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Document:	ULTRIX-32 Quick Reference Guide
Order Number:	AA-MF11A-TE
Revision:	0
Pages:	192
Original Filename:

OCR Text

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Quick Reference Guide

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Order Number: AA-MF11A-TE

ULTRIX-32

Quick Reference Guide

Order No. AA-MF11A-TE

T
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FITYRTI

CENTRE

ULTRIX-32 Operating System, Version 3.0

Digital Equipment Corporation

)

The information in this document is subject to change
without notice and should not be construed as a
commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital

Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for
any errors that may appear in this document.

The software described in this document is furnished
under a license and may be used or copied only in
accordance with the terms of such a license.

No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of
software on equipment that is not supplied by
DIGITAL or its affiliated companies.

The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment
Corporation:

DEC
DECnet
DECUS
MASSBUS

Q-bus
RT
ULTRIX
ULTRIX-11

VAX
VAXstation
VMS
VT

PDP

UNIBUS

dilgiltlall

MicroVAX

ULTRIX-32

ULTRIX Worksystem Software

UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T in the USA
and other countries.

IBM is a registered trademark of

International Business Machines Corporation.

MICOM is a registered trademark of Micom System, Inc.

This manual was written and producéd'by

the ULTRIX Documentation Group in Nashua, New Hampshire.

Contents

This quick reference guide contains condensed

information about the commands in Section 1 of the
ULTRIX-32 Reference Pages.

The first section of the guide contains information

about some of the more complicated commands in
Section 1:
®

adb

dbx

csh

sces

mail

nroff and troff

The second section of this guide condenses the rest of
the Section 1 commands.
To use this guide effectively, you should be familiar
with the commands.

For thorough specifications, of

course, refer to the Section 1 Reference Pages.

Details of Selected Commands 1

This section details some of the more complicated

commands from Section 1 of the Reference Pages.
These commands are:

adb Debugger

dbx Debugger

ed Text Editor

ex Text Editor

vi Screen Editor

sh Bourne Shell

csh C Shell

SCCS Commands

mail Commands

nroff and troff Primitives

ms Macro Package

mh Message Handler

adb Debugger
adb [- w] [- k] [- Idir] [objfil [corfill]
Options

objfii

Normally an executable program file,
preferably containing a symbol table.

Default

is a.out.

corfil

A core image file produced after obijfil is
executed.

- Idir

Specifies a directory where files to be read
with $< or $<< will be sought. Default is
Jusrl/lib/adb.

-k

Specifies kernel memory mapping.

Should be

used when core is a crash dump or
/dev/imem.

-w

Creates obijfil and corfil if necessary, and
opens them for reading and writing.

Commands

Escape and execute shell command.

newline

Repeat last command.

>name

Set dot to the variable or register
named.

?lformat]

Print from object file.

?*[format]

Print from object file using second
mapping triple.

llformat]

Print from core file.

[*[format]

Print from core file using second
mapping triple.

=[format]

Print address.

oL OF°

Formats

Print 2 bytes in octal.
Print 4 bytes in octal.
Print signed octal.
Print long signed octal.

1-2 Details of Selected Commands

Ao KX O

Print short decimal.
Print long decimal.

Print 2 bytes in hex.
Print 4 bytes in hex.
Print as unsigned decimal.

Print as long unsigned decimal.
Print 32-bit floating point number.
Print double-floating point.

Print 1 byte in octal.

Print addressed character.
Print addressed character.

Control

characters are printed as "X, the delete
character as " ?.
Print the addressed characters until a zero
or n is reached.
Print a string, n is length of string.
Print 4 bytes in date format.

Print as machine instruction.
Print value of dot in symbolic form.

Types

are:

Local or global data symbol

Local or global text symbol

Local or global absolute symbol

Print addressed value in symbolic form.
B
[

[

Print a newline.

Lal

Print a space.

Tabs to appropriate tab stop.

Print the enclosed string.
Dot is decremented by the current
increment, nothing is printed.
Dot is incremented by one. Nothing is

printed.
Dot is decremented by one. Nothing is
printed.

[?/11 value mask

Value mask words with mask until value
found.

[?2/lw value

Write value into addressed location.

Details of Selected Commands 1-3

Monadic operators

*exp

Contents of location addressed by exp
in corfil

@ exp

Contents of location addressed by exp
in objfil

— exp

Integer negation

exp

Bitwise complement

fexp

Logical negation

Dyadic operators
el+ e2

Integer addition

el—e2

Integer subtraction

el *e2

Integer multiplication

el%e2

Integer division

el&e2

Bitwise conjunction

elle2

Bitwise disjunction

el#e2

E1 rounded up to the next multiple of
e2

1-6 Details of Selected Commands

r
cs
SS

Run object file as a subprocess.
Continue subprocess with signal s.

Single step subprocess s number of
times.

Kill subprocess.

Variables

0
1

Last value printed
Last offset part of an instruction

Previous value of variable 1

source

Count on last $< or $<< command

9
b
d

Base address of data segment
Data segment size

Entry point

m
S
t

Magic number
Stack segment size
Text segment size

Expressions

The value of dot

+
"
"

integer

Dot plus increment
Dot minus increment
Last address typed

Decimal number, octal if it starts
with 0o or 00, decimal if it starts
with Ot or OT, hex if it starts with
Ox or 0X.

integer.fraction A 32-bit floating point number
The ASCII value of up to four
“ceee’
characters

<name

The value of variable or register

symbol

The value of symbol

name

__symbol
routine.name
(exp)

The value of an external symbol
Address of variable name in routine
The value of expression exp

Details of Selected Commands 1-5

[?2/Ilm b1 el fI[?/]

Change map parameters.

Command
$modifier

Miscellaneous commands

Modifiers

<f
>f
r

Read commands from file f.
Append output to file f.

Print registers and instruction addressed

by pc.

Print all breakpoints, counts, and
commands.
Call stack backtrace.

Set default radix to address and report

new value.

Print external variables.

Set page width to address.

Default is

]

80.

Set limit on number of symbol matches

-4"554,90

to address.

Default is 255.

Set default for integer input to octal.
Exit from adb.

Print all nonzero variables in octal.
Print the address map.
Set process context.
Print process ID.

Command
:modifier

Manage a subprocess

Modifiers
bc

Set breakpoint at address, c is
command to execute.

Delete a breakpoint at address.
i

1-4 Details of Selected Commands

dbx Debugger
dbx [- r] [-1i] [- k] [~ Idir] [- cfile] [objfile
[coredump]]

objfile

An object file containing symbol
information.

coredump A file containing a core dump.

Options
-T

Executes objfile immediately; prompts

-i

Assumes standard input is a terminal.

only on error.
-k

Maps memory addresses for kernel

debugging.
- I dir

Adds dir to directory search path.

- ¢ file

Executes commands in file before
reading from

stdin.

Commands
Execution and Tracing Commands
run [args] [<filename] [>filename]
rerun [args] [<filename] [>filename]
Start executing objfile, passing args as command
line arguments:

input or output.

< or

> can be used to redirect

Using rerun without arguments

passes the previous argument list to the
program.

trace

[in procedure/function] [if condition]

trace

source-line-number [if condition]

trace

procedure/function [in procedure/function] [if

condition]

trace

expression at source-line-number [if
condition]

trace

variable [in procedure/function] [if
condition]

Traces the expression or variable at the
specified line or routine.

Details of Selected Commands 1-7

stop if condition

stop at source-line-number [if condition]

stop in procedure/function [if condition]
stop variable [if condition]
Stops execution when the given line is
reached, procedure or function called,
variable changed, or condition true.
[> filename]

status

Displays active trace and stop
commands.

command-number...

delete

Removes all traces or stops

corresponding to the given numbers.
Delete* removes all existing breakpoints
and tracepoints at once.

catch

number or signalname

ignore

number or signalname
Start or stop trapping a signal before it
is sent to the program.

cont

[signall

Continues execution from where it stopped,
passing signal if specified.
Signal may be
specified by name or by integer value.
step

Executes one source line, stepping into
procedures.
next

Executes up to the next source line,
stepping over procedures.
return

[procedure]

Continues until return to procedure is

executed, or until the current procedure
returns if none is specified.

1-8 Details of Selected Commands

call

procedure(parameters)
Executes the object code associated with

the named procedure or function.

Printing Variables and Expressidns
assign

variable =

expression

Assigns value of expression to variable.
dump

[procedure] [>filenamel
Prints names and values of variables in
given procedure. If procedure given is

““.””, then all active variables are
dumped.
print

expression [, expression...]

whatis

name

which

identifier

Prints out values of the expressions.

Prints declaration of the given name.
Prints full qualification of the given

identifier.

whereis identifier
Prints full qualification of all occurrences
of the given identifier.

(See which.)

where
Prints a list of active procedures and
functions.

down

[count]

Moves the current scope up or down the
stack count levels. Default is 1.
Accessing Source

Files

/regular expression|/]
?regular expression|?]

Search forward (/)

or backward (?)

in current

source file for given pattern.

Details of Selected Commands 1-9

edit [filename]

edit procedure/function-name

Invokes default editor on filename or current
source file if unspecified.

file [filename]

Changes current source file name to filename.

funclprocedure/function]
Changes current function.

list [source-line-number [,source-line-numberl]]
list procedure/function

Lists specified source lines or procedure.

Default is 10 lines unless range is specified.

use directory-list

Sets directory search path for source files.

Command Aliases and Variables
alias

name name

alias

name “string”

alias

name (parameters) “string”
Defines an alias for name. If no
parameters are specified, all aliases are
displayed.

set name [=expression]
Defines debugger variable.

The following have special meafiing:
$frame

Specifies stack frame.
debugging.

Useful in kernel
|

$hexints

$hexchars

$hexoffsets
$hexstrings

1-10 Details of Selected Commands

Prints characters, integers, offsets from
registers, or character pointers in
hexadecimal.

$listwindow
Specifies number of lines to list around a
Default is 10.

function.

$mapaddrs
Starts or stops address mapping.
$unsafecall
$unsafeassign
Turns off typechecking for subroutine calls,
system calls, or between two sides of an
assignment statement.
unalias

name

unset

name.

Removes alias.

Deletes definition or alias of name.

Machine Level Commands
tracei

[address] [if cond)]

tracei
stopi

[variable] [at address] [if cond]
[address] [if cond]

stopi

[at] [address] [if cond]

stepi
nexti

Trace, stop, or step by machine
- instruction rather than by source

- line.
address, address/ [mode]

address / [count] [mode]

Displays memory contents from first

address up to second address or
until count items are displayed.
The following modes specify how
memory is to be displayed:

Details of Selected Commands 1-11

;o=
e 6T

Displays a byte in octal.
Displays a byte as a character.

Displays a short word in decimal.
Displays a long word in decimal.
Displays a single precision real
number.

Displays a double precision real
TM
o

Diplays a short word in octal.
Displays a long word in octal.

Diplays machine instruction.

number.

Displays string of characters
terminated by a null byte.

Displays a short word in
hexadecimal.
X

Displays a long word in hexadecimal.

Miscellaneous Commands
help

Displays a synopsis of dbx
commands.

quit

Exits dbx.

command-line

Passes command line to the shell

for execution. The SHELL
environment variable determines
which shell is used.
source

filename

Reads dbx commands from given
filename.

1-12 Details of Selected Commands

ed Text Editor
ed [-] [- x] [file]
red [-] [~ x] [file]

Name of file to be edited.
Suppresses display of character

file
-

counts.

Similates x command.

- X

Commands
a

Append text.

Change text.

Delete text.

e file

Edit file.

E file

Edit file, but display no
warning message.

f file

Change name of current file to
file. Default is current file
name.

(1,$) g/RE/command list

Execute commands globally on
each line containing search
expression (RE).

(1,$) G/RE/ Interactively execute commands

globally on each line containing
search expression (RE).
Displays short error message

explaining reason for most

recent ? diagnostic.

Displays error message for all
subsequent ? diagnostics and

previous ?.
Insert text.

Join lines.

Mark line with character x.

List lines and give ASCII
equivalents for nonprintable
characters.

Move addressed lines after line
a.

Details of Selected

Commands 1-13

Number and list each

Print text lines.

Turns on and off ed prompt.

addressed line.

Quit edit session.

($)r file

Read file after the addressed

s/RE/rep/

Substitute replacement

Quit edit session and issue no

warning message.

line.
expression (rep)

for search

g»

expression (RE).

s/RE/rep/g

Substitute replacement

expression (rep) for every

occurrence of search expression

(RE).

t a

Copy lines to address a.

Undo the previous substitution.

(1,8) v/RE/command list

Execute command list on all

lines that do not contain

§
g''''''

search expression (RE).

(1,$) VVRE/ Execute interactive global

command on all lines that do

not contain search expression

(1,$)w file

Write lines to file.

Demands a key string from the

(%=

Print current line number.

standard input.

Ishell command
(.+1)

Execute shell emd.
<newline>

Print next line.

1-14 Details of Selected Commands

—

%
|

—

ex Text Editor
ex [-] [-v] [- t tag]l [~ r] [+ command] [-1]
name...

edit [ex options]

name

Name of file to be edited.

Options

Suppress all interactive user
feedback.

-V
-t tag

Equivalent to vi command.
Edit the file containing the tag

-T

Recover named file after an
editor or system crash. If no
file is specified, display a list of

and position the editor at its
definition. Equivalent to an
initial tag command.

saved files.

Set the showmatch and lisp

-1

options.

Commands

a
c
co
d
e file

Append text.
Change text.
Copy text lines.
Delete text lines.

Edit file.

Print current file name.

g/exp/cmds/ Execute commands globally on all
lines containing search expression
(exp).

Insert text.

Join text lines.

List text lines and show tabs and

ma x

Mark line with character

end of lines.
argument x.

Details of Selected Commands 1-15

m addr

Move text lines after addr.

Edit next file.

Number and list each addressed
line.

Open new line for text insertion.

Print text lines.

Put back deleted or yanked lines.

q
r file

Read file into buffer.

set

Set or list ex options.

Execute shell.

s/exp/rep/

Quit edit session.

Substitute replacement expression

(rep)

for search expression (exp).

Undo last editing command.

Enter vi (full-screen display)

w file

Write buffer back to file.

Exit edit session and write to

mode.

file, if necessary.
y

Yank specified lines to buffer.

!' emd

Exit and execute the specified
command (cmd).

1-16 Details of Selected Commands

]

vi Screen Editor
vi [-t tag] [- r] [+ command] [-1] [- wn]
name

Screen Control Commands
<CTRL/L>

Reprints current screen.

Reprints current screen and
eliminates @

lines.

7z <RETURN >Moves current line to top of
screen.

Moves current line to bottom

of screen.

Moves current line to center

of screen.

/pattern/z—-

Moves line containing patiern
to bottom of screen.

Sets screen size to n lines.

Exposes one more line at
top of screen.

Exposes one more line at

bottom of screen.
n<CTRL/E > Exposes n more lines at
bottom of screen.

n<CTRL/Y > Exposes n more lines at top
of screen.

Paging Commands
<CTRL/F >
<CTRL/B >
<CTRL/D >

Pages forward one screen.
Pages back one screen.
Pages down half screen.
Pages up half screen.

Cursor Positioning Commands
j

Moves cursor down one line,

Moves cursor down n lines,

same column.

Details of Selected Commands 1-17

Moves cursor up one line,
same column.

Moves cursor up n lines,

Moves cursor back one

Moves cursor back n number

Moves cursor forward one

Moves cursor forward n

same column.
character.

of characters.
character.
number of characters.
+

Moves cursor to beginning of
next line.

<RETURN > Moves cursor to beginning of
next line.
Moves cursor to beginning of
previous line.

Moves cursor back to first

nonblank space on current
line.
0

Moves cursor to beginning of

Moves cursor to end of

Moves cursor forward one

Moves cursor to column n.

current line.
current line.
character.
W

Moves cursor forward one

word.
nw

Moves cursor forward n
number of words.

Moves cursor back one word.

Moves cursor back n number
of words.
Moves cursor to end of
current word.

When

repeated, moves cursor to

end of next word.

1-18 Details of Selected Commands

Moves cursor to beginning of
first line on screen.

Moves cursor to beginning of
last line on screen.

Moves cursor to beginning of
middle line on screen.
nG

Moves cursor to beginning of

line n.

Default is last line

of file.
fx

Moves cursor forward on
current line to next
occurrence of x.

Moves cursor back on
current line to previous
occurrence of x.

Moves cursor forward on

current line to character
before «x.
Tx

Moves cursor back on
current line to character

before x.
Repeats previous f, F, t, or

T command.
Reverses direction of f, F, t,
or

T command.

/pattern

Moves cursor forward to next

?pattern

Moves cursor back to

occurrence of pattern.
previous occurrence of
pattern.

Repeats last / or ? pattern
search.

Reverses direction of last /

or ? pattern search.
Finds matching (

{ }, or [

] if cursor on either one of
the pair.

Moves cursor to previous
context.

Functional only

Details of Selected

Commands 1-19

after altering text or

searching a pattern.
Moves cursor to beginning of
previous context line.

Functional only after altering
text or searching a pattern.

Marks current position with
letter x [a-z].
Moves cursor to position
previously marked «x.

Moves cursor to beginning of
line containing position

marked x.

Moves cursor to next section
(for text containing
formatting macros).

[

Moves cursor to previous
section (for text containing
.

formatting macros).

Moves cursor to beginning of
next sentence.

Moves cursor to beginning of
next paragraph.

Moves cursor back to
previous sentence.

Moves cursor back to
previous paragraph.

Text Insertion Commands
a

Appends text after cursor
until stopped by pressing the
escape key.

Appends text at end of
current line until stopped by
pressing the escape key.

Same as $a.
Inserts text before cursor
until stopped by pressing the

escape key.

1-20 Details of Selected

Commands

Inserts text at beginning of
current line until stopped by
pressing the escape key.
Same as i

Opens new line below current
line for text insertion until
stopped by pressing the
escape key.

Opens new line above current

line for text insertion until
stopped by pressing the
escape key.

Backs out text one shift
width. Auto indent must be
set.

<CTRL/0D > Backs out text to left edge
of screen. Auto indent must
be set.

Overwrites last character
during text insertion.
<DELETE > Overwrites last character
during text insertion.

Indents text one shift width.
Shift width must be defined.
Deletes previous word during
text insertion.

<ESC>

Stops text insertion.
Inserts and displays following
control character (next
argument).

Text Deletion Commands

Deletes current word.
Deletes current character.

Deletes previous character.

Deletes n characters.

dw or dW

Deletes current word.

dw or dW

Details of Selected Commands 1-21

ndw

Deletes n words.

Default is

current word (or remai
nder

of current word).
Deletes current word but
leaves punctuation.

de
dd

Deletes current line.
Deletes n lines.

ndd

ndj

Deletes current line plus

d/pattern

n lines.

Deletes from cursor to end
of line.

Deletes all text up to
pattern.

dfx

Deletes text through the

given x.

Text Change Commands

Change commands work with
objects, put

you into insert mode, shift
text to right or

left to fit, and must be ended
with the

escape key.
cc

Changes

characters

current line until stopped

with escape key.
nce

Changes

cw or cW

Changes characters of curren
t

(number)

of lines.

word until stopped with
escape key.
ncw

Changes

c$
ctx

characters

of next

words.

Changes text up to the end

of the line.

Changes text up to the given

letter «.

Changes remaining text on

current line until stopped
by
pressing the escape key.

Changes case of current

character.

1-22

»n

Details of Selected

Commands

Transposes current and
following characters.

Joins current line with next

line.

Moves current line one shift

width to the right.

Moves current line one shift

Moves all lines between

width to the left.
cursor and end of screen one
shift width to the right.

cursor and end of screen one
shift width to the left.

n<< or n>>Moves n number of text
lines one shift width to left
or right respectively.

Text Replacement Commands

Replacement commands work on a single
character or to the end of the line, put you
into overwrite mode, do not shift any text,
and must be ended with the escape key.
rx

Replaces current character with
X.

Replaces existing text on

current line until stopped with

the escape key.

Text Substitution Commands

Subsitution commands work on a character
or line and can be repeated, put you into
insert mode, shift text from right or left to
fit, and must be ended with the escape key.
S

Substitutes text for current
character until stopped by
pressing the escape key.

Details of Selected Commands 1-23

Substitutes text for current
line until stopped by pressing
the escape key.

Substitutes new word(s) for
old.

Written as:

:<addr range> s/oldnew/g,
where addr range is a range of
line numbers. Example: :1,$
s/car/truck/g.

Repeats last substitution (:s)
command.

Undo and Redo Commands

These commands apply to all text alteration
activities.
u

Undoes last change made.
Restores current line.
Repeats last change.

Buffer Usage Commands
nY
Yy

nyy
" np

Yanks n lines to unnamed
buffer. Default is current line.
Yanks current line to unnamed
buffer.

Yanks n lines to unnamed
buffer. Default is current line.
Puts back text from nth
previous delete (1-9).

Yanks current word to

ynw

Yanks n words to unnamed

unnamed buffer.
buffer.

Puts yanked text line(s) after
current line or yanked words
after cursor.

Puts yanked text line(s) before
current line or yanked words
before cursor.

1-24 Details of Selected Commands

"xnY

Yanks n lines to buffer x /[a-z/.

Default is current line.
n

xyL

Yanks text from cursor to end
of screen into buffer x[a-z].

"xy/pattern Yanks text from cursor to

pattern into buffer x[a-z].
" xndd

Deletes n lines and saves them
in buffer x[a-z].

Default is

current line.
"

Puts text from buffer x[a-z]

before current line.
leP

Puts text from buffer x[a—z]
after current line.

You may also yank, copy, or delete a vi
command into a named buffer and then
execute the command with @ x, where x is

any letter a-z that you have used to name
the buffer in which you have put your
command.

Details of Selected

Commands 1-25

File Manipulation Commands
Writes changes to file.
w file

TW(Q
wl file

:q!
e file

:e!

e +n file

eff
:sh

demd
n
:f name

Default is current file.

Writes changes to current file
and quits edit session.

Overwrites file.

Default is to

overwrite current file.

Quits edit session (no changes
made).

Quits edit session and discards
changes.

Edits file.

Discards changes and reedits
current file.

Edits file and places cursor at
line n. Default is to place
cursor at end of file.

Edits alternate file.

Allows

shifting of text between files

by using named buffers.

Executes shell and then
returns to edit session.

Escapes to execute cmd and
then returns to edit session.

dits next file in argument list.
Changes name of current file

to name. Default is to print
‘name of file and current line
number.

<CTRL/G > Displays current file name and
v file

line number.

Reads contents of file into

current file at current cursor

position.

:so file

Sources given €X or Vi

:set nu

Numbers each text line.

command file.

1-26 Details of Selected Commands

Command Filters
A command filter takes input from the
buffer, modifies it, and inserts its output back
into the buffer in place of the input text.
Ixcommand

Uses text of cursor positioning command
x buffer as standard input to the given

command and replaces the buffer text
with output from the command.

Example: !Gsort will sort all text to the
end of the file, then replace those lines

with the sorted output.
lcommand

Performs the command on the current

line, then replaces the current line with
the output from the command.
Example: 4!!sort will sort the next 4
lines and replace those lines with the
sorted output.
v {command

Reads in the output of the command
after the current line.

Example: :r !date

will add the date after the current line.

:w lcommand Sends contents of the buffer to a
command without affecting them.
Examples: :w !we will count the buffer
contents;

:w !llpr will print the buffer

contents;:1,25w !lpr will print lines 1
through 25.

Startup Commands
Map commands and named command buffers can be set
up in the EXINIT variable located in the .login file in
your home directory.

This creates your editing

environment whenever vi is invoked.

Unused keys

available for vi command mapping are K, V, g, q, v, *,

It is also possible to redefine any built-in vi

command keys, as shown in the following example (E,

s and S).

Details of Selected Commands 1-27

Example .login file EXINIT setting:

Auto indent
Auto write
Ignore case on searches

ai
aw
ic

Shift width = 4 spaces (<, >,

CTRL/D, CTRL/T).

Redraw screen after deletes.

redraw

Terse error messages.

terse

Warp margin (spaces from right edge

of screen).

Automatic line splitting.

Wrap scan around end of buffer on

map
:mapx command

Define your own commands.
Map operator where x is any letter,

searches.

command is' any vi/lex command or
combination of commands.
:map g G causes g
Examples:
command to act like G;

:map v

" causes letter v to

change the case of the next 4 letters.

1-28 Details of Selected Commands

Source Command Files

Editor options and key mappings that only affect the

current invocation of vi can be specified in a file that
you source after invoking vi.
Examples:

A file named .dialexrc containing commands “set
noredraw slow” would be useful on a dial-in terminal.
A file named .textexrc containing these commands could
be used when editing English text:
set ic wm=10

ab U ULTRIX

ab UEG ULTRIX Engineering Group

Invoke~ this command from within vi as follows:
:SO

/.textexre

Details of Selected Commands 1-29

Bourne Shell Format
sh [- ceiknrstuvx] [arg] ...

arg

Name of each command sequence to be
executed. If not specified, invokes sh
command for interactive execution.

- ¢ string
- e

Executes the specified commands.
Exits immediately on unsuccessful

-1
-k

Invokes sh for interactive session.
Places all specified keywords into current

execution of a command.

execution environment.

-n

Reads all commands but does not execute
them.

- s

Reads stdin until CTRL/D and uses this
input as the command sequences to be
executed.

-t

-u
-V
-X

Exit after executing one command only.

Treats all undefined variables as an error.
Displays each input line upon execution.
Displays all command sequences before
execution.

Turns off the - x and - v options.

Command Execution

emdl | emd2

Pipes output of cmdl as input to
cmd2.

Executes commands in succession.
emdl 3 cmd2
Executes cmd in background.
cmd &
cmdl && cmd2 Executes ecmd2 only if emdl succeeds.
emdl || emd2 Executes cmd2 only if emdl fails.
Input/Output Redirection

> file
[n]> file
< file
[nl< file

Redirects standard output to file.
Redirects file descriptor n to file output.
Redirects standard input from file.
Redirects input from file to any file
descriptor n.

1-30 Details of Selected Commands

>> file

Redirects standard output and appends to
file.

[nl>> file

Redirects file descriptor n and appends to

file.

<< word
>& n

[m]l>& n

Reads standard input until encounters line
containing only single word.
Duplicates file descriptor n and uses as
standard output.

Duplicates file descriptor n, appends data
from file m to n and uses as standard
output.

n
<&

Duplicates file descriptor n and uses as
standard input.

[ml<& n

Duplicates file descriptor n, appends file
descriptor m to n and uses as standard
input.

<&-

>&-—

Closes standard input.
Closes standard output.

File Name Generation
?
*

Matches any single character.

Matches any string of characters, including
a null string.

[xyz]

Matches any of the enclosed characters
(xyz). Initial dots are never matched.

Variable Substitution

Substitutes defined value for x.
Substitutes all arguments for *.
Same as $* but quotes each argument.

Substitutes option flags used to invoke
current shell.

Substitutes number of specified arguments

for #.

Substitutes exit status of last command

for ?.

Substitutes process ID of current shell for
$.

Details of Selected Commands 1-31

Substitutes process ID of last background

command for !.

$HOME

Substitutes path of default home directory

for HOME.
$PATH

Substitutes default execution search paths

for PATH.
$MAIL

Substitutes path of your mail file for

MAIL.

$PS1

$PS2.

Substitutes primary prompt string for PS1.
Substitutes secondary prompt string for

PS2.
$IFS
$TERM

${p-w}

${p=w}
${p?w}

Substitutes interfield separators for IFS.
Substitutes terminal type for TERM.
Parameter at position n.

Substitutes value for parameter if set;

otherwise substitutes word.
Substitutes value of parameter that is set
to word.

Substitutes value of set parameter. If not
set, prints word and exits from shell.
Prints standard message if word is
omitted.

${p+w}
Quoting
X
2

xXxx

Substitutes word for parameter if set.

Quotes specified character x.
Quotes specified character string xxx,
’
"
$
including special characters:
Quotes specified character string xxx,
excluding , ¢ ", $.
b

XXX

)

The use of double quotation marks (*“ ”’) cause
suppression of file name generation, while permitting
the variable expression to be used. Single quotation

marks (¢ ’) causes suppression of file name generation
and variable substitution.

Control Flow Constructs

All of the following control flow constructs must be the
first command in the list in order to be recognized.

1-32 Details of Selected Commands

for name [in word...] do list done
case word in [patl [pat2]...] list;;... esac
if list then list [elif list then list]...
[else list] fi

while list [do list] done
(list)

Executes commands in list in a

{list}

Executes commands in list in

subshell.

current shell.

Serves as null command to identify

line as comment.

. file

Reads in commands to be executed

break [n]

Exits from loop at specified level n.
Continues with next iteration of loop

continue [n]
cd [arg]

from specified file.

at specified level n.
Changes current directory to arg.

The shell parameter $SHOME is the
default arg.

exit [n]

Exits with specified status n.

eval [arg...]

Reads and executes each specified

exec [arg...]

Executes each specified argument

argument.

export [name...]
login [arg...]
read name

without creating a new process. If
no arguments are given, shell file
descriptors are modified with the use
of input/output directional symbols.
Exports each named variable to
current execution environment.

Equivalent to ‘exec login arg ...
Reads standard input and assigns
name.

readonly [name...] Marks each named variable readonly.
set [- eknptuvx [arg...]]

Sets the following /bin/sh shell
options:

Details of Selected Commands 1-33

-e

Exits immediately if a command fails when
not interactive.

-k

-n

Places all keyword arguments in the
environment for a command, not just those
that precede the command name.
Reads commands but does not execute
them.

-t

Exits after reading and executing one

-u

Treats unset variables as an error when

command.
substituting.

-V

Prints shell input lines as they are read.

- X

Prints commands and their arguments as

they are executed.
Turns off the - x and - v options.

shift

Shifts positional parameters left: $1

times
trap [arg] [n]

Prints accumulated process times.
Executes arg only if signal n is

$2 and so on.

received.

umask [nnn]

wait [n]

Sets the user file creation mask to
the octal value nnn.
Default: Prints
the current value of the mask.
Waits for specified process (n).
Default is to wait for all child
processes.

1-34 Details of Selected Commands

$n
¢+

Substitutes $argvin] for $n.

Substitutes all arguments to the shell for
$*.

Substitutes exit status of last command

for $?.

Substitutes process ID of parent shell for
$8.

Predefined Variables
argv
cdpath
cwd

Contains array of arguments to the shell.
Contains list of alternate directories to
search for chdir command.
Contains path for current working
directory.

echo

Causes each command and argument to be
echoed just before execution with all

translations.
history
home

ignoreeof
mail

noclobber
noglob
nonomatch
notify

path

Contains size of the history list.
Contains path for home directory.
Disables logging out by CTRL/D.
Contains path for mail file.
Prevents accidental file destruction.
Inhibits file name expansion.

Prevents errors in nonmatching file
expansions.

Notifies when job completes.

Contains search paths for command
execution.

prompt
shell

status
term

time

verbose

Contains prompt string.
Contains path to shell program.

Contains status return by last command.
Contains terminal type.

Controls printing of command timing
Echos commands only with history
substitutions.

Control Flow Constructs
foreach name (list)

Details of Selected Commands 1-37

end

switch (string)
case strl:

breaksw
default:

breaksw
endsw

if (expr) emd

if (expr) then

else if (expr2) then

else

endif

while (expr)

end

1-38 Details of Selected Commands

C Shell Format
csh [- cefinstvVxX] [arg ...]

Name of each command to be executed and

arg

command options and arguments, if any.

Displays verbose information as input is read.
Displays command sequence before execution.
Reads commands from specified file (next

_V
_X
C
-

argument).

Exits if command terminates abnormally.
Invoked with fast start up: does not read .cshrc.
Invokes interactive shell (default).
Reads commands, but does not execute them.

~
al

Reads input from stdin.
Exits after one command.

Displays input as read (verbose mode).
Prints on execution.

Command Execution

cmdl | cmd2

Pipes output of cmdl to input of cmd2.

cmdl ; cmd2

Executes commands in succession.

cmd & Executes cmd in background.

cmdl && cmd2

Executes ¢cmd2 only if emdl succeeds.

Exit

status is O.

emdl || emd2

Executes cmd2 only if cmdl fails.

Exit status

is 1.

Quotes specified character x.

Quotes specified character string xxx, including

[

XXX

xxx”’

(19

(¢cmd)

special characters: \,”,$.
Quotes specified character string xuxx,
excluding \ ‘" 8.
Executes cmd in a subshell.

Details of Selected Commands 1-35

Input/Output Redirection

Redirects standard output to file.
Redirects standard input from file.
Redirects standard output and appends it to

> file
< file

>> file

file.

<< word Reads standard input until it encounters any
line containing only word.

Input/Output Modifiers

Overrides noclobber.

Redirects standard error output also to
specified file.

File Name Generation
?
*

Matches any single character.

Matches any string of characters, including a
null string.

[xyz]

Matches any of the enclosed characters
(xyz). There is an error if no match
occurs.

name

Matches specified user’s (name) home
directory. Default is to match your home

{xv,y,z}

Matches any of the enclosed characters,
preserving specified order, without errors.

directory.

Variable Substitution

$name

Substitutes the value of a variable name
for $name.

$nameln]

Substitutes the value of the nth member
of $name.

$name[m-n] Substitutes the values of mith through nth
members of $name.

$#name

Substitutes the number of words in the
value for the variable for $#name.
Substitutes name of file from which
command input is read for $0.

1-36 Details of Selected Commands

Shell Commands

Sets string alias for name. Without

the string, displays alias for name.

Without both name and string,

displays all aliases.

alloc

Displays current memory usage.

beak

Resumes execution after closest

cd [name]

Changes working directory to named

bg [% n]

continue

“ M,

Stops current job.

alias [name] [sting]

dirs

Puts specified job (n) in backgound.
foreach or while statement.
directory.

Continues execution of closest foreach
or while statement.

Prints names in current directory
stack.

echo [- n] [list] Echoes each argument in specified list
eval arg...
exec cmd

with newline at the end, unless - n.

Reads and executes each specified
argument.
Executes c¢cmd in place of current
shell.

exit

Quits current shell.

glob list

Similar to echo, but no escapes or

fg [% n]

goto string
hashstat
history
jobs

kill - sig job

Puts specified job (n) in foreground.
null delimiters

Transfers execution to string.
Displays hash table statistics.
Displays history list.
Displays status of active jobs.

Sends signal to the job. The default
signal is SIGTERM.

Kill -1 displays

the signals.

limit

Sets job limits.

Invokes /bin/login in place of login

logout

Terminates login shell.

shell.

Details of Selected Commands 1-39

Changes group identification.

newgrp
nice

Alters execution priority.

nohup

Ignores hangups.

notify

Notifies of job completion.
Specifies interrupt handling.
Removes top or nth entry from

onintr

popd [+ n]
pushd

directory stack.
Exchanges top two elements on
directory stack.

pushd name
rehash

Changes directory to name and
pushes name on directory stack.
Recomputes command location hash
table.

repeat n cmd

Repeats cmd n times.

set [name] [string]
Set shell variable (name) to string.
Default is to display all variable
settings.

setenv name string
Sets environment variable (name) to
string.

shift
source

name

Shifts argv list left one position.
Reads commands for current shell
from name.

stop [% n]

Stops specified job (n).

Default is to

stop current job.

suspend
time [cmd]

Stops current shell.
Displays summary of execution times
Default is to display times
for emd.
for current shell.

umask mode

Turns off specified permission bits

wait
% n

(mode) on all created files.
Waits for background jobs.
Restates specified stopped job (n).

Displays value of all shell variables.

1-40 Details of Selected Commands

§ SCCS Commands
sces command [command option] [file] [sces]
g

Commands

admin — Creates and administers SCCS files

alogin) to list of those
—a Adds user (- make
changes to SCCS files.

permitted to
Deletes specified SCCS flag (- dflag) from

-d

file.

FErases user (- elogin) from list of those
permitted to make changes to SCCS files.
Turns on specified flag (- fflag).

‘

§§

_f
~h
_i

Checks structure of SCCS file.

Creates using specified file (- iname) as
initial contents.

- m Inserts specified modification request numbers
(— mrlist) into SCCS file.
Creates new SCCS file.

-n

Indicates initial delta release number
(- rSID). Used only with - i keyletter.

—r

%él

Default is 1.1.

Replaces descriptive text with contents of

specified file (- tname).

Inserts specified text (- ycomment) as initial

—-y

comment.

Rebuilds the SCCS file checksum.

—z

Egl

Admin flags (used with f and d options):

cceil

ffloor

dSID

Allows branches.

Retrieves highest release by the get
command for editing (must be a positive
number no higher than 9999, the default
number).

Retrieves lowest release by the get
command for editing (must be a positive
number between 0 and 9999). Default
is 1.

Sets default delta version number (dn)

for get or edit commands.

Details of Selected Commands 1-41

Treats ‘“no id keywords” as a fatal

Allows multiple, concurrent updates to
the same version of any SCCS file,

error.

using the get command for editing.

1ist

Specifies list of releases to which deltas
can no longer be made.
See admin()
for syntax.
|
Creates a null delta in any release that is
skipped when a delta is made in a new
release. Example:
Making delta 5.1 after
2.7 skips releases 3 and 8.
These are
created but are null and serve as anchor
points for branch deltas.

qtext

Substitutes user definable text for all
occurrences of the %Q% keyword in SCCS
file text retrieved by get.

mmod

Substitutes module name of the SCCS file
for all occurrences of the %#M% keyword in
file text retrieved by get.

Default is name

of the SCCS file with the leading s.
removed.

vipgm]

Prompts for modification request (MR)
numbers as the reason for creating a delta.

ttype
cde -

Module type.

Changes delta commentary

- m[mrlist]

Adds or deletes specified modification
numbers (— mlist).

Must be used

with - r option.

- rSID

Indicates delta version number.

- ylcomment]

Replaces comments already existing
for the delta specified by the - r
keyletter.

check

- Displays information only about files being
edited and returns exit status. (Similar to
info.)

clean — Removes recreatables files.

1-42 Details of Selected Commands

comb - Combines deltas.
-C
-0

Preserves specified deltas (- clis?).
Accesses reconstructed files at release of delta.
Oldest delta to preserve (- pSID).
Generates script that reports: file name, size

(after), size (before), and percentage changed.

create — Creates SCCS file.

deledit— Produces a delta and gets new g-file for edit.
delget— Produces a delta and gets new g- file
delta
-8

Specifies list of deltas to be ignored - gllist].

- m

Indicates modification request number

-n

Does not delete edited file.

(- m[mrlist]).

- P

Prints differences before and after deltas are

Indicates new delta release number (- rSID).

-8

-y

applied.

Suppresses messages.

Creates delta with specified commentary

(- ylcomment]).

edit — Get SCCS file for editing
-b

Creates a branch

Includes specified list of deltas (- ilis?).
Gets specified version (- rSID) for editing.
Excludes specified list of deltas (- xlis?).
- X
fix — Removes delta and edits earlier version
-1i

-r

get — Get copies of SCCS files

Retrieves specified delta sequence number
(- asegqg-no.).

Gets delta from branch. Used with - e.
Does not apply deltas created after specified
date—time (- ccutoff in the form
YYMM[DD[HHMMI[SSTIID .

Details of Selected Commands 1-43

- e

Gets specified delta version for editing.

KEqual

to edit.

- g
-i
-k
-1
- m
-n

Suppresses getting text from SCCS file.
Includes specified list of deltas (- ilis?).
Does not expand ID keywords.
Writes delta summary to |- file.
Precedes each line with delta version number.
Precedes each line with identification keyword.

-r

Gets specified version number (- rSID).

-8

Suppresses all messages.

-t
- x

Gets most recent (top) delta.
Excludes specified list of deltas (- xlist).

- p

Writes text to stdout.

info — Displays information about files being edited
- b

- u

Displays information about files edited by
named user (- uname).

prs — Displays information from SCCS files.
- a

Ignores branches.

Displays information for both existing and
removed deltas.

- d

Displays information specified by dataspec
(- ddataspec).

- e

-1

Displays information for all deltas created

before and including specified delta (- eSID).

Displays information for all deltas created

including and after specified delta (- 1SID).

- r

Indicates delta version number (- rn).

-t

Prints descriptive text.

prt — Display changes made to SCCS files.

rmdel - Removes deltas

-r

Removes specified version (- rSID).

scesdiff — Display differences between SCCS files.
- p

Pipes output through pr command.

-r

Specifies first delta (- rSIDI).

-r

Specifies second delta (- rSID2).

%""""" |

1-44 Details of Selected Commands

- s

Specifies segment size for bdiff (- sn).

scecshelp — Displays help for SCCS error messages.

tell - Displays only names of SCCS files being
edited.

unedit -~ Undo SCCS edit command.
unget - Undo SCCS get command.

-n

Retains copy of SCCS file.

- s

Suppresses all messages.

—r

Indicates delta version number (- rSID).

val — Validates SCCS files.

- m

Compares specified value (- mname) with

—r

Indicates delta version number (- rSID).

- s

-y

%M% keyword.

Suppresses all error messages.

Compares specified type (- ytype) with %Y%

keyword.

what — Displays SCCS ID keywords in object files.

Details of Selected Commands 1-45

mail program
mail [- v] [- 1] [- n] [- s subject] [user]

mail [- V] [- i] [- n] - f [name]
mail [- V] [- |i] [- n] - u user

Checks mbox or the specified file instead

~f
-1

of your normal account for mail.
Ignores all terminal generated interrupt

- 1n

Ignores /usr/lib/Mail.rc during startup.

signals.

- s subject Uses specified subject for mail header.
- u user
-V

Checks specified user’s account for mail.

Displays verbose delivery information.

Write and Send Commands
Sets or lists aliases.

Lists addresses where messages are not to

alt

be sent.

Deletes one message or range of
messages. (For example: d1-10 deletes
messages 1 through 10. Default is to

delete current message.

dp or dt

Deletes current messages and prints next
message.

Edits messages with ex editor, unless the
.mailrc file set editor command specifies
another editor.

ex
m

Exits from mail, with no modifications
Sends mail to current message sender.
Use m name to specify another.
Quits mail session.

Routes reply to originator of message
only. Does not reply to other recipients

of the original message.
r or respond Routes reply to sender and all who
received message.
se

Sets options in form of ‘“‘option=value” or
“option’””.

If no argument if given,

1-46 Details of Selected Commands

displays all variable values.
Undeletes all messages marked for
deletion by the d command.
Undeletes numbered message.
Takes list of names defined by alias
commands and cancels the list of users.
°

unset

Discards values assigned to option.

The

inverse of set.

Edits messages with vi editor.
lcommand

Escapes to a shell, then executes the
given shell command.

Read Commands
fn or from

Displays numbered message header.
f displays current message header,
f* displays all message headers.
Lists current range of headers, in
message group determined by the speed

of your terminal. Terminals with a baud
rate of < 1200 list 5 headers, 10 if the
baud rate is 1200, and 20 if the baud
rate is > 1200. The default range can
be overridden by the screen command.
hn begins with message n.

help

Displays summary of mail commands.
Identical

ignore

to ? command.
Eliminates selected header items on

displayed message. When used by itself,
ignore displays the current list of
ignored header fields.

Displays next message.

Displays messages on terminal.
Identical to t.

Displays messages on terminal plus

extensive header information.

Identical

to T.

Details of Selected Commands 1-47

size

Lists size, in characters, of current
message in mail directory. size* gives
size of all messages.

Reads mail commands from a file.
Displays messages on terminal.
Identical to p.

Displays messages on terminal plus

extensive header information.

Identical

to P.
topm

Displays n number of top lines of
message m, as determined by the
variable toplines. Default is 5.
Displays windows of message headers.

See h and screen commands for window
sizes. z or z+ moves forward to next
window; z- moves to previous window.

Displays next message in sequence.
Returns to previous message.

Displays summary of mail commands.
> Displays next message in sequence.
<RETURN

Store Commands
ch

Changes directory to that specified.
Default is login directory.

co n file
ho n

Copies message n to file and does not
delete that message from mail list.
Holds message n in system mail box.
ho* holds all messages.

fi or file

folder

Switches to new mail file or folder.
Identical to folder command.
Switches to new mail file or folder.
With no argument, tells you which file
you are currently reading. With
argument given, writes changes made to
current file and reads in new file.
Conventions used are: #, previous file;
%, system mailbox; %user, user’'s system
mailbox; &, your 7mbox file; +folder, a
file in your folder directory.

1-48 Details of Selected Commands

folders

Lists names of folders in folder
directory.

mbox

Sends message to mbox file after you

pre

Preserves message in system mailbox.

s file
sh

w file

quit mail session.

Identical to ho command.
Saves messages in a named file.
Invoke /bin/sh shell.
Writes message to a given file.
Identical to s command.

Tilde Escape Commands

Tilde escapes are only recognized at the beginning of
lines and are used to perform special functions when
composing messages.

Y name

Sends blind carbon copy to specified
user name. (Name will not be included
in cc: list).

T name

Send carbon copy to specified user

(name).
d
e

T message
h

o g

TM message

Reads mail from dead.letter file.
Edits message with ex editor.
Reads message into message being sent.
Edits the message header.
Reads message into message being sent,
shifted one tab space to the right.
Prints current message.

Quits current message, but saves
contents in dead.letter file. (Be sure

that nosave is not set in .mailrc file.)
Reads file named into the message.

Substitutes string for current subject

field.

Adds specified user (name) to direct

recipient list.

Edits message with vi editor.
Writes message to file.

Details of Selected Commands 1-49

Yemd
string

Pipes message to cmd as a filter.
Inserts text string in the message
prefaced by a single ~

If the escape

character has been changed, it must be

doubled in order to send the message.
1emd

Executes specified command (cmd).
Executes mail commands. (Example:

%10 prints out message number 10).
~?

Displays brief summary of tilde
commands.

Binary Variables

These options are controlled with the set and unset
commands.

Check first to see whether or not they are

set.

append

Appends messages to end of mbox file.

ask

Prompts for subject header.

askcc

Prompts for carbon copy recipients.

autoprint

Causes d command to act like dt
command.

dot

Interprets a period alone on a line as
the terminator of the message is sent.

hold

Causes messages to be held in system
mailbox by default.

ignore

Ignores interrupts from terminal, such as
CTRL/C and CTRL/D, when set ignore
=

ignoreeof

Refuses to accept CTRL/D as the end of

metoo

Includes self if in distribution list.

msgprompt

Prompts for message text and indicates

message.

how to terminate the message, when
sending mail.
nosave

Prevents the copying of an aborted
message to the dead.letter file.

save

Saves interrupted messages in dead.letter
file.

1-50 Details of Selected Commands

Does not print mail version.
verbose

Puts mail into verbose mode, displaying
message on the terminal when you send
a

message.

String Variables
EDITOR

SHELL
VISUAL
crt
escape

folder

Contains path for default text editor
(e.
Contains path for shell.

Contains path for vi editor (V).
Determines how long a message must be
before more is used to read it.
Contains default escape character.
Contains name of directory to use for
storing folders of messages. If name
begins with /, it is considered to be an
absolute pathname: otherwise, the
directory is found relative to the home
directory.

record
screemn

Contains path for file in which all
outgoing mail is saved.

Defines window size for the h and z
commands. Example: set screen = 18
causes mail to display message headers
in groups of 18.

toplines

Contains number of lines to print for

the top command.

Details of Selected Commands 1-51

nroff and troff Primitives
NOTE:

Troff is not supported by Digital Equipment

Corporation.

‘Font and Character Control Primitives

ps n
Jt x
ul n
|

Sets point size to n (troff only).
Changes font to x (troff only).
If nroff, underlines next n input lines.
troff, italicizes next n input lines.

Page Control Primitives

.pl +-n Sets page length to n.

Default measure is

n lines.

Jbp +- n Begins new page and numbers page n.
.pn +— n Numbers next page n.

.ne n

Begins new page if n vertical space does
not fit on current page.

Default measure

is n lines.

.po +-n Sets left margin (page offset) to +-n.
Default measure is n ems.

Text Filling, Adjusting, Centering Primitives
.br
nf
fi

Forces break in text.
Does not fill or adjust text.
Begins text filling.

.na

Does not adjust text (ragged right
margin).

ad x
.ce n

Adjusts text with mode x.
Centers next n input lines.

Vertical Spacing Primitives

ds n

Sets line spacing: places n— 1 blank lines
between output text lines.

Sp +-n Sets vertical spacing: negative n spaces

backwards.

Default measure is n lines.

Line Length and Indenting Primitives

Jl +-n

Sets line length to n.

Default measure is

]

n lines.

1-52 Details of Selected Commands

in +-n Indents text by n.

ti +- n

ems.

Default measure is n

Indents next output line n.

Default

measure is n ems.
Macros, Strings, Number Registers Primitives

]

.de xx

Defines macro xx. (Characters .. on
separate line ends definition.)

ds xx string

Defines specified string (xx) to string.
Calls contents of one-character string x.
Calls contents of two-character string xx.

ar r xx

Sets specified value (xx) to number
register r.

nx
nxx

Calls contents of one-character register x.
Calls contents of two-character register xx.

Conditional

Primitives

if x cmds

Executes specified commands (cmds), if

if ¢ cmds

Executes specified commands (cmds), if

if n cmds

Executes specified commands (cmds), if

if 'n emds

Executes specified commands (emds), if

condition x is true.

Efi

condition ¢ is false.
n > 0.

§§
§§

n <= 0.

if ’strl’str2’ cmdsstrl’str2’ emds’u>(231u+1n) .br

Executes specified commands (cmds), if
strl is identical to str2.

if Vstrl’str2’ cmdsstrl’str2’ cmds’u>(231u+1n) .br
Executes specified commands (cmds), if
strl is not identical to str2.

de ¢ cmds

.el cmds

Constitutes “if”’ portion of “if...else”
statement. Similar if statements above.
Constitutes ‘“‘else’” portion of “‘if...else”
statement

Details of Selected Commands 1-53

input/Output Options

These options may appear in any order but must be
used in the general form:
nroff options files.

- olist

Prints only pages whose page numbers
appear in the comma-separated list of

numbers and ranges. Range N-M means
pages N through M; an initial - N means

- nN
- sN

from the beginning of page N; and a final
N- means from N to the end.
Number the first generated page N.
Stop printer every N pages to allow paper
loading or changing, then resumes printing

upon receipt of a newline. Default is 1.
— mname Prepend macro file /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.name

- raN
- i

-q

to the input files.

Set register a (one-character) to N.
Read standard input after the input files
are exhausted.

Invoke the simultaneous input-output mode
of the rd request.

— Tname Prepare output for the specified terminal
-e
-h

(name).

Produce equally spaced words in adjusted
lines, using full terminal resolution.

Use output tabs during horizontal spacing
to speed output and reduce output

character count.

Tabs are assumed to be

8 nominal character widths.

1-54 Details of Selected Commands

- ms Macro Package
NOTE:

Troff is not supported by Digital Equipment

Corporation.
Format Macros

Specifies 1 column format.

Specifies 2 column format.

Paragraphs

Begins indented paragraph.

Begins left-adjusted paragraph.
JP xx n Begin indented paragraph: indents body n
spaces and prints tag (xx) in margin.
Section Head Macros

NH
SH

Specifies numbered section heading.
Specifies unnumbered section heading.

Indent and Display Macros

RS
RE

Increases relative indent.
Ends relative indent.

DS x

Begins displayed text: indented but not
filled. Values for x are: L (left-adjusted
text) or C (centered text).

Ends displayed text.

Keep Macros

KS
JKF

Begins block of text to be kept together.
Begins floating keep: text kept together as

adequate space.
Ends keeps.

a unit, but output only when there is

Footnotes

F'S

Begins footnote text.

JFE

Ends footnote.

Font and Point Size Macros

Begins italics (troff).

Begins underlined

text (nroff).

Details of Selected Commands 1-55

Begins bold text (troff).
Begins Roman type (default).

Changes to smaller point size (troff).
Changes to larger point size (troff).
Returns to normal point size (troff).
Underlines specified word.

eqn and tbl Preprocessors Macros
EQ

Begins equation.

Ends equation.

Begins table.

Begins table with repeated headings.
Ends heading section of table.

Ends table.

TS H

Macros for Papers
DA
RP

Forces date on each page.
Begins released paper format: cover sheet
with title and abstract.

TL
AU

Specifies title on following line(s).
Specifies author(s) on following line(s).
Specifies author’s institution on following
lines.

.AB

Begins abstract.

Ends abstract.

.ND

Does not print date.

1-56 Details of Selected Commands

mh -Message Handler
Programs to send, receive, save, and retrieve messages.
ali - list mail aliases
Syntax

ali [-alias aliasfile] [-list] [-nolist] [- normalize]
[- nonormalize] [-user <useradr>] [- nouser] aliases ...
[- help]

anno -

annotate messages

Syntax

anno [+ folder] [msgs] [- - component field] [- inplace]

[- noinplace] [-text body] [-helpl .

burst - explode digests into messages
Syntax

burst [+ folder] [msgs] [-inplace] [-noinplace] [- quiet]
[- noquiet] [- verbose] [-noverbose] [- helpl]
comp -

compose a message

Syntax
comp [+ folder] [msg]

[- draftfolder + folder] [- draftmessage msgl
[- nodraftfolder] [-editor editorname] [-noedit]
[- file filename] [-form formfile] [-use] [- nousel]
[- whatnowproc program] [- nowhatnowproc] [- helpl

Details of Selected Commands 1-57

dist — redistribute a message to
additional addresses
Syntax
dist [+ folder] [msg] [- annotate] [- noannotate]
[- draftfolder + folder] [- draftmessage msgl
[- nodraftfolder] [-editor editorname] [-noedit]
[- form formfile] [-inplace] [-noinplace]
[- whatnowproc program] [-nowhatnowproc] [- help]

folder - set folder or display current
foldername
Syntax
folder [+ foldername] [msg] [-all] [-fast] [-nofast]
[- header] [-noheader] [-pack] [-nopack] [-recurse]

[- norecurse] [-total] [-nototal] [-print] [- noprint] [- list]
[- nolist] [- push] [-popl] [- help]

folders -

list folders and contents

Syntax
folders [folder] [msg] [-fast] [-nofast] [- header]
[- noheader] [-pack] [-nopack] [-recurse] [-norecurse]
[-total] [-nototal] [- print] [-noprint] [-list] [- nolist]

[- push] [- popl [-help]

forw -

forward messages

Syntax
forw [+ folder] [msgs] [- annotate] [- noannotate]

[- draftfolder FI+ folder] [- draftmessage msg]
[- nodraftfolder] [-editor editorname] [-noedit]

1-58 Details of Selected Commands

[ filter filterfile] [-form formfile] [-format] [- noformat]
[- inplace] [- noinplace] [- whatnowproc program]
[- nowhatnowproc] [- digest list] [-issue number]
[- volume number] [-helpl

inc - incorporate new mail
Syntax

inc [+ foldername] [- audit audit-file] [- noaudit]
[- changecur] [- nochangecur] [-form formaifile]
[- format string] [-file name] [-silent] [-nosilent]
[ truncate] [-notruncate] [- width columns] [-help]
mark -

mark messages

Syntax

mark [‘+ foldername] [msgs] [-sequence name...] [-add]
[ delete] [-list] [- public] [- nopublic] [-zero] [-nozero]
[- help]

mh - Message Handler

mhl - produce formatted listings of MH
messages

Syntax

Jusr/new/lib/mh/mhl [-bell] [- nobell] [- clear] [-noclear]
[- folder + foldername] [-form formfile] [-length lines]
[- width columns] [- moreproc program] [-nomoreproc]
[files ...] [-helpl

Details of Selected Commands 1-59

mhmail -

send or read mail

Syntax
mhmail [aeddrs ...] [-body text] [-cc addrs ..]
[- from addr] [-subject subject] [- help]

mhpath - print full pathnames of MH
messages and folders

Syntax
mhpath [+ foldername] [msgs] [- help]

msgchk -

check for messages

Syntax
msgchk [-nodate] [-notify all/mail/nomail] [users ...]

[- help]

msh -

MH shell

Syntax
msh [-prompt siring] [-scan] [-noscan] [-topcur]
[- notopcur] [file] [- help]

next -

show the

next message

Syntax
showproc] [-help]

1-60 Details of Selected

Commands

program] [-noshowproc] [switches for

}

next [+ foldername] [-header] [-noheader] [-showproc

?_Iackf -

compress a folder into a single

ile

Syntax
packf [+ folder] [msgs] [-file name] [- help]

pick - select messages by content
Syntax
pick [+ folder] [msgs] [-and ..] [-or ..] [-not ..]
[- lbrace ... —rbrace] [-search] [- - component patiern]
[- after date] [-before date] [- datefield field]
[- sequence name ...] [-public] [-nopublic] [-zero]
[- nozero] [-list] [-nolist] [- help]

prev - show the previous message
Syntax
prev [+ foldername] [-header] [- noheader]
[- showproe program] [-noshowproc] [-switches for
showproc] [~ help]

prompter - prompting editor front-end
Syntax
prompter [-erase chr] [-kill chr] [- prepend] [-noprepend]
[- rapid] [-norapid] file [- help]

rcvstore - incorporate new mail

asynchronously

Details of Selected Commands 1-61

Syntax
rcvstore [+ folder] [- create] [-nocreate] [-sequence name]

[- public] [- nopublic] [-zero] [-nozero] [-help]

refile —

file message

in other folders

Syntax
refile [msgs] [-draft] [-link] [-nolink] [- preserve]

[- nopreserve] [-src + foldername] [-file filename] + folder

[- help]

repl —

reply to a message

Syntax
repl [+ folder] [msg] [- annotate] [- noannotate]
[-cc all/to/cc/me] [-noce all/to/cc/me]
[- draftfolder + foldername] [- draftmessage msg]

[- nodraftfolder] [-editor editor] [-noedit]
[- fee + foldername] [-filter filterfile] [-form formfile]
[- format] [-noformat] [-inplace] [-noinplace] [- query]
[- noquery] [-width columns] [- whatnowproc program]
[- nowhatnowproc] [- help]

rmf -=

remove folder

Syntax
rmf [+ foldername] [-interactive] [-nointeractive] [- help]

remove

messages

rmm

1-62 Details of Selected Commands

Syntax
rmm [+ folder] [msgs] [- help]

scan - produce a one-line-per-message
|

scan listing

Syntax
scan [+ folder] [msgs] [-clear] [-noclear]

[- form formatfile] [-format siring] [- header] [-noheader]
[- width columns] [-help]

send -

send a message

Syntax

send [-alias aliasfile] [- draft] [- draftfolder + foldername]
[- draftmessage msgl] [- nodraftfolder] [-filter filterfile]
[- nofilter] [-format] [- noformat] [-forward] [-noforward]
[- msgid] [- nomsgid] [-push] [-nopush] [- verbose]
[- noverbose] [- watch] [-nowatch] [- width columns]
[file ...] [-help]

show - show (list)

messages

Syntax

show [+ folder] [msgs] [-draft] [-header] [-noheader]
[- showproc program] [-noshowproc] [switches for
showproc] [- help]

slocal - MH receive-mail hooks

Details of Selected Commands 1-63

Syntax
slocal $HOME/.maildelivery [-form formfile]

[switches for postproc] address ...

[-help]

[asr/mew/lib/mh/rcvpack file [- help]
fusr/mew/lib/mh/revtty [command ...] [- help]

sortm -

sort messages

Syntax
sortm [+ folder] [msgs] [- datefield field] [~ verbose]
[- noverbose] [- help]

whatnow -

prompting front-end for send

Syntax
whatnow [- draftfolder + folder] [- draftmessage msgl]
[- nodraftfolder] [-editor editorname] [-noedit]

[- prompt string] [file] [- help]

Syntax
whom [- alias aliasfile] [-check] [-nocheck] [- draft]

[- draftfolder + folder] [- draftmessage msg]
[- nodraftfolder] [file] [- help]

o
L

1-64 Details of Selected Commands

message
|]

whom - report to whom a
would go

]

Other Section 1 Commands 2

This section summarizes the remaining commands from
Section 1 of the Reference Pages.

2780e - spooler for the IBM 2780
emulator
Syntax

2780e [-m] [-a] [-q] [-b] [-t] [-Sfile] [-#num] file...
[-o0 file...]

Options
-#

Waits for num files to be received

as output from job and gives default
file names in the form Ruseridpid.
Send file as priority job.

Transmits the file to an IBM

system that accepts multiple record

transmission.

Notifies user by mail that file was
sent and output was received.
Name output files with specified file
names.

Prepares the file for transmission
and places it in /usr/spool/rje but

does not call 2780d to transmit.

-S

Sends contents of file to the IBM
system as a sign-on card.

Sends data in transparent mode.

-t

3780e - spooler for the
emulator

IBM 3780

Syntax
3780e [-C] [-m] [-a] [-q] [-tlb]] [-Sfile] [-#num] file...

[-0 file]

Options
- #f

Waits for num files to be received
as output from job and gives default
file names in the form Ruseridpid.

Send file as priority job.
Transmits the file to an IBM
system that accepts multiple record
transmission.

Prevents the compression of spaces

when files are sent.
Notifies user by mail that file was
sent and output was received.

Name output files with specified file
names.

Prepares the file for transmission
and places it in /usr/spool/rje but
does not call 2780d to transmit.

Sends contents of file to the IBM
system as

a sign-on card.

Sends data in transparent mode.

2-2 Other Section

Commands

Transmits the file to an IBM

-tb

system that accepts multiple 80-

column card records in transparent
mode.

addbib - create or extend
bibliographic database
Syntax
addbib [-p promptfile] [-a] database

Options

Suppresses prompting for an

—a

abstract.

Causes use of a new prompting

-p

skeleton, defined in promptfile.

PI - applya command to a
of arguments

Syntax
apply [-ac] [-n] command args...

apropos - locate commands by
keyword lookup

Syntax
apropos keyword...

ar - archive and library maintainer

Other Section 1 Commands 2-3

Syntax
ar —key [posname] afile name...

Prints the named files in the archive.
Appends the named files to the end of the
Replaces the named files in the archive file.

archive file.

Prints a table of contents of the archive file.
Extracts the named files.

Tells the ar command that new files should be

placed after posname.
Tells the ar command that new files should be

placed before posname.
Suppresses the message that is normally produced
when afile is created.
Tells the ar command that new files should be
placed before posname.
Places files in the local directory instead of the

/tmp directory where they are normally placed.
Resets the last-modified date to the date recorded

in the archive.

Replaces only those files with last-modified dates
later than the archive files.

Gives a file-by-file description of the making of a
new archive file from the old archive and the
constituent files.

2-4 Other Section

Commands

Moves the named files to the end of the archive.

Deletes the named files from the archive file.

Options

as -

assembler

Syntax
as [-d124] [-L] [-W] [- V] [-d] [-R] [-t directory] [-o0
objfile] [name...]

Options
-d

Specifies number of bytes for offsets
that involve forward or external
references and have sizes unspecified
in assembly language.

Uses long branches to resolve jumps
when byte-displacement branches are
insufficient.

Saves defined labels beginning with
L, which are normally discarded.
Specifies the name of the output
file.

Make initialized data segments read
only, by concatenating them to the
text segments.

Specifies a directofy other than the
default /tmp to receive the

temporary file.

Uses virtual memory rather than a
temporary file for immediate
storage.

Do not complain about errors.

at, batch - execute commands at
a later time

Other Section 1

Commands 2-5

S
Syntax
at time [day] [file]
at -r job...
at -1 [job]

batch [ file]

Options

-r
-1

Removes jobs previously scheduled

by at or batch.

Used to obtain or verify the job
numbers.

awk - pattern scanning and
processing language

Syntax
awk [-Fc] [-f prog] [-] [file...]

Options
Used for standard input file.

-Fec

Sets interfield separator to named

- fprog

Uses prog file for patterns and

character.
actions.

basename - strip directory names

from pathname
Syntax
basename string [suffix]

2.6 Other Section 1 Commands

be - interactive arithmetic
language

processor

Syntax
be [-c] [-1] [file...]

Options
-C

Compiles input only.

-1

Names arbitrary precision math
library.

bdiff - big file differential

comparator
Syntax

bdiff filel file2 [n] [-s]

Options

-s

Suppresses normal diagnostic
messages.

biff -= be notified if mail arrives
and who it is from
Syntax
biff [yn]

Options

-n

Disables notification that mail has
arrived.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-7

Enables notification that mail has

-y

arrived.

binmail - send or receive mail
users

among

Syntax
/bin/mail [+] [-i] [ person...]

/bin/mail [+] [-i] -f file

Options
-f

Displays mail messages contained in
the specified file (next argument) in
place of your mailbox file.

~1i

Notifies mail to continue after
interrupts.

cal -

print calendar

Syntax
cal [ month] year

calendar service

calendar reminder

Syntax
calendar [ - ]

Options
-

Functions for every user who has a
calendar file in his login directory.

2-8 Other Section 1

Commands

capsar - prepares a DOTS or DDIF
document for transport in the Mail
system

Syntax
capsar [-c] [-t] [-x[WTD]] [filename]

Options
-cC

Create an encapsulated DOTS
bodypart from filename.

-t

Write the message type of filename
to standard output.

-xh

Extract mail header lines from
filename.

-xT

Extract all text parts of filename to
standard output.

-xD

Extract all DOTS bodyparts from
filename.

cat - concatenate and print data
Syntax

cat [-b] [-e] [-n] [-s] [-£] [-ul [-v] file...
Options

-b

Ignores blank lines and precedes
each output line with its line

number.

-e
-n

Displays a dollar sign ($) at the
end of each output line.

Precedes all outputlines (including

blank lines) with line numbers.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-9

Squeezes adjacent blank lines from

-8

output and single spaces output.

Displays non-printing characters

-t

(including tabs)

in output.

-u

Unbuffers output.

-V

Displays non-printing characters
(excluding tabs).

cb - C program beautifier
Syntax
cb

cc -

C compiler

Syntax
cc [option...] file...

Options
-f

Specifies that computations involving only
FFLOAT numbers be done in single precision and
not promoted to double.

-g

Directs the compiler to produce additional symbol
table information for dbx(1).

-0

Uses the object code optimizer.

cd -

change current directory

Syntax
cd directory

Vel

Commands

2-10 Other Section 1

cdoc - Compound document
converter
Syntax

cdoc [ —s format 1 [ -d format 1 [ -O file

1[ -o

outputfile 1 inputfile

Options

Specifies the format of the input (source) file.
Specifies the format of the output (destination)

—~d

file.

—0

Names a file that contains the processing options

-0

Specifies the name of the output file.

to be applied during conversion.

cflow - generate C flow graph
Syntax

cflow [-r] [-ix] [-i_] [-dnum] files
Options

-d

The num decimal integer indicates the depth at

-i_

Includes names that begin with an underscore.
Includes external and static data

-ix
-7

which the flow graph is cut off.

symbols.

Reverse the "caller:callee”

relationship producing an inverted
listing showing the callers of each
function.

Other Section

1 Commands 2-11

checknr -

check nroff/troff files

Syntax
checknr [-s] [-f] [-ax1.yl.x2.y2. ...
[-e.x1.x2.x3...

.xn.yn]

.xn] [file...]

Options
-a

Allows additional pairs of macros to
be added to the list.

-c

Defines commands otherwise

-f

Ignores

\f font changes.

-S

Ignores

s font changes.

complained about as undefined.

chfn -

change system finger entry

Syntax
chfn [ loginname ]

chgrp -

change file group

Syntax
chgrp [-f] group file...

Options
= i

Reports only system and usage
messages.

oo]

2-12 Other Section 1 Commands

chmod -

change file mode

Syntax

chmod mode file...

chsh - change login shell
Syntax
chsh name [shell]

clear - clear terminal screen
Syntax
clear

cmp - compare file data
Syntax
cmp [-1] [-s] filel file2

Options
-1

Long format: byte where difference occurs
(decimal) and data differences (octal).

—~s

Suppresses normal output and displays return code
only.

col - filter reverse line feeds

Other Section

Commands 2-13

Syntax
col [-options]

Options

-b

Assumes that the output device does not have
backspacing.

~-f

Suppresses moving half lines to the next full
line.

-h

Suppresses conversion of white space to tabs.

-p

Forces through unchanged any unknown escape
sequences that are found in its input.

-x

Suppresses conversion of white space to tabs
(same as —h).

colcrt —_filter nroff output for CRT
previewing

Syntax
colert [-1 [-2] [file...]

Options
-

Suppresses all underlining.

-2

Causes half-lines to be printed, double spacing the
output.

?_?Irm - remove columns from a
ile

Syntax
colrm [ startcollendcol]]

2-14 Other Section 1

Commands

comm - compare sorted data
Syntax
comm [-[123]] filel file2

Options
1

Suppresses column one: lines in filel only.

Suppresses column two: lines in file2 only.

Suppresses column three: lines in filel and file2.

compact, uncompact, ccat -

compress and uncompress files,
and cat them
Syntax
compact [name...]
uncompact [ name...]
ccat [ file...]

compress, uncompress, zcat compress and expand data
Syntax

compress [ -f1 [ -v ][ -c ][ -b dits ] [ name ... ]

uncompress [ -f] [ -v ][ -c ][ name
]
zeat [ name ... ]

Options

-f

Forces compression of name.

-C

Makes compress/uncompress write to
standard output.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-15

1
A

-b

Specifies the allowable bits limit.

-v

Displays the percent reduction of
each file.

cp -

copy file data

Syntax
cp [-i] [-1] filel file2

cp [-i] [-r] file... directory

Options
-1i

Prompts user with the name of file
whenever the copy will cause an old
file to be overwritten.

-1

Copies only to directories.

cpio out

copy file archives in and

Syntax
cpio -0 [keys]

cpio -1i [keys] [ patterns]
cpio -p [keys] directory

Options
-i

Copies files that match the specified
pattern.

-0

Copies out the specified files.

-Pp

Copies file into the specified
directory.

Commands

2-16 Other Section 1

|
a
§

cpp - the C language

preprocessor

Syntax
Nib/cpp [ option ... 1 [ ifile [ ofile ] 1]
Options

-B
-C

-M

Strips C+ +-style comments (begin

with // and end with newline).

Passes along all comments, except

those found on cpp directive lines.

Generates dependency lists suitable

for use with make(1) instead of the
normal output.

-P

Preprocesses the input without

producing the line control
information used by the next pass
of the C compiler.

-R

Permits recursion when a macro is

- Uname

Removes any initial definition of

expanded.

name where name is a reserved
symbol that is predefined by the

preprocessor.

-~ Dname

- Dname= def

- Idir

Defines name as if by a #define
directive.

Changes the algorithm for searching

for #include files whose names do
not begin with a backslash () to
look in dir before looking in the
directories on the standard list.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-17

csplit —

context split

Syntax
csplit

[ -=s 1 [ -k ][ —-f prefix ] file argl [ ...argn |

Options
-5

Suppresses the printing of all
character counts.

-k

Leaves previously created files
intact.

—fprefix

Names the created files
prefix00...prefixn.

ctags -

create a tags file

Syntax
ctags [options] name...

Options
-a

Appends information to an existing
tags file.

Uses backward search patterns.

-F

Uses forward search patterns.
Creates typedef tags.
Updates the specified tags file.
Generates an index listing function
name, file name, and page number.

Suppresses warning diagnostics and
generates a listing.

2-18 Other Section

Commands

ctod - combine DDIS objects into
DOTS format
Syntax
ctod [ —x ] object.ddis

Options

-X

Specifies that ctod is to DOTS

encode the input file without
resolving any external references
present in the file.

ctrace - C program debugger
Syntax
ctrace [options] [file]
ctc [options] [file]
cter [options] [file]

Options

—ffunctions
- vfunctions

Trace only these functions.
Trace all but these functions.

cut - cut out selected fields of
each line of a file
Syntax

cut —clist [filel file2...]

cut —flist [-dchar] [-s] [filel file2...]

Other Section 1 Commands 2-19

Options
list

Specifies ranges that must be a
comma-separated list of integer field

numbers in increasing order.
~clist

Specifies character positions to be
cut out.

—flist

Speficies the fields to be cut out.

—dchar

Uses the specified character as the

field delimiter.
-S

Supresses lines with no delimiter

characters.

cxref - generate
reference

C program cross

Syntax
cxref [options] files

Options
-cC

Prints a combined cross-reference of

-Dname

Defines name to processor, as if by

- Idir

Searches named directory for

all input files.

#define.

#include files whose names do not
begin: with a backslash ( \).
-Ix

Abbreviation for library name

/lib/libx.a where x is a string.

- ofile
-S

Directs output to named file.
Operates

silently;

input file names.

2-20 Other Section

Commands

does not print

]

-t

Formats listing for 80-column width.

““““““ .

_Uname

Removes any initial definition of

—w<num>

Width option which formats output

date - print date and time

E
g

name.

no wider than columns (decimal).

Syntax
date [[yylmm[dd]]]hhmm[.ss][-[-1tttt]{z]] [ + format ]

Options

§§

n
t

Insert a new-line character
Insert a tab character

gg m

Month of year — 01 to 12

Day of month - 01 to 31

Last 2 digits of year — 00 to 99

Date as mm/dd/yy

Hour - 00 to 23

Minute — 00 to 59

Second — 00 to 59

Time as HH:MM:SS

Displays time in Greenwich Mean Time

]

Day of year — 001 to 366

Day of week — Sunday = O

Abbreviated weekday — Sun to Sat

Abbreviated month — Jan to Dec

Time in AM/PM notation

)

§§

%fi

Other Section 1 Commands 2-21

dc - desktop calculator
Syntax
de [file]

dd - copy and convert data
Syntax
dd [option =

value... ]

Options
if=name

Input file name.

of=name

Output file name.

ibs=n

Input block size, n bytes.

obs=n

Output block size, n bytes.

Set both input and output block
size to n bytes, superseding ibs and
obs
.

Conversion buffer size, n bytes.
Skip n input records before starting
to copy.

Copy n input files before
terminating.

Seek n records from beginning of
output file before copying.

Use n buffers for reading from
those raw devices that support nbuffered 1/0.
wbuf=n

Use n buffers for writing from those
raw devices that support n-buffered
1/0.

Commands

£y

2-22 Other Section 1

count=n

Copy only n input records.

conv= ascii

Convert EBCDIC to ASCIIL

conv= ebedic

Convert ASCII to EBCDIC.

conv=ibm

Slightly different map of ASCII to
EBCDIC (see RESTRICTIONS).

conv= block

conv= unblock

Convert variable length records to
fixed length.

Convert fixed length records to
variable length.

conv=lcase

Map alphabetics to lower case.

conv= ucase

Map alphabetics to upper case.

conv= swab

Swap every pair of bytes.

conv= noerror

Do not stop processing on an error.

conv= sync

Pad every input record to ibs.

conv= nomulti

Disable multiple tape volumes.

conv=...

deroff - remove formatting codes
from text
Syntax
deroff [-w] file...

Options
-W

Generates word list (one word per
line).

df - display free and used disk

space

Other Section 1 Commands 2-23

Syntax
df [-i] [-n] [filesystem...] [file...]

Options
-i

Also report the number of used and
free inodes.

-n

‘

Do not update the file system
statistics stored in memory.

dgate - log in to a DECnet remote
system through an intermediate
TRIX DECnet host (gateway
system)
Syntax
dgate host

diction,explain - print wordy.
sentences; thesaurus for diction
Syntax
diction [-ml] [-mm] [-n] [-f pfile] file...
explain

Options
-mm

Overrides default macro package
- ms.

-ml

Causes deroff to skip lists.

- fpfile

Specifies pattern file in addition to
default file or, default file can be
suppressed with -n flag.

2-24 Other Section 1

Commands

diff —

differential file comparator

Syntax
diff [-1] [-r] [-s] [-cefh] [-b] dirl dir2

diff [- cefh] [-b] filel file2
diff [-Dstring] [-b] filel file2

Options
-1

Displays output in long format.

-r

Recursively checks files in common

subdirectories.
-S

Displays names of files that are the

- Sname

Beginning with the specified file

-e

Writes output to an ed script.

same.

starts a directory in the middle.

-f

Writes output in reverse order to a
script.

-cn

Displays specified number of context
lines with each output line.

-h
-Dstring

Makes a hasty comparison.
Causes diff to create a merged
version of filel and file2 on the
standard output.

-b

Ignores trailing blanks and other
strings of blanks to compare equal.

diff3 - 3-way differential file
comparison

Other Section

Commands 2-25

Syntax
diff3 [-ex3] filel file2 file3

Options

-3

Produces an ed editor script

containing the changes between filel
and file2 that are to be incorporated
into file3.

-e

Produces an ed editor script

containing the changes between file2
and file3 that are to be incorporated
into filel.

-X

Produces an ed editor script

containing the changes among all

three files.

diffmk - mark differences between
files

Syntax
diffmk namel name2 name3

dircmp - directory comparison
Syntax

diremp [ -d1 [ -s 1[ -wn ] dir..
Options

-d

Compares the contents of files with

the same name in both directories
and output a list telling what must
be changed in the two files to bring

wiinsicd

2.96 Other Section 1 Commands

them into agreement.

-8

Suppresses messages about identical
files.

-Wn

Changes the width of the output
line to n characters.

dirname - deliver directory names

from pathname
Syntax
dirname string

domainname - dasplag or set the
name of the current domain for
this system
Syntax
domainname [ nameofdomain]

dtoc - unpack objects from a
DOTS file

Syntax
dtoc [ object.dots ]| directory ]

du - print amount of disk usage
Syntax
du [-s] [-a] [name...]

Other Section 1 Commands 2-27

Options
-a

Displays the disk usage for each
file.

-s

echo -

Displays a summary total only.

echo arguments

Syntax
echo [-n] [arg...]

Options
-n

echo -

Suppresses newlines from output.

echo arguments

Syntax
echo [ arg ] ...

error — analyze and disperse
compiler error messages
Syntax
error [-n] [-s] [-q] [-V] [-t suffixlist] [-1 ignorefile]

[ name]

Options
- I ignorefile

Ignore the functions listed in the

specified file (next argument).
-n

Does not touch files

and sends error

messages to the standard output.

2-28 Other Section

Commands

Prompts before touching the source
file.

Shows error in unsorted order from
the error file.

Displays statistics for each error
type.

-T

Terse output.

-t suffixlist

Does not touch those files that
match the specified suffix.

Invokes the vi editor on each file
that had been touched.

expand, unexpand - expand tabs

to spaces, and vice versa
Syntax
expand [-tabstop] [-tabn...] [file...]
unexpand [-a] [file...]

Options
Sets tabstops the specified number

—#

of spaces (#)

apart.

When used with unexpand,
compresses file by inserting tabs for
two or more spaces.

expr

evaluate expressions

Syntax
expr

arg...

Other Section 1

Commands 2-29

extract - interactive string exiract
and repiace
Syntax

extract [ -i ignorefile 1 [ -m prefix ] [ -n ][ -p

patternfile 1 [ -s string |
[ —u ] filelist

Options

-i

Specifies a new ignore file to be used to

instruct extract to ignore specific text
strings.

-m

Specifies a prefix to message numbers in

the nl_ file and in the file.

-n

Create a new message source file for

-p

Specifies a new pattern file to be used.

-s

Specifies a string to be output at the

-u

Use a message file produced by a

each input file.

start of the file.

previous run of strextract.

eyacc - modified yacc allowing
much improved error recovery

Syntax
eyacc [-v] [ grammar]

file -

determine file type

2-30 Other Section 1 Commands

|
]

Syntax
file

[

—c

]

[

—f

ffile]

[

-m

mfile]

filename

...

Options

-C

Ei
E%

errors by printing the internal

representation of the magic file.

Checks the magic file for format

-m

Interprets the following argument to

be a file containing the names of
the files to be examined.
Instructs file to use an alternate
magic file.

find - find files
Syntax
find pathname-list

expression

Options

- atime n

Tests true if the file has been

- cpio device

Writes current file on device in

- exec command

accessed in n days.

cpio(5) format (5120-byte records).

Tests true if specified command

returns a 0 on exit.

- group gname

Tests true if group ID matches

—inum n

Tests true if the file has inode

-links n

Tests true if the file has n links.
Tests true if the current file is on

- mount

specified group name.
number n.

the same file system as the current

starting pathname.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-31

-mtime n

Tests true if the file has been

modified in n days.

—-name filename

- newer file

Eg~ ~ ~

Tests true if the filename argument

“

matches the current file name.

Tests true if the current file has

been modified more recently than
the argument file.

- ok command

Executes specified command on

standard output, then standard input

[EE

is read and command executed only
upon

- perm onum

response

Tests true if file has

specified octal

number.
— print

Prints current pathname.

- size n

Tests true if the file is n blocks

-type ¢

[%k k k k

long (512 bytes per block).

Tests true if file is ¢ type ( ¢ = b,
block special file: ¢, character special

Eéyyyyy
)

file: d, directory: f, plain file: 1,

symbolic link: p, type port: s, type

socket).
- user uname

Eg‘

Tests true if file owner is login
name or numeric user 1D.

finger - print user finger
information
Syntax
finger [options] [name...]

2-32 Other Section

Commands

Options

Displays a briefer long form list of
users.

Disables printing of headers for
short and quick outputs.

Suppresses printing of the .project
file.

Displays list of users with idle
times.

Displays output in long format.
Matches arguments only on user
name.

Suppresses printing of the .plan file.
Displays list of users.

Displays output in short format.

Displays narrow short format of
specified users.

fmt - simple text formatter
Syntax
fmt [ name...]

fold - fold long lines for finite
width output device
Syntax
fold [-width] [file...]

Other Section 1 Commands 2-33

from -

identifies sender of mail

Syntax
from [-f mailbox] [-s sender]

Options
- f mailbox

Uses specified file instead of your
normal mail file.

- 8 sender

Prints mail headers for mail sent by
specified sender.

fsplit — split a multi-routine Fortran
file into individual files
Syntax
fsplit [-e efile...] [ file]

Splits only specified subprogram

]

- e efile

]

Options
units into separate files.

ftp -

file transfer program

Syntax
ftp [-v] [-d] [-i] [-n] [-g] [host]

Options
-d

Enables debugging.

-g

Disables file name expansion.

~-i

Disables interactive prompting during
multiple file transfers.

Commands

=
Gk

2-34 Other Section 1

-n

Disables autologin during an initial

-V

Displays all responses from the

connection.

remote server as well as all data
transfer statistics.

gcore

get core images of

running processes
Syntax
geore process-id...

gencat - generate a formatted
message catalog
Syntax

gencat [ -h hdrfile 1 catfile msgfile ....
Options

-h

Causes gencat to generate a header

file suitable for inclusion in the
program source via a #include.

getopt - parse command options
Syntax

set —— ' getopt optstring $*°

gprof - display call graph profile
ata

Other Section 1 Commands 2-35

Syntax
gprof [options] [a.out[gmon.out...]]

Options
- a

Suppresses the printing of statically

-b

Suppresses the printing of a
description of each field in the

declared functions.

profile.
The static call graph of the program
is discovered by a heuristic which
examines the text space of the

object file.
- E

name

Suppresses the printing of the graph
profile entry for routine name (and

its descendants)

as -e, above, and

also excludes the time spent in
name (and its descendants)

from

the total and percentage time
computations.
€

name

Suppresses the printing of the graph
profile entry for routine name and
all its descendants More than one
~e option may be given.

- F name

Prints the graph profile entry of
only the routine name and its
descendants (as -f, above) and also
uses only the times of the printed
routines in total time and
percentage computations.

- f name

Prints the graph profile entry of
only the specified routine name and
its descendants.

Produces a profile file gmon.sum is
produced which represents the sum

2-36 Other Section

Commands

of the profile information in all the

]
~~~ 4

specified profile files.

—Z

Displays routines which have zero
usage (as indicated by call counts
and accumulated time).

graph - draw a graph
Syntax
graph [option...]

Options

-a

-b

Supplies abscissas automatically and

uses next two arguments to set
spacing and starting point.

Breaks graph after each label in the
input.

-C

Uses specified string (next

-g

Uses specified number (next

argument) as label.

argument) in setting up grid style:
0 (no grid), 1 (frame with ticks),
and 2 (full grid).

-h

Uses specified number (next

argument) as fraction of space for

height.

-1

Uses specified string (next

-m

Uses specified number (next

-r

Uses specified number (next

argument) as graph label.

argument) in setting up line mode:
0 (disconnected) and 1 (connected).
argument) as fraction of space to

right before plotting.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-37

-8

Saves screen (no erase) before
plotting.

-t

Transposes vertical and horizontal
axes.

-u

Uses specified number (next

argument) as fraction of space to
move up before plotting.

-w

Uses specified number (next
argument) as fraction of space for
width.

-x [ 1]

Determines x axis logarithmically.

-y [ 1]

Same as x but for y axis.

rep, egrep, fgrep -

regular

search file

expression

Syntax
grep [option...] expression [ file...]
egrep [option...] [expression] [file...]
fgrep [option...]1 [ strings] [file]

Options
-b

Precedes each output line with its
block number.

-C

Produces count of matching lines

- e expression

Uses next argument as expression

only.
that begins with a minus (-).

-f file

Takes regular expression (egrep)
string list (fgrep)

-i

from file.

Considers upper and lowercase letter
identical in making comparisons

(grep and fgrep only).

2-38 Other Section

Commands

-1

Lists files with matching lines only

-n

Precedes each matching line with its

-S

once, separated by a new line.
line number.

Silent mode and nothing is printed

(except error messages).

Displays all lines that do not match
specified expression.

Searches for an expression as for a
word (as if surrounded by ‘\<’ and
¢\>;).

Prints exact lines matched in their
entirety (fgrep only).

groups - show group memberships
Syntax
groups [user]

head - give first few lines
Syntax
head [-count] [file...]

hostid — set or

print identifier of

current host sysiem
Syntax
hostid [ identifier]

Other Section 1 Commands 2-39

hostname -

print system

name

Syntax
hostname [ nameofhost]

ic — compiler for language support
database
Syntax
ic [ —-Dname=def1 [ -Uname 1 [ Idir

1[ -v ][ -0

output ] [ source ]

Options
-D

Defines name to the C preprocessor, as if #define

name had been typed at the head of a source file.
-U

Removes any initial preprocessor definition of

-I

Searches for #include files in the named directory.

-0

Names the ic output file output.

-v

Gives statistics on the number of simple and

name.

double letters, the number of tables in the source

and the size of the generated binary file.

id —

print user and group IDs and

names

Syntax
id

2-40 Other'Section 1 Commands

indent -

indent and format C

program

source

Syntax
indent input [output] [flags]

Options
)

-lnnn

Determines maximum length of
output line.

—cnnn

Determines column in which
comments start.

—-cdnnn

Determines column in which

%%
VVVVVVVV

comments on declarations start.
—-innn

Determines number of spaces for
one indentation level.

- dj,- ndj

Causes declarations to be left
justified.

A V,— nv

-v turns on ‘“‘verbose’” mode, -nv
turns it off.

- be,— nbe

Forces newline after each comma in
a declaration.

—-dnnn

Controls the placement of comments
which are not to the right of code.

- br,~ bl

Specifying -bl causes complex
statements to be lined up in a
space order.

install =

install binaries

Syntax
install [-¢] [-m mode] [-0 owner] [-g group] [-s]
binary destination

Other Section 1

Commands 2-41

Options
Moves or copies binary to

-c

destination.

- g group

Specifies a different group from

- m mode

Specifies a different mode from the

- 0 owner

Specifies a different owner from

group staff for destination.
standard 755 for destination.

owner root for destination.

Strips the binary after it is

-s

installed.

iostat -

report 1/0O statistics

Syntax
iostat [intervallcount]]

ipcrm

remove

semaphore set

message

queue,

Syntax
ipcrm [options]

Options
-q msqid

Removes the message queue
identifier msqid from the system
and destroys the message queue and
data structure associated with it.

-m shmid

Removes the shared memory
identifier shmid from the system.

—-s semid

Removes the semaphore identifier
semid from the system and destroys

2-42 Other Section 1

Commands

the set of semaphores and data

, , , , Mg
.

structure associated with it.

—Q msgkey

Removes the message queue

identifier, created with key msgkey,
from the system and destroys the
message queue and data structure
associated with it.

-M shmkey

Removes the shared memory
identifier, created with key shmkey,
from the system.

-8 semkey

Removes the semaphore identifier,
created with key semkey, from the
system and destroys the set of
semaphores and data structure
associated with it.

ipcs - report interprocess
communication facilities status
Syntax
ipes [options]

Options
.
|

-m

Displays information about active
shared memory segments.

-q

Displays information about active
message

gfi |

queues.

-8

Displays information about active

-a

Uses all print options (shorthand

-b

Displays the biggest allowable size

semaphores.

notation for -b, -¢, -0, -p and -t).
information.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-43

Uses the specified core file (next
argument)

in place of /dev/kmem.

Displays creator’s login name and
group

name.

Uses the specified namelist (next
argument)

in place of /vmunix.

Displays the outstanding usage
information

(number of messages

in queue, size of each and number

of processes attached to shared
memory segments).
-P

Displays the process ID information.
Displays all time statistics.

The next 9 characters are
interpreted as three sets of three

bits each.

join —

join files

Syntax
join [options] filel file2

Options
- an

Produces an additional line for
unpaired lines from specified file n,

where n is 1 or 2.
Uses specified replacement string for
all empty output fields.

-jn
m

Joins the mth field in the nth file.

- 0 list

Uses specified list for output line
fields.

-tc

Sets tab character.

2-44 Other Section

Commands

kil -

send a signhal to a

process

Syntax
kill [-sig] processid...
kill -1

Options
-1

Lists signal names.

last - indicate last logins of users
and teletypes
Syntax
last [-N] [name...] [tty...]

Options
-N

Limits the number of output lines
to the specified number.

lastcomm - show last commands
executed in reverse order
Syntax
lastcomm [ command name...] [ user name...1 [ terminal
name...|

ld -

link editor

Syntax
Id [option...] file...

Other Section 1

Commands 2-45

Options
The -T option may be used as well, and is
taken to mean that the newly linked segment

commences at the corresponding address (which
must be a multiple of 1024).

leave -

remind you when you

have to leave

Syntax
leave [ hhmm ]

lex - generate lexical analyzer
Syntax
lex [-tvfn] [file...]

Options
~f

Runs a faster compilation (does not
pack resulting tables).

-n

Prints no summary information
(default option).

-t

Writes to standard output instead of
to file lex.yy.c.

L=V

Prints one-line summary of
generated statistics.

read one line

2-46 Other Section 1

Commands

line -

Syntax
line

.Iint

check C code

Syntax
lint [- abchnpuvxYz] file...

Options
-a

Report assignments of long values

-b

Report break statements that cannot

to int variables.
be reached.

-C

Complain about casts that have

~-h

Apply a number of heuristic tests to
attempt to find bugs, improve style,

-n

Do not check compatibility against

-p

Attempt to check portability to the

-u

Do not complain about functions
and variables used and not defined,

questionable portability.

and reduce waste.

the standard library.

IBM and GCOS dialects of C.

or defined and not used.

-V

Suppress complaints about unused

-X

Report variables referred to be

arguments in functions.

extern declarations, but never used.
Compiles C programs for
environment.

Do not complain about structures

that are never defined (for example,
using a structure pointer without
knowing its contents.)

Other Section 1

Commands 2-47

Ik -

link editor

Syntax

Ik [option...] file...

Options

- D number

Sets data segment length.

fi%- - - ~

- e symbol

Take the argument as the name of

the entry point of the loaded
program.

- H number

Takes number argument as a

decimal integer, adds it to end of

text, and starts data section at a

higher address.

-K

Produces full load map, crossreferencing all defined symbols.

- Ldir

Add dir to the list of directories in

- 1x

Abbreviation for the library name

which libraries are searched for.
where x is a string.

-M

Eg‘

Eg
l§

Produces full load map, consisting of
a module and program section

synopsis and symbol cross-reference.
-N

Do not make text portion read only

-n

Arranges (by giving the output file

or sharable.

a 0410 ‘““magic number’’) that when

the output file is executed, the text
portion is read-only and shared
among all users executing the file.

2-48 Other Section 1

Commands

E§

0 name
-

Takes the name argument after -o
as the name of the lk output file,
instead of a.out.

-S

Strips the output by removing all
symbols except locals and globals.
Removes the symbol table and

-~ T number

Takes the argument as a

relocation bits to save space.

hexadecimal number which sets the
text segment origin.

Displays the name of each file as it
is processed.

Enters argument as undefined
symbol in symbol table.

Saves local symbols except for those

whose names begin with ‘L.

Suppresses saving nonglobal symbols
in output symbol table; enters only
external symbols.

-Yenvironment

—ysym

Adjust the magic number in the

output file so that the program runs
in the specified environment .

Indicates each file in which sym
appears, its type and whether the
file defines or references it.

Loads process on demand from the
resulting executable file (413

format) rather than preloaded.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-49

In =

link to a file

Syntax
In [-f ] [-s] namel [name2]

In [-f ] [-s] name ... directory

Options
~f

Suppresses all but the usage
message.

-8

Creates

lock -

a symbolic link.

reserve a terminal

Syntax
lock

Syntax
login [ username]

Options
-r

Used by the remote

rlogind(8c), to force login to enter
into an initial connection protocol.

-P

<programname >Causes login to set it’s standard
input and output to be connected to
the prompting program

-C

string

<programname >.

Allows the system to specify a
command to be run using the user’s
shell.

2-50 Other Section

Commands

logname - get login name
Syntax
logname

look - find lines in sorted data
Syntax
look [- df] string [file]

Options

-d

Uses dictionary order: only letters,
digits, tabs and blanks can be
compared.

-f

Folds uppercase to lowercase
(compares equally).

- build inverted
indxbib, lookbib
index for a bibliography, lookup
bibliographic references
Syntax
indxbib database...
lookbib database

lorder - determine relation for an
object library
Syntax
lorder file...

Other Section 1 Commands 2-51

printing (with the -s option).
Send mail upon completion.

Suppress the printing of the burst
page.

Use to direct output to a specific
printer

The argument is the job

classification for use on the burst
page.

The argument is the job name to
print on the burst page.
The argument is the title used by

pr(1)

instead of the file name.

Produces multiple copies of output.

Causes the output to be indented
the specified number of blank
spaces.

Takes the immediately following
number to be the page width for pr.
Takes the immediately following

number to be the page length for
pr.

Uses symlink(2)

to link data files

rather than trying to copy them.
Specifies a font to be mounted on
font position i.

remove jobs from

queue

2-54 Other Section

Commands

line

Syntax
Ipr [ option... 11[ file... ]

Options
-Pp

Use pr(1) to format the files
(equivalent to print).

Use a filter which allows control
characters to be printed and
suppresses page breaks.
The files are assumed to contain
data from troff(1) (cat
phototypesetter commands).

The files are assumed to contain
data from ditroff (device
independent troff ).

The files are assumed to contain
data from TeX (DVI format from
Stanford).

The files are assumed to contain
standard plot data as produced by
the plot(3x) routines (see also
plot(1g) ) for the filters used by
the printer spooler).

The files are assumed to contain a
raster image for devices.

The files are assumed to contain
data produced by cifplot.

Use a filter which interprets the
first character of each line as a
standard FORTRAN carriage control
character.

Transparent filter.

Remove the file upon completion of
spooling or upon completion of

Other Section 1 Commands 2-53

Ip.—

send

printer

requests to an LP line

Syntax
Ip [-c] [-d dest] [-n number] [-] [files]

Options
-C

Makes copies of the files to be

printed immediately when Ip is
invoked.

-d dest

Chooses dest as the printer that is

to do the printing.
-n number

Prints number copies (default of 1)

of the output.

Ipg -

spool queue examination

program

Syntax
Ipq [+ [n]] [-1] [-Pprinter] [job #..] [user...]

Options
+n

Displays

-1

Displays information in long format.

-P

Displays information for the

spool queue.

specified printer.

Ipr -

off line

2-52 Other Section

Commands

Syntax

lprm [-Pprinter] [-] [job #...] [user...]
Options
Removes all jobs owned by you
only.
- P printer

Removes jobs from specified printer.

Is - list and generate statistics for

files

Syntax
Is [options] name...

Options
-1

Displays one entry per line.

Displays all entries including those
beginning with a period (.).
Forces multicolumn output for pipe
or filter.

Sorts entries by time of
modification.

Displays names of directories only,
not contents.

Marks directories with trailing slash
(), sockets with a trailing equal
sign (=), symbolic links with a
trailing at sign (@), and executable
files with a trailing asterisk (*).
Displays names in the order they
exist in directory.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-55

-g

Displays assigned group ID (used

with -1 only).
-1

Displays the i-number for each file

-L

Lists the information, if the file is

in the first column of the report.

a symbolic link, for the file or

directory the link references rather
than that for the link itself.
-1

Lists the mode, number of links,
owner, size in bytes, and time of

last modification for each file.

The mode field consists of 11

E§

characters.
d if the entry is a directory
b if the entry is a block-type special

file

c if the entry is a character-type

special file
1 if the entry is a symbolic link

s if the entry is a socket
—

if the entry is a plain file

The next 9 characters are

interpreted as three sets of three

characters each.

r if the file is readable

w if the file is writable

%§ W

x if the file is executable
—

if the indicated permission is not

granted.
The group-execute permission

character is given as s if the file
has the set-group-id bit set; likewise,
the user-execute permission

character is given as s if the file
has the set-user-id bit set.

2-56 Other Section 1 Commands

The last character of the mode
(normally ‘x’ or ‘-’) is t if the
1000 bit of the mode is on.

-q

Forces the printing of nongraphic
characters in file names as the

-R

Recursively lists all subdirectories.

-T

Sorts entries in reverse alphabetic

Displays the size in kilobytes of

question mark character (?).

or time order.
each file.

-t

Sorts by time modified (latest first)
instead of by name.

Uses the time of last access instead

-u

of last modification for sorting (with
the -t option) or printing (with the
-1 option).

Itf -

labeled tape facility

Syntax
Itf optionlkeys] file...

Options
-¢

Creates a new volume assigning an interchange

file name to the files on the volume.

-H

Displays help messages for all options and keys.

-t

Lists each named file on the specified volume.

-x

Extracts each named file from the volume to the
user’s current directory.

Other Section 1

Commands 2-57

m4 -

macro processor

Syntax
m4 [ files]

make -

maintain program groups

Syntax
make [-f makefile] [option...] [name...]

Options
-f

Uses specified file as input.

-i

Equals an .IGNORE: entry.

-k

Stops processing current entry on
nonzero return, but continues with
other branches that do not depend

-n

Traces, prints, but does not update

on that entry.

programs.

-r

Equals an initial .SUFFIXES: entry
with no list.

-S

Equals a .SILENT: entry.

-t

Touches (updates) modification date
of each target program only.

‘man - displays manual pages
online
Syntax
man -k keyword...

man -f page_title...

man [-] [-t] [-s] [1...8] page_title...

2-58 Other Section 1 Commands

Options
-k

Display one line summaries of each
reference page that contains the
specified keyword or keywords.
Display one line summaries of each
page title specified on the command
line.

Squeeze multiple blank lines from
output.

Remove unnecessary blank lines.
Phototypesets output using troff.

mdtar -

multivolume archiver

Syntax
mdtar [ key] [ name...]

Options
-C

Changes directory to specified name.
Creates a new archive.

Writes the named files to the end
of the archive.

If no file argument is given, all
Generates archive table of contents.
Updates the current archive.

Extracts each specified file from the
archive.

Selects unit number of the drive as
an alternate disk drive.
Uses the specified number (next
argument) as archive with which to
begin the output.

Other Section 1

Commands 2-59

Uses the specified number (next

Forces output blocking to 20 blocks

argument)

as the blocking factor.

per record.

Uses the specified file (next
argument)

as the name of the

archive.
F[F]

Operates in fast mode.

Saves a copy of the file (excludes

Ignores checksum errors found in

symbolic links).
the archive.

Displays an error message if all
links to the files dumped cannot be
resolved.

Does not restore file modification
times.

Suppresses the normal directory
information.

Restores the named files to their

original modes, ignoring the present
umask(2).
S

Uses specified number (next
argument)

as size of media in 512-

byte blocks.

Displays detailed (verbose)
information as it archives files.

Displays action to be taken for each

file and prompts for confirmation.

mesg -

allow or disallow

messages

2-60 Other Section

Commands

Syntax
mesg [n] [y]

mkdir -= make a new directory
Syntax
mkdir dirname...

HkStr -

create an error message

Syntax
mkstr [-] messagefile prefix file...
Options

Places error messages at the end of specified
message file.

more, page - display file data at

your terminal
Syntax

more [-cdflsu] [-n] [+linenumber] [+ /pattern] [name...]
page more options

Options

Start up at linenumber.

+ linenumber

+ /pattern

Start up two lines before the line

containing the regular expression
pattern.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-61

Begins each page at the top of the
screen and erases each line just

before it draws on it.
Displays extended continuation

prompt at end of each display.
Counts logical text lines (does not
fold long lines).

Ignores line feeds (CTRL/Ls)

and

normally, pauses at line feeds.
Specifies number of line more
displays.

Squeezes multiple blank lines from

the output, producing only one blank
line.
-

Ignores all underlining in the data.

1 <space
>

Display i more lines, (or another
screenful if no argument is given)

Display 11 more lines (a ‘“‘scroll”).

Same as "D (control-D)

Same as typing a space except that
i, if present, becomes the new
window size.

Skip i

lines and print a screenful of

lines
if

Skip i screenfuls and print a

screenful of lines
ib or i"B

Skip back i screenfuls and print a

Q
q or

Exit from more.

screenful of lines

Display the current line number.
Start up the editor vi at the current
line.

2-62 Other Section 1

Commands

?
h or

Help command; give a description of
all the more commands.

i/expr

Search for the i-th occurrence of
the regular expression expr. If
there are less than i occurrences of
expr, and the input is a file (rather
than a pipe), then the position in
the file remains unchanged.

Search for the i-th occurrence

(single quote) Go to the point from
which the last search started.
lcommand
1:n

Invoke a shell with command.
skip to the i-th next file given in
the command line (skips to last file
if n doesn’t make sense)

1:p

Skip to the i-th previous file given

in the command line.

Display the current file name and
line number.

:q or :Q

Exit from more

(dot) Repeat the previous command.

mt - magnetic tape manipulating
program

Syntax

mt [-f tapename] command [count]
Options
Backspace count files.

Backspace count records.

Allows mt to use the cache buffer
on a tape drive that has the cache
buffer feature.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-63

clhrdsf

Clear hardware/software problem.

clserex

Clear serious exception.

clsub

Clear subsystem.

eof, weof

Write count end-of-file marks at the
current position on the tape.

eotdis

Disable end-of-tape detection.

eoten

Enable end-of-tape detection.

fsf

Forward-space count files.

fsr

Forward-space count records.

nocache

Disables the use of the cache buffer
for any tape drive that has the
cache buffer feature.

offline, rewoffl

Rewind the tape and place the tape
unit off-line.

rewind

Rewind the tape.

status

Print status information about the
tape unit.

mv -

move

or rename

files

Syntax
mv [-i] [-f] [-] filel file2
mv [-i] [-f] [-] file... directory

Options
-

Interprets

all following arguments

file names to allow file names
starting with a minus.

Force.

~-f

2-64 Other Section

Commands

-1i

Interactive mode.

netstat - show network status
Syntax

netstat [ -Aan ] [ —-f address_family ] [ system ] [ core
]

netstat [ -himnrs 1 [ -f address_family 1 [ system ] [
core |

netstat [ -=n 1 [ -1 interface 1 interval [ system ] [ core
]

Options

-A

Displays the address of any

associated protocol control blocks;

used for debugging.

-a

Displays the information for all
sockets.

—f address_family Limits statistics or address control
block reports to those of the
specified address family.

-h

-1 interface

Displays the state of the IMP host
table.

Shows information only about this
interface.

-1i

Displays status information for

-m

Displays information for the memory

autoconfigured interfaces.

management routines The network

manages a private share of memory.

-n

Displays network addresses as

-T

Displays the routing tables.

numbers.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-65

-8

Displays per-protocol statistics.

-t

Displays time until interface

watchdog routine starts up (used
only in conjunction with -i option).

newaliases - rebuild the data
base for the mail aliases file
Syntax
newaliases

nice, nohup - execute a command
at a lower priority
Syntax
nice [-number] command [ arguments]
nohup command [ arguments]

Options
— number

Increments the priority by a
specified number up to a limit of
20.

nl -

line

numbering filter

Syntax
nl [-h typel [-b typel [-f typel [-v start#] [-1 incr] [-p
1 [-1 num] [-s sep] [-w width] [-n format] [-d delim]

file

2-66 Other Section

Commands

Options
-b type

Specifies which logical page body
lines are to be numbered.

The default type for logical page
body is t (text lines numbered).
-h type

Same as -b type except for header.

-f type

Same as -b type except for footer.

Do not restart numbering at logical

-Pp

page delimiters.

-v start#

The initial value used to number

-1 incr

The increment value used to number

logical page lines.
logical page lines.

—s

sep

The character used in separating the
line number and the corresponding
text line.

-w width

The number of characters used for

-n format

The line numbering format.

-1 num

The number of blank lines to be

-d xx

the line number.

considered as one.

The delimiter characters specifying
the start of a logical page section
may be changed from the default
characters (\:) to two user-specified
characters.

nm - print program’s name list
Syntax
nm [options] [file...]

Other Section 1 Commands 2-67

Options
-a

Displays all symbols including debug
symbol table.

-e

Prints only global (external)
symbols.

~-f

Displays all symbols including debug
symbol table.

-g

Prints only global (external)
symbols.

-n

Sorts numerically rather than

-0

Prepends file or archive element

alphabetically.

name to each output line.
-p

Prints symbolic table order and does
not sort.

-T

Sorts in reverse order.

-u

Displays only undefined symbols.

nslookup - query BIND servers
interactively
Syntax
fasr/ucb/nslookup [ A 1 [ host A [ server A ] ]
nslookup - A [ server A ]

nsquery

hame

server

query

Syntax
fusr/ucb/msquery [ lookup 1 [ host 1 [ server ]

2-68 Other Section 1

Commands

Options

Retrieves the host name, IP

lookup

address, and aliases of the specified

host.

Specifies the system for which you

host

want host information.

Specifies the BIND server you want

server

to query for the information.

od - create file octal dump
Syntax

od [options] [file] [offset] [label]
Options

Interprets bytes as characters and

-a

display them with their ACSII
names.

Displays bytes as unsigned octal.

-b
-c

-d
~f

Displays bytes as ASCII characters.
Displays short words as unsigned
decimal.

Displays long words as floating
point.

-h

Displays short words as unsigned

-i

Displays short words as signed

-1

Displays long words as signed

-0

Displays short words as unsigned

hexadecimal.
decimal.
decimal.
octal.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-69

- sin]

Looks for strings of ASCII
characters of n minimum length.

-v

Displays all data and indicates lines
identical to the last line shown with
an * in column 1.

- win]

Specifies the number of input bytes
to be interpreted and displayed on
each output line.

-X

Displays short words as
hexadecimal.

pack, pcat, unpack and expand files

compress

Syntax
pack [ -

1 [ -f ] name...

pcat name...

unpack name...

pagesize -

print system page size

Syntax
pagesize

passwd password

change your login

Syntax
passwd [ name ]

2-70 Other Section 1

Commands

paste -

merge file data

Syntax
paste filel file2...

paste —dlist filel file2...
paste -s [-dlist] filel file2...

Options
Used in place of any file name, to

read a line from the standard input.

Replaces characters of all but last

- dlist

file with nontabs characters (default

tab).

Merges subsequent lines rather than

pc -

one from each input file.

Pascal compiler

Syntax
pc [option] name...

Options
-c

Suppresses loading and produce .o
files from source files.

-g

Produces additional symbol table

-W

Suppresses warning messages.

-0

Invokes an object-code improver.

- 0 output

Names the final output file output

-p

Prepares object files for profiling.

information for dbx(1).

instead of a.out.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-71

Compiles the named program, and
leave the assembler-language output
on the corresponding file suffixed .s.
Compiles code to perform runtime
checks, verify assert calls, and
initialize all variables to zero as in
pi.

Block buffers the file output.

-iname

Produces a listing for the specified
procedures, functions and include
files.

Makes a program listing during
translation.

Accepts standard Pascal only and
non-standard constructs cause
warning diagnostics.

-t directory

Uses the given directory for
compiler temporary files.
Allows execution profiling with pxp

by generating statement counters,

and arranging for the creation of
the profile data file pmon.out when

the resulting object is executed.

pdx -

pascal debugger

Syntax
pdx [-r] [objfile]

Options
-r

Causes obifile to be executed
immediately.

2-72 Other Section

Commands

pg - file perusal filter for soft-

copy terminals
Syntax
pg [-p [-cefs] [files

Options

- number

Specifies the size (in lines) of the
window that pg is to use instead of
the default.

- pstring

Uses the string as the prompt.

-C

Homes the cursor and clears the

-e

Do not pause at the end of each

screen before displaying each page.
file.

-S

Print all messages and prompt in
standout mode (usually inverse

video).

+ linenumber
+ /pattern/

Starts at linenumber.
Starts at the first line containing
the regular expression, pattern.

Pi - Pascal interpreter code
ranslator

Syntax
pi [options] [-1 name...] name.p

Options

-b

-i

Block buffers the file output.

Enables listing for specified

procedures and functions and while
processing specified include files.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-73

-1

Creates a program listing while
translating source.

-n

Begins each listed include file on a
new page with a banner line.

-p

Suppresses control flow backtrace on

error; suppresses statement limit
counting.

-S

Accepts standard Pascal only; nonstandard constructs cause warning
diagnostics.

-t

Suppresses runtime tests of
subrange variables and treat; treats

-u

Runs in card image mode; only the

assert statements as comments.

first 72 characters of input lines are
used.

-w

Suppresses all

-z

Enables execution profiling with pxp

warning diagnostics.

by generating statement counters,

and arranging for the creation of
the profile data file pmon.out when
the resulting object is executed.

pix —

Pascal interpreter and

executor
Syntax

pix [-blnpstuwz] [-i name...] name.p [ argument...]

Options
-b

Block buffers the output.

2-74 Other Section 1

Commands

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Enables the listing for any specified

—-iname

procedures and functions, and while

processing any specified include files.
Creates a program listing while
translating source.

Begins each listed include file on a

new page and with a banner line.
Suppresses control flow backtraces
on

error.

Acéepts standard Pascal only.
Suppresses runtime test of subrange
variables.

Runs in card image mode.

Suppresses all warning diagnostics.
Enables execution profiling.

plot -

graphics filters

Syntax
plot [-Tterminallraster]] [-1#] [- w#] [~ c#]

Options
- Tterminal

Uses the specified terminal name as
the terminal type for which plotting

instructions are to be generated.
4020

450

Tektronix 4020 storage scope.

DASI Hyterm 450 terminal (diablo

mechanism).

300

DASI 300 or GSI terminal (diablo mechanism).

3008

DASI 300S terminal (diablo mechanism).

ver

Versatec D1200A printer-plotter.

Other Section

Commands 2-75

lvpl6

DEC LVP16 Graphics Plotter.

hp7475a HP 7475A Graphics Plotter.
raster

a scan-converted temporary file

that is sent directly to the plotter.

- 1#

length of paper window in plotter
units (unit scale)

- W

width of paper window in plotter
units (unit scale)

- c#

Initial pen carousel to be used

pmerge

pascal file

merger

Syntax
pmerge

name.p...

pr -

print files

Syntax
pr [ options 1 [ files ]

Options
-a

Prints multi-column output across

~
-b

the page.
Prints blank headers.

-d

Double-spaces the output.

-e ck

Expands input tabs to character
positions k+1, 2*¥k+1, 3*k+1,...

Uses form-feed character for new
pages.

2-76 Other Section

Commands

Uses the next argument as the

header to be printed instead of the
file name.

Replaces white space in output by
inserting tabs to character positions
k+1, 2¥k+1, 3*k+1,..n¥k+1.

Begins printing with page k (default
is 1).
Produces k-column output (default is

1).

Sets the length of a page to k&
lines.

Merges and prints all files
simultaneously, one per column

(overrides the -k, and -a options).
Numbers lines.
Offsets each line by k character

positions (default is 0).
Pauses before beginning each page if
the output is directed to a terminal.

Suppresses diagnostic reports on
failure to open files.

Separates columns by the single
character ¢ instead of by the
appropriate number of spaces

(default for c¢ is a tab).
Supresses the five-line identifying
header and the five-line trailer
normally supplied for each page.
k
-w

Sets the width of a line to &
character positions.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-77

print -

pr to the

line

printer

Syntax

............

print file...

printenv . variable

display value of a shell

Syntax
printenv [ name ]

prmail -

office

print out mail in the

post

Syntax
prmail [ user...]

prof -

profile an object file

Syntax
prof [-a] [-1] [-n] [-2] [-s] [-Vv] [low[-highl]]

[filel [file2...]]

,,,,,,,,,,,,

Options
-a

Displays all symbols rather than

just external symbols.

-1

Displays output by symbol value.

-n

Displays

-v

output by number of calls.

Produces graphic output for display

by the plot(1g) filters.
-z

Routines having zero usage,

indicated by call counts and

2-78 Other Section

Commands

accumulated time, are printed in the
output.

ps -

print process status statistics

Syntax
ps [options] [ namelist] [ core]

Options
—#

Represents any given process
number and must be the last option
given.

-a

Displays information for processes
executed from all user terminals.

-c

Displays command names which are
stored internally in the system for
accounting purposes rather than the
command arguments, which are kept
in the process address space.

-e

Displays the environment as well as
the command arguments.

-g

Displays all processes.

-k

Uses file /vmcore in place of
/dev/ikmem and /dev/mem.

-1

Displays information in long format.

~-s

Adds the size SSIZ of the kernel
stack of each process to the basic
output format for use by system
maintainers.

—tx

Displays information for specified
terminal only.

-u

Displays user-oriented output, which
includes fields USER, % CPU, and

Other Section 1

Commands 2-79

% MEM, SIZE.
-V

Displays process system time and
user time in addition to cumulative
time.

-W

Produces 132-column rather than 80

column output.
-X

Displays information for all

processes, including those not
executed from terminals.

ptx -

create

permuted

index

Syntax
ptx [option...] [inputloutput]]

Options
- b break

Use the characters in the break file

-f

Folds upper and lower case letters

separators.

for sorting.
-gn

Uses specified number as interfield
gap.

-1 ignore

Do not use as keywords any words

- 0 only

Use words listed only in the only

given in the ignore file.

file.
-r

Uses leading nonblanks as reference

-t

Prepares the output for the

identifiers.

phototypesetter.
-wWn

Use the next argument, n, as the

width of the output line.

2-80 Other Section 1

Commands

pwd - print working directory
Syntax
pwd

px - Pascal code executor
Syntax
px [objlargument...]]

pxp - Pascal execution profiler
Syntax

pxp [-acdefjnstuw_] [- 9234567891 [-z[lname...]1] name.p
Options
Underscores all keywords.

Uses the specified number (-d) as
the indentation unit.

Displays all procedures (even those
not executed).

Uses the core file in generating the
profiling data.

Displays all declaration parts.

Fliminates include directives when
reformatting a file.

Displays all parenthesized
expression.

Left justifies all procedures and
functions.

Begins a new page for each included
file.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-81

-5

Strips comments from the input
text.

-t

Prints a table summarizing

procedure and function call counts.
-u

Generates the output in card image

format, using only the first 72

characters of input lines.
-w

Suppresses all warning diagnostics.

Generate an execution profile for

the specified modules (next

arguments) .

pxref —

program

Pascal cross-reference

Syntax
pxref [-] name

Options
-

Optional argument that suppresses

the line numbered listing.

quota

limits

display disk usage

and

Syntax
quota [-qv] [user]

Options
-q

Prints

a message that

contains

information only on file systems
where usage is over quota.

2-82 Other Section

Commands

-V

Displays users quotas on file
systems where no storage is
allocated.

ranlib - convert archives to
random libraries
Syntax
ranlib archive...

rcp —

remote file copy

Syntax
rcp [ -p ] filel file2

rep [-r] [-pl file... directory

Options
-p

Preserves the modification times and
modes of the source files in its
copies, ignoring the umask.

-r

Copies files in all subdirectories
recursively, if the file to be copied
is a directory.

refer - find and format
bibliographic references
Syntax
refer [-a] [-b] [-c] [-e] [-fr] [-kx] [-lm,n] [-n] [-p
bib] [-skeys] [-Blm] [-P] [-S] [file...]

Other Section 1

Commands 2-83

Options
-ar

Reverses order of first author
names.

-Blm

Bibliography mode.

-b

Creates bare entries:

no flags,

numbers, or labels.
- ckeys

Capitalizes fields whose key letters
are in string.

-e

Accumulates

all references

list.

one

{ ““““““

—fn

Set the footnote number to n
instead of the default of 1 (one).

-kx

Uses specified label in place of

é"

Instead of numbering references, use

numbering for each reference data
line beginning % x :.

-1Im,n

labels made from the senior author’s
last name and the year of

publication.
-P

-n

Places punctuation marks .,:;?! after
the reference signal, rather than
before.
Do

not

the

default

file

/usr/dict/papers/Ind.
- pbib

Specifies file to be searched before
/usr/dict/papers.

-S

Produce references in the Natural or
Social Science format.

- skeys

Uses specified key in sorting

references.

2-84 Other Section

Commands

wwwwwwwwww

reset -

reset terminal

mode

Syntax
reset

rev_- reverse character positions
in file data
Syntax
rev [file...]

rlogin -

remote

Syntax
rlogin rhost [-ec] [-8] [-L] [~]1 username]
rhost [-ec] [-8] [-L] [-1 username]

Options
-8

Allows an 8-bit input data path at

-ec

Uses the specified character as the

all times.

rlogin escape character.

-1 username

Logs you in as the specified user,
not as your user login name.

-L

Runs session in litout mode.

rm, rmdir — remove (unlink)
or directories

Other Section

files

Commands 2-85

Syntax
rm [-f] [-x] [-i] [-] file-or-directory-name...
rmdir directory-name...

Options
Specifies that the named files have
names beginning with a minus (for
example -myfile ).

Forces the removal of file or
directory without first requesting
confirmation.

Prompts for yes or no response
before removing each entry.

Recursively removes all entries from
the specified directory and, then,
removes the entry for that directory

from its parent directory.

rmail -

remote

route

mail to users on

systems

Syntax
rmail user...

roffbib - run off bibliographic
database
Syntax
roffbib [options] [file...]

2-86 Other Section

Commands

Options
- Tterm

Uses specified name as terminal
type for which output is prepared.
Suppresses the printing of abstracts.

Formats text with equally spaced
words, justified lines, and full
resolution.

Uses tabs in horizontal spacing to
speed output and reduce output
character count.

Uses specified number (-nN) as
first page to be printed.

Uses specified list (-olist) as only
pages to be printed.

Stops after specified number of
pages (-sn).
- m

mac

Specifies a user-defined set of

macros with space between -m and

the macro file name.

Sends output to the Versatec.
Queues output for the
phototypesetter.

Sets named register a to specified
value N.

rsh -

remote shell

Syntax
rsh host [-1 username] [-n]l command
host [-1 username] [-n] command

Other Section 1 Commands 2-87

Options
-1 username

Logs you in as the specified user,
not as your user login name.

Redirects all command input to
/dev/null.

ruptime - show
local machines

host status of

Syntax
ruptime [

—a J[ -1 ][ -t ][ -u]

Options
-a

Users idle an hour or more are not
counted unless this option is

specified.
Display only those hosts that are

considered down.

Sort the status list by load average.
Show only hosts that are up and
running.

Sort the status list by uptime.

Sort the status list by number of
users.
-nn

Show only those hosts with nn or
more

users.

rwho - who is logged
machines

2-88 Other Section

Commands

in on local

Syntax
rwho [ -ah ] [users]

Options
-a

Lists all users.

-h

Sorts users by host name.

sbmake - maintain, update, and
regenerate groups of programs

Syntax
ssmake [-f makefile] [ t[names]

Options

-b

Compatibility mode for old

-d

Debug mode.

-e

Environment variables override

— f makefile

Description file name determined by

-1

Ignore error codes returned by

-k

makefiles.

assignments within makefiles.
makefile as next argument.

invoked commands.

Abandons work on current entry,

but continues on other branches
that do not depend on that entry.

-m

Displays a memory map showing

-n

No execute mode.

-p

text, data, and stack.

Displays the complete set of macro
definitions and target descriptions.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-89

-q

Question.

-r

Does not use built-in rules.

-8

Silent mode.

-t

Touches target files (causing them

to be up-to-date)

rather than issuing

usual commands.

script - generate script of your
terminal session
Syntax
script [-a] [file]

Options
-a

Appends output to output file.

sed -

stream text editor

Syntax
sed [-n] [-e script] [-f sfile] [file...]

Options
—e script

Uses specified file as input file of commands to
be executed.
-f sfile

Uses specified file as input file of commands to
be executed.
-n

Suppresses all normal output.

2-90 Other Section 1

Commands

size - print program’s sizes
Syntax
size [object...]

sleep - suspend execution for a

time

Syntax
sleep time

soelim - eliminate nroff source
directives from nroff input
Syntax
soelim [ file...]

Options

File name corresponding to standard input.

sort - sort file data
Syntax

sort [options] [+ posl[-pos2]] [file...]
Options

-b
—d

Ignores leading blanks (spaces and tabs) in field
comparisons.

Sorts data according to dictionary ordering:

letters, digits, and blanks only.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-91

-f

Folds uppercase to lowercase while sorting.

-i

Ignore characters outside the ASCII range 0400176 in nonnumeric comparisons.

-n

Sorts fields with numbers numerically.

-r

Reverses the sense of comparisons.

—-tx

Uses specified character as field separator.

—¢

Checks sorting order and displays output only if
out of order.

-m

Merges previously sorted data.

- oname

Uses specified file as output file.
- TdirUses specified directory to build temporary files.

-u

Suppresses all duplicate entries.

-sorts - internationalized System 5
sort and/or merge files
Syntax
sortd [files]

Options
-cC

Checks that the input file is sorted
according to the ordering rules;
gives no output unless the file is

out of order.
- m

Merges only; the input files are

-u

Suppresses all but one in each set

already sorted.
of lines having equal keys.
- ooutput

Specifies the name of an output file

to use instead of the standard
output.

2-92 Other Section

Commands

-ykmem

Specifies the number of kilobytes of

memory to use when sorting a file.
—-Zrecsz

Records the size of the longest line
read in the sort phase so buffers
can be allocated during the merge
phase.
Sorts using tags.

-d

Specifies Dictionary order.

-f

Folds lower case letters into upper
case.

Ignores characters outside the
ASCII range 040-0176 in
nonnumeric comparisons.

Sorts an initial numeric string,
consisting of optional blanks,
optional minus sign, and zero or

more digits with optional decimal
point, by arithmetic value

Reverses the sense of comparisons.

-T

sortbib - sort bibliographic
database
Syntax
sortbib [-sKEYS] database...

Options
-sKEYS

Specifies new sort KEYS.

Other Section 1 CommandsA 5.93

spell, spellin, spellout for spelling errors

check text

Syntax
spell [-v] [-b] [-x] [-d hlist] [+ localfile] [-s hstop]
[-h spellhist] [file...]

spellin [ list]

spellout [-d] list

Options
-v

Displays words not found in spelling list with all
plausible derivations from spelling list.

-b

Checks data according to British spelling.

-x

Precedes each word with an equal sign (=)

and

displays all plausible derivations.
- d hlist

Specifies the file used for the spelling list.
- h spellhist

Specifies the file used as the history file.
- § hstop

Specifies the file used for the stop list.
+ local-file
Removes words found in localfile from the output
of the spell command.

spline -

interpolate smooth curve

Syntax
spline [option...]

2-94 Other Section

Commands

Options
-a

Supplies abcissa automatically and uses specified
number (next argument) for spacing.

Sets the boundary constant to the specified value
(next argument).

-n
—-p

Uses specified number (n) in calculating intervals

between lower and upper limits.

Periodically produces output (matches derivates at
ends).

—x

Uses specified numbers (next arguments) as lower
and upper limits.

split — split file into smaller files
Syntax
split [-n] [file[name]]

Options
-

Uses standard input.

—-n

Writes specified number of lines to each output
file.

strextract — batch string extraction
Syntax
strextract [ —p patternfile ] [ —1i ignorefile ] [ =d ] [
file... ]

Other Section 1 Commands 2-95

Options
—i

Specifies a new ignore file to be used to instruct
strextract to ignore specific text strings.

—p

Specifies a new pattern file to be used.

-d

If this flag is set warnings are not printed for
duplicate strings.

strings program

print ASCIl strings in

Syntax
strings [-]1 [- o] [- number] file...

Options
-

Looks through the entire object file for ASCII
strings.

— number

Sets the minimum string length to specified
number of characters and default is 4.

—0

Precedes each string with its file offset (octal).

strip - remove symbol table and
relocation bits
Syntax
strip name...

strmerge - batch string
replacement

2-96 Other Section

Commands

Syntax

strmerge [ —m prefix 1 [ —p patternfile 1[ —-s string ]

file..

Options

~m Specifies a prefix to message numbers in the nl_
file and the file.

-p

—s

Specifies a new pattern file to be used.

Specifies a string to be output at the start of the
file.

style - analyze surface
characteristics of a document
Syntax

style [-ml] [-mm] [-a] [- el [-1 num] [-r num] [-p]
[-P] file...

Options

—a

Displays all sentences with their length and

—e

Displays all sentences that begin with an

readability index.
expletive.

-1 num

Displays all sentences longer than num.

—~ml Skips lists in document.

- mmOverrides the default macro package —ms.

Displays parts of speech of the words in the

-p

Displays all sentences that contain a passive verb.

document.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-97

- T

num

Displays all sentences whose readability index is

greater than num.

su -

substitute

user ID

Syntax
su [ userid]

Options
-f

Prevents csh(1)

from executing the .cshrc file, making

su start up faster.

Simulates a full login.

sum -

print object file’s checksum

Syntax
sum file

symorder -

rearrange

name

list

Syntax
symorder orderlist symbolfile

sync -

update

the

super block

Syntax
/bin/sync

2-98 Other Section

Commands

tabs - set tabs
Syntax
tabs [-n] [terminall

Options
-n

Does not indent left margin.

tail - print lines from file
Syntax
tail [ H{number]lbelifr] ] [ file ]

talk - talk to another user
Syntax
talk person [ttyname]

tar — multivolume archiver
Syntax
tar [key] [name...]

Options

Create a new archive on tape, disk, or file.
Write the named files to the end of the archive.
List the names of the files as they occur on the
input archive.

Add the named files to the archive if they are
not there already or if they have been modified
since they were last put in the archive.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-99

Extract the named files from the archive.

Substitute a number for the device unit number,
as in /dev/rmt#h.

Use next argument as archive number with which
to begin output.

Force input and output blocking to 20

blocks/record.
Directory output in original tar style.

Operate in fast mode.
Help mode.
Next arg spedifies maximum archive number to
be written and prints current archive number on
output line.

No multi-archive, file splitting, or new header
format on output.

Include file owner and group names in verbose
output if present in archive header (t and x

functions).
Used to specify POSIX format tapes.

Output User Group Standard archive format.
Display extended verbose information.

Use the next argument as the blocking factor for

tape records.

Use /devirrala as the default device (blocking_
factor of 10).
Use the next argument as the name of the
archive instead of /def/rmtOh.

Save a copy of the actual file on the output
device under the shmbolic link name, instead of
placing the symbolic information on the output.
Ignore checksum errors found in the archive.

Complain if tar cannot resolve all of the links to

the files dumped.

2-10'0 Other Section 1 Commands

Do not restore the modification times.

Suppress the normal directory information.

)

Restore the named files to their original modes,

E P

ignoring the present umask(2).

Next argument specifies size of archive in 512-

Write the name of each file treated, preceded by

Print the action to be taken, followed by file

byte blocks.

the function letter, to diagnostic output.
name, then wait for user confirmation.

~ tbl f— format tables for nroff or

| trof

Syntax
thbl [files...]

pipe output to terminal and

;gie
ile

Syntax
tee [-i] [-al [file...]

Options

—a

Appends input to existing files.

—-i

Ignores interrupts.

telnet — user interface to the
TELNET protocol

Other Section 1 Commands 2-101

Syntax
telnet [ host[port]]

test -

test conditional expression

Syntax
test expr

test - condition evaluation
command
Syntax
test expr

[ expr ]

tftp -

trivial file transfer program

Syntax
tftp [host] [ port]

time - time a command
Syntax
time command

tip, cu system

connect to a

remote

Syntax
tip [-v] [-speed] system-name
tip [-v] [-speed] phone-number
cu phone-number [-t] [-s speed] [-a acu] [-]1 Lne]

2-102 Other Section

Commands

[- #]

Options
—#

Uses specified speed (#) as baud rate.

-1

TUses specified terminal line.

—v

Displays all variable settings.

CTRL/D"

Drop the connection and exit (you may still be
logged in on the remote machine).

[name]

Change directory to name (no argument causes a
change to your home directory).

Escape to a shell (exiting the shell returns you to

tip ).

Copy file from local to remote.

Copy file from remote to local.

from [ to ]

Send a file to a remote UNIX host.

Take a file from a remote UNIX host.

Pipe the output from a remote command to a
local UNIX process.

Send a BREAK to the remote system.

Sets a variable.

Displays sets as they are made.

CTRL/Z

Stop tip (only available with job control).

Displays a summary of the tilde escapes

The tip utility uses the file /etc/remote to find
how to reach a particular system and to find out how
it should operate while talking to the system.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-103

touch
- update access and
modification times of a file
Syntax
touch [ —amef ]

[ mmddhhmmlyy] ] files

Options
-a

Causes touch to update the access
time.

-C

Prevents touch from creating the

file if it did not previously exist.
-f

Attempts to force the touch in spite

of read and write restrictions on a

file.
-m

Causes touch to update the

modification time.

tr —=

translate

characters

Syntax
tr [-cds] [stringl [string2]]

Options
—¢

Translates complements:

stringl to those not in

stringl.

—d
-s

Deletes all characters in stringl from output.
Squeezes succession of a character in stringl to
one in output.

2-104 Other Section

Commands

trace - trace system calls of
programs

Syntax
trace [options] cmd args...

Options
—f filename

Puts dump in file filename.

—z

Echos arguments only.

—c#

Traces given PIDs and their children.

—~g#

Traces given groups only.

—p#

Traces given PIDs only.

—s#

Traces given system calls only.

—u#

Traces given UIDs only.

trans - translation tool for use
with message source files
Syntax
trans [ —¢ ] [ —o name 1 file.msf

Options

—¢

Translate comment lines beginning with a dollar
sign ($), including messages.

-0

Call the output file name.

true, false - test for status

Other Section 1

Commands 2-105

Syntax
true

false

tset -

set terminal mode

Syntax
tset [options] [-mlident] [test baudrate]:typel ... [ type

]
reset

...

Options
-

Name of terminal is output on stndout, captured

by the shell, and placed in the environment
variable TERM.
—ec

Uses the specified character as the erase
character.

-1

Suppresses transmitting terminal initialization
strings.

—ke

Uses the specified character as the kill character.

—n

Initializes the ‘““new’ tty driver, if applicable.

—-Q

Suppresses erase and kill character message.

tsort -

create

topological sort

Syntax
tsort [ file]

tty -

print current terminal

2-106 Other Section

Commands

name

Syntax
tty [-s]

Options
—s

Suppresses pathname.

- process underscores for

terminal
Syntax

ul [-i] [-t terminal]l [ name...]

Options
—-i

Displays underscoring on separate line containing
appropriate dashes (-).

-t terminal

Uses type of specified terminal in place your
terminal’s type.

%I_i‘\iq —~ report repeated lines in a
ile

Syntax
uniq [-udc[+ n][-n]] [inputloutput]]

Options
-n

Skips specified number of fields.

Skips specified number of characters in addition to
fields.

—¢

Displays number of repetitions, if any, for each
line.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-107

—d

Displays only lines that were repeated.

—u

Displays only unique (nonrepeated)

uptime -

lines.

display system status

Syntax
uptime [-w]

users - print names of users who
are logged in
Syntax
users

uucp, uulog, uuname unix

copy

unix to

Syntax
uucp [option...] source-file...

destination-file

uulog [ option...]
uuname [ option... ]

Options
—d

Creates all necessary directories for the file copy.

—¢

Uses the source file when copying out rather than
copying the file to the spool directory.

-m

Sends you mail when the copy is complete.

~nrecSends mail to the recipient.
- W

Expands only local files.

- ssysDisplays information about work involving specified
system.

2-108 Other Section

Commands

—uuser

Displays information about work involving specified
user.

-1

Lists local system name.

uuencode, uudecode -

encode/decode a binary file for

transmission via mail
Syntax

uuencode [ file] remotedest | mail sysI!sys2!..!decode
uudecode |file]

uusend - send a file to a remote
host

Syntax
uusend [ -m mode ] sourcefile sysl!sys2!..lremotefile

Options
- m mode

Specifies octal number for mode of file on the

remote system.

uustat - uucp status inquiry and

job control
Syntax

uustat [ options ]

Other Section 1

Commands 2-109

Options
—chour

Removes entries older than specified hour.
—jall Reports status of all requests.
- kjobn

Kills specified job.

- mmch

Reports status of accessibility of machine mch.
- ohour

Reports status of requests which are older than
specified hour.
—ssysReports status of uucp requests for specified
system.
—uuser

Reports status of requests issued by specified user.

-v

Invokes verbose printout option.

- yhour
Reports status of all requests that are younger
than specified hour.
system

is the system in question
status_ time
is the time the last status entry was made.

last__success__time

is the last time a connection was successfully
made to this system.
statusis a self-explanatory description of the machine
status.

uux - unix to unix command

execution

2-110 Other Section

Commands

Syntax
uux [-] command-string

Options
—¢,

Do not copy local file to the spool directory for
transfer to the remote machine.

- ggrade

Specifies the grade which is a single letter or
number from 0 to 9, A to Z, or a to z.
—n

Sends no notification to user.

-p,

Reads stdin.

-r

Queues the job, but does not start the file
transfer.

- xdebug

Produces debugging output on stdout.

—~z

Notify the user if the command fails.

vc -

version control program

Syntax
ve [-a] [-t] [-cchar] [-s] [ keyword=value...
keyword=value]

Options
—a

Replaces the keywords surrounded by control
characters in all text lines.

- cchar

Specifies a control character to be used in place
of :.

—s

Suppresses all warning messages.

-t

Ignores all characters from the beginning of the
line to the first tab character.

Other Section 1

Commands 2-111

vec - VAX C compiler
Syntax
vee [option...] file...

Options
The following is a list of the available options:

cross_reference

Generates a cross reference
listing section

debug

Generates a loadable module
for use with dbx

define

Assign a specified value to a
name

g_float

Uses the G_floating point
type

list
machine__code

Generates a list file
Generates the machine code
listing section

object

Generates an object file with
a specific name

optimize

Selects code optimization

show

Includes symbol and
intermediate expansions

standard

Selects portability mode

undefine

Revokes the assignment of a
value to a name

warnings

Disables warning or
informational messages

—w Suppresses warning diagnostics.

-DSYSTEM_FIVE is added to the vaxc command
(or cpp command if —E is specified).

2-112 Other Section 1

Commands

The |k parameters —lc, —lcg, or —lc_p are
preceded with -1cV, -leVg, or —leV_p (if not

supressed by —b).

The Ik parameters —lm, —lmg, or —lmp are

changed to —1lmV, —1lmVg, or —ImV_p (if present).

vdoc - Compound document
viewer

Syntax

vdoc [ f format 1 [ -O file 1 [ -P processing 1[-D
L

display 1 file

Options

Specifies the format of the input file.
Names a file containing the processing options to

Specifies the processing options to be applied

-f

-D

be used by the front end converter.

during the veiwing of the file.

Specifies the content elements of the file to be

represented.

vmstat - report virtual memory
statistics
Syntax

vmstat [-fsSzk] [intervallcount]] [ namelist corefile ]
Options

—f

Displays number of forks and vforks since system
startup and number of pages of virtual memory

involved in each kind of fork.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-113

—s

Displays total number of paging-related events

—~S

Replaces the page reclaim (re)

occurring since boot.

(at)

and pages attached

fields with processes swapped in (si)

and

processes swapped out (so).

-k

Allows a dump to be interrogated to print the

-7

Zeroes out the sum structure.

contents of the sum structure (default).

w -

display

who is logged

what thepy \a,re doing 99

in and

Syntax
w [~h] [-s] [-1] [user]

Options
—d

Outputs debug information.

-h

Suppresses the normal header from the output.

-1

Displays information in long format (default).

-s

Displays information in short format.

—u

Outputs the same information as the uptime
command.

wait -

wait for process completion

Syntax
wait [pid]

wall -

write to all

2-114 Other Section

users

Commands

Syntax
write user [ttyname]

xargs - construct argument list
and
execute command
Syntax
xargs [flags] | command [initialarguments] ]

Options
— 1number

Execute the command for each nonempty number of lines of arguments
from standard input.

—ireplstr

Execute the command for each line
from standard input, taking the
entire line as a single argument and
inserting it in initial-arguments for
each occurance of replstr.

—nnumber

Execute the command using as
many standard input arguments as

possible, up to the specified number.
Echo the command and each
constructed argument list to fd2
prior to their extraction.

Asks the user whether or not the
command should be executed each
time it is invoked.
Causes the command xargs to
terminate if an argument list is
greater than the specified size of
characters.

— Ssize

The maximum size of each
argument list is set to size
characters.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-117

-M dir

Search for manual section files in given directory.
—-b
—f

Searches only for binary files.
Terminates last directory list created from use of

-S, =B or -M flags and signals the start of file
names.

-m

Searches only for manual section files.

—s

Searches only for source files.

—-u

Searches for files that do not have one of binary,
source or manual section files.

which -

locate

program file

Syntax
which [ name...]

who - print who and where
are logged in

users

Syntax
who [who-file] [am i]

whoami name

print your current login

Syntax
whoami

write —
user

write

2-116 Other Section

message to another

Commands

Syntax
wall

wec -

count words, lines, and

characters
Syntax

we [-1we] [name...]

Options
—¢

Displays number of characters only.

-1

Displays number of lines only.

-w

Displays number of words only.

whatis - display command
description
Syntax
whatis command...

whereis - locate source, binary,
and or manual for program
Syntax
whereis [-sbm] [-ul [-SBM dir... =f] name...

Options
-S dir

Search for source files in specified directory.

-B dir

Search for binary files in given directory.

Other Section 1

Commands 2-115

- eeofstrR

xstr —

The logical end-of-file string.

extract strings from C

program

Syntax
xstr [-c] [-] [file]

Options
-

Reads stdin.

—c¢

Extracts strings from specified C source (next

argument).

yacc - yet another compilercompiler
Syntax
yace [-vd] grammar

Options
—d

Writes all define statements to y.tab.h file.

-v

Writes description of parsing tables and report of
grammatical conflicts to y.output file.

yes -

repetitively affirmative

Syntax
yes [arg]

2-118 Other Section

Commands

ypcat - print values from a YP
data base
Syntax
ypeat [-Kk] [-t] [-d

domainname]l mname

ypcat —x

Options
~d domainname
Displays information on the domain specified by
domainname.
Displays keys for maps in which values are null
or key is not part of the value.
Inhibits translation of mname to mapname.
Displays map nickname table.

pmatch - print the value of one
or more keys from a yp map
Syntax
ypmatch [-d domain] [-k] [-t] key... mname
ypmatch —-x

Options
—d

Displays key values for specified domain.

-k

Displays key, followed by a colon (:), before
displaying value of the key.

-t

Inhibits translation of nickname to mapname.

—x

Displays map nickname table.

Other Section 1 Commands 2-119

yppasswd password

change

in yellow

pages

map.

Syntax
yppasswd [ name ]

prhich - determine which host is
he current YP server or map
master.

Syntax
ypwhich [-d domain] [~ V1] [- V2] [ hostname
]
ypwhich [-d domain] [-m mname][-t]]
ypwhich -x !

Options
- V1

Identifies which server is serving v.1 YP protocolspeaking client processes.

- V2 Identifies which server is serving v.2 YP protocol-

speaking client processes.

If neither version is specified, ypwhich attempts to
locate the server that supplies the current v.2
services.

-d
—-m

Uses domain instead of the current domain.
mname

Finds the master YP server for a map.
-t

Inhibits nickname translation and is useful if there
is a mapname identical to a nickname.

-x

Displays the map nickname table.

2-120 Other Section

Commands