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Document:	ULTRIX Reference Pages Section 1: Commands A - L
Order Number:	AA-PCOWA-TE
Revision:	0
Pages:	422
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ULTRIX

Reference Pages Section 1: Commands A-L

Order Number: AA-PCOWA-TE
June 1990

Product Version:

ULTRIX Version 4.0 or higher

This manual describes commands from A to L that are available to all ULTRIX users for both
RISC and VAX platforms.

digital equipment corporation
maynard, massachusetts

Restricted Rights: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the U.S. Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in
subparagraph (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause of DFARS 252.227-7013.

Portions of the information herein are derived from copyrighted material as permitted under license agreements with
AT&T and the Regents of the University of California. © AT&T 1979, 1984. All Rights Reserved.
Portions of the information herein are derived from copyrighted material as permitted under a license agreement with
Sun MicroSystems, Inc. © Sun MicroSystems, Inc, 1985. All Rights Reserved.

Portions of this document © Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1984, 1985, 1986,
1988.

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment
by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may

appear in this document.

The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance
with the terms of such license.

No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment that is not supplied by Digital or its

affiliated companies.

The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:

fln@nan

DECUS

ULTRIX Worksystem Software

DECwindows

UNIBUS

DTIF
MASSBUS

VAX
VAXstation

DDIS

MicroVAX

VMS

DEC
DECnet
DECstation

Q-bus
ULTRIX
ULTRIX Mail Connection

VMS/ULTRIX Connection
VT
XUI

CDA
DDIF

Ethernet is a registered trademark of Xerox Corporation.
Network File System and NFS are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
POSIX is a registered trademark of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

System V is a registered trademark of AT&T.
Tektronix is a trademark of Tektronix, Inc.
Teletype is a registered trademark of AT&T in the USA and other countries.
UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T in the USA and other countries.

About Reference Pages

The ULTRIX Reference Pages describe commands, system calls, routines, file
formats, and special files for RISC and VAX platforms.

Sections
The reference pages are divided into eight sections according to topic. Within each
section, the reference pages are organized alphabetically by title, except Section 3,
which is divided into subsections. Each section and most subsections have an
introductory reference page called intro that describes the organization and
anything unique to that section.

Some reference pages carry a one- to three-letter suffix after the section number, for
example, scan(lmh). The suffix indicates that there is a ‘‘family’’ of reference
pages for that utility or feature. The Section 3 subsections all use suffixes and other
sections may also have suffixes.
Following are the sections that make up the ULTRIX Reference Pages.

Section

1: Commands
This section describes commands that are available to all ULTRIX users. Section 1 is
split between two binders. The first binder contains reference pages for titles that fall
between A and L. The second binder contains reference pages for titles that fall
between M and Z.

Section 2: System Calis
This section defines system calls (entries into the ULTRIX kernel) that are used by
all programmers. The introduction to Section 2, intro(2), lists error numbers with
brief descriptions of their meanings. The introduction also defines many of the terms
used in this section.

Section 3: Routines
This section describes the routines available in ULTRIX libraries. Routines are
sometimes referred to as subroutines or functions.

Section 4: Special Files
This section describes special files, related device driver functions, databases, and
network support.

Section 5: File Formats
This section describes the format of system files and how the files are used. The files
described include assembler and link editor output, system accounting, and file

system formats.

Section 6: Games
The reference pages in this section describe the games that are available in the
unsupported software subset. The reference pages for games are in the document
Reference Pages for Unsupported Software.

Section 7: Macro Packages and Conventions
This section contains miscellaneous information, including ASCII character codes,
mail addressing formats, text formatting macros, and a description of the root file
system.

Section 8: Maintenance
This section describes commands for system operation and maintenance.

Platform Labels
The ULTRIX Reference Pages contain entries for both RISC and VAX platforms.
Pages that have no platform label beside the title apply to both platforms. Reference
pages that apply only to RISC platforms have a ‘‘RISC’’ label beside the title and the
VAX-only reference pages that apply only to VAX platforms are likewise labeled

with ‘*“VAX.”’ If each platform has the same command, system call, routine, file
format, or special file, but functions differently on the different platforms, both
reference pages are included, with the RISC page first.

Reference Page Format
Each reference page follows the same general format. Common to all reference pages
is a title consisting of the name of a command or a descriptive title, followed by a
section number; for example, date(1). This title is used throughout the

documentation set.
The headings in each reference page provide specific information. The standard
headings are:
Name

Syntax

Provides the name of the entry and gives a short description.

Describes the command syntax or the routine definition. Section 5
reference pages do not use the Syntax heading.

Description

Provides a detailed description of the entry’s features, usage, and
syntax variations.

Options
Restrictions

Describes the command-line options.
Describes limitations or restrictions on the use of a command or
routine.

Examples

iv About Reference Pages

Provides examples of how a command or routine is used.

Return Values

Describes the values returned by a system call or routine. Used in
Sections 2 and 3 only.

Diagnostics

Describes diagnostic and error messages that can appear.

Files

Lists related files that are either a part of the command or used
during execution.

Environment

Describes the operation of the system call or routine when
compiled in the POSIX and SYSTEM V environments. If the
environment has no effect on the operation, this heading is not
used. Used in Sections 2 and 3 only.

See Also

Lists related reference pages and documents in the ULTRIX
documentation set.

Conventions
The following documentation conventions are used in the reference pages.
%

The default user prompt is your system name followed by a right
angle bracket. In this manual, a percent sign (%
) is used to
represent this prompt.

A number sign is the default superuser prompt.

user input

This bold typeface is used in interactive examples to indicate
typed user input.

system output This typeface is used in text to indicate the exact name of a
command, routine, partition, pathname, directory, or file. This
typeface is also used in interactive examples to indicate system
output and in code examples and other screen displays.
UPPERCASE

The ULTRIX system differentiates between lowercase and

lowercase

uppercase characters. Literal strings that appear in text,
examples, syntax descriptions, and function definitions must be
typed exactly as shown.

rlogin

This typeface is used for command names in the Syntax portion
of the reference page to indicate that the command is entered
exactly as shown. Options for commands are shown in bold
wherever they appear.

filename

In examples, syntax descriptions, and routine definitions, italics
are used to indicate variable values. In text, italics are used to
give references to other documents.

[]

In syntax descriptions and routine definitions, brackets indicate
items that are optional.

{r}

In syntax descriptions and routine definitions, braces enclose lists
from which one item must be chosen. Vertical bars are used to
separate items.

About Reference Pages v

In syntax descriptions and routine definitions, a horizontal ellipsis

indicates that the preceding item can be repeated one or more
times.
A vertical ellipsis indicates that a portion of an example that
would normally be present is not shown.

cat(1)

Cross-references to the ULTRIX Reference Pages include the

appropriate section number in parentheses. For example, a

reference to cat(1) indicates that you can find the material on the

cat command in Section 1 of the reference pages.

Online Reference Pages
The ULTRIX reference pages are available online if installed by your system
administrator. The man command is used to display the reference pages as follows:
To display the 1s(1) reference page:
% man

1ls

To display the passwd(1l) reference page:
% man passwd

To display the passwd(5) reference page:
% man 5 passwd

To display the Name lines of all reference pages that contain the word “‘passwd’’:
% man -k passwd

To display the introductory reference page for the family of 3xti reference pages:
% man 3xti intro

Users on ULTRIX workstations can display the reference pages using the
unsupported xman utility if installed. See the xman(1X) reference page for details.

Reference Pages for Unsupported Software
The reference pages for the optionally installed, unsupported ULTRIX software are in
the document Reference Pages for Unsupported Software.

vi About Reference Pages

intro(1)

Name
intro — introduction to commands

Description
This section describes publicly accessible commands in alphabetic order. Certain
distinctions of purpose are made in the headings:

(1)

Commands of general utility.

(Ic)

Commands for communication with other systems.

(1g)

Commands used primarily for graphics and computer-aided design.

(lint)

Commands used for internationalization. For more information see
internat(lint).

(1mh)

Commands specific to the Message Handler.

(Incs)

Commands used for NCS (Network Computing System).

(1sh5)

Commands interpreted by the shS (System V Release 2) shell.

(lyp)

Commands specific to the Yellow Pages (YP) service.
Note

Commands related to system maintenance used to appear in section 1
reference pages and were distinguished by (1m) at the top of the page.
These reference pages now appear in section 8.

Diagnostics
Upon termination each command returns two bytes of status, one supplied by the
system giving the cause for termination and, in the case of normal termination, one
supplied by the program. For more information, see wait(1l) and exit(2). The
former byte is O for normal termination; the latter is customarily 0 for successful
execution. A nonzero status indicates a problem such as erroneous parameters, or bad

or inaccessible data. It is called variously exit code, exit status, or return code, and is
described only where special conventions are involved.

Commands 1-1

VAX

2780e (1)

Name
2780e — spooler for the IBM 2780 emulator

Syntax
2780e [-m] [-a] [-q] [-b] [-t] [-Sfile] [#num] file... [-o file...]

Description
The 2780e command puts the files named as arguments, along with a single control
file that guides each file’s execution, into usr/spool/r-je and calls the 2780d
program. This program sends the files to the IBM system.

Options
The following options may be needed to format data transmitted to an IBM system.

—#

Waits for num files to be received as output from job and gives default file
names in the form Ruseridpid.

—a

Send file as a priority job. Used only by the superuser. This file will be placed
ahead of the next regular file or at the end of other priority jobs.

-b

Transmits the file to an IBM system that accepts multiple record transmission.

-m

Notifies user by mail that file was sent and output was received.

—0

Name output files with specified file names. This option must be at the end of
the command line. Anything listed after this option is interpreted as an output
file name.

—q

Prepares the file for transmission and places it in

/usr/spool/rje but does

not call 2780d to transmit.

—S
-t

Sends contents of file to the IBM as a sign-on card. If this option is not
specified, a default sign-on card in the spool area is used.
Sends data in transparent mode. This option is used for files which contain

special control or protocol characters.

Files
fetc/2780d

Program that transmits files.

/usr/spool/rje

Spool directory

[usr/spool/rje/rjetemp.out

Temporary file for incoming files

See Also

admin(1), delta(1), get(1), help(1), prs(1), sccs(1), sccsfile(S)
The Guide to the Source Code Control System

Commands 1-89

comm(1)
Name
comm — compare sorted data

Syntax
comm [-[123]] filel file2

Description
The comm command reads filel and file2, which should be ordered in ASCII
collating sequence, and produces a three column output: lines only in file/; lines only
in file2; and lines in both files. The file name ‘-’ means the standard input.

Options
1

Suppresses column one: lines in filel only.

Suppresses column two: lines in file2 only.

Suppresses column three: lines in filel and file2.

Thus comm —12 prints only the lines common to the two files. And comm —23 prints
only lines in the first file but not in the second. Finally, comm —123 is not an option.

See Also
cmp(1), diff(1), diff3(1), diffmk(1), join(1), uniq(1)

1-90 Commands

comp (1mh)

Name
comp — COmpose a message

Syntax
comp [+folder] [msg] [-draftfolder +folder] [-draftmessage msg]
[-nodraftfolder] [—editor editorname] [-noedit] [—file filename] [-form formfile]
[-use] [-nouse] [-whatnowproc program] [-nowhatnowproc] [-help]

Description
Use comp to create a new message for mailing. When you run comp, it provides a
message template for you to fill in and invokes an editor so that you can complete the
message.

A mail message consists of a mail header and the body of the message. The mail
header contains all the information that determines who is going to receive the mail
message. It can also give the recipients some information about the sender. The
body of the message is the actual text of the message that you want to send. The
header is separated from the body of the text by a blank line or by a line of dashes.
The header must be separated from the body of the message in this way for the
message to be identified properly when it is sent (see send(1mh)).
The standard message header contains the following elements:
To:
ccC:

Subiject:

Options
You can specify an alternative mail header by setting up a file called components in
your MH directory. This is used instead of the default mail header by MH. You can
also direct comp to use an alternative header by using the -form formfile option.
comp normally invokes an editor, unless you have used the ~-noedit flag. The
default editor is promptexr, which is a very rudimentary editor (see
promptexr(lmh)). You can specify your own choice of editor using the ~editor
editorname option. If you regularly use the same editor you can specify it by
specifying it in the editor: line of your mh-profile. The following example
shows how to set up vi as the editor you’ll use to compose mail messages.
editor:

/usr/ucb/vi

You can direct comp to use an existing message by specifying a folder or a msg
argument. You can not supply both a —form formfile and a +folder or a msg
argument.

If you supply a +folder argument, comp will use the current message in the specified
folder as the draft for your message. If you specify a message number as an
argument and you do not have a draft s folder set up, comp will use that message
from the current folder. If you do have a drafts folder set up, comp will use the
specified message from your drafts folder. This is similar to specifying
comp-use, except that comp—use will only take messages from the draft or

Commands 1-91

comp (1mh)
drafts folders. The draft file or drafts folder are used by the comp, dist,
repl, and forw commands. If any of these commands are terminated without
sending the draft, you can edit the draft again by using comp —use.
If the draft already exists, comp will ask you what you want to do with the draft.
The available options are:

quit

aborts comp leaving the draft intact

replace

replaces the existing draft with the appropriate message form

use

allows you to edit the existing draft

list

displays the draft message

refile

refiles the existing draft message in the specified folder
and provides a new message form for you to complete

You have to specify a +foldername when you specify refile. If you use quit—d

you will exit from the editor and delete the draft message. The +foldername
argument to refile is required.
The —~draftfolder +folder and ~-draftmessage msg switches invoke the MH

draft folder facility. The ~draftfolder +foldername switch lets you specify the
folder that an unsent draft will be stored in. The ~draftmessage msg switch lets
you create a message with a meaningful name. If you quit without sending a
message, that message will be stored, as a file with the specified name, in your Mail

directory. You can use dist, forw, and send to access the specified draft file.
The -file filename switch makes comp use the named file as the message draft.
When you exit from the editor, comp invokes the whatnow program. See

whatnow(1mh) for a discussion of available options. You can also specify your
own whatnow process using the —whatnowproc program. If you do specify your
own whatnow program, you should not call it whatnow. You can suppress the
whatnow program entirely by using the ~nowhatnowproc switch. However, as

the whatnow program normally starts the initial edit, -nowhatnowproc will
prevent you from editing the message.
The defaults for comp are:
+foldername defaults to the current folder
msg defaults to the current message
-nodraftfolder
—nouse

Files
/usr/new/1lib/mh/components

The message skeleton

<mh-dir>/components

Alternative to the standard skeleton

$HOME/.mh_profile

Your user profile

<mh-dir>/draft

The draft file

Profile Components
Path:
Draft-Folder:
Editor:

To determine your MH directory
To find the default draft—folder
To override the default editor

Msg-Protect:

To set mode when creating a new message (draft)

fileproc:
whatnowproc:

Program to refile the message
Program to ask the ‘“What now?’’ questions

1-92 Commands

comp(1mh)
See Also
dist(1mh), forw(1mh), prompter(1mh), repl(1mh), send(1mh), whatnow(1mh),
mh-profile(Smh)

Commands 1-93

compact(1)
Name
compact, uncompact, ccat — compress and uncompress files, and cat them

Syntax
compact [ name... ]
uncompact [ name... ]
ccat [ file...]

Description
The compact command compresses the named files using an adaptive Huffman
code. If no file names are given, the standard input is compacted to the standard
output. The compact command operates as an on-line algorithm. Each time a byte
is read, it is encoded immediately according to the current prefix code. This code is
an optimal Huffman code for the set of frequencies seen so far. It is unnecessary to
prepend a decoding tree to the compressed file since the encoder and the decoder start

in the same state and stay synchronized. Furthermore, compact and uncompact
can operate as filters. In particular,
|

compact

uncompact

...

operates as a (very slow) no-op.
When an argument file is given, it is compacted and the resulting file is placed in
file.C; file is unlinked. The first two bytes of the compacted file code the fact that the
file is compacted. This code is used to prohibit recompaction.

The amount of compression to be expected depends on the type of file being
compressed. Typical values of compression are: Text (38%), Pascal Source (43%),
C Source (36%) and Binary (19%). These values are the percentages of file bytes
reduced.
The uncompact command restores the original file from a file compressed by

compact . If no file names are given, the standard input is uncompacted to the
standard output.
The ccat command cats the original file from a file compressed by compact,

without uncompressing the file.
The compact command is present only for compatibility. In general, the
compress(1) command runs faster and gives better compression.

1-94 Commands

compact(1)

Restrictions

The last segment of the file name must contain fewer than thirteen characters to allow
space for the appended ’.C’.

Files
* ., C

compacted file created by compact, removed by uncompact

See Also

sh(1), time(1), access(2), execve(2), fork(2), killpg(2), pipe(2), sigvec(2), setrlimit(2),

umask(2), wait(2), tty(4), a.out(5), environ(7), time(7)

An Introduction to the C shell

Commands 1-143

csplit(1)

Name
csplit — context split

Syntax
csplit [ —s ] [ -k ] [ —f prefix ] file argl [ ...argn ]

Description
The csplit command reads file and separates it into n+1 sections, as defined by the

arguments argl...argn. By default, the sections are placed in xx00...xxn (7 may not
be greater than 99). The named file is sectioned in the following way:

00:

From the start of file up to (but not including) the line referenced by argl.

01:

From the line referenced by argl up to the line referenced by arg?2.

From the line referenced by argn to the end of file.

If the file argument is an minus (-) then standard input is used. A minus is an ASCII
octal 055.

Options
-S

Suppresses the printing of all character counts.

If the —s

option is omitted, the csplit command prints the character
counts for each file created.

-k

Leaves previously created files intact. If the -k option is
omitted, csplit automatically removes created files if an
eITor Occurs.

~fprefix

Names the created files prefix00.. prefixn. The default is

xx00...xxn.

The arguments (arg!...argn) to csplit can be a combination of the following:

[rexp/

A file is created for the section from the current line
up to (but not including) the line containing the
regular expression rexp. The current line becomes
the line containing rexp. This argument may be
followed by an optional plus (+) or minus (-) number
of lines. For example, /Page/-5.

Yorexp %

This argument is the same as /rexp/, except that no
file is created for the section.

1-144 Commands

Inno

A file is created from the current line up to (but not
including) Inno. The current line becomes /nno.

{num}

Repeat argument. This argument may follow any of
the above arguments. If it follows a rexp argument,
that argument is applied num more times. If it
follows Inno, the file will be split every Inno lines
(num times) from that point.

csplit(1)
Enclose all rexp type arguments that contain blanks or other characters meaningful to
the Shell in the appropriate quotes. Regular expressions should not contain
embedded new-lines. The csplit command does not affect the original file; it is
the user’s responsibility to remove it.

Examples
csplit -f cobol file /procedure division/ /par5./ /parlé6./

This example creates four files, cobol00...cobol03. After editing the files that
csplit created, they can be recombined as follows:
cat

cobol0[0-3]

file

Note that this example overwrites the original file.
csplit

-k file

100

({99}

This example splits the file every 100 lines, up to 10,000 lines. The -k option causes
the created files to be retained if there are less than 10,000 lines; however, an error
message would still be printed.
csplit -k prog.c

‘$main(%’’ /~}/+1°

{20}

Assuming that prog . c follows the normal C coding convention of ending routines
with a right brace (}) at the beginning of the line, this example creates a file

containing each separate C routine (up to 21) in prog.c.

Diagnostics
The diagnostics are self explanatory except for the following:
arg - out

of range

This message means that the given argument did not reference a line between the
current position and the end of the file.

See Also

cc(1), pe(1), ptrace(1), vee(l)

Commands 1-177

VAX

dc(1)
Name
dc — desktop calculator

Syntax
dc [ file]

Description
The dc command is an arbitrary precision arithmetic package. Ordinarily it operates
on decimal integers, but you can specify an input base, output base, and a number of

fractional digits to be maintained. The overall structure of dc is a stacking (reverse

Polish) calculator. If an argument is given, input is taken from that file until its end,
then from the standard input. The following constructions are recognized:
number

The value of the number is pushed on the stack. A number is an unbroken
string of the digits 0-9. It may be preceded by an underscore _ to input a
negative number. Numbers may contain decimal points.

+ -/
*

The top two values on the stack are added (+), subtracted (-), multiplied

(*), divided (/), remaindered (%), or exponentiated (*). The two entries are
popped off the stack; the result is pushed on the stack in their place. Any
fractional part of an exponent is ignored.
The top of the stack is popped and stored into a register named x, where x
may be any character. If the s is capitalized, x is treated as a stack and the

value is pushed on it.

The value in register x is pushed on the stack. The register x is not altered.
All registers start with zero value. If the 1 is capitalized, register x is
treated as a stack and its top value is popped onto the main stack.
The top value on the stack is duplicated.

The top value on the stack is printed. The top value remains unchanged. P
interprets the top of the stack as an ascii string, removes it, and prints it.
All values on the stack are printed.

Exits the program. If executing a string, the recursion level is popped by
two. If q is capitalized, the top value on the stack is popped and the string
execution level is popped by that value.
Treats the top element of the stack as a character string and executes it as a
string of dc commands.

Replaces the number on the top of the stack with its scale factor.

[..]

Puts the bracketed ascii string onto the top of the stack.

The top two elements of the stack are popped and compared. Register x is
executed if they obey the stated relation.

Replaces the top element on the stack by its square root. Any existing
fractional part of the argument is taken into account, but otherwise the scale
factor is ignored.

1-178 Commands

[
]

dc(1)
Interprets the rest of the line as a UNIX command.

All values on the stack are popped.

The top value on the stack is popped and used as the number radix for

further input. When the base (number radix) is re-set, all subsequent
numbers are interpreted in the new base.

For example, if the command is issued twice, first to set the base to base 2,
then to reset it back to base 10, the new base value must be given in the
base originally set (that is, ‘2 i’ will set the base to base 2, after which
1010 1> will set it back to base 10).

Pushes the input base on the top of the stack.

The top value on the stack is popped and used as the number radix for

Pushes the output base on the top of the stack.

further output.

The top of the stack is popped, and that value is used as a non-negative
scale factor: the appropriate number of places are printed on output, and
maintained during multiplication, division, and exponentiation. The
interaction of scale factor, input base, and output base will be reasonable if
all are changed together.

The stack level is pushed onto the stack.

Replaces the number on the top of the stack with its length.
A line of input is taken from the input source (usually the terminal) and

Used by bc for array operations.

executed.

An example which prints the first ten values of n! is the following:
[lal+dsa*plalO>y]lsy
Osal
lyx

Commands 1-179

dc(1)
Diagnostics
"X is unimplemented"
X is an octal number.

"stack empty"
Not enough elements on the stack to do what was asked.

"Out of space”
The free list is exhausted (too many digits).
"Out of headers"
Too many numbers being kept around.

"Out of pushdown"
Too many items on the stack.

"Nesting Depth"
Too many levels of nested execution.

See Also

cp(1), tr(1), nbuf(4)

Commands 1-183

delta(1)

Name
delta — create new SCCS delta to save changes

Syntax
delta [-rSID] [-s] [-n] [—glist] [-m [mrlist
1] [<y [comment
] ] [-p] files

Description
The delta command is used to permanently introduce into the named SCCS file

changes that were made to the file retrieved by get(1) (called the g-file, or generated
file).
The delta command makes a delta to each named SCCS file. If a directory is
named, delta behaves as though each file in the directory were specified as a

named file, except that non-SCCS files (last component of the path name does not
begin with s.) and unreadable files are silently ignored. If a name of — is given, the
standard input is read (see RESTRICTIONS); each line of the standard input is taken

to be the name of an SCCS file to be processed.

The delta command may issue prompts on the standard output depending upon

certain keyletters specified and flags that may be present in the SCCS file. For further
information, see —m and -y keyletters below and admin(1).
The delta includes commentary, input by the user, that consists of one or more
lines, terminated by a period (.) in column one of a new line.
Keyletter arguments apply independently to each named file.

Options
Keyletter arguments:

—glist

Ignores specified list of deltas.

—-m[mrlist]

Indicates the modification request number. (~m[mrlist]).
If —m is not used and the standard input is a terminal, the

prompt MRs? is issued on the standard output before the

standard input is read; if the standard input is not a terminal,
no prompt is issued. The MRs? prompt always precedes the
comments? prompt (see -y keyletter).

MRs in a list are separated by blanks and/or tab characters.
An unescaped new-line character terminates the MR list.

Note that if the v flag has a value it is taken to be the name

of a program (or shell procedure) which will validate the

correctness of the MR numbers. For further information, see
admin(1). If a non-zero exit status is returned from MR

number validation program, delta terminates (it is
assumed that the MR numbers were not all valid).
-n

Does not delete edited file.

—p

Displays differences before and after delta is applied.

-rSID

Identifies which delta is to be made to the SCCS file. Use

1-184 Commands

delta(1)
this keyletter only if two or more outstanding gers for
editing (get —e) on the same SCCS file has been done by the
same person (login name). The SID value specified with the
—r keyletter can be either the SID specified on the get
command line or the SID to be made as reported by the get
command. For further information, see get(1). A
diagnostic results if the specified SID is ambiguous, or, if
necessary and omitted on the command line.
-S

Suppresses all messages.

—-y[comment]

Creates delta with specified commentary. text A null string
is considered a valid comment.

If —y is not specified and the standard input is a terminal, the
prompt comments? is issued on the standard output before
the standard input is read; if the standard input is not a
terminal, no prompt is issued. A period (.) in column one of
a newline terminates the comment text.

Restrictions

Lines beginning with an SOH ASCII character (binary 001) cannot be placed in the
SCCS file unless the SOH is escaped. This character has special meaning to SCCS and
will cause an error. For further information, see sccsfile(S).

A get of many SCCS files, followed by a delta of those files, should be avoided
when the get generates a large amount of data. Instead, multiple get/delta
sequences should be used.

If the standard input (-) is specified on the delta command line, the -m Gf
necessary) and -y keyletters must also be present. Omission of these keyletters
causes an error to occur.

Diagnostics
See sccshelp(l) for explanations.

Files

g-file

Existed before the execution of delta; removed after

p-file

Existed before the execution of delta; may exist after

g-file
x-file

z-file

completion of delta.

Created during the execution of delta; removed after

completion of delta.

Created during the execution of delta; renamed to SCCS
file after completion of delta.

Created during the execution of delta; removed during

the execution of delta.

d-file

Created during the execution of delta; removed after

fusr/bin/bdiff

Program to compute differences between the ‘‘gotten’” file

completion of delta.

and the g-file.

Commands

1-185

delta(1)

See Also
admin(1), bdiff(1), cdc(1), get(1), help(1), prs(1), rmdel(1), sces(1), sccsfile(S)

Guide to the Source Code Control System

1-186 Commands

deroff(1)

Name

deroff — remove formatting codes from text

Syntax
deroff [-w] file...

Description

The deroff command reads each file in sequence and removes all nroff and
t rof £ command lines, backslash constructions, macro definitions, egn constructs
(between .EQ and .EN lines or between delimiters), and table descriptions and writes
the remainder on the standard output. The deroff command follows chains of
included files (.so and .nx commands); if a file has already been included, the .so

command is ignored and an .nx command terminates execution. If no input file is
given, derof f reads from the standard input file.

Options
—w

Generates word list (one word per line).

Restrictions

The deroff command is not a complete t rof£ interpreter, so it can be confused
by subtle constructs. Most errors result in too much rather than too little output.
The -w flag removes every one— or two—character word.

See Also

cmp(1), comm(1), diff(1), nroff(1), join(1), sccsdiff(1), troff(1), unig(1)

Commands 1-197

dircmp (1)
Name
dircmp — directory comparison

Syntax
dircmp[—d ][ -s ][ -wn ]dir..

Description
The dircmp command examines dirl and dir2 and generates tabulated informati
on
about the contents of the directories. Listings of files that are unique to each
directory

are generated for all the options.

If no option is entered, a list is output indicating

whether the filenames common to both directories have the same contents.

This command is supplied for X/OPEN compliance. The same results are
available

from di ££(1), which produces results more quickly and effectively.

Options
—d

Compares the contents of files with the same name in both directories and
output a list telling what must be changed in the two files to bring them
into

agreement. The list format is described in di ££(1).

—s

Suppresses messages about identical files.

-wn

Changes the width of the output line to n characters. The default width is 72.

See Also

comp(1mh), forw(1mh), repl(1mh), send(1mh), whatnow(1mh)

Commands 1-203

domainname (1yp)
Name
domainname — display or set the name of the current domain for this system

Syntax
domainname [ nameofdomain ]

Description
The domainname command, when used without an argument, displays the name of
the current domain. The /etc/rc.local startup script must be used to set the
current domain name before any other YP commands can be issued.

A domain is a logical grouping of networked-connected systems established for the
purpose of sharing a common set of data files. Domains are only used by the yellow
pages (YP) service and are called YP domains. A YP domain is a directory in
/etc/yp, established through the use of the domainname command, where a YP
server holds all of the YP maps. Each YP map contains a set of keys and associated

key values. For example, in a map called hosts.byname, the host names stored
there constitute the keys. The corresponding internet addresses of each host
constitute the associated key values.

See Also

intro(3int), gencat(lint), strextract(lint), strmerge(1lint), regex(3), catopen(3int),
catgets(3int), patterns(5int)

Guide to Developing International Software

Commands 1-231

eyacc (1)

Name
eyacc — modified yacc allowing much improved error recovery

Syntax
eyacc [-v] [ grammar
|

Description
The eyacc command is an old version of yacc(l), which produces
tables used by
the Pascal system and its error recovery routines. The eyacc
command fully
enumerates test actions in its parser when an error token is in

the look-ahead set.

This prevents the parser from making undesirable reductions when

an error occurs
before the error is detected. The table format is different in eyacc
than it was in the
old yacc, as minor changes had been made for efficiency reasons.

See Also

plot(1g), spline(1g)

Commands 1-275

grep(1)
Name
grep, egrep, fgrep — search file for regular expression

Syntax
grep [option... ] expression [ file... ]
egrep [option... ] [ expression] | file... ]
fgrep [option... ] [ strings 1 [ file ]

Description
Commands of the grep family search the input files (standard input default) for lines
matching a pattern. Normally, each line found is copied to the standard output.
The grep command patterns are limited regular expressions in the style of ex(1),
which uses a compact nondeterministic algorithm. The egrep command patterns
are full regular expressions. The egrep command uses a fast deterministic algorithm
that sometimes needs exponential space. The fgrep command patterns are fixed
strings. The fgrep command is fast and compact.
In all cases the file name is shown if there is more than one input file. Take care
when using the characters $ * [ A | () and \ in the expression because they are also
meaningful to the Shell. It is safest to enclose the entire expression argument in
single quotes ~ °.

The fgrep command searches for lines that contain one of the (new line-separated)
strings.

The egrep command accepts extended regular expressions. In the following
description ‘character’ excludes new line:

A\ followed by a single character other than new line matches that
character.

The character A matches the beginning of a line.

The character $ matches the end of a line.
A . (dot) matches any character.

A single character not otherwise endowed with special meaning matches
that character.

A string enclosed in brackets [ ] matches any single character from the
string. Ranges of ASCII character codes may be abbreviated as in
‘a—z0-9’. A ] may occur only as the first character of the string. A literal
— must be placed where it can’t be mistaken as a range indicator.

A regular expression followed by an * (asterisk) matches a sequence of O
or more matches of the regular expression. A regular expression followed
by a + (plus) matches a sequence of 1 or more matches of the regular
expression. A regular expression followed by a ? (question mark) matches
a sequence of 0 or 1 matches of the regular expression.
Two regular expressions concatenated match a match of the first followed
by a match of the second.

1-276 Commands

grep(1)
Two regular expressions separated by | or new line match either a match
for the first or a match for the second.
A regular expression enclosed in parentheses matches a match for the
regular expression.
The order of precedence of operators at the same parenthesis level is the following:

[ ], then *+?, then concatenation, then | and new line.

Options
~b

Precedes each output line with its block number. This is sometimes
useful in locating disk block numbers by context.
Produces count of matching lines only.

—e expression Uses next argument as expression that begins with a minus (-).
~f file

Takes regular expression (egrep) or string list (fgrep) from file.

—i

Considers upper and lowercase letter identical in making comparisons

(grep and fgrep only).
-1

Lists files with matching lines only once, separated by a new line.

-n

Precedes each matching line with its line number.

—s

Silent mode and nothing is printed (except error messages). This is
useful for checking the error status (see DIAGNOSTICS).

-V

Displays all lines that do not match specified expression.

-w

Searches for an expression as for a word (as if surrounded by <’ and
“>"). For further information, see ex(1), grep only.

-X

Prints exact lines matched in their entirety (fgrep only).

Restrictions
Lines are limited to 256 characters; longer lines are truncated.

Diagnostics
Exit status is 0 if any matches are found, 1 if none, 2 for syntax errors or inaccessible
files.

See Also

1pq(1), Ipr(1), Iprm(1), pr(1), symlink(2), printcap(2), Ipc(8), Ipd(8)

Commands 1-371

Ipq(1)
Name
1Ipq — spool queue examination program

Syntax
Ipq [ options ][ job #... 1[ user... ]

Description
The 1pq command examines the spooling area used by 1pd for printing files on the
printer, and reports the status of jobs. The 1pg command invoked without any
arguments reports on any jobs currently in the default queue.

When jobs are being printed, 1pqg reports the queue as being ‘‘active’’. For each job
submitted, 1pq reports the user’s name, current rank in the queue, the names of files
comprising the job, the job identifier and the total size in bytes. The job identifier is
a number which may be supplied to 1prm to remove a specific job.
Job ordering is determined by the FIFO (First In, First Out) algorithm used to scan

the spooling directory. When the queue is empty, 1pq reports that there are ‘‘no
entries’’.
File names may be unavailable for some jobs, for example, if the 1pr command is
used without specifying a file name, or if 1pr is used in a pipe line. If file names
are unavailable, the file name reported by 1pq is ‘‘standard input’’.

Arguments
job #...

Causes 1pqg to report on only the job number(s) specified.

user...

Causes 1pq to report on only the jobs for the specified user(s).

Options
+n

Scan and display the spool queue until the queue is empty. The queue is
scanned every n seconds, if no argument is specified the queue is scanned

every 30 seconds.
-1

Display the status of each job on more than one line if necessary. If this

option is not used, the status of each job is displayed on one line.
=Pprinter
Report the status of the spool queue for the printer specified. If this option is
not used, the spool queue displayed is the one defined by the PRINTER
environment variable. If a queue is not defined by the PRINTER environment
variable, the spool queue displayed is for the printer named ‘‘Ip’’ in the
printcap file.

Restrictions
The displayed status of the spool queue may not always be the current status. This is

because jobs may be completed after the queue has been examined, but before the

status has been displayed.

1-372 Commands

Ipq(1)
Error Messages
Two of the most common error messages from 1pq are:
Warning: no daemon present

A daemon is not available for the specified printer. Refer to the 1pc (8) command
to find out how to restart the printer daemon.
unknown printer

The printer specified as an argument to the —P option, doesn’t have an entry in the
/etc/printcap file.

Files
/etc/termcap

For manipulating the screen for repeated display

/etc/printcap

To determine printer characteristics

/usr/spool/*

The spooling directory, as determined from printcap

/usr/spool/*/cf*

Control files specifying jobs

/usr/spool/*/lock

The lock file to obtain the currently active job

See Also

lpr(1), Iprm(1), 1pc(8), 1pd(8)

Commands 1-373

Ipr(1)

Name
lpr — off line print

Syntax
Ipr [ options ][

file... ]

Description
The 1pr command puts files in the spooling area used by 1pd. The files are printed

by 1pd when the printer is available. If no file names are specified, the standard
input is used.
If options are specified which would cause a conflicting action, the last option
specified is the one used. For example, in the command
lpr

-h

-Jjob

the —J option overrides the ~h option.

Options
=Cclass
Print the argument class, as the job classification on the banner page. If this
option is not used, the name of the node from where the 1pr command was
issued is printed.
~h

Do not print the banner page.

—in Indent the printed output by n spaces. An argument must be supplied with this
option. You should note that this is not compatible to previous versions of 1pr.

-Jjob
Print the argument job, as the job name on the banner page. If this option is not

used, the job name is the name of the first file specified in the 1pr command.
If no file name is specified, the job name ‘‘stdin’’ is used.
-m Send a mail note to you when the job has been completed.
—-p

Format the files using the pr command.

—~Pprinter

Send the output to the spool queue for the printer specified. If this option is not
used, the output is sent to the spool queue defined by the PRINTER
environment variable. If a queue is not defined by the PRINTER environment
variable, the output is sent to the default printer.
—s

Use the symlink system call to link data files, rather than trying to copy them.

This can be used if the file size exceeds the spool directory limit. Refer to the
mx capability in printcap (5). Note that the files should not be modified or
removed until they have been printed.
—Ttitle

Print the argument tirle at the head of each page. If a title is not specified, the
name of the file is used. If no file name is specified, then the title part of the
header is left blank. The ~T option is only meaningful with the —p option.
-wn

1-374 Commands

Ipr(1)
Print the job using a page width of n characters. If this option is not used, the
page width is taken from the printcap file. If there is no entry in the
printcap file, the page width used is 132 characters.

—zn Print the job using a page length of » lines. If this option is not used, the page
length is taken from the printcap file. If there is no entry in the printcap
file, the page length used is 66 lines.
-1font
—~2font

—=3font
—4font

Use the font file specified by font in font position 1, 2, 3 or 4. These options
can only be used with troff, ditroff and TeX files (the —n, —t, and —d options
respectively).

—#n Print n copies of the specified file(s).

The following options are for use with PostScript (TM) printers with specialized
support, refer to 1pd (8) . Each option requires one argument. The arguments can
be abbreviated as long as the abbreviations are unique for each option.
-Ddatatype

Define the data type to the print daemon, 1pd. If the —-D option is not used, the
data type is taken from the printcap file. If no entry for the data type is
found in the printcap file, the print job is sent to the printer without
translation. The following are valid arguments for the —D option.
ansi
ascii

ANSI data
ASCII data

postscript
regis
tek4014

PostScript (TM) data
REGIS data
Tektronix 4014

xyz

You can specify other data types, but you must write an
appropriate translator, refer to xlator _call (8).

-Fpagesize

Select the size of the pages to be printed. The page size is the text intended to
be printed on a separate sheet. If the —F option is not used the page size used is
the same as the sheet size, refer to option —S. If the sheet size is not specified,
the value is taken from the printcap file. If there is no entry in the
printcap file, the page size is LETTER (8.5 x 11 inches). The -F option is
ignored if the data type is PostScript (TM). The following are valid arguments
for the —-F option.

letter or a
ledger or b
legal
executive
ad
ad
a3
b5
b4

8.5 x 11 inches, 216 x 279 mm
11 x 17 inches, 279 x 432 mm
8.5 x 14 inches, 216 x 356 mm
7.5 x 10.5 inches, 191 x 254 mm
5.8 x 8.3 inches, 148 x 210 mm
8.3 x 11.7 inches, 210 x 297 mm
11.7 x 16.5 inches, 297 x 420 mm
7.2 x 10.1 inches, 176 x 250 mm
10.1 x 14.3 inches, 250 x 353 mm

Commands 1-375

Ipr(1)
Itray
Select the input paper tray that will supply paper for the print job.

The tray

name is given by the argument as follows:
top

The upper 250-sheet input tray.

middle

The middle 250-sheet input tray.

bottom or Icit

The large capacity input tray.

If the -1 option is not used, the —S option to selects the input tray. If the ~I
option and the —S option are both specified, the input tray must contain the
required paper size. If the —I option is not specified, the value for the output
paper tray is taken from the printcap file. If no entry is present there, the

default paper tray for the printer is used.
~Ksides

Print the pages of the job on sheets in the way specified by sides. The valid
arguments are:

1 or one_sided_simplex
2 or two_sided_duplex

Print on one side of the sheet only.
Print on both sides of the sheet, the

tumble or two_sided_tumble

second side is reached by flipping the
sheet about its left edge, as in the
binding of a book.
Print on both sides of the sheet, but
print the opposite way up on each

side, so the second side can be read
by flipping the sheet along its top
axis.

one_sided_duplex

Print on one side of the paper only,
but retain the page layout intended for

two sided duplex printing. The layout
refers to such things as where the
margins are, and where the page
one_sided_tumble

numbers are.
Print on one side of the paper only,
but retain the page layout intended for

tumble printing.

two_sided_simplex

Print on two sides of the paper of the
paper, but retain the page layout
intended for one sided simplex.

-Lfilename
Use the commands in the layup definition file, specified by filename, to alter the
appearance of the printed output. If filename does not begin with /, the current
directory is searched, followed by /usr/1lib/lpdfilters. Refer to the
documentation for your printer for the commands available.
-Mmessage
Use the messages generated by the print job in the way specified by message. If
the ~M option is not used, messages are not recorded, unless indicated by an
entry in the printcap file.
keep

Record the messages in the message file and
mail the file to you.

ignore

1-376 Commands

Do not record messages.

Ipr(1)

Print n pages on a single sheet. The number must be in the range 0 to 100. If
you specify 1pr -NO the /etc/printcap entry is overridden and the
default layup file is not used. If you specify 1pr -N1 the pages are printed
““1-up’’ but with a border. If the —N option is not used, one page is printed on
one sheet.
—otray

Select the output tray where the printed job will be deposited. The tray name is
given by the argument as follows:
top

Top tray, with face-down stacking.

face-up
upper

Side tray, with face-up stacking.
Upper tray if there are two trays on top of the printer. If there
are not two trays, the fop tray is used.
Lower tray if there are two trays on top of the printer. If there
are not two trays, the fop tray is used.
Large capacity output stacker

side

lower
'
lcos

Side tray, with face-down stacking.

If the —o option is not specified, the value for the input paper tray is taken from
the printcap file, and if no entry is present there, from the printer.
~Qorientation

Print the page in the way specified by orientation. The orientation is given by
the argument as follows:
portrait
landscape

The printed output is parallel to the short side of the page.
The printed output is parallel to the long side of the page.

If the —O option is not specified, the value orientation is taken from the
printcap file, and if no entry is present there, from the printer.
=Spagesize

Select the physical size of the sheets to be printed. If the —S option is not used
the sheet size used is the same as the page size, refer to option —-F. If the page
size is not specified, the value is taken from the printcap file. If there is no
entry in the printcap file the sheet size is LETTER (8.5 x 11 inches). The
valid arguments for the —S option are the same as for the ~F option.

-Xn

Print each page n times. The number must be in the range 1 to 100. The output
is uncollated, for a collated output use the —# option. If the —X option is not
used, each page is printed once.
=Zlowlim,uplim

Print the pages of the job between lowlim and uplim. If lowlim is not specified,
the first page printed is the first page of the job. If uplim is not specified, the
last page printed is the last page of the job. The maximum value which can be
specified for uplim is 10000. Banner pages are not included in the count. Note
that these limits apply to the entire print job, not to individual files within a
multi-file job.

The following options are used to notify the spooling daemon for the printer that the
files are not standard text files. Any of these options will override the —D option
regardless of the order in which they appear. The 1pd print daemon uses the
appropriate filters to ensure the files are printed correctly.

Commands 1-377

Ipr(1)
Assume the files contain standard plot data produced by the plot routines.
Print the files using a filter which prints the control characters and suppresses the
page breaks.

Assume the files contain data produced by troff.
Assume the files do not require filtering before printing.
The following options also notify the spooling daemon for the printer that the files
are not standard text files. The 1pd filters for the following options are not supplied

as part of the standard ULTRIX operating system.
-

Assume the files contain data produced by cifpiot.

-d

Assume the files contain data produced by TeX (DVI output from Stanford).

-f

Interpret the first character of each line as a standard FORTRAN carriage control

character.
||

Assume the files contain data produced by device independent troff (ditroff).

-V

Assume the files contain a raster image for devices like Versatec.

Restrictions
Fonts for troff and TeX reside on the host with the printer. It is not possible to use
local font libraries.

Diagnostics
Files with more than x bytes are truncated to x bytes. The default value for x is

1025024 bytes, but this can be changed by using the mx capability in the
/etc/printcap file. The 1pr command will not print files which appear to be in
a.out or ar format. If a user other than root prints a file and spooling is disabled,
l1pr will print a disabled message and will not put jobs in the queue. If a connection
to 1pd on the local machine cannot be made, 1pr will print that the daemon cannot
be started.

Files
/etc/passwd

Personal identification

/etc/printcap

Printer capabilities data base

/usr/lib/lpd

Line printer daemon

/usr/spool/*

Directories used for spooling

/usr/spool/*/cf*

Daemon control files

/usr/spool/*/df*

Data files specified in "cf" files

/usr/spool/*/tf*

Temporary copies of "cf" files

See Also
Ipq(1), Iprm(1), pr(1), symlink(2), printcap(5), Ipc(8), lpd(8)

1-378 Commands

Iprm(1)

Name
Iprm — remove jobs from line printer queue

Syntax
Iprm [-Pprinter] [-] [job #...] [user...]

Description
The 1prm command removes a job, or jobs, from a printer’s spool queue. Since the
spooling directory is protected from users, using 1prm is normally the only method

by which a user may remove a job.

The 1prm command without any arguments deletes the currently active job if it is
owned by the user who invoked 1prm.

If the — flag is specified, 1prm removes all jobs which a user owns. If the super-user
employs this flag, the spool queue is emptied entirely. The owner is determined by
the user’s login name and host name on the machine where the 1pr command was
invoked.

Specifying a user’s name, or list of user names, causes 1prm to attempt to remove

any jobs queued belonging to that user (or users). This form of invoking 1prm is
useful only to the super-user.

A user may dequeue an individual job by specifying its job number. This number
may be obtained from the 1pqg(1l) program. For example,
$

lpg -1

1st:
%

[job #01l3ucbarpal
ken
100 bytes
(standard input)

lprm 13

The 1prm command announces the names of any files it removes and is silent if
there are no jobs in the queue which match the request list.

The 1prm command kills off an active daemon, if necessary, before removing any
spooling files. If a daemon is killed, a new one is automatically restarted upon
completion of file removals.

Options
-

Removes all jobs owned by you only.

-P printer

Removes jobs from specified printer. It may be used to
specify the queue associated with a specific printer

(otherwise the default printer, or the value of the PRINTER
variable in the environment is used).

Restrictions

Since there are race conditions possible in the update of the lock file, the currently

active job may be incorrectly identified.

Commands 1-379

Iprm(1)

Diagnostics
“‘Permission denied" if the user tries to remove files other than his own.

Files
fetc/printcap
[usr/spool/*
fusr/spool/*/lock

printer characteristics file
spooling directories
lock file used to obtain the pid of the current
daemon and the job number of the currently active job

See Also

Ipq(1), Ipr(1), 1pd(8)

1-380 Commands

Ipstat(1)

Name
Ipstat — printer status information

Syntax
Ipstat [ options ]

Description
The 1pstat utility prints the status of the system printers.

Without any options, 1pstat prints the status of print requests made to the default
printer.

This command exists for X/OPEN compatibility.

Options
Some of the options can be followed by a list of arguments. The arguments must be
specified as follows:
lpstat

-uuserl,user2,user3

List items can be separated by spaces, but the list must be enclosed in quotes. If you
do not include any arguments, all the information relevant to the option is printed.
The valid options for 1pstat are:

-a [ printerl, printer2, ... ]

Print whether or not printers are accepting print requests.
—d

Print the name of the default system printer.

—o [ printerl, printer2, ... ]
Print the status of print requests.

—p [ printerl, printer2, ... ]
Print the status of printers.

—r

Print the status of the line printer daemon, 1pd.

—s

Print a status summary, including the status of the line printer daemon 1pd,

—t

Print all status information.

and the default system printer.

-u [ userl, user2, ... ]

Print the status of users’ print requests.

See Also

1p(1), 1pq(1), Ipr(1), Ipc(8)

Commands 1-381

Is(1)

Name
Is — list and generate statistics for files

Syntax
Is [ options | name ...

Description
For each directory argument, 1s lists the contents of the directory. For each file
argument, 1s repeats the file name and gives any other information you request with

the options available. By default, the list is sorted alphabetically. When no
argument is given, the current directory is listed. When several arguments are given,
files are listed first, followed by directories and the files within each directory.
Options are listed below.

Options
Displays one entry per line. This is the default when output is not to a

terminal.
Displays all entries including those beginning with a period (.).
Forces multicolumn output for pipe or filter. This is the default when the
output is to a terminal.
Uses time of last modification of file status information (file creation, mode,

etc) for sorting (with the —t option) or printing (with the -l option) rather than
the time of file modification or access. See also the —t and —u options.

Displays names of directories only, not contents. Use this option with -1 to get
the status of a directory.

Marks directories with trailing slash (/), sockets with a trailing equal sign (=),
symbolic links with a trailing at sign (@), and executable files with a trailing
asterisk (*).
Displays names in the order they exist in directory. For further information, see
dir(5). Entries beginning with a period (.) are also listed. This option

overrides the -1, —t, —s, and —r options.
Displays assigned group ID (used with -l only). Default is assigned owner ID.
—i

Displays the i-number for each file in the first column of the report.

-L

Lists the information, if the file is a symbolic link, for the file or directory the
link references rather than that for the link itself.
Lists the mode, number of links, owner, size in bytes, and time of last

modification for each file. If the file is a special file, the size field contains the
major and minor device numbers instead of the size. If the file is a symbolic
link, the pathname of the linked-to file is printed, preceded by “—>"’.

The mode field consists of 11 characters. The first character indicates the type
of entry:
d if the entry is a directory
b if the entry is a block-type special file

1-382 Commands

Is(1)
c if the entry is a character-type special file
1 if the entry is a symbolic link
s if the entry is a socket
— if the entry is a plain file

The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three characters each. The
first set of three characters refers to file-access permissions for the user; the
next set, for the user-group; and the last set, for all others. The permissions are
indicated as follows:

r if the file is readable
w if the file is writable
x if the file is executable

— if the indicated permission is not granted.

The group-execute permission character is given as s if the file has the setgroup-id bit set; likewise, the user-execute permission character is given as s if
the file has the set-user-id bit set.

The last character of the mode (normally ‘x’ or ‘=) is t if the 1000 bit of the
mode is on. See chmod(2) for the meaning of this mode.

Forces the printing of nongraphic characters in file names as the question mark
character (?). This is the default when output is to a terminal.

Recursively lists all subdirectories.

Sorts entries in reverse alphabetic or time order.

Displays the size in kilobytes of each file. This is the first item listed in each
entry.

Sorts by time modified (most recently modified first) instead of by name. See

also the —c and —u options.

Uses the time of last access instead of last modification for sorting (with the —t
option) or printing (with the -1 option).

Restrictions
The output device is assumed to be 80 columns wide.
New line and tab are considered printing characters in file names.

The option setting based on whether the output is a teletype is undesirable as "ls -s"
is much different than "Is -s llpr". On the other hand, not doing this setting would
make old shell scripts which used Is almost certain to fail.

Files

/etc/passwd Used to obtain user id’s for Is -1
Used to obtain group id’s for Is —g
/etc/group

Commands 1-383

ItfF(1)

Name
Itf — labeled tape facility

Syntax
Itf option| keys
] file...

Description
The 1t
£ command reads and writes single-volume Versions 3 and 4 ANSI-

compatible tape volumes. For a description of the label conventions, see 1t £(5).
The file argument specifies each file or directory name that is to be processed. If a
directory name is specified, the complete directory tree is processed.

Options
The actions of 1t
£ are controlled by one of the following option characters that must
appear as the first command-line argument: —¢, -H, —t, and —x.

Creates a new volume assigning an interchange file name to the files on the

volume. That is, 1t
f initializes the volume and writes each named file onto the
output file. Then 1t f assigns an “‘interchange’’ file name to the files being
created on the volume. This ‘‘interchange’’ file name is a name that can be

recognized by a non-ULTRIX system. (Permissible ULTRIX file names are not

allowed in all forms of ANSI volumes). This file name is 17 characters in
length and includes only capital letters and the ‘‘a’’ characters, see 1t £(5). It is
formed by converting all lower case letters to upper case, converting non-‘‘a’’

characters to upper case Z, and truncating the resultant string to 17 characters. If
ANSI Version 4 volumes are being used, the original ULTRIX file name is

preserved in HDR3 through HDR9 and EOF3 through EOF9. For further
information, see 1t £(5).

-H Displays help messages for all options and keys.
—t

Lists each named file on the specified volume. If no file argument is given,
information about all files on the volume is provided. If -t is used without v or
V (verbose keys), the interchange file names are also included in the list.

-x

[Extracts each named file from the volume to the user’s current directory. If no

file argument is given, the entire content of the volume is extracted. If the p key
is not specified when extracting files from a volume written by an ULTRIX
system, the files are restored to the current user and group IDs and to the mode
set by the umask(2) system call.

Keys
The following optional keys can be specified to enable or disable 1t f actions as

specified:

Outputs an ANSI-compatible Version 3 format volume. This key can be used
with the —c option only. The default version is 4. For further information, see
1t £(5).

Write to a tape volume the file that a symbolic link points to instead of creating
the symbolic link on a volume. The file written to the tape now has the same
name as the symbolic link. This key can be used with the —c option only.

1-384 Commands

Itf (1)
When extracting, if a symbolic link exists in the current directory that has the
same name as a file on the tape volume, the link is followed and the file that the
symbolic link currently points to is overwritten with the extracted file. To avoid
overwriting files, use the w key.
Omits directory blocks from the output volume. When creating a volume, the
directory files are omitted, and when listing or extracting, the V key is disabled.

Omits usage of optional headers HDR3 through HDR9 and EOF3 through
EOF?9. For further information, see 1t £(5). If a file is created on an ULTRIX
system without the use of the O key, these file headers contain the complete
ULTRIX disk file name. Some non-ULTRIX systems are not able to process
volumes containing these header labels. Thus, it is helpful to use this qualifier
to avoid unnecessary error messages when planning to use non-ULTRIX
systems.

Restores files to original mode, user ID and group ID that is written on the tape
volume. This key can be used with the —x option on ULTRIX files and by the
superuser only.
Displays long form information about volume and files. Normally, 1t
£
operates with little terminal output.

When used in conjunction with the —t option, v gives more information about
the volume entries than when used in conjunction with the —¢ and —x options.
The following line is typical output from —tv functions.
1tf:

Volume

ID is:

ULTRIX

1tf:

Owner

1ID is:

OwnerID

ltf:

Implementation

1tf:

Volume

t(l,1)

t(2,1)
t(3,1)
t(4,1)

created

Volume

is:

SystemID

on:

System

ANSI Version

rw-r--r-- 103/3 owner Feb

2 12:34 2530 bytes <cc >D filel
rw-r--r-- 103/3 owner Jun 29 09:34 999 bytes <com>D file2
rwxrwxrwx 293/10 name Jan 24 10:20 1234 bytes <bin>F name
--xrwx--- 199/04 theowner Jan 24 10:21 12345 bytes <asc>D
long

file name

The first field contains the file sequence number and the file section number of
the file. If an ULTRIX system created the labeled volume, the second and third
fields contain the mode, and owner/group ID of the file. Otherwise, these two
fields are filled with dashes. The fourth field contains the file owner name. The
fifth field contains latest modification time. The year is included if the
modification time is older than Jan 1 of the current year. The sixth field
contains the number of bytes used on the volume for the file. If the volume is
non-ULTRIX, this field contains the number of blocks with the block size in
parenthesis. The seventh field contains the ANSI file type (angle brackets) and
the file record format (one character suffix). The file record formats are: F (fixed
length), D (variable length), or S (spanned/segmented records). The eighth (last)
field contains the name of the file. If the file name does not fit within the 12
spaces left in the line, the name appears on the next line preceded by a carriage
return. A long file name will be continued over one or more lines thus it is
recommended to keep auto wrap on in the terminal setup. Also if a file on a
volume is either a symbolic or hard link, information about the linked file is
displayed on the next line, preceded by a carriage return.
Displays verbose information about directories.

Commands 1-385

Itf(1)
w

Warmns the user if file name is in danger of being truncated when using —¢ or if it
could be overwritten using —x. Normally, 1t f operates silently and does not let
the user know what is happening. When —cw is specified, 1t £ displays two
warning messages if the interchange name and the ULTRIX file name are not
the same. When —xw is specified, 1t£ displays a warning message if a file is
about to be overwritten. Another message is displayed asking for approval to
overwrite the file. If the user types no or presses return, then the option exists to
type in a new file name or press return to quit. If a new file name is typed, this
name is also checked. Thus, 1t
£ does not continue until a unique file name is
typed. When —x is specified, 1t£ does not warn the user if a directory name
already exists.

0..31
Selects a unit number for a named tape device. These unit numbers can be

entered when using the default tape name, /dev/rmtOh.

The following optional keys require an additional argument to be specified on the
command line. If two or more of these keys are used, their respective arguments are
to appear in the exact order that the keys are specified.
B size
Set the blocking factor to size. This specifies the maximum number of bytes that
can be written in a block on a volume. If no value is specified, size defaults to
2048 bytes. The maximum size is 20480 bytes and the minimum size is 18
bytes. The B key need only be specified with —c.
The size may be specified as n bytes, (where n is assumed to be decimal) or as
nb, (a multiple of 512 bytes using n followed by ’b’, where ’b’ signifies the

multiple of 512) or as nk, (a multiple of 1024 bytes using n followed by ’k’,
where 'k’ signifies the multiple of 1024).

f device
Sets the device file name to device. The default is /dev/rmtOh. The use of the f
key overrides the 0..31 keys.
1 file
Allows file name to be supplied either interactively or from a specified file.

Normally, 1t
f expects the argument file names to be part of the command line.
The I key allows the user to enter argument file names either interactively or
from a specified file. If file is a dash (-), 1t
£ reads standard input and prompts
for all required information. All of the file names are requested first, followed

by a single return before the arguments are processed. If file is a valid file name,
file is opened and read to obtain argument file names.

L label
Specifies a six-character volume identifier /abel. The default label for ULTRIX
systems is "ULTRIX".
P position
Specifies file sequence and section number at which volume will be positioned,
using #,#. The first #, represents the file sequence number, while second #, the

file section number. The file sequence number begins at 1 and is incremented
for each file in the current file set. Since this implementation of 1t
£ only
produces one file set, the file sequence number for volumes written with this
implementation is the number of the file as it is written on the volume. The file
section number begins at 1 and is incremented for each file section on any one

1-386 Commands

Itf(1)
volume. This number is necessary when files are written in multi-volume
format where the need may exist to split a file across volumes; however since
this implementation of 1t£ writes only single volumes, the file section number
is always 1 for volumes written with this implementation. If no file arguments
are specified, all files from the position number to the end of the tape are listed
or extracted. Otherwise, particular files that exist between the position number
and the end of the tape can be listed or extracted. A warning message appears if
a file is requested that exists before the position number specified. The P key
cannot be used with the —c option.

Examples
1tf

-cfB /dev/rmtOh 100 filel file2 file3

This example creates a new volume for filel, file2, and file3 using device /dev/rmtOh

(f key) and a blocking factor of 100 (B key).

Restrictions
The 1tf command does not support floppy diskettes or multi-volume tapes.

Diagnostics
Diagnostics are written to the standard error file. They come in four forms: fatal
errors, warnings, information, and prompts. The 1t £ command terminates when it
detects that a fatal error has occurred.

The diagnostics are intended to be self-explanatory. Their general format is:
1tf:
1tf:

1tf:
1tf:

FATAL > a fatal error message
Warning > a warning or advisory message
Info > an information message
a prompt asking for input