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XX-64275-72

August 1971

36 pages

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Document:	DECUS FOCAL8-177 PS-8 FOCAL 1971 1971
Order Number:	XX-64275-72
Revision:
Pages:	36
Original Filename:	http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/focal/DECUS_FOCAL8-177__PS-8_FOCAL_1971__1971.pdf

OCR Text

/ \ DECUS
\_~·.__.."I
PROGRAM LIBRARY

DECUSND.

TITLE

·AUTHOR

COMPANY

DATE

SOURCE LANGUAGE

fOCAL8-177

ps/8 FOCAL, 1971

David Schneider and Barry Smith

Submitted by: Hartwell H. Whitney, Jr.
Oregon Museum of Scienc.e and Industry
Portland, Oregon

August 23, 1971

PAL-8
;

For more informaticinabout ps/8 FOCAL, including overlays
for use with different hardware options, write to:
. Software Development Group
OMSI
4015 S. W. Canyon Road
Portland, Oregon 97221
ATTENTION
U.S.A.
This is a USER program. Other than requiring that it conform to submittal and review standards,
. ho quality control has been imposed upon this program by DECUS.
The DECUS Program Library i's a clearinghouse only; it does not generate or test programs. No
warranty, express or implied, is made by t~~contributor, Digital Equipment Computer Users
Society or Digital EqUipment Corporation/6s to the accuracy or functioning of the program or
related material, and no responsibi lity.i{ assumed by these parties inconnectior. therewith.

-.-.- .......

---cor..aTE'... TS'

PAGE

--~

........

COr-.lTEr..aTS
....--l~-----

INTRODUCTION............ : .. 1
CHANGES FROM

FOCAL-b~. . . . . .

COMMANDS................... 3
ELEME"~TARY

COMMANDS, ....... 4
ASK............... ; ...... 4COMMENT....... ; . " ; . , ... , 4
DO.. " .', ......•. ,' '; .. , ... 4ERASE. . . . . . . . . . . .
. .... 4
FOR............... ' ....... 5
GOTO................ '..... 5
IF....................... 5
MODIFY.•.......... '. : ..... 5
QUIT................: ...... 5
RETURN.......•.... '....... 6
SET...................... 6
TYPE............... '...... 6
l"RITE.................... 6

LIBRARY COMMANDS....... ; ... 7
PS."'8 DEVICE, NAMES•....... 7
LIBRARY CALL. ....... ; .... 7
LIBRARY DELETE........... 7
LIBRARY GOSUB.....•...... 7
LIBRARY LIST............• 8
LIBRARY RUN......... : .... 8
LIBRARY SAVE........ : .... S
LIBRARY EXIT... ......
'
: ... 8

·t
FILE COMMANDS..........."... 9
OPEN INPUT.............. 10
OPEN OUTPUT ............. 10
OPEN RESTORE INPUT...... :10
OPi::N RESTORE OUTPUT .. '; .. 10
OUTPUT CLOSE......... : .. :10
SAMPLE FILES PROGRAMS... :1:1
ARITHMETIC SyMBOLS........ 13
EXPONENT I AT ION... [ - J. . ' .. 13
MULTIPLICATION... C*J.... 13
DIVISION. ; •...... r."'l. ... :13
ADDITION......... ( +). . . . 13
SUBTRACTION...... C-1 .. '. 13
ENCLOSURES.... <)C J<>.... :13

PAGE

......... - -

QUotATION MARKS.. [" 1 .•. 14
TR'FU:::E ............ C? 1 ... 15
POWERS-OF - TEN.... [E 1 ... :15
RUSJ;IUT KEy.............. 15
CON:TROL~CIG}LIPJ AND Z.. 15
LINS\FEED KEy........... 16
KILG'LINE ........ C~]. ••• 16
RETURN KEY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . :16
ALT MODE ............... :16
SPACE BAR........ C 1. ... 16
COM~R. . . . . . . • . . . . [} 1 . . . :16
SEMiltOLON.
. . . . . . . [;. ). . . . 16
'Is,' " .,'
~
,< ..• -,;

':;V',

.."

FUNCTIONS................. 1.
FABS',.' ABSOLUTE VALUE.... :17
FADC ANALOG-DIGITAL.... 17
FATN~,', ARCTAN (RAD I ANS) .. 17
FCOS!lCOSINE (RADIANS) .. 17
FD I S,;.;P I SPLAY <:34D) ..... 17
FE>-:? "')'EXPONENT I AL ....... 17
FITR' tNTEGER .......... 18
fLOG ".1.,00 (BASE E) ...... 18
FRAN ·'<.RANDOM NUMBER..... 18
FSGN ,f:ts I GN PART......... 18
FSIN·sINE (RADIANS) .... 18
FSQT ,1$'QuARE ROOT •...... 18
FIN
CHARACTER INPUT... 18
FOUT 'CHARACTER OUTPUT .. 18
FDIS DISPLAY (T-4002) .• 19
FJOY ,JOYSTICK (T-4002). 19

MI SCELLA~tEoUS.......•..... 20

HIOH sPE;::ED READER~PUNCH. 20
LINE/GROUP NUMBERS...... 20
MERGING'PROGRAMS........ 20
PRECISION•..........•... 2:1
PIP.... ;;':\ ............... 21
PROGRAM~.NA"'ES .& SIZE.... 21
PUSHDOltJriJ ,L I ST OVERFLOW.. 21
STRINGS.':, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2j.
VARIABLeS/SUBSCRIPTING.. 22
INITIAL\i'~'ALOGUE........ 22
COMMAND ,EXECUTION TIMES. 23

TECHNICAL NOTES........... 24
,",{:~

INDEX FOR ·'HELp............. 27
SPEC~AL CHARACTERS........ 14
RETURN~LINE FEED. [ ! 1 ... :14

CARRIAGE RETURN.. C#J...• 14TAB.............. [ : J .. .."j!1.4
OUTPUT FORl"lATTER. CraJ.... 14
SYl"lBOL TABLE..... [$ J.... 14

DEC I MAL ASCI I COt'ES....... 28
ERROR CODES.".. . .• '. • • • • 29
,

"~~'

COMI"1AND SUMMARY. . .• • -• • .' 30

DECTAPE DIRECTORY. • • • • • 31

DECUS Program Library Write-up

DECUS NO. FOCAL8-177

PAGE

I ....~TRO[>UC:T I C.t....
PSIS FOCAL. 1971 MAKES THE DEVICE-INDEPENDENT FIL~iHANDLING FACILITIES
OF PS/8 DIRECTLY AVAILABLE TO FOCAL USERS.
IT IS A COLLECTION OF
PATCHES TO FOCAL 1969 ---. 1'10ST PROGRAf'1S l·JR I TTEN I N FOCAL 1969 L.J I LL SE
PROCESSED BY PS ..... S FOCAL 197:1. (SEE LIST OF DIFFERENCES ON PAGE 2).
PS/S FOCAL :1.97:1. SOURCE ANI) BINARY FILES PLUS DEI'10NSTRATION PROGRAMS ARE
AVA I LABLE ON I)ECTAPE OR PAPER TAPE.
ENCLOSE $5 OR AN EXTRA DECTAf'E TO
COVER HANDLING ANC' 1"1AILING. . (AOC) $:10 FOR (;'ECTAPE VERSION IF YOU (1) NOT
I NCLUDE YOUR O~·JN PS/S FORHATTEC' DECTAPE.)
SEND REQUESTS TO:
;"<-1

.,:

SOFnJARE DEVELOPl'lENT,~i_QROUF'1

SUGGESTXONS

FOR

OMS X

PORTLAI'-U:;',

OREGON 9722:1..

NOVICES:

THIS MANUAL IS INTENOE(;, AS A REVIELo.IING AIO FOR PERSONS WHO ALREADY HAVE
SOr"lE FAN I LIAR I T'T' HI TH FOCAL.
A GOot, I NTRODUCT I ON. TO FOCAL PROGRAMM I NG
I S CHAPTER :1.:1. OF .' PROCiRAMl'lI NG LANGUAGES'" ( :1.5170, $2); ALSO USEFUL IS
iHE PS ..... S USER"' S GU I DE (NO. DEC-08-MEFA-('\. $3:;'.
BOTH 1'1AIr' BE PURCHASED
FROf'1 THE DEC PROGRAf'l L IBRAR'T', BLDG. 3:-5. MAYNARD, !'lASS. 0:175~.

70 USE PSIS FOCAL, 15171 ON DEC TAPE SYSTEMS (DISKOSERS SEE PAGE 24):
1) BOOTSTRAP INTO PSIS MONITOR;

2) AT 1'1UL TIPLE DECTAPE .INSTALLATIONS, THE AUTHORS SUGGEST THAT THE PS ...·S
CONMAND .' ASS I GN C.'TA:1: C'SK:" BE GI "lEN TO PERMIT THE USER TO USE HIS
Olo.lN DECTAPE AS THE ()EFAUL T DEV I CE (C'S~~:); TH I SIS REQU I RED BIr' THE
- HELP" PACKAGE AVA I Lf\~LE ON DECTAP£:: FOR PS/8 FOCAL, :1.97:1,
3) TYPE

~RUN

DSK: PFOCAL';

4) THE INITIAL DIALOGUE WILL ASK IF YOU WISH TO RETAIN STANDARD FEATURES
OF PS ....·S FOCAL. 15171.
A '''T'ES'' Lo.IILL PROVIDE 3:5013 CHARACTERS OF F'ROGRAM
SPACE, 98 VARI ABLES.. :1.0 DIG I T PREC I S ION, FILES.. AND TR I G FUNCT IONS.
SEE ,. INITIAL DIALOGUE'- ON PAGE 22 FOR OTHER ()PTIONS;
::. ) THE .' L I BRAR'r E:>< IT"
1:.)

CO!'1MAN(')

~.Jl LL

RETIJF~N

'T'OU TO THE PS/8 MON I TOR;

R ... HELP-' PACKAGE FOR PS/8 FOCAL, :1.97:1. IS AVAI LABLE ON DECTAPE.
MOUNT
THE HELP TAPE ON DECTAPE [;:OF!. I ",.IE 1:1.,; r'10UNT THEPS/S SYSTE!'l TAF'E ON
CoF~ I \JE #e.
'rOll NA'T' ENTER ,. HELP"· _ ~·JH I LE ~'~R I T INO A PS./8 FOCAL PROGRAM
BTl T'T'P I NG THE COMl'lANC' .' L G HELF"·.
't'OUF.: PROqfi:Al'l HILL BE SA\·'E(.) U~~DER
THE NAME .' FOCAL. n1'~;
l.JHEN YOU OESIRE NO !'lQRE HELP, YOll l.JILL BE
I':ETURNED TO YOUR mo.lN F·ROGRAN.
SEE ALSCI THE HELP I NDEr~ OH PAGE 27;

"7 ') CTRL....·P 1 S PS ..... S FOCAL"' 5 BREAK CHARACTEFL

!":; t1ANUAL ~.JAS T'y'PESET ON AN I NE:X:PENS I \IE !'lATR 1:>< PR INTER MA[)E S'T'.

CENTRONICS DATA COMPUTER CORP.
OI'-.aE ..... ALL STREET
HUD~ON~
NEW HAMPSHIRE
0305~
TELEPHONE
<603~
SS~-0~~~

PAGE

,+,***:*

CHANQES

FRO,..1

FOCAL .. :1.969 :

F'ROGRAl"lS ~.JF~ I TTEN I N FOCAL 1965CSHOULb REaU I RE. ONLY ONE CHANGE TO RUN
·PS/8 FOCAL. 1971;

uNr.'EF~

THE INPUT DEVICE IS SWITCHED TO THE HIGH SPEED PAPER TAPE READER
HITH THE" OPEN INPUT PTR:" CO~1MAND AND Sl~ITCHED BACK TO THE
TERM I HAL l·UTH "OPEN INPUT TT'Ti: ~ ECHO" I NSTEAD OF WITH THE "*,,
COMt'lAND OF FOCAL~:f969.
;
.
!

OTHEFt~
1.)

CHANGES INCLUDE:

E>~TENDED

LIBRAR'T' FEATURES INCLUDING DEVICE-INDEPENDENT CHAINING
AND SUBROUT I NE CALLS BETl.JEEN PROGRAMS.

2) FILE READ I NG AND loJRI T I NG COMMANDS... 10 DX GI T PREC I S ION.. . OR STANDARD
TRIG FUNCTIONS MA'T'. BE DELETED BY TH~ INITIAL DIALOGUE TO ALLOW UP
TO 222 VARIABLES NITH 55130 CHARACTERPRpGRAMS; WITH ALL FEATURES
RETAINED~ 9$ VARIASLES AND J600 CHARACTERS REMAIN.
SEE PAGE 22.
3::0 COf'1PUTED LINE NUMBERS.;

SEE PAGE 20.

4:> TABULAT I O"~.
5) Ir1PROVED DISTRIBUTiON AND ... RA~[:iOM" INITIALIZATION OF .. FRAN()" ~
THE PSEUDO-RANDOM NUt-1BER FUNCT ION.
6) UNL I MI TED LINE lENGTHS.
7) CHARACTER MAN I PULAT IONS HANDLED t·a tH ... FIN';: »1 AND .. FOUT ( ) ....
8) FSON(en=0

[FSGN(0)=;t. IN FOCAL, 15169 J

9) .' ERASE ALL'" AND .' MODIFY'" DO t~OTERASE VFlRIABLES.
10 ) IN ADD I T I ON Te. THE FD ISO DisPLAY FUNt,. I ON FOR DEC''' S l4DD I SPLAY,
VERS IONS ARE AVA I LABLE l·U TH DI spLAY FIND JOYS" t CK FUNCT IONS FO.R
THE TEKTRONIX T-40t32GRAPHICS TER~lINAL.
1.1) 3: SPECIAL VARIABLES FiRE PROTECTE[) FROM THE'" ERASE" COMMAND --.' ! ... J / .. " I AND ... */ .
"i'" IS SET TO 1. B'T' THE INITIAL DIALOGUE IF
All OF'T I ONAl FEATURES OF Ps ..... e FOCAL ARE DELEtED AND TO 2310 IF
STANDARD FEATURES ARe: RETAINED; SEE'" INITIAL DIALOGUE" ~ PAGE 22.
1.2) Ps .... a FOCAL/S STARTING ADDRESS IS 10200 (FIELD 1).

:IS

NOTE:

THE

BREAK

CH,~RACTER
_ _ f. . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _

PS ..... 8 FOCAL DATA FILES ARE C:ONPRT 1 elE ~.., I TH ED 1 T AND TEeO-8;
HOWEVER, PS ....·S FOCAL PROGRAM FILES ARE SAVED AS CORE 1t'1AGES.

PAGE

COMMANC·S
:::,:
.........

,------....-:,._';~F: '
'

"
~~1'it

*:t'+: DIRECT COMMANDS ARE G'IVEN WHILE FOCAL IS IN tCNMAND MOD.E.THEIr'
ARE TYPED WITHOUT LINE NUMBERS AND FOCAL E>~ECUTES THEt'1 AS SciON AS THE
RETURN ,BUTTON
IS" HIT ---::"iFOR
EXAMPLE:
.
...~~~.'
.,

*T'T'PE

3+4~

<FOCAL OUTPUTS THE VALUE OF 3+4)

7. 0000

,.;

(OR SEVERAL COMMANDS MAIr' BE GIVEN IN SEQUENCE:)
I

*SET X=3
-+:5E1 Y=2
*TYPE 3+X+Ir'1 !
S. 0000

*
*** INDIRECT COMMANDS ~~~USED FOR·LO~ERPROG~i1MS.
THEY ARE TYPED
FOLLOW I NG LINE NUMBERS ',$ETWEEN 1. 01 AND 31. $1$1 NOT I NCLUD I NG INTEGERS
AND MAY BE EXECUTED BY:8
c, I RECT "GO":
.
:"~fV
*2. 1 SET X-3
*2. 2 SET Y=2
*2. 3: TYPE 3+X+Y~ !
*130

S. 0000

COMMAND
J"

FORMAT:.
;

THE GENERAL
FORf'1 OF . SaCH
IS GI ..... EN FOLLOltJED B'r'EXAMPLES IN LtJHICH:
....
"\',-,"'f'

<:> ENCLOS.E' RgQU I RED TERMS.'

C JENCLOSE' OPT I ONAL TERMS.
ENCLOSE CojMENTS. ' ONE LETTER ABBREVI AT IONS MAY BE
USED FOR COM~ND LoJORDS.
X REPRESENTS A , VAR I ABLE. '. E11
E2 AND E3 ARE~RITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS:
L11 L2 AND L3:
ARE LINE NUMBERS.
131 IS EITHER A LINE OR GROUP NUMBER.
L11 L21 L3 A~D 131 MAY BE REPLACED WITH ANY ARITHMETIC
EXf='R~SS I ON NQT BEG I NN I NO LoU TH THE LE]TER "F\".

MOST COMMANDS MUST BE FOLLOWED BY A SPACE.

PAGE
,ELEt-1ENT'ARY

..... - - . . . ..... _--...,. ....... -

COM ....1ANDS

-- ---- ......
......

*ASK C "PRINT OUT IN QUOTES" J XL 'Tt , 2]
ASK Y
A Z
A B2~ X, NUI"lBER
A '1 HOW MANY? .. M .

,INPUT VALUES FOR VARIABLES)

(EXPECTS A VALUE TO BE IN~UT FOR yj
<A IS THE ABBREVIATION FOR "ASK")
<EXPECTS THREE VALUES TO BE INPUT>
<TYPES "HO~o./ MAN¥'" THEN SETS M EQUAL TO THE RESPONSE)
~

* ... ... SPACE. COMl"lA OR CARR IAGE RETURN HILL TERM I NATE EACH NUMBER INPUT.
TYPE A :'~"'(BACK'ARROW) TO ERASE A PART1ALLY ENTERED NUMBER WHICH MAY
THEN BE RE-ENTERED.
ALT I"10DE l·HLL CAUSE FOCAL. TO LEAVE THE VARIABLE
WITH ITS FORMER VALUE.
IF '"ASKING'" FROM A FILE --- A SPACE, COMMA OR
OTHER DEL I MITER MUST PRECEDE A NEGRT I VE SIGN, ". _J , OR THE NUMBER .WILL BE
READ AS POS I T I VE.
RESPOND I NG TO IN I TI AL DIALOGUE l.JI TH '" YES'" OR ' 4, 5"
lULL REMEDY THIS BY OUTPUTTING A LEADING SPACE Jo./HEN USING "TYPE'.
COMMENT

*'COMMENT

(LINES BEGINt-UNG lHiH A ... C·' WILL BE IGNORED) .

COMMENT SQRT
C
CONTINUE

<COMMENTS ARE USED TO DESCR~BE PROGRAMS)
<ABBREVIATION>
"
(DUMt>1'T' LINE)

DO
<SUBROUTINE CALL)

*DO CLINE OR GROUP NUMBER]
DO 7. 24
D 4. 48

DO 7
DO ALL
to G1.;D 7.6

<TELLS FOCAL TO EXECIJTELINE 7. 24 THEN RETURN
TO THE COr-1MAHDFOLLOlo./ 1 NO THE .. DO" )
<EXECUTES GROUP 7)
(STARTS EXECUTION OF PROGRAM AT FIRST LINE)
(EXECUTES LINE OR GROUP G1. TH~N LINE 7. 6)

*' *' If< DO NOT USE AN ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION STARTING WITH "'A" AS
A COMPUTED LINE N.UMBER OR IT WILL .' DO ALL'.
ERASe:
\

*ERASE CLINE OR GROUP NUMBERJ

(ZEROES VARIABL~i IF NO NUMBER GIVEN)
,\

ERASE 2.17
E 3
ERASE
ERASE ALL

,;¢"

. (DELETES LINE 2.17 FROM INDIRECT PROGRAM)
(DELETES ALL GROUP 3 LINES)
(ZEROE.;? ALLVAR I ABLES::'
(ERASES ENT I RE I Nt' I R~CT PROGRAM)

* * * "ERASE'- MUST BE THE LAST COMMAND ON A LINE. ' ERASE (L I NE OR
GROUP NUMBER:> WILL CAUSE FOCAL TO RETURN TO COMMAND t-10DE AFTER ERAS I NG.

PAGE

FOR
""FOR >;=ElC

E2 ], E:::::~ .. [C:Ol'1t1f\~D TO 8E REPEATEr> (E3-E1) /E2+1 T It1ES ]

FOR P=1.7;TYPE 3
FOr;: J=L 5; DO 17. 1
F X=2,2.8;T X*10
FOR Z=1,Y;DO 7

(WILL
O·JILL
(WILe
(WILt

TYPE A ~3' SEVEN TIMES)
DI) LINE 17. 1 FI ..... E TU1ES)
TYPE '20 40 60 80~)
DO GROUP 7. Y TIMES)

* >+< :+: THE .' FOR'" COMMAND IS REPEATEC' --- AC'DING'1 (OR £2) TO E1 EACH

,:~'r'CLE UNT I L E1 E:><CEEDSE3.

E:":ECLIT I ON THEN GI)ES TO THE NEXT L I HE.

*GO (LINE NUMBER]

(STARTS E::-':ECUTING PROGF~A'" AT DESIGNATED LINE)

(STARTS E:"~EClJTING H~DIRECT PROGRAI" AT FIRST LINE>
(ABBRE'·,,' I AT I ON)
(STARTS E~<ECUT I NG PROGRAM AT LINE 3. 1)
(" TRACE FEATURE" -..., PRINTS PROGRAM DURING EXECUTION
UNT I L NE;:":T OCCURRENCE OF "7")
(STAij:TS EXECUT I NG PROGRAI"1 AT LINE X)

GOTO 3. 1
GO ?

,-" ,",'.,'

XF
}i__ '

*IF (E1)L1t.L2.L3J (GOES TO LINE L1. L2.
E1 IS -, 0. OR +)
IF (X>2. 7.1. 2.3. 8
I (H-~)1. 3. 1. 51 1. 7
I (8-3)2.8.7. 9;Q
I (2)2. 7;T 21
I (G)2. 1. 'T'. 2. 4

OR L3DEPENDIHG ON WHETHER

(FOCAL GOES TI) LINE 2. 7., 1.2 OR 3.8 IF X IS -.0 OR
CHECKS THE VALUE INSIDE THE PARENTHESES)
c" C!UITS" EXECUTION IF (8-3) IS POSITIVE)
(IF 2 IS NEGATIVE THEN GO TO 2. 7; ELSE'" TYPE 21")
( IF". G""0 THEN GOES TO LINE 'T')
C IF"

...101::- X F"'"
:+:MQI) 1 F't' <L I HE NUM8ER>
FOLLOHED 8'T' A CARRIAGE RETURN AND A CHARACTER ." W
.' 1"1QD I Fir' 3. 72"
OUTPUT LINE 3. 72 THROIJliH ITS FIRST .' x·" .
YOU MA't' THEN:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

~.JI LL

INF'UT THE REST OF THE F~EVISED LINE AND HIT .' RETURN"
LISE .' RUB OUT'" TO ERASE 5 I NGLE CHARACTERS
HIT ... LINE FEED'" TO I<EEF' REMA I Nt)EF~ OF OLD L tNE
HIT CTRL/L TO GO TO NEXT OCCURRENCE OF ...
HIT CTRL ..... BELL TO CHANGE SEARCH CHARACTER; THEN HIT NEW CHARACTER
HIT "~ ... TO KILL L1HE OYER TO LEFT MARGIN

QUXT
*QUIT

( TERM I NATES PROGRAM E:X:ECUTION)

(ABBREVIATION)

PAGE

RETUF..: .....
,?"',-

*:RETURN

(CALISES ESCAPE FROM A sue~:OllTINE TO THE CO~lMAND
FOLLOHING THE CALLING .' 00-" OR " LIBRARY COSUS... )

(ABBREVIATION)

SET
*SET Y=(NUMBER,VARIABLE OR EXPRESSION>
SET Y=37

$ 'T'=Y+1

S Z==*
S #=0

5 X=FINO
S DUMMY=FOIJT (21213)

(SETS VARIABLE VALUES)

(CAUSES ..' 'T'"' TO TAKE THE VALUE 37)
(CRUSES .' A" TO ASSUME THE VALUE OF 1ie/p+32)
(SETS THE NEL" VALUE OF 'T' EQUAL TO 1 PLUS OLD VALUE)
<SETS Z EQUAL TO VALUE OF PROTECTED VARIABLE -"#-")
(ONL Y WAY TO ZERO PROTECTED VAR I ABLE .' 4V )
(SETS X TO DEC I !'tAL ASC I I CODE OF NEXT CHARACTE.R INPUT)
(OUTPUTS LETTER ,. K"' AND SETS DU=20::S:)

TYPE
*TYPE (NUMBERS.
T.,.'PE 3:

T X
T :~/''''-:1

T "HI THERE"
T

T "AU! "B"·! "C"!

T ..
T (#)
T .. ANS : II I 26+5
!: e. ,,*U
,T $
T :'-:::10. 07
T

VARIABLES.

EXPRESSIONS.

TEXT IN QUOTES.

!.#. : . ' OR

(OUTPUTS A 3 ON THE TER,.1 I NAL OR OTHER OUTPUT DEV I CE;'
(OUTPUTS THE VALUE OF X)
(OLITPUTs THE VALUE OF THE E>::PRESSION X..... Y-:1)
(OUT-PUTS THE GREETINt3 ... HI THERE"')
(OUTPUTS A CARR I AGE RETIJRN.-:'LI NE FEED)
(OUTPUTS CHARACTEF~S -" R") .. e·- AND "c" VERT I CALL Y)
<OUTPUTS A CARR I AGE RETURN L.J I THOUT LINE FEED)
<OUTPUTS VALUE OF SYSTEM STATUS VARIABLE. -"#';'
(OUTPUTS ,o'ANS:
3::1" )
(OUTPUTS RETURN.·... L I HE .FEED THEN A *... IN POS I T I ON 8)
(OUTPUTS THE S'T'MBOL TABLE;.
(SETS THE OlJTPUT FORNAl TO ALLm·~ UP TO :10 C'IOITS
TO BE PRINTE(), OF ~·JHICH 7 ,.lA'T' BE DECIMAL PLACES)
(FORMATS OUTPUT IN POWERS-OF-TEN NOTATION)
,0'

* * THE INITIAL C'IALO(';iUE" 5 STANDAF.:D FEATURES, OUTPUTS A LEADING SPACE
BEFORE EACH NUI"1BEF~ IS .' TYPED-' ..,..-- THIS PERI"1ITS,NEGATIVE NUMBERS TO BE
READ AS NEOAT I VE FROI'1 A FILE ~oJR I TTEN IN TH I 5 MANNER.
FEATURE (:, PERN I T5
OUTPUTT I NG A ' : .., AS I N FOCAL, :1969 (NOT RECOI"·tI"1ENDED FOR loJR I i I NG FILES).

*~.JR I TE [GROUP OF~ LINE NU~lBER l
~.JR I TE
j,oJ 2

2. 27

l.JR I TE FILL
LoJ A
l·J

l·J 131

*' "" *'

(LISTS INDIRECT PROGRAM)

(OUTPUTS LINE 2. 27 OF THE INDIRECT PROGRAM)
(OUTPUTS GROUP 2)
<OUTPUTS ENTIRE INDIRECT PROGRAI"1)
(ABBREVIATION FOR "HRITE ALL")
(ABBREV I AT I ON FOR .- l·JR I TE ALL"')
(OUTPUTS GROIJP OR LINE 13 I "lEN BY ... 13:1'" )

00 NOT USE AN FIR I THI"1ET I C E~"';PRESS I ON START I NO loJ I TH .- A'" AS FI
COl'1PUTEO L I HE NUI"18ER OR IT l·J I LL .' HR I TE ALL".
" loJR I TE" MUST BE THE
LAST COMt-1AND ON A LINE.

PAGE:

ps~a,

DEVICE

NAMES:
"t; .

SYSTEM DEY I CE (DSK: IN DISK S'r'STEM; DTAta!:,<: I N DECTAPE SYSTEM)
THE DISK IN DISK SVSTEt'1S; DEC TAPE #0 IN DECTAPE SYSTEMS
(THE AUTt:lORS SUGQ,EST THAT Df:;CTAPE SYSTEM$ ,;ASSIGNDTA1:DSK:")
("DSK:'" IS ASSU!1i.PIFA DEVICE IS NOT Sp~eIFIEO)
OTA0: - OTA?:
DECTAPE!0~IYES
bTA0: - L.TA7:
LINCTAPE DRIVES
MTA0: - MTA? :MAGTAPE;£,RIYES
F'TR :
HIGH SPEED READER
f:'TP:
HIGH SPEED PUNCH'
LPT :
LINE PRINTER
\
TT'T' :
,TERf'11 NAL
SYS:
C.SK:

REFERENCING A NON-EX'ISTENT C'EVICE'MAY CAUSE THEJ£Of'1PUTER TO ENTER AN
INFINITE LOOP l.JAITING FOR THE DEVICE.
RECOVERy','I,!S MADE,8Y USING THE
• SlHTCH REGISTER --- LOAD ADD 10200 AND START.
"
,

LXBRAR.....-

CRLL
,~,

*LISRARY CALL [DEVICE: l~PROGRAM NAME>
LIBRARY CALL CHISQR
L C OTA3:PRGRAM
L C TEST1

(LOADS SAVED PROGRAM)

(LOADS PROGRAM "CHISQR.FC" FROM DSK:)
l(LOADS ",PRGRAtit FC" , FROMDECTAPEDRIVE '#:p
~(LOADS " TEST 1. Fe" FROM DSK:)
'<~;.'

... * * FOCAL RETURNS TO .COMMAND MODE' FoLLOlHNGJ~r
"LIBRARY CALI..".
.
.
.
-

: ':,~

• ',

;<l>-

LX"eRARY' DEL.ETE"
,*L I BRARY DELETE [DEV I cEt: J<PROGRFlf'1 NAME>
LIBRARY,DELETE TTEST
L b DTA7:PROG '
L D HOLD. ~bA.

* ..

(DEl;f;:TES FILE FROM DEYICE)
";

(DELETES PROGRAM "TTEST: FC" FROM DSK:)
, (DELETES .' PROG. FC" FROftt DEC TAPE DRIVE #7>
(DELETES DATA FILE .' HciL.D,~ )

* LIBRARY DELETEftSSLIf'1ES'·>. FC" FILE, NAME:ilgXTENSION;OTHERS MUST
BE SPECIFIED; ,"LIBRARY DELETE" CLOSES ANY
OUTPUT FILES.

opeN

*LIBRARY GOSUB CDEVICei J<PROGRAM NAME) [GROUP OR LINE NUMBER]
LIBRARY GOSUB
L G SUMSQR
L G DTAl:X. 'T' ?
L G 8080 131

tE>'~t 13~ (LINE 13. 7 OF " TEXT. Fe-' BECOf'1ES SUBROUTINE'.JHICH
RETURNS TO THE: COMMAND FOLLOWING "GOSUB")
(TREATS ~.JHOLE "SUI"1SQR.,FC"PROGRAf'1 AS SUBROUTINE)
(TREATS GROUP 7 OF ... >ttY':'LIKE A "DO'" SUBROUTINE>
(" GOSUB" TO LINE' OR GROUP EQUAL TO VAL.UE OF 131.
00 NOT USE EXPRESSIONS BEGINNING WITH ... A.... )
·~,t.<

*' * * IF THE VERSIQNOF A PROGRAM ISSUING A;~~(~GOSUB" IS NOT SAVED~ AN'"
OPEN OUTPUT FILE IS CLOSED AND THE PROGRAM ~~"r$AYED AS,"FOCAL. TM'" BEFORE
Er-:ECUT ION OF' THE "aqsuB";

PAGE
LXBRAR~

L:tST

*LIBRAR'y' LIST £: (''EVICE: JC FIRST FILE NAME TO BE LISTED J
(L I STSF'ROGRAI"1 AND DATA F I L.E NAMES ,.., I TH FOCAL
EXTENS IONS ". FC-' =PR06RAt'1; ". Sif1" -DATA FILES)
~
L I BRAR'T' L. I ST
(LISTS FOCFlL . FC AND \ FD FILES SAVED ON DSt<:)
LL
(ASBREVIATION)
LIBRARY LIST DTA3:
(LISTS FILES SAVED ONrDECTAPE DRIVE .3)
L L DTA6:TEST
(STARTS LISTING l.,fITH " TEST. FC" )

*' ...... FILE LENGTH IS PRINTED IN BLOCKS; 1 BLOCK IS ABOUT 500 CHFIRACTERS.

. LX BRAR~·

RIJr-.a

*,L IBRARY RUN £: DEV I CE: J(PROGRAN NAME) [L I HE NI.11"1BER J
(BEG I NS E:":ECUT I ON OF NAMED PROGRAl'l)
LlaRAR~

RUN JOHN

(LOAI)S ".]OHH. FC'" THEN BEG I NS PROGRflM EXECUT I ON)
(RUNS "'ZONK. FC" FROl"l DEC TAPE DRIVE *2)
(STARTS E><:ECUTIHG .' POP. FC'" AT LINE 22. 81)
(STARTS EXECUT I "~G ... ZOltJ I E. FC'" AT LINE E1)

L R DTA2:Z0NK
L R PI)P 22. 81

L R ZO~·HE E1

......... PROGRAMS CONTAINING'" RUNS'"

:IE:RAR~

SHOULO BE SAVED BEFORE EXECUTION.

SA'..··E

*,LIBRARY SAVE [DEVICE: KF'ROGRAI"1 NANE>
LIBRARY SAVE PROG
L S DTA6:ZAAP
L 5 PRGNflI"1

(SAVES I ND I REeT PROl3RAM PRESENTL 'y' I N THE TEXT
BUFFER ARE.A UNDER THE NANE "PROG. FC'" ON DSK:)
(SA .....ES .' ZAAP. FC" ON DECTAPE DR I VE .6)
(SAVES ·'PRGNAM. FC" ON DSK:)

*' *' *' OLD'" PRGNAt-V IS C'ELETED L,JHEN NEH ... F'RGNAM"IS SAVED.
COMMAND CLOSES OPEN OUTPUT FILES.

.'<J.

*LIBRARY EXIT

<LEAVES FOCAL)

L E

(ABBREVIATION)

THIS

RETURNS ToPS ..... e 1"10NITOR)

PAGE

F:ILE

COMMAND~

. THE EXPER I ENCED PROGRA~ll'lER MA'T' READ AND ~o,lR I TE PSIS COMPAT I BLEC'ATA
SEE PSIS ()EVICE NA~1ES ON PAGE 7.
FII-ES WITH !'lAN'T' DEVICES.
b~

PS/8 FOCAL ASSUl"lES . FC AND. $G AS NAl"tE EXTENSIONS FOR PROGRAM AND
C'ATA FILES RESPECTIVELY;,
DATA FILES FIRE SAVED IN STANDARD PS . . '8 ASCII
FORMAT AND ARE COMPAT I aLE l·J I TH ED I T AND TECO-S.
PROGRAM FILES ARE
SAVED IN CORE IMAGE FORMAT AND I'1AY BE TRAf-,lSFERRED BY PIP ONLY WITH
THE" II'" OPTION.
TO PRODUCE RNAseI I FIL.E CONTAINING A FOCAL PROGRAl"l!
OPEN AN OUTPUT FILE.; ·'~tRITE ALL" THEN'" Of,JTPUT CL.OSE ....
THE TERM I NAL (TTY:) I S,.PS ....·$ FOCAl" S NORft1AL. I NPUT AND OfJTPUT DEV ICE.
THE· .' OPEN INPUT" C0I'1f'lA~4P PERI'1ITS SELECTING ANOTHER DEVICE FOR INPUT
.. OPEN CIUTPUT' DOES THE SANE FOR OUTPUT.
(DEVICES LISTED ON PAGl{7).
BE SURE TO CLOSE ONE CIUTPUT FILE BEFCIRE OPEN I NG ANOTHER.
ECHO'" ADDED TO THE IN~UT COI'1I'1AN('\S ECHOES THE INPUT DATA ON THE OUTPUT
DEV I CEo
WHEN ADDED TOOLITPUT COMf'lANDSJ " J ECHO'" CAUSES THE OUTPUT TO BE
ECHOED ON THE TERI'1INAL .
('J

.~ OUTPUT CLOSE'- Ef'lPTIESTHE OUTPUT BUFFER ONTO THE DEVICE AND SAVES THE
. FILE IF THE DEVICE IS FILE STRUCTURED (DISK OR MAGNETIC TAPE).
THE'" OPEN INPUT TTY; J ECHO'- COf'lMAN(" l·HLL RESTORE THE TERf'UNAL AS THE
INPUT DEVICE l~ITH. ECHO.. AFTER AN ERROR OCCtJRS OR .' CTRL./P" IS STRUCK,
THE TERMINAL IS RESTORED AS E:OTH INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICE.
READ I NG ANDl.JR I T I NG CAN BE RESUI'1ED \.on TH PREV I OUSL Y OPENED NON-TTY:
DEVICES THROUGH" OPEN RE$TORE INPUT" AND" (IPEN RESTORE OUTPUT" COMf'lANDS.
~i;'::',~"

\OIRECT FILE COl'lf'lANDS MAYBE E::-':ECUTE[) AS 1'1ENTIOl'-lEDUNDER ... MERGING
PROGRA!'lS" OR A SERIES OFYC'IRECT COMf'1ANDS MA'T'BEe:::-.:e:CUTED AUTOMATICALL'y'
FROM A FILE.
FOR E~"'~AI'lPLE.i IF YOU lHSHED TO GET LISTINOS OF SEVERAL
PROGRAl'lS, YOU COULD PREPARE THE FILE .- L 15TAL. FD" US I NO ED I T OR TECO...8:
T'T'PE !!!! IILISTINGOF TEST:1.-TEST3:: II ! ! ! !
LIBRARY CALL TEST:1.
HRITE ALL
TYPE!!! !
LIBRARY CALL TEST2
loJRITE ALL
T'r'PE !!!!
LIBRARY CALL TEST3
l.JRITE ALL
TYPE!!! !
OPEN INPUT TTY:,ECHO
THEN. B'T' GIVING THE DIREC;r FOCAL COMMANC' ... OPEN INF'LIT LISTAL" ~ ALL :3

PROGRA~1S WOULD BE OUTPUT ·~rI THOUT YOUF.: I NTERVENT ION.

NOTE:

t·JHEN WR I T I NG FOCAL DATA FILES.. I TIS NECESSARY TO I NCLUDE A
SPACEJ COM!'1AJ CAR~lAOE RETURN OR OTHER DEL I I'll TER PRECED I NG
A MI NUS SI GHJ OTHERH I SE THE HUMBER l·J I LL APPEAR POSI T I "IE WHEN
.' ASKED".
A PRECEDING SPACE HILL .BE AUTOMATICALLY" TYPED'" IF
THE INITIAL DIALOGUE RECEIVES AN ANSHER OF .' YES" OR ... 4,5".

*OPEN I NF'UT (OEV 1 CE: Jt F' I L£ NAl'lE lC ~ ECHO l

OPEN INPUT SLOOP
o I DTA<1: F~EC:, .. ECHO
o

(OPENS . . SLOOP. FD'- . FILE FROM I)SK: ::0
(OPENS '·.F:EC·.Ft:···· FllEFRI)MOECTAPE DRIVE
AND'
l'JiLL ECHO oN OUTPUT DEVICE ~·jHILE REA£HN13 ..' RED"')
(Ps ....·s ~·~iLL TYPE AN ."'",- ON THE. TERMINAL; HIT THE
SPACE BAR AFTER PAPER -PAPE IS LOAC'ED IN REAt)ER. ;.
(RESTORES TER!'l I HAL TO NO~b="iL STATUS)

I PTR:

OPEN INPUT TT',..: J ECHO

(PREPARES A FILE Tel 8E REAt\
~..nTH .' ASK'
OF.: .., FINO'" )

*'
CTRL ..... Z I S THE LAST CHARACTEF.: I N A FOCAL DATA FILE.
ATTEMPTS
TO REAt· PAST THE ENt'-OF -F ILE HILL CAUSE A"'?'" TO BE OUTPUT ON THE
TERM I NfiL ANt) L·J I LL RESTORE .THE TERf'l I HAL AS I HPUT . (:tEV ICE.
OPE,.·.. · OUTP,-IT
*OPEN OlJTPUT CDE ..... ICE: ltFILE HANE J(.. ECHO J

(PREPARES A FILE TO 8E I.-JR I TTEN
LilITH ·-.T'iPE"' J .' FOUT(A)" OR
ECHOING FRON INPUT FILE)

OPEN OllTPIJT ABC
o 0 DTAf:ZZ
o 0 PTP:, ECHO

{OPEN:!. .' ABC. FD'"
BE L·JRITTEN ON THE DSK::;'
(QPEN5 ..' 22. FC,'" F'ILE ON DECTAPE DRIVE #7)
(ECHOES ONTT'T': HHI LE CIUTPUTT I NG TO PUNCH; BE
SUF.:E TO G I 'olE At·i·'OUTPUT CLOSE'~ ~·JHEN DONE)

*' *' ,.,

OF'EN OUTPUT FILES L·HLLBE CLOSECi IF THe; COI'1MANt' "LIBRARY SAVE"
OR "LIBRARY C'ELETE'" IS GIVE~4 OR IF ,.' LleR~:'T' GGfSUB" . IS GIVEN BY A VERSION
OF APROGF.:AI'1 THAT HAS NOT eEEH $AVEto.
ti~

OPEN

~~sTORE

(RESIJt'lES I NPI-,T FRON F I ~E)

*OPEN RESTORE I NF'llTC .' ECHO J

(RES!.JNES INF'UTT INC:i CoATA FF-:I)t-1 A F'REVIOUSLY OPENED
INPUT FILE AFTER IJSING THE TTY: HITH AN
.,' OPEN INPUT TT'T': I ECHO")
(SAI'1E)
<SANE PLUS ECHI)

I)PEN RESTORE INPUT

o R I

o R LE
OPEN

RESTORE

o R CI
o R O,ECHO

bUTPUT
(~:ESUI'1ES OUTPUT TO FILE)

*ClPEN RESTOF.:E OUTPUT( I ECHO J
OPEN RESTORE OUTPUT

INPUT

(RESUNES OUTPUTTING ON\PRE'·/IOUSLY OPENED
OUTPUT (:'E\-'ICE AFTER 1!4S'ING TT'T':)
(SANE)
~
:1".
';i. (SAI'1E PLUS ECHO)
..

OlJTPUT

I:::LOSE

*OUTpUT CLOSE

(ENC'S FILE HRITIN(:i AND SAVES OUTPUT FILE IF DEV.IeE
1 S F I LESTRUCTURED --- l)l SK OF~ f>1AGNET I C TAPE)

o c

(ASSRE',lI AT I ON)

PAGE 1.1

FILE

AND

- - - - ---

CHARACTER
--~--- ........

HANDLING

-- ------.----.--

PROGRAMS
------~-

.-: ..... ()RDS·..

t3F.:OUP :2 SCANS IT, ECHOI NG ONL "T' THE
GF.:OUP i SETS UP THE " ~·JOF.:DS< . FILE.
OE:SERVE THE F'ROGRAt'1 LIST I NO
L~OF:!)S HHICH START lHTH THE SEAF.:CH LETTER.
Ar·K:. E;";ECUT I ON.. ALSO NI)TE COI'1PUTE() L I HE NUI'1E:ER ..' p.. USED IN LINE 2. 6(3
TO MINIMIZE TIME IN THE CHARACTER INPUT LOIJP:
*~.JF..: r TE ALL
C-PS/8 FOCAL,

:1.971.

0:1. e5 C:ONf'1ENT:
..' ~·JOR["S·' 7/3: ....'7:1. B'T' ,1. HIJIS!'1AN QF Ot'1S1
e:1.. 1.e OPEN OIJTPllT OTA2: ~·JOF.:DS; OPEN QUTPUT TT',..:; ERASE
0:1.. 2121 T""'PE ~"ENTER HOROS; FOLLO~o./ EACH ~H TH A SPACE: II ~
€1i. J0 TT'PE "(ENTER A'*'SPACE SIT' ITSELF TO CLOSE FILE)"! !
€Ii. 40 T"T'PE : 5"? " ; QPEN F..:ESTOF..:E OUTF·UT., ECHO
0:l.. 513 IF (-FAE:S(FIN( )-:1.69) ):1.. 5; OPEN QUTP'UT TTT':
e1.61;' TYPE ! "MeIRE?
",; OPEN RESTORE Ot.lTPUT, ECHO
0:1..79 IF (-FABS(FIN()-:l.60»:1.. 5; outPUT CLOSE;OOTO 2.7
02. :1.0 T'T'PE ! "ENTER SEARCH LETTEF.::
II •• SET
L=F IN ( ;.; T !!!
02. 2€1 T'T'PE "L·JOF.:DS STAF..:TING HITH "; 5 D=FOUT(L) .. T "':"!: 5
02.30 OPEN INPUT DTA2:WOROS;SET S~:1.6e;SET P=2.6
02.40 SET C=FINO.' IF (FABS(C-S» .. 2. 7,; I (-FAE:S(L-C»2.6
02, 513 OPEN F.:ESTOREINPUT .. ECHO,. T !: 5; SET C'lINN'T'=FOUT<C)
02.6€1 I (-FABS(FIN()-S»P .• I)PEN RESTOf.:E INPUT; G 2.4
02. 70 OPEN INPUT TT'T'.:. ECHO; T'TIF'E !! "C>ONE. "! ! ; QtJIT
;t:(lO

ENTEF.: HORDS; FOLLClH EACH ~o./I iH A SPACE:
(ENTEF.: A SPACE BY ITSELF TO CLOSE FILE)
!'10PE''?
r'lOf'~E?

r'10PE?

r10RE"?
HOPE?
!'lCtF.:E?

KINCAIE)
e:UTLER
CRAHFOF.:O
KA'T'
POLLAR()

KLATT

*(';;OTO 2 1
ENTER SEARCH LETTER:

KINCAI()

VLATT
DONE,

PAGE 12

,..,. FtL.'PHA·...
'ALPHA'" ALPHABET I 2ES A .- l.JCIRD$, FC.... FILE PREPARED BY THE
PROQRAM ON PAGE 11.

t-lORDS. Fe'"

NOTE THAT THESE PROORANS ARE EXAMPLES ONL',.. AND NOT RECOMMENDED FOR
GENERAL USE SINCE ERROR CHECKING THAT '·JOUl-D MAKE THEM USER-ORIENTED
l.JFlS E:~CLUC'ED FOR ,THE SAKE, OF BREV I T',,'.

*l'JR I TE ALL
c-PS ....·s FOCAL,

1:971

.' ALPHA" ::V1.··'71 S"r' B. silu TH OF OMS I
01. 05 COMMENT:
01. 10 OF'EN I NPUT OTA~: J.JORDS
),
01. 15 OPEN OUTPUT .DTA2: lo,fORDS, ECHO; ERASE
01. 20 DO 10; IF (LE),l. 3
0:1.. 25 SET LE(:1.)=LE; FOR .]=L LE.: SET B(J)=ACJ); SET A(J)=0
01.310 DO 10; IF (LE),l. i
121:1.. 413 IF (LE -LE (1) ):1.. 45; SET N=LE; GI)TO 1. 5
13:1.. 45 SET N=LE(1)
131. se FOR I=1,N;DO 2
131. 613 GOTO :1.. :3
e2.:1.e IF (A(l )-t3( 1) )2. 4.2. 3
102.15 FOR J=:1.. LEC:1.); SET D=FOUT(8CJ»;SET B(J)=0
132.20 TYPE It ";SET I=N+1;DO :1; 25; RETURN
02. 313 IF (I-H); DO 2. 4._ Ty'PE" "; ~ETIJRN
132. 49 FOR J=:1 .. LE.: SET D'=FI)UT(A(J»; SET A(J)=0
02. sa SET I=N+:1;5ET CHANGE=CHANGE+:1;TYPE II It
03. 1e FOR I ==:L LE (:l.).; SET O=F')UT (B ( I ) )
03. 20 TYPE" I f '
133.3121 OllTPIJT CLOSE; TYPE!; IF (CHANGE),3.'14 ..
e3. 40 OPEN INPUT TT'-r': .. ECHO; rT'PE ! "OONE. J~. ! !; QUIT
J

{

,i":'~

10. 1121 SET LE=0
1a 2121 SET A(LE+1)=FIN();iF (A(~E~:1.)-154):1a 3,
:1a 3121 IF (A(LE+:1.)-i60):1a 4~10. 5
1121.40 SET LE=LE+:1;GOTO :ta.2
10. 5!~ SET A(LE+l)=0

*GO
791 AND OUITE 124 122 fiLL NUMERICS ORDERED ALPHABETICS USEFULLY
791 AN!:;' 124 123 AL.L NlJfllERII;S ORDERED ALPHABETICS QUITE USEFULLY
79:1 :124 AND :123 FiLL NIJf>1ER~CS ORt,ERED. ALPHASETICS QUITE USEFULLY
124 791 123 ALL AND NUMERICS ALPHASETICS. ORDERED QUITE USEFULL',..
:124 :123 791 ALL AND ALPHABETlCS NUM~RICS OROERED QUITE USEFULLY
:1.23 124 791 ALL ALPHABET I CS AND NUME~ I C50f:;:{)ERED QU I TE USEFULLY
123 124 791 ALL ALPHABET I CS AND NIJI'lER I CS ORDERED o.U I TE USEFULL.,..
DONE .

...

PAGE :13

SYMBOLS

ARXTHMETXC

SYMBOLS:

EXPONENTIATION
t'YPE 3'"'2
SET X='Y...·2
T'YPE 2 .....3.~

C-l
(INDICATES AN ·INTEGER EXPONENT)
(OUTPUTS A"'''' --- 3 to THE SECOND POWER)
(SETS X EQUAL TO 'Y RAISED TO THE INTEGRAL 2 POWER)
(PRINTS AN "8'" --- THE . ~ IS IGNORED)

MULTIPLICATION
TYPE 2*4
SET X=X*2

C*l
(OUTPUTS AN .- 8'" )
<SETS THE NEW VALUE OF X EQUAL TO X TIMES Z)

DI\·'ISION
TYPE ~""2
SET X• ."....2

C.... l
<OUTPUTS A ;3")
(SETS X EQUAL TO Y DIVIDED 13'" Z)

ADDITION
T't'PE 2+2
SET X=Y+2

C+l
<OUTPUTS A "'4")
(SETS X EQUAL TO Y PLUS Z>

SUSTRACTION
TYPE 3-X
SET X='Y-Z

(-l

ENCLOSURES

OJ( l, AND (> MAY BE USED IN MATCHED PAIRS
TO ENCLOSE QUANTITIES loJHICH ARE TO SE OPERATED
ON AS A UNIT.

(OUTPUTS THE VALUE OF 3-X)
<SETS X EQUAL TO Y MINUS 2>

SPEC:tAL

RETURN/LINE FEED
T','PE !!!! ~ x..! !

PAGE: 1.4

CHARACTERS:

C! 1 "

"\,,,

(OUTPUTS 4:.•CAQR lASE' RETURNIL I Nt:: FEEDSI ,THE VRL.UE OF
X.. AND THSi2 MbR£,CARRIAGE RETURN/LINE FEEDS.

CARR I AGE RETURN
C.. j
. . . . ,. .'
SEE WHAT . THE "#'-·DOES TO LINE 10. 35 FIRST WRITTEN THEN EXECUTED:
0:: NOTE' THAT THE ........ ". ANO THE '.... =i- ARE SUPER IMPOSED)
10. 35 T','PE "X=5" I II II ..... 11 ! ! ! ! !
Xf&!5
J

TAB
C:i
, .
TAB OUTPUTS ENOUGH SP.ACES, SO THAT tHE :NEXl CHARACTER WILL BE OUTPUT
AT THE POSITION ON THE LINE INPICATEO 9'1-' THE ,VALUE AFTER THE" :".
TAB WILL HAVE NO EFFECT IF THE: POSITION SPECIFIED HAS BEEN EXCEEDED.
SEE WHAT THE ,. :" DO£S TO L.l NE: 11. 37 FIRST WR I Tf~N THEN EXECUTED:
,11.37' T','PE "NAME---":25J nROGERiI:4e~"FlGE. " J 2*d.."3, !!!!!
NAME--ROGER
AGE = 26.0000

OUTPUT FORMATTER
[ t:: J
SEE WHAT THE "y'., DOES TO LX HE 12. l0F l'(:!ST wru TTEt-r THEN EXECUTED:
12. 30 SEt X=123. 456; T'r'PE Y.6. 04 XI !; TYPE ;{ .4. 02 XI !; T ,,~ 3. 0' X.. !; T iI:.. )() !
. 123. 456

.( 123.5
,·124
0. 1~34560000E +03
, , ' .:,
. ", "
,,',.
.
-: t::4. 02" PERl'lITS FOUR DIGITS TO BE OUtPUT INCLLIDING UP TO TWO DECIMAL
PLACES; "TYPE ;.~., ALONE GIVES POWERS-bF-TEN NOTATION;'" y.'" DOES NOT
CHANGE CALCULATIONPRECISION;·'tHAT. IS DONE i.JITH THE INITIAL DIALOGUE.

)
SYI'1BOL TABLE
T','PE :f

($)

(OuTPUTS THE LIST OF DEFINED ..... ARIABLES NOT INCLUDING
PROTECTED VARIASLES~
BE SURE TO USE AN OUTPUT
FORMAT <:y')'THATWILL NOT MASk PRECISION.
SUBSCRIPTS OVER 99 loJI lot;. ,NOT outPUT ACCURATEL ','. )

QUO TAT I ON MARKS
[ "]
WORDS MA',' BE TYPED BY ENCLOSING THEI"1 IN QUOTES.
'.
SEE WHAT THE " ODES TO LINE 14.65 F,IRSTWRITTEH THEN EXECUTED:
1.4.65 TYPE liTHE ANSWER IS 1I~3+e/!!!!!
THE ANSWER IS 11. 0000

PAGE 15
TRACE
( 1 J> .
' .
THE FIRST TIME FOCAL REaps A "1" (E>t:CEPT WITHIN QUOTES) IT loULL
START OUTPUTTING THE PRQGRAMHHILE IT 1$ BEING i;~ECUTED~. THE NEXT
tIME IT MEETS A" 1'" IT ~n.. L STOP . OUTPUTTING THE\PROGRAI'1.·
'~EE WHAT THE "?'~ DOEST(i'LINE 15.613 FIRST WRITTEN THEN EXECUTED:
15. 613 SET)<=);? SET i,'=sibTYPE x/v. ! 1
...
SET yeS; TYPE X/Y.· e. 6iee!
.
A "GO 1" COMMAND ,oJ I LL CAUSE THE WHOLE PROGRAI'1TO BE "TRACED".

'C·

AN ATTEMPT TO .READ PASf~ CTRl../Z END-OF .... FILE. CHARACTER . WILL ..OUTPUT
A '1" ON THE TERMINAL
RESTORE THE TERMINAL. AS THE INPUT DEVICE.

AND
"oJ;:i·,.i'\

•

POWERS-OF..,. TEN
[E Q~ &)
." E'- MAY BE 'CHANGED TO ~'J;" IN THE INITIAL DIALOGUE.
'SEE l·JHAT THE "E" DOES tfJ LINE 6. sa FIRST loJR I TTEN THEN EXECUTED:
. £16.80 TYPE 1E1., 7El, 1, 2~E-21 3. 76E217. ! !.! ! ! >

113.001313 70ee.e0

13.012,3 e.3760e0E+218

RUBOUT KEY
,.. '
l4HEN WRITING A PROGRAl'f~\', ONE CHARACTER '''ILL BE:'PELETED FROM THE CURRENT
L I.NE WHEN THE RUBOUT ~v I S STRUCK; RUBOUT WI Lot ECHO FlS A .. '." --- THUS:
... PLWEA'. ''.EASE'' BECOMES' PLEASE".

c::: I

. "

CTRL.....C
(PRESSING "'CTIL" AND "'C"AT THE .SAME TIME)
';JILL RETURN USER TO TBt PS/8 MONITOR WHEN FOcAL IS USING ps..... e
ROUTINES--- THE "'LIBiAAYEXIT" COMMAND IS PREFERRED FOR
LEAVING
PS
..... 8 ,FOCAL. 1.9:(,'1.
CTRL/P
IS THE &RERK
CHARACTER.
.'
'"
·'>t':·-·
'.
'
CTRL ....·O
(BELLl
(P~S5ING" CTRL'" AND'" G' AT:tHE:5AME TIME)
USED WITH THE .- MODIF't"'COMMAND Tei CHANGE. THE SEARCH CHARACTER.
CTRL/L
<PRESSING" CTRV AND "V AT. THE SAME' TIME)
USED WITH THE 'MODIFY" COMMAND TO SKIP TO THE 'NEXT SEARCH CHARACTER..
CTRL .....P
(PRESSING ".Cl'RL'" AND 'P"ATTHE SAME TIME)
IS Ps .....a FOCAL' s BREA~iCHARACTER --- INTERRUPTS PROGRAf>1 EXECUTION AND
CAUSES FOCAL TO PRINt ITS ...
:iilh

*....

CTRL/Z . (PRESSING' "btRL" AND "z'" AT THE SAME TIME)
IS THE LAST CHARACTE~IN A ps.....a FOCAL DATA FIt-E.
ATTEMPTS. TO READ
PAST THEEND-OF-FIL~(l>HLL CAUSE A.' 1" TO SETYPED ON THE TERMINAL AND
WILL RESTORE THE TE'Ml~AL AS THE: INPUT DEVICE.

PAGE 1.6
LINE FEED
'!f,
USE WITH THE .' r10DIFY~ COMMAND TO RETAIN REMAINDER OF MODIFIED LINE.

KILL LINE
I: ~ 1
LoJHEN WRITlN!) A PROGRAM I .. e DElE'tESEVERYTHING OVER TO lEFT MARGIN.
IN RESPONSE rO'ASK" COMI"1ANDI '~' CfJNCELS T'i,E NUMBER BEING ,ENTERED.

RETIJRN KEY
USED WITH THE " MODIFY'" COMMAND TO DELETE REMAINDER OF MODIFIED LINE.
/RETURN'" IS A LEGAL SYMBOL FOR SEPARATING DATR'BEING REQUESTED BY
,
AN "ASK" COMMAND.

ALT,MODE KEY
I N RESPONSE TO AN "ASK'- COMMANDI AL T MODE CAUSES THE \lAR I ABLE
TO RETAIN ITS PREVIOU.S VALUE.

SPACE KE'T'
,
, ,IT' IS A LEGAL. SYMBOL FOR S£PARATING [)ATA REQUESTED B'T AN "ASK....

COMMA
[, l,
'
IT IS A L.EGAL SYMBOL FOR SEPARATING DATA IN "TYPE'" AND "'ASK'" COMMANDS.
SEE WHAT THE" I " DOES TO LINE"26. 40 FIRST WRITT£N THEN EXECUTED:
26.' 40 TYPE 21 3, 5 .....6, 12.... 3, ! ! ! !

,2. eeee

3.0eee

e.9333 1728.08

SEM!COLON
[; J
SEPARATES ,COMMANDS WHEN PLACED TOGETHER ON ONE 'LINE.
SEe: WHA'TTHE ... ;.. DOES TO LINE 27. 42 FIRST WRITTEN THEN EXECUTED :
27.42 SET X=1.'7;TYPE )*X;SET X-)/7; TYPE tI
",X ... ), ~!!!

51. 0008

3. 4286

PAGE 17

FUNCTXONS
....... -..-- ....... ----- ......
;'';OR MOST FUNCT IONS) A SF!}PLE LINE . I S SHOWN AND .THEN EXECUTED:
.... <A) '" REPRESENTS THE ARGUMENT
OF' THE
FUNCT
IONS
:'~~r1i .
.'
,
~f4.0TE :

ARCTAN.. LOG AND ~p' FUNC! I ONS AR~ PREC I se!·TO .LES? THAN 7 [) I GI T5.
ARCTAN'" 5 PREC ISION .IS MUCH' REDUCED FOR. ARGUMENTS NEAR ZERO.
SINE AND COSINE fl~E PRECISE TO 10 DIGITS.

,'ABS(A)
ABSOLUTE VALUE
EXAMPLE <WRITTEN THEN EXECUTED):
183: 40 TYPE FABS(-:n,FABS(2) .. ! ! !!
"\ 3. 00e0 2. 0000

FADC(A)
ANALOG TO DIGITAL INPUTFI)NCTIO"~
0-1. 22 SET X=FADC(A); TYPE! ! ! !
"
..

FATN (A)

ARCtANGENT,~RRGUI'1ENT RANGE:.. 0<A<ie.... .s

£15. 25 TVPE. FATN(1~ .• !! ! ! ;e&M:
"ta. 7854
.,

OUTPUTS RRDIAN ANGLE WHOS&:TANGENT

=- 1. 00

.,~.

---:---TANGENT"
FTAN(A)" IS NOT AYRtLASl,..E" .
TANGENT IS COMPutEDA5' THE QUOTIENt<5IN~'/COSXNE).,·
,
05:,,55 TYPE FSIN(1)/FCOS<1.), ! ! ! !iCOMMe:Nt j ' OUtPUTS TANGENT .OF i RADIAN
:... f.55'74

FCOS<A)
COSINE
ARGUMENT RANGE:-1.*1.0....4<A<1.0--4 (RADIANS)
06.:27 TVPE FCOs(1.) .. FCOS(3;'(2), ! ! !!J COM: OUTPUTS COSINES OF 1. & 1.. 5 RADIANS

0. 5-1030. 0707

FDIS(A)
DISPLA'T' FUNCTION~FOR DEC T'T'PE 34D DISPLA'T'
EXAMPLE:
07. 20 SET DUMI'1V=FDISO<, V)
WOULD CAUSE A POINT TO BE f'LoTTED AT POSITION (X,V) ON DISPLAY
DI SPLAY AND JOYST I CK FUNCTIONS FOR PS ...·S FOCAL. HAVE. ALSO BEEN loJR I TTEN
FOR THE TEKTRONIX T-4002 GRAPHICS TERMINAL.
SEE PAGE 19.

PAGE:!.::;
FITR(A.) ". INTEGER
09. 18 TVPE, FITR<3."·2)~FITR(23:. 719)1 FITRC":'2. 9Sl)~ ! ! !!
1. 01300 23. 1301313- 2. 13600
l.JARNING:

LACK OF PRECISIO"~
FOCAL. ~96Sl"'S ';FLOATING POINT PACKAGE
MA't' CAUSE FITR(A)tO~OQlJCEROUND;ING ERRORS HITH NUMBERS OF
MORE ,THAN, FOllR OR FIVE DIGIT!5. . YQJ!l MAY PROGRAM AROUND THIS
PROBLEM B't' AD,DING EMPIRICAL CONSTAr-nS TO THE FUNCTION ARGUI'-1ENT.

FLOG (A) ~ NATiJRAL LOGAR I THt-l
1a 14 TYPE. FLOG(1).FLOG(~ 237),FLOG(10),!!!!
0.0000 1.4439 2. ;se26

FRAN ( )
RANC'OM NUNSER
11. 22 TYPE FRAN ( ), I='RAN ( ) J FRAN <. ) J FRAN ( ) I FRAN( ) J !
13.5444 13,7732 13.36813 13.8852 13.8446
THE PSEUDO"":"RANDON NIJNBERS PRODUCED ARE PART OF A VER.,.. LONG AND WELL
DISTRIBUTED BUT DETERl'lINISTIC SERIES.
YOU l·ULL USUALL'T' OBSERVE AN
Et-nIREL't' DIFFERENT SERIES EACH TiIME FOCAL IS INITIALIZED.
HOWEVER 1
FRAN() DOES NOT GENERATE TRUL'T'RANDoM NUMBERS.

FSGN(A), SIGN
1~ 34 T\~1.~ FSGN(2. 78)."
1 -110 ":1

",FSGN(-299),"

".FSGNCe),"

",FSGNC-1),! !!!

FSINCA)
SINEARGIJI't~tJT RANGE:. ;..;1*1E:r-"4-(A<10 ....4
13. 52 TYPE FSIN(1), FSIN(0), FSIN<37"'2. 22), I!! !
0.8415 0.13000- 0.2207

•

,<;

(RADIANS)

FSG!T (A) SQUARE ROOT OF A POS I T I VE: ~luMBER
;1-1. 40 TYPE FSQT(4) .• FSQTC3:9:1), FSt!T<. 00Je9s:nJ ! ! ! !
2. 000e 19. 7737 e. 121624

FINO
CHARACTEF.: INPUT FIJt-JCTION .
ASKS FOR A CHARACTER FRaN THE TERl'lINAL <OR ,cf~ILE>i EXAMPLE:
.
09. 14 SET A'=FINO
SETS" A" EQUAL TO THE DECIl'lAL ASCII CODE OF; THE CHARACTER INPUT.
FOUT(A) CHARACTER OUTPUT FUNCTION'
09. 25 SET DUMMYsFOUT(A) ,
OUTPUTS THE CHARACTER HHOSE DEC 1MAL ASC Xl CODE EQUALS
;,~

A" .

IF AN ~ L"" loJERE INPUT IN RESPONSETC.I LINE 9; 14J" A~ ,o./OULD BE SET
EQUAL TO 204. . THEN LINE 9. 25 WOULD CALISE AN ... L~ TO BE OUTPUT.
THE .' A" ON LINE .9. 25 15A DlIMMY iy'ARIABLE.
SEE DEC JrolAL ASCI I CODES
FOR FIN() AND FOUTCA) ON PAGE 28.

PAGE

DZSPLAY

---------

AND

-.--

FUNCTZO
..... S
__
,
.L.;..-.__

JOY~TZCK

--- ....... -- ........

~~~

FOR THE TEKTRONIX· 1-4002 GRAPHIC COMF'UTER . TERMINAL

DXSPL,.AY
COORDINATES:
1=-:1.
1= e
1=+1

'. 0

o <=* y <: :1.024

<= X < 1024

PLOT A POINT AT (X,Y)
DRAW A DARK VECTOR TO (X~·Y)'
IF IN GR~PHICS ~10DE.· DRA~o.I ft BRIGHT VECTOR TO
(X,Y)i OTHERWISE ENTER GRAPHICS MODE AND DRAW
A DARK VECTOR TO (X, Y).

FJOYCX>

-------

JO~STZCK

FJOY< 1) SETS VARIABLES >"~J AND 'r'J EQUAL TO THE X AND Y
LOCAT laNAI... ADDRESSES I N THE INT'ERF(CT I VE Gf:APH 1 CS UN IT.
1=-1
.1= 0
1=+1

1
17'
24 ..
30
31

SETS XJ Af-~D 'r'J EI)UAL TO LOCATIOt-~AI... ADDRESSES .
TURNS ON JOYSTICK.
l.JftITS FOR KEYBOARD
INPUT BEFORE READING CURSOR COORDINATES.
ASSUfl1ES JO'r'ST I CK PRE VI OUSL Y TURNED.' ON B',.'
A FOUT(17'); READS CURSOR IMMEDIATELY.

HOME
TURNS ON .JOYSTICK FOR FJOY(1) APF'LICATION
ERASE SCREEN (REQUIRES .5 SECOND DELAY)
ENTER I NCREf'tENTAL PLOT MOC>E
LEAVE GRAPH I CS "tODE

PLOT

1: NCREt-1ENTFtL

MODE

FOUT(> CODES:
DIRECTION
BRIGHT POINT
DARK POINT

32
40

33
41

E
34
42

SE
35

lo.l

36
44

37'
45

38
46

Nl.J
39
47

.... S ...::ETCH·,.,.
(FOLLOWS JOYSTICK ON DISPLAY)
01. 10 SET 1=0; FORK=e~ . 2. FOUT(24); C ERASE -AND PAIJSE
01,20 SET DUMf'tY=FJO·,.'(0); C lo.lAITS FOR A KEY TO BE HIT
01. 30 SET DUMM'T'=FDIS(0, XHOLD~ YHOLD)+FDIS( I/.XJ,. YJ)
0:1. 40 SET XHOLD~X.J ;'SET VHOLr::'~YJ; SET .1=1; GOTO 1. 2
NOTE:

THE VERSION OF P5o"·$ FOCALIJSXNe·FDIS AND FJOY FOR THE
TEKTRONIX T-4002'PROVDES :113%-20:'-".: FEl.JER VARIABLES.

PAGE 210

MXSCELLANEOUS:

EXPRESS10NS --- ARITHMET1C EXPRESSIONS INCLUDE ANI.( EVALUATASLE
OF NUMBERS OR VRR I ABLES SUCH AS:
A7,
2+ 3*;'-~ OR 22/7

GROUP

HIGH SPEED PAPER TAPE READER CAN READ IN FOCAL PROGRAMS:

1) TYPE 'OPEN INPUT PTR:'

2) AFTER ;- ....... Is TYPED out , HIT· SPAC~ BAR TO READ TAPE
3) AFTER "'1" IS TYPED OUT, HIT "CTRIl/P""
USING YOUR TERI"UNRV 5 LOt", SPEED READER, YOU CAN INPUT PROGRAM TAPES
BY f:'IRST TURNING OFF THE ECHO WITH "'OPEN INPUT TTY:"'; READING IN THE
TAPE; ANt) THEN TURN I NG (IN THE ECHO lH TH CTRL/P OR .' OPEN I NPUT TTY: J E'- .

THE FOLLOWING 3: LINE PROGRAM WILL ASK FOR 10 NUI'1BERS FROM THE READER:

:10.60 OPEN INPUT PTR:
. <PS/8 WILL NOW OUTPUT A .......... ON THE TERI"lINAL AND ~"AIT FOR '1'OU
TO SIGNIFY THAT THE TAPE IS LOADED BY HITTING THE SPACE BAR. )
10.65 FOR X=1,:10;ASK A(X)
10. 70 OPEN INPUT TTV: J ECHO; COl",f'1ENT --- RESTORES TERM I NAL TO NORMAL

HIGH SPEED PUNCH MAY BE USED TO PUNCH PROGRAN TAPES:
:1. ) TYPE ... OPEN I NPUT TTY: .• OPEN OUTPIJT PTP: j W'
2) THEN TVPE "OUTPUT CLOSE;OPEN INPUT TTY:JE~

LINE NUMBERS ---- MAY RANGE FROM 1. 131 THROUGH 31. 9S'BUT ()O NOT INCLUDE
WHOLE NUMBERS.
VARIABLES (OR ARITHMETIC Er::PF~ESSION5 NOT STARTING ~HTH
... A"') OF THE CORRECT VALUE MAYBE USED.IN PLACE OF LINE NUMBER REFEREI/'~CES
<EXAMPLE:
'GOTO W).
GROUP NU~tBERS ARE INTEGERS FROM 1 THROUGH 31 ANI)
REFERENCE GROUPS OF LINES IN ... DO'" J ... ~>JFhTE" ~ AND " ERASE" COI'1MANDS.

MERG I NO PROGRANS ... FI'" AND ". S·' I S DONE ~.J1I TH A SER I ES OF COMI'1ANDS l-iH I CH
CONVERT . . FI" INTO A PS,-'S EDITOR COMPATIBLE DfiTA F1LE AND THEN BRING IT
IN ;ON TOP~ OF PROGRAM "8" :

1) LIBRARY CALL A

2) OPEN INPUT TTV:
:3:> OPEN OUTPUT A

(STEPS 3-4 ~.JILL NOT OUTPUT ON TERMINAL)
4) OUTPUT CLOSE; OPEN INPUT TT'T':, ECHO
5) LIBRARY CALL B
b) OPEN INPUT A
O.JAIT FOR'" 1" ON TERMINAL THEN HIT .- CTRL ..... P" )
7) LIBRARY DELETE A. FD

THE MERGED PROGRAM ~.J I LL NOH BE IN 'T'OUR PROGRAN BUFFER

PAGE 21
PRECISION ~-- IF 10 DIGIT. PRECISION IS NOT RETAINED THROUGH THE INITIAL
DtALOGUEJ 'r'OU WILL HAVE 20::-': MORE VARIABL.ES BUT ONLY 6 DIGIT PRECISlON'
PIP --- A PSI'S SYSTEM PROGRAM WHICH CAN L.IST YOUR.ENTIRE DEVICE
DIRECTORY. TYPE "R PIP" to PS/8 MONITOR THEN "De:VICE:I'L" TO LIST
DIRECTOR.,... WHEN TRANSFERRING FOCAL. PROGRAN FILES loJITH PIPI BE SURE
to USE THE ",.II" OPTION AS THEY ARE CORE IMAGE FILES --- NOT ASCII!!!
PROGRAM NAMES -~- MAY HAVE UP TO SIX ALPHABEtIC OR NUMERIC CHARACTERS.
FOCAL ASSUMES". FC" OR ,. .:FI)" EXTENSIONS FOR PROGRAM AND DATA FU.. E NAMES.
PROGRAM SI2E --- WITH STANDARD FEATURES~ PSI'8 FOCAL PROGRAMS MAY. BE
IF FILES ARE DELETED THROUGH
THE INITIAL DIALOOUEJ 11 BLOCK PROGRAMS ARE POSSIBLE.
7 BLOCKS LONG <ABOUT 3500 CHARACTERS).

PUSHDOWN LIST OVERFLOW ~;- WHEN A PROGRAM USES A "DO'" OR "LIBRARY GOSUB"
COMMAND; FOCAL RECORDS THE LOCATION IN ITS PUSHDOWN LIST SO THAT IT CAN
"RETURN" TO THE NEXT COMMAND AFTER COMPL.ETING THE "DO" SUBROUTINE.
IF
TOO MANY SUBROVTINES ARE REQUESTED. THE LIST WILL OVERFLOW. TO R~MEDY
THIS SITUATION.. REDUCE tHE NUMBER OF BLOCKS OR SUBROUTINES IN PROGRAM..
STRINGS --- ARE AN¥ SERIES OF CHARACTERS SUCH AS:
HELLO
122. 5
$99. 95

NOW IS THE TU1E FOR ALL GOOD MEN ....
TEST34
THE ABOVE STRINGS WERE TYPED BY SURROUNDING THEM WITH QUOTATION
"'lARKS AS IN LINE 22. 25:
22. 25 TYPE
HELLO"!
OJ

STRINGS MA¥ ALSO BE PR~NTED OUT CHARACTER BY CHARACTER·USINGTHE
"FOUT()'" FUNCTION; INPI;!I,;T OF STRINGS MAY BE HANDLED WITH THE" FIN()"
FUNCTION. LIST THE INITIAL DIALOGUE FOR AN EXAMPLE.
THE ASK COMMAND MAY BE USED TO INPUT AND COMPARE 6 OR 10 CHARACTER
STRINGS (DEPENDING ON PRECISION RETAINED IN INITIAL DIALOGUE).
IT
IS BEST TO RETAIN FEATURE "S" IN DIALOGUE WHEN USING THIS TECHNIQUE.
22.80 ASK "ANSWER YES OR NO? ",AN; COMMENT "YES OR NO" SUBROUTINE
22.82 IF <AN-0YES)22.S4,22.86
22.134 IF (AN-0NO)22. 8/22. 8S,22.8
22.86 SET X-2;RETURN
22.88 SET ·X-1;RETURN
*DO 22. 13
ANSWER YES OR NO?
ANSloJER YES OR NO?
ANSWER YES OR NO?

YEP
NOPE
YES

PROGRAM CONTROL ~"OULQ: THEN RETURN TO THE COMMAND FOLLOWING THE
SUB ROUT I NE CALL (" DO~ OR .. LIBRARY aOSUB") WITH X EQUAL TO 2.

PAGE 22

VAR=:IABLES
VARIABLES --- SOME EXAMPLES INCLUDE: A.. XI Z7, P2.. AN.. QUI PI$ NUMBER
(ONLY THE FIRST TWO· LETTERS WILL BE USED) --- VARIABLES HAV NOT BEGIN
l"ITH AN ~ F~' OR A DIGIT.
SUBSCRIPTING --- VARIABLES MAY HAVE .UNIQUE SUBSCRIPTS FROM -2048
THROUGH 2047 ALTHOUGH THE TOTAL NUNSER OF VAR.IABLES IS STILL LIMITED
BY CHOICES MADE IN THE INITIAL DIALOGUE. NOTE THAT THE SYMBOL TABLE
WILL ONLY ACCURATELY OUTPUT SUSSCRIPTS BETWEEN e AND 99.
PROTECTEDVAR I ABLES--- / !".. .., .. " AND "4V CANNOT BE .. TyPED...... "ASKED . .
OR ZEROEr> WITH THE . . ERASE" COMMAND DIRECTLY BUT ARE OTHERWISE NORMAL
VARIABLES AND l'tAY BE USED AS SUCH IN "SET"~ "IF" .. "'GOTO"" "FOR'" AND
OTHER COMMANDS. .- i"'; THE SYSTEM STATUS VARIABLE. IS' SET' TO SPECIAL
CODES BY THE INITIAL DIALOGUE.

XNXTXAL

Dl:ALOGUE

INITIAL DIALOGUE --- ASK FOCAL" 5 INITIAL DIALOGUE FOR -' HELP'" WHICH W.n.l•
. LIST OPTIONS OTHER THAN STANDARD FEATURES. BIto!' NOT RETAINING FILES
(FEATURE 14) PROGRAM SPACE IS INCREASED FROM ABOUT 3500 CHARACTERS
O· BLOCKS) UP TO ABOUT 55ae CARACTES (11 BLOCKS).
IF FEATURES 5
AND 6 ARE BOTH REQUESTED; 6 WILL BE IGNORED.
THE SYSTEM STATUS VARIABLEJ " .... LIKE .- !" AND" ,," CANNOT BE ... TYPED'"
. . ASKED" OR -' ERASED' BUT IS OTHERtH SE A NO~MAL VFlR I ABLE. THE SYSTEM
STATUS VARIABLE IS "'SET/ TO THE PRODUCT OF THE CODES REPRESENTING
. FEATURES CHOSEN I N THE! NIT I AL DIALOGUE.
J

FEATURE

CODE

----------------~---------------------------

"eo"
-'1"
"'2'"
"3;
"4"

"'ev
"16'"
;7"
;EV

;9'

NO OPTIONAL FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FSIN AND FCOS FUNCTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . .
FSIN# FCOS, FLOG, FEXP AND FATN . . . . .
EXTENDED PRECISION (10 DIGITS) .. . . . .
FILE COMMANDS .... '.' .. ' ........... : . . .
LEADING SPACE IN "TYPE" ......... ~...
-':" AUTOMATICALLY PRINTED BY 'TYP~f.
... : ... AUTOMATICALL'T'PRINTED BY '" ASK" ..
"&" IN POWERS-OF-TEN NOTATION .. . . . . .
FEATURES 2J3,4 ......................

i
2

6
5
7'

11
13
17
-1

210

"'YES" STANDARD F~ATURES 2,3,4,5 ........... 2310

THE NUMBER OF ORDINARY VARIABLES PERMITTED DEPENDS ON WHETHER EXTENDED

PRECISION OR EXTENDED FUNCTIONS ARE RETAINED:
NO EXTENDED
FUNCTIONS
- ...
....
G DIGIT PRECISION:
222
~0 DIGIT PRECISION:
185

----- ----

FSIN $. Fees
ONLV <i)
196
163

FSINJ FCOS~ FLOG
FLOG; & FEXP (2)
118
$IS

PAGE 23: '

COMMAND

EXECUTION

TXMES

6 So 10 DIGIT PRECISION VERSIONS OF PS....S FOCAL, 19'?1 L·uiRE USEe) 11:) TEST
THE COMMAND EXECUTIOHTIr-1ES IN MILLlSECONDS ON APDP-B USING A TUSS

DECTAPE FOR INPUT AND HIGH SPEED TERMINAL.. FOR, OUTPUT.
TIMES INCREASE
AS L I HES AREREFERENCEDTOl~ARD THE" END OF A PROGRAI'1 AND VAR I ABLES ARE'
IJSED FROM THE' END OF THE ',' SYMBOL TABLE.
" "
,
,
COMMAND

6;0113 10 DIG
1.'

ASK X .. . . .. ....... '13%42 1.3.57
AX ................ :1;3,09 13.09
A XI ><: . • • . • • . • • • • • • •• 25: 69 25. 96
COMf'lENT . . . . . . . . . . . . .• 1.; sa
1. S0
C .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.51
0. 5:1,
DO 1.. J ... . . . . . . . . . .. :16. 106 18. 38
o 1.. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.5., 91. 18. 22
I, FOR X=1.~ 1.; ..........
1.4. 94 ' 15. 0'1
F X=1.1.;
........... 1.4.60 1.4. 67
F X=1., 2; ........... 18.13 1.8.23
F X=1..1.0;
......... 513.27 sa. 63
GO 1. 3
. . . . . . . . . .. 14. 43 16. 74
G 1. 3 .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.4. 27 16. 59
G Z ... .. . . . . . . . . . .
9.45 10. 28
IF (-1.)1..3.1.3.1..3 .. 20.87 23. 22
1(-1)1.3.1..3.1..3 ..
20.69 23.1214
I <L)1.. 3. 1.. 3, 1. 3
16. 78 19. 10
I (1.)1.3.1..3,1.3: .... 20.47 22. 79
I <N)1..3,1. 3.1.. 3 .... ie.04 20. 38
I (-1.)2,2,2 . . . . . . . . 15.95 16. 70
I (L)2,2,2 .......... ~1;93 12. 77
I (1)2,2.2 . . . .. ... .~:S.04 15.89
I (N)Z. 2. Z . . . . . . . . .
12. 63 13. 46
. RETURN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 42
:1. 42
R .... ......
..
.61
.6:1
5 X=N . . . . . . . .
. " .
4.10
4. 11.
S X=1' . . . .. .........
6.47
6. 52
S X=G . . . . . .. .......
4.1.5
4:. 15
S X=4 .. .... ......
6.35
6. 37
S X=:1. +1.
. . . . . . . . . .. :1.1.. 67 11. 72
S XgH .....
. . . . . . . 4. 1.6
4. 18
S X=444444 . . . . . . . . .
7.43
7. 46
S X=G+G......
....
6.87
6. 91.
S X=O+:1
..... ....
9. 35
9. 39
S X=:1.+1 . . . . . . . . . . . .. :1:1. 67 11. 71
S X=H+H .............
6.94
6. 97
S X=444444+H . . . . .
10. 38 10. 47
S X=444444+444444 . . . ,,13. 69 13. 72
S X=G+G+G .......... 9.75
9. 79
5 X=G+(G+Q) .. _ ... ... :,1.1. 51 11. 59
S x=O ....J ............ }~26. sa 34.47
S X-=4 .....,] ...... . ... . J,~".29. :15 36. 82
S X=4-10 . . . . ~ .... ~L 62 39. 29
S X=4 '-'1.00 . . . . . . . . ... . 1.85. 37 261.. 78
............
6.94
6. 98
S X-G-G ...........
6. 9:1, 6. 95

S X=H+H

6 DIG 10 DIG,·

CO~1MAND

6. '98

7. 0~

5 X=Q*G... ........

7.75
8. 47

8.55;

X~H-H

S X;;;H*H

. " . . . . ..

.. . .. .. .. .

x:;la....G .............

S.71

9. 9~

1.0. 34
1.0. 3~
17. 1.2, '
1.7. 35
79. 77

S X-Ht'H
. . . . .. ..
8. 76
S )(=444444/'444444 .,
1.5. 48
5 )(=444444/'333333 ... 15. 56
5 X.1E1e....4.£ -1.0 . . . . .
50. 1.1
S X-1E:1ee/1E-:1.00 . . . 3!S7.$7 iSS7. 90,
6. 15
S X=FABS()' . . . . . . . .
6. 09
7. 37
5 X=FABS(G) .. .....
7. 31
9. 66
5 X-FABS(4) .....
9. 59
7. 40
S X:;;FABS(H) " '.' .. ..
7. 35
5 X=FABS(444444) .... 10. 69 10. 74
5 X=FSQT~(3) ......
22. 79 31. 77
X=FSQT~:!'\)
......
25.07
S X=FSGN~G) ......... 8.0;1.

34. 06

S X=FITR'(G) .......
9. 29
S X=FRAN() ...
.. ..
7. 43
S X=FEXP(G)
. . . . . .. 26. 50
S X=FSIN(G) ......... 3;1..69
S X=FCOS<G) ...
. . .. 33. 32
5 X=FATN~G)
. . . . . . 2 5 . 09

9. 34
7. 5€:1

S X=FLOG(G> . . . . ,.
14.78
5 X=FIN<) ...........
6. 24
S X=FINO+FIN() ..... 11..29
5 x=t TEN FINO" 5 J ..
65. 37
S X=FOUT~K) . . . . . . . . 9.1.9
S X=FOUT(18e)
. . . .. 1:1. 91
5 X=FOUT(K)+FOUT(K)
1.7. 20
S X=t 1121 FOUT(KY S J .. 82. 46
TYPE
. ..
.. .. .. .
1.19
T
T !
T ..

.. ,

7. 90

36. 56
48. 29
510.06
37. 1e
48. 25
6. 3e:1

11.. 38
65. 610
9. 26
1.1. 98
1.7. 29
82. 88

:1.. :1.9

...........

.71

7:1.

. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .

1.. 32

:1. 34
:1.. 18

T "4" ..
... .
T "444444" . . . . . . .
T ,. 444444"!
..
T " 444444",! .....
T H ....
. ......

:1.38
1.. 46

138
4.1216

1.. 46
3. 38
4. 06

4. 2$1
~ 29
16.2121 26. 40
T H,!
. . .. .......
16.87 27.06
T 1e:25
. . . . . . . . .. 91. 20 1.63. 49
T 000:1E5.....00a1.E5 . . . . 33. 27 43. 7$
T 1000~0?·1000ee . .:1.8. 20 20. 83
7. 77
T "t 20 \ SPACES J':! ....
7.76

T : 20,! ...........

1.1.. 56

:1:1. 59

PAGE 24

TECHNXCAL.·NOTES

Ps.····s FOCAL,1.:371. IS AVAILABLE IN THREE FORMS:

~ILE DECTFlPE CONiAININGSAVED AND BH~AR'T' FILES
OF PS...... S FOCAL AND THE 7 FILES NEE6ED Tli ASSEJ'>1BLE PS.,lS FOCAL.
THIS FORM IS RECOMMENDED" FORf'1UL
t I F'LE
Q~CTAPE
INSTALLATIONS.
.
.
.:f"

J.) A PS/S FORMAT

2) A PS ....S 5't'5TEI'1 TAPE TO ~.JHICH HAVE SEEN ADDED THE FILES ,HEEDE()
TO ASSEMBLE PSi'S FOCAL.
THIS FORJ'>l IS RECOMMENDED FOR SINGLE
DECTAPE I NSTALUn IONS.
NOTE:
USER MUST SEND OMS I A PS.,l8
S'y'STEM TAPE TO RECEIVE P5/8 FOCAL IN THIS FORI'1.
3:) E1 GHT PAPEF~ TAPES;
TAPES.

A B U,IAR'T' TAPE OF PS..... S FOCAL ANtl 7 SOURCE

FORl'lS 1.) AND 2) ARE AVAILABLE t.JI TH DEMONSTRAT IONS AND THE .' HELP'"
PACKAGE.
TO LOAD PS.....·S FOCAL FROMDECTAPE~
.THE FOLLOWING COMl'lANDS;

MOUNT THE TAPE ON DRIVE 1~

THEN GIVE

· ASS IGN DTA1; DSI<:
· R PIP-*S·t'S : PFOCAL. SV~PFOCAL. 5\1.·... 1

*_·c .

TO LOAD PS .....·S FOCAL FROM PAPER TAPE~ PLACE THE TAPE LABELED .. PFOCAL. BN'"
IN THE TAF'E READER AND Ot . . . E THE FOLLOl·HNG CONl'lANDS:
.R A(3SLDR
*PTR:=10200:f(ALT MODE)
.... (T'T'F'E A SF'ACE TO READ TAPE)
· SAVE S'y'S: PFOCAL

p;3 ..... a FOCAL .. 1~7J. IS NOi·J ,SAVED Ot~ THE S't'STEM DEV I CE ANt) "'lA't' BE RUN S't'
Gl V I NO THE PS./8 CONNAND:

· R PFOCAL
F5."'S FOCAL'" S INITlAL I::.IALOQUE lULL THEN ASK 'T'OU 'lF ·t'OU WISH TO RETAIN
:;'rANt:'ARD FEATUF~ES.
rt'PE ... ·t'ES... OR REf=."ER TO PAGE 22 OF THIS MANUAL.

PAGE 25
BUXLDX~G

PS/S

FOCAL

PS/8 FOCAL~1971 CAN BE eUILT FROM FOUR ASCII SOURCE FIL.ES AND THREE
THE NECESSARV F I L.ES ARE:
B I NAR't' FILES.
FOCOEF. PA

t
DEFINITIONS OF CONSTANTS AM) NEH It-4STRUCTIONS FROt1
FOCAL, :1.969.

FOCOVR. PAftDDITIONS ANt. O"'~RL.A't'S TO FOCAl... PROPER (NOW RESIC.'1ENT
IN FIELD :1.).
FOCIN1. PA

INITIAL D;JALOGUE(MACHINE LANGUAGE PORT10N).

FOCL I B. PA

L I BRAR't' ANt' FILE ROUT I NES

FOCAL. BN

BINAR't' OF FOCALJ:1.969.

4WOMOD. eN

FOUR-l~ORD

INITAL.BN

INITIAL DIALOGUE (FOCAL PROORAM THAT IS NOT REQUIRED
IF INITIAL DIALOGUe: IS. NOT DESIRED).
THIS FILE WAS
PRODUCED. e't' CREAT I NO A FOCAl... PROORA,., AND THEr,j PUNCH I NO
THE PROGRAM AREA IN BINARY.

<RES I DENT IN F 1 ELO 0).

FLOAT I NO PO I NT PATCHES.

10 BUILD PS.....S FOCAL, :1.97:1.,; TRANSFER ALL THi:: NECESSAR'T' FILES TO THE'" DSK:'"
AND GIVE THE

FOLLO~,J I NG

CO,.tMANDS:

· R PALS
*PFOCAL~FOCDEF/FOCOVR.FOCINT,FOCLIB

· R ABSLDR
*FOCAL.4WDMOD.PFOCAL.INITAL .....:1.=:1.020B$(ALT MODE)
· SAVE s·t'S: PFOCAL
( ... FOCINT'- AND" INITAL' MAY BE Or-l1TTED)
.' PFOCAL. SY'"

NO~.J

SAVED ON THE S·."STEl'1 DEY ICE.

TO PREPARE VERSIONS PERMITTING THE USE OF t'ISPLA'T' ANt· JOYSTICK FUNCTIONS
OF THE TEKTRONIX T-4002 GRAPHIC COMF'UTER TERMINAL.. INSERT FILE'" FDIS'"
(SERIAL INTERFACE 4804) OR "480:1." (PARALLEL INTERF'ACE 480:1.) AFTER
.' FOCDEF" IN THE COMMAND STRING GIVEN TO PALS.
THE T-4002 VERSIONS
PROV I DE 10-20:-: FEWER VAR I ABLES.

PAGE 26

CHANOXNG

PS/S

FOCAL

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION) 'T'OU MAY CONSULT .- ADVANCED FOCAL TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATIONS" .<ORDERNUMB'ER PEC"'eIl3.-A.JBS-DL FROf'1 THE DEC PROGRAf'1
L I SRARY,·· DIG I TAL EQU I PMENT CORPORA1IOt'h fotAYNAR['\, f'lASSACHUSETTS).
NEARLY. ALL.USER PATCHES TO FOCAL,j..$I69 CAN BE ADDED TO .PS/8 FOCAL~1:97:l
WItH ONLY MINOR ADAPTATIONS;
SOME POINTS l.JHICH YOU f'lA'''' l.JISH TO Cr4ECt:~
TO INSURE CPMPATASILITY INCLuDE: .
..'
:l) SOME FOCAL INTER~~AL SUBROUTINES AND POINTERS HAVE BEEN CHANGED
<E. G.' POPA" .IS NOlo! A SUBROUTINE' CALL).
PS/8 FOCAL ROUTINES WHICH
IDENTICAL FUNCTIONS ARE INCLUDED FOR ALL COt-1NONL',.. USED
PERFORM
ROUTINES.

2) IN, MOST CASES. THE .. HOLES" IN .FOCAL, '1.969 HAVE BEEN FILLED NITH
PATCHES.
A USER ROUTINE l<lHICH USES :;'THESE LOCATIONS NUST BE
RELOCATED.
THE VARIABLE StlMEOL TABLE AREA IS RECOf'1MENDED FOR
THIS PURPOSE (CHANGE .' STVAR? TO ALL01.J FOR PATCHES).

:n USER-DEFINEt. FUNC1IONS F.:£OUIRE POIN1ERS IN ... FNTASF"'- AND .' FNTRBL"'.
THE . . FW AND " FNEl·j:' SLOTS HAVE:. BEEN FILLED loJITH ... FIN" ANt· ... FOUl".
RECONMENDED FUNCT IONS TO DELETE FtlR E:v.:TRR SLOTS ARE FD I S. FROG ANI)
FRAN DEPENDING ON THE NEE1)S OF'T'OIJR 1 NSTALLATIO'.,.
4) FOCAL PROPER NOl>J RESIDES IN FIELD 1 (STARTING ADDRESS :10208),
AN'y'
PATCHES TO FOCAL MIJST ee: LOADED INTO FIELD :l TO OVERLA'T' FOCAL. THE
LleRAR~ ROUTINES, PIJSHDOl.tN STACtC. ANt). TE;x;T STORAGE U$E FIELD1~0.
,;',",

THE FOCOYR. PA SOURCE FILE CONTAI NS ALL PATCHES MADEB'y' Ps.... a FOCAL TO
FOCAL PROPER
SHOULD BE E::-~Al'lINED TO IN$lJRE THERE ARE NO CONFLICTS
WITH A USER PATCH.

AND

SOME tERMINALS HAVE "~SCAPE" OR. "PREFIX" .,.
PLACE OF "'-ALTI'10DE".
TO
CAUSE ps .... a FOCAL .TORECOtiN I ZE THE NON-AL T .NO('\E, FIRST SAVE I T ON THE
SYSTEM DEVICE.
THEN GIVE THE PS/8 MONITOR ,(-'THE FOLLm.JING COMMANDS:

tNt

· GET S',.'S: PFOCAL
.ODT
1.78132/0375 233 (ESCAPE) OR 376 (PREFI:>D

..... C

· SAVE SYS: ::-:FOCAL

IF ps,,'S FOCAL IS TO,SE USEr) I N THE PREF'Af':AT I ON OF NUMER I CAL CONTROL
IT l.tlLL BE NECESSAR'y' TO I'tAKE A CHANGE SO THAT FOIJTC1.4:l.) WILL
NOT AUTOl'1ATICALLY OUTPUT BOTH A, CARRIAGE RETURN RND LINE FEED. . TO 60
THIS FIRST SAVE PS......$ FOCAL ON THE 5',.'ST£::M DEVICE.' THEN GIVE THE PSt'S.
1'10N I TOR THE FOLLOl4 I NG COMMANDS;
TAPES~

· GET SYS: PFOCAL.
· ODT

:1.754:1/445:1 .4463

.. c

· SAVE S'T'S: NFOCAL'
CHARACTERS OUTPUT lHTH ... FOUT'" WILL NOT CHANGE THE . . TAS'" POSITION.

PAGE 27
". J: NDEX

FOR

COMMANDS

SYMBOL.S>

ELEMENTARY COMMANDS

ARITHMETIC SYMBOLS

HELP

-~-~-~-----------~-

Ask' .
CONt1ENT
COkfINUE
DO~'"

EF.:!;t,$E

FOR,
GO
GO;rp,.
MODIFY
QIJ.IT
RETURN
55!.'
TY~E
IF~

WR~"E

LIBRARY COMMANDS
--------------~----

LIBRARY CALL
DELETE
LI~RARY GOSue
Llta~ARY LIST
LIBRARY RUN
LIBRARY, SAVE
LIBRARY EXIT

LIf3~ARY

FILE COMMANDS
OPEN INPUT
OPEN OUTPUT
OPEN RESTORE INPUT
OPEN RESTORE OUTPUT
OUTPUT CLOSE

EXPONENTIATION
MIJf,.TIPLICATION
/ D,IVISION
+ ADDITION
- SUBTRACTION
() PARENTHESES
[ ) SQUARE BRACKETS
<> ANGLE BRACKETS

FUNCTJ:ONS

ABSOLUTE VAL.UE
FABS,~' )
FADe,!!:'> F1NALoa.... DIGI1'AL
ARCTANGENT
FATJI~:< )
FCO$( ) , COSINE
FDIS< ) DISPLAY
FEX?( ) EXPONENTIAL
FITR( ) INTEGER,
FLOG < ) LOG (BASE E)
FRAN,:< ) RANDOM NUMBER
. FSGN(,) SIGN PART
FSIN(. ) SINE,
FSQT(', ) SQVARE ROOT
CHARACTER INPUT
FINe)
FOUT( ) CHARACTER OUTPUT

SPECIAL CHARACTERS
------~----~---~--~--

RETURN/LINE FEED
CARRIAGE RETURN
TAB
~
OUTPUT FORMATTER
• SYMBOL TABLE
.. QUOTATION MARKS'
? TRACE
E POl~ER-OF - TEN [.& 1
RIJBOUT KEY
Ca-RL,-JC
CTRL,-JG [BELL J
CTRL/L
CTRL/P
LINE FEED KEY
~
KILL LINE
RETURN KEY
ALT MODE KEY
SPACE KEY
~
COMMA
; SEMICOLON·

M :t,$CELLANEOUS

CHANGES FROM FOCALI:1969
DEV ICE NAMES
DIRECT COMMANDS
ERROR CODES
EXPRESSIONS
FILES
HIGH SPEED READER
INDIRECT COMI"1ANOS
INITtAL DIALOGUE
LINE NUMBERS
MERGING PROGRAMS

NAMES OF FIL.ES
PRECISION
PIP'
PUSHDOWN LIST OVERFLOW
SAMPLE FILES PROGRAM
SIZE OF PROGRAI"1S
STRINGS
SUBSCRIPTING
SUMMARY OF COMMANDS
TAB '

VARIaBLES
"

THE HELP PACKAGE FOR PS,-J8' FOCALI :1971 PERM I TS THE ON-L I NE REV I EltJ OF ANY
OF THE ABOVE WORDS. PHRASE~ OR S~MBOLS. HELP IS AVAILABLE ONA DECTAPE
HHICH SHOULD BE 1"10UNTED ONi,DRIVE #1 HAVING BEEN ASSIGNED THE NAME" DSK:" .
.. HELP" IS REQUESTED L.JITH THE: "L G HELP'" COMMAND (ul,.·ET'" S GET HELP") WHILE
THE USER IS WRITING A PS/8 FOCAL PROGRAM. HE, WILt.:SE RETURNED TO HIS
PROGRAM (SAVED AS "FOCAL. TM"') WHEN HE HAS HAD ENOUGH .. HELp....

PAGE 28
DEC Z MFtl-FlSCZ Z

CODE CHARACTER
----.... '-""!'---..,.
128 CTRLj'SHFT /P
(LEADER)
129 CTRL/A
130 CTRL/S
.131'CTRL/C
132 CTRL/D
133 CTRL/E
134 CTRL/F
135 CTRL/G (BELL)
136 CTRLI'H
137 CTRL.II
138 LINE FEED
139 CTRLI'K
140 CTRL/L
141 CARRIAGE RETURN
142 CTRL./H
143 CTRL .I0
144 CTRLI'P
145 CTRL .IQ
146 CTRLI'R
147 CTRLI'S
148 CTRLI'T
14$1 CTRL . . ·U
150 CTRL/V
151 CTRL..-'W·
152 CTRL/X
153 CTRL/Y
154 CTRL/Z
155 CTRL/SHFT ...~K
156 CTRL/5HFT/L
157 CTRL/SHFT..... M
158 CTRL/SHFT,/H
:159 CTRL/SHFT ,,,00
. ';;;~

CO.DES

CODE CHARACTER
1~0 SPACE
161 1
:$.62 It
163 ..
164 $ .
165 ~
166 &
167 ,16$ <
169 )
170 '"
171 +

CODE CHARACTER
---- -----.... --193 A
194 B
195 C
196 D
197 E
198 F
199 G
200 H
201 I
202 J
203 K
204 L

172 J
173 -

205 M

174

207 0

175 I

208 P

176 0.
177 1
178 :2
179 3:
180 4

210 R
211 5

206 N

209 Q
2:12 T
21.3 U
214 V

181 5
182 6

2:15 l.f

iS3 l'

216 X
217 Y
218 Z
219 [
220 '-.
221 J
222 -.

184 e
185 9

186
187

18S <

189 ,.
190 :>

223 ~
253 ALT MODE
255 RUBOUT

191 ?
192 @

FOUT(141)loJILL OUTPUT A RETURN/LI NEFEED; FIJUT(13) WILL
OUTPUT A CARRIAGE REtURN ONLY.
CODE 144 (CTRL/P) IS
PS/8 FOCAL" 5 BREAK CHARACTER.'
224 THROUGH 250' ARE
LOWER-CASE'ilLETTERS ON SOItt~rTERMINALS.
MANY TERMINALS
USE SHIFT/KJ /LJ AND /M FOR "C"
I
AND " J".
J

"'-."

CO[)ESe THROUGH 127 ARE SIMILAR Td~128-255 EXCEPT THAT
THE HIGH ORDER e I TOF. ITS BINARY R§iPRESENTAT I ON IS
EQUAL TO ZERO.
,o/f

29
~""=-"'==-~

---~------

~--~-

-----

ERROR C(IDES VAL I D ONL'T' FOR 6/1/71 VERS I ON. OF PS,"'·S FOCAL

CODE

70121. 619
791. €Ie
701. 4121
701. 91701. ;3:
702. 32
702. 52
71213. 05
?03. 28
704. 39
704. 52
71214. 6121
71214. :3
71215. 48
706. e6
71216. 54
71217. 38
71217. :9
?07. ;6
71218. 47
709. 11
71121. : 5
711. 35
715. 28
715..i 1
720. 34
722. 23
722. 51
?23. 1215
723. 15
723. 36
?23:. 39

724. 6121
?25. 37
°7'26. 1.8

726. 58
726. 99
727. :10
727. 14
728. e6
728. 73
.=..,.
-.~.~

~~-••

~..j

?29. 68
729. 9:1
73121. 1215

731. <7
7

NOTE:

f'lANUAL START FROM CONSOLE
BREAK FROM KE'r'BQARD VI A .' CTRL,"P"
BAD LINE NUMBER
GROUP NUf'lBER LARGER THAN 31
ZERO IS ILLEGAL L I HE NUf'lBER
.' DO"" REFERENCED NON-E~"<ISTENT GF.:OIJP
.. DO" REFEREr'~CED NON-Er.:lSTEr-n LINE
NON-EXISTENT LINE AFTEF.: .. GOTO" OF.: ... IF'"
ILLEGAL COf'1f'1ANC'
BAC) VAfii!IABLE IN .' FOR"OR .' SET" CQMr>lANI)
E:X:CE5~· RIGHT TERI'1 I !'dATORS
ILLEGAL TERi'llNATOF.: IN .' FOR" OR "SET" COMI'1ANC'
f'1I 5S I NG ARGUf'tENT IN D1 S!?LA'T' FUNCT I ON
BAD ARGUl'lENT IN" 1'10[,' I F'T'"' CONMAND
I LLEGAL USE OF A FUNCT 1ON elR H!~1f'1BER
TOO MAN',.' VAR I ABLES
NO OPERATOR E:EFORE PARENTHES IS
FUNCTlON ARGIJf'1ENT 1'1I$SING
ILLEGAL FUNCT I ON OF~ DOUSLE OPERATORS
ENCLOSURES DO NOT MATCH
BA[) AF.:GUf'lENT IN .- ERASE'- CONI"1ANt)
STORAGE FILLED S'r' TE:x:T
I NPUT BUFFER O·...'ERFLOl-J
BAC' RESTORE COMMAND
ATTEf'1PT TO ~.JR I TE PAST END-OF -F I LE
LOGAR I THM OF ZER(I REQUESTED
NO OUTPUT ·FILE TO RESTORE
BAC' F I LE5 "OPEN" CONNAND
DATA FILE NOT FOUNt)
Nel INPUT FILE T(I RESTORE
TOO .MAN'T' [)lCHTS IN NUf>lBER
PU5HDOHN OVERFLm.Jj PROGRAN TOO LONG
n.Jo PERIODS IN FILE NAME ORN(I NAI'1E
BAD DEVICE OR 2 PAGE HANDLER
BAD LIBRARY COMMAND
NO PROGRAM NAMED BY 'SAVE' COMMAND
EXPONENT TOO LARGE OR NEGATIVE
PROGRAt'1 NOT FOUNI)
.- LIBRAR'T' CALL" FRON NON-{)l.RECTOR'y' DEVICE
.' L I BRAR'T' L I ST'- OF NOt'd-D I RECTOR',.' DEV I CE
DIVISION BY ZERO
FILE ALREADY DELETED
DEVICE ERROR:
WRITE LOCK OR PARITY
CANNOT OPEN OUTPUT FILE
I f'1AG I NAR'T' SQUARE ROOTS REC!U I REI)
UNAVA I LABLE COMt'lANC' OR FUNCT I ON
ATTEMPT TO READ PAST END-OF-FILE (INPUT IS
S~·J I TCHED TO TERM I HAL AND PF~CIGRAM CONT I HUES)
T'T'eE =, T'T'PE ;. J T'T'PE J, OR T'T'PE)- OUTPUTS A STR I NG
OF ZEROES.
TH I S CAN BE STOPPEC' E:Y HI TT I NG ... CTRL . . . P·- .
SHOUU:a 'T'OU E:":PER I ENCE A PS.····8 MON I TOR ERROR SUCH AS
ATTEMPTING TO WRITE ON AN UN5ELECTED DEVICE, IT IS
BEST TO RE-ENTER FOCAL THROUGH THE I NIT I AL t'I ALOGUE.

FOCAL .. :;1.97:1

PS.·",OS
~UMMARY

***

ELEMENTARY

COMMAND~

COMMAND~:

*ASK X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACCEPT VALUE OF :x: FROM INPUT C'E'·lI CE
*COMMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IGNORE REST OF LINE
*CONTINUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DUMMY COMMAND
*DO (LINE OR GROUP NUMBER] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . SUBROUTINE CALL
*ERASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZERO '·lAR I ABLES
*ERASE (LINE OR GROUP HUMBER) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DELETE LINE OR GROUP
*ERASE ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C'ELETE ENT I RE I ND I RECT F'ROGF.:AN
*FOR ::<=E:H, E2 ], E3:; ( COI'11'1AN[)] . . . . . . . . . COMt'lAN() REPEATEr) (E3-E1.) ....·E2+1. T U1E$
*00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . ; . . . . . STAF.:T PF~OGF.::Rl'l E:":ECUT I ON AT FIRST LINE
*GOTO (L1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , SEN(" P~8GRAI'1 E~<:ECUT I ON TO L I HE Ll
*IF (E1.)L1.(.L2.L1L ... ~. -) 0. OR + VALUE OF ~1. GIVES NEXT LINE EXECUTED
jf:!'10DIF'T' L1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EDIT LINE L1
*G!U IT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ .... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STOP E::<:ECUT I ON
*RETUf':N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; TERMINATE A ... (.'0" OR "'LIBRARY GOSUB" SUBROUTINE
+:SET :":=(NUMBER. VAF.: I AE:LE OR E~<PRESS Iot~) .. . . . . .. ASS I GN VALUE TO '·.·'AR I ABLE
*T'-r'PE (NUl'lBERS. VAR I ABLES.- E:;'~PRESS IONS.. TE::<:T IN QUOTES. ! .' :It. ..- ;$: OF~;'~ J
*~.JF.: I TE [GROUP OR LINE NIJMBER] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST PROGF~Al'l
~**

LXBRARY

COMMAND~:

*L I BRAR'T' CALL [()EV I CE: lCPROGRAM NAME:> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LOAt) SAVEr· PROGRAI'1
*LIBRARY DELETE (DEVICE:J(PROGRAM NAME) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. UNSAVE PROGRAM
;+<L I BRAR'T' GOSUB t [)EV I CE: J(PF.:OQRAl'l t~A"'1E) (GROUP OR LINE NUNBER J .......' (,'0-'
*LIBRAR'T' LIST [DEVICE: ][FIRST FILE TO BE LISTED] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CATALOG
*L I BRAR'T'. RUN [DEV I CE: J<:PROGRAl'l NANE:> [ LINE NUf'1BER] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHA I N
*L I BRAR'T' SAVE (DEV I CE: l<F'ROGRAl'l NAl'lE:'~' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '.' . . . . . SAVE PF.:OGRAl'l
*L1BRARY EXIT . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ .. RETURN TO PS/8 MONITOR

***

FILE

COMMANDS:

*OPEN INPUT [DEVICE: ][FILE NANEX.ECHOJ . . . . . . . . . . . . PREPARE TO READ
*OPEN OUTPUT [; DEV I CE: J( FILE NAf'lE)( .. ECHtl J . . . . . . . . , . PF.:EPARE TO ~·JFU TE
+:!)PEN RESTOf;:E INPUT[, ECHO J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RESUME INPUT F F.: or'l
*OPEN RESTORE OUTPUT[~ECHO] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RESUNE OUTPUT TO
*OUTPUT CLOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . OUTPUTS BUFFER; CLOSES OUTPUT

FILE
FILE
FILE
FILE
FILE

----INPUT---, ECHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INPUT IS ECHOE[) ON OUTPUT £)E"lICE
---OUTPUT---.ECHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . OUTPUT IS ECHOED ON TERMINAL

<> ENCLOSE REC~U IREE;. TERNS AND [ ] ENCLOSE oPT I ONAL TEF~l'lS.
::< IS A VARIABLE:

E1.. £2 RNO E3: A~:E ARITHNETIC E::-::PF.:ESSIONS.
L2. AND L3: ARE LINE NUMBERS.
LINE AND GROUP NUMBERS MAY
BE REPLACEr;. B'T' AN'T'· E::<PRESS I ON NOT BEG I NN ING l'J I TH THE LETTEF.: .' A-' .
. FC AND . FD AF.:E ASSUl'lED PROGRAM AN() DATA ~, I LE NANEE;:":TENS IONS.
L~.

FOLLOl·J COl'1l'lAN(;'S L·J I TH A SPACE;

ONE

LETTEF~

ABBF.:E ..... I AT IONS PERl'l I TTE[).

COMMEJ.4TED D I RECTORY FOR :3(;:1.1 ..... 7:1. DEt:THPE:

9....1.1..... 7':1
HELP · Fe
6
CENTRAL PROGRA!"l IN THE ps.....a FQCAL ' HELP'" PACt,AGE;
... HELP~' PACKAGE
HELPER. RE
DIRECA.. RD
6 .' Hr'_p", PACKAGE
DIRECI. RD
4
" HELP~ PACKAGE
DIRECR. RD· 4 " HELP' ,'>ACKAGE
SOIREC. RO
2 ... HELr"'" PACKA!3E
ERASE . FD
:1 DATA FILE~,CAI..L.ED BY ... BTLSHP'
HFiNGt.JD. FD
2 DATA F! 1..5 III I rH l~I)F~DS FOR "HRNGi'lW
LIBRAR.RE
6 "-HELP'" PACKAGE
HFILE:1.RE
6 .' HEL,P'" PACKAGE:
HFILE2; RE
6 ..' HELP'" PACI'-:.t113€
COMMA1..RE
6 " HELP" PA,,;:t<AGE
COMMA2. RE
4
... HELP" Ptl~KAGE
. COMMA3. RE' 6 .... HELP'- PACKAGE
CATLOO. FC
1> CATALCIG FOR PUBLIC LIBRflfIW OF PSiS FOCAL PROGRAMS
INDE)<: . RE
6 . . HELP" PACKAGE
HERROR. RE
6 ... HELP'" PAcKAGE
FUNCT1.. RE
6 .' HELP" PftCKAGE
FUNCT2. RE
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