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XX-7D431-FD

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Document:	PDP9PTSUM
Order Number:	XX-7D431-FD
Revision:
Pages:	42
Original Filename:	http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp9/PDP9PTSUM.pdf

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CONTENTS
1.

LOADING PROGRAMS

SYMBOLS
FORTRAN-4

LOADING INSTRUCTIONS

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS

COMMAND STRING

RUNNING INSTRUCTIONS

ERROR CONDITIONS AND RECOVERY

RESTART PROCEDURES

EXAMPLES

3
MACRO-9

LOADING INSTRUCTIONS

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS

COMMAND STRING

RUNNING INSTRUCTIONS

ERROR CONDITIONS AND RECOVERY PROCEDURES

REST ART PROCEDURES

EXAMPLES

PIP-9
l.

LOADING INSTRUCTIONS

2..

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS

COMMAND STRING

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

ERROR CONDITIONS AND RECOVERY PROCEDURES

REST ART PROCEDURES

EXAMPLES

EDITOR

LOADI NG INSTRUCTIONS

GE I'IERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS

COMMAND STRING

OPERATING PROCEDURES

iii

APPENDIX 3
MACRO-9ERROR DIAGNOSTICS

APPENDIX 4
MACRO-9 PERMAI'-lENT SYMBOL TABLE

APPENDIX 5
SYSTEM RESTART

APPENDIX 6
EXPANATION OF lOPS ERROR CODES

INTRODUCTION

This guide for operating the paper lape version of the PDP-9 ADVANCED Software System is
planned for convenient use at the computer. I t contains general operating instructions, as well as concise summaries of operating procedures for individual system programs. For more detailed descriptions
of these programs, the reader is referred to the PDP-9 Monitor Programmer's Reference Manual (DEC-9AMABO-D) and the Utility Programs Manual (DEC-9A-GUAB-D).

LOADI NG PROGRAMS
In the paper tape system, each system program, accompanied by the necessary I/O device

handlers and an appropriate version of the I/O Monitor, resides on a separate paper tape in absolute
format. The ei ght system tapes suppl ied are:
FORTRAN IV
MACRO-9
PIP-9
Editor (EDIT -9)
Li nki ng Loader (L1 N K-9)
DDT-9 (without patch file capabilities)
DDT-9 (with patch file capabilities)
7-TO-9 Converter (CONV-9)
To load these programs, place the tape in the reader, set the loading address in the console
address switches, press the tape feed button, depress I/O RESET, and then depress the READIN switch.
The loading addresses are:
17720 for 8K systems
37720 for 16K systems
57720 for 24K systems

•

77720 for 32K systems

Either the Linking loader or DDT-9 may be used to load user programs.

SYMBOLS (Used In This Manual)
Carriage return
LJ

Space

Represents the CTRL key on the Teletype

~TRL)

Represents the CTRL key on the Teletype

(AI"T\
.~

Represents the ALTMODE key on the Teletype

I
1.

FORTRAN

_lOADI NG 11'-1 STRUCTI ON 5
Put the puper tape FORTRAN IVCompiler in the reader, depress the tape-feed control to

clear the end-of-tape flag, set the address switches to 17720 (8K), depress I/ O RESET and then READ IN.
When FORTRAI'-1 IV i s ready to accept a command string (on the same line as the

» it prints

on the teleprinter:
FORTRAN 4

>
2.

GENER A L COMf,t\AND CHARACTERS
RUBOUT (echos \)

delet e single character

~.IE0 U (,.) (echos cL)

chlete entire line

(C TRQ P (echos.P)

a) at e nd of pass I, begin pass 2

L) whi Ie campi ler is flJnni ng re start at
beginning of pa ss 1

Cot';\/v\l~ND Smll"-lG

The fo rmat e.); p2ckd by the fORTRA1"-l IV command siTing processor is as follows:
Options

File Name

Termi nator

0, 5, L, B

FILE X 'f"1
ie name te rml. nalor

or ALl "MODE

where

o
S

objec1 li sting
symbol ma p

(r~Cjui rlS J)

Lhal's after compiling
current program

must be a legal
FOR TRAl'l name

L source listing

binar y

indicates batch compilation;
after compiling current program,
types
FORTRAN 4

>
and waits for next command string.

The options may be used in any combination (or none at all).
The options desired may appear in any order, separated by commas and terminated by 4 -

If none of the options are desired, 4 - is sufficient, with the sole output being compiler diagnostics on
the teleprinter.

The file name must be terminated by a comma. Rubouts may be used to delete unwanted

characters, and control U (4u) to delete entire lines, prior to typing the command string terminator.

RUNNING INSTRUCTIONS
After the compiler is loaded into core,
a.

Put the source program tape in the paper tape reader, momentarily depressing the tapefeed control.

Type the command string.

c. At the end of Pass 1 (when the END statement is encountered for the first time),
FORTRAN IV indicates:
END PA.SS 1

Reload the source tape for Pass 2, momentarily depressing the tape-feed control.

Initiate Pass 2 by typing control P(+P).

ERROR CONDITIONS AND RECOVERY
lOPS 4 Device not ready. Check devices, correct condition, and type Control R ( R).
lOP SO~-3~ See SYSTEM RE START procedures.
See Appendix 6 for a list of compiler errors.

RESTART PROCEDURES
CTRL P (+P) Restart the compiler, if running.
See Appendix 5 for SYSTEM RESTART operation if FORTRAN IV has halted .

•
7.

EXAMPLES

1. To compi Ie a source tape wi th none of the options, type the command stri ng:

+ - FILEX,~
This is very useful for a first co~pilation when only error messages are desired.

2. If the output desired is a binary tape, type the command string:
B'-FILEX,~

3. If the output desired is a complete listing, type the command string:
SLO 411- FI LEX, ~.

I
1.

MACRO-9

LOADING INSTRUCTIONS
Put the paper tape MACRO-9 assembler in the reader, depress the tape-feed control to clear

the end-of-tape flag, set address switches to 17720(8K}, depress I/O RESET and then READ IN. When
MACRO-9 is ready to accept a command string (on the same line as the >), it prints on the teleprinter:
MACRO

>
2.

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS
RUBOUT (echos \)

delete single character

(CTRL) U (+) (echos@)

delete complete line

(CTRL) P (echos. P)

a) at end of pass 1, begin pass 2
b) while assembler is running, restart
at beginning of pass 1

COMMAND STRING
The format expected by the MACRO-9 command string pr"ocessor is as follows:
Options

P, S, L, B

File Name

Terminator

.--FILEX

or ALT MODE
halts after assembling current
program

where
B = binary
L = listing
S = symbol table (on listing device)
P = parameters to be entered on teletype

return to MACRO-9 after assembling
current program, types
MACRO

>
and waits for next assembly command
stri ng.

Options may be used in any combination (or none at all). The options may appear in any
order, separated by commas and terminated by~. If no options are desired, 4 - - is sufficient and
the sole output will be assembly error messages on the teleprinter. Rubouts may be used to delete
unwanted characters, and control U (+U) to delete entire lines, prior to typing the command string
terminator.

RUNNING INSTRUCTIONS
After the assembler is in core,
a.

load the user program source tape in the paper tape reader, momentarily depressing the
tape-feed control.

b . Type the command stri ng.
c. At the end of Pass 1 (when the. END statement is encountered for the first time)
MACRO indicates:
END OF PASS 1

tp
d.

Reload the source tape for Pass 2, momentarily depressing the tape-feed control.

e. Initiate Pass 2 by typing control P (+P).

If this is a multi-tape assembly (where the first n source tapes are terminated with .EOT and
the last is terminated with. END), MACRO-9 indicates the end of each tape by typing. EOT on the
teleprinter. This allows the user to load the next source tape (depress the tape-feed control) and then
type control P (fp).

If the P option was used, the parameters are entered only at the beginning of Pass 1 and not
aga in for Pass 2.

ERROR CONDITIONS AND RECOVERY PROCEDURES
lOPS 4 Device not ready. Check devices, correct condition and type Control R (+R).
lOP S 00-30 See SYSTEM RE START procedures.

RESTART PROCEDURES
¢TRl) P (+P) ·

Restart MACRO-9, if running.

See Appendix 5 for operation of SYSTEM RESTART if MACRO-9 has halted.

EXAMPLES

,,0

1. To assemble a source tape with none of the options, type the command string:
4-FllEX~

This is very useful forthe first assembly of a program, when only error messages are desired.
2. If the output desired is a binary tape and input includes parameters to be entered on the
Teletype, type the command string:

The parameters should be entered during the first pass only. Parameters are typed following
the command string, in the form of MACRO-9 direct assignment statements. After typing in parameters,
the user types+D, as shown in the example below.
BANK = 0

(CTRL) D

(EOT)

MACRO the outputs
EOT

+p
type control P (-fP) when ready to proceed.
3. If the output desired is a complete listing but no binary tape, type the command string:
S, L 4-FI LEX

LOADING INSTRUCTIONS
Put the paper tape PIP program in the reader, depress the tape-feed control to clear the end-

of-tape flag, set the address switches to 17720 (8K), depress I/ O RESET and then READ IN.
When PI P-9 is ready to accept a command stri ng (on the same line as the » , it pri nts on the
teleprinter:
PIP

>
2.

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS
RUBOUT (echos \)

delete single character

«:TRl) U (+) (echos@)

de lete entire line

(CTRL) P (echos+P)

restart PI P

COMMAND STRI NG
The general format of a PIP command string is as follows:

DD (S)

terminated by a carriage return or ALT MODE.
F is a function character, which may be: .
T

transferfile

veri fy fi Ie

segment fi Ie

DD is the destination device.
PP

paper tape punch

TT = teletype
LP

line printer

(S) indicates the switch options.
Data Mode Switches:
A= IOPSASCII
B

lOPS binary
= Image Alphanumeric

Function switches:
G

correct bad parity lines

convert tabs to spaces

4"- SD

C = convert multiple spaces to tabs
Y = segment fi les (wi th n output tapes, use n-l commas after PP)
W

= combine files (with n input tapes, use n-l commas after PR)

.e--terminates information concerning the destination device. Data for the source device
follows the 04--.
SO is the source dev ice.
PR

= paper tape reader

teletype

card reader

Carriage Return or All MODE is the command string terminator :
Carriage Return - return to PI P after complet~on of the current function .
All MODE - halt after completion of the current function.
Rubouts may be used to delete unwanted characters, and control U (+U) to delete the entire
line, prior to typing the command string terminator.

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
Legal function/ switch combinations
Transfe r (T):

all switches legal

ASCII mode (A):

all function switches legal
E and C are'· contradictory
Y and Ware contradictory

Binary mode (B) :

function switch W only

!magemode (I):

no function switches legal

Verify (V):

switches A and B only

Segment (S):

no switches legal

G Switch Use
When bad parity is encountered, the INPUT PARITY ERRORmessage is output on the Teletype,
followed by the line in error.

The user may: .

a. Accept the line by typing a carriage return.
b. De lete the line by typi ng

D~
c. Retype the line, terminating with a carriage return.
d . Abort the operation by typing Control P (+P) to restart PI P.

ERROR CONDITIONS AND RECOVERY PROCEDURES
lOPS 4 device not ready

Ready device and type control R (+R)

lOPS 00-30

See SYSTEM RESTART Procedures

RESTART PROCEDURES
(CTRL)P (+P) restart PIP, if running
See Appendix 5 for operation of SYSTEM RESTART if PIP has halted.

EXAMPLES
a.

To reproduce an ASCII tape:
T... PPu (A) ... .-uPR;
Transfer to the paper tape punch from the paper tape reader in lOPS ASCll mode.

To list an ASCII tape:
T u TTu(A)u'-u PR;

To combine 3 binary subprogram tapes into one tape:
TuPP ... (BW)u 4 -u PR,,;
Since the W switch is on, the 3 binary tapes will be combined into one file, with the
intermediate EOF's deleted. The final EOF is retained. This provides a very convenient method of creati ng a Library fi Ie.

To verify a binary tape:

Checksum and Parity verification will be performed on the input binary tape. There
will be no output. If a parity error occurs, the following message is typed:
I NPUT PARITY ERROR
If a checksum error:
I NPUT CHECKSUM FAI LURE
e.

To check parity:

Transfer files from paper tape to paper punch in ASCII mode with G switch to check
the bad pari ty .
For actions to be taken if any bad parity is encountered, refer to the explanation for
G switch.

f. To reproduce a binary tape:
Tu Pu (B)u'- u PR~
Transfer files from paper tape reader to paper tope punch in Binary mode.

To reproduce in Image mode:
Tu PP u(l) ...4-u PRJi
Transfer files from paper tape reader to paper tape punch in image ASCII mode. Thil
is the only way to reproduce a tape with channel 7 punches.

To segment a tape:
SuTAGA, TAGB, TAGC ~
Sets up the segmentation points.
Tu PP , , , (A Y) . . - PR ;
Transfers from paper tape reader to paper tape punch, providing EOT and blank tape
just before each indicated tag.
P is output by PI P at the end of each segment.
When ready to conti nue, type control P (.P) ..

__
1.

EDITOR

LOADING INSTRUCTIONS'
Put the Editor Tape in the reader, depress the tape-feed control to clear the end-of-tape

flag, set the address swi tches to 17720 (8K), depress I/ O RE SET and then READ IN. When the Edi tor
is in core, it indicates its readiness to accept a command (on the same line as the » by outputting on
the te lepri nter~
EDITOR

>
It is initially in Edit Mode.
One may either create a file or edit an existing file.

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS
RUBOUT (echos \)

" delete single character

CTRL U (+) (echos@)

delete entire line

CTRL P (echos+P)

restart the edi tor

COMMAND STRING
Not applicable

OPERA 11 N G PROCEDURE S
Editing Operation 1: Creating a file
(When Editor is brought in core, it is in Edit Mode)
User types in

ACTION

EFFECT

INPUT

Mode is changed from Edit to
Input

,.." •

2. Content of the program
(each line is terminated
by~ )

(necessary before close)

"".'

Punches out previous
line typed.

Li ne typed in is processed.

EDIT

Change from I npu t to Edi t Mode.

>
punches blank tape
EDITOR

Finishes the current file.

Editing Operation 2: Modifying an existing file
a.

Pu t the source tape in the reader

Depress tape-feed control

Type in any command desired.

See summary of Edit commands listed below.

SUMMARY OF EDITI NG COMMANDS

COMMAND

ABBREVIATION

ACTIVITY

File Housekeeping Requests
n/a

Terminate editing on input files.

FIND string

Bring f.irst line beginning with
"string: to work area.

LOCA TE string

Bring first line containing
"string" to work area.

Bring next consecutive line to
work area.

BOTTOM

Bri ng last line to work area.

TOP*

Reset pointer to beginning of
block.

Pri nt the current line on the
Teletype. .

Perform a block transfer of
several lines in the buffer.

CLOSE
Locative Requests

Manipulative Requests
MOVE TAGl TAG2 TAG3*
DELETE

Discard the current line.

RETYPE string

Replace current Ii ne wi th "stri n9" .

INSERT string

Add "string" as a complete line,
after (below) the current line.

CHANGEu/stri ng 1/string2/

Replace, in the current line, the
first occurrence of "stringl" with
"string2"

OVERLAY

Replace multiple lines.

APPEND string

Add "string" of the rightmost ·
end of the current line.

*May be used only with BLOCK mode ON.

ABBREVIA nON

COMMAND

ACTIVITY

Mode Control
VERIFY

{ON
OFF

Set verify mode to print (ON)
or ignore printing (OFF) lines
after processing CHANGE,
LOCATE, FIND and BOTTOM
requests.

BLOCK

{ ON
OFF

n/a

Set program to operate in block
mode (ON) or in line-by-line
mode (OFF).

BRIEF

{ ON
OFF

n/a

Set brief mode to print truncated
(ON) or full (OFF) lines.

READ*

n/a

Fill block buffer from input file.

WRITE*

n/a

Add block buffer to output file.

GET*

Add I ines from subsidiary input
device after (below) current line.

_ Set total lines to occupy block
buffer.

Input/Output Requests

Miscellaneous Requests
. SIZE*
INSERT

Change mode to input.

ERROR CONDITIONS AND RECOVERY PROCEDURES
a. END OF FI LE REACHED BY:
NEXT n
Results if the command results in the
pointer moving past the last line of
the file or buffer.

a) If editing in line by line mode, use command
CLOSE and reload the input tape.
b) If in block mode, move the pointer to the top
of the buffer _(T~ ).

b. END OF FILE REACHED BY:
PRINT n

For recovery, do exactl y as above.

c. END OF MEDIUM REACHED BY:
GET n
- If the end-of-medium condition is
encountered on the subsidiary input
dey ice be fore n I ines are read. The
pointer remains at the last line read.
*May be used only with BLOCK mode ON.

Put the original paper tape back in the reader
where it left off and continue editing.

d. NOT A REQUEST

P3~
Blank required between command and agreement.
e. NOT A REQUEST

04''}
u • is not recognized by Editor as a
symbol with correct counter va Iue •

f. lOPS 4
Device not ready: ready device and
type control R (.R)
g.

lOPS 00-30
See Restart Procedures.

RESTART PROCEDURES
CTRL (+P) restart editor if running.
See Appendix 5 for operation of SYSTEM RESTART if EDITOR has halted

Examples:
Purpose

Original

Desired Change

Correct Format
Command (user types in)

To change 1 character
in a word

JMP TAG1 ·

JM5 TAG 1

C u /P/5/

To eliminate 1 character
in a word

JM5* LOOP

JMS LOOP
or

To add a string of
characters at ·the end
of a line

--...j DAC CNTR
u

....jDACuCNTR/counter
check

To print the current
line
To read the next line
To change mode (from
edit to input or vice versa)
CLOSE should always be the lasl command issued to complete editing.
How to Use BLOCK MODE:
User types in:
BLOCKuON;

Set up Mode

SizeuN~

N == number of lines in block

REAOJl

N lines are brought in core

C u /*//
C..,/5*/S/

Au/counter check

WRITE;

output all I ines on to paper tape punch

BLOCK OFF~

back to line by I ine editing

7 TO 9 CONVERTER
LOADING INSTRUCTIONS
Put the paper tape Converter in the reader, push the tape-feed control to clear the end-oftape flag, set the address switches to 17720 (8K), depress I/O RESET and then READ IN.
When the Converter is ready to accept a command string, it types:
7-TO-9 CONVERTER

>
2.

3. .

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS
I
RUBOUT (echos \)

Delete last character in command string - may be
repeated n timeto .delete n characters.

(CTRL) U (+) (echos@)

Delete entire line.

ecTRl) P (echos4P)

Reinitialize converter.

Resume operation after placing new tape in reader

COMMAND STRING
The format expected by the Converter command string processor is as follows:
Options
L,A, R, E, Tn

File Name
....
4t--- fiLE

i tlT
0'

4.output program
name

where
L == listing
A == insert .ABS pseudo op
R == remove origin settings
E
• EOT instead of .END
T
combine input tapes
n == decimal number of input tapes
•

Terminator

mode

~ Halt after converting.

•

return to the converter to perf;lft
more conversions, types
7-TO-9 CONVERTER

>
and waits for next string
-.

I..'~

Options may be used in any combin?,"ihn, (or none at all). The options desired moy appeCi
in any order, separated by commas and terminated by . - . If no options are wanted, . - i s sufficicrl.
Rubouts may be used to delete unwanted characters, and to delete entire I ines, control U (+U) prior
to typing the command string terminator. ·Ifan error in the command string is detected, theconverlel
types:
COMMAND STRING ERROR

>
and waits for a new command string.

' 4.

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
The input tape to be converted must be ready in the reader (push the tape-feed control to

clear the end-oF-tape flag) before the command string terminator is typed. When the end of the input
tope is reached, the converter will punch a few inches of blank tape, then do one of the following:
a.

If a carriage return was used in the command string, the converter re-initializes, types

out
7-TO-9 CONVERTER

>
and wa i ts for another command stri ng.
b.
If an ALT MODE was used in the command string, the computer halts. If the Tn option
has been used to combine a number of tapes into one tape, the converter will type.P at the end of each
tope except the last. Place the next tape in the reader, push the tape feed control to clear the end-offlag and type control P. Note that the Converter does not punch cny blank tape at this time.

i 5.

ERROR CONDITIONS
COMMAND STRING ERROR

Retype command stri ng.

lOPS 4

Device not ready, possibly punch out of tape, make
device ready and type control R (tR)

lOPS 00 - 30

See SYSTEM RE START procedure

RESTART PROCEDURE
«:TRO P (+P) reinitialize
See Appendix 5 for operation of SYSTEM RESTART if the converter has halted.

EXAMPLES
To convert a single paper tape to be assembled in the absolute mode with no listing, the

command string would be

A~NAMEJJ
To combine three tapes into one ending with .EOT, to be assembled relocatably (but with
locations settings) and to obtain a listing; the cOmmand string would be:
L, E, T34- NAME;

_LINKING LOADER
1.

LOADING PROCEDURE
Place the paper tape Linking Loader in the reader, push the tape feed control to clear the

end-of-tape fl~g, set the address switches to 17720 (8K), depress I/O RESET, then READ IN. When
the loader is ready, it types:
LOADER

>
2.

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS
Delete last character typed. n rubouts
may be used to delete n 'characters within
a program name.

RUBOUT

continue loading
start user's program

COMMAND STRING
The command string may have several different forms as fol~ows: (The >'s are supplied by

the louder.)

>NAME1, NAME2, NAME3(©
> NAME1;

>NAME2~~
>NAME3

>,,~

It is important to accurately specify the number of programs (n) to be loaded with n-1 com~.cl .
or carriage returns before the Alt Mode.

OPERATING PROCEDURES
Place the main program in the reader, push the tape feed button to clear the end-of-tape

flag, then enter the command string.
When the main program has been loaded, the loader will type+P. Place any subroutines to
be loaded in the reader, push the tape feed button, and type control P.
When all subroutines have been loaded,place the I/O library (tape] of 3) in the reader,
push the tape feed button, and type control P.

MACRO programs (that do not require programs from the FORTRAN library)
If the loader has not been satisfied at the end of the I/O library, place the short
EOF tape (included with library tape) in the reader, push the feed button and type
control P.
FORTRAN programs (and MACRO programs that require programs from the FORTRAN library)
After the I/O library has been read, load the FORTRAN library (tapes 2 & 3) in the same
manner. (Tape 3 includes EOF)
If the loader is not satisfied by the I ibrary tapes, a subroutine has been omitted. The loader
types out the names and addresses of all programs and library subroutines loaded. A. LOAD 3 error
message and a zero address indicates a missing subroutine. (If this happens, it is necessary to reload
the LOADER.) When loading has been successfully completed, the loader types+S. Ready all I/O
devices needed by the user program and type control S to start execution.

ERROR MESSAGES
.LOAD
.LOAD

Memory overflow
2

.LOAD 3

Unsatisfied global symbol (missing program)

.LOAD 4

Illegal .DAT slot request by user program

Dev ice not ready. Ready dev ice and type
• R (controIR)

.IOPS

.IOPS 00 - 30

Input data error

Unrecoverable I/O error

RESTART PROCEDURE
None available, LOADER must be reloaded.

EXAMPLES
LOADER
>EX1 (alt mode)
EX1
17365
+S

Type control Sto start program.

LOADER

> {alt mode}
EX1

17365

Program name not needed with paper tape
input to loader.

LOADER
>£X2, SUB {alt mode}
17656
EX2

+p+p

SUB

Place subroutine in reader and type control P.
17613

4P+P
+P+P
.DA

17544

BCDIO
STOP
SPMSG
FlOPS
OTSER
REAL

14551
14536
14442
13712
13604
12651

+P+r

Place I/O I ibrary in reader and type control P.
Place FORTRAN I ibrary tape 2 in reader and type
control P
Place FORTRAN I ibrary tape 3 in reader and type
control P
NOTE
After placing tape in reader, push the tape feed button
to clear the end-of-tape flag. First+P is signal to load
next tape. Second.P is acknowledgement of user typing
control P.

LOADER
>, {alt mode}
EX2~
17656

+P4P
SUB
.P4P

17613

.DA

17544

BCDIO
STOP
SPMSG
FlOPS
OTSER
REAL

14551
14536
14442
13712
13604
12651

Program names not needed with paper tape input to loader.

4 P4P

+p+p

LOADER
Carriage return may be used in place of comma.

>£X2
>SUB
EX2
P P
SUB
PP
pP
.DA
PP
BCDIO
STOP
SPMSG

17656

17613

17544
14551
14536
14442

FlOPS
OTSER
REAL

13712
13604
12651

LOADER

>
EX2

17656

.P~

tptp

t P.P
BCDIO
STOP
SPMSG
FlOPS
OTSER
REAL
SUBROT
. ~LOAD 3

14663
14650
14554
14024
13716
12763
00000

The subroutine was omitted.
Unsatisfied global symbol •

LOADING PROCEDURES
Place paper tape DDT (which includes the Linking Loader) in reader, push tape feed button

to clear end-of-tape flag, set address switches to 17720 (8K), push I/O RESET, then READ IN. When
the tape has been loaded, DDT types:
LOADER

>
DDT then waits for the user's command string to load his program to be debugged.

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS
RUBOUT

delete last character typed (during
load phase only)

CTRL P (echostp)

during load phase, continues
loading with new tape

CTRL T (echostT)

restart DDT or bypass loading

COMMAND STRING - LOADER PHASE
The command string may have several different forms as follows: (the >IS are supplied by

loader portion of DDT).

tAtt\

> NAME!, NAME2, NAME3 ~ 0It'\
> NAME1;
, ,~
> NAME2,l
>NAME3

tAit\
~

It is important to accurately specify the number of programs (n) to be loaded with n-1 CO~~-.I
or carriage returns before the AL T MODE.

OPERATING PROCEDURES'
Place the main program in the reader, push the tape feed button to clear the end-of-tape

flag, then enter the command string.
When the main program has been loaded, the loader will type+P.
Place any subroutines to be loaded in the reader, push the tape feed button and type
control P (+P) •
. When all subroutines have been loaded, place the I/O library (tape 1 of 3) in the reader,
push the tape feed button, and type control P (+P).

MACRO programs (that do not require programs from the FORTRAN library)
If the loader has not been satisfied at the end of the I/O library, place the short EOF tape
(included with I ibrary tape) in the reader, push the feed button, and type control P.
FORTRAN programs (and MACRO programs that require programs from the FORTRAN library)
After the I/O I ibrary has been read, load the FORTRAN I ibrary (tapes 2 & 3) in the same
'manner (tape 3 includes EOF).
If the loader is not satisfied by the library tapes, a subroutine has been omitted. The loader
types out the names and addresses of all programs and I ibrary subroutines loaded. A. LOAD 3 error
message and a zero address indicates a missing subroutine. (If this happens, it is necessary to reload

DDT.)
When loading has been successfully completed, DDT types:
DDT

>
Debugging may now begin.
Following is a summary of DDT commands. For detailed information on the operation of
each command, see the DDT manual.
SUMMARY OF COMMANDS
Linkage Characters

Arithmetic plus
Arithmetic minus

(space)

Field separator
Breakpoints

k nil

Insert breakpoint at location k, assign number n (1-4)

nil

Remove breakpoint number n
Remove all existing breakpoin!s
Restart from breakpoint

Restart from breakpoint, wait n times before reentering breakpoint

Interrupt processing, go to DDT-9
Examinations and Modifications

Open location k

;

(carriage return) Close the location

(I ine feed) Close the location, open next location

~
~Z

(up arrow) Close the location, open the preceding location.
(control Z) Close the location, open addressed location, continue original sequence

• A

(control A) Close the location, open addressed location, start new sequence •

• X

(control X) Close the location, open the location addressed by 15-bit transfer vector, start
new sequence

NUM$

Type contents as 6-digit octal numbers

TV$

Type contents as transfer vectors (15-b i t addresses)

SYM$

Type contents as symbolic instructions (assumed if unspecified)
Retype in alternate mode (NUM$, SYM$)
Retype as transfer vector

REL$

Type addresses as relative to defined symbols (assumed if unspecified)

RLC$

Type addresses as relocatable numbers

ABS$

Type addresses as absolute numbers
Starts and Restarts
Starts user1s program at normal starting point

Starts user1s program at location k
Restarts user1s program from breakpoint

Restarts user1s program from breakpoint, waits n times before reentering breakpoint

(control T) I nterrupt processing

Searching Operations

ku EQ $

Search for words equal to k

ku UN$

Search for words not equal to k

k u ADR$

Search for instructions with effective address equal to k
Special DDT -9 Locations

AC$

Holds AC at a breakpoint

LNK$

Status of Link at a breakpoint

MSK$

Contains search mask

LO$

Lower I imit of search

HI$

Upper limit of search

PAS

First unused location in patch area

AX$

Number of auto-index used by breakpoints

RF$

Current relocation factor

SA$

Normal starting address

Bn$

Address of breakpoint n

Symbol Definition
(s)

Assign symbol s to the current location

k(s)

Assign symbol s to location k
Patch File Output

PFO$

Patch file output

kuPFO$

Single location k patch file output

5N$$

Save new symbols

PFE$

Close patch file output
Patch File Input

?FI$

Read patch file
Coresident Subroutines

(HDRS

Use symbol table and relocation factor of subroutine k

tDR$

Use symbol table and relocation factor of main program
Miscellaneous Features

Contents of currently open location
Address of currently open or most recently opened location
Bypdss mnemonic instruction lookup

Execute the instruction k

Cancel the line
Interrupt processing

ERROR CONDITIONS
a.

loader errors
.LOAD 1
.LOAD 2
.LOAD 3
.LOAD 4

memory Qy';rflow
input <j.a·t'6 error
unsatisfied global symbol (missing program)
illegal .DAT slot request by user program

DDT running errors
OVERFLOW

too many new symbols defined - current entry ignored

ERROR

read error on patch file input - all patches loaded before error
are good

general error indicator - current entry ignored
undefined symbol
address above core
i ncorrec t command
illegal character

I/O errors
.1 OP S 4

dev ice not ready - ready dev ice and type control R (4R)

.IOPS 00 - 30

unrecoverable during loading phase, returns to DDT during debug prc~~

RESTART PROCEDURE
CTRL T (+T) Restarts DDT
If halted, DDT must be reloadeq.

EXAMPLES
LOADER
>EX1(alt mode}
EX1
14455

DDT

>
LOADER
>EX2, SUB (alt mode)
EX2
14746

+p4p

SUB

.DA

Place subroutine in reader and type control P.
14703
14634

4p4P

BCDIO
STOP
SPMSG
FlOPS
OTSER
REAL

PIace I/O library in reader and type control P.
Place FORTRAN library tape 2 in reader and type control P.
Place FORTRAN library tape 3 in reader and type control P.

11641
11626
11532
11002
10674
07741

NOTE
After placin!;1 tape in reader, push the tape feed button
to clear t~{ end-of-tape flag. First+ P is signal to load
next t9P~ • Second
is acknowledgment of user typing
control P.

DDT

>
LOADER

> (alt mode)
EX1

Program name not needed with paper tape input to loodtr.
14455

DDT
>NUMS
>ACS/
LNK$/
MSKS/
LOS/
HI$/
PA$/
AX $/
RFS/
SA $/
B1S/
B2$/
B3$/
B4$/

000000
000000
777777
014455
015007
002420
000017
014455
414455
000000
000000
000000
000000

>BEGIN/

000776

>SYM$
>./ CAL +776
BEGIN+l/
BEGIN+2/
BEGIN+3/
BEGIN+4/
READ-5/
READ,..4/
El'm 12/
READ-3/

CAL+l
CAL+14455
CAL
LAC END+l
JMS TYPE
LAC END+2
LAW 17774
DAC COL

BEGIN
END+15

BEGIN

Low limit of program.
High limit of program.
Low lim i t of avo i lable memory.
Relocation factor.
Start i ng address.

APPENDIX 1

DEVICE ASSIGNMENTS
Device Assignment Tables (. DAT)
In the I/O Monitor version, the .DAT slot assignments are permanent and cannot be changed.
The negative • DAT slots are those used by the system and the user need not be concerned with them.
The positive .DAT slots, however, are user .DAT slots. When writing programs which are to be run
within the system, the user should be careful to use the correct .DAT slot numbers.
DEVICE

HANDLER

TTY Printer

(TTA.)

Teleprinter Output

TTY Keyboard

(TTA.)

Keyboard Input

Paper Tape Reader

(PRA.)

Input

TTY Printer

(TTA.)

listing

Paper Tape Punch

(PPA.)

Output

Paper Tape Reader

(PRA.)

Scratch

Paper Tape Punch

(PPA.)

Scratch

Paper Tape Reader

(PRA .)

Scratch

.DAT SLOT

USE

For example, if the user desires to output to the teleprinter from a FORTRAN IV program, the
WRITE statement should read:
WRITE

(1,10), where 1 is .DAT slot 1 and 10 is the FORMAT statement number.

APPENDIX 2

PDP-9 ASCII CHARACTER SET
Listed below are the ASCII characters interpreted by the PDP-9 Monitor and system programs
meaningful data input or as control characters.
00-37

40-77

100-137

140-177

ASCII
CHAR.

NUL

SOH ( A)

(

ETX ( C)

)

DLE ( P)

. ,f

( Q)

DC2 ( R)

DC3 ( S)

DC4 ( T)

NACK ( U)

CNCL ( X)

31
32

SS ( Z)

*33

00-37

40-77

100-137

140-177

ASCII
CHAR.

ESC

36
37

RS ( )

ESC

;

33
34

ESC

1\ or.
delete (RO)

*Codes 33, 173, 175 are interpreted as ESC (All Mode) and are converted on input to code 175 by
lOPS handlers.

APPENDIX 3

MACRO-9 ERROR DIAGNOSTICS

Flag

Meaning

Error in direct Symbol Table assignment, assignment ignored.

Memory Bank error.

The statement contains a reference to a multiply defined symbol. It is assembled
with the first value defined.

Erroneous results may have been produced. Will also occur on undefined .END
value.
Line ignored. (Redundant Pseudo-op)

Literal phasing error.

An attempt is made to define a symbol which has already been defined. The ·
symbol retains its original value.

Error in number usage.

Phase error. PASS] value does not equal PASS2 value of a symbol. PASS] value
will be used.

Questionable line.

Possible relocation error.

Symbol error. An illegal character was encountered and ignored.

An undefined symbol was encountered.

Li ne overflow duri ng macro expansion.

Illegal usage of macro name.

APPENDIX 4
MACRO-9
PERMANENT SYMBOL TABLE
EAE Type KE09A

Mcmorz: Reference
000000
040000
100000
140000
200000
240000
300000
340000
400000
440000
500000
540000
600000

CAL
DAC
JMS
DZM
LAC
XOR
ADD
TAD
XCT
ISZ
AND
SAD
JMP
Operate
OPR
NOP
CMA
CMl
OAS
RAl
RAR
HLT
XX
SMA
SZA
SNL
SML
SKP
SPA
SNA
SZl
SPl
RTl
RTR
Cll
STL
CCl
RCl
RCR
CLA
CLC
LAS
lAT
GlK
lAW

740000
740000
740001
740002
740004
740010
740020
740040
740040
740100
740200
740400
740400
741000
741100
741200
741400
741400
742010
742020
744000
744002
744002
744010
744020
750000
750001
750004
750004
750010
760000

EAE
OSC
OMQ
CMQ
DIV
NORM
lRS
llS
AlS
lACS
lACQ
ABS
DIVS
ClQ
FRDIV
lMQ
MUl
IDIV
FRDIVS
MUlS
IDIVS
NORMS
lRSS
llSS
AlSS
GSM

640000
640001
640002
640004
640323
640444
640500
640600
640700
641001
641002
644000
644323
650000
650323
652000
653122
653323
654323
657122
657323
660444
660500
660600
660700
664000

I/O States
lOT
IORS

700000
700314
f

InterrlJpt
"IOF
ION
CAF

700002
700042
703302

Automatic Priority
Interrupt. Type KF09A
DBK
DBR
SPI
ISA

703304
703344
705501
705504

Memor~ Extension
Control Type KE09B

SEM
EEM
lEM

707701
707702
707704

Memor~ Protect

T}::ee KX09A
MPSK
MPLU
MPlD
MPEU

701701
701702
701704
701742

APPENDIX 5
SYSTEM RESTART
SYSTEM RESTART can be used to attempt to restart a system program {excluding DDT and the
oder} which has halted during operation.

It is most easily used if the symbol ic program (SYSTEM

:START), shown 011 the following page, has been punched onto tape and assembled by MACRO-9. If
is has been done and a binary tape is available, proceed as follows:
1.

place binary tape in reader

push tape feed button to clear end-of-tape flag

set address switches to 17720

press I/O RESET

press READIN

If a binary tape is not available, SYSTEM RESTART may be entered through the AC switches,
;ing the deposit key. When this has been done, proceed as follows:
1•

set address switches to 17720

press I/O RESET

press START

If the restart attempt is successful, the effect will be the same as a control P restart. Further
'starts are possible without reloading SYSTEM RESTART by the following procedure.
1.

set address switches to 17720

press I/O RESET

press START

If the restart attempt fails, it will be necessary to reload the system program tape.
Since a halt usually indicates a rather serious problem, SYSTEM RESTART will often fail to
:start the program.
Two instances in which it will work
1.

When the user has accidentally typed an ALT mode instead of a carraige return as a
command string terminator, and wishes to regain the program for another run.

After an lOPS 3 error if the offending device flag has been removed.

17720
17720
17721
17722
17723
17724
17725
17726
17727
17730
17731
17732
17733
17734

707702
237734
057731
703302
700042
237732
705504
177733
637731
000000
000006
001413
000632
017720

B
C
E

• TITLE SYSTEM RESTART
.FULL
.LOC 17720
EEM
LAC* E
DAC A
CAF
ION
LAC* B
ISA
DZM* C
JMP* A
0
6
1413
632
.END D
NO ERROR LINES

APPENDIX 6
EXPLANATION OF lOPS ERROR CODES
:RROR CODE

ERROR

ERROR DATA

Illegal Function CAL

CAL address

CAL * illegal

CAL address

.DAT slot error

CAL address

Illega I interrupt

I/O status register

Device not ready
(type control R when ready)

Illegal. SETUP CAL

Illegal handler function

Illegal data mode

CAL address

API software level error

API status register

CAL address

APPENDIX 7
FORTRAN IV ERROR LI ST

These letter-coded error messages apply to F4 V2A and all versions of F4 thereafter and all versiOO1 o.f
F4A.
Cause

Error Code

Syntax error

Statement cannot be recognized as a properly
constructed FORTRAN IV statement.

Variable/constant
mode error

Illegal mode mixing. Missing constant, vario!:.!c C~
exponent, or illegal match ing of constants or VOt iabies in a DATA statement.

Statement number
error

Phase error, number more than 5 digits, no sfatCr'"d\'
number where one is re.quired, statement shouldn't
be labeled or doubly defined statement numbers.

Argument/subscript
error

Missing argument or subscript, illegal use of wbscripts, illegal construction of subscripted variac!.:,
more than 3 subscripts or stated number of subscriptl
does not agree with declared number
.

FORMAT statement
error

Illegal FORMAT specification or illegal construcricm
of FORMAT statement.

Charac ter/statement/
term error

Illegal character, unrecognizable statement, illt!J:1
statement for program type, statement out of orci\.'t
or improper statement preceding END stotement.

DO loop error

Illegal DO construction or illegal statement lerrninoting DO LOOP.

Table overflow

Symbol/constant/arg (I}/OP(l) table limits excccdtJ.

Nesting error

Illegal nesting or DO nesting too deep.

Magnitude error

Program exceeds 8190 words, maximum number of
dummy arguments or EQUIVALENCE classes excec.H:4
or constant/variable exceeds specified limits.

COMMON/EQUIVALENCE/
DIMENSION/DATA Statement
error

Illegal construction of statement, illegol EQUIVALENCE relationships, illegal COMMON declorotion
or non-common storage declared in BLOC K DATA
subprogram.

FUNCTlON/SUBROUTINE/
EXTERNAL/CALL statement
error

Illegal use of FUNCTION/SUBROUTINE nome, Ot.ir
of order, or illegal variable for EXTERNAL declaration.

. Hollerith error

Hollerith data illegal in this statement or illegal :.i
Hollerith constant.

APPENDIX 7A
FORTRAN IV ERROR LI 5T

lis list of error messages applies of all versions of F4 prior of V2A.
Tor Code

Cause

001

Improper statement preceding END statement.

002

FUNCTION/SUBROUTINE name not used or used improperly in a subprogram.

003

Variable required.

004

Positive non-zero constant required.

005

Symbol-constant table I imits exceeded.

006

Statement number has more than 5 digits.

007
008

Unsigned simple integer argument required.
17
Integer value greater than (2
-I).

009

Magnitude of number (ignoring decimal point and/or exponent) greater than (2

010

Array element (function reference) and next argument not separated by comma.

012

Exponent m issi ng from numeric fie Id.

014

Open parenthesis in subscript.

015

Binary operator used in unary sense or missing argument.

016

Additional grouping parenthesis not allowed.

017

Subscript I ist terminated before last argument obta ined.

018

Too many right parenthesis.

019

Argument follows converted argument {no operator separating them}.

021

E or D in numeric field after exponent has been processed.

023

Format descriptor character used in non-format statement.

024

Hollerith data illegal this statement.

025

Non-integer constant precedes Hollerith constant.

026

Length of Hollerith constant exceeds range (O<.x <6).

027

Hollerith constant contains statement termination character.

030

Symbol ic name exceeds 6 characters.

031

Limit on number of nested functions exceeded.

032

Simple variable delineated by left parenthesis.

033

Subscripted variable used as subscript.

034

Unrecognizable logic term •.

036

Logical. NOT. used as binary operator or logical constant used as a binary operator.

037

Illegal character.

- 1).

Error Code

Cause

040

Adjusted floating point exponent exceeds 76.

045

Subscript expression not delimited by"," or "}".

050

Arg (I), op (I) table overflow.

051

Unsubscripted array reference used as a variable.

052

Function name used as a variable.

053

Comma used other than as parameter separator.

054

Function or array name used in an expression representing a function parameter.

055

Expression used as an assignment variable.

056

Expression contains uneven number of parenthesis.

060

Illegal mode mixing.

063

Signed assignment variqble.

069

Doubly defined statment numbers or phase error.

070

Illegal statement for BLOCK DATA program.

071

Statement not a DO or pO illegal as True statement for logical IF.

072

Illegal logical IF true statement.

074

Unrecognizable statement (first 3 characters).

075

Unrecognizable statement (4-n characters).

076

Statement out of order.

077

Statement shouldn't be labeled.

078

First character following READ or WRITE not a left parenthesis.

079

Illegal format specification in READ or WRITE.

080

Binary WRITE has no list.

081

Illegal list element separator.

082

Illegal implied DO construction.

086

DO nesting too deep.

087

Missing DO parameter.

088

Illegal DO parameter construct ion.

089

Illegal statement type terminated DO.

090

Improper DO nesting~

091

Illegal character following I/o unit specification.

092

Illegal character following FORMAT spec ification.

095

Name previously appeared in a specification statement.

096

Statement improperly del imited.

097

Illegal array declaration - DIMENSION statement.

· Error Code

Cause

098

Array size greater than 78192 - DATA spec ification statement.

100

Improper subscript I ist delimiter in a DIMEN SiaN statement.

101

More than 3 subscripts (dimensions).

102

I nteger argument not a constant.

103

Integer constant not less than 8192f'

104

Integer constant negative.

105

FORMA T statement has no stqtement number.

106

Illegal FORMAT specification.

114

COMMON block name has illegal delimiter
(not I).
,

115

Name declared as COMMON Block name previously declared otherwise.

116

COMMON block size exceeds 8190 words.

117

DeclC,lred COMMON . variabl~is a dummy, functton, or already in COMMON.

118

ASSIGN stotement missing "TO".

120

Computed GOTO statement \l,umber list members not delimited.

121

Computed GOTO statement number list pot delimited.

123

Assigned GOTO statement nu.mber I ist not preceded by left parenthesis.

124

Assigned GOTO statement nlJmber list not delimited.-

\ 26

DATA/EQUIVALENCE variq~le is a dvmmy variable.

127

DATA/EQUIVALENCE variq,ble is a fvnction nafTle.

128

DATA/EQUIVALENCE simple variable subscripted by more than one number.

129

DATA/EQUIVALENCE array element greater than 8192.

130

Missing right or redundantl~ft parenthesis in FORMAT statement.

131

Stated number of subscripts goes not agree with declared number.

132

EQUIVALENCE closs not started with left parenthesis.

136

EQUIVALENCE class improperly delimited (no right parenthesis).

137

Maximum number of EQUIVA~ENCE classes exceeded.

138

Illegal EQUIVALENCE relationships.

139

IlIegaJ extension of common block caused by EQUIVALENCE relationship.

140

Illegal variable for EXTERNAL declaration.

142

Program size exceeds 8190 words.

143

Non-common storage declared in BLOCK DATA subroutine.

144

I F expression not terminated by closing parenthesis.

145

No comma separating statement numbers - IF statement.

147

No statement number where one is required.

;

Error Code

Cause

148

Referenced statement number does not appear as a statement label.

149

Illegal statement function nome {used twice or is external}.

150

Delimiter following statement function dummy argument list not "=".

151

Function statement out of order (or more than one).

152

FUI'ICTION name not followed by argument list.

153

Dummy variable previol)sly declared as something else.

154

Dummy argument I ist not encloseq in parenthesis.

155

Max imum number of dl,Jp1my arguments exceeded.

156

STOP/PAUSE statement constant contains 0 non-octal digit.

157

STOP/PAUSE statement constant contains too many digits.

158

DATA statement variaqir is 1~A:orn!TIon" but "data not "block data".

159

DATA statement is "blc.U::k da'ta" bl.lf variable is not "common".

160

DATA statement variables no1 delimited by a slosh.

161

DATA statement argum~pt nof q rpnstant.

162

Mode of variable and corresponding constant disagree in a DATA statement.

163

DATA statement constqnts not separated by a comma {may indicate more variables
than constants}.

164

Two successive asterisk~ used as operators in a DATA statement.

165

Constant preceding asterisk is not integer in a DATA statement.

167

More constants than vqriablesin 0 DATA statement.

168

RETURN statement in rnpin-boqy program unit (not subroutine). ,

169

CALL statement - name is not a function nome.