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DEC-9A-MIPA-D

September 1968

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Document:	[/O MONITOR GUIDE for PAPER TAPE SYSTEMS PDP-9 ADVANCED Software System
Order Number:	DEC-9A-MIPA-D
Revision:
Pages:	46
Original Filename:	http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp9/DEC-9A-MIPA-D_ptIOmon_Sep68.pdf

OCR Text

liD MONITOR GUIDE

for
PAPER TAPE SYSTEMS

PDP-8 ADVANCED
Software System

Order No. DEC-9A-MIPA-D from Program Library, Maynard, Mass.

Price

Direct comments concerning this manual to Software Quality Control, Maynard, ~

DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION. MAYNARD, MASSACHUSETTS

1st Edition March 1968
2nd Edition Revised September 1968

The following are registered trademarks of Digital
Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts:
DEC
FLIP CHIP
DIGITAL

PDP
FOCAL
COMPUTER LAB

CONTENTS
PageINTRODUCTION

Loading Programs

Symbols (Used in This Manual)

FORTRAN 4

Loading Instructions

General Command Characters

Command String

Runn i ng Instructions

Error Conditions and Recovery

Restart Procedures

Examples

MACRO-9

Loading Instructions

Genera I Command Characters

Command String

Running Instructions

Error Conditions and Recovery Procedures

Restart Procedures

Examples

PIP-9

Loading Instructions

Genera I Command Characters

:3.

Command Stri ng

Operati ng Instructions

.J.

Error Conditions and Recovery Procedures

Restart Procedures

Examples

iii

CONTENTS (Cont)
Page
EDITOR

Loadi ng Instruct ions

General Command Characters

Command String

Operati ng Procedures

Error Conditions and Recovery Procedures

Restart Procedures

Examples

7 TO 9 CONVERTER

Loading Instructions

General Command Characters

Command Str i ng

Operating Instructions

Error Conditions

Restart Procedure

Examples

LINKING LOADER

Loading Procedure

General Command Characters

Command String

Operating Procedures

Error Messages

Restart Procedure

Examples

DDT-9

Loadi ng Procedures

Genera I Command Characters

Command String - Loader Phase

CONTENTS (Cont)
Page

Operati ng' Procedures

Error Conditions

Restart Procedure

Examples

27
APPENDIX 1
DEVICE ASSIGNMENTS
APPENDIX 2
PDP-9 ASCII CHARACTER SET
APPENDIX 3
MACRO-9 ERROR DIAGNOSTICS
APPENDIX 4
MACRO-9 PERMANENT SYMBOL TABLE
APPENDIX 5
SYSTEM RESTART
APPENDIX 6
EXPLANATION OF lOPS ERROR CODES
APPENDIX 7
FORTRAN IV ERROR LIST

INTRODUCTION

This guide for operating the paper tape version of the PDP-9 ADVANCED Software System is
planned for convenient use at the computer. It contains general operating instructions, as well as concise summaries of operating procedures for individual system programs.

For more detai led descriptions

of the moniitor and system programs, the reader is referred to the following PDP-9 ADVANCED Software
System manuals.

Manual

Document Number

Uti lity Programs
MACRO-9
FORTRAN-IV
Monitors

DEC-9 A-G UAB- D
DEC-9A-AM9B-D
DEC-9A-AF4B-D
DEC-9A-MADO-D

LOADING PROGRAMS
In the paper tape system, each system program, accompanied by the necessary I/O device

handlers and an appropriate version of the I/O Monitor, resides on a separate paper tape in absolute
format.

The eight system tapes supplied are:
FORTRAN IV
MACRO-9
PIP-9
Editor (EDIT -9)
Linking Loader (UNK-9)
DDT -9 (without patch fi Ie capabi lities)
DDT -9 (with patch fi Ie capab i Iities)
7-To-9 Converter (CONV-9)
To load these programs, place the tape in the reader, set the loading address in thEl console

address switches, press the tape feed button, depress I/O RESET, and then depress the READ IN switch.
The loading addresses are:
17720 for 8K systems
37720 for 16K systems
57720 for 24K systems
77720 for 32 K systems
Either the Linking Loader or DDT-9 may be used to load user programs.

SYMBOLS (Used in This Manual),
Represents carriage return •.
Represents space.
Echoed on Teletype for CTRL
(control key) functions.

FORTRAN 4

LOADING INSTRUCTIONS
Place the FORTRAN IV Compi ler tape in the paper tape reader, depress the tape-feed switch

to clear the end-of-tape flag, set the address switches to 17720 (8K), and depress I/O RESET and
READ IN.
When FORTRAN IV has been loaded, it types
FORTRAN 4

>
on the Teletype and waits for a command string from the user.

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS
RUBOUT (echoes \)

Delete single character.

CTRL U (echoes @)

Delete entire line.

CTRL P (echoes foP)

a) If end of pass 1, begin pass 2.
b) If compi ler is running, restart
at beginning of pass 1 •

COMMAND STRING
The format expected by the FORTRAN IV command string processor is as follows:
File Name

Options

0, S, L, B

Terminator
,) or \AL T~O DE}

FI LEX

where

o = object listing

lMUSI be a legal

Halts after compiling
current program

FORTRAN name.
S

= symbo I map

L = source listing
B = binary

Indicates batch compi lation;
after compi ling current program,
types
FORTRAN 4
and waits for next command string.

The options may be used in any combination (or none at all).

The options desired may appear

in any order, separated by commas and terminated by -. If none of the options are desired,
ficient, with the sole output being compiler diagnostics on the Teletype.

is suf-

Rubouts may be used to de-

lete unwanted characters, and CTRL U to delete entire lines, prior to typing the command string
term i nat or .

RUNNING INSTRUCTIONS
After the comp i Ier is loaded into core,

a. Place the source program tape in the paper tape reader, and momentari Iy depress the
tape-feed switch.
b.

Type the command stri ng.

c. At the end of Pass 1 (when the EN D statement is encountered for the first time),
FORTRAN IV types:
END PASS 1
t P

Reload the source tape for Pass 2 and momentari Iy depress the -tape-feed switch.

Initiate Pass 2 by typing CTRL P.

ERROR CONDITIONS AND RECOVERY
lOPS 4, device not ready.

Check devices, correct condition, and type CTRL R.

lOPS 00-30, see Appendix 5 for system restart procedures.
See Appendix 7 for a list of compiler errors.

RESTART PROCEDURES
CTRL P, restart the compi ler, if running.
See Appendix 5 for system restart procedures if FORTRAN IV has halted.

EXAMPLES
a.

To compile a source tape with none of the options, type the command string:
.... FILEX ,)

This is very useful for a first compilation when only error messages are desired.
b.

If the output desired is a binary tape, type the command string:
B .... FILEX J

If the output desired is a complete listing, type the command string:
SLO .... FILEX,)

LOADING INSTRUCTIONS
Place the MACRO-9 Assembler tape in the paper tape reader, depress the tape-feed sw"itch
to c lear the end-of-tape flag, set address switches to 17720 (8K), and depress I/O RESET and READ IN.
When MACRO-9 has been loaded, it types
MACRO

>
on the Teletype and waits for a command string from the user.

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS
RUBOUT (echoes \)

Delete single character.

CTRL U (echoes @)

Delete complete line.

CTRL P (echoes t P)

a) If end of pass 1, begin pass 2.
b) If assembler is running, restart
at beginning of pass 1 •

COMMAND STRING
The format expected by the MACRO-9 command string processor is as follows:
Options

P, S, L, B

Terminator

File Name
+-

FI LEX

,J or

t LT ~ODEJ
Halts after assembling current
program.

where
P = parameters to be entered on teletype
S = symbol table (on listing device)

Return to MACRO-9 after assembliing
current program, types
MACRO

L= listing

B = binary

and waits for next assembly commcmd
string.
Options may be used in any combination (or none at all). The options may appear in any
order, separated by commas and terminated by +-. If no options are desired, +- is sufficient and the
sole output wi II be assembly error messages on the Teletype.

Rubouts may be used to delete unwanted

characters, and CTRL U (tU) to delete entire lines, prior to typing the command string terminator.

RUNNING INSTRUCTIONS
After the Assembler is in core,

a. Place the user program source tape in the paper tape reader, and momentari Iy depress
the tape-feed switch.

Type the command string.

c. At the end of Pass 1 (when the. END statement is encountered for the first time)
MACRO types
END OF PASS 1

tP
d.

Reload the source tape for Pass 2 and momentari Iy depress the tape-feed switch.

Initiate Pass 2 by typing CTRL P.

[f this is a multi-tape assembly (where the first n source tapes are terminated with. EOT and
the last is terminated with .END), MACRO-9 indicates the end of each tape by typing .EOT on the
Teletype. This allows the user to load the next source tape (depress the tape-feed control) and then
type CTRL P.
[f the P option was used, the parameters are entered only at the beginning of Pass 1 and not
again for Pass 2.

ERROR CONDITIONS AND RECOVERY PROCEDURES
lOPS 4, device not ready.

Check devices, correct condition and type CTRL R.

lOPS 00-30, see Appendix 5 for procedures.
See Appendix 3 for a list of MACRO-9 error diagnostics.

RESTART PROCEDURES
CTRL P, restart MACRO-9, if runni ng.
See Appendix 5 for system restart procedures if MACRO-9 has halted.

EXAMPLES
o.

To assemble a source tape with none of the options, type the command string:
+-

FI LEX ,J

This is very useful for the first assembly of a program, when only error messages are desired.

b. If the output desired is a binary tape and input includes parameters to be entered on the
Teletype, type the command string:

P, B. . . FI LEX J

The parameters shou Id be entered during the first pass only. Parameters are typed following
the command string, in the form of MACRO-9 direct assignment statements. After typing in parameters,
the user types CTRL D, as shown in the example below.

BANK = 0
CTRL D
MACRO then types
EOT
tP
the user should then type CTRL P when ready to proceed.
c.

If the output desired is a complete listing but no binary tape, type the command string:

S, L+- FI LEX J

LOADING INSTRUCTIONS
Place the PIP tape in the paper tape reclder, depress the tape-feed switch to clear the end-

of-tape flag, set the address switches to 17720 (8K), and depress I/O RESET and READ IN.
When PIP-9 has been loaded, it types:
PIP

>
on the Teletype and waits for a command string from the user.

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS
RUBOUT (echoes \)

Delete single character.

CTRL U (echoes Cf:l')

Delete entire line.

CTRL P (echoes t P)

Restart PI P .

COMMAND STRING
The general format of a PIP command string is as follows:

DD (S)

terminated by a carriage return or ALT MODE.
F is a function character, which may be:
T = transfer fi Ie
V= verify file
S = segment fi Ie
DD is the destination device.
PP = paper tape punch
TT = teletype
LP = line printer
(S) indicates the switch options.
Data Mode Switches:
A = lOPS ASCII
B = lOPS binary
I

Image Alphanumeric

-SD

Function switches:
G = correct bad parity lines
E = convert tabs to spaces
C = convert mu Itiple spaces to tabs
T = delete trai Iing spaces

Q = delete sequence numbers
F = insert form feeds
Y = segment fi les (with n output tapes, use n-l commas after PP)
W = combine fi les (with n input tapes, use n-l commas after PR)
The back arrow (+-) terminates information concerning the destination device.

Data for the

source device follows the back arrow.
SD is the source device.
PR

= paper tape reader

TT = teletype
CD = card reader
Carriage return or ALT MODE is the command string terminator:
Carriage Return - return to PI P after completion of the current function.
ALT MODE - halt after completion of the current function.
Rubouts may be used to delete unwanted characters, and CTRL U to delete the ent'ire line,
prior to typing the command string terminator.

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
Legal function/switch combinations
Transfer (T):
ASCII mode (A):

all switches legal
all function switches legal
E, C, and T are contradictory;
Y and Ware contradictory

Q may be combined with E, C, or T.
Binary mode (B):

function switch W only

Image mode (1):

no function switches legal

Verify (V):

switches A and B only

Segment (S):

no switches legal

ERROR CONDITIONS AND RECOVERY PROCEDURES
lOPS 4 device not ready

Ready devi ce and type CTRL R.

lOPS 00-30

See Appendix 5 for system restart procedures.

RESTART PROCEDURES
CTRL P, Restart PIP, if running
See Append ix 5 for system restart procedures if PI P has ha Ited.

EXAMPLES
a.

To reproduce an ASCII tape:
T L-Jpp'-' (A),-, "L-J PR J

Transfer to the paper tape punch from the paper tape reader in lOPS ASCII mode.
b.

To list an ASCII tape:

c•

To combine 3 binary subprogram tapes into one tape:
T,-, PP ,->(BW) ........L-.. PR, , J

Since the W switch is on, the three binary tapes wi II be combined into one fi Ie, with
the intermediate EOF's deleted. The final EOF is retained. This provides a very convenient method
for creating a Library fi Ie.
d.

To verify a binary tape:

Checksum and parity verification are performed on the input binary tape. There will
be no output. If a parity error occurs .. the following message is typed:
INPUT PARITY ERROR

If a checksum error:
INPUT CHECKSUM FAILURE
e.

To check parity:

Transfer files from paper tape to paper punch in ASCII mode with G switch to check for
parity errors.
For actions to be taken if a parity error is encountered, refer to the explanation for
G switch.

To reproduce a binary tape:

Transfer fi les from paper tape reader to paper tape punch in binary mode.

To reproduce in Image mode:
T ...... PP ...... (I) '-' +- ...... PR J

Transfer fi les from paper tape reader to paper tape punch in image ASCII mode. This is
the only way to reproduce a tape with channel 7 punches.
h•

To segment a tape:
S...... TAGA,TAGB,TAGCJ
Sets up the segmentation points.
T,-, PP" ,(AY)-<-PR J

Transfers from paper tape reader to paper tape punch, providing EOT and blank tape
just before each indicated tag.

t P is output PIP at the end of each segment. When ready to continue, type CTRL P.
i.

To transfer from cards to ASCII paper tape and delete trai ling spaces and sequence

To insert a form feed every 56 lines or after every . EJ ECT:

numbers:

T ...... PP ...... (A F) ....... -<- ....... CD J

LOADING INSTRUCTIONS
Place the Editor tape in the reader, depress the tape-feed switch to clear the end-of-tape

flag, set the address switches to 17720 (8K), and depress I/O RESET and READ IN. When the Editor
has been loaded, it types
EDITOR

>
on the Teletype and waits for a command string from the user.

(It is initially in Edit Mode, and Block

Mode is 0 N.) The user may either create a fi Ie or edit an existing fi Ie.

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS
RUBOUT (echoes \)

Delete single character.

CTRL U (echoes @)

Delete entire line.

CTRL P (echoes t P)

Restart the editor.

COMMAND STRING
Not applicable

OPERATING PROCEDURES
Editi ng Operation 1: Creating a fi Ie.
User Types In

Content of the program
(each line is terminated
by J)
,J (necessary before close)

Action
INPUT

Mode is changed from Edit
to Input.

Punches out previous
line typed.

Li ne typed in is processed.

EDIT

Change from Input to Edit
Mode.

>
CLOSE

Effect

punches blank tape
EDITOR

Finishes the current fi Ie.

Editing Operation 2: Modifying an existing fi Ie:
a.

Place the source tape in the reader •

. b.

Depress tape-feed switch.

c. Type a READ command followed by any command desired.
mands listed below.

See summary of Edit com-

SUMMARY OF EDITING COMMANDS
Command

Abbreviation

Activity

n/a

Terminate editing on input file.

FIND string

Bring first line beginning with
"string II to work area.

LOCATE string

Bring first line containing "string"
to work area.

Bring next consecutive line to
work area.

BOTTOM

Bring last Iine to work area.

TOP*

Reset pointer to beg inn i ng of
block.

Print the current line on Teletype.

DELETE

Discard the current line.

RETYPE string

Replace current line with "string,".

. Fi Ie Housekeeping Requests
CLOSE
Locative Requests

Man ipu lative Requests

INSERT string

Add "string" as a complete line,
after (below) the current line.

CHANGE/stri ng l/stri ng2/

Replace, in the current line, thE~
first occurrence of "stri ng 111 with
I s tring2" .

OVERLAY

Replace multiple lines.

APPE N D stri ng

Add "string II of the rightmost
end of the current line.

Set verify mode to print (ON) or
ignore printing (OFF) lines after
processing CHANGE, LOCATE,
FI N D and BOTTOM requests.

Mode Control
VERIFY

{ON
LOFF

*May be used only with BLOCK mode ON.

Command

Abbreviation

Mode Control (Cont)
BLOCK

rON
lOFF

n/a

Set program to operate in block
mode (ON) or in line-by-line
mode (OFF).

BRIEF

rON
lOFF

n/a

Set brief mode to print truncated
(ON) or full (OFF) lines.

OUTPUT rON
'--OFF

n/a

Set to 0 N when Edi tor is loaded
into core. When set to OFF, user
may examine any section in the
input file without causing output.

READ*

n/a

Fill block buffer from input file.

WRITE*

n/a

Add block buffer to output fi Ie.

GET

Add Iines from subsidiary input
device after (below) current line.

Set total lines to occupy block
buffer.

Input/Output Requests

Miscellaneous Requests
SIZE
INSERT

Change mode to input.

ERROR CONDITIONS AND RECOVERY PROCEDURES
a.

END OF {FILE BUFFERS} REACHED BY:
NEXT n
Resu Its if the comma nd resu Its in the
pointer moving past the last line of
the fi Ie or buffer.

END OF {FILE BUFFER} REACHED
BY:
PRINT n

a) If editing in I ine-by-I ine mode, use command CLOSE and reload the input tape.
b) If in block mode, move the pointer to the
top of the buffer (T J ).

For recovery, do exact Iy as above.

END OF MEDIUM REACHED BY:
GET n

If the end-of-medium condition is
encountered on the subsidiary input
devi ce before n lines are read. The
pointer remains at the last line read.

*May be used only with BLOCK mode ON.

Place the origi na I paper tape back in the
reader where it left off and continue editing.

NOT A REQUEST
P~3J

P3 J
Blank required between command and argument.
e.

NOT A REQUEST

D~. ,)

......... is not recognized by the Editor
as a symbol with correct counter value.

READ ERROR:
Parity or checksum error in indicated
line.

TRUNCATED:
Indicated line greater than 90
characters.

NOTE
The user has a choice, following either of the above errors,
of either modifying the line that caused the error (via any
manipulative request) or of allowing the line to remain as
it is in the output fi Ie (via any locative request).

NOTHING IN FILE:
Caused by issuing a CLOSE command
prior to a WRITE command with Block
Mode ON; or OUTPUT is turned OFF
when a WRITE or CLOSE command is
issued. In either case, contro I returns
to the Editor and the contents of the
buffer are unchanged.

lOPS 4
Device not ready: ready device and
type CTRL R (tR).

lOPS 00-30 see Appendix 5 for system restart procedures.

RESTART PROCEDURES
CTRL P, restart Editor if runni ng.
See Appendix 5 for system restart if the
Editor has halted.

EXAMPLES
Purpose

Original

Correct Format Command (user types in)

Des i red Change

C~/p/S/

To change one character ina word

JMPTAGl

JMS TAG1

To eliminate one
character in a word

JMS* LOOP

JMS LOOP

To add a string of
characters at the end
of a line

., DAC-..CNTR

....1 DAC.. . . . CNTR/counter

C~/*//
C~/S*/S/
A~/counter check

check

To print the current
line

To read the next line

N,J

To change mode (from
edit to input or vice
versa)

CLOSE should always be the last command issued to complete editing.
How to Use BLOCK MODE:
User types in:
BLOCK~ON ,J

Set up Mode

SIZf~N J

N = number of lines in block

READ ,J

N lines are brought in core

WRITE J

output a II lines onto paper tape punch

BLOCK OFF J

back to line by line editing

_7 TO 9CONVERTERI
1.

LOADING INSTRUCTIONS
Place the Converter tape in the paper tape reader, depress the tape-feed switch to clear the

end-of-tape flag, set the address switches to 17720 (8K), and depress I/O RESET and READ IN. When
the Converter has been loaded, it types
7- TO-9 CONVERTER

>
on the Teletype and waits for a command string from the user.

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS
RUBOUT (echoes \)

Delete last character in command
string - may be repeated n times to delete
n characters.

CTRL U (echoes@)

Delete entire line.

CTRL P (echoes t P)

a) Reinitialize converter.
b) Resume operation after placing
new tape in reader.

COMMAND STRING
The format expected by the Converter command string processor is as follows:
Options
L,A,R,E, Tn

where

File Name

Terminator

J or\ALT ~ODE)

~
Output program
name

L = listing
A = insert .ABS pseudo op
R = remove origin settings
E = . EOT instead of . END
T = comb i ne 'i nput tapes
n = dec i ma I number of input tapes

Halt after converting.
Return to the converter to perform
more convers ions, types
7-TO-9 CONVERTER
and waits for next stri ng

Options may be used in any combination (or none at all). The options desired may appear
in any order, separated by commas and termi nated by +-. If no options. are wanted, +- is suffic ient.
Rubouts may be used to delete unwanted characters, and CTRL U to delete entire lines prior to typing
the command string terminator. If an error in the command string is detected, the converter types:

COMMAND STRING ERROR

>
and waits for a new command string.

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
The input tape to be converted must be ready in the reader (depress the tape-feed switch to

clear the end-of-tape flag) before the command string terminator is typed. When the end of the input
tape is reached, the converter punches several inches of blank tape; then do one of the following:
a.

If a carriage return was used in the command string, the converter re-initializes, types
7-TO-9 CONVERTER

>
and waits for another command string.
b. If an ALT MODE was used in the command string, the computer halts. If the Tn option
has been used to combine a number of tapes into one tape, the converter wi II type t P at the end of
each tape except the last. Place the next tape in the reader, depress the tape feed switch to c lear the
end-of-flag and type CTRL P. Note that the Converter does not punch any blank tape at this time.

ERROR CONDITIONS
COMMAND STRING ERROR

Retype command stri ng.

lOPS 4

Device not ready (possibly punch out of
tape). Ready device and type CTRL R.

lOPS 00-30

See Appendix 5 system restart procedure.

RESTART PROCEDURE
CTRL P Reinitial ize converter.
See Appendix 5 for system restart procedures if the converter has halted.

EXAMPLES
To convert a single paper tape to be assembled in the absolute mode with no listing, the

command string would be

A .... NAMEJ
To combine three tapes into one ending with. EOT, to be assembled relocatably (but with
locations settings) and to obtain a listing; the command string would be:
L, E, T3 .... NAME J

LINKING LOADER

LOADI NG PROCE DURE
Place the Li nk i ng Loader tape in the paper tape reader, depress the tape feed switch to clear

the end-of-tape flag, set the address switches to 17720 (8K), and depress I/O RESET and READ IN.
When the Loader has been loaded, it types
LOADER

>
on the Teletype and waits for a command string from the user.

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS
RUBOUT (echoes \)

Delete last character typed. n rubouts
may be used to delete n characters within
a line.

CTRL U (echoes@)

Delete entire line.

CTRL P (echoes t P)

a) Restart the Loader (when typing program
names) .
b) Conti nue loadi ng (when paper tape is
ready) .

CTRL S (echoes t S)

Start user's program.

COMMAND STRING
The command string may have several different forms as follows: (The >'s are supplied by

the loader.)
> NAME1, NAME2, NAME3 (ALT MODE)
or
> NAME1 ,;
> NAME2 J
> NAME3 (ALT MODE)
or
>" (ALT MODE)
It is important to accurately specify the number of programs (n) to be loaded with n-l commas or carriage returns before the ALT MO DE.
4.

OPERATING PROCEDURES
Place the main program in the reader, depress the tape feed switch to clear the end-of-tape

fI ag, and then enter the command stri ng.

When the mai n program has been loaded, the loader types t P.

Place any subrouti nes to be

loaded in the reader I depress the tape feed switch, and type CTRL P.
When all subroutines have been loaded, place the I/O library (tape 1 of 3) in the reader I
depress the tape feed switch, and type CTRL P.
MACRO programs (that do not require programs from the FORTRAN library):

If the loader has not been satisfied at the end of the I/O library, place the short
EOF tape (included with library tape) in the reader, push the feed button and type
CTRL P.
FORTRAN programs (and MACRO programs that require programs from the FORTRAN library):
After the I/O library has been read I load the FORTRAN library (tapes 2 and 3) in the same
manner (Tape 3 includes EOF).
If the loader is not satisfied by the I ibrary tapes I a subroutine has been omitted. The loader
types out the names and addresses of all programs and library subroutines loaded. A. LOAD 3 error
message and a zero address indicates a missing subroutine.

(If this happens, it is necessary to reload

the LOADER.) When loading has been successfully completed, the loader types tS.

Ready all I/O

devices required and type CTRL S to start execution.

ERROR MESSAGES
· LOAD 1

Memory overflow

· LOAD 2

Input data error

· LOAD 3

Unsatisfied global symbol (missing program)

· LOAD 4

Illegal. DAT slot request by user program

.IOPS 4

Devi ce not ready.
CTRL R.

.IOPS 00-30

Unrecoverable I/O error

Ready devi ce and type

RESTART PROCEDURE
To restart the Loader before the command stri ng has been term i nated by AL T MO DE I type

CTRL P. After the command string has been accepted by the Loader I there is no restart procedure; the
Loader must be reloaded.

EXAMPLES
l.OADER
>EX1 (AlT MODE)
EX1 17365
tS
Type control S to start program.

LOADER
>(ALT MODE)
EX1
17365
tS

Program name not needed with paper tape
input to loader.

LOADER
>EX2,SUB (ALT MODE)
EX2
17656
tPfP
SUB
17613
tPfP
tPtP
.DA
17544
tPfP
14551
BCDIO
14536
STOP
14442
SPMSG
13712
FlOPS
13604
OTSER
12651
REAL
fS

Place subroutine in reader and type control P.
Place I/O library in reader and type control P.
Place FORTRAN library tape 2 in reader and type
control P
Place FORTRAN library tape 3 in reader and type
control P
NOTE
After placing tape in reader, push the tape feed button
to clear the end-of-tape flag. First t P is signal to load
next tape. Second t P is acknowledgment of user typing
control P.

LOADER
>, (ALT MODE)
EX2
17656
fPfP
SUB
17613
tPfP
fPfP
. DA
17544
fPtP
BCDIO
14551
STOP
14536
SPMSG
14442
FlOPS
13712
OTSER
13604
REAL
12651

Program names not needed with paper tape input to loader.

ts
LOADER
>EX2J
>SUB (ALT MODE)
EX2
17656
tPtP
SUB
17613
tPtP
tptP
• DA
17544
fPtP

Carriage return may be used in place of comma.

BCDIO
STOP
SPMSG
FlOPS
OTSER
REAL
tS

14551
14536
14442
13712
13604
12651

LOADER

> (ALl MODE)
EX2
tPtP
tPtP
tPtP
BCDIO
STOP
SPMSG
FlOPS
OTSER
REAL
SUBROl
. LOAD 3

17656

14663
14650
14554
14024
13716
12763
00000

The subroutine was omitted.
Unsatisfied global symbol •

LOADING PROCEDURES
Place the DDT tape {which includes the Linking Loader} in the paper tape reader, depress

the tape feed switch to clear the end-of-tape flag, set address switches to 17720 (8K), and depress
I/O RESET and READ IN. When DDT has been loaded, it types
LOADER

>
on the Teletype and waits for a user command string to load the program to be debugged.

GENERAL COMMAND CHARACTERS
RUBOUT (echoes \)

a) During load phase - delete last character typed. n rubouts may be used
to delete n characters within a line.

(echoes@)

b) In DDT, delete all characters typed.

CTRL U (echoes@)

During load phase only, delete entire
line.

CTRL P (echoes t P)

a) Restart the Loader (when typ i ng program names).
b) Continue loading (when next paper
tape is ready).

CTRL T (echoestT)

Restart DDT or bypass loading.

COMMAND STRING - LOADER PHASE
The command string may have several different forms as follows: (the >IS are supplied by

Loader portion of DDT).
>NAME1, NAME2, NAME3 (ALT MODE)
or
>NAME1 J
>NAME2,J
>NAME3 (ALT MODE)
or
>/ I (ALT MODE)

It is important to accurately specify the number of programs (n) to be loaded with n-1 commas
or carriage returns before the ALT MODE.

OPERATING PROCEDURES
Place the main program in the reader, depress the tape feed switch to clear the end-of-tape

flag, and type the command string.
When the main program has been loaded, the Loader types t P.
Place any subroutines to be loaded in the reader, depress the tape feed switch and type
CTRL P.
When all subroutines have been loaded, place the I/O library (tape 1 of 3) in the reader,
depress the tape feed switch, and type CTRL P.
MACRO programs (that do not require programs from the FORTRAN library):

If the loader has not been satisfied at the end of the I/O library, place the short EOF
tape (included with library tape) in the reader, push the feed button, and type control P.
FORTRAN programs (and MACRO programs that require programs from the FORTRAN library):
After the I/O I ibrary has been read, load the FORTRAN I ibrary (tapes 2 and 3) in the same
manner (tape 3 includes EOF).

If the loader is not satisfied by the library tapes, a subroutine has been omitted. The loader
types out the names and addresses of all programs and library subroutines loaded. A. LOAD 3 error
message and a zero address indicates a missing subroutine. (If this happens, it is necessary to reload
DDT .)
When loading has been successfully completed, DDT types:
DDT

>
Debugg i ng may now beg in.
Following is a summary of DDT commands.

For detai led information on the operation of

each command, see the DDT manual.
SUMMARY OF COMMANDS

Li nkage Characters
/+

Arithmetic plus
Arithmetic minus

(space)

Field separator
Breakpoi nts

k nil

Insert breakpoint at location k, assign number n (1-4)

nil

Remove breakpo i nt number n

Remove all existing breakpoints

Breakpoints (Cont)
Restart from break po i nt
n

Restart from breakpoint, wait n times before reentering breakpoint

Interrupt processing, go to DDT-9
Examinations and Modifications

Open location k

(Carriage return) Close the location
(Line feed) Close the location, open next location
(Up arrow) Close the location, open the preceding location.

(CTRL Z) Close the location, open addressed location, continue
original sequence

(CTRL A) Close the location, open addressed location, start new
sequence

(CTRL X) Close the location, open the location addressed by 15-bit
transfer vector, start new sequence

NUM$

Type contents as 6-digit octal numbers

TV$

Type contents as transfer vectors (15-bit addresses)

SYM$

Type contents as symbolic instructions (assumed if unspecified)
Retype in alternate mode (NUM$, SYM$)
Retype as transfer vector

REL$

Type addresses as relative to defined symbols (assumed if unspecified)

RLC$

Type addresses as relocatable numbers

ABS$

Type addresses as abso Iute numbers
Starts and Restarts
Starts user's program at normal starting point

Starts user's program at location k
Restarts user's program from breakpoint

Restarts user's program from breakpoint, waits n times before reentering breakpoint

(CTRL T) Interrupt processi ng
Searching Operations

k&......EQ$

Search .for words equa I to k

k&......UN$

Search for words not equa I to k

k&......ADR$

Search for instructions with effective address equal to k

Special DDT -9 Locations
AC$

Holds AC at a breakpoint

LNK$

Status of Link at a breakpoint

MSK$

Contains search mask

L.O$

Lower I im it of search

HI$

Upper I imit of search

PA$

First unused location in patch area

AX$

Number of auto-index used by breakpoints

RF$

Current relocation factor

SA$

Normal starting address

Bn$

Address of breakpoint n
Symbol Definition

Assign symbol s to the current location

k(s)

Assign symbol s to location k
Patch Fi Ie Output

PFO$

Patch Ale output

kL-J PFO$

Single location k patch file output

SN$$

Save new symbols

PFE$

Close patch Ale output
Patch Fi Ie Input

PFI$

Read patch fi Ie
Coresident Subroutines

K HDR$

Use symbol table and relocation factor of subroutine k

HDR$

Use symbol table and relocation factor of main program
Miscellaneous Features

Contents of currently open location
Address of currently open or most recently opened location

Bypass mnemonic instruction lookup

Execute the instruction k

(CTRL U) Cancel the line

(CTRL T) Interrupt processi ng

ERROR CONDITIONS
a.

Loader errors
· LOAD 1

memory overflow

· LOAD 2

input data error

· LOAD 3

unsatisfied global symbol (missing program)

· LOAD 4

illegal. DAT slot request by user program

DDT running errors
OVERFLOW

too many new symbols defined - current entry ignored

ERROR

read error on patch file input - all patches loaded before error are good

general error indicator - current entry ignored
undefined symbol
address above core
incorrect command
i IIega I character

I/O errors
· lOPS 4

Device not ready - ready device and type CTRL R.

· lOPS 00-30 Unrecoverable during loading phase; returns to DDT during debug phase.

RESTART PROCEDURE
CTRL T (tT) Restarts DDT; if halted, DDT must be reloaded.
CTRL P (t P) When typing command string to the Loader, restarts the Loader.

EXAMPLES
LOADER
>EX1 (ALT MODE)
EX1
14455
DDT

>
LOADER
>EX2,SUB (ALT MODE)
EX2
14746
tPtP
SUB
14703
tPtP
tPtP
14634
.DA
tPtP

Place subroutine in reader and type control P.
Place I/O I ibrary in reader and type control P.
Place FORTRAN I ibrary tape 2 in reader and type control P.
Place FORTRAN I ibrary tape 3 in reader and type control P.

BCDIO
STOP
SPMSG
FlOPS
OTSER
REAL

11641
11626
11532
11002
10674
07741

NOTE
After placing tape in reader, push the tape feed button
to clear the end-of-tape flag. First t P is signal to load
next tape. Second t P is acknowledgment of user typing
control P.

DDT
>
LOADER
> (ALT MODE)
EX1
14455

Program name not needed with paper 'tape input to loader.

DDT
>NUM$
>AC$/
LNK$/
MSK$/
LO$/
HI$/
PA$/
AX$/
RF$/
SA$/
Bl$/
B2$/
B3$/
B4$/

000000
000000
777777
014455
015007
002420
000017
014455
414455
000000
000000
000000
000000

>BEGIN/

000776

>SYM$
>./ CAL+776
BEGIN+1/ CAL+1
BEGIN+2/ CAL+14455
BEGIN+3/ CAL
BEGIN+4/ LAC END+ 1
READ-5/
JMS TYPE
READ-4/
LAC END+2
END+2/
LAW 17774
READ-3/
DAC CO L

BEGIN
END+15

Low limit of program.
High I imit of program.
Low limit of avai lable memory.
Relocation factor.
Starting address.

BEGIN

APPENDIX 1
DEVICE ASSIGNMENTS

Device Assignment Tables (. DAT)
In the I/O Mon itor version, the . DAT slot assignments are permanent and cannot be changed. *
The negative . DAT slots are those used by the system and the user need not be concerned with them.
The positive .DAT slots, however, are user .DAT slots. When writing programs which are to be run
within the system, the user should be careful to use the correct . OAT slot numbers .
. DAT SLOT

DEVICE

HANDLER

USE

TTY Printer

(TT A.)

Teleprinter Output

TTY Keyboard

(TTA. )

Keyboard Input

Paper Tape Reader

(PRA.)

Input

TTY Printer

(TT A.)

Listing

Paper Tape Punch

(PPA. )

Output

Paper Tape Reader

(PRA. )

Scratch

Paper Tape Punch

(PPA. )

Scratch

Paper Tape Reader

(PRA.)

Scratch

For example, if the user desires to output to the teleprinter from a FORTRAN IV pmgram,
the WRITE statement should read:
WRITE

(1, 10), where 1 is . DAT slot 1 and lOis the FORMAT statement number.

*Special software will be furnished by DEC for special systems using card reader, line printer, etc.

APPENDIX 2
PDP-9 ASCII CHARACTER SET
Listed below are the ASCII characters interpreted by the PDP-9 Monitor and system programs
as meaningful data input or as control characters.

0
')

00-37

40-77

100-137

140-177

ASCII
CHAR.

NUL
SOH (t A)

3
4
5
6
7
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

30
31
32
33*
34
35
36
37

2
EXT (tC)

E
F

HT
LF
VT
FF
CR

(
)

K
L
M
N

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

P
Q
R
S
T
U
V

CNCL (tX)

W
X
Y
Z

9
:

;

<
=
RS (t)

I
J

OLE (t P)
(tQ)
DC2 (t R)
DC3 (t S)
DC4 (tT)
NACK (tU)

SS (t Z)
ESC

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10

A or t

ESC
ESC
delete (RO)

12
13
14
15
16
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

*Codes 33, 176, 175 are interpreted as ESC (ALT MODE) and are converted on input to code 175 by
lOPS handlers.

APPENDIX 3
MACRO-9 ERROR DIAGNOSTICS

Flag

Meaning

Error in direct Symbol Table assignment, assignment ignored.

Memory Bank error.

The statement contains a reference to a multiply defined symbol. It is
assembled with the first value defined.

Erroneous resu Its may have been produced. Wi II a Iso occur on undefined. END value.
Line ignored. (Redundant Pseudo-op)

Li tera I phas i ng error.

An attempt is made to define a symbol which has already been defined.
The symbol retains its original value.

Error in number usage.

Phase error. PASS1 value does not equal PASS2 value of a symbol.
PASS1 value will be used.

Questionable line.

Possible relocation error.

Symbol error. An i /legal character was encountered and ignored.

An undefi ned symbol was encountered.

Line overflow during macro expansion.

Illegal usage of macro name.

APPENDIX 4
MACRO-9
PERMANENT SYMBOL TABLE
Memory Reference
CAL
DAC
JMS
DZM
LAC
XOR
ADD
TAD
XCT
ISZ
AND
SAD
JMP

000000
040000
100000
140000
200000
240000
300000
340000
400000
440000
500000
540000
600000
Operate

OPR
NOP
CMA
CMl
OAS
RAL
RAR
HLT
XX
SMA
SZA
SNL
SML
SKP
SPA
SNA
SZL
SPL
RTL
RTR
CLL
STL
eCl
RCL
RCR
CLA
CLC
LAS
LAT

740000
740000
740001
740002
740004
740010
740020
740040
740040
740100
740200
740400
740400
741000
741100
741200
741400
741400
742010
742020
744000
744002
744002
744010
744020
750000
750001
750004
750004

Operate (Cont)
750010
760000

GLK
LAW

EAE Type KE09A
640000
640001
640002
640004
640323
640444
640500
640600
640700
641001
641002
644000
644323
650000
650323
652000
653122
653323
654323
657122
657323
660444
660500
660600
660700
664000

EAE
OSC
OMQ
CMQ
DIV
NORM
LRS
LLS
ALS
LACS
LACQ
ABS
DlVS
CLQ
FRDlV
lMQ
MUL
IDlV
FRDlVS
MULS
IDIVS
NORMS
LRSS
LLSS
ALSS
GSM

I/O States
lOT
10RS

700000
700314
Interrupt
700002
700042
703302

IOF
ION
CAF

Automatic Priority
Interrupt Type KF09 A
DBK
DBR
SPI
ISA

703304
703344
705501
705504

Memory Extension
Control Type KE09B
SEM
EEM
LEM

707701
707702
707704

Memory Protect
T~~e KX09A
701701
MPSK
701702
MPlU
MPLD
701704
701742
MPEU

APPENDIX 5
SYSTEM RESTART

SYSTEM RESTART can be used to attempt to restart a system program (excluding DDT and the
Loader) which has halted during operation. It is most easily used if the symbolic program (SYSTEM
RESTART), shown on the following page, has been punched onto tape and assembled by MACRO-9. If
this has been done and a binary tape is available, proceed as follows:
1•

Place binary tape in reader.

Depress the tape-feed switch to c lear the end-of-tape flag.

Set address switches to 17720.

Press I/O RESET.

Press READ IN.

If a binary tape is not available, SYSTEM RESTART may be entered through the AC switches,
using the deposit key. When th is has been done, proceed as follows:
1.

Set address switches to 17720.

Press I/O RESET.

Press ST ART.

If the restart attempt is successfu I, the effect wi II be the same as a CTRL P restart. Further
restarts are possible without reloading SYSTEM RESTART by the following procedure.
1.

Set address switches to 17720.

Press I/O RESET.

Press START.

If the restart attempt fai Is, it wi II be necessary to reload the system program tape.
Since a halt usually indicates a rather serious problem, SYSTEM RESTART will often fail to
restart the program.
Two instances in which it will work:
1 . When the user has accidentally typed an ALT MODE instead of a carriage return as a
command string terminator, and wishes to regain the program for another run.
2.

After an lOPS 3 error if the offending device flag has been removed.

17720
17720
17721
17722
17723
17724
17725
17726
17727
17730
17731
17732
17733
17734

707702
237734
057731
703302
700042
237732
705504
177733
637731
000000
000006
001413
000632
017720

A
B
C
E

. TIT LE SYSTEM REST ART
.FULL
. LOC 17720
EEM
LAC* E
DAC A
CAF
ION
LAC* B
ISA
DZM* C
JMP* A
0
6
1413
632
.END D
NO ERROR LI NES

APPENDIX 6
EXPLANATION OF lOPS ERROR CODES

ERROR CODE

ERROR

ERROR DATA

Illegal Function CAL

CAL address

CAL * illegal

CAL address

• DAT slot error

CAL address

Illegal interrupt

I/O status reg ister

Device not ready (type
CTRL R when ready)

Illegal. SETUP CAL

CAL address

Illegal handler function

CAL address

Illegal data mode

CAL address

API software Ieve I error

API status register

Non-existent memory reference

Program counter

Memory protect violation

Program counter

Memory parity error

Program counter

Power fai I with no skip setup

Program counter

APPENDIX 7
FORTRAN IV ERROR LIST
Cause

Error Code

Syntax error

Statement cannot be recognized as a properly constructed FORTRAN IV statement.

Variable/constant mode error

Illegal mode mixing. Missing constant, variable or
exponent, or illegal matching of constants or variables in a DATA statement.

Statement number error

Phase error, number more than 5 digits, no statement
number where one is required, statement shouldn't be
labeled or doubly defined statement numbers.

Argument/subscript error

Missi ng argument or subscript, illegal use of subscripts, illegal construction of subscripted variable,
more than 3 subscripts or stated number of subscripts
does not agree with declared number.

FORMAT statement error

Illegal FORMAT specification or illegal construction
of FORMAT statement.

Character/statement/term error

Illegal character, unrecognizable statement, illegal
statement for program type, statement out of order
or improper statement preceding END statement.

DO loop erro r

Illegal DO construction or illegal statement terminating DO LOOP.

Table overflow

Symbol/constant/arg (I)/OP(I) tab Ie limits exceeded.

Nesting error

Illegal nesting or DO nesting too deep.

Magnitude error

Program exceeds 8192 words, maximum number of
dummy arguments or EQUIVALE NC E c lasses exceeded,
or constant/variable exceeds specified limits.

COMMO N/EQUIVALE NCE/
DIMENSION/DATA Statement
error

Illegal construction of statement, illegal EQUIVALENCE relationships, illegal COMMON declaration
or non-common storage declared in BLOCK DATA
subprogram.

FUNCTION/SUBROUTINE/
EXTERNAL/CALL statement error

Illegal use of FUNCTION/SUBROUTINE name, out
of order, or illegal variable for EXTERNAL declaration.

Hollerith error

Hollerith data illegal in this statement or illegal use
of Hollerith constant.

I/O MONITOR GUIDE
FOR PAPER TAPE SYSTEMS
ADVANCED SOFTWARE SYSTEM
DEC-9A-MIPA-D

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