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DEC-9A-NGBA-D

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Document:	Keyboard Monitor Guide
Order Number:	DEC-9A-NGBA-D
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Pages:	102
Original Filename:	http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp9/DEC-9A-NGBA-D.pdf

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KEYBOARD
MONITOR GUIDE

DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION. MAYNARD, MASSACHUSETTS

DEC-9A-NGBA-D

PDP-8
ADVANCED
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
KEYBOARD
MONITOR GUIDE

For additional copies of this manual, order No. DEC-9A-NGBA-D from the Digital
Equipment Corporation, Program Library, Maynard Mass. 01754 Price $2.00
DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION. MAYNARD, MASSACHUSETTS
Printed in U.S.A.

HOW TO OBTAIN REVISIONS AND CORRECTIONS

Notification of changes and revisions to currently available Digital software
and of new software manuals is available from the DEC Program Library for the
PDP-5, 8, 8S, 8I, Linc 8, the PDP-4, 7 and 9 is currently published in DECUSCOPE,
the magazine of the Digital Equipment Computer User's Society (DECUS), This
information appears in a section of DECUSCOPE called "Digital Small Computer
News",
Revised software products and documents are shipped only after the Program
Library receives a specific request from a user,
DECUSCOPE is distributed periodically to both DECUS members and to nonmembers who request it, If you are not now receiving this information, you are
urged to return the request form below so that your name will be placed on the
mail ing list.

To:

DECUS Office,
Digital Equipment Corporation,
Maynard, Mass, 01754

Please send DECUS installation membership information.

Please send DECUS individual membership information.

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Name _____________________________
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(Zip Code)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORTRAN IV

FORTRAN IV (abbreviated)

MACRO-9

MACRO-9 (abbreviated)

PIP

EDITOR

7 TO 9 CONVERTER

LI N KI N G LOADER

DDT

UPDATE

DUMP

PATCH

CHAIN

EXECUTE

SGEN

APPENDIX A
DEVICE ASSIGNMENTS

A-1

APPENDIX B
PDP-9 ASCII CHARACTER SET

B-1

APPENDIX C
MACRO-9 ERROR DIAGNOSTICS

C-1

APPENDIX D
MACRO-9
PERMANENT SYMBOL TABLE

D-1

APPENDIX E
EXPLANATION OF lOPS ERROR CODES

E-1

APPENDIX F
REVI SED FORTRAN IV ERROR LI ST

F-1

APPENDIX G
FORTRAN IV ERROR LI ST

G-1

APPENDIX H
FORTRAN IV OTS ERRORS

H-1

iii

CONTENTS (cont.)
APPENDIX I
KEYBOARD MONITOR ERRORS

1-1

APPENDIX J
SAMPLE PROGRAM USING SYSTEM SOFTWARE

J-1

APPENDIX K
EXAMPLE OF BATCH PROCESSING

K-1

INTRODUCTION

This guide for operating the bulk-storage version of the PDP-9 ADVANCED Software System
is planned for convenient use at the computer.

It contains general operating instructions for the Key-

board Monitor, and concise summaries of operating procedures for each individual system program. The
user is referred to the following PDP-9 ADVANCED Software System manuals for more detailed descriptions of system programs.
Document No.

Manual
Monitors

DEC-9A-MABO-D

MACRO-9

DEC-9A-AM9B-D

FORTRAN IV

DEC-9A-AF4B-D

Uti Iity Programs

DEC-9A-GUAB-D

Refer to Appendix I of this manual for a list of Keyboard Monitor errors, and to Appendix J for a sample
program using system software.

STARTING THE KEYBOARD MONITOR
Place the system tape on DECtape unit 0 (8). Place the paper tape bootstrap in the paper
tape reader and momentarily press the tape feed button to clear the out-of-tape flag.

Set the address

switches as indicated below, press I/O RESET, and then press READ IN. When the Monitor has been
loaded, it types
MONITOR

$
and wa its for a command to be entered on the same Iine as the dollar sign ($).
The Monitor bootstrap loading addresses are as follows.
17637 for

8 K systems

37637 for

16 K systems

57637 for

24K systems

77637 for

32 K systems

If the bootstrap is already in core, it can be restarted by pressing I/O RESET and START,
with the address switches set as follows.

17646 for

8 K systems

37646 for

16K systems

57646 for

24 K systems

77 646 for

32 K systems

KEYBOARD MONITOR COMMANDS
Keyboard Monitor commands fall into three categories:
1.

Commands that load system programs (terminated with a carriage return (J) or
ALT MODE.

Commands to perform special functions.

Control character commands, formed by holding down the CTRL key whi Ie
striking a letter key. These commands are used during the running of system
or user programs.

System Program Load Commands
System Program Loaded

Command
F4

FORTRAN IV Compiler

F4A

Abbreviated FORTRAN IV Compi ler

MACRO

MACRO-9 Assembler

MACROA

Abbreviated MACRO-9 Assembler

PIP

Peripheral Interchange Program

EDIT

Symbol ic Text Editor

CONV

7 - to-9 Converter

LOAD

Linking Loader

GLOAD

Linking Loader (set to load and go)

DDT

Dynamic Debugging Technique program

DDTNS

DDT program with no user symbol table

UPDATE

Library File Update program

DUMP

Program to dump saved area (see CTRL Q and QDUMP commands)

PATCH

System tape Patch program

CHAIN

Modified version of Linking Loader -- allows for chaining

EXECUTE (E)

Control program to load and execute chained programs

SGEN

System Generation program
NOTE
The following programs assume that the filename extension
is SRC (for source): F4, F4A, MACRO, MACROA, PIP,
EDIT, and CONV.

Special Function Commands
Command

Action

LOG (or L)

Can be followed by any comment and terminated
by ALT MODE.

SCOM (or S)

Causes typeout of system configuration information,
including available device handlers.

API OFF

Disables API.

API ON

Enables API.

QDUMP (or Q)

Conditions Monitor to dump memory on the "save
area" of the system tape (or other system device
medium if available) in the event of an unrecoverable
lOPS error.

HALT (or H)

Conditions the Monitor to halt in the event of an
unrecoverable lOPS error.

I NSTRUCT (or I)

Types list of Monitor commands.

INSTRUCT (or I) ERRORS

Types system error messages.

REQUEST (or R)

Types .DAT slot assignments and use:

ASSIGN (or A)

For system program when followed by
system program name. Example: R DDT

For all positive .DAT slots when followed
by USER. Example: R USER

Forall.DATslotswhenfoliowedby
carriage return. Example: R,)

Allows reassignment of .DAT slots to devices other
than those set at system generation time.
Example: A PRA -lO,3/PPA-6,4
NOTE

.DAT slots used by a system program to be called should
in some cases first be checked and modified by use of the
REQUEST and ASSIGN commands. Normal .DAT slot
assignments are shown in Appendix A. A change of . DAT
slot assignments is effective for the current job only since
permanent assignments are restored when control is returned
to the Monitor. A job is defined as everyth ing that occurs
from the time the Monitor takes control and types
MONITOR

>
until the non-resident portion of the Monitor is called
back to core and aga in types

MONITOR

>
3

Command

Action

DIRECT {or D} n

Lists the directory of DECtape mounted on unit n
{0-7} .

NEWDIR {or N} n

Writes empty directory on DECtape on unit n
(units 1-7 only).

GET {or G} n

Restores core image from DECtape {or other system
device medium if available} on unit n (0-7).

GET {or G} n address

Restores core image from DECtape {or other system
device medium if available} on unit n and restarts
at specified address.

GET {or G} n HALT (or H)

Restores core image from DECtape {or other system
device medium if available} on unit n and halts.

Control Character Commands
Command

Echos

CTRL S

i S

Starts user program after loading by I inking loader.

CTRL C

Returns to Monitor; may be used at anytime -resets a II . DA T slot assignments.

CTRL T

CTRL R

CTRL P

Action

Returns control to DDT if DDT is being used.

Skips to next job when in Batch mode.

Allows program to continue after lOPS 4 message.
a.

Reinitializes or restarts system program.

Returns to location specified in user program1s last .INIT referencing the Teletype.

CTRL Q n

Saves core image on save area of DEC tape {or other
system device medium if available} mounted on
unit n {may be system device} and returns to Monitor.

CTRL U

Cancels current line on Teletype (input or output).

RUBOUT

Cancels last character input from Teletype (not
applicable with DDT).

BA TCH PROCESSOR
The Batch Processor portion of the Monitor allows user commands to come from the paper
tape reader or card reader instead of the Teletype, thus allowing many programs to be run without
operator intervention. All Monitor commands read on the batch device are echoed on the Teletype.
Appendix K contains an operational example of batch processing. Monitor commands that are peculiar
to the Batch Processor include those listed in the following table.

Function

Command
BATCH (B) dv

Enter Batch mode with dv as batch device; dv can
be typed as
PR, for paper tape reader, or
CD, for card reader

$JOB

Used to separate jobs.

$ DATA

Beginning of data -- all inputs up to $END are not
echoed on the Teletype.

$END

End of data.

$EXIT

Leave Batch mode.
NOTE
The following commands are illegal when operating in
Batch mode: QDUMP, HALT, GET (all forms), BATCH,
LOAD, DDT, and DDTNS.

Special Batch Processor control characters include the following:
CTRL T (echos

t T)

Skip to next job.

CTRL C (echos

t C)

Leave Batch mode.

To use the Batch Processor, proceed as follows.
a.

Load the batch, tape or deck into the batch device.

Type BATCH (or B) dv on the keyboard, where dv is PR or CD.

When operating in Batch mode, the Keyboard Monitor has the following operational
changes.
a.

Any ASSIGN command that references the batch device (any handler) will be assigned
to the batch device handler.

Any REQUEST command will print the batch device handler as PR* or CD* (whichever
appl ies).

When the non-resident Monitor is reloaded, it interprets batch communication bits in
the top reg ister of core (177777, 377777, 577777, or 777777):
Bit 0

1 = Batch mode
0= Non-Batch mode

Bit 1

1 = $JOB command in
0= Search for $JOB

Bit 2

1 = CD is batch device

o = PR is batch dev i ce

When an error occurs in a job, the non-resident Monitor is reloaded and the Batch Processor
skips to the next $JOB command on the botch device.

I
a.

FORTRAN IV

Ca II ing Procedure

The FORTRAN IV compiler is called by typing F4J after the Monitor's $ request. When
the compiler has been loaded, it types
FORTRAN IV

>
on the Teletype and waits for a command string from the user.
b.

General Command Characters
RUBOUT (echos \)

Delete single character.

CTRL U (echos @)

Delete entire line.

CTRL P (echos t P)

(1)

If paper tape, input, at end of Pass 1,
begin Pass 2.

(2)

While compiler is running, restart at
beginning of pass 1.

Command Str i ng
The format expected by the FORTRAN IV command string processor is as follows.

Options

0, S, L, B

Filename
-

FILEX,

~LFile name terminator
(required if not version
V2A or greater).
Must be a legal FORTRAN
name.

Terminator

,; or AL T MODE
Y,

'Returns to 0:,nitor
after compd mg
current program
Indicates batch
compi lation; after
compiling current
program, types
FORTRAN IV

>
and waits for next
command string.
where

Object listing

Symbol map

Source listing

Binary

The options may be used in any combination (or none at all).
The options desired may appear in any order, optiona lIy separated by commas and
terminated by +-. If none of the options are wanted, +- is sufficient, with the sole output being compiler diatnostics on the Teletype. Rubouts may be used to delete unwanted characters, and CTRL U
(t U) may be used to delete entire Iines prior to typing the command string terminator.
d.

Running Instructions
When the compi ler is ready,

(1)

Place the FORTRAN IV source program on the appropriate input device. (If paper
tape, push the tape-feed button to clear the end-of-tape flag).

(2)

Type the command string

Paper Tape Input Only*
(3)

At the end of Pass 1, the compi ler types
END PASS 1
tP

(4)

Replace the source tape in the reader, pushing the tape feed button to clear the
end-of-tape flag.

(5)

Type CTRL P (tP) to start Pass 2.

Error Conditions and Recovery Procedures
lOPS 4

Device is not ready. Ready device and type
CTRL R (t R)

lOPS 0-33

Unrecoverable I/O error. Control returns to Mon itor (see Appendix E).

See Appendix F for a detailed list of compiler error messages.
f.

Restart Procedures
CTRL P (tP)

Restart compiler if running.

CTRL C (tC)

Return to monitor.

Examples

(1) To compile a source tape with none of the options, type the command string
+-

FILEX, J

This is very useful for a first compilation when only error messages are desired.

*A paper tape system is assumed; however, if a card reader is available and used, similar procedures
apply.

(2)

If the output desired is a binary tape, type the command string

B +- FILEX, J
(3)

If the output desired is a complete Iisting, type the command string

SLO +- FILEX, J

I
a.

FORTRAN IV (abbreviated)

Ca II ing Procedure
The abbreviated FORTRAN IV Compiler is called by typing F4A,J after the Monitor's

$ request. When the compiler has been loaded, it types
FORTRAN IV

>
on the Teletype and waits for a command string from the user.
b.

General Command Characters
RU BOUT (echos \)

Delete single character.

CTRL U (echos @)

Delete entire line.

CTRL P (echos t P)

(1)

If paper tape input, at end of Pass 1,
beg in Pass 2.

(2)

While compiler is running, restart at
beginning of Pass 1.

Command String
The format expected by the FORTRAN IV command string processor is as follows.
Filename

Options

Terminator

-~L File name terminator
(required if not V2A
or greater) •

ust be a legal FORTRAN name.

J or,ALT yMODE I
LReturns to Monitor after
comp iii ng current program.

Indicates batch compilation;
after compi I ing current
program, types
FORTRAN IV

>
and wa its for next command string.
where
B = Binary
If the binary output is not wanted, omit the B option (retain the+-) and the only output
is compiler diagnostics on the Teletype. Rubouts may be used to delete unwanted characters, and
CTRL U (tU) may be used to delete entire lines prior to typing the command string terminator.

Running Instructions
When the compi ler is ready,
(1)

Place the FORTRAN IV source program on the appropriate input device. (If paper
tape, push the tape-feed button to clear the end-of-tape flag.)

(2)

Type the command string.

Paper Tape Input Only
(3)

At the end of Pass 1, the compiler types:
END PASS 1

(4)

Replace the source tape in the reader, pushing the tape-feed button to clear the
end-of-tape flag.

(5)

Type CTRL P (T P) to start Pass 2.

Error Cond it ions and Recovery Procedures
lOPS 4

Device is not ready.

Ready device and type

CTRL R (TR)
lOPS 0-33

Unrecoverable I/O error.

Control returns to Monitor. (See Appendix E.)

See Appendix F for a detailed list of compiler error messages.
f.

Restart Procedures
CTRL P

(TP)

Restart compiler, if running.

CTRL C

(tC)

Return to Monitor.

Examples

(1)

To compile a source tape with no binary output, type the command string
-

FILEX,,J

This is very useful for a first compilation when only error messages are desired.
(2)

If the binary output is desired, type the command string
B -FILEX, J

I
a.

MACRO-9

Ca II i ng Procedure

The MACRO-9 assembler is called by typing MACRO,} after the Monitor's $ request.
When the assembler has been loaded, it types
MACRO

>
on the Teletype and waits for a command string from the user.
b.

General Command Characters

RUBOUT (echos\)

Delete single character.

CTRL U (echos @)

Delete complete line.

CTRL P (echos fP)

(1)

If paper tape input, at end of Pass 1,
begin Pass 2.

(2)

While assembler is running, restart at
beginning of Pass 1.

Command String
The format expected by the MACRO-9 command string processor is as follows.
Options
P,S,L,B

Filename
-FILEX

Terminator

,J or ALT MODE
Returns to Monitor after assembl ing
current program
Return to MACRO-9 after assembl ing
current program, types
MACRO
>
and wa its for next assembly command string.

where
B

Binary

Listing

S =

Symbol table (on listing device)

P =

Parameters to be entered on device
assigned to . DA T -10 (must be nonfi Ie oriented)

Options may be used in any combination (or none at a II). The options may appear in
any order, optionally separated by commas and terminated by _. If no options are wanted, _ is sufficient and the sole output will be assembly error messages on the Teletype. Rubouts may be used to
delete unwanted characters, and CTRL U (t U) may be used to delete entire lines prior to typing the
command string terminator.

Running Instructions
When the assembler is ready,
(1)

Place the MACRO-9 source program on the appropriate input device. (If paper
tape, push the tape-feed button to clear the end-of-tape flag.)

(2)

Type the command string .

Paper Tape Input Only
(3) At the end of Pass 1, MACRO types
END PASS 1

(4)

Replace the source tape in the reader, pushing the tape-feed button to clear the
end-of-tape flag.

(5)

Type CT RL P (t P) to start Pass 2.

Error Conditions and Recovery Procedures
lOPS 4

Device is not ready. Ready device and type
CTRL R (tR)

lOPS 0-33

Unrecoverable I/O error. Control returns to Monitor. (See
Appendix E.)

Restart Procedure
CTRL P

Restart the assembler, if running.

CTRL C

Return to Monitor.

Examples
(1)

To assemble a source tape with none of the options, type the command string:
- FILEX ,J

This is very useful for the first assembly of a program, when only error messages are
desired.
(2)

If the output desired is a binary tape and input includes parameters to be entered
on the secondary input, type the command string

The parameters should be entered during the first pass only. If the parameters are
entered via paper tape, there must be an . EOT on the end of the tape. If the
parameters are entered on the Teletype, type CTRL D (EOT) to indicate the end of
the parameters. In either case MACRO will type

EOT

fP
Type CTRL P (fP) to continue.
(3)

If the output desired is a complete listing, but no binary, type the command string
S,L4-'FILEX J

I
a.

MACRO-9 (abbreviated)

Ca Iling Procedure
The abbreviated MACRO-9 assembler is called by typing MACROA J after the Monitor's

$ request. When the assembler has been loaded, it types
MACRO

>
on the Teletype and waits for a command string from the user.
b.

General Command Characters
RUBOUT (echos \)

Delete single character.

CTRL U (echos @)

Delete complete line.

CTRL P

(echos f P)

(1)

If paper tape input, at end of Pass 1,
begin Pass 2.

{2} While assembler is running, restart at
beginning of Pass 1 •
c.

Command String
The format expected by the MACRO-9 command string processor is as follows.

Options

File Name

P, S, L, B

t- FILEX

Terminators

J or ALT MODE
Return to Monitor after
assembl ing current program.,'
Return to MACRO-9 after
assembl ing current program,
types
MACRO
>
and waits for next assembly
command string.

where
B=

Binary

Listing

S =

Symbol table {on listing device}

P =

Parameters to be entered on device
assigned to • DAT -10 (must be nonfi Ie oriented)

Options may be used in any combination (or none at all). The options may appear in
any order, separated by commas and terminated by_. If no options are wanted, - is sufficient and the
sole output will be assembly error messages on the Teletype. Rubouts may be used to delete unwanted
characters, and CTRL U (tU) may be used to delete entire lines prior to typing the command string
terminator.
d.

Runni ng Instru ct ions
When the assembler is ready,

(1)

Place the MACRO-9 source program on the appropriate input device. (If paper
tape, push the tape-feed button to clear the end-of-tape flag.)

(2)

Type the command string.

Paper Tape Input Only
(3)

At the end of Pass 1, MACRO types
END PASS 1

(4)

Replace the source tape in the reader, pushing the tape-feed button to clear the
end-of-tape flag.

(5)

Type CTRL P (t P) to start Pass 2.

Error Conditions and Recovery Procedures
lOPS 4

Device is not ready. Ready device and type
CTRLR(tR)

lOPS 0-33

Unrecoverable I/O error. Control returns to Monitor. (See Appendix E.)

Refer to Appendix C for MACRO-9 Error Diagnostics.
f.

Restart Procedures
CTRL P

(t P)

CTRL C (tC)
g.

Restart assembler, if running.
Return to Monitor.

Examples

(1) To assemble a source tape with none of the options, type the command string
- F ILEX",
This is very useful for the first assembly of a program, when only error messages
are desired.
(2)

If the output desired is a binary tape and input includes parameters to be entered
on the secondary input, type the command string
P, B - FILEX Ii

The parameters shou Id be entered at the start of the first pass on Iy. If the parameters are entered via paper tape, there must be an • EaT on the end of the tape.
If the parameters are entered on the Teletype, type CTRL D (EaT) to indicate the
end of the parameters. In either case, MACRO will type
EaT

fp
Type CTRL P (t P) to continue.
(3)

If the output desired is a complete listing but no binary, type the command string
5, L -

FILEXJ

I
a.

PIP

CaliingProcedure

The Peripheral Interchange Program (PIP) is called by typing PIPJ after the Monitor's $
req uest. When PIP has been loaded, it types
PIP

on the Teletype and waits for a command string from the user.
b.

General Command Characters
RUBOUT

(echos \ )

Delete single character.

CTRL U

(echos @)

Delete entire line.

CTRL P

(echos t P)

Restart PIP.

Command String
The general format of a PIP command string is as follows.
F DDU:FILEO;EXT{S) ..... SDU:FILE1;EXT
It is usually terminated by a carriage return or ALT MODE. The colons and semicolons
in the command string may be replaced by spaces.

F is a function character, which may be:
T

Transfer fi Ie

Verify file

Segment file

List directory

Delete file

Copy

Rename file

Block copy
New directory

DDU is the destination device and unit number, if applicable
PP

Paper tape punch

DECtape

Teletype

Li ne pri nter

Magnetic tape

Disc

F ILEO: EXT is the output file name and extension and may be omitted if the output
device is non-file oriented.

(S) indicates the switch options
Data Mode Switches:
A

lOPS ASCII
lOPS binary
Image alphanumeric

Image bi nary

Dump

Function switches:

Correct bad parity lines

Convert tabs to spaces

Convert multiple spaces to tabs

Segment files

Combine files

Create new system directory

New directory

Insert form heads

- terminates information concerning the destination devi ce.
device follows the_.
PR

Paper tape reader

Teletype

Card reader

DECtape

MT
DK

Magnetic tape
Disc

Data for the source

Carriage return or ALT MODE is the command string terminator.
Carriage Return

Return to PIP after completion of the current function.

ALT MODE

Return to Monitor after completion of the current function.

Rubouts may be used to de lete unwanted chara cters, and CTRL U (t U) may be used to
delete the entire line prior to typing the command string terminator.
d.

Operating Instructions

The following tables summarize legal switch/operation combinations within a Keyboard
Monitor environment.
Legal Operation/Switch Combinations
O~eration

Legal Switches

Transfer File (T)

A, B,I,H, D,E,G ,C, W, Y, N, S

Verify File (V)

A or B

Segment File (S)

(None)

List Directory (L)

N or S or None

New Directory (N)

(None)

Delete File (D)

(None)

Rename File (R)

(None)

Copy Tape (C)

N or S or H or None

Block Copy (B)

Nor S or None

Legal Switch Combinations for Transfer Fi Ie
Switches
E

~ I
j
~

I
I

I ~ j
I I ~

Error Conditions and Recovery Procedures
Recovery

Error Message
COMMAND STRING TOO LONG, TRY AGAIN

Retype command string.

ILL. FUNCTION

Retype from function character on.

ILL. DEV. OR UNIT
ILL. DEV. OR UNIT TERMINATOR
DEV. ILL. FOR OPTION OR FUNCTION AND
DIRECTION

Retype from device name on.

DEV. (UNIT) NOT IN + DAT TABLE
ILL. SYS. DEV. IN DAT SLOT 1

Type t C to restore
Monitor and perform ASSIGN

SYS. TAPE NOT ON UNIT 0

Mount System Tape on Un it 0 and retype command string.

TOO MANY FILES OR BLKS., TRY AGAIN

Retype command string.

TOO MANY CHARS. IN FILE OR EXT. NAME
SOURCE FILE NOT ON DEV.

Retype from File Name on.

TOO MANY SOURCE FILES
TOO MANY DEST. FILES

Check number of fi les actua Ily transferred and
type another command string to transfer
remainder.

DATA MODE NEEDED

Type data mode in parentheses followed by
carriage return.

SWITCH ILL. FOR DEV.
}
ILL. SWITCH
SWITCH CONFLICT
SWITCH ILL. FOR FUNCTION

Retype from sw itch on.

ILL. TERMINATOR

Retype from term inator on.

INPUT PARITY ERR.

If binary, check data.
If ASCII, retype command string using G switch.

INPUT CHECKSUM ERR.
}
ASCII INPUT LINE TOO LONG

Check data.

ILL. BLK.#

Retype from block # on.

READ - COMPo ERR. ON BLK. N

When operation complete, try B function on
error block.

S OPERATION NOT PERFORMED

Execute S operation; then retype T command.

STRINGS 1 TO 16 ACCEPTED

Perform segmentation; then further segment last
destination file.

TOO FEW DEST. FILES FOR # OF SEGMENT
POINTS

Retype command string with correct # of destination files. (1 more than # of segmentation
points) •

Restart Procedures
CTRL P

Restart PIP.

CTRL C

Return to Monitor.

Examples

(1) To transfer an ASCII paper tape to the DECtape on Unit 1
T DTl NAME SRC(A) to- PRJ

T DTl :NAME;SRC (A) to- PRJ

(2) To list an ASCII file from DECtape on the line printer
T LP (A) to- DTl NAME SRC

T LP: (A) - DTl :NAME;SRC J

(3) To rename a binary file on DECtape
R DTl NEW BIN - DTl OLD BIN or R DTl :NEW; BIN-DTl :OLD;BIN J
(4) To Iist the directory of a DECtape on Unit 1

(5) To transfer a binary file from the DECtape on Unit 1 to that Unit 2, zeroing out
the directory on the DECtape on Unit 2
T DT2 NAME BIN (BN) to- DTl NAME BIN J

T DT2:NAME; BIN (BN) - DT2:NAME;BIN J
(6) To copy the entire DECtape on Unit 2 on to the DECtape on Unit 1

(7) To verify an ASC II fi Ie on a DEC tape on Unit 3
V DT3 F ILEA SRC (A) J or V DT3:FI LEA;SRC (A),J
(8)

To copy four blocks from a DECtape on Unit 4 to one on Unit 7
B DT7.... DT4 5, 15, 165, 1075J

(9) To generate a new directory (clear the old directory) on the DECtape on Unit 4

(10) To segment an ASC II tape on the DECtape on Unit 1 into four paper tapes
S TAG1, TAG2, TAG3J
T PP "' (AY) - DTl NAME SRC....

I
a.

EDITOR

Ca II ing Procedure

The Editor is called by typing EDIT J after the Monitor's $ request. When the Editor
has been loaded, it types
EDITOR

>
on the Teletype and wa its for a command from the user.
b.

General Command Characters
RUBOUT

(echos\)

Delete single character.

CTRL U

(echos @)

Delete entire line.

CTRL P

(echos T P)

Restart the editor.

Command String
Not appl icable.

Operating Procedures
Editing Operation 1:

Creating a file. (When Editor is brought in core, it awaits an
OPEN command if the input device is file oriented.)

User Types in

Action

Effect

(1)

OPEN filename J

INPUT

Mode is changed from Edit to
Input.

(2)

Content of the program
(each line is terminated
by'" )

Puts out previous line
typed

Line typed in is processed.

EDIT

Change from Input to Edit Mode.

(3) '" (necessary before
CLOSE

(4)

CLOSE fi lename,)

>
EDITOR

Closes created file.

>
Editing Operation 2:

Modifying an existing file: Place the input file on the appropriate input device. Open the file with OPEN NAME • The
user may then use any of the edit commands summarized below.

SUMMARY OF EDITING COMMANDS
Editor-Monitor Communication
Command

Abbreviation

Activity

nla

EXIT

Transfer control to Monitor.

File Housekeeping
OPEN nm ext

nla

Prepare input file (named "nm ext ") for editing.
(SRC assumed if no ext given.)

nla

Terminate editing on input file.

Locative Requests
FIND string

Bring first line beginning with "string" to work
area.

LOCA TE string

Bring first line containing "string" to work area.

Bring next consecutive line to work area.

BOTTOM

Bring last Iine of file to work area.

TOP

Reset pointer to beginning of file.

Print the current line on the Teletype.

Manipulative Requests
DELETE

Discard the current line.

RETYPE string

Replace current I ine with "string."

INSERT string

Add "string" as a complete Iine to the fi Ie after
(below) the current line.
--

CHANGE Istring 1Istring21

Replace, in the current line, the first occurrence
of "string 1" with "string 2."
NOTE

The slash delimiters may be replaced by any of the 64
ASC" characters; however, the character shou Id be
chosen such that it is not present in "string 1" or "string2" •
APPEND string

Add "string" at the rightmost end of the current
line.

ON
VERIFY OFF

Set verify mode to print (ON) or ignore printing
(OFF) lines after processing CHANGE, LOCATE,
and FIND requests.

ON
BLOCK OFF

nla

Set program to operate in block mode (ON) or in
line-by-line mode (OFF).

Manipulative Requests (Cont)

BRIEF

Activity

Abbreviation

Command
ON
OFF

OVERLAY

n/a

Set brief mode to print truncated (ON) or full
(OFF) lines.

Delete current +(n-l) lines, change to input
mode and insert after current line.

Input/Output Requests
ON
OUTPUT OFF

n/a

Output/No output.

READ

n/a

Fill block buffer from input file.

WRITE

n/a

Add block buffer to output fi Ie.

GET

Add lines from subsidiary input device after
(below) current line.
--

Miscellaneous Requests

SIZE

Set tota I lines to occupy block buffer.

INSERT

Change mode to input.
e.

Error Conditions and Recovery Procedures

(1)

END OF FILE (MEDIUM) REACHED BY
End of file or buffer has been reached by the indicated command.
(a)

Use TOP command to return to first line.

(b)

If GET command, continue editing.

(c)

With paper tape input or output, use CLOSE and reload tape in reader.

(2)
The indicated command is not legal.
Note that there must be a space between the command and its argument and that
the period (.) is not recognized as a current line indicator.
(3)

READ ERROR
Parity or checksum error on indicated input device.

(4)

TRUNCATED
Indi cated Iine greater than 90 characters.
NOTE
The user has a choice, following either of the above errors,
of either modifying the line that caused the error (via any
manipulative request) or of allowing the line to stand as is
in the output file (via any locative request).

(5)

BUFFER CAPACITY EXCEEDED BY
Block-mode buffer overflow caused by indicated line.

(6)

FILE filename ext NOT FOUND
The Editor assumes that the user wishes to create a new file with the given name,
and changes to input mode.

(7)

NO FILE NAME GIVEN
No file name given in either OPEN or CLOSE request. Repeat request giving file
name.

(8)

lOPS 4
Device is not ready.

(9)

Ready device and type control R (tR).

lOPS 0-33
Unrecoverable I/O error. Control returns to Monitor. (See Appendix E.)

Restart Procedures
CTRL P

(tP)

Program restart when Editor is waiting for a command.

CTRL C

(tC)

Control mode change, if in input mode. Return to Monitor.

Examples
Purpose

Original

Desired Change

To change 1 character in a word

JMPTAGl

JMS TAGl

/P/S/

To eliminate 1 character in a word

JMS* LOOP

JMS LOOP

C
or C

/*//
/S*/S/

-tI DAC CNTR

-IDAC CNTR/
counter
check

To add a string of characters at
the end of a line

Command (user tlpes)

A /counter
check

To print the current line

To read the next line

To change mode (from edit to
input or vice versa)

"CLOSE" should always be the last command issued to complete editing.
30

How to Use BLOC K MODE:
User types in:
BLOCK ON

Begin BLOCK mode.

SIZE N

N=Number of lines in block (assumes 55 lines if unspecified).

READ

N lines are brought in core.

WRITE

Output all lines.

BLOCK OFF

Return to line-by-line editing.

I
a.

7-TO-9 CONVERTER

Ca II ing Procedure

The 7-to-9 Converter is called by typing CONV; after the Monitor's $ request. When
the converter has been loaded, it types
7-TO-9 CONVERTER

on the Teletype and waits for a command string from the user.
b.

General Command Characters

RUBOUT

(echos \)

Delete last character in command string; may be
repeated n times to delete n characters.

CTRL U

(fU) (echos @)

Delete entire line.

CTRL P

(1' P)

(1)

Reinitialize converter.

(2)

Resume operation after placing new tape in
reader.

Command String
The format expected by the Converter command string processor is as follows.
Filename

Options
L,A,R, E, Tn

FILE 1, FILE 2
Output program name
and input program name,
if different

Terminator
; or ALT MODE
Return to Monitor after
completion of job.
Return to converter to
perform more conversions,
types
7-TO-9 CONVERTER

>
and waits for next string.
where
L

Listing

Insert .ABS pseudo op

R =

Remove origin settings

E =

• EOT instead of • END

T =

Combine input tapes

Decimal number of input tapes
Options may be used in any combination (or none at all). The options desired may appear
in any order, separated by commas and terminated by - . If no options are wanted, _
is sufficient. Rubouts may be used to delete unwanted characters, and CTRL U (lU) may
be used to delete entire lines prior to typing the command string terminator. If an error
in the command string is detected, CONV types:

COMMAND STRING ERROR

>
and waits for a new command string.
d.

Operating Instructions

The program to be converted must be ready on the appropriate input device before the
command string is typed. (If paper tape, push the tape-feed button to clear the end-of-tape flag.)
Each input tape is considered as a complete job, unless the Tn option is used. The second file name is
needed only if input and output are file,...oriented and it is desired to change the name. The output
name is placed in the new • TIT LE statement and is used as the name of the file. File extension SRC is
assumed.
e.

Error Conditions and Recovery Procedures
COMMAND STRING ERROR

Retype command string.

lOPS 4

Device is not ready. Ready device and type
CTRL R (t R)

lOPS 0-30

Unrecoverable I/O error. Control returns to
Monitor. (See Appendix E.)

Restart Procedure
CTRL P (tP)

Reinitialize converter.

CTRL C (.tc)

Return to Mon itor.

Examples

(1) To convert a single tape, with .ASS insertion and a listing, the command string
would be
L, A-INAME J
(2) To convert and combine four tapes, with no listing, the command string would be
T4 -

NAME"

I
a.

LINKING LOADER

Calling Procedure

The Linking Loader is called by typing LOADJ or GLOADJ after the Monitor's $
request. LOAD is used to load-and-halt; GLOAD is used to load-and-go. When the loader is ready,
it types:
LOADER

>
on the Teletype and waits for a command string from the user.
b.

General Command Characters
RUBOUT

De lete last chara cter typed. n rubouts may be used
to delete n characters within a program name.
(There is no character echo.)

CTRL P

(tP)

(1)

Continue loading (paper tape input)

CTRL S

(t S)

(2)

Start user's program (if GLOAD not used).

Command String
The command string may have several different forms as follows (the >'s are supplied

by the loader).
>NAME1, NAME2, NAME3 (ALT MODE)
or
> NAME1.!
> NAME2';
> NAME3 (ALT MODE)
or
> " (ALT MODE) - Valid for paper tape input only
It is important to accurately specify the number of programs (n) to be loaded with n-l
commas or carriage returns before the ALT MODE.
d.

Operating Procedure

The program to be loaded must be ready on the appropriate input device before the
command string is typed. If the input is on DECtape, any subprograms must be on the same tape as the
main program.
The loader types out the name and address of each program, subprogram, and library
routine loaded.
If GLOAD was used to call the loader, execution will start automatically. If LOAD
was used, the loader will type ts, when loading is complete. The user then starts his program by
typing CTRL S.

Error Messages
• LOAD 1

Memory overflow

• LOAD 2

Input data error

• LOAD 3

Unsatisfied global symbol
(missing program)

• LOAD 4

Illegal .DAT slot request by
user program

.IOPS 4

Dev i ce not ready. Ready dev i ce
and type CTRLR.

.IOPS 0-33

Unrecoverable I/O error. Control
returns to Monitor. (See
Appendix E.)

Restart Procedures
CTRL C (TC)

Unrecoverable loader
errors

Return to Monitor.

Examples
LOADER
> EX1 (ALT MODE)
EX1

17365

Type CTRL S to start program.

LOADER
> (ALT MODE)
EX1

Program name not needed with paper tape input to loader.

17365

Ts
LOADER
>EX2,SUB (ALT MODE)
EX2

17656

SUB

17613

.DA

17544

BCDIO

14551

STOP

14536

SPMSG

14442

FlOPS

13712

OTSER

13604

REAL

12651

t S
LOADER
Carriage return may be used in place of comma.

>EX2
> SUB (ALT MODE)
EX2

17656

SUB

17613

.DA

17544

BCDIO

14551

STOP

14536

SPMSG

14442

FlOPS

13712

OTSER

13604

REAL

12651

ts
LOADER
EX2 (ALT MODE)
EX2

17656

BCDIO

14663

STOP

14650

SPMSG

14554

FlOPS

14024

OTSER

13716

REAL

12763

SUBROT

$1$1~$1

• LOAD 3

The subroutine was omitted.
Unsatisfied global symbol •

I
a.

DDT

Calling Procedure

The DDT (Dynamic Debugging Technique) program is called by typing DDT J or DDTNS,J
after the Monitorls $ request. (The use of DDTNS prevents loading of the userls symbol table, thus
saving space.) When DDT has been loaded, it types
LOADER

>
on the Teletype and waits for a command from the user.
b.

General Command Characters
RUBOUT

Delete last character typed (during load phase only).

CTRL P

(fP)

During load phase, continues loading with new tape.

CTRL T

(fT)

Restart DDT or bypass loading.

Command Strina, Loader Phase

The command string may have severa I different forms as follows (the
by loader portion of DDT) •

>IS are suppl ied

> NAME1, NAME2, NAME3 (ALT MODE)
or

> NAMEl J
> NAME2J
> NAME3 (ALT MODE)
or

(ALT MODE) - Valid for paper tape input only

It is important to specify the number of programs (n) to be loaded with n-1 commas or
carriage returns before the ALT MODE.
d.

Operating Procedures

The program to be loaded must be ready on the appropriate input device before the command string is typed. If the input is on DECtape, any subprograms must be on the same tape as the
ma in program.
The loader types out the name and address of each program, subprogram, and library
routine loaded.
When loading has been successfully completed, DDT types
DDT

>
Debugging may now begin.

Following is a summary of DDT commands. For detailed information on the operation
of each command, refer to the DDT section of the Utility Programs Manual (Doc. No. DEC-9AGUAB-D).
SUMMARY OF COMMANDS
Linkage Characters

Arithmetic plus
Arithmetic minus

(space)

Field separator
Breakpoints

Insert breakpoint at location k, assign number n (1-4).

Remove breakpoint number n (1-4).

Remove a II existing breakpo ints.
Restart from breakpoint.

Restart from breakpoint, wait n times before reentering breakpoint.

Interrupt processing, go to DDT-9.
Examinations and Modifications

Open location k.

(Carriage return) - Close the location.

(line feed) - Close the location, open next location.

(Up arrow) - Close the location, open the preceding location.

(CTRL Z) - Close the location, open addressed location, continue
original sequence.

(CTRL A) - Close the location, open addressed location, start
new sequence.

1 X

(CTRL X) - Close the location, open the location addressed by
15-bit transfer vector, start new sequence.

NUM$

Type contents as 6-digit octal numbers.

TV$

Type contents as transfer vectors.

SYM$

Type contents as symbolic instructions (assumed by default).
Retype in alternate mode (NUM$, SYM$).

Retype as transfer vector.

REL$

Type addresses as relative to defined symbols (assumed by default).

RLC$

Type addresses as relocatable numbers.

ABS$

Type addresses as absolute numbers.

Starts and Restarts
Start user's program at normal starting point.

Start user's program at location k.
Restart user's program from breakpoint.

Restart user's program from breakpoint, waits n times before
reentering breakpo int.

(Control T) -Interrupt processing.
Searching Operations

k EQ$

Search for words equal to k.

k UN$

Search for words not equal to k.

k ADR$

Search for instructions with effective address equal to k.
Special DDT -9 Locations

AC$

Holds AC at a breakpoint.

LNK$

Status of Link at a breakpoint.

MSK$

Contains search mask.

LO$

Lower I im it of search.

HI$

Upper lim it of search.

PAS

First unused location in patch area.

AX$

Number of auto-index used by breakpoints.

RF$

Current relocation factor.

SA$

Normal starting address.

Bn$

Address of breakpoint n (1-4).
Symbol Definition

Assign symbol s to the current location.

K{s)

Assign symbol s to location k.
Patch File Output

PFO$

Patch file output (from LO$ to H1$, inclusive).

k PFO$

Single location patch file output.

SNS$

Save new symbols.

PFE$

C lose patch fi Ie output.

Patch File Input
PFI$

Read patch fi Ie.
Coresident Subroutines

k HDR$

Use symbol table and relocation factor of subroutine k.

HDR$

Use symbol table and relocation factor of main program.
M isce lIaneous Features
Contents of currently open location.

Address of currently open or most recently opened location.
&

Bypass mnemonic instruction lookup.

Execute the instruction k.

rU
rT
e.

Cancel the line.
Interrupt processing.

Error Conditions

(1)

(2)

Loader Messages:
• LOAD 1

Memory overflow

.LOAD 2

Input data error

.LOAD 3

Unsatisfied global symbol (missing program)

• LOAD 4

Illegal .DAT slot request by user program

DDT Running Errors:
OVERFLOW

Too many new symbols defined. Current entry ignored.

ERROR

Read error on patch fi Ie input.
before error are good.

General error indication. Current entry ignored.
Possible causes are listed below.

A II patches loaded

Undefined symbol
Address above core
Incorrect command
Illegal character

(3)

I/O Errors:
• IOPS 4

Device is not ready. Ready device and type CTRL R (t R) •

.IOPS 0-33

Unrecoverable I/O error. Control returns to Monitor
during loading phase and to DDT during debugg ing phase.
(See Appendix E.)

Restart Procedure
CTRL T (tT) Restarts DDT

CTRL T

CTRL C (t C) Return to Monitor
g.

Examples
LOADER

> EX1

(ALT MODE)

EX1

14455

DDT

>
LOADER

> EX2,SUB (ALT MODE)
EX2

14746

SUB

14703

.DA

14634

BCDIO

11641

STOP

11626

SPMSG

11532

FlOPS

11002

OTSER

10674

REAL

07741

DDT

>
LOADER

> (ALT MODE)

Program name not needed with paper tape

EX1

input to loader.

14455

DDT

> NUM$
43

> AC$/

000000

LNK$/

000000

MSK$

777777

LO$/

014455

HI$/

=
015007 =

PA$/

002420

AX$/

000017

RF$/

014455

SA$/

414455

B1$/

000000

B2$

000000

B3$

000000

B4$

000000

BEGIN

Low limit of program.

END+15

High limit of program.
Low limit of available memory.

Relocation factor.
BEGIN

Starting address.

> BEGIN/ 000776
> SYMS
CAL+776
>./
BEGIN+1/

CAL+1

BEGIN+2/

CAL+14455

BEGIN+3/

CAL

BEGIN+4/

LAC END+1

READ-5/

JMS TYPE

READ-4/

LAC END+2

END+2/

LAW 17774

READ-3/

DAC COL

BEGIN

I
a.

UPDATE

Calling Procedure

The Library Update Program is called by typing UPDATE J after the Monitor's $ request.
When the Update program has been loaded it types
UPDATE

>
on the Teletype and waits for a file specifying command from the user.
b.

General Command Characters

RUBOUT (echos \)

Delete last character in command string. May be
repeated n times to delete n characters.

CTRL U ( U) (echos@)

Del ete enti re line

Command String

The user should first type, on the same line as the right angle bracket (», a file specifying
command string in the following format.
Options

L, U, N

File Name

Terminator

FI LEX

.I or ALT MODE

where

Library file listing on .DAT -12

Update from • DA T -14 to • DA T -15 with secondary input on • DA T -10

Create from .DAT-10 onto .DAT-15

Neither U or N = Input on . DA T-14 (no output on . DA T-15 or secondary input on
.DAT-10) used primarily with CLOSE command to get clean library
file listing on .DAT-12.
Loader).

The default library file name is . L1BR (the file name used in library. SEEK's by the Linking
The file name extension is always assumed to be BIN.
If the file specifying the command string is terminated by
1.

ALT MODE, control will be returned to the Monitor when updating of the current file is
completed.

Carriage return (.I), control will remain with UPDATE when work on the current file is
complete and it will output
UPDATE

>
to the teleprinter to indicate readiness for the next file specifying command.
d.

Operating Procedures

When UPDATE is ready for a library file manipulation command, it outputs> to the teleprinter. The user should now type a file manipulation command on the same line as the right angle
bracket (» terminated by carriage return (J) and in the following format.
DELETE (D) NAME

Delete the named routine from file, copying all
previous routines (valid command only if U option).

REPLACE (R) NAME 1, NAME 2

Replace NAME 1 with NAME 2 (default is NAME 1),
copying all previous routines (valid command only if
U option). Replacement comes from .DAT-I0.

INSERT (I) NAME 3, NAME 4

Insert NAME 3 after NAME 4 (default is last routine
processed or beginning of file) (copying all previous
routines if U option). Specifying a second argument
(NAME 4) is only valid in U mode. Insert comes
from .DAT-I0.

END (E)

Position at end of fi Ie (copying all routines if U
option).

KI LL (K)

Abort operations on current file, destroying bad output file. Issued when user detects trouble with updating process.

CLOSE (C) FI LENM

Performs END if not done; clears up at end of update
satisfying all options and giving the output fi Ie the
name FI LENM (default is • LlBR even if a NAME was
given in file specifying command string, i.e.;
U .... NAME J). EXIT to Monitor or remain in
UPDA TE for next file as a function of the file specifying command string terminator (ALT mode or J~

The library file listing on .DAT slot -12 will be in the following format.
LIBRARY FILE LISTING FOR FILENM PAGE 1
PROGRAM NAME
PROGRAM SIZE

ACTION

NAME 2

4778

DELETE NAME
REPLACE NAME 1, NAME 2

NAME 4

352 8
517

INSERT NAME 3, NAME 4

NAME 3

Error Conditions and Recovery Procedures
Error messages - recoverable

If command completely unintelligible

>
If Delete, Replace, Insert (with 2 arguments) used with other than U option
VALID ONLY IN U MODE - COMMAND IGNORED

If Delete, Replace, Insert (with 1 argument) used without U or N option
VALID ONLY IN U OR N MODE - COMMAND IGNORED

>
If no name given after Insert, Del ete, Replace
ILLEGAL COMMAND STRUCTURE - COMMAND IGNORED

If program requested in any command not found in forward direction (tape at end)
EOF REACHED BY SEARCH - COMMAND IGNORED

>
This file is still open and may be accessed via INSERT, CLOSE and KILL commands. If wrong program
used as input on . DA T slot -10 for Replace or Insert command
WRONG PROGRAM AS INPUT - CORRECT INPUT AND tP
Set up input device with the correct program and then type tP on the keyboard.
Error messages - terminal (new file specifying command required)
If end code found before program name on binary input
PROGRAM NAME MISSING - DYNAMIC KILL
UPDATE

>
If not enough room in core for program
BUFFER OVERFLOW - DYNAMIC KI LL
UPDA TE

>
If read error on input buffer
UNRECOVERABLE READ ERROR ON .DAT N- DYNAMIC KILL
UPDATE

>
f.

Restart Procedures
CTR L P
CTRL C

Example

To Update FI LEA:
UPDATE
>U .... FI LEA .I
> I NAME2, NAME3')
>R NAME4, NAME5J
>D NAME 1.1
>C FILEAJ
UPDATE

>
2.

Re start Update program.
Return to Monitor.

/ File specifying command must be first
/ Insert routine NAME2 afferl\.JAME 3
/ Replace routine NAME4 with NAME 5
/Delete routine NAME 1 from file
/ Close FI LEA
/ Returns to UPDATE since
/ file specifying command above
/was terminated with aJ

To update BCDIO on the systems. LlBR file (user responses are underlined)

$ A DTAO-14/DTA 1 -15/PRA -1 OJ / Scratch tape on -15
$ UPDATEJ
/ Call Update
UPDATE
> U.... .I
> RBCDIO J

>CJ
UPDATE

/ Speci fy Update function

/ Replace BCDIO with new version
/Close the file
/ New. LlBR on -15

>tC
MONITOR
$PIP-'
P-IP>D DTO . L1BR BIN J
>TDTO(B)--DTl .L1BRBINJ

/ Return to Monitor

/ Delete old library
/ Put new. L1BR on systems tape

I
a.

DUMP

Calling Procedure

The Dump program is called by typing DUMP J after the Monitor's $ request. When the
Dump program has been loaded, it types
DUMP

>
on the Teletype and waits for a command from the user.
b.

General Command Characters

RUBOUT (echos\)

Delete last character in command string. May be repeated
n times to delete n characters.

CTRL U (tU) (echos@)

Delete entire line

Command String

The formats expected by the DUMP command string processor are as follows.
Command

Function

ALL

The en tire tQ area (from location 10 to the
address in • SCaM) on the device associated with
.DAT slot-14 (at tQ time, this device was the
specified output device) is listed on the device
associated with .DAT slot -12.

XXXXX-yyyyy
(XXXXX2 10, and
yyyyy~ C(. SCaM)

The tQ area between absolute addresses XXX XX
and YYYYYon the device associated with. DA T
slot -14 is listed on the device associated with
.DAT slot -12. At tQ time, this device (.DAT
slot -14) was the specified output device and
XXXXX and YYYYY were the absol ute (octal)
bounds of the core area to be dumped.

ZZZ#

The content of block #ZZZ on the device associated with .DAT slot -14 is listed on the device
associated with .DAT slot -12. The block number
is in octal radix.
NOTE
If the Listing output (.DAT slot -12) is to a file oriented
device, the file is named MEMORY and has the extension
DMP.

Operating Procedures

Not applicable.
e.

Error Conditions

Any unrecognizable command will cause a question mark (?) to be typed on the Teletype.
Control is then retumed to the command string processor which types> to indicate its readiness for a
command.

Restart Procedures

If a command is terminated by a carriage return (J), control returns to the command string
processor after completion of the request.
DUMP

>
will be printed on the Teletype indicating readiness for another command.

If a command string is terminated by the ALT MODE character, control returns to the Monitor
upon completion of the request.
g.

Example

To dump locations 16730 through 16750:
MONITOR
$ASSI GN DTDO-14 J
$ DUMP,)
DUMP

>16730-16750,)
16730 000032 003740 013777 000000 000000 413420 013422 463356
16740 127400 463356 127400 000612 003766 003773 000000 020202
16750 000000
DUMP

Calling Procedure

PATCH

The Patch program is called by typing PATCH J after the Monitor's $ request. When the
Patch program is loaded, it types
PATCH

>
on the Teletype and waits for a command from the user.
b.

General Command Characters

RUBOUT (echos\)

Delete last character in command string. May be
repeated n times to delete n characters.

CTRL U (t U) (echos@)

Delete entire line.

CTRL P (t P) (echos tP)

Restart Patch program.

Command String

Not applicable.
d.

Operating Procedures

Before calling in PATCH, the user should ensure that appropriate device handlers are
assigned to . DA T slots as indicated below. This can easily be accomplished by means of the REQUEST
and ASSIGN commands to the monitor •
. DAT Slot

Handler

Function

-14

DTAO, or
DKAO, or
MTAO

Input from and
output to the
system device

-10

PRA

Input from the
paper tape reader

Patch uses. DA T slot -3 for Teletype output and. DA T slot -2 for input from the keyboard (or batch
input device). The user cannot modify. DA T slots -3 and -2.
NOTE
Before typing any commands to PATCH, ensure that the
mode switch for the system device is on WRITE ENABLE.
The Patch program recognizes four commands as follows.

Selecting a system program for patching

LI ST

READ

EXIT

System Program Selection Command. - The user must specify a system program to be patched before
issuing a LI sT or READ command. Th i sis accompl i shed by typing the system program name after the
right angle bracket (» and terminating with ALT MODE or carriage return. All LIST and READ commands refer to the previously selected system program, until another name is given in a command.
DDT, CHAIN, and the Loader cannot be edited with the Patch program since they are relocatable system programs. System program names that are recognized by Patch are as follows.

CONY
DUMP

MACROA
PATCH
PIP
· SGEN1
· SGEN2
· SYSLD
UPDATE

EDIT
EXECUTE
F4
F4A
KM9
MACRO

The system program selection command has the following form:
> NAME,i
When the named system program is ready for modification, the Patch program will type a right angle
bracket and await another command.
LI ST Command. - The LI ST command has the followi ng form:
> L OCTADR .I
As indicated, the user simply types L, followed by a space, followed by an octal address, and terminated
with a carriage return or ALT MODE. The octal address must be an address within the range of the currently selected system program. On the next line, the PATCH program then prints either a space or >,
followed by the octal address, followed by a /, followed by the contents of that address in octal, and
terminated by a > as in the following example.

> L 132.1
00132/777435 >
If the user wishes to modify the contents of the location just printed, he may type the octal
val ue wi th which the old contents are to be replaced. If he does not want to change the old contents,
he must terminate the line with ALT MODE or carriage return without typing any number. Carriage return closes the current location and opens the next higher location. For example

> L 256,)
00256/734202> 774202 ,}
00257/600511 >
Ending the line with ALT MODE closes the current location and terminates the listing sequence.
READ Command. - The READ command has the following form:
> READ')
Before issuing a read command, the user must place the paper tape in the reader and momentqrily depress the tape-feed button to clear the NO- TAPE-IN-READER flag. Immediately after the>
at the beginning of a line, type READ, terminated by ALT MODE or carriage return. The mode switch
on the system device should be on WRITE at all times. The paper tape must be in absolute binary block
format, optionally headed by the ABS BIN LOADER. The tape may be a completely new version of the
system program or it may be patched to certain registers within the program. Both are handled identically. PATCH reads one block at a time from the paper tape. For each data word in the paper tape
block, the program calculates the address within the system program. If that address is within the current system device block in core, the new contents (from paper tape) replace the old contents of that
block. If the address is in a block not currently in core, the current block is written out and the new
one is brought in.

NOTE
Programs on the system device are straight core dumps onto contiguous blocks of 400 (octal) words each. When PATCH is called
to LIST and/or modify a location in a program, it checks to see
whether the contents of that location are within the current block
in core. If not, it checks to see if the current block in core was
modified. If so, it writes that block onto the system device before
reading in the next block. A space preceding the printout of the
octal addresvoctal contents indicates that that address is in the
current core block. If a > is printed instead of a space, it indicates
that the address was not in the resident block and that a new block
was read in. In this case, all patches preceding the last> at the
beginning of a line have been entered in the program on the system device. If error messages occur, the error hand ler first writes
the current block onto the system device if the block has been
modified.
EXIT Command. - The EXIT command has the following form:
> EXIT ,J
Control is returned to the Monitor when this command is typed.
e.

Error Conditions

If an error is detected when reading from paper tape, PATCH will terminate reading and will
print out the cause of the error. If the user makes a format error in his data or command line, PATCH
will terminate the current command and print an appropriate error message. All errors handled by
PATCH cause the current block in core to be written onto the system device if that block had been modified. The following is a list of error messages:
Message

Cause of Error

ILLEGAL COMMAND

Not a legal system program name or PA TCH
command; or, fi rst command was list or
read with no program selected.

NOT OCTAL DIGIT

The address in a list command or the modification data in a list command sequence,
contained a character that was not an octal
digit.

TOO MANY DIGITS

The user-typed octal number contained more
than six octal digits.

ADDRESS OUT OF RANGE

The address to be listed and/or modified is
outside the range of the current system program.

CHECKSUM ERROR

Bad data read in from paper tape.

END OF MEDIUM

End of paper tape, detected.
found.

No start block

In addition to the above errors, lOPS errors 2 and 4 may occur. If lOPS error 2 occurs,
control is returned to the Monitor. The user should assign the proper device (to .DAT slot -14 or -10 as
indicated in Paragraph d of this section) and return to PATCH. If lOPS error 4 occurs, the user should
ready the appropriate device and type CTRL R.

Restart Procedures

CTRL P (t P)
CTRL C (tC)
> EXIT,J
g.

Restart Patch program
Return to Iv\onitor
Return to Iv\onitor

Examples

Excluding the comments on the right, the following is a sample listing of what would appear
on the Teletype after a session using PATCH. Characters typed by the user have been underlined for
clarity .
MONITOR

$ PATCH J
PATCH V1A
>MACROJ
>Ll00,J
> 001 00/000000> 10 J
00101/777777>777776 J
00102/000033> 1
001 03/000000> 447 (A LT MODE)
> L 476,J
00476/600113> !t.
00477/741012>741102 J
> 00500/600254> J
00501/200636> 1ALT MODE)
> READJ
> PIPJ

>REA"t>J

/Call in Patch
/Select Macro
/List location 100
/Modify. List 101
/Modify. List 102
/No change. Li st 103
/Modify. End sequence
/List location 476
/No change. List 477
/Modify. List 500
/New block read in
/No change. End sequence
/Read from paper tape
/Change to PIP
/Read from paper tape

> EXIT J

MONITOR

I
a.

CHAIN

Call ing Procedure

The Chain program is called by typing CHAI N J after the Monitor's $ request. When the
Chain program is loaded it types
CHAIN

>
on the Teletype and waits for a command from the user.
b.

General Command Characters

RUBOUT (echos \)

Delete last character in command string. May be
repeated n times to delete n characters.

CTRL U (tU) (echos@)

Delete entire line.

Command String

Not applicable.
d.

Operating Procedures

CHAIN is a relocatable system program which builds an XCT type file. Input consists of the
standard relocatable binary (from F4 or MACRO) with appropriate calls to CHAI N for segment loading.
Output is an XCT type file which can be loaded and run with the monitor's EXECUTE command. The
following. DA T slots are used by CHAIN.
.DAT-6
.DAT-5
• DAT-4
· DAT-3
.DAT-2
· DAT-1

Output of XCT file
External Library
User Program(s)
Control and Error Messages
Command String
System Library

The Chain program recognizes six commands:

BUI LD FI LENM

CHAIN (C) N

FILE1, SUB1, etc.

END (E)

EXIT

BUI LD FI LENM - This command initiates the building of FI LENM XCT onto. DA T -6. If no file name
is given an error message will occur. This command is legal only immediately after the typeout of
CHAIN. If it is used at any other time, an error message will be given and the BUILD command ignored.
CHAIN(C) N - A chain with number N is begun at this point. N may be any decimal number. It
must be greater than any N given in a previous CHAIN command. This command is legal only after a
BUILD or an END command. If it is used at other times itwill be ignored and an error message given.
FI LE1, SUB1, etc. - All commands immediately following the CHAIN command and before the END
command will be interpreted as filenames to the Linking Loader portion of the XCT file builder. The
following are illegal file names: BUILD, CHAIN, C, END, E, and CLOSE.

NOTE
File names may be separated by comma, space, carriage
return, or ALT MODE.
END(E) - Terminates the fi lenames used for a particular chain. Thi s command must be used after a
CHAIN command and with at least one filename between it and the CHAIN command. It may appear
on the same line as the filenames if so desired.
CLOSE - Finish building the file FILENM XCT, and restart CHAIN.
EXIT - Return to Monitor
e.

Error Conditions

?
Illegal command
I LLEGA L DECIMAL DIGIT
Illegal decimal digit in chain number
I LLEGAL COMMAND ORDERING
Command is out of order and should not be used at this point
ILLEGAL CHAI N NUMBER
Chain number is less than or equal to the last chain number
ILLEGAL FI LE NAME
Fi Ie name used is same as reserved command
. LOAD N Errors
See Linking Loader section of Utility Programs Manual (Doc. No. DEC-9A-GUAB-D)
f.

Restart Procedures

Finish building FILENM XCT, and restart CHAIN

EXIT

Return to Monitor

Examples
CHAIN
> BUI LD TEST
>CHAIN 1
>FILE1, SUB1, SUB2
> SUB3, SUB4
>END

Initiates building of TEST
First chain
Programs in this chain
End of this chain

Memory allocation typeouts

>CHAIN4

Last chain

> FI LE 4, SUBA
> SUBB, END

End of this chain

Memory allocation typeouts
>CLOSE
CHAIN
> EXIT

Terminate TEST
Return to Monitor
56

Memory A"ocation Typeout
1.

Load addresses of programs, subroutines, and I ibrary routines loaded
FILE

SUB
U B1
UBN
2.

xxxx
XXXX
XXXX

xxxx

Special typeouts

CHAIN#
LOWEST

XXXX

COMSZE

xxxx

(Chain number)
(Lowest register used)
(Con tents of . SCOM + 3 pi us 1)
(C(. SCOM+ 3)+1)
(Size of blank common)

I
a.

EXECUTE

Calling Procedure

The command to EXECUTE is given at load time and consists of the file name of the XCT type
file that is to be run. It has the following form.
MONITOR
$EXECUTE

FILEN

or
MONITOR
$E
FI LEN
b.

General Command Characters
Not applicable.

Command String
Not appl icable.

Operating Procedures
Not applicable.

Error Conditions
***WARNING - COMMON SIZE DIFFERS***

Blank common size of a new chain is different from that of the previous chain.
RESTART INPUT & tP
An attempt was made to call a chain number less than the current chain using nonbulk storage input.
• SEG
· SEG
• SEG
• SEG
• SEG

01
no chain can call itself
02
EOF reached without finding requested chain
03
End of Medium reached without finding requested chain
04
Read error on • DA T-4
05
Blank common overlap the requested chain
NOTE
All the. SEG type errors are fatal and cause a return to the
monitor to be made via an . EXIT command.

SGEN

Prior to requesting the System Generator via the SGEN Keyboard command, request information about the current operating environment by entering the following device examination and information keyboard commands.
SCOM

Causes output of certain system information, including a list of the
device handlers available and a brief description of each of their
features.

REQUEST SGEN

Causes output of . DA T slot assignments used by the System Generator and the use made of each . DA T slot.
If any assignment does not agree with the user1s need, it can be
changed via the ASSI GN keyboard command (being aware of the
handlers avai lable as Ii sted by the SCOM command and the handler
requirements of SGEN).
NOTE

It is imperative that your old system device be assigned to
. DA T slots -10 and -14 and the unit that wi II contain your
new system device be assigned to .DAT-15.
When the System Generator is loaded (via the SGEN command) and ready to begin questioning the user on items pertinent to the bui Iding of a new system tape, it outputs the following introduction and then proceeds with the questioning. *
SYSTEM GENERA TOR
THIS PROGRAM WI LL GENERATE A NEW SYSTEM TAPE
ON THE DEVICE SPECIFIED IN .DAT SLOT-15. /TWILL
DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS SYSTEM
TAPE BY ASKING YOU A SERIES OF QUESTIONS.
IF IT CANNOT UNDERSTAND THE ANSWER YOU GIVE,
IT WILL REPEAT THE QUESTION. HERE GOES!
HOW MUCH CORE IS AVAILABLE? TYPE 8, 16, 24, or 32.
>16
IS AN API AVAILABLE? TYPE Y OR N.
>N
IS AN EAE AVAILABLE? TYPE Y OR N.
>Y
IS TELETYPE A MODEL 33? TYPE Y OR N.
>N
INDICA TE THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF THE FOLLOWING DEVICE
HANDLERS BY TYPING Y OR N:

* The answers to questions must be terminated by a carriage return.
61

PRA?
>Y
PRB?
>Y
>Y
PPA?
PPB?
>N
PPC?
>Y
LPA?
>N
CDE?
>N
CDB?
>N
>Y
DTA?
DTB?
>Y
DTC?
>Y
DTD?
>Y
ARE ANY OTHER DEVICE HANDLERS PRESENT? TYPE Y OR N.
>Y
HOW MANY? TYPE OCTAL NUMBER.

>1
TYPE THREE CHARACTER HAND LER NAME FOR NO. 01.
>AAA
HOW MANY SKIP lOTS SHOULD BE IN SKIP CHAIN FOR THIS
DEVICE HANDLER? TYPE OCTAL NUMBER.
>1
TYPE UP TO FIVE CHARACTER MNEMONIC FOR SKIP lOT NO. 01,
A COMMA, AND OCTAL SKIP lOT.

NOTE
The example
assumes user needs
device handler for
a special device
(e.g., an AID
converter) •

>ASKIP, 701111 J
THE FOLLOWING SKIP lOTS ARE TO BE INCLUDED IN THE
SYSTEM SKIP CHAIN:
CLSF
KSF
TSF
RSF
PSF
DTDF
DTEF
ASKIP
TYPE THEM IN SKIP CHAIN ORDER, ONE PER NUMBER.
(PRECEED SKIP BY A MINUS IF REVERSE SKIP lOT.)
NOTE: USE tP TO RETURN TO THIS POINT.
NOTE
NO. 01?
>ASKIP
Structure the skip chain so that those
NO. 02?
> DTDF
devices
requiring faster service have
NO. 03?
> CLSF
NO.04?
>RSF
their skip IOT(s) at the beginning of
NO.05?
>PSF
the chain. (Example assumes that the
NO. 06?
> KSF
users special handler, AAA requires
NO. 07?
>TSF
top priority.)
NO. 10?
>DTEF
WHICH DEVICE HAND LER IS TO BE USED FOR THE SYSTEM DEVICE?
(NOTE: THIS MUST BE SMALLEST INPUT ONLY HANDLER)
>DTC

TYPE THE DEVICE HANDLER NAME (NON FOR NONE) AND THE UNIT NO. FOR THE
FOLLOWI NG . DAT SLOTS:
NOTE: USE tP TO RETURN TO THIS POINT.
-15?
-14?
-13?
-12?
-11?
-10?
-6?
-5?
-4?
-1?
1?
2?
3?
4?
5?
6?
7?
10?

>DTA4
>DTA3
>DTB1
>TTA
>DTB3
>PRA
>PPC
>DTC2
>DTC1
>DTCO
> TTA
>TTA
>DTA1
> TTA
>DTA1
> PRA
>AAA
>NON

NOTE
Refer to Appendix A for system program • DA T
slot requirements in setting up the negative
. DA T slots. The positive. DA T slots belong to
the user, and the standard setup should be a
function of the needs of the users at your
installation.

THANKS FOR THE INFO. THIS WI LL TAKE A FEW MINUTES.
NOTE
Few = 15 to 20 on DECtape to DECtape SGEN.
Once the new system tape has been constructed, it can then be used as the installation
standard tape by mounting it on the system device unit (i.e., unit 0 for DECtape), reading in the paper
tape system bootstrap, etc.

APPENDIX A
DEVICE ASSIGNMENTS

Either System Generation or the ASSIGN command can be used to attach devices to the slots
of the device assignment table (.DAT). The table below shows the normal setup of .DAT. Only system
slots -2, -3, and -7 cannot be modified by the ASSIGN command, since these must be used by the
Monitor.
System programs use the negative. DAT slots while user programs should use the positive
.DAT slots. PIP-9 (Peripheral Interchange Program) is an exception to this rule in that it uses all the
positive. DA T slots (1 to 10) .
• DAT Slot

Device Handler

Unit

Use

16K or
greater

-15

DTA

-14

DTA

-13

PPC

DTA

-12

TTA

Listing (MACRO-9, FORTRAN IV, UPDATE,
DUMP, CONVERTER)

-11
-10
-7
-6
-5

DTC

DTA

Input (MACRO-9, FORTRAN IV)

TTA

PRA

Input (DDT) Secondary Input (EDITOR UPDATE)

DTC

NONE

Output (DDT)

NONE

External Library (Linking Loader)

-4

PRA

DTA

-3
-2

TTA

-1

DTC

Output (EDITOR, UPDATE, CONVERTER,
SYSGEN)
Input (EDITOR, UPDATE, CONVERTER, SYSGEN,
DUMP)

Output (MACRO-9, FORTRAN IV)

System Device (System Loader)

Input (Linking Loader)

DTA

Teletype output}
All system programs
Keyboard Input
System Library (Linking Loader)

DTA

TTA

PRA

PPA

DTA

User and PIP-9 .DATslots

A-1

APPENDIX B
PDP-9 ASCII CHARACTER SET

Listed below are the ASCII characters interpreted by the PDP-9 Monitor and system programs
as meaningful data input or as control characters.

0
2
3

00-37

40-77

100-137

140-177

ASCII
CHAR.

NUL
SOH (A)

"
ETX ( C)

A
B
C

2
3

4
5

6
7
10
11
12

HT
LF

F
G
H
I

13
14
15

VT
FF
CR

K
L
M
N

16
17
20
21
22
23
24
25

*33
34

4
5
6
7
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

0
P

DLE ( P)
( Q)
DC2 ( R)
DC3 ( S)
DC4 ( T)

2
3
4

R
S
T

17
20
21
22
23
24

NACK ( U)

6
7

26
27
30
31

26
27
30
31
32

D
E

CNCL ( X)

SS ( Z)

32
33
34

ESC

35
36
37

RS ( )

/\ or

ESC

delete (RO)

* Codes 33,175, and 176are interpreted as ESC (ALT Mode)and are converted on input to code 175 by
lOPS handlers.
B-1

APPENDIX C
MACRO-9 ERROR DIAGNOSTICS

Flag

Meaning

Error in direct Symbol Table assignment, assignment ignored.

Memory Bank error.

The statement contains a reference to a multiply defined symbol.
with the first value defined.

Erroneous results may have been produced. Will also occur on undefined. END
value.
Line ignored.

It is assembled

(Redundant Pseudo -op)

Literal phasing error.

An attempt is made to define a symbol which has already been defined.
symbol retains its original value.

Error in number usage.

Phase error. PASS1 value does not equal PASS2 value of a symbol.
wi" be used.

Questionable line.

Possible relocation error.

Symbol error. An illegal character was encountered and ignored.

An undefined symbol was encountered.

Line overflowduring macro expansion.

I" ega I usage of mac ro name.

C-1

The

PASS1 value

APPENDIX D
MACRO-9
PERMANENT SYMBOL TABLE
Memory Reference
CAL
DAC
JMS
DZM
LAC
XOR
ADD
TAD
XCT
ISZ
AND
SAD
JMP

000000
040000
100000
140000
200000
240000
300000
340000
400000
440000
500000
540000
600000

Operate
OPR
740000
NOP
740000
740001
CMA
740002
CMl
740004
OAS
740010
RAl
740020
RAR
740040
HlT
740040
XX
740100
SMA
740200
SZA
740400
SNl
740400
SMl
741000
SKP
SPA
741100
741200
SNA
741400
SZl
741400
SPl
742010
RTL
RTR
742020
744000
Cll
744002
STL
744002
CCl
744010
RCl
RCR
744020
750000
CLA
750001
ClC
750004
LAS
750004
LAT
750010
GlK
760000
LAW

EAE Type KE09A
EAE
OSC
OMQ
CMQ
DIV
NORM
lRS
llS
AlS
LACS
LACQ
ABS
DIVS
ClQ
FRDIV
lMQ
MUl
IDIV
FRDIVS
MUlS
IDIVS
NORMS
lRSS
llSS
AlSS
GSM

640000
640001
640002
640004
640323
640444
640500
640600
640700
641001
641002
644000
644323
650000
650323
652000
653122
653323
654323
657122
657323
660444
660500
660600
660700
664000

I/O States
lOT
10RS

700000
700314
Interrupt

10F
ION
CAF

700002
700042
703302

Automatic Priority
Interrupt Type KF09A
DBK
DBR
SPI
ISA

703304
703344
705501
705504

D-1

Memory Extension
Control Type KE09B
SEM
EEM
lEM

707701
707702
707704

Memory Protect
Type KX09A
MPSK
MPLU
MPLD
MPEU

701701
701702
701704
701742

APPENDIX E
EXPlANATION OF lOPS ERROR CODES
ERROR CODE

o
2
3

ERROR

ERROR DATA

Illegal Function CAL

CAL address

CAL * illegal

CAL address

. DAT slot error

CAL address

Illegal interrupt

I/O status regi ster

Device not ready
(type control R when ready)

Illegal • SETUP CAL

Illegal handler function

III ega I data mode

CAL address

File still active

CAL address

SEEK/ENTER not executed

CAL address

Unrecoverable DECtape error

DECtape status register B and Unit No.

Fi Ie not found

CAL address

Directory full

CA L address

D ECtape full

CAL address

Output buffer overflow

CAL address

Too many files for handler

CAL address

Disc failure

Disc status register

Illegal disc address

Illegal address

Two output files on one unit

CA L address

Illegal disc unit

CAL address

API software level error

API status register

Non-existent memory reference

Program counter

32
33

Memory protect violation

Program counter

Memory parity error

Program counter

CAL address

E-1

APPENDIX F
REVI SED FORTRAN IV ERROR LI ST
These letter-coded error messages apply to F4 V2A and all versions of F4 thereafter and all
versions of F4A.
Error Code

Cause

Syntax error

Statement cannot be recognized as a properly
constructed FORTRAN IV statement.

Vari abl e/constant
mode error

Illegal mode mixing. Missing constant, variable
or exponent, or illegal matching of constants or
vari abl es ina DATA statemen t •

Statement number
error

Phase error, number more than 5 di gits, no statement number where one is required, statement
should not be labeled or doubly defined statement
numbers.

Argument/subscript
error

Missing argument or subscript, illegal use of subscripts, illegal construction of subscripted variable,
more than 3 subscripts or stated number of subscripts
does not agree with declared number

FORMA T statement
error

Illegal FORMAT specification or illegal construction of FORMAT statement.

Character/statement/
term error

Illegal character, unrecognizable statement,
i II ega I statement for program type, statemen t
out of order or improper statement preceding END
statement.

DO loop error

Illegal DO construction or illegal statement terminating DO LOOP.

Table overflow

Symbol/constant/arg (I)/OP(I) table limits exceeded.

Nesting error

Illegal nesting or DO nesting too deep.

Magnitude error

Program exceeds 8190 words, maximum number of
dummy arguments or EQUIVALENCE classes exceeded, or constant/variable exceeds specified
limits.

COMMON/EQUIVALENCE/
DIMENSION/DATA statement
error

Illegal construction of statement, illegal EQUIVALENCE relationships, illegal COMMON declaration or noncommon storage declared in BLOCK DA TA
subprogram.

FUNCTI ON/SUBROUTI NE/
EXTERNAl/CALL statement
error

Illegal use of FUNCTION/SUBROUTINE name,
out of order, or illegal variable for EXTERNAL
decl arati on.

Holl erith error

Hollerith data illegal in this statement or illegal of
Hollerith constant.

F-l

APPENDIX G
FORTRAN IV ERROR LIST

Th is Iist of error messages appl ies of all versions of F4 prior of V2A.
Cause

Error Code
001

Improper statement preceding END statement.

002

FUNCTION/SUBROUTINE name not used or used improperly in a subprogram.

003

Variable required. -

004

Positive nonzero constant required.

005

Symbol-constant table limits exceeded.

006

Statement number has more than 5 digits.

007

Unsigned simple integer argument required.
Integer value greater than (2 17 -1).

008

009

Magnitude of number (ignoring decimal point and/or exponent) greater than
(2 35 _1).

010

Array element (function reference) and next argument not separated by comma.

012

Exponent missing from numeric field.

014

Open parenthesis in subscript.

015

Binary operator used in unary sense or missing argument.

016

Additional grouping parenthesis not allowed.

017

Subscript list terminated before last argument obtained.

018

Too many right parentheses.

019

Argument follows converted argument (no operator separating them).

021

E or D in numeric field after exponent has been processed.

023

Format descriptor character used in nonformat statement.

024

Hollerith data illegal this statement.

025

Non - integer constant precedes Hollerith constant.

026

Length of Hollerith constant exceeds range (0< x <6).

027

Hollerith constant contains statement termination character.

030

Symbolic name exceeds 6 characters.

031

Limit on number of nested functions exceeded.

032

Simple variable delineated by left parenthesis.

033

Subscripted variable used as subscript.

034

Unrecognizable logic term.

036

Logical . NOT. used as binary operator or logical constant used as a binary
operator.

037

III ega I character.

040

Adjusted floating point exponent exceeds 76.

G-l

Cause

Error Code

045

Subscript expression not delimited by II, II or II}II.

050

Arg (I), op (I) table overflow.

051

Unsubscripted array reference used as a variable.

052

Function name used as a variable.

053

Comma used other than as parameter separator.

054

Function or array name used in an expression representing a function parameter.

055

Expression used as an assignment variable.

056

Expression contains uneven number of parentheses.

060

Illegal mode mixing.

063

Signed assignment variable.

069

Doubly defined statement numbers or phase error.

070

Illegal statement for BLOCK DATA program.

071

Statement not a DO or DO illegal as True statement for logical IF.

072

Illegal logical IF true statement.

074

Unrecognizable statement (first 3 characters).

075

Unrecognizable statement (4-n characters).

076

Statement out of order.

077

Statement should not be labeled.

078

First character following READ or WRITE not a left parenthesis.

079

Illegal format specification in READ or WRITE.

080

Binary WRITE has no list.

081

Illegal list element separator.

082

Illegal implied DO construction.

086

DO nesting too deep.

087

Mi ssing DO parameter.

088

II Iega I DO parame ter con struc ti on .

089

"'egal statement type terminated DO.

090

Improper DO nesting.

091

Illegal character following I/O unit specification.

092

Illegal character following FORMAT specification.

095

Name previously appeared in a specification statement.

096

Statement improperly delimited.

097

Illegal array declaration - DIMENSION statement.

098

Array size greater than 78192 - DATA specification statement.

100

Improper subscript list delimiter in a DIMENSION statement.

101

More than 3 subscripts (dimensions).

102

Integer argument not a constant.

103

Integer constant not less than 8192.

G-2

Error Code

Cause

104

Integer constant negative.

105

FORMAT statement has no statement number.

106

Illegal FORMAT specification.

114
115
116

COMMON block name has illegal delimiter (not I).
Name declared as COMMON block name previously declared otherwise.
COMMON block size exceeds 8190 words.

117
118

ASSIGN statement missing "TO."

120

Computed GOTO statement number list members not delimited.

121

Computed GOTO statement number list not delimited.

123

Assigned GOTO statement number list not preceded by left parenthesis.

124

Assigned GOTO statement number list not delimited.

126

DATA/EQUIVALENCE variable is a dummy variable.

127

DATA/EQUIVA LENCE variable is a function name.

128

DA TA/EQUIVA LENCE simple variable subscripted by more than one number.

129

DATA/EQUIVALENCE array element greater than 8192.

130

Missing right or redundant left parenthesis in FORMAT statement.

131

Stated number of subscripts does not agree with declared number.

132

EQUIVALENCE class not started with left parenthesis.

136

EQUIVALENCE class improperly delimited (no right parenthesis).

137

Maximum number of EQUIVALENCE classes exceeded.

138

Illegal EQUIVALENCE relationships.

139

Illegal extension of common block caused by EQUIVALENCE relationship.

140

Illegal variable for EXTERNAL declaration.

142

Program size exceeds 8190 words.

143

Non-common storage declared in BLOCK DATA subroutine.

144

IF expression not terminated by closing parenthesis.

145

No comma separating statement numbers - IF statement.

147

No statement number where one is required.

148

Referenced statement number does not appear as a statement label.

149

Illegal statement function name (used twice or is extemal).

150

Delimiter following statement function dummy argument list not "=".

151

Function statement out of order (or more than one).

152

FUNCTION name not followed by argument list.

153

Dummy variabl e previously dec Iared as someth ing el se.

154

Dummy argument list not enclosed in parenthesis.

155

Maximum number of dummy arguments exceeded.

156

STOP/PAUSE statement constant contains a non -octal digit.

Declared COMMON variable is a dummy, function, or already in COMMON.

G-3

Error Code

157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
167
168
169

Cause
STOP/PAUSE statement constant contains too many digits.
DATA statement variable is "common" but data not "block data."
DA TA statement is "block data" but variable is not "common. "
DATA statement variables not delimited by a slash.
DATA statement argument not a constant.
Mode of variable and corresponding constant disagree in a DATA statement.
DATA statement constants not separated by a comma (may indicate more
variables than constants).
Two successive asterisks used as operators in a DATA statement.
Constant preceding asterisk is not integer in a DATA statement.
More constants than variables in a DATA statement.
RETURN statement in main -body program unit (not subroutine).
CALL statement - name is not a function name.

G-4

APPENDIX H
FORTRAN IV OTS ERRORS

Error Description

Error Number
00-04

Library Routines*
That Mat Cause Error

Not used

Negative REAL Square Root Argument

SQRT

Negative DOUBLE PRECISION Square
Root Argument

DSQRT

Illegal Index in Computed GO TO

.GO

Illegal I/O Device Number

• FR, . FW,. FS, • FX,
• FR, . FA,. FE, . FF,. FS,

Bad input data - lOPS Mode Incorrect

· FR, . FA, . FE, . FF,. FS,

Bad FORMA T

.FA,.FE,.FF

Negative or Zero REAL Logarithmic
Argument
Negative or Zero DOUBLE PRECISION
Logarithmic Argument

· BC,. BE,ALOG

.BD,.BF,.BG,.BH,
DLOG,DLOG10

* Only those routines whose calls are generated by the compiler are listed.

APPENDIX I
KEYBOARD MONITOR ERRORS

Errors

Explanation

WHAT?

Unrecognizable command

BAD DEV - IGNORED FROM ERR

Illegal device reference, for example:
A PRA 5,6/PPW7/DTA-5
where the command is processed and effective
up to the PPW and the remainder of the command is ignored.

BAD. DAT SLOT - IGNORED FROM ERR

Illegal .DAT slot reference, for example:
A PRA 5,6/PPA G
where the command is processed and effective
through A PRA 5,6 but ignored from there on.

BAD PRGNAM

Non-exi stent program name. Command
ignored.

PERMANENT .DAT SLOT - IGNORED FROM ERR

Command attempted to assign a device handler
to one of the permanent. DAT slots (-2, -3,
or -7).

BAD UNIT - IGNORED FROM ERR

Illegal unit reference (e.g., DTAX)

BAD START LOC

Illegal address given in "GET n address"
command.

SYS DEV ERR - CHECK UNIT & TRY AGAIN

Last command typed caused error condition on
system device control.

BAD COMMAND IN BATCH MODE

II legal Batch Processor command: QDUMP,
HALT, GET (all forms), BATCH, LOAD, DDT,
or DDTNS.

BAD BATCH DEV

Batch device was not designated properly.
Should be:
CD - for card reader
PR - for paper tape reader

BAD $JOB COMMAND

$JOB command not terminated by space, carriage return, or ALT MODE.

1-1

APPENDIX J
SAMPLE PROGRAM USING SYSTEM SOFlWARE

PDP-9 ADVANCED Software System can best be illustrated by solving an actual problem. A
FORTRAN program to compute solutions of quadrative equations is used as an example on the following
pages. Vertical spacing has been added at some points to facilitate annotation. Using the Editor to
type in the program and FORTRAN IV to compile, the program can be typed and compiled very quickly.
Using DDT to load and execute the program allows for dynamic debugging if required. The system tape
(8K system) was loaded on DECtape unit 0 (8) and the system bootstrap was loaded using the hardware
read-in mode prior to the beginning of the example. The example begins with the Monitor typing
MONITOR

$
on the tel eprinter to indicate that it has been loaded and is ready to receive user command.

MONI TOR
$ R

REQUEST (R) allows user to
check Editor .DAT slot assignments for possible modification.

ED IT

.DAT

DEVICE

USE

- 15
-14
-10

DTA2
DTAI
TTA0
TTA0
TTA0

OUTPUT/SCRATCH
INPUT/OUTPUT
S ECON DARY I NP UT
TELEPRINTER OUTPUT AND ERRORS
COMMAND STRING

-3

-2

'FA DTA0 -15,-14

ASSIGN (A) allows user to
reassign preset • DA T slots.
Example shows .DAT slots
-14 and -15 assigned DECtape unit 0 (8).

Of ED IT

EDIT calls Editor into core.

EDITOR
QUAD
rILE QUAD SRC NOT rOUND.
INPUT

EDITOR is typed to indicate
that the Editor has been
loaded and is ready to receive
a command. User types .
OPEN QUAD. The Editor
searches for a file named
QUAD, and when it is not
found, it creates a new file,
names it QUAD, and changes
to INPUT mode. The user
types his FORTRAN program.

> OPEN

QUADRATIC EQUATION SOLUTION

READ INPUTS: A,B,C AND PRINT

50
100

READ(5,100)A,B,C
rORMAT(3rI0.3)
WR I TE ( 6, 10 1 )

101

FORMAT(21H THE INPUTS A,B,C ARE)
WRITE(6,100)A,B,C
J-l

c
c

SOLVE QUADRATI C

D=B**2-4.0*A*C
RD= SQRT( D)
Xl=(-B+RD)/(2.0*A)
X2=(-B-RD)/(2.0*A)

c
c

PRINT SOLUTION

WR I TE (6,200)
FORMAT(18H THE SOLUTIONS ARE)
WRITE(6,201)Xl,X2
FORMAT<2FI0.3)
GO TO 50
END

200
201

EDIT

User types a carriage return
as the first character of the
I ine. The Editor returns to
ED IT mode, and the user
types CLOSE to close his file.

> CLOSE

ED ITOR is typed to indicate
that the Editor is ready for
another command. The user
types f C to return to the
Monitor.

EDITOR
>tC

MONITOR
F4

.DAT

DEVICE

USE

-13
-12
- 11
-3

PPC0
TTA0
DTCI
TTA0
TTA0

OUTPUT
LI STING
INPUT
CONTROL AND ERROR MESSAGES
COMMAND STRING

-2

MONITOR is typed to indicate
that control has returned to
the Monitor. The user types
R F4 to check .DAT slot
assignments for the FORTRAN
compiler.

The user assigns DTCO to
.DAT slot -11 for input to
the compiler, and then calls
the compiler by typing F4.

'F A DTC0 - 11

$F4

The compiler types FORTRAN 4
when it has been loaded and is
r~ady to receive a command.
The user types B, S , L-Q UAD ,

FORTRAN 4
> 8, S, L ... QUAD,

J-2

to initiate compilation with
option as follows.

B= Binary output
S = Symbol table listing
L = Source listing

END PASSl indicates the
compiler has completed the
first pass. Any compiler
errors would have been typed
out before th is message.

END PASS1

c
c
c
c
c

Source listing of user program.

QUADRATIC EQUATION SOLUTION
READ INPUTS: A,B,C AND PRINT

50
100
101

REAO(5d00)A,B,C
FORMAT(3F10.3)
WRITE(6,101)
FORMAT(21H THE INPUTS A,B,C ARE)
WRITE(6,100)A,B,C

SOLVE QUADRATIC

O=B**2-4.0*A*C
RO= SQRT< D)
X1=(-B+RO)/(2.0*A)
X2=(-B-RO)/(2·0*A)
C

PRINT SOLUTION

200
201

QUAD
·50
. FR
0100
A

* .FE
B
C

* ·FF
* . FW

• 10 1

* .AG

WRITE (6,200)
FORMAT(18H THE SOLUTIONS ARE)
WRITE(6,201)X1,X2
FORMAT(2F10.3)
GO TO 50
END

17777
00000
00202
00012
00221
00203
00223
00225
00204
00205
00023
00227

Symbol table listing.

fZJfZJ2fZJ6

J-3

* .BC
• B1
.AH
* .AK
* .AM
* RD
SQRT
* Xl
* .AJ
.AN
* X2
* .AI
.BA
* .200
*

.201
• FP

00207
00231
00210
00211
00212
00233
00213
00235
00214
00215
00237
00216
00217
00140
00163
00220

FORTRAN 4

Compiler types FORTRAN 4
to indicate that it is ready
for more input. User types
f C to return to Monitor.

>tC

MONI TOR

MONITOR is typed to indicate that control has returned
to the Mon i tor. The user types
R DDT to check .DAT slot
assignments for DDT.

If ROOT

.DAT

DEVICE

USE

-10
-6
-5

T,TA0
NONE
NONE
PRA0
TTA0
TTA0
DTC0

PATCH INPUT
PATCH OUTPUT
USER LIBRARY
USER PROGRAM ( S)
TELEPRINTER OUTPUT AND ERRORS
COMMAND STRING
SYSTEM LIBRARY & DDT

-4

-3

-2
- 1

$A TTA0 5,6

User assigns Teletype for input
and output as indicated in his
FORTRAN source program.

~DDT

User places his binary object
tape in the paper tape reader
and types DDT to load and
execute h is program.

J-4

LOADER
> QUAD
QUAD
.BC
SQRT
.EE
.EF'

.EC
.DA
SCDID
FlOPS
OTSER
REAL

LOADER is typed to indicate
that DDT has been loaded.
The user types QUAD (terminated by ALT MODE) to initiate
loading. The Linking Loader
(wh ich is part of DDT) types
a memory map for the object
program and all FORTRAN
I ibrary subroutines used.

14337
14273
14205
141 14
13776
13732
13663
10670
10134
10026
07073

DDT is typed to indicate that
it is now in control and ready
to rece ive a command. The
user types an apostrophe (')
and execution of h is program
begins.

DDT
> '

3·000

6.000

THE INPUTS A,S,C AR~
3.000
6.000
THE SOLUTIONS ARE
-1.000
-1.000
6.000
24.000
THE INPUTS A,B,C ARE
6.000
24.000
THE SOLUTIONS ARE
-0.268
-3.732
f

3.000

The user types three variables
(A, B, and C as required by
his program). The program
repeats the inputs along with
the solutions.

6.000

User types t T to return control
to DDT.

DDT

>A/

CAL+3

> B- 1/
ADD
B/
CAL+5
C- 1/
ADD
C/
CAL+3
0- 1/
ADD
0/
CAL+12011

User exam ines contents of
locations containing variables
and finally types TC to return
control to the Monitor.

000003
300000
000005
300000
000003
012011

>fC
MONITOR

J-5

APPENDIX K
EXAMPLE OF BATCH PROCESSING
The following example was produced under control of the Batch Processor. Underl ined
commands are on paper tape. ALT MODE termination is indicated with a
MONITORV3A
$BATCH PR

This command causes all subsequent commands to
come from the paper tape reader.

MONITOR V3A
$$JOB TEST BATCH
$PIP
PIP V4A
>N DTl

>T DTl TEST SRC (A) .... PR 0
$DATA
$END

The entire program to be compiled below appears on
the paper tape between $DAT A and $EN D.

MONITOR V3A
$$JOB
$R F4
.DAT

DEVICE

USE

-13
-12
-11

DTA2
TTAO
DTAl
TTAO

OUTPUT
LISTING
INPUT
CONTROL AND ERROR MESSAGES
COMMAND STRING

-3
-2

PR*O

$F4
FORTRAN 4 V2A
>S,L,B .... TEST ®
END PASSl
C

C BATCH PROCESSOR TEST

FORTRAN prgram to Iist numbers from 1 to 10

1
100

DO 1 1=1,10
WRITE (4,100) I
FORMAT (6X,13)
STOP 12345
END

K-l

TEST
.1
I
* .FW
.100
* .FE
* .FF
* • ST
* .FP

17777
00012
00043
00036
00021
00037
00040
00041
00042

MONITOR V3A
$$JOB
$GLOAD
LOADER V2A
>TEST ~
TEST
37734
BCDIO 34741
STOP
34726
SPMSG 34632
FlOPS
34076
OTSER 33770
REAL
33035

Program execution begins here.
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10

STOP 012345
MONITOR V3A
$$JOB
$$EXIT
MONITORV3A

Control is returned to Teletype at this point.

K-2

DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION. MAYNARD, MASSACHUSETTS
Printed in U.S.A.