer of the window.

Depending on the comer of the screen from which each coordinate value is
an offset, the x and y coordinates must be preceded by a plus (+) or a minus
(-). The following lists the four screen comers and the required positive or
negative state for the x and y coordinates when you create a window with
respect to that comer.
Upper left comer
Lower left comer
Upper right comer
Lower right comer

+x
+x
-x
-x

+y
-y
+y
-y

If the geometry option is not specified, you can position the window with the
mouse pointer and size it with one of the mouse buttons. For sizing
information specific to an application, see the reference page for that
application.
Most X client applications read options (such as font and border WIdth) to
control the sizing of their initial window. For information about options
specific to an application, see the reference page for that application.

1-126 Commands

X{1X)
Colors And Fonts
Many X client applications let you specify colors for background, border,
text, and so on. A color specification can be given either as an English name
(see /usr/lib/rgb.txt for defined names), or three hexadecimal values for the
red, green, and blue components, in the format #RRGGBB.
Many X client applications also let you specify the font in which text is
displayed. By default, the available fonts can be found in subdirectories of
the /usr/lib/X II/fonts directory.

X Defaults
Most X-based applications read the .Xdefaults file during startup and use the
appropriate resource specifications to customize the appearance or
characteristics of their windows. The format for a resource specification in
the .Xdefaults file is:
[name*] resource: value
name

resource

Specifies the X resource.

value

Specifies the value that is to be assigned to the resource.

Because each toolkit-based application can consist of a combination of
widgets (for example, push buttons and a scroll bar), you can form the name
string, in addition to the application name, by adding widget class and name
identifiers to the string.
In most cases, an asterisk (*) should be used as a delimiter. An asterisk is
similar to a wildcard character because it specifies that the definition applies
even if any additional names and classes are omitted. A period delimiter (.)
indicates an absolute widget pathname. When using a period, if you do not
specify all widgets in the path, the specification will not work.

When you add a widget class identifier to the name string, you make the
resource available to every occurrence of that widget in the application. For
example, the following assigns the background color of every push button in
the dxmai 1 window to green:
dxmail*PushButton*background:

green

Commands 1-127

X{1X)
When you add a widget name identifier to the name string, you make the
resource available to the specific widget (component) with that name in the
application. For example, the following assigns the background color of the
Exit push button in the dxmail window to green:
dxmail*Exit*background:

green

This example adds a name identifier (Exit) to the string.
The application name does not have to be part of the string. For example,
the next two specifications assign the background color of button boxes. The
first assigns all button boxes with the same class identifier in all toolkit-based
applications to blue. The second assigns all button boxes with the name
tocButtons in all toolkit-based applications to red:
*ButtonBox*background:
*ButtonBox*tocButtons*background:

blue
red

For a complete description of the general widget classes, the core attributes
for each widget, and the widget-specific attributes see the Intro to the UWS
Environment.
NOTE

Default values may be modified by specific applications.
For information about the resources that can be specified for each X client
application, see the reference page for that application.
The following is a sample .Xdefaults file that can be used as a template.
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii#i#illliiliii
i
i
i

general defaults

ililiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiii####iiii######I#i##I#i######
*Font:
*Text*Font:
*Pushbutton.Font:
*titlebar.Font:

helvetica bold12
helvetica12
helvetica bold12
helvetica-bold12

*ButtonBox.borderWidth: 1
*ButtonBox.hSpace:
8
*ButtonBox.Command.borderWidth: 0
*ButtonBox.Command.internalWidth:
*ButtonBox.Command.internalHeight:

1-128 Commands

1
1

X(1X)
# dxmail
#
dxmail*debug: on
dxmail*tocGeometry:
510x284+0+19
dxmail*viewGeometry:
510x460+0+323
dxmail*folders.Pushbutton.MarginWidth: 2
dxmail*folders.Pushbutton.MarginHeight: 2
dxmail*PrintCommand: enscript >2 /dev/null > /dev/null
dxmail*ButtonBox*Font:

helvetica bold12

Dxterm*fontSetName: 6x13
Dxterm*saveLinesOffTop: on
Dxterm*screenMode: true
Dxterm*autoWrapEnable: on
Dxterm*autoRepeatEnable: on
Dxterm*autoResize: on
Dxterm*scrollVertical: on
#
# Session Manager
#
sm. create terminal:
sm. startup_state:

iconified

#
#wm

#
wm*sticky:
wm*border:

true
#OOffff

Key Bindings
Many X-based applications let you specify key-actions bindings for text input
and editing operations. The DECwindows user interface provides basic text
editing operations. In these text editing operations, a word is considered to
be any contiguous string of characters that does not contain a word break
character. Word break characters are as follows: space, tab, and line
terminators. In addition, any contiguous string of identical word break
characters (such as three spaces) is considered to be a word. The default text
editing operations for all text windows are as follows:
Right arrow

Moves the cursor one character to the right. In
a single-line field, the cursor does not move
when positioned at the end of the line. In a

Commands 1-129

X(1X)
multi-line field, the cursor moves to the first
position of the next line.
Left arrow

Moves the cursor one character to the left. In a
single-line field, the cursor does not move
when positioned at the beginning of the line.
In a multi-line field, the cursor moves to the
last position of the previous line.

Up arrow

In a multi -line field, moves the cursor up one
line.

Down arrow

In a multi-line field, moves the cursor down
one line.

Fll, F14
F12

Reserved.

SHIFT/FI2

Positions the cursor at the end of the line.

F13

Deletes the characters to the left of the cursor
up to and including the beginning of the word,
and shifts to the left all text to the right of the
deleted character.

SHIFT/F13

Deletes the characters to the right of the cursor
up to and including the beginning of the word,
and shifts to the right all text to the right of
the deleted character.

DELETE

Deletes the character before the cursor, and
moves all text to the right of the deleted
character one space to the left. DELETE works
the same way in both insert and overstrike
mode. When there is a selection, DELETE
removes the selection but does not place it in
the clipboard.

SHIFT/DELETE

Deletes the character after the cursor, and
moves all text to the right of the deleted
character one space to the left. In overstrike
mode, SHIFT/DELETE deletes the character
under the block cursor.

Positions the cursor at the beginning of the
line.

A dialog box has one text insertion cursor, even if it has multiple text
windows. Keys in a dialog box with multiple text windows take on the
following additional actions:
1-130 Commands

X(1X)
TAB

Moves the cursor from the current field to the
next field. If any text exists in the new field,
it is automatically selected for pending delete.

SHIFT/TAB

Moves the cursor from the current field to the
previous field. If any text exists in the new
field, it is automatically selected for pending
delete.

RETURN

Activates the default push button (if there is
one) in the dialog box.

ENTER

Activates the default push button (if there is
one) in the dialog box.

SHIFT/RETURN

Activates the Cancel push button (if there is
one) in the dialog box.

You can customize the basic text editing functions for text windows with the
translations resource specified in the This resource should be specified as:

*Text.translations: key specification
Each key specification listed with the translations resource assigns an editor
command to a named key or mouse combination and has the format:
key:

function

key

Specifies the key or mouse button that is used to
invoke the named function.

Specifies the function to be invoked when the named
key is pressed.
You can specify any of the following control keys (their abbreviations are in
parentheses):

function

Ctrl (c)
Lock (1)
Meta (Compose Character) (m)
Shift (s)
You can specify the following mouse buttons:
Btnl (by default, the left mouse button)
Btn2 (by default, the middle mouse button)
Btn3 (by default, the right mouse button)

Commands 1-131

X(1X)
You can assign the following actions to mouse buttons:
Down

Action is invoked when the button is pressed.

Action is invoked when the button is released.

PtrMoved

Action is invoked when the mouse button is down
and the pointer is moved.

You can specify the following functions:
backward-character

Moves backward one character.

backward-kill-word

Kills the word before the insertion point. This text
can be recovered with the unkill function.

backward-paragraph Moves backward one paragraph.
backward-word

Moves backward one word.

beginning-of-file

Moves to the beginning of the text.

beginning-of-Iine

Moves to the beginning of the current line.

delete-next-character Deletes the character after the insertion point.
delete-next-word

Deletes the word after the insertion point.

delete-previous-character
Deletes the character before the insertion point.
delete-previous-word

Deletes the word before the insertion point.

delete-selection

Deletes the selection.

end-of-file

Moves to the end of the text.

end-of-Iine

Moves to the end of the current line.

extend-adjust

Adjusts the extension of the selected text.

extend-end

Ends the extension of the selected text.

extend-start

Begins the extension of the selected text.

forward-character

Moves forward one character.

forward-paragraph

Moves forward one paragraph.

forward-word

Moves forward one word.

insert-file

Inserts a file into the text.

kill-selection

Kills the selection. This text can be recovered with
the unkill function.

kill-to-end-of-line

Kills from the insertion point to the end of the line.

1-132 Commands

X(1X)
This text can be recovered with the unkill function.
kill-to-end-of-paragraph
Kills from the insertion point to the end of the
paragraph. This text can be recovered with the
unkill function.
kill-word
Kills the word after the insertion point. This text
can be recovered with the unkill function.
newline-and-backup

Creates a new paragraph, leaving the insertion point
on the previous one.

newline-and-indent

Creates a new paragraph with the same indentation
as the current one.

newline

Creates a new paragraph.

next-line

Moves down one line.

next-page

Moves to the next screen of text.

previous-line

Moves up one line.

previous-page

Moves to the previous screen of text.

redraw-display

Repaints the window.

scroll-one-line-down

Scrolls the text down one line.

scroll-one-Iine-up

Scrolls the text up one line.

select-adjust

Adjusts the selection.

select-all

Selects all the text.

select-end

Ends the selection.

select-start

Begins the selection.

select-word

Selects the word the insertion point is in.

stuff

Inserts the text that was last selected from any
window.

unkill

Inserts the text that was last killed. (There is no way
to get back text that was deleted.)

A function specification can also include a character in single quotation
marks ora string in double quotation marks. A string in quotation marks
instructs the application to insert the specified string into the file. For
example, the following function instructs the application to insert the string
"abcdef' into the text, insert the current selection into the text, and then insert
the letter q when CTRL/Q is pressed.

Commands 1-133

X(1X)
cq:

"abcdef" stuff 'q'

A sample set of key bindings in the .Xdefaults file is as follows:
41=
41=

toolkit text bindings

41=

set-insertion-point() select-start()
*Text.translations:Ctrl<Key>f:forward-character()
Ctrl<Key>b:
backward-character()
Meta<Key>f:
forward-word()
Meta<Key>b:
backward-word()
Meta<Key>]:
forward-paragraph()
Ctrl<Key> [:
backward-paragraph ()
Ctrl<Key>a:
beginning-of-line()
Ctrl<Key>e:
end-of-line()
Ctrl<Key>n:
next-line()
Ctrl<Key>p:
previous-line()
Ctrl<Key>v:
next-page()
Meta<Key>v:
previous-page()
Meta<Key>\<:
beginning-of-file()
Meta<Key>\>:
end-of-file()
Ctrl<Key>z:
scroll-one-line-up()
Meta<Key>z:
scroll-one-line-down()
Ctrl<Key>d:
delete-next-character()
Ctrl<Key>h:
delete-previous-character()
-Shift Meta<Key>d:delete-next-word()
-Shift Meta<Key>h:delete-previous-word()
Ctrl<Key>w:
kill-selection()
Meta<Key>y:
stuff()
Ctrl<Key>m:
newline()
Ctrl<Key>l:
redraw-display()
Any<Key>:
self-insert()
Meta<BtnlDown>: extend-start()
Meta Buttonl<PtrMoved>:extend-adjust()
Meta<BtnlUp>:
extend-end()
Meta<Btn2Down>: stuff()

Restrictions
If options not listed in appropriate X server reference page are used, the
server may fail. Using invalid options for the X server in the /etc/ttys may
cause the workstation to behave as if the X server is hung.

1-134 Commands

X{1X)
Files
-/.Xdefaults

See Also
bitmap(IX), dxcalendar(IX), dxcalc(IX), dxcardfiler(IX) dxclock(IX),
dxmail(1X), dxnotepad(1X), dxterm(1X), dxwm(1X), uwm(1X), xedit(1X),
xfd(1X), xhost(1X), xload(1X), xmh(1X), xset(IX), xsetroot(IX),
xwininfo( IX) Xmtb(8X) Xqvsm(8X)

Commands 1-135

Xmfb(8X)
Name
Xmfb, Xcfb - X servers for RISC machines

Syntax
Xmfb [ options]
Xcfb [ options ]

Description
The Xmfb command starts the monochrome DECstation server. The Xcfb
command starts the color DEC station server.
The command that executes the X Server is usually specified in the
/ et c / tty s file and, therefore, is automatically running when your system
is in multiuser mode. Use the xset -q command to query the server for the
options that are currently set.

Options
-anum

Sets the mouse acceleration value to the specified
number of pixels. The default is 4.

-c
cnum

Turns off key clicking.

-fnum

Sets the bell volume to the specified number (0-7).
The default is 3.

-fc string
-fn string
-fp string

Sets the default cursor font. The default is cursor.

-help

Displays the X Server usage message.

-r

Turns off automatic repetition of keyboard key
characters.

Turns on automatic repetition of keyboard key
characters. The default is on.

-s num

Sets the screen-saver timeout value to the specified
number of minutes. The default is 10.

Sets the key click volume to the specified number
(0-100). The default is 20.

Sets the default text font. The default is fixed.
Sets the default font path. The default is
/usr/lib/dwf

Maintenance 8-1

Xmfb(8X)
-tnum

Sets the mouse threshold in pixels. The mouse will
accelerate only if the threshold is exceeded. The
default threshold is 4.

Specifies that a blank screen is used for the screensaver. The default is on.

-v

Specifies that a pattern (noblank) screen is used for
the screen-saver.

-pnum

Determines the period to change the background
pattern of the .screen-saver to avoid bum-in. The
default is 10 seconds.

-wp color

Sets the color of white pixels as a named color or a
number followed by six hexadecimal digits (color
displays only).

:num

On a multi-head system, specifies the head on which
the server is run (0 or 1). The default is O.

Device dependent, vendor specific options.
-bp color

Sets the color of black pixels for the screen.

-wp color

Sets the color of white pixels for the screen.

-dpi num

Sets the dots per inch for the x and y coordinates.

-dpix num

Sets the dots per inch for the x coordinates.

-dpiy num

Sets the dots per inch for the y coordinates.

Restrictions
If options not listed in this reference page are used, the server may fail.
U sing invalid options for the X server in the /etc/ttys may cause the
workstation to behave as if the X server is hung.

Files
-/.Xdefaults

See Also
bitmap(1X), dxcalc(1X), dxcalendar(lX), dxcardfiler(1X) dxclock(1X),
dxmail(1X), dxnotepad(1X), dxterm(1X), dxwm(IX), uwm(1X), xedit(1X),
xfd(1X), xhost(1X), xload(1X), xmh(1X), xset(1X), xsetroot(1X),
xwininfo( IX) X( IX)

8-2 Maintenance

Xqvsm(8X)
Name
Xqvsm, Xqdsg, Xgb - X servers for VAX machines

Syntax
Xqvsm [ options]
Xqdsg [ options]
Xgb [ options]

Description
The Xqvsm command starts the monochrome VAXstation 2000, the
monochrome VAXstation 3100, and the VAXstation II servers. The Xqdsg
command starts the color VAXstation 2000 server, the color VAXstation
3100, and the GPX. The Xgb command starts the VAXstation 3520 server.
The command that executes the X Server is usually specified in the
/ etc/ttys file and, therefore, is automatically running when your system
is in multiuser mode.

Options
-anum

Sets the mouse acceleration value to the specified number
of pixels. The default is 4.

-bp color

Sets the color of black pixels as a named color or a
number followed by six hexadecimal digits (color displays
only).

-c
cnum

Turns off key clicking.
Sets the key click volume to the specified number (0-100).
The default is 20.

-fnum

Sets the bell volume to the specified number (0-7). The
default is 3.

-fc string

Sets the default cursor font. The default is cursor.

-fd num

Specifies a screen density number of 75 or 100 dpi. The
default is 75.

-fn string

Sets the default text font. The default is fixed.

-fp string

Sets the default font path. The default is /usr / lib/ dwf

-help

Displays the X Server usage message.

Maintenance 8-3

Xqvsm(8X)
-r

Turns off automatic repetition of keyboard key characters.

Turns on automatic repetition of keyboard key characters.
The default is on.

-snurn

Sets the screen-saver timeout value to the specified number
of minutes. The default is 10.
Sets the mouse threshold in pixels. The mouse will
accelerate only if the threshold is exceeded. The default
threshold is 4.

-tnurn

-v

Specifies that a blank screen is used for the screen-saver.
The default is on.
Specifies that a pattern (noblank) screen is used for the
screen-saver.

-pnum

Determines the period to change the background pattern of
the screen-saver to avoid bum-in. The default is 10
seconds.

-wp color

Sets the color of white pixels as a named color or a
number followed by six hexadecimal digits (color displays
only).

:num

On a multi -head system, specifies the head on which the
server is run (0 or 1). The default is O.

Restrictions
If options not listed in this reference page are used, the server may fail.

Using invalid options for the X server in the /etc/ttys may cause the
workstation to behave as if the X server is hung.

Files
-/.Xdefaults

See Also
bitmap(lX), dxca1c(lX), dxcalendar(lX), dxcardfiler(lX) dxc1ock(lX),
dxmail(1X), dxnotepad(1X), dxterm(1X), dxwm(1X), uwm(1X), xedit(1X),
xfd(1X), xhost(1X), xload(1X), xmh(1X), xset(lX), xsetroot(1X),
xwininfo(1X), X(1X)

8-4 Maintenance

How to Order Additional Documentation

Technical Support
If you need help deciding which documentation best meets your needs, call 800-343-4040
before placing your electronic, telephone, or direct mail order.

Electronic Orders
To place an order at the Electronic Store, dial 800-234-1998 using a 1200- or 2400-baud
modem from anywhere in the USA, Canada, or Puerto Rico. If you need assistance using the
Electronic Store, call 800-DIGITAL (800-344-4825).

Telephone and Direct Mail Orders
Your Location

Call

Contact

Continental USA,
Alaska, or Hawaii

800-DIGITAL

Digital Equipment Corporation
P.O. Box CS2008
Nashua, New Hampshire 03061

Puerto Rico

809-754-7575

Local Digital Subsidiary

Canada

800-267-6215

Digital Equipment of Canada
Attn: DECdirect Operations KA02/2
P.O. Box 13000
100 Herzberg Road
Kanata, Ontario, Canada K2K 2A6

International
Internal *

Local Digital subsidiary or
approved distributor
SSB Order Processing - WMO/E15
or

Software Supply Business
Digital Equipment Corporation
Westminster, Massachusetts 01473

* For internal orders, you must submit an Internal Software Order Form (EN-01740-07).

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