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XX-2AF72-9F-1

May 1975

199 pages

Original

14MB

Document:	PDP-15 System Software Handouts
Order Number:	XX-2AF72-9F
Revision:	1
Pages:	199
Original Filename:	http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp15/PDP-15_System_Software_Handouts_1975.pdf

OCR Text

PDP-15

u
Ts
HA ND
FTWARE
SYSTEM SQQ

PDP-15
HANDOUTS
SYSTEM SOFTWARE

•

EDUCATIONAL SERVICES

digital equipment corporation • maynard. massachusetts
i

The information in this document is subject to change without notice
and should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment
Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility
for any errors that may appear in this manual.
The software described in this document is furnished to the purchaser
under a license for use on a single computer system and can be copied
(with inclusion of DIGITAL's copyright notice) only for use in such
system, except as may otherwise be provided in writing by DIGITAL.
Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for the use
or reliability of its software on equipment that is not supplied by
DIGITAL.

{S) 1975 by Digital Equipment Corporaticn

The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:
CDP
COMPUTER LAB
COMSYST
COM'i'EX
DDT
DEC
DEC COMM
DECTAPE
DIBOL

DIGITAL
DNC
EDGRIN
EDU SYSTEM
FLIP CHIP
FOCAL
GLC-B
IDAC
IDACS

INDAC
KAlO
LAB-8
LAB-8/e
LAB-K
OMNIBUS
OS/8
PDP
PHA

PS/8
QUICKPOINT
RAD-8
RSTS
RSX
RTM
RT-11
SABR
TYPESET 8
UNIBUS

PDP-15 SYSTEM SOFTWARE
COURSE ABSTRACT

Ill.

MACRO Assembler Syntax

This course is intended for programmers who wish to
acquire a working familiarity with PDP-16 Assembly
Language programming and the Disk or Advanced Monitor
Operating Systems and the services provided by their
monitors and associated system software. A portion of
course time is devoted to supervised laboratory sessions.

IV.

Tape and File Formats

ll')terrupt Systems
A.
Program Interrupt Control (Pl)
B.
Automatic Priority Interrupt (API)

VI.

System Programs
A.
EDIT, MACRO, LINKING LOADER, DDT
B.
PIP, PATCH, SGEN, UPDATE, CHAIN and
EXECUTE

PREREQUISITES
A working knowledge of the material presented in the
ln'troduction to Minicomputers course.

COURSE OBJECTIVES

VII. 1/0

A.
B.

Upon successful completion of this course, the student will
be able to:

VIII. FORTRAN and MACRO Interface

•

Write, run and modify assembly language programs using the PDP-15 instruction set and the
MACRO assembler syntax.

•

Interface programs to the Advanced or DOS
1/0 Monitor.

•

1/0 Monitor
System Macros

Interact with the system by means of keyboard
commands, system program command strings
and programmed monitor requests.

IX.

Handler Format

Interaction with the system via keyboard commands
and programmed monitor requests•

COURSE LENGTH
10days

COURSE OUTLINE
I.

Memory
Modes

II.

PDP-15 Instruction Set
A.
Memory Reference Instructions
B.
Augmented Instruction Set

Organization;

Memory

and Addressing

iii

COURSE OUTLINE
WEEK I
MONDAY A.M,
A.
B.

E.
F.

Description of Course
Block Diagram of PDP-15
Software Overview
Memory Organization
1. Addressing on the PDP-15
2. Arithmetic on the PDP-15
Central Processor Organization
Introduction to the Instruction Set

MONDAY P.M ..

G.
H.
I.
J,

Memory Reference Instructions
Operate Instructions
EAE Instructions
Introduction to MACR0-15

TUESDAY A.M.
A.

c.
D.
E.

Review
Subroutines
Sum Group of Examples
Indexed Instructions
Absolute vs. Relocatable Programs

TUESDAY P.M.
F.
G.
H.

I/O overview
IOT Instructions and Dedicated I/O
Paper Tape Formats

WEDNESDAY A.M.
A.
B.

Console Description and Operation
Operation of Disk Operating System
Use of the Editor

WEDNESDAY P.M.
D.

LAB

- 2 -

THURSDAY A.M.,
A.
B.

MACR0-15 (again)
Program Interrupt Facility (PI)
Automatic Priority Interrupt (API)

THURSDAY P,M.,
D.•
E,

LAB

Program and Homework ·Review
Quiz 1

FRIDAY A.M,
A.
B.

Quiz 1 Review
Overview of DOS Monitor
File Formats and Directory Structure
Overview of Monitor SuperV"ised I/O

FRIDAY P,M,
E.

LAB

WEEK II
MONDAY A.M.
A.

Progrannned I/O Connnands
1, Basic Operation
2. System Macros
3.

DAT useage and Linking Loader

User's Buffer Structure

MONDAY P.M,

LAB

TUESDAY A.M.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Linking Loader
Libraries and UPDATE
CHAIN and EXECUTE
PIP

TUESDAY P.M,
E.

LAB
v

-3-

WEDNESDAY A.M.
A.
B.

Fortran and Macro Interface
DDT
tQ
DUMP

WEDNESDAY P.M.
E.
F.
G.

LAB
Program and Homework Review
Quiz 2

THURSDAY A,M.

A.
B.

I/O Handler Format
Sample Handler

THURSDAY P .M.

C..

LAB

Final Exam

FRIDAY A.M.

A.
B.

Monitor and System Modification
1.

PATCH

SGEN

Unichannel Discussion

Final Exam Review

FRIDAY P 0 M2

D.,

Optional Lab

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PDP-15 SYSTEM

Computer:

a machine which inputs data from the outside world,
processes the data, perhaps puts it in temporary
storage and finally outputs the data and/or results in
the form of hard copy,displays or commands to other
devices it may be controlling~

Programz

a sequence of instructions to a computer,
specifying the necessary steps to solve a problem
(sometimes it includes the data it is to work on).

-main component
-handles bidirectional
communication with
memory and I/O
processor
-performs arithmetic
and logical operations
-controls and executes
programs stored in
memory

-handles peripheral
data transfers
-coordinates transfer between:
CP & peripherals
memo.g & •
· periphera1s

-main storage area
within computer from
which instructions
are fetched and executed (data may also
be stored here)
-various types of
memory available

CORE
MEMORY
I/O BUS

J:/O

PROCESSOR
CENTRAL
PROCESSOR

UNIBUS
PERIPHERALS

PERIPHERAL
PROCESSOR

-second general purpose
processor
-second I/O bus allowing
use of PDP-11 peripherals

FLOATING
POINT
PROCESSOR

CONSOLE

-allows use of floating
point arithmetic via
over 100 instructions

without use of complex
software routines

I/O BUS
PERIPHERALS

-allows operator
communication in
system1
-starting & halting
of programs
-monitoring of
registers

-modification
memory

SOFTWARE
To utilize the powerful PDP-15 hardware a number.of operating
systems have been developed (special applications packages are also
available). See chapter 10 of the System Reference Manual for
descriptions of each of these systems.
DOS-15, DISK OPERATING SYSTEM
Disk Operating System (DOS-15) is an integrated set
of software designed to meet the demands- of research,
engineering, and industrial environments. It includes
the software necessary for simplified programming
and efficient operations. DOS-15 brings to the user the
advantage of disk resident storage via rapid access
to the system's resources.

The DOS Monitor, the heart of the system, incorporates
all the functions of the "Advanced Software System"
plus the added power of fully automatic random
access file operation. The user controls the operating
system by instructions to the Monitor. The Monitor
runs the jobs, supervises data and file manipulation,
and interacts with the operator/user in a simple
-~9r1Y_~~at[Q_Q_&.'!1.?l!n~i_.__
Noteworthy feature~ of DOS-15 are:
Disk Resident System Software
All DOS-15 System Software resides on either DECdisk,
or RP15 Disk P~c-~._ or RK15 _disk cart~id_9~_. ___ _

Disk File Structure
The disk file structure allows the most efficient use of
disk capacity and data retrieval for processing via:
System supported DECdisk, Disk Packs, and Disk
Cartridge Devices, providing both economy and stor-

Interactive Operation
An interactive keyboard/program Monitor permits
device-independent programming, and automatic calling and loading of_system and u~-~~_pr~~~af!ls.

~~~ cap~-~!!x=-------------

-- -- - - -- . --- -

Virtually unlimited data capacity (Disk Pack= 83.7
million words, DECdisk = 2.09 million words, Disk
Cartridge = 9.6 million words). Random/Sequential
File Access furnishes file protection through unique
user directories and associated user identification
codes. Files can be made invisible to other users, but
with privileged access via a supervisory code.

Conversational Mode.
System Utility Programs interact with the operator/user
in a simple, conversational mann~_r.
_
--

User/user file independence-identically named unfor
matted Input/Output (FORTRAN IV).

Programmed Monitor Commands

Input/Output programming is simplified by the use
of a set of system commands which are standardized
for system-supported 1/0 devices.

Random Access-formatted as well as unformatted
l_i:iput/Q~!P-~!JFORT~_IVt_/--

Dynamlc Storage Allocation
The available disk storage is automatically allocated
for optimum storage utilization.
Dynamic Buffer Allocation
Input/Output core is automatically optimized by the
Monitor. It allocates only that space V'!'lliQh_ Jiuequired
for the system and the user.

110 Device Handlers
Data and file manipulating 1/0 device handlers are
supplied for standard system peripherals, allowing
device independence and overlapped computation,
and. 1/0.__
------ - - -- - --- ·-- ---- - - User-Created System Flies
The user may easily incorporate his own software
into the operating system, thereby tailoring the system
to his hardware and software needs. --~-- - -- --------

Batching Operation
An alternative tO Interactive operation is a batching
mode which permits the sequencing of console com- _
mands to come from paper tape or cards.
Input/Output Spoollng
DOS-15 systems using the RK15/RK05 Unichannel Disk
System, provides spooling of card reader, line printer,
and XY plotter data.

Programming Languages
FORTRAN IV, FOCAL, and MACR0-15 programming
languages are offered.
Bank and Page Modes
Choice of SK (Bank Mode) or 4K (Page Mode) direct
addressability. Page Mode operation eerr:n.!ts !ll_QPification vi_a !h_~ ind~~T~9ister.

Spooling is a method of storing (queueing) data to
and from slow speed devices on the high speed RK05
disk. This dramatically improves system performance.
Spooling is only provided for devices interfaced to
the UNIBUS of the RK15 Disk System (i.e., the CR11,
LP11, LS11, and XY11). Spooling requires SK of local
PDP~_!!___~~m~_!'y,_,------ ---- ----- -- - -· -

The following software is available as part of DOS-15:
Mcmitors
Resident Monitor
Keyboard Command Decoder
Batch Processor
System Loader
PIREX (Peripheral Processor RK15 Only)
l~anguages

FORTRAN IV (F4X, FPPF4X)
FOCAL
MACRO-i 1 {Assembler RK15 Only)
MACR0-15 (Assembler)
ALGOL (optional)
Text Editors
EDIT
EDITVP (Storage Scope Editor)
EOITVT (Graphic Display Editor)
Loaders
Linking Loader
CHAIN & EXECUTE {Overlay Loaders)
ABS 11 (RK15 Only)

Debuggers
DDT (Dynamic Debugging Technique)
DUMP (Core Dump Lister)
QFILE (Store/Retrieve Core Dumps)

1/0 Handlers
COB (Card Reader for CR03B, CR15 or CR11)
DOSBCD (Batch Card Reader)
OKA, DKB, DKC, DKL, (RF15/RS09 DECjisk)
IJPA, DPB, DPC, DPL (RP15/RP02 Disk f'ack)
RKA, RKB, RKC, RKL (RK15/RK05 Disk :;artridge)
OTA, OTC, DTD, DTE, DTF, (DECtape)
LKA (LK35 Graphics Keyboard)
LPA (Line Printer for LP15, LS11 or LP1 ·)
LVA (Line Printer/Plotter)
MTA, MTG, MTF (Magtape)
PPA, PPB, PPG (Paper Tape Punch)
PRA. PRB (Paper Tape Reader}
TTA (Teletype)

Utiliti12si (General)
DTCOPY (DECtape Copier)
MTDUMP (Magtape Utility)
PIP (Peripheral Interchange Program)
SRCCOM (Source Compa~e)
UPDATE (Library File Manager)
8TRAN (PDP-8 to PDP-15 Translator)
89TRAN (PDP-8 to PDP-9 Translator)
TKB (RSX-15 Task Builder)

utilities (Slfstem)
DOSSAV (Disk Save/Restore)
RFBOOT (DECdisk Bootstrap)
RPBOOT (Disk Pack Bootstrap)
RKBOOT (Disk Cartridge Bootstrap)

VPA (Storage Scope)

VTA {VT15 Graphic Display}
VWA (VW01 Writing Tablet)
XYA (XY11 Plotter, RK DOS only}
Checkout-Package
RF.CHK (DECdisk Checkout)
RP.CHK (Disk Pack Checkout)
RK.CHK (Disk Cartridge Checkout)

Minimum Hardware
KP15 Central Processor
16,384 18-b it Core Memory
Console Terminal
PC15 High Speed Paper Tape Reader and Punch
KE15 Extended Arithmetic Element
TC15 DECtape Control1-or TC59 Magt[1pe Control
1 TU56 Dual DECtape Transport-or 1 TU10, TU20,
or TU30 (7 or 9 track) Magtape Transpo ·t
RK15 DECdisk Control or RP15 Disk Pack Control or
RK15 System
1 RS09 Disk Drive or 1 RP02 Disk Pack Drive or
1 RK05 Drive

MEMORY
Memory•

the main storage area for computer instructions
and system data.
In order for a program to be executed, it must

be placed ("loaded••) into memory.
Memory is storage space--a place to keep things for a
It can hold either data or instructions.

while.

Memory, often referred to as main storage, is much

like a large chest of drawers.

10
9

8
7
6
3
2
I
0 .

t:::::I
t::;::!

...................._______.....,
t=!1

t:::=i

MEMORY

a. You can store something in each drawer.
b. You must examine a basic storage unit when
looking for something -- in the chest this
unit is a drawer1 in a computer this unit
is a location (word).
c. You refer to these basic units by numbers you tell someone to look for something in the
3rd drawer from the bott:Q.m1 you tell the
processor to look for something in location 3.
In a computer, the numbers of the locations are called
Address numbers begin with zero as shown above.

addresses.

Each location or word in a PVP-15 is partitioned into
small.er subdivisions cal.l.ed bi ts. --:Bi.ts·~ are subdivisions which
have binary values, either 1 or o.
Locations subdivided into bits are like drawers partitioned
into small slots. To examine a bit 0 you must first look at the
entire locationJ to look into a slot you must first pull out the
entire drawer.
0

1234

6 7

8 9

l0lll2l314151617

LOCATION
The bits in a location are al.so numbered beginning with
zero, but these numbers are not generally referred to as
addresses. So you may imagine memory as a chest of numbered
drawers, each containing numbered slotsB or you may simplify
your model and imagine a matrix of m numbered locations, each
containing 18 numbered bits as shown below.
m-1
m-2

m-3
•
•

............................................
•
""""'..................""""'........._m!lm..............................lllld-..e.,...-~

•

•
•
• ... ......
13

....

12
11
10
7
6

5
4

....

3
2
1

3 4

±1ID
7

ID 11 12 l3 14 15 16 17

The PDP-15 has an 18 bit word.
The bits are labelled from left to right,
starting with 0 and ending with 171

WORD LENGTH

oTT3456789wIT12IlNE1617

most significant bit
"msb''

least significant bit
"lsb"

Because one octal digit is the equivalent of
three binary digits, the contents of an 18 bit
word is often given as a string of 6 octal digits:

o0 T0 20

T 4 5

6 7 8

91o IT

'i2 TI 14

Binary value1
Octal values

SIGNED NUMBERS

.1..JL..L
15 16 11

000111001110010101
071625

Words may be looked at as instructions or
as data (numerical values).
When viewed as numerical values, numbers
are usually looked at as being SIGNED.
The sign of a number is determined by
the most significant bits
If

MSB=O, the number is POSITIVE.

MSB=l, the number 1S NEGATIVE.

EXAMPLES
Positive numbers -271350

000 001 101 110 010 100

OR
OR

000 000 000 000 000 001

000001

000 000 000 000 000 000

000000

010 111 001 011 101 000

015624

Note that "0" (zero) is considered a positive number
because bit O, its most significant bit, is O.

Negative numbers -101 111 001 100 010 001
111 000 000 010 110 011
111 111 111 111 111 111
100 000 000 000 000 000

OR
OR
OR

571421

400000

700263 .

777777

Range
POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

000000
777777
777776
••
•
700000
•

000001
000002
•••
100000
•

••

•

200000
••
•
300000

600000

••

••
377776
377777

•
500000
•••
400002
400001
400000

. COMPLEMENT NUMBERS
All negative numbers on the PDP-15 are expressed in
COMPLEMENT FORM rather than sign-magnitude form.

sign magnitude
+5
000 000 000 000 000 ·101
-5
100 000 000 000 000 101

OR
OR

000005
400005

There are two forms of complement numbers used on the
PDP-151
l's COMPLEMENT

the l's comp1ement of a binary number is
the result of inverting each bit position.

~·
number
010 101 001 000 100 011
l's complement 101 010 110 111 011 100
~

OR
OR

251043
526734

that when you add a .number to its l's complement, the sum is1
777777.
OR
111 111 111 111 111 111
Hence, an easy way to compute the l•s complement of an octal
number is to subtract it fro~ 777777.
777777
- 251043
526734

2's COMPLEMENT

the 2•s complement of a binary number is
the result of adding "1" to the l's complement.

i.e. (the 2's complenient) = (the l's complement) + 1.

number
010 101 001 000 100 011
l's complement 101 010 110 111 011 100
2•s complement 101 010 110 111 011 101
~

OR
OR
OR

251043
526734
526735

that an easy way to compute the 2's complement of an octal
number is to subtract it from 777778 or a similar value
value where the 8 is in the rightmost non-zero position of
the number being complemented.
251043
777778
BUT
251040
1131ao
-2'!;!9040
-251043
526735
526740
when you add a number to its 2•s complement, the sum is1
000000.

~that

251043

251040

+526735
000000

+526740
000000

SOME CONSEQUENCES

1) There is !lQ difference between the 1'2 and 2's complement
representation of positive numbers.
2) There is a difference between the l's and 2's complement
representation of negative numbers.
Positive Number

l's Complement

000000

000001
000002

777777
777776
777775

••

••·

777776
••
•

077777
100000
100001

700000
677777
677776

700001
700000
677777

•
•

•••
400001
400000

••

•

377776
377777··

------

2•s Complement

(-1)
(-2)

-----777777

•

(-131,071)

400002
400001
400000

·217

2i'

Note that the
complement of 400000 is 400000.
·
400000 (-2 ) is r9o negative a number to have
its complement (2 ) represented in 18 bits.
The largest positive number which may be represented
in 18 bits is 217_1 or 377777 8 or 131,071 10 •

Zero
0

There are two forms of zero in 1•s.complement1
000000
and 777777.

There is only ~ form of zero in 2•s complements
000000

(777777 is a -1).

MEMORY
128K

77777

BLOCK
96K

BLOCK
2

7CXXJJ
- BK 67777
24K

64K

BLOCK
20K
32K

BLOCK
0

ORGANIZATION
P~E 7

BANK3

PAGE 6

60CCX)
57777
50CX)()

- 7777

PAGE 5

YXJ:X)

- 27771

BANK 2

PAGE4

I 6K 4<XXXD
37777

12K

PAGE 3

PAGE 2

BANK I

PAGE I
4 K 100.QO_

07777

NOT.Ea

BANK 0

PAGE 0

location~ ,tn ea~h page.
Each page starts with an address that is a multiple

There are 10000 (octal)
of 10000,.

There are 20000 (octal) locations in each bank.
Each bank starts with an address that is an even.
multiple of 20000.
·

DOUBLE PRECISION ADDITION
I

~
I
I
I

Program to illustrate the use of two's complement addition in performi~g
a double precision add. Two words are used for each DP number.. The
first word of the pair contains the sign and the most significant part.
The qecond word contains the low order part. It is important to note
that all bits of the low order part are numeric bits, i.e., the sign
bit iS"Considered as a numeric bit, not as a sign. For illustration .
purposes, assume that the word size is only six bits. Some DP numbers
follow:

NUMBER

HIGH

LOW
.

I
I
I
I

0025
0063
0377

ODO 000
000 000
000 011

010 101
110 011
111 111

i
'

-1

111 111

-100
-40

111 111
111 111

000 000
100 000

The program to perform DP addition follows:
CLA!CLL
TAD AL
TAD BL
DAC CL
CLA
GLK
TAD AH
TAD BH
DAC CH

EXAMPLE 1.

127=
306=

Add

Add
high order
Add in LINK
Result

/Clear AC and link
/Get low half of A
/Add low half·of B
/Save low half of result
/Clear AC, but link remains
/If addition of AL and BH caused a carry, link=l
/and the one is placed in AC (17) so that it can
/be added to the high half.
If no carry, AC 17=0
/Add in high order parts of the two numbers

DP ADD 127+ 306 = 735

HI'GH

LOW

001f001
000 011

010111
000 110

low order

I EXAMPLE 2.

011 101

Link = 0

000 100
0

000 100

DP ADD 1254 + 2362 = 3636
HIGH
001 010
010 011

I
I

1254=
2362=

Add low order

I
I

Add high order
Add in LINK

011 101
1

RESULT

011 110

100 101

= 435

LOW

lOllOO
110 010
011 110

Link = 1

011 110

= 3636

CPU
CENTRAL PRQCESSORa· the Central Processor Unit (CPU) functions
as the main component of the computer by
carrying on bidirectional commwtlcation with
both the memory and I/O Processor. Provided
with the capability to perform all required
arithmetic and logical operations, the central
processor controls and executes stored programs.
It accomplishes this with an extensive compiement
of registers, control lines, and logic.

m.
6 bits long
Holds Bits 0-3 OP Code
4 Indirect bit
Index bit

5
MO------.

Contains all

INSTR

information
from CPU ·to

REGf!lnll

data lines

All words read from

m.emory Into CPU enter
MI first (data and
iastruetions)

MEMORY
INPl.tT
REGISTER

Contains address.
in memory of next.
instruction to be
executed

-------t=.1

Temporary

PROGRAM

DATA SWITCH
P1:£41STER

ona&ND

tNOEX
REGISTER

COUNTER

FROM COllSOl.E

ftNSOLE

-Oata Switches

•Address Switches

ADORE SS
Rt:GISTER

-i.;ights

...Operate Keys

.~'Tw-+-~~~~~-----:__•_u_is_TE_•__....,.._

storage of the

operand address
for all MRis

INPUT GATING
ARITHMETIC UNIT

r-----------,
STEP

A:c-------

COllllTEn

I
I
I

Re'tains results e
arithmetic/logical

Used to set a limit

on operations with the
Index Register or for

storage

MULTJPLl(fll

QUOTIEllT

operations

btends capability
of processor to do
hardware multiply,
divide,,normalize

Program cont.roll
I/O transfers go
through the AC

and shift
l

bit extension

of the AC

CPU Options
-Memory Protect
-Memory Protect & Relocate
-Power:fai1

INSTRUCTION SET

MEMORY REFERENCE
00

retrieve
enter

modify

contents of
memory locations

OPERATE 74

-operate on
link and ACa
-clear
-complement
-rotate
-skip

OPERATION CODE

009-609

-shift

INDEX 72
-operationsinvol vin~"
the XR

-normalize

th«! LR

EAE 64

-multiply

-input/
output
transfers

-divide

INl)EX BIT*
(I• I NDEXEDl

,-A-,
7

IND I REC!
ADDRESS
(1 INDIRECT)

j 10

! II

13 J 14 j 1s j 1s

OPERAND ADDRESS

*USED AS A TH I RTEENTH ADDRESS BIT IN BANK MODE

Memory Reference Instruction Word
OPERATION CODE
645= EAE
705 = IOT
72e =INDEX
74e •OPERATE

INSTRUCTION CODE
"THESE BITS USED AS PART OF THE INSTRUCTION CODE IN EAE AND
OPERATE INSTRUCTIONS

A!.!f1mented Instruction Formot

I 14 I 15

PAGE

MACRO Ali!MBI.¥ LANGUAI! IXAMPLI

MCRO!>C Sl'C

• T XTl.E MACRO AS81MlH.. V 1.ANGUAll! f!x.AMPI.!

I
I
I
1

AIS

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Pl!UDO OP !~AMPLll••TMll PAGll MACROS

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.TITLE Pl!UDO OP !KAMP~El••THIS FAG!I MAC•OI
I
I

I••*******••••••••*•*****•*******
ID!~INlNG

A MACRO

l••*************•~•••*•**"'******t
I

.DIFlN IUB A,e,c

1..AC IS
TCA
TAO A

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................................
A MACRO
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I

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SUM

GROUP

..
t

·····-··········

TMERE ARE 4 PROGRAMS IN TH!S l!RIEI~

fW!V OPFER

SCH.UTJON8 !EACH USING A Oll'P'ERE~T ADOR!SS?NG MOO!' TO TM!

SAM! PR08le:P4:

TABLES A, 8 AND C EACH CONTAIN fh!tONI WORD
!NT~l!S.

ADD CORRl!SPONDtNG !NfRl!I FllHJM

TA8LEI A AND 8 AND STORE TM! R!lULT ?N TM!

CORRESPONDING ENTRY IN TABLE c,
I.!. C(ll I A~I' + B(t'~ .

00 THIS WITHOUT CHANGlNm ANV OF· TH~ YA~UES
IN TABLES A AND I.

THESE PROGRAMS WER! WRITTEN TO %LLUITRAT~ TM! VARIOUS
TYPES OF ADDA!SStNG AVAILABLE ON TH! POP•tS AND fO D!MONSTRAT!
CERTAIN MAC~O LANGUAG! EL!MfNTS AND ASSEMBLER D!RECTIV!SI
•STATEMENT FORMAT
tTV•E OF BINARY OUTPUT TO B! G!N!RATED
.ABS

.ABSP

•S!TT?NG THI! LOCATION COUNT!R

.L.OC
•G!TT!NG H!ADfNGS ON Al8!Mf!LV L.tlTINGI
.TtTL.E
. '

.-. ~ -

tiSP!Cil'VING WHETHER NUMB!f'l-1 A~E OCTAL. Clit

D!ClMAL

.oe:c
.OCT

•IU:SIUIV?NG .. 81.,JiCNS OF MIMOR¥ FO~ 9TOIUIH

.Bl.OCk

tVARIABL..ES
USING· #
•i..!T!FULI

USING· 0

ce.;,'

Cl•l5'

•DEFINING TK~ YA~U! OP IYMIOLS

UStNJ'f THI SVMltU• .AS. A L.AB!I..

(2•13)

USING D?RECT ASSXQNM!NTS

CG!•USl

•ITOR?NG VALUll lN sueCElllV! LDCA1tON8

...

•l~!C?FVJNG

THI PMVllCAL ENC CF P~OGRAM

.!ND
THE AIOVI; J;S JUST A S!L.f!CTEO LIST 0111';-·'AIAIQL-V t,.ANGUAG! !1.IM!NTS

AND ASSEMBLER OIRECT%V!8 CALSO CAL.LED PS!UDO OP!RAT?ONS,.
MAKE SURE YOU ARE FAMX~IAR WXTM TH!M. !AC~ TO~IC xa DISCUSS!~
?N TM! MACRO MANUAL START?NG CN THE PAQ! G!VEN t~ PAR!NTM!S!S~

PAGE

SUM

SRC

COMMINTARV ON SUM

.TITLE COMM!NTARV DN SUM
I

I
I
I
I

•*···········~············
•
POINTS TO SI NOT!O •
•
•
••••••••••••••••••••••••

I
I

l•t. NOT! TM! .TXTL! 11ATEMENT AND WH•T IS PR!NT!n AS
IA HEADER.,
I

1•2. THE FIRST COLUM~•?VEI LOCATIONI~ NOTE T~AT TM!
IL.OCATlON COUNTER B!Gl·NS AT· UUJ. c.as:CAUIE 0, ".Loe lll)
I

1•3. TM!.· "DAC COUNT" !NITFtUCT?ON llf.lf'lftENC!I '90CAT!ON H
/ 11 COUNT#.11 %8 US!O lN AN ?IZ !NSTR'UCTIDN JN LOCATION 111";
/T!ollS INSTRUCTS THE AS,SEMBt,;!A TD Sl!T UP A LOCATION tonru

/MAV &E REP!RREO TO Al·"COUNT"• THI ASS!MBL!R SET UP
/LOCATION 133. (COUNT rs A .VAR?AIL!)

I -

1•4. VALUES ARE SET UP !N &!QU!NTtAL 1..0CATIONS POR
IT ABl.ES A AND 8.

?N !A·CM CAS! THERE ARE ACTUALL.¥ 15

/STAT!M!NTS ON ON! LIN! CSTAT!M!NTS AR! TER~lNAT!O ev
/S!MI~COLONS ANO CARR!AGI ~ETURNI)• NOTE THE SPAC!
/BEFO~!

!ACM VALUE.

/.t3. NO NEID TO ACTUALt,LV P~~C.I AN;,¥ i~·LU!I ZN
/TAii.i C••JUST TO R!IEIVI iTOAAj!. t•'ACI!. Tio!! n. BLOCK

IHAS TH! El'F!CT OF ADDING ! TO THE LOCATION COUNTl!R~
/NOTE TM! ADDRESS OF LOCATION "INDl.OC"•
I
/fltJ.

THI ".!NO" STAT!MINT !NO!CATIS TH! PHVS!CAl. l!Ntl
/OF THE PROGRAM AND MUST B! TH! V!RV ~AST ITAT!~!NT
IIN A PROGRAM~ NOT! THAT IT lS BELOW COMM!~TS.
/WHAT DO YOU TMJNK WOULD

HAPP~N

ON TM!

~!8T!NQ

tF THE

l".EN0 11 STATEMENT APP!AR!D BEFORE THOSE COMMENTS!
I
.
1•1. NOJE T~! US! 0, 'H!

"•EJ!CT" STATEMENT (SO THAT
/THE t..%ST1NG WlL.1. CONTINUE ON A F~l&iH PAGE' ti NOT
/NEC!ISARV BECAUS! 4 •~TtTL!" STATl~INT ALS~
IGEN!RAT!S A FORM F!!D WMICM CAUl!S TH! 1.%8TlNG
/TO CONTINUE ON A FA!SH PAG!.

"'2iO

~.~.:·

SOLUTION USES AN ADDRESS MODI,?CATION T!CMNIQUF.

SPC

SUM

.TITLE

SOLUTION USES •N ADDRESS MO~tFICATtnN TE

.•as

/ABSOLUTE PROGRAMf LOADED SY TME
IABOLUTE LOAO!RJ TO RUN IN BANK MnOE
/SET LOCATION COUNTER TO t0~

.Loe 10m
I
tll01 ~0
i'l~1~1
~01912
~~1~J

171113
040133
200113
!40120

START

15!T UP N!GATIV! COUNTER nF ~e
IAS !ACM TABLE MAS 5 !NTRtES.

I.AW •f5
D·AC COUNT

I
A/A

ADDITION
/CF ENTRIES

I.AC A
TAO S

l~!R~OR~

OAC C

llTOR! R!SUkT IN C,

ISZ AA
ISZ BB
ISZ CC

/SO THAT THEV REF!R!NeE THE

ISZ COUNTlf

IARE W! DONE?

JMP AA

INOl••l!CAUS! W! DIDNiT SKIP
IGO 8ACIC FOR MORE. ·

HLT

IV!SI DONE,
11NOT!1 !, TMt8 PROGRAM 15 TO BE
/RUN AGAIN AA,88 AND CC SHOULD
IB! R!XNITlALlZ!D (CAM YOU THINK
/OF WAVS THXS COULD 8! OONE!l

CC
I
lilQ.11CJ!5
r.ill?t 1 '716

440102
440103

l"llil' ~1

440104\

/MOD?FV LOCATIONS AA,89 AND

/NEXT LOCATION IN ·tHE TABLE~

440133
I

!110111

/SIT. UP TABLES
I
0\0 t13

tllrf1U4
111~ 115
~~1,16

0000m1
0000!02

~l.?117

00P.l~Pl5

fnQ! 1 ~3

Ia00111Cll2
00121'1102
0001i!02
00flJel02

"I~! :!'4

000002

~"' 1 ~2

11 2F

2r 21 2r 21 2

4, 5

000003
000012!4

!;!0!120
~1~UH

/JUST RESERVE SPA.CE FOR TA8L! C
I

. • BLOCI< e

I
ENOL.OC

ITMIS IS THE !ND OF THE PROGRAM.
ITHE~!FORE, THIS IS WH!R! WE WANT TO PUT
/THE II. END II STATEMENT~
I
000100!
SIZE•~llll 34

.ENO START
NO ERROR LIN!S

PAGE

SUM1

SRC

COMM!NTARV ON SUM1
,TtTL! COMMENTARY ON SUM!

••••••••••••••••••••••••
PO?NTI TO Bl NOTIO •
••••••••••••••••••••••••

I
I

/t1, THIS PROmRAM USES· ?NDlR!CT ADDRllllNG THROUIM

/LQCAT%0NI AA.BB ANO cc~ LOCATION AA CONTAINS TH!
IADDR!ll 0, TABLI A~ NOTE THAT TMll %1 ACCOMPL!IM!D
/llMPLV ev P~AC%NQ TH! 1¥MBOL "'" XN TH! OPERATOR
/,%ELD. WHEN TM! ASSIMSLER !VALUAT!S TMIS STATEMENT,
IIT LOOKS THNOUG~ XTI S¥~BOL TAIL!I POR TM! VALU! OF
/IVMSO~

"A" 1 tt•NOT! THAT TM! YA~UE OF TH! SY~BOL "A"

T~! LOCAT!ON !T NAMES••••
/NOT TH! CONTENTS
TM! ~CCAT!DN IT NAM!S, THIS 11
IA VERT IMPORTANT O!ST?NCT!ON!l
I
llMILARLV, LOCATION 88 CONTAINS THI A~DRESI OF
ITABL! I l!CAUI! TH! IVMIOL "B" 11 G!VIN AS TM! CONTENT~
/OP LOCATION es. TH! VALUI OF TM! IVMBOL 9 II TM!
/ADDRlll OF TM! ~OCATION tT NAMIS, 111 1 NOT T~E CONTENT
10, TMAT LOCATION. S!M!L•~LV POR LOC•TION CC. TM!
/CQNT!NT OF ~OCATlON CC !8 G!Y!N Al "C"~ TM! VA~UE OF
/T~E SYMBOL nett lS 130, THE ADD~!SS O' TH! LOCATION
/IT N•~!S, M!NC!, THE CONT!NT OF ~OCATtON CC !9 t3P,

1%8 li3e TM! ADDR!IS OF

1•2, NOTE TMAT DATA !S SEPARATED FROM TM! 1NSTRUCTtnNS
/WHICH OP!RAT! ON THI DATA. W! DO NOT WANT TOUFALL INTO

/THE DATA AND ITART EX!CUT!NG !T 1 WHAT ?NIT~UCT!DN WOULD
/W! HAVE IF WE "'!~L INTO" ANO TRt!D TO !~!CUT! LDC 113•

NOT! TH! UI! OF "COUNT" AS A VARIABL! 1 CWMAT IS IT.
IXN TM! USE OF TM! IVMIO~. "COU~Tn THAT MAKES !T A

I•~.

IA VARlABL!t)~ WHAT LOCATION ti 81T UP BY ~H! ASS!MSL!A
180 THAT IT MAY BE R!F!R!NC!O USING •COUNT"!
I

1•4, NOT! THAT WI R!l!~V! IPAC! FOR TAILE C !VEN THOUGH
IIT II AT THE V!RV ENO OF TMe WRITTEN P~OGA~M~

WMAT

/PROBLEM WOULD WI RUN INTO !F .W! DID NOT RE&!RV! THIS

JSPAC!t

C~XNTI

8!! NOT! •8)

l•Se THINK ABOUT THE "~AC• AA~ lNITRUCTtON tN LOC 101.
/THII SAV81 LOAD TH! ACCUMULATOR WtTM TM! CONT!~T OF
ITH! ~OCATtON POINTED TO av LOCATION AA. T~! FIRST TIM~
ITHRU, LOCATION AA CONTAINS 113,TMI ADD~EIS OF THP. FIA&..._.
/LOCATION XN YAB~! Ae IN ~OCATlON 119, TH!~! JS AN
JMISZ AAff,l,I, tNCREM!NT THE CONTENT 0, ~OCAT!ON AA 8¥ 1
1(10 THAT AA NOW 'OINTI TO TH! NEXT ENTAV l~ TASLE A,,
/THUi, TH! N!~T TIM! nLAC•AA" 18 !X!CUT!O, TH! AC IS
ILOAD!D WlTM TH! NIXT INT~V 'PAOM TAIL! A,
TMJS ~ETHOD
Ill V!RV NXC! FOR IT!PP!NG THAOUIM TAl~!I, NOTl1HOWfVER,
/THAT W! HAVE TO UPDATE ~OCATtON AA OUAS!LVES WtTM TH!
l"llZ" tNITRUCT!ON 1 BY US!NG AUTOa!NCREMENT ~!Q!STE~S
IW! CAN GET AAOU~D THIS~ *** I!! SOLUTION IUMt,
I

SUMI

SOLUTION USES INDIRECT A06RESl!NG

SRC

.TITL! 80~UT10N USES INDlR!CT ADDRESSING
I
I

START

0iH01

'111113
041t:Se

0011212

1118125

Nl!)(T

00U'l3
lfHH1214

Q.160127

00100

380UH'I
I

00109
00Ul6
!HUl1

44!U25

001u.1

4401:!5
tUJIU02

440125
441U 27

L.AW •5
DAC COUNT#

IS!T UP A COUNTER OF •5

LACt AA
TAD• ea
DAC• CC

lbOC AA CONTAINS THf AD0 1
10~ A~
~AC• AA G!TS TMI
ICONT!NTI DF A IN AC,
IETC. f'QR BB
l!TC. ,OR CC

11% AA
181 BB
tSZ CC

llNCR!M!NT TM! !NDl~!eT
IADDA!S~!S OF AA,BB
/AND ce.

XSZ CCIUl\IT

1111 ii'' AL.I.. OON! 1

00111
001112
00U:S
00114

"101115
Ql01US

tUH 17
tUl 120
00121

0tUIQ!03
HlfHl0~

000005
0ru100s
HJ01 l~
Q.HB!U 21!1
000130

001 :.HJ

u t• 3r •• 5

0HHHJ5
011GHl!2

011H23

0fil!124

ML. T

'140040
0fUH801
QUl0002
00flHHl:5
IHHHl0'4

ia0122

lll!H25
00128
00121

JMP N!XT

.. 81..0CI< 5

I
I

0001!UI
Sl?E•OllU:!I

.END START
NO !"ROR LlN!S

/NOT OONl 1 G!T N!XT DlTA.
IA~L OON! 80 MALT~

SUMS!

SRC
I
I
I

I
I
I
I
I

POINTS TO 8! NOT!D

1•1. NOT! T~AT !~ THIS ~~OG~AMe DATA APP!AR8 ~!FOR! TM!
II~STRUCTJONS IN THE P~a~~AMm
TM! IM,ORTANT THING II TO
ll!PA~ATI TH! DATA 'RDM TMI INSTRUCTIONS~ BUT IT DO!SN•T
/MATTIA WMJCM APP!A~I Ft~STe
I

1•2. NOT! TMAT T~! Fl~ST !~!CUTABL! bDCATtO~ IN A PRO•
IG"A~ IS NOT AL~AVS IN TH! F!~ST lOCATlON US!D 1¥ TM!
/PROGRAM. TMAT IS§ TH!ft! CAN B! A DtFF!~!NCE B!TW!!N TH~
/PROGRAM START lOOR!$$ ANO TM! P~O~RAM LOAD AOD~!Ss:
/IN TMll CAS!s TH! P~O~RAM ITART ADD~!SS ti 1t1a WH!R!A~
IT~!

~ROGRAM

LOAD AOD~Eil II 110~

1•3. THIS PROGRAM MA~!S USE OF AUTOalNC~EMINT AOD~!SSIN~1 f WITM ~OCATIONI 110 11, ~ND 11~~ TO ACCEI$ S!QU!NTlAL
ILOCATlONI IN TABLES A,S ANO C ~!8~!CT1~EbV CL~C•t0,
/TAD• 11,0AC~i 1~~~
I
THll MEANS THAT W! W~NT TO ~OAD LOCATION i0 WITM A
IVALU! l LESS TMAN THE START AODR!S$ OF TAIL! Aa
/bOCAT?ON 11 WJTH A VALUI 1 LEI& THAN TM! ITA~T ADDRESS
ITA8~! e ANO LOCAT!ON 11 WITM A V~bU! 1 ~Ele THAN T~!

/START ADDR!IS 0, TAa~E c. NOTE THAT THE "LAC (A~ttt
IAND "DAC 1mn INSTRUCT!DNB A~! USED CLOCATIDNI lit AND

1122) TO DO

T~!S~

TM! UI! OF ~(A~t" R!QUllTI THE ASS!MSL!~ TO IET UP
IA LOCAT!ON CONTA?N!Nm TH! YALU! ffA@in, TM! ASSEMBLER

ICAN EVA~UAT! !~P~!ilION~ AND 00!1 10 MOVING FROM L!FT
q
a~0~t ® ' ' •
LOCATION i!8 ?I S!T UP TO
ICONTAlN TH! 17. TH! INSTRUCTION ~LAC (A~l" JS ASS!~BLED
IAS a0e13s (~O~D TM! ACCUMU~ATO~ W!TM TM! CONTENT OF
/LOCATION 1~8,l~!., TH~ 7Plm
I
SIM%LARLY "LAC f!mi" LOADS TH! ACCUMULATCR WITH
1"104" AND "LAC cc~t~ LOADS TM! ACCUMULATOR W!TM "lit".
/TO RIGHTeaeA•i

1•4.

TO ITOR! TH~ "''" XN ABSOLUTI LOC~TlON 10 A

l"llAC 10" INSTRUCTION II USED~ WDU~D W! eE LOADING TH! ~1 11 7711 INTO ABIOLUT! ~QC,TION 10 IF TH! " 0 LOC" STATEMENT

IR!AO n,LOC 2~000"

~ATHI~

TMAN "~LDC 1mm"t

IUM2

PAGE

SOL.UTlON U8!8 AUTl•tNCRIM!NT ADDRESSING

SRC

.TJTL.! SOLUTION UllS AUTl•INCR!M!NT AOD~!Sl!NQ
I
I
I
1

1210 l HI

ABI

.1..oc

UUI

29 .,

u fJJ 3

UH!aOJ
130UH

11801 l
11111002

10UJ2

·80fHJ03
fH!l001B•

0010~

CIJ0i!34

01105

eeee0e

00106
00UJ1

IHUlfUJ2
1118111214
IOJOHHll

lllQJ 110

0Jrll0005 .

00111

0001210~

OJIH 12

.SL.OCI< fJ

0011,.
0012121

11'1113

00121

amruae

1110122

START

0411135

I.AW
DAC

I
&.AC

040110

DAC

•9
COUNT#

/PUT •9 INTO COUNT

CA•1

ITH?l."ITHOD MAK!8 UI! OF
/AUTOe!NCR!MINT R!GJIT!~S

00123

2fll1~1

00124

0411HU l

00UHI
00U?6

201141
0410112

00127
10130

2110111

180131

1880012

01132

440139

llHH3a

811117

JMP

lllH !4

741HJ40J

ML.T

fUHUU'

el!ND

lllU.177
•L
118104
•L.·
11111 ll
•I..
StZ!•llfU41

NO ERROR 1.IN!I

I.AC

CB• l

IAUTO•!NCR!M!NT 18 A PR!•

I.AC

CC• 1
ti

IJNCR!~!NT, !ACM 0, T~!
/R!G!IT!RS MUIT BE LOAD!O WITH

DAC

I
~•0111·

NXT

L.AC• 10

TAD* 11

DAC• 11
%1Z COUNT

l!l;ll AND ll. SlNC!

DAC

N)CT

/ONE Liii THAN THE STARTING AOC
I
I

/TO ASSURE THAT THI LOADING O'
JAN AUTO•INCR!M!NT ~!QlST!R W!L
IWORK IN ANY llAG! OR BANK, TH!
ll~ITRUCT!ON TO LOAD LDCS 1011S
/ANO ti IHOU~D 8! OF TM! FORM
I
l.~C
CA•t
I

1rat31
00137
00140

ITART

DAC• Cl I -

·~ ::-\'\·!;/ ,, r~'t\ . ,t\.t.ts. i·ht.~r.

;;r'.t;'~{~~ en

.:;

PAGE

SUM3

SRC

COMM!NTARV ON 8UM3

,TITL! COM~!NTARV ON SUMI
I
I
I
I
I

I
I

••••••••••••••******••••
•
•
•

POINTS TO I! NOTIO

*
*

****•*******************

1•1. NOTE TH! us1 OF ",ABIP". TM!S PRomRAM MAK!s u1~ ur
IIND!X!O ADDRESSING AN0 1 THERIFOR! 1 &MU8TI 8! !N PAGE MOD!
I

NOTE TM! US! 0, TMI "08A" INSTRUCTION~ ALTMOUGM
IA "OBA" ZNST~UCT?O~ rs CONTAtN!D IN TH! PAGE MOO!
/VERSION OF TM! A!SOLUT! ~OAD!R CWHICM le OUTPUT ON THE
/PAPER TAPE IN FRONT OF VDUA ASl!MILID PRDG~AM), !T 18
llT%LL A GOOD IDEA TO INC~UD! A "DBA" IN YOUR ~ROGRAM
llN CASE THE PROQRAM ts REITA•TID ,ROM TH! eONSO~E
/WITHOUT R!LOADINI IT. ODNtT R!LV ON TH! CONIC~!
IBANK•PAG! MOO! SWITCH.

/ti,

I•!. NOT! THE USE 0, TH! "~DICQ AND "~OCT" ASS!M!LER

/DlR!CTlV!S. COMPAR! THI VA~Ull G!NIRAT!D FOR TH!
/NUMB!RI STATED WHlL! UND!~ O!CIMA~ RADIX CBASE ti,~

/WITH THOI! G!NERATID PDR T~! NUMB!RS STAT!O WH!L!
/UNO!R OCTAL RADI~ f!AIE 8)~
I

1•4. NOT! TH! " 1 !NO !!GlN•t" STATIMINT~ A ":IND"
llTAT!M!NT %8 U81D TO IPICIFV TH! ~HYS?CAL END 0,
IA PROGRAM, A "START ADDR!SIP OR UTRANS,!R AODR!88" ~
/(THI LOCATION AT WMICH W! WANT THI LOAD!R TO ITART THT
/PAOGAAM) MAY ALSO Bl l,ICIF!!O IN TH! ~!ND STAT!MENT~
/THIS 18 DON! BY FOL~DWING TH! u,!ND" WITH A IPAC! OR
/TAS AND TH!N GIVING AN !XPR!SSIDN WHICH MAV BE !YALUA•
/TIO BV TH! ASl!MIL!R~ IN TH! PR!Y!OUS EXA~PL!S,
/WHEN A TRANS~!R AODR!SS WAS S?VIN IT WAI A V!RV
lllMPL!

EXP~ES$%0N••THE

~~B!~

ua~D

ON TH! F?RST

llXECUTABLE LOCATION, BUT THI AlllMBL!R CAN MANDL!
/LONGER EXPA!SllONI~ ZN THIS CAI!, TH! IVM!OL B!Gl~
ITH! VALUE 10001 1 THIA!FORE, 8!GIN•1•11110,
/THUi, IN THIS CASE, ",END !!G!N•lu HAS TH! SAM!
l!FF!CT AS ",END 11010"~
I

l•!J, NOT! THI !IU:fOR IUAllNOIT!C IUYIN ON TH! STA.T!MEN'r-ITO B!· ASS!MBL!D INTO LOCATION tlll!. THE "N" lNO?CATES
IAN ERAOR IN NUMB!~ UIAGI. WHAT !S TM! !RROR'
/MOW WAI IT HAND~ED BY THE ASS!MIL!~ (COM~AR! LOCATIONS
110020 AND 11018)t
I

IUM3

ROUTlN! US!I INO!X!O AODR!SStNG (& LIMIT ~!G!ST!R'

SRC

TITL! ROUTINE US!S INDEXED ADDRESS!NQ f & L!M7T

ABSP

I
I

.1..oc 101u.101

i 0000

I
UHIH!H3

1011612

10007,

100033

i 0CH2

12Ul00

!!GIN

OBA
I.AC (9

l!NT!R PAGE MOD!

PAL.

/PUT 8 %N L.tMIT RfG~

Cl.. X

/XR1111eJ

A,)(
TAD S,X

IAOD~!SS OF A • CCX~)~

10HJ3

11500121

10004
1001'1H5

1101.?114

1 lliel0el

I
AA

3tU1®21
fl!l5HJ26

OAC CoX

I
1 fUl!'l1
t 00Hlll

7~5001

HHH1

'140040

6tHt1004

CAI..

15
I
!U!!IHIJ182

110005

HHl001

10023
1lUt24
100215

QUUHU2
01fUH!1
000012

1m0ae

.DEC
ii 51 !IP l'J !B

lli.UHH4

800033
\Hl0011

UJ021

10rne

AXS 1
JMP AA
I-IL.,.

UHH2
10<U3
10014
11UH 15
10016
t0(U1
1001121

~AC

,OCT
2, IU 111 1'1' 158

0fUJ005

c
I

010000

10033

00m~~5

·~

S 1%1!• Ul034

1 IAAOR L.IN!I

l!TC 11
/!TC,

l!NCR!M!NT AND T!IT XR
/)(R c 1.R

IXR1LA111

W!tRE OONEl
VIA CO~IOLE.
IR!TURN TD MONITOR
IBV HITTING CONSOLE CONTINUf 1
/CHIC~

RllU~T8

/PROGRAM TO ADD TWO NUMBERS, USING TAD, AND TEST
/THE RESULT FOR ARITHMETIC OVER FLOW.
/CLEAR THE LINK AND THE AC.
START
CLA!CLL
/GET THE FIRST # lN. THE AC ..
TAD A
/GET RID or ALL BITS EXCEPT THE SIGN.
AND MASK
I
ADD THE 2ND NO • TO BIT ~- ·.or A.
TAD B
/SKIP IF ZERO LINK
SZL
/NON ZERO LINK INDI:CATES BOTH A AND B NEG.
JMP NEGNEG
/BECAUSE ONES IN BOTH SIGN POSITIONS IS
/THE ONLY WAY THE LINK CAN BE SET SINCE ONLY
/THE SIGN BIT OF THE 2ND # IS ADDED
RAL
/GET RESULT SIGN INTO LINK.
SZL
/SKIP IF ZERO LINK
JMP POSNEG
/LINK=l, MUST BE +-.
JMP POSPOS
/tINK=0, MUST BE ++.
POSNEG
LAC A
/SINCE ONE VALUE IS + ADD
TAD B
/THE OTHER IS -. CORRECT ADDITION IS ASSURED.
DAC SUM
/NO TEST IS NECESSARY, SO STORE THE SUM
HLT
/AND HALT.
POSPOS
LAC A
/IF THE SUM OF TWO POSITIVE NUMBERS GIVES
TAD B
IA NEGATIVE RESULT, ARITHMETIC OVERFLOW HAS
SPA
/OCCURED, TEST THE AC FOR POSITIVE VALUE.
JMP POSERR
/IF NEGATIVE, GO TO ERROR ROUTINE.
DAC SUM
/POSITIVE RESULT SO SUM OK, STORE RESULT
HLT
/AND HALT.
NEGNEG
LAC A
/IF THE SUM OF TWO NEGATIVE NUMBERS GIVES
TAD BQ
IA POSITIVE RESULT, ARITHMETIC OVERFLOW HAS
SMA
/OCCURED, TEST THE AC FOR NEGATIVE VALUE.
JMP NEGERR
/IF POSITIVE, GO TO ERROR ROUTINE.
DAC SUM
/NEGATIVE RESULT SO SUM OK, STORE RESULT
HLT
/AND HALT.
MASK
400000
/ANOTHER, SHORTER SOLUTION FOLLOWS:
LAC A
/IF THE OR'ED SUM OF THE SIGN
XOR B
/BITS IS A 1, THE SIGNS WERE
SMA
/DIFFERENT AND THE SUM MUST BE CORRECT
JMP LIKE
/SIGNS WERE THE SAME
LAC A
TAD B
DAC SUM
HLT
LIKE
LAC A
/PERFORM THE ADDITION, AND THEN
TAD B
/CRECK THE SUM FOR A CORRECT SIGN
DAC SUM
I
AND (400000
/GET SIGN OF RESULT. IF OR'ED SUM
XOR B
/GIVES A SIGN OF 0, THE SIGN OF THE
/RESULT IS THE SAME AS THE SIGN OF B.
SPA
/SINCE A & B WERE SAME SIGN, RESULT IS OK
JMP ERROR
/SIGN.CHANGED, OVERFLOW OCCURED
HLT
IA THIRD SOLUTION MAKING USE OF ADD IS MUCH SIMPLER.
CLL
/CLEAR LINK
LAC A
/ADD THE TWO NUMBERS
ADD B
/IF EITHER NO. IS NEG., IT MUST BE l's COMP.
SZL

JMP ERROR
DAC SUM
HLT

/IF LINK IS SET, OVERFLOW

/OCCURRED, GO 'I'O :ERROR
/ADDITION OK IF LINK=O

ADDRESSING
References:

Volume 1 Processor Handbook
System Reference Manual

4~3

8-1

Memory Reference Instructions specify locations to be operated
on by the Central Processing Unit. The CPU computes the actual
(effective) address of the location referred to by combining bits
from the instruction itself and also from the PC at the time the
instruction is being executed. Various addressing modes require
further computations with pointer words and the index register.
In the following illustrations:

PC:

refers to the contents of the Program Counter at
the time the MRI is being executed.

Instruction:

refers to the contents of the location being
executed.

XR:

refers to the contents of the Index Register.

Pointer Word:

refers to the contents of the location designated
as a pointer word in an indirect reference.

DIRECT ADDRESSING

PA<;B lfQDE

-block

PC
+

Instruction

page-· -

I ~j!N1~j~l I I I I I I I I I I I I
a 1 2 3 4 s 6 7 a 9 10 11 l2 13 14 is l6 11
I I I I I I IYIYl~l•l•IYlwl-.rtl•l!l•I
Effective Address

NOTE that the effective addres_s is in the· same page as
the instruction.

BANK MODE

- -block bank

I fii!'f!i•~,I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

PC
+

Instruction

10 11-12 l3 14 l5 16 17

_ I I I I I ttl~ltlf@fltl•i•IYl!l•l•l•I
Effective Address

NOTE that the effective address is in the same bank as

-·

the instruct!q~~

INDIRECT ADDRESSING

PAGE MODE
bl~il.

+
Instruction

page

I l~it~I~ I~) I I' I I I I I I I I I I
0 1

3 4

..
_.
.
'

,., . .,

5 6 7 8

· Addres~:·of

D 11 12 13 14. 15 16 17

P-obit;~r

·word

b:l.ock

+
Pointer Word

l fi~) I I I I II I I I I
0 1

Eff.ectiv.e,Address
NOTE that the pointex: word is in the same.pag• a~ the instruction.
NOTJ t_hat the effective address ia in the sam.!lll 'block (32K) as
the instruction.

INDIRECT ADDRESSING

BANK MODE
block!l;ank

+
Instruction

I ~j~ff j't'I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
0 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 ID ll ~ ll »· ~ IB V

I I I I I f111,l4fl=tl,l~ltt11~1'1'1~1"11

. - ·-1 ... .

...

Address of Pointer· Word

blOC'k
PC
+

Pointer Word

I f,ji I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Q 1 2 3 4 s 6 1 a 9 ron u n w
n
I I I lfl!l~l•lfltltlYlfl•l•l!l~l-al~I
~re

~ffe~tive
··-

Addres$.

NOTE that the pointer word is in the same bank as the instruction.

NOTE that the eff.ect.iv.e address is in the same block (32K) as
the
instruction.
.
.
.

INDEXED ADDRESSING

PAGE MODE ONLY
block

PC
+

page

012345

1 2 3 4

6 7

Instruction
+
XR

8 9 10 11 12 1'3 14 15 16 1 7

1¥1~1~T~l~IE~I Ul*'?l~l¥1~1~1m~1~1
EFFECTIVE ADDRESS

NOTE that the effective address may be anywhere in l2BK.
Care must be taken not to address non-existent memory
(this includes negative a~dresses).

INDIRECT INDEXED ADDRESSING

PAGE MODE ONLY
block page
PC

+
Instruction

1 r~~,,~«i~'~' 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0

1 2

3 4

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

I l I I I I l~l,lflYl'Jltlfl•l•lflJ l~I

-Addr~s
~

+
Pointer word

+
XR

'···'

.of Pointer Word

I 0 If1 Ill
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112l3 l4l51617
I I I
0

1 2

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,l!lfltl•lflflil
3 4

6 7

8 9 ]() ll l2 l3 14 15 16 17

t~1~1~111~1~1~1m~1~1"il~IE¥1ilt1~1-1
EFFECTIVE ADDRESS

NOTE that the effective address may be anywhere in 128K.
Care must be taken not to address non-existent memory
(this includes negative addresses).

AUTOINCREMENT ADDRESSING

PAGE MOD§ and BANK MODE
address
10•17·

set

tii ~ i I I I I i I I I I I ]
~

Instruction

I I I I

Auto-

0 . 1 2 3 4 . 5 6 . 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

!ggimgr10-11> 1i11IJl'l~l•ltl!F!l•l~l~l-.l•l~til,l•i
+

000001

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0

EFFECTIVE ADDRESS
-

·-~-

__ .,

··--····

-··-·

--·-·-··--·--··

··------····

··- - ...

-· ···-------·-"--·· ---··~------

NOTE that the effective address may ~e anywhere in 128K.
Care must be taken not to address non-existent memory
(this includes negative addresses).

1·

INDEXED AUTOINCREMENT ADDRESSING

PAG! MODE ONLY

address
10-17

both set

Instruction

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 l6 17

tutoncre!Jten
ocat1onr10-11) 9
+
XR

iIIIIII

I OTI1 I I I I I

[ I

+
000001

0 0

NOTE that the effective address may be anywhere in 128K.
Care must be taken not to address non-existent memory
(this includes negative addresses).

SUBROUTINES
What:

A section of code, usually performing one task, that may
be called from various points of the main program.

How:

The JMS instruction is used to enter subroutines.
Recall that upon a JMS
a) The updated PC is stored at the address specified in
the JMS.
b) The (specified address) +l is now placed in the PC
so that execution is picked up at the second location
of the subroutine.
Bef o!;:e
JMS

~ ,100
101

JMS
MOVE

100
101

200 MOVE

After
JMS

200 MOVE

J:MS
MOVE

101

PC~201
c)

Return to the calling program is effected via a
"JMP*" on the first location of the subroutine.

MOVE

JMP* MOVE
Passing Arguments -

very often a subroutine has to process data
conUained in the calling routine. In order to
th~a

the calling routine must pass this data

or the address(es} of the data to the subroutine.
This is called "passing arguments."
There are a number of ways this can be done.
AC

}

Among them are:

passing arguments in CPU
registers

1)
2)

MQ,XR,LR

trailing arguments:

JMS SUB
Arg 1
Arg 2

Arg 3

Setting up a list of arguments and passing the
address via (1), (2), or (3).
LAC

JMC

(LIST ADDRESS
SUB

LIST ADDRESS ARGl
ARG2

ARGN

JMS
LIST

SUB
ADDRESS

etc.

PC15 High-Speed
Paper-Tape Reader Punch

1. 1 INTRODUCTION
The PC 15 High-Speed Paper Tape Reader/Punch is used to input perforated paper-tape programs into
core memory, or to punch core memory programs or data on paper tape. Information is punched on
8-channel fanfolded paper tape in the form of 6- or 8-bit characters at a maximum rate of 50 characters/second. Information is read at a maximum rate of 300 characters/second. The PC 15 consists
of a PCOS Paper Tape Reader/Punch with interface and control logic for using the reader/punch with
a PDP-15.

1.2 PAPER-TAPE READER
1.2.1 Characteristics and Capabilities
Data can be read from tape and transferred to the PDP-15, using the computer hardware readin logic
or using program-controlled transfers. For hardware read in operation, the hardware readin logic
supplies inputs for selecting the operating mode, starting tape motion, and implementing transfers.
For program-controlled transfers, the computer issues input/output transfer (IOT) instructions that
select the operating mode, advance the tape, and implement the transfer. To maintain a maximum
rate of 300 characters/second, a new select JOT must be issued within 1.67 ms of the last reader flag.
If not, the reader operates start-stop and reads characters at a 25 character/second rate. The re-

quirements for maximum character rate are described in detail in Programming Considerations,
Paragraph 1 .4. 1.
The reader interfaces with the automatic priority interrupt (API} facility, the program interrupt facility,
and the input/output skip chain. For API operation, the reader is assigned API level 2; a unique entry
address of 50 8 is assigned to its service routine.
The reader contains a no-tape sensor and flag (character ready for transfer} circuits. If a no-tape
condition is detected, the reader flag is set, and a program interrupt is initiated whenever a reader
select IOT is given. The states of the reader flag, the reader API 2 level, PI request and skip request

devices are displayed on an indicator panel at the top of Cabinet H963E (Bay 1R). In addition, this
panel displays the reader buffer contents and the VO address (API unique entry address). These items
and the reader controls are described in Controls and Indicators, Paragraph 1 .2 .3.
Reader mechanical facilities include a right-hand bin for supply for tape being. read, a left-hand bin
for receiving the tape, and a feed-through mechanism to control passage of the tape into the receiving
bin. A snap-action retainer on the feed-through mechanism facilitates simple loading of the tape.

1 .2 .2 Operating Modes
The PC15 reader operates in either an alphanumeric or binary mode. For program-controlled transfers,
the operating mode is selected by IOT instructions. For hardware readin operation, control logic in
the reader automatically selects the binary mode.
When alphanumeric mode is selected, one 8-bit character (in ASCII code) is read and transferred to
the PDP-15 accumulator. Jn the binary mode, the reader reads three 6-bit characters (three frames
with channels 7 and 8 ignored) from tape and assembles them into an 18-bit word for transfer to the
accumulator.

1 .2 .3 Controls and Indicators
Two front panel controls are provided for the PC15 Paper-Tape Reader: ON LINl/OFF LINE and
FEED. The ON LINE position places the reader under computer control. The OFF LINE position,
which is used for loading paper tape, raises an out-of-tape flag and places the reader under local
control. The indicators associated with reader operation are located on an indicator panel at the top

of cabinet H963E (Bay lR). Table 1-1 lists the indicators and their functions.

Table 1-1
Indicators Associated with Paper-Tape Reader

Indicator

Function

READER BUFFER 00-17

Indicates the contents of the paper-tape reader buffer.

API 2 RDR

Denotes API level 2 is active as the result of a reader
interrupt.

1/0 ADDRESS

Indicates the unique trap address associated with 1/0
devices; address 509 for paper-tape reader.

RDR FLG

Denotes information has been read from tape and is
available for transfer from reader buffer.

Table 1-1 (Cont)
Indicators Associated with Paper-Tape Reader

Indicator

Function

PI RQ

Denotes one of the 1/0 devices (including paper-tape
reader) handled by the BA 15 Peripheral Expander has
generated an interrupt request.

SKIP RQ

Denotes one of the VO devices (including paper-tape
reader) handled by BA15 has responded to a skip IOT
instruction.

1 .2 .4 Tape Formats
The format of the perforated paper tapes for the alphanumeric (ASCII usage) mode is shown in Figure 1-1.
In addition, tape channels are related to the PDP-15 accumulator stages. The leader and trailer portions of the tape are used to introduce or conclude a paper-tape program. Only the feed hole is
punched for the leader/trailer portions. Note that each character is read by one IOT instruction.

CHANNEL

Io I 1IzI3I4 Is Is I IeI l1ol11 l1z l13l14l1sl 1sl11I
1

'--.,.J

UNUSEO

LEAOER
(FEED HOLE ONLY)

DIRECTION
OF TAPE
MOVEMENT

......................

ACCUMULATOR
CHANNEL

TAPE CHANNEL
87654 321
- - - - i t - - FEED HOLE

• • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • •

••oao•o••

-3039

____

...._

)

3379 2778

READ BY ONE IOT
INSTRUCTION

TRAILER
(FEED HOLE ONLY)

ooHOLE POSITION
.. HOLE PUNCHED
15-0232

Figure 1-1

Tape Format and Accumulator Bits (Alphanumeric Mode)

The paper-tape format for binary mode using hardware readin (HRI) is shown in Figure 1-2 as well as
the relationship of accumulator stages for the 18-bit word.

Note that only the feed hole is perforated

for the leader/trailer portion and that channel 8 is always punched in the program portion of the tape.
Any character without hole 8 punched will be ignored. Channel 7 punched in the last character indicates the last 18-bit instruction is to be executed by the computer. This instruction can halt machine operation or can transfer machine control to another part of the program. When using this format,
channel 7 must be punched using the alphanumeric mode.

1 .2 .5 Instructions
The PDP-15 JOT instructions used for program-controlled loading of paper-tape data are listed below.
Refer to Volume l of this handbook for IOT instruction format.
Mnemonic

Octal Code

RSF

700101

Skip next instruction if reader flag is a 1.

RCF

700102

Clear reader flag. Read reader buffer, inclusively OR contents of reader buffer with AC,
and deposit result in AC.

RRB

700112

Read reader buffer and clear reader flag. Clear
AC and transfer contents of reader buffer to AC.

RSA

700104

Select alphanumeric mode and place one 8-bit
character in reader buffer. Clear flag before
character is read from tape. Set reader flag to
l when transfer to reader buffer is complete.

RSB

700144

Select binary modes. Assemble three 6-bit
characters in reader buffer. Clear reader flag
during assembly and set flag when assembly is
complete.

Operation Performed

The paper-tape reader responds to on input/output read status (IORS) instruction by supplying the status
of its device flogs and no-tape flags to the accumulator. The reader device flag (reader interrupt)
interfaces with bit 01 of the accumulator. The reader no-tape flag interfaces with bits 08 of the
accumulator.

1 .2 .6 Function al Description
The PC15 reader consists of an electromechanical tape feed system, a light source and photo cells for
sensing tape perforations, a buffer register for storing and assembling data, and control logic for computer interface, tape advance, and transfer operations. These circuits can be used with the PDP-15
hardware readin logic, or can be used for program-controlled transfers, as described in the following
paragraphs •

FIRST CHAR READ
CHANNEL

SECOND CHAR READ

THIRD CHAR READ

,.........

..........

,...,.....

..........

,...J-,,

..........

,...._,

........

10 11

12 13

Io I I I 3141 51 I 71 I I j I I.._,._..I
2

CHANNEL

14'is

II I
1s 11

ACCUMULATOR

TAPE CHANNEL

87554

32
FEED HOLE

LEADER
(FEED HOLE ONLY)
8 CHANNEL PUNCHED FOR EACH CHARACTER

DIRECTION
OF TAPE
MOVEMENT

0
D

•

-FIRST CHARACTER READ }
-SECOND CHARACTER READ FIRST INSTRUCTION
-THIRD CHARACTER READ
READ BY ONE !OT OR
INITIATED BY REAQIN
} NEXT INSTRUCTION

}
CHANNEL 7 PUNCHED CAUSES LAST
INSTRUCTION TO
BE EXECUTED
TRAILER
(FE EO HOLE ONLY)

LAST THREE FRAMES MUST BE
PUNCHED USING ALPHANUMERIC
CODE TO EFFECT THE CHANNEL
7 PUNCH.

HOLE POSITION
HOLE PUNCHED
15-02 33

Figure 1-2

HRI Tape Format and Accumulator Bits (Binary Mode)

1 .2 .6. 1

Hardware Readin Operation - The PC 15 reader can be used with PDP-15 hardware readin

logic to load programs from paper tape at a rate of 300 characters/second. For this operation, the
desired tape is installed in the high-speed reader, and the program loading address is selected, using
the console ADDRESS switches. The console RESET key is then pressed to initialize the computer and
paper-tape reader. A readin operation is started by pressing the READIN key on the console.
With this key action, a Read in {RI) condition is stored in the reader, and the binary mode is selected.
The reader then advances the tape, reads three characters from tape, assembles them into an 18-bit
word in the reader buffer, and signals the hardware readin logic with a program interrupt. The hardware readin logic, in turn, transfers the 18-bit word to the accumulator under 1/0 processor and computer timing. The word is subsequently loaded into core memory by forcing a DAC instruction. The
first 18-bit word is stored at the address specified by the console ADDRESS switches. Subsequent 18bit words are stored in sequential memory locations.
The readin operation continues unti I a perforated hole 7 is detected. This condition is inserted in the
last character of the last 18-bit instruction. When this condition is detected, the reader supplies the
hardware readin logic with a skip request, As a result, the hardware readin logic causes the last instruction to be loaded into the Memory Input register for execution. This instruction can halt machine
operation {HALT) or can transfer program control to another part of the program (JMP). When using
the readin feature with the MP15 Memory Parity option, the last instruction on the paper tape {which
will be executed by the processor) will not be written into the next sequential memory location. That
location, however, will be loaded with data that may contain wrong parity. Therefore, that location
should be re-stored by the program before an attempt is made to read from it. Otherwise, a parity error wi 11 occur .

1.2.6.2

Program-Controlled Operation - The PC15 reader operates in the binary or alphanumeric

mode depending on the select IOT instructions issued by the computer. On decoding a reader select
alphanumeric (RSA) mode JOT (7001048 ), the reader advances the tape one character, loads this char-

acter into the reader buffer, and sets the reader device flag. The reader then signals the computer
that data are avai Iable by providing a reader interrupt to the API or PI, or by responding to an RSF IOT
instruction. If the API facility is being used, program control is transferred to the reader service routine where the computer services the request, and an RCF {7001029) or RRB {7001129) instruction is
issued. If the API foci lity is not being used, the computer issues an RSF instruction, and the reader
returns a skip request whenever its flag is set. The skip request causes the next instruction (normally
a JMP .-1 in wait loops) to be skipped so that the character can be transferred to the accumulator by
issuing an RCF or RRB instruction. The RCF or RRB instruction transfers the reader buffer character to
the 1/0 bus and loads it into the least significant bits (10 through 17 for 8-bit alphanumeric character)
of the accumulator. The character is subsequently stored in a core memory location designated by the
program. The read reader buffer (RRB) instruction also clears the reader flag for the next read operation.
For binary mode operation, the computer issues a reader select binary (RSB) mode instruction (octal
700144). On decoding this instruction, the reader clears its device flag, advances the tape three

characters, reads these characters from tape, and assembles them into an 18-bit word in the reader
buffer. The reader also counts the number of characters with hole 8 punched read from tape and, when
a count of three is reached, generates an interrupt request. The control functions for transfer of the
18-bit word to the accumulator is the same as that described for the alphanumeric mode.

1.3 PAPER-TAPE PUNCH
1 .3. l Characteristics and Capabilities
The PC15 paper-tape punch consists of a tape feed system, a mechanical punch assembly, a buffer
register, and control logic for mode selection and activation of the tape feed and punch mechanism.
Tape advance, mode selection, and transfer of information to the punch are controlled by IOT instructions. Tape is perforated at a rate of 50 characters/second. When the punch is selected by an
IOT instruction, data from the PDP-15 accumulator (AC10-AC17) are transferred to the punch buffer.
Then, without further inputs, a character is perforated on tape.
The punch contains a device flag that denotes punch status for transfers. This device flag interfaces
with the PI facility and I/O skip chain. The status of the punch flag is displayed on an indicator
panel at the top of Cabinet H963E {Bay 1 R). An out-of-tape switch is located on the punch mechanism. This switch initiates action that stops punch operations when approximately one inch of unpunched tape remains.
Power for the punch operation is available whenever the PDP-15 power is on. The punch runs when
selected by an JOT instruction or when the FEED switch is pressed.
Punch mechanical features include a magazine for unpunched tape and a container for tape chad.
Both are accessible when the reader-punch drawer is extended from the cabinet.

1 .3 .2 Operating Modes
The PC15 Punch operates in the alphanumeric or binary mode as designated by JOT select· instructions.
One of these instructions is required for each character punched for mode change. In the alphanumeric mode, an 8-bit character (in ASCII or modified ASCII code) is punched for each accumulator
transfer to the punch. For the binary mode, one 6-bit data character is perforated for each accumulator transfer. Hole 8 is always punched, and hole 7 is never punched. Three of these characters,
however, form one computer word for read in operations.

l .3 .3 Controls and Indicators
The PC15 Punch has a front panel FEED control. This control is used to advance the tape from the
punch as required for leader or trailer. The punch also has one indicator (PUN FLG) directly associated with its operation. This indicator, located on an indicator panel at the top of Cabinet H963E
(Bay l R), indicates the status of the device flag and, shows that the punch is available for a punch
operation when lit. The punch also shares the PI RQ and SKIP RQ indicators on this panel with other

1/0 devices.
, 1.3 .4 Tape Formats
Tape formats are shown in Figures 1-1 and 1-2.

1 .3 .5 Instructions
The PDP-15 IOT instructions used for punching of paper tape under program control are listed below.
Refer to Volume 1 of this handbook for IOT instruction format.
Mnemonic

Octal Code

PSF

700201

Skip next instruction if punch flag is a 1 •

PCF

700202

Clear punch flag and punch buffer.

PSA

700204

Select alphanumeric mode and punch one character. Set punch flag when punch is complete.

PSB

700244

Select binary mode and punch one 6-bit character. Set punch flag when punch is complete.

Operation Performed

The punch responds to the IORS instruction (Volume 1, Paragraph 3. 7. 1) by supplying the status of its
device flag and no-tape flag to the accumulator. The device flag interfaces with bit 02 of the accumulator, and the no-tape flag interfaces with bit 09.

1 .3 .6 Functional Description
The PC15 Punch operates in the alphanumeric or binary mode, depending on whether a PSA or PSB
instruction is issued. When one of these instructions is decoded, information is loaded into the punch
buffer from bits 10 through 17 of the accumulator and is punched onto tape. During the interval the
punch operation is in progress, the punch flag is cleared to indicate the punch is busy. When the
punch operation is complete, the punch flag is set to 1 to indicate it can accept another input
character.

The operating sequence for punch operations normally begins with a PSF instruction to test the device
flag. If the device flag is 1, a skip request is returned to the computer, and the computer issues a
PCF instruction. This instruction clears the device flag and the punch buffer. The computer then
issues a PSA or PSB instruction. On decoding a PSA instruction, the reader loads the accumulator
input into its buffer, advances the tape, and punches one character. For the alphanumeric mode
channel 8 is punched as a function of bit AC 10. For the alphanumeric mode channel 7 is perforated
as a function of bit AC 11. After the character is punched, the reader sets its device flag, and the
process is repeated. This operation, performed by the PCF and PSA instructions, can be combined
by microprogramming the two instructions to form octal 700206.

The same principles are used for punching a binary character; however, a PSB instruction is used in
place of the PSA instruction. On decoding a PSB, the punch perforates channel 8 and inhibits the
punching of channel 7. The remaining six channels are punched as a function of AC12 through AC17,
and represent one 6-bit character of a computer word.

1.4 PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS
l .4. 1 High- Speed Paper-Tape Reader
To use the reader at the transfer rate of 300 cps, a select IOT (RSA or RSB) must be issued within
1 .67 ms after each flag. This action is required because a 40 ms reader stop delay is present. When
this delay is activated, it overrides the select IOT input and subsequently stops the tape. Thus, if a
new select IOT is not received within 1 .67 ms of the setting of the flag, the reader operates start-stop
and reads characters at 25 cps rate. No data is lost.
The RSA (octal 700104) and RCF (octal 700102) can be microprogrammed to form an octal 700106 instruction. This instruction reads the character, transfers the character to the accumulator, end advances the tape in one operation. An RSF (octal 700101) and RRB (700112) cannot be microprogrammed.

l .4 .2 High-Speed Paper-Tape Punch
Channel.7 can be punched using only the alphanumeric mode. Therefore, when punching the last
character of a tape for hardware read in operation, the last character must be punched in the alphanumeric mode.
The PCF instruction can be microprogrammed with a PSA or PSB instruction to form octal 700206 or
700246. This instruction clears the punch flag and buffer, selects the applicable mode, loads the

punch buffer, advances the tape, and perforates the character on tape. After completing the punching,
the punch flag is set to denote the punch can accept another character. Microprogramming the PCF
and PSF instructions is not allowed.

1 .5 PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES
1.5. 1

Paper-Ta'pe Reader/Punch Handlers

All PDP-15 Systems are supplied with standard 1/0 device handler subroutines for the paper-tape
reader/punch hardware. For PDP-15/10 Systems with 4K core, the COMPACT software includes
paper-tape handler routines such as PTLIST and PTDUP. The Basic 1/0 Monitor, supplied with
PDP-15/lOE Systems with BK core or greater, include standard 1/0 device handlers for the high-speed
paper-tape reader and punch. These standard device handlers operate in systems with or without API
and are upward compatible with all other monitors on the PDP-15/20 Software System. Complete instructions on use of standard paper-tape reader and punch handlers and their modification for special
applications are provided in the PDP-15/10 Software System Manual, DEC-15-GR lA-D.

1.5.2

Paper-Tape Reader Programming Example

The following subroutine illustrates the use of programmed IOT instructions to read a group of binary
words from paper tape. Twenty-five 18-bit words are read and stored in a table starting at ADDRESS.
NOTE
This example is for instructional purposes only and is not
to be considered a complete, fully tested software system
segment.
SUBRTE

READLP

0
LAW
DAC
LAC
PAX
IORS
AND
SZA
JMP*
RSB
RSF
JMP
RRB
DAC
AXR
ISZ
JMP
JMP*

-31
WDCNT
(A DRESS

/25 DECIMAL WORDS

(1000 .

/IS THE PAPER TAPE READER EMPTY?
/YES IF NON-ZERO.
/EXIT •••• ITS EMPTY
/NO. START READII'~·; ;, .VORD.

SUBRTE

.-1

o,x
1
WDCNT
READ LP
SUBRTE

/WAIT FOR IT.
/GET IT FROM HARDWARE BUFFER.
/POINT TO NEXT LOC AT ADDR.
/HAVE 25 WORDS BEEN READ?
/NO ••• CONTINUE LOOPING.
/YES. EXIT.

1 .J .3

Paper-Tape Punch Programming Example

The following subroutines illustrate some paper-tape punch programming considerations. Their P.Urpose
is to unpack successive 6-bit ASCII characters from a table, convert them to 7-bit ASCII, and punch
them on paper tape. The starting address of the table is placed in a location named ADDRESS. The
number of words in the table .is placed in WORDCNT. After these parameters have been deposited,
the subroutines are entered by a JMS to PNCHOUT.
NOTE
This example is for instructional purposes only and is not
to be considered a complete, fully tested software system
segment.
PNC HOUT

LAC
TCA
DAC
CLX
NXTWORD

NXTCHAR

WORDCNT

/THIS INITIALIZATION
/ROUTINE STORES 2'S
/COMPLEMENT WORDCNT
/AND CLEARS XR.

LAW
DAC

-3
COUNT

/SET UP A COUNTER FOR
/3 CHARACTERS.

LAC
RAL

ADDRESS,X

/uSE XR TO GET EACH WORD.
/AC HOLDS 3 6..;BIT ASCII
/CHARS. ROTATE INTO LINK.
/ROTATE WORD 6 PLACES
/THRU LINK. THE NEXT
/6-BIT CHAR. IS IN AC12-17.

SAVEAC
(77)
(40)

/SAVE REMAINING CHARS.
/THIS ROUTINE CONVERTS
/THE 6-BIT ASCII IN AC12-17
/TO 7-BIT ASCII IN
/ACl 1-17.

JMS
PP CHAR
LAC
SAVEAC
JSZ
COUNT
NXTCHAR
JMP
AXR
1
ISZ
WORDCNT
JMP* PPASCII
JMP* PNCHOUT

/READY TO PUNCH CHAR.
/RESTORE SHIFTED AC.
/LAST CHARACTER?
/NO. DO NEXT CHARACTER.
/POINT TO NEXT WORD.
/LAST WORD?
/NO. DO NEXT WORD.
/YES. RETURN TO PROGRAM.

RTL
RTL
RTL
DAC
AND
TAD
AND
TAD

PPCHAR

WORDCNT

(40)

(77)

DAC
IORS
AND
SZA
JMP

STORE
(400)

EOT

/SAVE CHAR. FOR 'NO TAPE'
/TEST.
/LOAD PUNCH STATUS INTO AC.
/TEST NO PUNCH TAPE BIT.
/SKIP IF TAPE OK.
/GO TO END OF TAPE RTE.

. 61

LAC
PSA
PSF
JMP
PCF
JMP*

1 .5 .4

STORE

/LOAD AC WITH CHARACTERS
/SELECT ALPHA MODE & PUNCH
/WAIT FOR FLAG.

.-1
PPCHAR

/RETURN TO SUBPROGRAM.

Programming With API or PI

The standard device handlers for the high-speed paper-tape reader and punch include c.omplete interrupt subroutines for both API and PI service. Details on how the Program Interrupt Control (PIC) skip
chain and the Automatic Priority Interrupt (API) channels are set up and provided in Part III of the
PDP-15/10 Software System Manual. The following example of a hypothetical interrupt service subroutine is provided for general understanding of interrupt servicing.
NOTE
This example is not a complete, fully-tested interrupt'
service handler.

1 .5 .4. 1 Program Interrupt Example
RSB

.LOC 0
0
JMP

SKPCHN

/ISSUE READER SELECT
/BINARY IOT WITH PI ENABLE.
/REST OF USER PROGRAM.

SKPCHN

SPF AL
SKP
JMP* INT6
RSF
SKP
JMP* IN12
PSF
SKP
JMP* INT3

/SAVE PC, LINK, EXTEND MODE
/& MEM. PROT. BITS AT LOCO.
/GO TO SKIP CHAIN.
/POWER FAIL FLAG TEST.
/GO TO NEXT TEST.
/GO TO POWER FAIL SUBRTE.
/PAPER-TAPE READER DONE?
/GO TO NEXT TEST.
/GO TO PTR INTERRUPT.
/PAPER-TAPE PUNCH DONE?
/GO TO NEXT TEST.
/GO TO PTP INTERRUPT.
/OTHER TESTS

/INT6, INT2, AND INT3 ARE PART OF A TABLE
/OF INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINE STARTING ADDRESSES.

/AN EXAMPLE OF INT2 FOLLOWS:

INT2

/15-BIT ADDRESS OF PAPER
/TAPE READER SERVICE
/ROUTINE •.

PTRPIC

/OTHER 1/0 SERVICE ROUTINE
/POINTERS
PTRPIC

DAC
LAC*

PTRAC
(0

/SAVE AC.
/SAVE PC, LINK, BANK MODE
. /AND USER MODE IN PTROUT.
/REST OF INTERRUPT HANDLED.

1 .5.4.2 API Example
RSB

/SELECT READER IN
/BINARY MO.DE
/REST OF INTERRUPT
/HANDLED.

PTRINT

.LOC
JMS

50
PTRINT

0
DAC
LAC

PTRAC
PTRINT

/API ENTRY. SAVE AC.
/SAVE PC, LINK, BANK
/MODE & USER MODE BITS.

DAC

PTROUT

/PAPER TAPE READER
/API ENTRY LOCATION

PAPER TAPE 1o·Ts
-

-···

READER
IN PUT
ALPHANUMERIC

BINARY

Memory

Reader

· ··

Rss~g. RRB
...

_··oA.~

_,...._ · uffer- ·

· ·

RCF

Memory

---

PUNC-H
OUTPUT
ALPHANUMERIC

LAC
Memory

llllJ. .

·PsA

---

.
.
.
.
8

..,_

Buffer

~---··

PSBB

Buff e~

II-

Punch

Channel 8=1
Channel 7=0

64 .

.____

PAPER TAPE FORMATS
Assembled Programs May Appear In Two Formats
Hardware
Readin
Fonnat

Absolute
Binary
Format

1. Loaded using Hardware
control logic

Loaded using
Absolute Loader

2. Ou~put from assembler
when use ,FULL

Output from assembler
when use .ABS

3. Load address supplied
by DATA SWITCHES
on CONSOLE

Load address for each
block supplied as first
word in data block

4. All words loaded
sequentially - no way
to change where
loaded

All words loaded
sequentially until
new load address
supplied by data block

5. Read continues until
a frame with CHANNEL 7
punched is detected.

Read continues until
START BLOCK.

PAPER TAPE FORMATS
Programming tapes are supplied in one of two formats:
1. HRI - hardware read-in mode (.FULL assembly parameter)
2.
BINARY OR ABS - (.ABS assembly parameter)

HRI tapes consist of 18 bit data and instructions punched in binary
mode (PSB), which are loaded in sequential memory locations via the·
Hardware Read-In feature.
The last word is an instruction which is
to be executed when read Ci. e. HLT or JMP). The last word is indicated by channel #7 being punched in the last frame of that word.
The load address is supplied by the address switch register.

ABS or Binary paper tapes consists of 3 basic parts:
1.
ABS Loader Program punched in Hardware Read-In Format
2.
Data Blocks (there may be more than one)
3.
Start Block (there is only one)
The ABS Loader (Absolute Loader) is a program in HRI format.
When read via the Console "Read-In" Key, it is loaded and started
automatically. While executing, the Absolute Loader reads and
loads the remainder of the tape. The Absolute Loader expects the
tape it is reading to have a particular format containing Data
and Start Blocks.
DATA BLOCK - C.onsists of 3 control words (Data Block Header) followed by the data to be loaded:
1.
Load Address
2. Word count (not exceeding 25 and stored as a 2's complement
negative number)
3.
Checksum
DATA

START BLOCK - A two word block at the end of the tape.
It is
distinguished from a Data Block because bit 0 of
the first word is a one (i.e. channel #6 in the
first of 3 frames is punched).
1.
Starting address (777777 means "HLT" rather than "JMP"
to $Qlll:~ J_oc(it_~qn)
2.
Dummy word (not used)

FLTST

PAGE

SftC

.F'ULL
.LOC 100

00100

·aEG

01JU.10

740040

rtHlll 01

750004

LAS

00102

340112

TAI ONE

0eJl 03

fiJ4eJ111

IAC TEMP

eJfJ104

74fJ04fJ

HLT

00105

7521004

LAS

00106

540111

SAi TEMP

0rlll 07

75004el

CLAIHLT

00110

750041

00111

e 0 f.!HiJ fH!l

TEMP

00112

000001

ONE

HLT

•
•••••

•

000lil
S!ZE:fJ01 l3

.ENI BEG
NO ERROR LINES

•• ••
••

•
•
•

FLTEST SRC

PAGE

·.FULL

.LOC 100

l?.!f.ll0fJ

BEG

740040

00UJl

750004

LAS

00102

340112

TAD ONE

00103

040111

DAC TEMP

00104

74004l'J

HLT

IZJ01 fl.15

750fJ04

LAS

00106

5421111

SAi TEMP

00107

750040

CLAIHLT

00110

750041

00111

000000

TEMP

fl00001

ONE

00112

00f/JfHllfJ
SIZE:BfJl 13

•
•••••
•

HLT

00100

"1
• END

NO ERROR LINES

....

•
• •••••
•

···

•

PAGE

FULTS! SRC

.F'ULL

.LOC UJfJ

0fl10fJ

BEG

•
•

740040

0eJleJ1

75 0004

LAS

IHJl 02

340111

TAI ONE.

00103

040112

IAC

0fJl84

74fJ04fJ

HLT

001 l'J5

75 eJQJfJ4

LAS

00116

540112

SAD

00 l f.17

750fJ4fJ

CLA ! Hl.T

00110

750041

CMA I CLA !.HLT

12101 l l

ONE

000001

......

HLT

fJ010fJ

TEMP

•
•
•

• ENI

lilJfJ000fJ

SlZE:fJ0113
-·-

.. -· ....

NO ERROR LINES
··----... ~ ..

--- ..-

··-----·-~······--'

............... -···

••••••••••••••
•

PAGE

TRY

SftC

.• FULL
fjfJ 1fJfJ

.LOC UJfJ

BEG

740040

fJll 01

750004

LAS

l!JfJ 112

34fJ112

TAI Cl

,,,, 103

048111

IAC TEMPI

00184

748040

HLT

00115

. 75eJ004

LAS

00106

540111

SAi TEMP

01107

7511fJ40

CLAIHLT

001 UJ

75rt.lfJ4l

CMA ICLA 1HLT

fJ0l l2

fJfJ0fJ0fJ
fHHJ0fJ 1

.ENI
*L

SIZE:IJ0113

:oo

HLT

fl011Jl'J

NO ERROR LINES

:YOU
:SEE
••
•• WHAT
. THE

PROBLEM

••• IS
. WHEN
THIS
IS
•
·LOADED?
• ••••••
•
•
••• ••
CHECK
.LOCATIONS

...

PAGE

ABSVER SRC

00100

.LOC
BEG

U.ltl

••...

HLT

00 l IPJeJ

74fJ040

00101

751?.lfJ04

LAS

00102

.340112

TAI ( 1

00103

040111

BAC TEMP#

00104

740040

HLT

00105

75 fJfJ04

LAS

0121106

540111

SAi TEMP

l?J0UJ7

750fJ40

CLAIHLT

01?JllfJ

75l'.104 l

CMAICLAIHLT

0f.lfJ UJ0

.ENI BEG

. l!H'Jl 12

00fJ001
*L
SIZE:fJ0113

........
•• ,•••••••
........
-..--.
..........
•• •
....

.ABS

ENO OF
ABS LOADEi-t·

•

..••

••

•

DATA

BLOCK

• ~SU

HEADER

DATA

NO ERROR LINES

11-P........-~..........

...............~~la

.we

DATA

BLOCK

~~.....
· · vSUM HEADER
DATA

"•
..... ·•

.
·•..

••

START

BLOCK

DOS-15 COOKBOOK
Form~::t:t·!n:g:_ o·~·ct~p·es

The format generator tape is read in under HRI mode
1.

Set the address switches to 17720 (some tapes may call for
17700) •.

Depress STOP, RESET, READIN.
Conversation program begins. Place Dectape on a unit other
than unit ~. Don't take up more than 2 wraps. Fo1iow directions.
Note:

Before you can use the tape, you must go to PIP to clear
out the directory.
$PIP
DOSPIP VXX
) L1.1TT "'"' DT 1
N.i.1DT2

Loading DOS Into a Cold Machine
1.

Mount DOS restore tape #1 on Dectape transport
Set rotary switch to 1
Set remote switch
Set write lock

_1.,.oa_d __ !)OS __ say~=r~-l3~<?_r~ __p_~p_e:r_ tc.i2~_J:J::i~~-- hiqh=~Eeeg reader
Place tape in reader
Set address switches to 17720
nepress STOP, RESET and then READIN

The paper tape is read in and a conversational mode program begins.
INPUT: D'tJ
UNIT: ~
OUTPUT: DJV
The program will tell you when to mount the second tape.
At the completion of loading, DOS has been placed on the disk.
3.

To bring the resident Monitor into core:
Set address switches to X7637 where X = 1 for BK
3 for l6K
5 for 24K
7 for 32K
Place the DOS bootstrap tape in the reaaer (usually on the
same tape as the DOS SAVE & STORE paper tape)
Depress STOP' RESET I then READ'IN.
DOS announces itself.

. . Note:

The BOOTSTRAP stays in high core unless you cleverly
manage to destroy it.

To get the monitor:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

Control c
(echoed as fC)
Set address switches to X7646 where X is same value as
before: SibP, RESET, START
Set address switches to X7637 and read in bootstrap again
The whole DOS restore procedure again
Call a maintenance person

PIP
To call PIP

$PIP
DOSPIP VXX
?

To list the directory from the disk on the teletype:
'7'L

TT~ D~

To list the directory from the Dectape on unit 2 on the line
printer:
">Lu LP ~ DT 2_J
To transfer a file from the disk to dectape:
>-TuDTl ~DKwTESTFL SRCJ
:>-TuDT 21.J'FILEA BIN +- DKLSFILlwBI~

MACRO
To call MACRO

$MACRO
MACRO VXX
7BN +- FILENM..J
OR ALTMODE

To load a program generated under .ABS or .ABSP!
1.

Place tape in reader

Set address switches to 17720

Depress STOP, RESET then READIN.

This causes the absolute loader to be loaded. It starts
automatically and in turn reads in the rest of the tape--that
is, your program.

DOS-15 V3Aelelel
$L

*************************•*****************************************
EXAMPLE OF WRITING,ASSEMBLING AND LOADING A RELOCATABLE PROGRAM

*******************************************************************
$EDIT

ED I TOR V3A000
>OPEN SAMPLE
FI LE SAMPLE SR C NOT FOUND.

TNPUT
LAC

<707070

HLT
.END

fDIT
">CLOSE

ED I TOR V3A000
>OPEN SAMPLE
EDIT
>N

>C //START I
~TART

LAC C707070

·L

.END

>A
>P

START

.END
• END START
>EXIT
·~DOS-15

V3A000

·.A LP -12

$A DK -13

··SK ON

llAGI!:

SAMIPL! SlliC

o.Qlta(ll0 R 200002 R
START
R 1jUJ001 A
000000! Fi
~0Q.ltA2 R 101010 A •I..
S I l F. 11!1 OH1H'IHU
00~01

BLOADER V3A000
>P ... SAMPLE
P SAMPLE SRC 77634
.,.stS

REAL TIME CLOCK

References:

Volume 1 Processor Handbook
System Reference Manual

6-42
B-14

The Real Time Clock option provides a user with time reference
capability for accounting purposes, periodic interrupts and interval
timing. The clock produces clock pulses at the rate of a

a) 60 times a second (every 16.7 ms) for 60 Hz systems
or
b) 50 times a second (every 20 ms)
for 50 Hz systems
(the standard clock works off the line frequency--other clocks are
available to produce clock pulses at user defined rates).
When the clock is enabled (CLON), every clock pulse generates
a request for a break at the completion of the current instruction.
When the break is granted by the CPU, the content of memory location
000007 is incremented by 1. Location 000007 is the clock counter
register. As long as the clock is enabled, the process of location 7
being incremented at each clock tick continues.
When the content of location 7 overf1ows (i.e. is incremented
from 777777 to 000000), the clock flag is set to 1. This condition
may be checked for by the use of a Skip IOT (CLSF). Note also that
the clock flag is interfaced to the PI and API systems so that if
interrupts are enabled when the clock flag is set, an interrupt
request will be made.
Three IOT instructions are associated with the clock1
CLON
700004
-Clock On
-Enable the clock ••• increment
location 000007 every clock tick
-Clear the clock's flag
CLSF

CLOF

700001

-skip on C1ock F1ag Set ••• the next

700044

instruction is skipped if the
clock's flag is set
-Clock Off
-Disable the clock ••• do not increment
location 000007
-Clear the clock's flag.

since the clock eounter register is memory location 000007,
its contents may be modified by a program. A standard technique for
using the clock is to preset the contents of location 7 to the
complement of the desired time count (in ticks} and then to enable
the clock (and the interrupt system if interrupts are to be used).
The clock flag will be raised (and an interrupt occur) at the end of
the specified time period. For instance, to raise the flag aftera
1 second, set location 000007 to 777704 (-60 10 =-74 8 )
5 second~set location 000007 to 777324 (-300 10 .:=""".454 8 ).
Notice that it is the 2's complement that is used. This example and
the following ones assume 60 ticks per second for the c1ock.

REAL TIME CLOCK
To check for an interval of 1 second by checking the clock's
flag, the following sequence can be useda

LAW -74
DAC 7

/74 ticks
1 second
/or DAC* (7 if program is not in page O
I
or bank O

CLON
CLSP

/enable clock--start incrementing
/check for clock overflow

JMP .-1

/not yet

next hstruction /get here after 1 second .
To check for an interval of 1 second via interrupts under the
PI system, the following sequence may be used1
.LOC 0
0
JMP* .+l ·

TIMERT

/Main Routine
.LOC 10200
•
•

•
LAW -74

/set clock for
/6010 ticks
/enable clock,clear flag
/enable PI interrupts

DAC• (7
CLON
ION

••
••
•
••

continue with 1 second•s worth of program

• LOC 20500
TIMERT

DAC ACSAVE
••
•
•••
••

•
LAC• (0

/save AC as it was at time of interrupt

process clock interrupt--this may involve resetting
location 7 or even disabling
the clock
·/pick up the return address from location 0

DAC RETURN#
:
other instructions are necessa,J"y here so that when we
:
leave TIMERT the system looks as it did before the
:
interrupt occurred •
•
JMP• RETURN
/go back to where we ware interrupted

REAL TIME CLOCK

To check for an interval of 1 second via interrupts under the
API system, the following sequence may be used1
.LOC 2
TIMER

/address of clock routine

.LOC 51
JMS• 2

.LOC 10200
•

•
••
LAW -74
DAC* .(7
CLON
LAC (400000
ISA

•••
••

/set clock counter to ~60 ticks
/enable clock,clear clock flag
/enable interrupts
/from the API system

continue with 1 second•s worth of program

•

• LOC 20500
TIMER 0
DAC ACSAVE#

/save AC as it was at time of interrupt

process clock interrupt
other instructions are necessary here so that when we

return to the interrupted routine, the system looks as
it did before the interrupt occurred.
JMP• TIMER

/go back to where we were interrupted

REAL TIME CLOCK

NOTES

1. The clock continues to count up from zert> after overf.low
occurs. At overfl.ow detection, however, the clock counter is'
usually reinitialized or the clock is disabled.
2. To enable the clocka
Use the CLON instruction (make sure the console clock
clock switch is OFF--front down.: if the console is locked,
then CLON will enable the clock no matter what -position
the console clock switch is in).
3.

To disable the clocks
a) Use the CLOF instruction
orb) Turn the console CLOCK switch ON (rear.half
depressedJ this will have an effect only if
the console is not io·cked).
4. Depressing ~he RES;ET switch on·the console clears the
clock's flag and disables the clock.

OUTIN

P~OGRAM

SRC

TO MOY! AC L?GHfl C!NT!R,OUT,BAeK ETC

.TXTL! PROQAAM TO MOVI AC LIGMT8 C!NT!R,OUT,8ACK
I
I

I
I
I
10101 A

UH HI A '111001 A

111

ITART

CL.AlCl..L

101'!11 A 7940!Ul A
10102 A 70515ih1 A

!IA

!0101~ A IU114! A
UH04 A HHU41 A
!0UHJ A 2Ut144 A
11Hfll8 A rU10t42 A

L.OC 111 UJI

?OF

S!TUP

LAC ce1110m

rue, 1..H#

I.AC (110211
DAC RH#

ITURN flt OFF
ITURN API O,F (t8A WITH AC0•0'
lllT ltf 1 B!CAUI! "OTAT! R!GMT
OtSPL.AVING
/GIT BlT ti l!CAUll ROTATE L!FT
/!!,OR! DJSPLAV!NG

181FO~!:

I
I

/MANUFACTURE 1H! DISPLAV!D ACCUMULATOR VA~U!
llV TAKING !ACM M4~P AND ROTATING IT !N T~I APP~OPRtAT!
ID?R!CT%0N, TH!N "~OR" TMI HAL~!$ FOR THE FULL VALU!.
U1101 A IU1141 A
UH 10 A 74!iH2QI A

I
"0111 f4

MOVE!.

101l1 A 100141 A

L.AC L.M

RAR

DAC L.H
LAC lllH

Ul111 A 210142 A
ifa\13 A 140!U0 A
1119114 A r!Jlf/.1142 A

MAL.

DAC RH
>CON L.M

11115 A 851141 A

DAC C!IPL,¥#

10UIS A rB5t!H40 A

lllT UP TH! R!AI.. TIMI' CLOCI< COUNT!R••LOCATXON 1
I

1I111 A '1'1'1'104 IA

TlMIR

10120 A 070145 A

I
I
I

L.AW •J4
OAC• (1
.!J!CT

lllT UP COUNTER POPI

ION! l!CONO INT!RVAl

llAG!

OUT IN

IRC

PROGRAM TO MOY! AC LIGHTS C!NTIR 1 0UT,8ACK !TC
I
I
I

/TURN CLOCK ON Cl'!RIT TtM! THRU' AND CLEAR Ct.,OCK l'L.AG';

/IUBIEQU!NT USll 0, "CL.ON" AR! TO CL!AR TM! FLAG ONLY,
/THE CLOCK K!!PS ON COUNTING A'TIN IT OVIRl'LOWS TO I,

•

10111 A llUH41!1
10112 A 71HJ44 A
1112\t A 11111111 A
l1Bt24 A 9UJ123 A

I.AC OtlPL.V
CL.ON

CL.I'

JMP ,•l
I

/l<llP ROTATtNG UNTIL TM! ACw4tlll1 OR AC•llt411~
IWH!N AC EQUALS THiii VALUES CHANGI THI DIR!CTlON
10, ROTATION, THtl II DON! av. ACTUAL.L.V CHANQ!Nla
/TH! INITRUCT!ON "RAL" TO RRARM AND V!C! V!~SA, !T
Ill ACCOMPL?SH!D Ul!NG TH! PXbR• !NSTRUCTlON Al
/RAL17411Ut AND RAR17~Hl2f.l 1

SWITCHING IACIC

A~D

/FORTH XS JUST A MATTER OF XORlNG WZTH 111131.
/(TH!R! AR! 0' COURSI OTW!R WAVI TO SWITCH')
tit IS A 9911415 A

11128 A e·111Ht
10121 A 511141
1111131 A
A 811117
10132 A 211110
!11'133 A 251H!Hl

,.,.,,
u111:u

11134
1013!

111as
10137

SAD (4111111

JMP CHANG!

A
A
A
A
A
A 151111 A
A
A
A 81911113 A
A IUJ1fJ7 A

BAD COH1Jt 401

CMANl'll

IKP
JMP FORM
I.AC MOY!L.

XOR (OHlll131

DAC MOYEI.

asru se

XOR Utlll181

DAC MOVER
JMP l'ORfil
I

7181flt4A A

CL.ONl,111844

1GIQH2HU

CLSF•,IBllGUI 1

J..

I
l!IUUIOJ
A 1111100
A 1118100
A 001007
A 4fHJHJl

A
A •L.
A *I.
A •L.

10143
10144
101415
10145
A *I.
10147 A IHl141H!l A •I.

UH80 A 08HJ:10 A •I.
SlZ!•UIH51

.IND START

NO !PtROR L.!N!I

PAGE

NON GLOBAL 8UBROU'f %N! CAL.LS

NOGL.OB Sllf C

• 'I' ITL.E NON.GL.OBAL IUSROUTIN! C:ALL.S
I

7@0401 A

TSF11111Ul40H

100408 A

TLS11100.t06

1:110~HiJQI

R 12!tUll!2 A
mia001 R 105514 A
~HU.102 R 700418 A

I
START

?OF
?SA+U'l
Tl..S+UI

L.AC CTABL.!
OAC PTR#
l..AW •8
cue COUNT#

R 2000,!43 ~
1?10004 R 0411111142 R
1.!10tiHll ! R '1'1111~ A
000~e R 1401?!41 ~
0012!07 R 100033 R

eJ.J!aQ.IQl:S

JMS CIU.F

I
R fHtUl42 R
R 1 flHUJ25 R
!Ul012 R 1000:53 F?
~0010
~0011

L.AC.,, '9TR
JMS llFUNT
JMS CRL.fll'

OHUH3 R 440042 R

18Z PTA

un COUNT

001H4 R 4401?!41 R
V!l00i5 R 800@10 ~

JMFI' MORE
.,!)(%'!'
I

00020
00021
0CJ!022
00023
013024

00mas
0!0028
~0027

0fUJ06fA A

TAIL.!

R 100061 A

R !UIQ.1062
A 000083
A llUHHS4
N f1.IQl11Jfill6S

A
A
A

190
fH
82
63
84
65

I
I

R tUJ0000 A
R 700401 A

TSF
JMFI ... s.

Ql(lJC!13QI R 80C!IOHa7 R
000!31 R 7ell!l4ta8 A
~H!l032 ~ 620026 R

TLS
JMPw PRXNT
I

rUl033 R 000000
011J034 R 16001!5
011ltll35 R 100026
00036 ~ 1600112
0111037 R u.1002e
0011140 R 152011!38

A
A

CRLf'

L.•w 15

JMS PIUNT

L.AW U!

JMS PRINT
JM!lw CALF

R
~

I
12HU0QUI R
0Qltll43 R 1U.10021tl R •L
S!Z!1(11Qlfll44

,!ND START
NO l!RROR t..IN!S

PAGE

GI.OBA!:. SRC

rat.-OBAI.. SUBROl.i"T?NI CAl.L.I

.TlTL.! Gl.OIAL SUBP'OUTJN! CAL.LS
7004111

I
A

7014015 A

Tl't'l0401
Tl.1•700408
I

.laL.OBL CRl.il'-, PR! NT
OHUJ00 R 7HJ0fH! A
me1ra1 R 7rUl514 A
80H'J2 R 7014US A

I
I
START

%SAt1t19

TL.I+ Ul
I

OJ01t113 R 201HJ32 R
1Ull1!04 R 141H!ll7 R
lllOJ!!S R 171"111 A
10008 R 04111.115 R
000~7

!D'

I.AC CTABL.!

DAC PTR#

I.AW •8
OAC COUNT#

R 120030 E

JMS.!.. CRL.P'
I

00110 R 221117 ~
10011 R 12011111 E
00012 R 1:20QJ30 e:

MOR!

JMS..!.. PR!NT
JM8.!.. CRLP'
I

1011H3 R 441017
00014 R 4400115 R
llCHH !5 R fSOJIHI 10 R

0 lll9J20 R 00105fl
00021 R 0Pl008l
00122 R llHJ081
IUJl23 R IH!eJf.181
!10024 R 00008•
00029 R lllUllS!

l&Z llTR

lSZ COUNT

JMfl MORE

.EXIT

A
A
A
A

TABL.E

e•

H.11011

ee
61
812
63

•
~

1e1ne A ~HU!l0iUI E •E
11J00i11 R !Zll!IGUJ! l E •!

LACw PTl'f

00032 R 01JllHI R •L.
S l ZE •01Gt1033

.!ND ST.ART

NO !RlltOR 1.lNES

PAG!

CRL.F

SU8ROUT!N! TO PRINT OUT CR AND 1..F

SFIC

a Tl TL.!

.GL.OBL CRL.,, PPUN'I'

I
CFH.,ff

00000 R 0100000 A
1Ul001 R i'tHitlUS A
00002 R 1;0006 E

$USROUT?N! TO PRINT OUT .CR AND L.fP!

I.AW 2U5
JMI!,. PIU~T
1,.Ait4 212
JMS.!... PR 1 NT

00003 R 160212 ~
000~• R 1201lH1H5 !
00005 R tll211HUHB. ~

JMP* CFH.F
I

000000 A

11!ND

•!

0t1H308 R 0GHUHlJ6 I!:

NO ERROR L.lN!S

SIZ!fll0001iJ1

tlAG!

lllRlNT

SUIFtOl.JTtN! TO PRINT CHAR O~ TT

SRC

,TITI.! SUIROUT!NI TO P~tNT CHAR ON TT
I

,GL.081..

1 !!llPU01 A

TSff111110Gl41U

1110406 A

TL.117' II 4tlUJ
I

ICMARACT!R I I !XP!CT!D XN THI AC

1'.1000121 R QJ011J01U!
eHUU11 R 1180401
flH)JIU2 R EIUl0011 l
00£30.13 lit 100408
000(114 R 810flHHI

fl
A

faRXNT

,.,,
fll

JMfJ .•l
Tl..S
JMPiA> PflUN'f

Pl
A
R

I
fUJ000tll A
SI?!•fl!&lf'UJ5

11END
NO E~IU.'lR 1.l:N!S

DOS-15 V3A000
$A LP -12

$1< ON
$MACRO
3MACR0-15 V3A000
>B LG+-NOGLOB
END OF PASS 1
SIZE=00044
NO ERROR

LINE

tC
DOS-15 V3A000
$LOAD
3LOADER V3A000
>P ... NOGLOB
P NOGLOB SRC 77573
tS 'I'S
0
1
2
3
4

5
DOS-15 V3A000
$MACRO
BMACR0-15 V3A000
>B LG..-GLOBAL
END OF PASS 1
SlZE=0eJ033
NO ERROR LINES
BMACR0-15

V3Al271Z1121

>B L+-CR LF
END Of PASS l
SIZE=00007
NO ERROR LINES
BMACR0-15 V3Af2!00
>B L+-PR I NT
END OF PASS
SIZE=00f2!05
NO ERROR LINES

DOS-15 V3Af2lf2l0
$LOAD
9LOADER V3A000
>P ... GLOBAL ,CHLF, PR I NT
P GLOBAL SR C 77604
P CRLF
SRC 77575
P PRINT
SRC 77570
tS 'tS
0
l
2
3
4
5

PROGRAM TO AV!RAG! OIClMAL YALU!&

AVGl,.08 SAC

PAGE

.TtTL! PROGRAM TC AV!RAG! D!CtMAL V~~UI~
I

11001oooooooooeoooeeooooeoooo1001eo~oooo100eoooeoooeo~o~

I
I
I

PROGRAM ACC!PTS D!C!MA~ VALUES FROM THE K!YBOARO,
SUMS THIM AND PAINTS OUT TH! DICl"AL. AVERAG! (GIVEN
I TO TH! TENTHS ~LAC!~ ON TH! TEL!PRtNTER.
I Ul!R SHOULD FD"'LOW fACH VALUE WITH A COMMAJ T!RMINATE~
I TH! LIN! WITH CR. FOR !XAMPL!I 3,11.ao,•,rCR) ..
I

10000010000001ooooouooo10e110eoooooooooooooo100eoooooooc
I

7HJ301 A
71Hl~12 A

1(11'•101~01
l<R817011~H I

7001408 A

TLS•71!04115
I

'30010 N 117792 A

BEGIN

000&'11 R 100002 A
~0002

R 705514

OBA

IOF

ISA4-t0

00103 R 111416 •

010004 R 141117 R

00mms R 140120 R

00006 R 111125 E
000~7

~0010

lN%T

TL.1+10

OZM COUNT#
OZM P'IN.61.,#
JMS• CALff

140121 R

NXT

OZM NUMB#

R 700301 •

I
NE>lT

KSF

0.0014 M 811035 ~

IOIB
SAD C2U5
JMP AL.L.DU"11

00015 R 540130 R

SAD

qtQJ0 t I R 918HJ313 R
00011 R SIUU;J1 R
00020 R 04012.4 Ft

OAC T!MP#

~0011

R 540127 R

R 111121 R

AND CU'

00028 M 040121 R
000~0

R 110121 R

I
DUN

00031 R 3401291 R
0~0312 R 041120 R

~0033 R 440111 R
00034 R f.100007 A

IR!IULT IMAL~~.?N MQ
/ADD ON LAST OlG!T
llAV! IN NUMB

I-AC NUMB
TAO '!NAI.·

IGIT TM!I VALUE
/ADD !T TO TH! SUM

IIZ COUNT

IK!EP TRACK OF HO~ MAN¥ VALUES'

DAC FINAL.

/l!T OCTAL NUMBER

LACQ
T•D TEMP
DAC NUMB

JMP Nl!XT

R 100010 R

/CR MEANI LAST VALUE
1" 1 " 11,ARATIS VALUES

L.AC NUMI!

MUL.
12

R 1Hl0PI 12 A

000CU R 8410Jal2 A
QJ00J215 R :J•IU 24 R
~0021

ems•

JMP DUN

00122 R 653122 A
~002~

1%NIT!ATI PRINT•~m!T PLAG .
ICOUNT1 # OF VALU!l
IFtNAL• SUM OF VALU!S
llSIUI Cf/I AND L'
IT!~PORARV LOCATION

JMP e•1

001!.!U R 800010 R
00012 R 7011312 A
0001~

/RUN !N PAG! MOD!
ITURN OFF PX
/AND A~f INTER~UPT SV9T!MS

JMP NXT

0 &'HIJ 3 a R 200111 R
(110036 R 040041 R
00031 R 2fil0121ll fit
000.110 R tH53323 A
00041 R tl!tHIHi.1012! A
00042 R 040123 Ff
00043 R fU1002 A
'110044 R 04012g R

ALL.OUN

LAC COUNT
OAC • .t.3

L.AC f"tNAL.
IOlV

IG!T # OF VA1.U!8
JSTOR! FOR OtV!SION
IG!T SUM

OAC REMAIN#
L.ACQ

OAC QUOT#

lft!MA!ND!ft RITURN!D tN AC
IG!T OUOT%INT IN MQ

I
~0045

R 1:5!00f21 A

01!1046 R 200122 R

000611 R ES5J323 A

Cl..X
L.AC QUOT

NEXXT

00050 R A000 U! A
00091 R 050112 R
11.10052 ~ 64UJ0m
011)053 R 14U?00
00054 R !5000157
00055 R 1310QH
VJ00!56 R 60004''

IDIV
12

llTO!l! IN TAIL.!

DAC DIGIT,)(
LACO

SNA

R
A
R

JMP DUNN

/CONTINUE IF NOT ~
/STOP WHEN QUOTI!NT • I

JMlw CRLF

l:tSSUE CR ANO L.F

AXR t
JMP NEXXT
I

00051 R 120125 E

OUMN
I

00060 R 2UH12 A
00061 R 340132 R
000!62 R 1201215 !
00063 R 731111 fl

OUNNN

I.AC D?G?T,X
TAD (260

Jt-18• PRINT
AXR •t

00~64 R 724000 A
00065 R 14011210 A
~0~66 R tHHHl')6fl ~

P>U

/PICK UP QUOTIENT
/PUT IN TAB~! FOR L•T!R OUTPUT

/TO MAI<! ASCII

/GET N!~f CMARAeT!R •• wo~K

IWAV BACK UP TAl.8!

IARE WI OONE••WH!N X~•0, V!I

SMA

JMP OUNNN
I

L.AC (256

00061 R 2CIHU33 R
!110010 R UUHIS E

JMS• PFttNT

IISSU! DECIMAL ~OtNT

•

I
L.AC COUNT
OAC ~!M

00071 R ~UHU 17 R
0001a R 040100 ~
00073 R UH'H23 R
00QJ14

ss31 u~

1..AC R!MAtN
MUL

000115 R 01i'fi.l!U2 A

~~11116

t.. AC:Q

R. 64Ul01 A

00077 R 853323 A
001ra0 R 000000 A
00101 R e41002 A
00U!2 R 3_.ttH32 R
00103 R 120128 F.
00104 R UUH2! E
0!211 @5 R 7500184 ~
eJIZJUHi R 140~UJ0 A
~HU@7 R t500HJ4 ~

IOIV
~!M

0
L.l<CQ
TAD C26!

JMSv PRINT

JMI• l!RLF

L..AI
SZA

JMP INIT
II

~0112

O?GIT
I

!UJ0CUH1J R

00129 R Ql0012S E •!
10126 R 01Ul118 e: •!
00127 R 0002US A "'I..
O!IH3~ R l!J002S• ~ •I..
~111131

R !1HH10i1 A •L.
.,, L.
01H32 R lllfi!0260
IHH33 R 000256 A •I..
IU'.!•IHH 34

/WANT TO CONTINUE OR !XtT7
1%P IW?TCMll AA! 0 1 TM!N !X!T
INON•t!RO••CO~TlNUE WtTM ANOTHER

!)UT

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PROGRAM INTERRUPT FACILITY

References: . Volume 1 Processor Handbook
System Reference Manual
Preface•

(PI)

5-11
3-8

The Program Interrupt Facility increases the
efficiency of input/output operations by freeing a
program from the necessity of constantly monitoring
device flags. When PI is enabled and a peripheral
device becomes available or completes a transfer, the
PI autom~tically interrupts the program sequence and
causes a JMS OGOOOOtt to occur. A subroutine at location
000000 may then sense the device flags to determine which
of the devices caused the interrupt,service the device,
and return to the main program.
11

The running time of programs using input and output routines
is primarily made up of the time spent waiting for an I/O device
to accept or transmit information. Specifically, this time is
· spent in loops such ass
TSF
/SKIP ON FLAG
JMP .-1
Waiting loops waste a large amount of computer time. In those
cases where the computer can be doing something else while waiting, these loops may be removed and useful routines included to
use the waiting time. This sharing of a computer between two tasks
is often accomplished through the program interrupt faciiity, which
is standard on all PDP-15 computers. The program interrupt facility
allows certain external conditions to interrupt the computer program.
It is used to speed the processing of I/O devices or to al·low certain
alarms to halt program execution and initiate another routine.
Each of the input/output devices has associated with it a device
flag which is set to 1 whenever the device has completed a transfer
and is ready for another. When the Program Interrupt Facility is
enabled, the setting of the device flag (connected to PI) c~uses a
program interrupt request. When PI is disabled, program interrupts
do not occur, although device flags may be set.
When the interrupt is granted, PI is disabled automatically,
the main instruction sequence is suspended and the hardware executes
a ••JMs 000000". This causes the contents of the ~rogram Counter (the
address of the next instruction that was to be executed) to be stored
in location 000000 and the instruction in location 000001 to be
executed.
·
The routine entered due to the interrupt is responsible for
finding and servicing the device that caused the interrupt. Usually,
the instruction in location 000001 is a JMP to a sequence of code
called a SKIP CHAIN which determines which device's flag caused the
interrupt and then jumps into a service routine for that specific
device.

PROGRAM INTERRUPT FACILITY

The individual service routine then handles the condition
causing the interrupt, reenables the Program Interrupt system and
resumes mainline program execution by JMPing to the location
pointed to by location 000000.
The !OT instructions used to program the PDP-15 for
program interrupts area

ION

700042

IOF

700002

-Interrupt ON
-Enable PI interrupts
-Interrupt OFF
-Disable PI interrupts
-Restore ••• i.e. set up for
the restoration of the
Link,Page/Bank mode,
Memory Protect bit ~rom
the pointer word given
in the next indirectly
referenced instruction.

707742

Use of the interrupt system allows a mainline routine,
referred to as the BACKGROUND PROGRAM, to execute without
wasting a large amount of time in waiting loops while I/O devices
devices are assembling and transmitting information. The
interrupt service routine, called a FOREGROUND PROGRAM, is
entered automatically whenever an I/O device requires
servicing under program control.

REQUESTING AN INTERRUPT

-- requests for program interrupts
are made when f'lags are raised
for device.s tied to PI.

Device
Flag

Raised

no interr'l'lpt
>--..--

request

YES

mtterrupt
Request

GRANTING AN INTERRUPT
nterrupt
Request

-- when the CPU receives a
· request for an interrupt, it
must decide if that interrupt
can be. gr a..nted.
PI interrupts will be granted
only
l)i:f PI is on
2)between instructions
no interrupt;
3)after a non-privileged
keep request
tnstructions (privileged
on line
fnstructionsa IOTs, JMS,
CAL,XCT,NORM)

Execute
Another
*NOTEs The following have priority

over Pia
1) Data Channel Transfers
2) Clock breaks for updating
location 000007

3) API hardware in.t..errupts

NO
PI Interrupt Granted*

an i-ntei:trupt ·-eensists of 1
·!)disabling ·P·I

Interrupt

2)executing a JMS 000000

Granted

Disable
PI

Hardware
Force XCT

JMS _ 0

Recall that information is also stored in bits 0,1, and 2
on a JMS. Location 000000 Bit o = Link at ti-e of interrupt
1 =·Page/Bank·Moae·Indicator

2 i::Memory Protect Indicator
..

• ... -·- ··-t·

_..,

The word in location 000000 ha$ the following format•
1

Li&O: Page Memory
Bank Protect

15 bit address of the instru¢t;.ion that was
to be executed at time Gf interrupt

PROGRAM INTERRUPT FACILITY

Single Device InterruEt Programming
When programming a system with only one possible source of
interrupts, say the paper tape reader, the handling of an interrupt is very straight forward and simple.
000000

0
1

JMP PTREAD
PTREAD

DAC ACSAVE
/save registers used by the servie routine
••
•
code to handle the reader
•.
-was it the completion of a read or an
•
•
error condition that caused the interrupt·
••
-store away the character read from the tape
-check to see if there is more to read
•••
if so ••• initiate the next read
••e
•
/restore registers
LAC ACSAVE
.ION
/reenable PI
RES
/set up to restore the Link, Page/Bank
/mode, Memory Protect bit on the next
/indirectly referenced instruction from
/bits 0,1 and 2 of the pointer word
JMPw 000000 /go back to where we left off

EXIT

Multiple Device InterruEt Programming
Many programming applications use the interrupt system to
service severai devices.

For examp1e, a PDP-15 may use the

interrupt facility to control the operation of paper tape (reader
and punch) through a teletype. Systems of this type require a
service routine that determines the source of an interrupt request
(i.e. which device flag is set). The following instruction sequence
uses dummy IOT Skip instructions to determine which device requested
an interrupt:
DlSF
/is it Device l?
SKP
/no
JMP DlSRV /yes--go to Device 1 service routine
D2SF
/is it Device 2?
SKP
/no
JMP D2SRV /yes--go to Device 2 service routine

•••

DnSF

/is it Device n?

/no--not device 1-n, go to error routine
JMP DnSRV /yes--go to Device n service routine
JMP ERR

PROGRAM INTERRUPT FACILITY

For example, suppose we have a PDP-15 system with high speed
paper tape reader and punch, teletype and clock and that is all.
The following gives a skip chain that could be used.
000000
JMP SKPCHN

0
1

MAINLINE ROUTINE
••
••

SKPCHN

CLSF
SKP
JMP CLOCK

KSF
SKP
JMP KYBD

TSF
SKP

JMP TPRINT

RSF
SKP
JMP PTREAD

PSF
JMP

ERROR

.J'MP PUNCH

CLOCK

/did the clock cause the interrupt?
/no
/yes--go to clock service routine
/did the keyboard cause it?
/no
/yes--go to keyboard service routine
/did the teleprinter?
/no
/yes--go to the teleprinter service routine
/did the paper tape reader?
/no
/yes--go to reader service routine
/did the paper tape punch?
/no--illegal interrupt occured-go to error routine
/yes--go to paper tape punch service routine

DAC ACSAVE
•••
LAC ACSAVE

ION
RES

I
KYBD

TPRINT

PTREAD

PUNCH

JMP* 000000
DAC ACSAVE
•
••
JMP* 000000
DAC ACSAVE
••
JMP• 000000
DAC ACSAVE

JMP• 000000
DAC ACSAVE
•
•

JMP• 000000

PROGRAM INTERRUPT FACILITY

An interrupt grant will cause the computer to perform the
following operations automatically:
1. The PZ system is disabled.2. The contents of the PC is stored at memory location 000000.
3. The 11 JMP SKPCHN" in location 000001 is executed.

(note that steps 2 and 3 are the equivalent of executing •JMS 00-0000")
The SKPCHN routine then determines the source of the interrupt
and passes control to the appropriate device handler.
The device handler (interrupt service routine) then performs
the following operationsa
1. The contents of the Accumulator (and any other registers
which will be used) is saved.
2. The interrupt is processed --determine whether flag was raised due to completion
of transfer or an error condition
-store data transferred.in and clear flag
input
-determine if more is to be input (if so, initiate it)
-determine if more data is to be output (if so,initiate it)
output
-clear flag
3. Restore the Accumulator(and any other registers us~d
and therefore saved).
4. Turn the interrupt system back on (if further interrupts
are to be allowed).
5. Set up for the restoration of the Link, Page/Bank mode,
Memory Protect mode.

The "RES., instruction primes the system

for this restoration, a1though it does not actua11y occur
until the next indirectly referenced instruction is executed
(and then it is done using the contents of bi ts O, 1 arid 2 ·
of the pointer word).
6. Return to the mainline program via a "JMP• 000000"
instruction {recal1 that the updated PC was stored in
location 000000),

PROGRAM INTERRUPT FACILITY

NOTES

1. Instructions like CLSF,KSF and PSF are skip-on-flag
instructions. There are Skip IOTs for every device in the
interrupt system. Because of the predominance of skip
instructions in the instruction sequence which determines
the source of an interrupt request, it is often called a
SKIP CHAIN,
A skip chain may be enlarged to test for almost any
number of device flags, provided that high-speed devices which
retain information for a relatively short period of time are
tested near the top of the skip chain, so that the chain may be
traversed and the high-speed devices serviced before the inf ormation is lost. High-speed devices should never be required to
wait for service while a long skip chain is traversed,
Notice that the order in which the Skip IOTs are placed
in the skip chain actually determines the priority of a device.
If two devices have their flags raised simultaneously, the device
whose Skip IOT appears closest to the top of the skip chain will
be serviced first.
2. It is possible that the SKIP CHAIN will not be in page 0
or bank O, in which case a "jMP SKPCHN" instruction in location 1
won•t allow you to get there. Instead• 0
000000

1
JMP••2
2
SKPCHN
will allow you to get to SKPCHN because a 15 bit address is picked
up from location 2.
3. Similarly, it may be that the individual device service
routines will not be located in the same page or bank as the
SKIP CHAIN, and therefore will have to be entered indirectlyi
KSF
SKPCHN
SKP
JMP* VKB
TSF
SKP
JMP• VTP
JMP ERROR
VKB
KYBD
VTP
TPRINT

4. With some devices, error condition flags set to 1 will also
generate interrupts. It is therefore the service routine's
responsibility to determine if the interrupt was caused by the
completion of a transfer or by the existence of an error condition.
For example. an interrupt may be caused by the paper tape reader
whens
a) it has read a character and has assembled it in its buffer
b) it has attempted to read the tape but finds a no tape
condition.
Some error conditions may be checked using the !ORS instruction.
In other case~...!. devices have their own status registers indicating
errors (e.g. ivr.r,DK,DP,DT).

AUTOMATIC PRIORITY INTERRUPT (API)
References:

Overview:

Volume 1 Processor Handbook
System Reference Manual

6-46
3-10

The Automatic Priority Interrupt system option increases the capability of the PDP-15 to handle transfers of information to and from input-output devices.
API identifies an interrupt device directly, without
the need of a SKIP CHAIN routine for flag checking.
Multi-level interrupts are permissable where a device
of higher priority supersedes an interrupt already in
progress.
These functions increase the speed of the
input-output system and simplify the programming.
In
this way devices (especially high speed devices) can
be serviced efficiently.

The API option increases the I/O handling capabilities of the
PDP-15 by adding eigJiF-ievels of priority servicing (0 - 7) and
associating 32 channels with these eight levels. The highest
four levels of priority, i.e. O, 1, 2, 3 are assigned to hardware
devices.
The lower four levels, i.e. 4, 5, 6, 7 are for software
purposes.
Of the 32 API channels, 4 are assigned to the software levels 4 - 7.
The remaining 28 channels are available for use by-the hardware
levels 0 - 3.
Each of the four hardware levels may have eight
devices (channels) tied to it, up to the total of 28 for the
four levels. This is strictly a hardware limitation imposed
by cable lengths and ci~cuit delays, and attempts to circumvent
this restriction will create needless problems.
Each of the 32 channels is assigned to a specific memory location called the Break Address.
The break addresses are locations
40 - 77 in page 21, bank 21. Each device tied to API is associated
with a specific channel (and therefore break address) and a specific
priority lev-el. The table below gives the standard assignments.
The channel assignments should r~main fixed for software compatibility, but the suggested prio~ity level may be changed (rewiring needed) at the discretion of the user.

API ADDRESS

API
Channel

Break
Address

0
1

41.

43
44

5
6

7
10
11

45
46
47

50
51

12
13
14
15

54
55

60
61
62

21
22
23

31
32

65
66

4
5
6

Software channel 3

DECtape (TC15)
MagTape (TC59)

1
1

Paper Tape Reader (PC15)
Clock Overflow (KW15)
Power Fail (KF15)

0
0

Graphics (VT15/VP15)
Card Readers (CR15/CR03B)
Line Printer (LP15)
AID (AD15/AF01)
DB99A/DB98A
Data Phone (DP09A)
DECdisk (RF15)
Diskpack (RP15)
Plotter (XY15)

2
2

3
0
3

1
1
1

72
73
74
75
76

Software channel 0
Software channel 1
Software channel 2

24
25
26
27

33
34

Standard Device

Suggested
Priority
Level

Scanners (DCOl-ED) as needed
use 70-77
UDC15
ADC15

LT19 & LT15 Teleprinter
LT19 & LT15 Keyboard

3
3

Each device, when granted service via the APT facility, sends its
specific break address to the computer. This address, which will
normally contain a JMS instruction to the device service routine,
will then be executed by the computer. This type of interrupt
service eliminates the need for time consuming flag search routines,
and extensive core use for interrupt handling routines, by automatically determining which device requested service and providing
immemiate entry to the proper service routine.
Higher priority devices will be able to interrupt lower pr.iority
routines upon sending and having a request granted. The priority
of devices multiplexed on the same priority level is determined by
the relative position of the devices on the I/0 bus. The first
device on the bus having highest priority at that level, the
second having second highest priority, etc.
The entire API facility can be enabled or disabled by a single
IOT instruction. There is no way to enable or dis.able specific
priority levels. However, for iseme devices there are instructions
to disconnect its elf from the AP-:r facility.
In addition ~o the above, there are two special features in the
API facility.
These are:
a.

The CAL Instruction - Execution of a CAL instruction with the
API facility enabled automatically sets priority level 4
thereby shutting out software requests of a lower priority
until this level is released.

Program Interrupt - A program interrupt, from any I/O device
connected to the computer, sets priority level 3. This occurs
whether or not the API facility is enabled. This causes
all devices on priority level 3,. all software requests and
program interrupts to be shut out until the level is released.

Special care must be taken in the programming of the API option
to take account of these two features.

REQUESTING AN API INTERRUPT - -re-quests for API interrupts are
made when device flags, which are
tied to the API system, are raised.
Device
Flag
Raised

GRANTING AN INTERRUPT - when- the CPU ·receives a request for an ir
interrupt, the CPU must decide if that
interrupt can be granted under API.

If PI is on,
request will- be
processed for PI

?lNQTE:
Execute
Another
Instruction

Hang
On
tit·

highest

API interrupt request granted

The CPU decides if it can
grant an API interrup~ in
response to··the API r~qu~st The .following have priority
over API:
i} Data Channel Transfers
2) Cl.Qck. bre.aks for updating
location 0 00 0 07 .~

PROCESSING AN API INTERRUPT -·in prociessing an API
__ interrupt, the CPU
1) sets a priority level
bit to inhibit interrupts t
from channels _of the same
or lower level of priority

Interrupt
Granted

:2) picks up the break

address sent ~y the device
3) does a hardware forced
XCT of the contents of the
break address

Pick up
break
address sen
y·device

Set priority
level bit
locking out
same and
lower levels

Execute
contents of
Break

The IOT instructions used to program-the API system are:
DBK

703304-

-De break
-Re.set the highest priority -level b:l t so that
operations may be carried out on same or lower level.

RES

70774-2

-Restore
-Set up to restore the link, page/bank mode and memory
protect mode on next indirect instruction.

DER

70334-4-

-Debreak and Restore

ISA

705504-

-Inlt{ate Selected~A~t{~i~y
-Used to initiate software level interrupts and ~o
raise the priority level of an operating program.

SINGLE DEVICE INTERRUPT PROGRAMMING
When programming a system with only one possible source of interrupts, say the paper tape reader, the handling of an interrupt
is straight forward and simple.
MAIN LINE

JMS PT READ

PTREA~~

M2 Stored here after JMS PTREAD
DAC ACSAVE

LAC ACSAVE
DBR
JMP*PTREAD

When an API interrupt is granted to the Paper 'J:'§,pe Reader, it
sends to the CPU its break address (50). The contents of location
50 is "XCT"ed.
Since an XCT instruction does not change the PC,
the PC that gets stored in location PTREAD is the updated PC from
the mainline program (location M2).
The interrupt is processed
by PTREAD and it does a debrieak to release level 2 .Cits priority
level) and then JMPs back to the mainline program using location
PTREAD as a pointer.

100

MULTIPLE DEVICE PROGRAMMING
When there is more than one device attached to API, handling
an interrupt simply requires setting up the associated break
address with a JMS to the interrupt service routine.
50

51
52

PT READ

CLOCK

PWRFL

JMS
JMS
JMS

PT READ
CLOCK
PWRFL

el
DAC

ACSAVl

LAC
DBR
JMpit;

ACSAVl
PT READ

0
DAC

ACSAV2

LAC
DBR
JMP-1'

ACSAV2
CLOCK

el
DAC

ACSAV3

LAC

ACSAV3

DBR

JMP~'

PWRFL

With this system there is no need for polling because when a
device is granted an interrupt, it sends to the CPU its associated
break address, which can then contain a JMS to a routine to
handle that device.
While in the service routine for one device, a higher priority
interrupt may be granted. This presents no problem because of
the manner in which return addresses are stored.

IOI

Mainline program

N
M

Break Addresses
JMS
LEV2RT
JMS
LEVlRT

•

LEV2RT

Bl
interrupt here

LLEVlRT

LV2A
INSTR
interrupt h,~;r;>_E:;
LV2B
INSTR

~LV2B

•

B2~

•· ...,._------------.._.._..______________·J~P* LEV2RT

In this example, a level 2 device has break address N while a
level 1 device has break address M. The routine to service the
level 2 interrupt is LEV2RT and the routine to service the level 1
interrupt is LEVlRT.
When the mainline routine is j!l.terrupted by the level 2 device
between instructions in Bl and B2, the PC is pointing to~B2. The
level 2 device sends its break address of N to the CPU so that the
JMS LEV2RT instruction may be nxcT"ed. This causes the address
B2 (the contents of the PC) to be stored in location LEV2RT and
control passed to location LEV2RT + 1. If while we are at priority
2 in routine LEV2RT . an interrupt is requested by. a device at level 1
that interrupt can be granted because of its hlgher priority.
Suppose it is granted between instructions at LV2A and LV2B. Then
the PC contains the address LV2B. The level- 1 d-evice sends its
break address of M to the CPU so that the JMS LEVlRT instruction
may be executed. This causes the address LV2B to be stored at
location LEVlRT and control passed to location LEVlRT + 1. The
level 1 routine processes the level 1 interrupt. When it executes
the JMP* LEVlRT instruction control is passed back to the level 2
routine at the point we left off, LV2B. The LEV2RT routine may now
resume its operation. When the JMP*LEV2RT instruction is executed,
we go back to the mainline routine at location M2 where we left
off and continue from there.

102

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RADIX 50 8 VALUES

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050500
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062000
065100
070200
073300
076400
101500
104600
107700
113000
116100
121200
124300
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000740
001010
001060
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001250
001320
001370
001440
001510
001560
001630
001700
001750
002020
002070
002140
002210

135600

140700
144000
147100
152200
155300
160400
163500
166600
171700

2
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002450
002520
002570
002640
002710
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2
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4
5
6
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000041
000042
000043
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FORTRAN-IV AND MACRO

In previous chapters, MACRO calling sequences have been given for OTS and Science Library Subprograms. This general form is used in a MACRO program to call any FORTRAN external subroutine
or function. A FORTRAN program may also invoke MACRO subprograms. The method for each type
of linkage is given below •
. . . . INVOKING MACRO SCJBPROGRAMS FROM FORTRAN
A FORTRAN program may invoke any MACRO program whose name is declared in a MACRO .GLOBL
statement. The MACRO subprogram must also include the same number of open registers as there are
arguments. These will serve as transfer vectors for arguments supplted in the FORTRAN CALL statement
or function reference. A FORTRAN-IV program and the MACRO subprogram it invokes are shown
below.
FORTRAN

c
c

TEST MACRO SU BR

READ(l, lOO)A

100

FORMAT(E12.4)

c
c

NEGATE THE NUMBER
AND PUT IT IN B

MACRO

MIN
READ A NUMBER(A)

•TITLE MIN
.GLOBL MIN, .DA
0
JMS* .DA
JMP .+2+1

/ entry/exit
/ genera I get
/ argument
I (OTS)
/ lump around
argument

registers

CALL MIN(A,B)

...

WRITE OUT NUMBER(B)
WRITE(2, 100)8

STOP

END

MINl .OSA O
MIN2 .DSA O
LAC* MINl
DAC* MIN2
ISZ MINl
ISZ MIN2
LAC* MINl
RAL
CML
RAR
DAC* MIN2
JMP* MIN
.END

II8

/ ARGl

I ARG2
/
/
/
/
/
/

I
I

first word of A
store at B
point to second word
of A and B
second word of A
sign bit::: 1

/ store in second
word of B
exit

The FORTRAN statement CALL MIN(A,B) is expanded by the compiler to:
00013 JMS* MIN
00014 JMP $00014
00015 .DSA A
00016 _ .DSA B
$00014,;,, 00017

/ to MACRO subprog

When the FORTRAN-IV program is loaded, the addresses (plus relocation factor) of A and Bare stored
in registers 15 and 16, respectively. 'vVhen the MACRO program invokes .DA, these addresses are
stored in MINl and MIN2 and the values themselves are accessed by indirect reference.
Arguments are, as described above, transmitted by .DA using a single word. Bits 3-17 contain the
15-bit address of the first word. Bits 0-2 serve as flag. FORTRAN uses bit 0 to indicate that the ~ord
specifying the argument contains the address of a word containing the address of the first word of the
argument. The MACRO argument word always contains the address of the first word of the argument.
For array name arguments (unsubscripted), the address of the fifth word of the array descriptor
block is given with bit~ on.
For external functions, the MACRO subprogram must return with a value in the AC (LOGICAL,
INTEGER), AC-MQ (DOUBLE INTEGER) or in the floating accumulator (REAL or DOUBLE PRECISION) •

. . . INVOKING FORTRAN SUBPROGRAMS FROM MACRO
The MACRO calling conventions for FORTRAN subprograms are:

the name of the subprogram must be

declared as global; there must be a jump around the argument address; and the number and mode of
arguments in the call must agree with those of the subprogram. This form is shown below,
•TITLE
MACPRG
.GLOBL SUBR
JMS*
SUBR
JMP
.+N+l
• DSA
ARGl
.DSA
ARG2

.DSA

/ jump around arguments ignored by • DA
/address of first argument - bit 0 set to 1
/indicates indirect reference

ARGN

When the subprogram is compiled, a call is generated to .DA which performs the transmission of
arguments from MACRO. The beginning of a subroutine might be expanded as follows.

11 9

TITLE SUBR
SUBROUTINE SUBR(A,B)

CALO

000000
000001
000002
000003
000004
$ 000002 = 000005

JMS* .DA
JMP $000002
.DSA A
.DSA B

If a value is to be returned by the subroutine, it is most convenient to have this be one of the calling
arguments. An external function is called in the same manner as a subroutine but returns a value in
the AC (single integers), AC-MQ (double integers), or floating accumulator (real and double-precision).
To store the AC, the MACRO program uses a DAC instruction. Values from the floating accumulator
may be stored via the OTS routines .AH (real) and .AP (double-precision). For FPP systems, values
are returned in a hardware accumulator and stored with on FST instruction •

. . . COMMON BLOCKS
FORTRAN COMMON blocks (and block-data subprograms) may be linked to MACRO programs. When
the MACRO program is loaded, global symbols are first sought in the user and system libraries. Any
remaining are matched, where possible, to COMMON block names. This cannot be done if
programs ore loaded via CHAIN and EXECUTE. For example:

FORTRAN

MACRO

INTEGER A,B,C
COMMON/NAME/C
COMMON A,B

..
'.

.GlOBl NAME, .XX
DZM* .XX
ISZ
DZM* .XX
DZM* NAME

.xx

/.XX is name given to blank COMMON
/by the FORTRAN Compiler
/CLEAR A - NOTE INDIRECT REFERENCE
/BUMP COUNTER
/CLEAR B
I CLEAR c

Note that if the values ore REAL (two words) or DOUBLE PRECISION (three words), the MACRO program
must account for the number of words when accessing specific variables.
DOS-15 and RSX-PLUS MACRO programs may also use the .CBD pseudo-op.
BASEl

.CBD

NAME

For instance

wi 11 provide the base address of the common block NAME in the word that is created and labeled BASEl;
the size of the common block isl • For blank common, use for example:
BASE2

.CBD

.xx

120

MAC~O

MACCAl. SRC

PAGE

ROUTINE CA~L?NG FORTRAN PROGAAM

eTXTL! ~ACRO ROUTINE CAL~!NG FORTRAN PROGRAM
I

,GL,OllL FOAT

I
l!JOOOOtlOO«UHH3000ttOCHUtOtOOCUHJtOO@Ot0000000000CUPOOf>Oc.tfHtGO

PROGRAM R!QUESTS USER TO INPUT THE # OF ELEMENTS TO.
8! SUMMED lN ARRA¥ AC1 TO 11 !~!M!NTS MAY B! SUMMED,.
TM! Ul!R INPUTS A VALUE THAT rs ON! LEIS THAN THE
ACTUAL ~UMB!R O!S!~!D~ TH! ?NPUT RANGE IS 0•9~
MACCAL CALL! FORT TO ~DD i TO TM! NUMBER TYP!D.
I FORT IN TURN CALLS MAC!X TO DO T~E SUMMING.

I
I
I
I
I

I
10 ~ oo ooo ooooou oe7 o~oooo ooto oeeo100' • oot> ooo ooo ooo tJoooeoooe ·.
I
lU'l0f2100 A
00\iHUlt A

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I

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alN?T •2,tN.~ST
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I
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111\'UIT •2
~0024

I.AC BUP'F+2

200146 I'll

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00026 R 041H 49
00021 R 74110gl]
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000Jl R :S41H52
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TAO C•tJIB

R
R
A
R

OAC BUFF-oil

A
R
R
R

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Cl<4

SPA
JM!J !fltRM!S
TAD (1111112
SMA

JMP !RRMES

L.AC
OAC

BUFF+2
COUNT

I
01812.1:!6

t2G!li90 E

JMS• P'OFIT

JMP .•2

00031 R 800041 R
91~0•0 R 000055 R

•CHU COUNT

1..AI

01'1J0'41 R 7150004
00042 R '?40211!10 A
00043 R 6HH1.110 R

SZA

JMP AST

I
!RRM!I

00054 R e0001e R
0m055 R 00HUl00 A

I
COUNT

.WAIT! -~,&.MES!RR,34
.WAIT 111113
JMP CM!CK
18

I2I

/Mlill80, OR >hif51"1

10 ENTRV NOT 0•9
IX•80•l2CI M!ANS XC?2
IM~60

l~t11

MEANS !NTRV co~- 9

ll~OR•72

MEANS NOT 0•0

PAGE

MACCAI.. SRC

MACRO ROUTINE CALLXNG FORT~AN PROGfUM
I

00!21fH5
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A
A

MEii

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111

.ASCII ITVP! ?N ON! L.!SI THAN THE NUMB!lol OF l'!~M

A
A

~ 44e1.a'1 A
R 04183• A
R 42!!11Z111 A
R 442646 A
Fl PH50l2 A
Ill 444202 A
R 47UIU! A
Fl 444tH2 A
R 202352 A
R 54fH04' A
R 42fJ444 A
R 04761.d A
R 21»tH3i /A

44UJH? A

00U10 R 4ri28352 fA
00UH R 45UHl10 A
00UJ2 R 5eHi3i'2 A

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ts20ase A
00104 ~ 416531 A

Ut0103 R

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0~1;,3

A
A

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122

ONl..Vl•US~

PAGE

MACCAL. SRC

MACRO ROUTlN! CALLING FORTRAN PROGRAM

HHA1 A fJ462t!l2 A
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123

OICH
0!02
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rit06
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ll'09
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,DRTR~N CA~L%NG

c
c
c

TMIS ROUTINE 18 CA~L!O BY TM! MACAO ROUTINE "MACCAI."•
"MACCALu PAIS!S ON! ARGUM!N1 1 N , TD FORT
,ORT ADDI 1 TO %T ANO THIN•••

THtl FORTRAN ROUTlN! CALLS MACRO P~OGNAM IUM
TO P!AFORM SUMMATION 0, ARRAY A~
THEN THE SUM II PRINT!D OUT A'TER TOT•.

c
c

SUB~OUTINE

FORTCN)

lNTEG!R A(11) ,TOT

1'1113
OI 14

A(l) •!

Ot 1!5
p, 115

ACll•8
AC3,•7
A(4)t8

C'l17

A f 5' ,g
Ar6)1119

0!18
Ol 1{~

AC7)•11
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Af9]•13

0!2111

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11125

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N•N•1

~215

CA~L

1'1127
f.1128

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0!20

0!3'1'

OJ3 l

MACRO l~AMPL!

IUM(A,~,tOT)

P'OFH'1A TC HI ,•TCT••.110'
RETURN

!NO

124

Oll\t

002
Ol03

A0A
'9109
0!08
el07

£1108
1110g
OIUI

i:.11
tlUUJOJ0

FORTRAN CA~LING MACRO !~AMPLI

THIS ROUTINE II CALL!O ev THl·~•CRO ROUTIN! "MACCALP,
"MACCALP PASS!S ONI ARGUM!NJ, N , TO FORT

c
c

FORT ADDS 1 TO !T AND TM!N,. 1

TMlS FORTRAN ROUTINE CALLI MACRO PROGRAM SUM
TO PERFORM SUMMATION OF ARRAY A~
TM!N TH! SUM IS PRINTED OUT A,T!R TOT•.

C
C
C

00011

,DSA FOR
JMS• ,DA

00002

JMP

0Cli003

SUBROUTINE FORTCNl

100002

,OSA N

1130102 11 HHH.tl
Pt 1

01~

P.114

INTEQ!R AClll,TOT
Af!) 15

00004

CMAICLA

00eUJ5

TAD
TAD
DAC

HHl007

L.AC

(00121005

00008
0QHIJ07

00!,10
$130007
00011
lllUJ
01.'lfU2
00013
lUJI l •
00015

cu111e

(QHHIH.lt
A

00153

OACt XIA
A. CS) •fJ

CM Id CLA
TAO

UJ0QUUB2

TAO

DAC

100QJUS

I.AC

C01fllHl8

StUHU! I !Hlt!i
fHH17 DAC• XIA
O!UI
A(~'"'
lll0l4110

CMAICl.A

01021

00022

TAD
TAO
OAC

00015

DAC• IXA

C01!11U103
A
0002:.\
SOJ0023
I.AC
C011l!HHIJ7
0PHOl<4
90100123 • 001!3

QI 17

AC.-,•8

1101e1e
eJtlfJ27

CMAICL.A
TAO

C0fHlllOIA

fltlHl.131
001031

TAO

00031

LAC

HHllel31

0003~

DAC• IIA

tll18

01UJ34
01Ul35

01138
018137
000l&t0

DAC

01l1041

C000GHfll
0f/Hf53

AUU1t
CMA&CL.A
TAD
C01UllUU5
TAO A
DAC H.111037
LAC
(00109'11

511100;!7 •

00041
Ol 19

10012131

IUIU5J

DAC• 7UA

AUU tUJ

125

IHl043
0 llJlit 4 4
000415
tH1048
SOJl2H64!
00047

TAD

TAO

C01ZHH08
A

OAC
L.AC

SHl0'45
C!Ulel012

!!HU53

DACw 7UA
AC7~•U

0!20

PJ0050
00051
00052

CMA!CL.A
TAO (000fUJ7

iAO

0fiHll53

o~c

SllltUHIJ3

fUl054
1..AC
(000013
10005:.\ 115 0ltl153
01210!5! OAC• IIA

rJl2 i
0t!IOH56

Atl)•!2

CMAlCl..A

000!1

T~O

000e0
0m0a1
QIP10el'2
IH0061
tUHil83
0!22
001iH!l"1
000155
00088

TAO
DAC
t..AC

C:AllAlCL.A
TAO CfallHUU 1
TAO A

00061
0m010

OAC
L.AC

C00\'Ui10
A
UlflltUi1

(OHUU114

QH!l U.i3

111

OACt %IA
Attn 1111~

~0H:ll57

(00001!5

50flHH'S'1 111 00UJ3
DAC1t1 %lA
01il07 i

fil23
QlflHU2
0el013
01?!014
Q'IOJ0'1!5
0\24
1210!0'16

$00015
IHl011
Pl25
1UH00

00UH
00102
1?125
00U.13
flHlH t'Jtdi

AC10)•i4
CM Id CL.A

CtamQUl!P.

TAD
TAD

t.H.C

A
!HJ00115

LAC

C01i101H6

c
llJ

0fil153

DACw %IA

NnN+l

L, AC• N
T~O

C00HllU
DAC'* N
CAL.I..

SUM(A,~ 1 TCIT)

JMSw SUM
JMP ®0 i l 0\

00! 1 @5

,oiu 4 0 CIHIHH!! +A

00HHJ
011JUJ1

.DSA '60121000 +N

~21
ll'l~U0

00111
CUI 1 U!

r;,ae

tUHi~

·0filU4
001
0121116
0!29

01?1u1

.OSA TOT

JMS• • fil'W

WFUTE ce, u

TOT

.tnu C00!'Ulfll6
.o~u

a OSA

.,.,.,.,,.,
Ill

JMS• .FE
OSA

TOT

JMS11r

.. FF

111

JMP

FORMltT (HI , 'TOTtH, 1 Utl

Hht1B7

l 26

llUll
IHUl1

110122
00123
011124

00u2e
0111126

.osA 241411
.os• 020SUJ
,DSA 238511
.osA 75CU'12
11

DSA 2;)5311

,OSA 130840
,OSA 2451114

001127 .DSA 120UHA
100117 I HH30
"':SOJ
00.ll31ll
OI 3 t

JMP

• ex

R!TU~N

!ND

00131
0QJ132
0fU:S3

001415
OJl141
0fU47
eJQltHI

IUU 151
1101152

0015:3
0011!54
00 U;l.'5
00Ul5
lfU !57

IOI UUI
0Ql181

011162
QHU8i.t

e01e.01118!

mou ee

0121157
fHH70
PH!lt 71

l'JIU 12
ICH 73

JMP• mm0"'il"
1 D8A .OA
.BL.I< 0001112
1

D8A 12100100

,D&A tUJOJtU I

,DSA 121Hl011JllJ

,OSA 000fJIHJ
.CSA A

all..K 001HJfl 1
•SL. I< PHU.llU!1

,OBA SUM
,OSA
,OSA .FE
.,D$A .FF
.CSA 0101UJ1
,DIA 08001!15
1 08A 0HUJ01

·'"'

,OfU 001HJ08

,08A '91fllll3
,DSA eJIH.11117
,DSA 0tlHUUJ.,DSA 0HUUlll

.DIA HlllJ011
1 0SA

000018

,DSA 0fHHU3

,08A 000114

00Jt74

,DSA 0!HHU5 .

tatU 1!

• OSA 0GUllU 9

'OMT
• .DA
N

000fl.l3

00113

,uc

TOT

llA
* IUM

00131
0fll152
ilfU!3
00!!!14

P'lll

00117
01U55

1!10U51

• ,F!
"''*

11'1'11
11132

m01se

127

PAGE

MAC!)(

MACRO fJ'fiiOM FORTJUN EXAMPLE

SRC
I

I
I
I

I
Ol001210 R HH!l000 A
IUQJ0 t R l 2iHl120 !
!a0002 R 8011Hl.106 R

00003

HH1J000J A

000184 R tH0tlHlJQJ A
0000!5 R 0013000 A

.T!TI.! M4CRO 'ROM FO~TRAN !)(AMl'L.!

PROGRAM IS CALL.ID IV FORTRAN ROUTIN! TO
SUM !~!M!NTS 0, AN ARRAY••lT R!TURNS TH!
SUM IN A LDCAT!ON W~OSI lDOR!8S !S PASSED~

.GL.OBL S!JM 1 ~0A

I
SUM

ARtH

AFfG:S

AAIH

JMS• ~DA
JP4F' •••
JADOR!ll 01' ASHIA¥ A
IADOR!SS OP L.OCAT!ON CONTAINING VALLI! N
IAOOR!ll 01' LOCATION WH!A! eu~ ts R!TUR

LAC• ARGI
TCA
DAC ARGt

0000e Ft 220004 R
00107 R 741031 /1
0001121 R 040004 R
I

OJCUJ1 l R 7900013
001312 R 380003
Hl113 R 440003
00014 R 4~1!fll04
00!U5 R 800012
00Ql 18 R 981300!5
tatUl1? R 520000

AOO!R

TAD• ARGt
ISZ AAGt
l8Z ARCH

JMP ADDER
DAC• ARG8
JMP• SUM

R
R
f'(

000000 A

CL.A

Q.100120 R rtHHHH2 0 E •I!

S!'ZE•M00!2!

,END

NO !RROR L.!NIU

128

UPDATE
********************************

DOS-15 V3A00el
$R UPDATE

CREATING A LIB.RARY

.. DAT

DEVICE

UIC

USE

-15

OKA
DKA
TTA
TTA

PES
PES
?ES
PES

OUTPUT

-14
-12
-trlJ

INPUT
LISTING
SECONDARY

********************************
INPUT

d;A LP -12 /DK - 12J
$K ON
$UPDATE
UPDATE V3A0fll0

>NL.-USERLB
>I CRLr

USERLB CONTAINS ONE BINARY PROGRAM

>CLOSE
UPDATE V3A000

>NLo1- .L IBR 5

>I CRLF"

.LIBR5 CONTAINS TWO BINARY PROGRAMS

>I PR I NT

>CLOSE
UPDATE V3A12HlJ0

>NLo1-MA IN

\ .. r AVGLOB
>I CRLF
>I PR I NT

WITH UPDATE

MAIN CONTAINS THREE BINARY PROGRAMS

>CLOSE
UPDATE V3A 00~
:..tC

JOS-15 V3A01lJ0
$

129.

*************************

DOS-15 V3A000

$PAGE ON
~

MAKING USE OF LIBRARIES

LOAD

.DAT

DEVICE

-5
-4

DKA

-1

DKA

NON

UIC
PES
PES
sys

WITH THE LINKING LOADER
USE
USER LIBR
*************************
USER PROG CS)
SYS LIBR

$A DK -5
$K

$LOAD

LOADER V3A0ell2l
>P+-AVGLOB,CRLF,PRINT .... ALL THREE FIL.ES ' SPECIFIED.
P AVGLOB SRC 77503
NONE PULLED FROM A LIBRARY.
P CRLF
SRC 77474
? PR I NT
tS fS

SRC 77467

3,4,6,
4 ...3

l ,2 ,3,
2 .. 0

V3A 0 012!

DOS· 15

$LOAD

LOADER V3A 000
>Pc-A VGLOB
...
P AVGLOB SRC 77503
P CRLF
SRC 77474
P PR I NT
.,..StS

SRC 77467

ONLY ONE
FILE SPECIFIED.
THE OTHER TWO PROGRAMS--CRLF AND PRINT-ARE PULLED FROM THE USER LIBRARY .LIBR5
AUTOMATICALLY ..

3,4,5,
4 .. 0

DOS-15

$LOAD

V3A0012l

LOA IDER V3 Ael 00
>Pc-MAIN
~ THE FILE SPECIFIED IS A LIBRARY.
P AVGLOB SRC 77503
EVERY PROGRAM IN THE LIBRARY IS LOADED.
P CRLF
SRC 77 47 4
P PR I NT
tStS

SRC 77467

3,4,5,
4 .. 121

DOS -15 V3A0el0
$LOAD
LOA DER

V.3A IZl el el

>P.,.AVGLOB ,PRINT

. . . TWO FILES <PROGRAMS) ARE SPECIFIED.
THE THIRD PROGRAM --CRLF-IS AUTOMATICALLY PULLED FROM THE
SRC 77476
USER LIBRARY .LIBR5.
s~c 77467

P AVGLOB SRC 77503

P PR I NT

p CRLF

•S tS

3, 4,5 fl

130

Dos-15 V..'>A!OfleJ

$LOAD
LOADER V3A000
>P..,AVGLOB, USER LB, PR I NT .THREE FILES ARE SPEC IF IED e
P AVGLOB SRC 77503
THE FILE AVGLOB CONTAINS ONE PROGRAM(AVGLOB)
P CRLF
SRC 77474
THE USER LIBRARY USERLB CONTAINS ONE
P PRINT SRC 77467
PROGRAM·-CRLF-- •
.,.s1-s
THE FILE PRINT CONTAINS ONE PROGRAM <PRINT).
3,4,5,
4 .. 0
DOS -15 V3AeleJ0
$

13 t

BATCH
(NON-BOSS)
References:

DOS USERS GUIDE 8-30
DOS KEYBOARD COMMAND GUIDE

DOS-15 V3A000
$L

*******************************************************************
PREPARING A BATCH STREAM

************************************l******************************
$EDIT

EDITOR V3A000

>OPEN BA TSTR

FILE BATSTR SRC NOT FOUND.
INPUT
$JOB

PIP
L LP+- DK <SCR>
L LP FILBLK BIN +- DK CP)
$JOB

A LP -12

MACRO
BLG4-ME
$JOB

GLOAD
P..... ME
$EXIT

EDIT
>EXIT
DOS ;,.15 V3AIZJIZJIZJ
$L

*******************************************************************
GETTING THE BATCH STREAM OUT ON PAPER TAPE

*******************************************************************

$PIP
DOSPIP V3Al?J00

>T PP ~ DK BATSTR SRC

132

DOS-15 V3A000
$L

*******************************************************************
RUNNING THE BATCH STREAM ••• PLACE THE PAPER TAPE IN THE READER

*****************************************************************•
$BATCH PR
DOS.-15 V3A000
$$JOB

PIP

DOS PIP V3A000
>L LP ... DK <SCR >

>L LP F'ILBLK BIN ... OK CP>
>$JOB
DOS-15 V3A000
$.A

LP -12

$MACRO
MACR0-15 V3A000
>BLG+-ME

END OF' PASS I
SIZE:00025
NO ERROR LINES
MACR0-15 V3A0012l
>$JOB
DOS -15 V3A0f2l0

$GLOAD
LOADER V3A0012J
>Pt--ME

? ME

SRC 77612

P LPA.15 049 77050
DOS-15 V3A000

$$EXIT
DOS-15 V3A000
$

133

DISK FILE FORMAT FOR DOS:

DATA

lST BLK

-1

2ND BLOCK

DATA

2ND BLK

lST BLOCK
3RD BLOCK

DATA

2ND BLOCK

-1

134

3RD BLK

PAI!

81.0CK

IRC

~~OGRAM

TO LIST ON TT ILOCKI !N A '!Lf ON DAT 9
PROGRAM TQ L!IT ON TT BLOCKI IN A 'IL! ON

.TIT~!

I
1000001ooooooeooo1000000001oto1110111000110a1ooeoooooet.
I

/PROGRAM L!STS CN THI; T!L!TVP! TH! BLOCKS Ul!O av A ~lLE

ISTDRIO ON TH! DIV?C! AISOCt•TID WITH DAT S~

...

/Ul!R MUST KNOW TME STARTING l~OCK NUMBER CGIV!N ev PJP
ION DT DXRICTORV OR OBTA!NID BY USING TH! CP> SWITCH
/FO~ DIR!CTORV ON D!IK. rL TT O DK C''2
.
IWM!N ~ROGRAM HA~TS, P~ACI TH! NUMllR 0, TH! 'IRIT !LOCK
/USED av TH! 'IL! JN TM! DATA IWITCH!I AND THIN H!T THE
ICONT!NUI SWITCH,
I

'''~''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''•1000001~~,
I
I

-·

.rooe:v a

START

DIA

/MAICI SUR! !N PAG! MODP:-·
. llNlT!AL!!! O!V!C!I
~

.!N!T •S,1,ll!J

elN?T 15,ra,e

,/GIT
...............•.......................................
11.0CK
ANO ,!l.L IT IN
0'
I

NU~B!R

APPRCP~!AT! WO~D

,.......................................................
I.TRAN ll,ANllON.

80011 R '1411840 A
ltl1UU2 R 7101114 A

Hl.T

llJOll 13 R 1411117 R

OAC

I.Al

I
Qt00H 4 R 1 llOJ:S3 R

I
I
I

TRAN

UUH5 lit

/~IAO ?N SL.OCIC NUMBER .___

/FROM DATA IW?TCMIS
l'UT IN 1 TRAN E•PANSlON
/BLOCK # POSITION

TRAN•I

JMS !'FUNT

l'R!NT OUT !L.OCK #

,TRAN s,1,e,1u,,~1se
WA?T a

/00 ,TRAN

. ...._.....

,/CHICK
..•.................•...................................
TH! LAST WORD !N
BLOCK JUST AIAD lM,
I

T~I

IJ.fl THll WORD

/IN THI '-lL!.
I

11.

7'17,71, THIN THI! 91.0CI< JUIT Rl!AO %8 TM!""'

'I., THl8USED\llORDIV TH!I
NOT
1'1111 THIN IT II TH! NUM8!1t cur TH •.
'!Lie
1

,.........................•.......•.....................
/B~OCK

o.111102• Ji UUJ471
01002e R !U1413
00028 Ft 801!85!
lU.1027 R 11Ulfl33

R
R
lit

I.AC llU,F•:!1'
SAC C'171'117

JMP !NDFtL.
JMI PR'l.NT

135

/PICK UP ~ORD 377_1N BLK
ILAIT FIL! ILMt77J117l7
1¥18
IND•PRINT OUT BLOCK •

91.,0CI<

Sf'C

I•••••
*t '* • • • t·• •• • t *•****t • t • t t t·•·•·t •• t
t •• • • • * •.
/lllT Hl~E WMIN TH!R! AFC! a·Tu.L. MOrtl Bl.OC:K:S. T'O TM!. Ft.1•.i •.
t

t t

t •

t t:t • t

IPICI< UP TH! N!•T ILOCI<. NUMBIR FROM w·D·Ro .,,, OF ,!I..!.•..
/PL,AC! %T IN TM! APPRO"PIUAT! ·wORD X:N TH! • TrUN !WPAMllD"N

,..........................................................
/THEN GO DO THE 1 TRA~

00031 R 21114?2 R
00031 R 141111 R
00132 A 881115 R

~AC 8U,F•311
DAC TRAN•!
JMP TRAN

/llT UP TO TRAN IN: N!XT

JOO NEXT TR•N

,/CONVERT
................................•..........•.•..•...•..
e OCTAL OlllTI TD e ASCII CHARACTER&
,...•.....•........•....................................
I

l!llU13:S R 811180 A

fllRlNT

00034 R ISlfJllJ A
0fHIH~9

R 719110 A

110038 R 1111414 R
00031 ,_ 7111110 A
11.102141 R 75HHUl A
G!10041 R 64181! A

NXT

101•2 R a.ra•7es R
10143 A 050083 R
00044 A 71511! A
00045 R lt!18Gla10 R

I
l.MQ

CL.X
L.AC CS
PAL.
CL.A
L.1.1 3
TAD (81
OAC BUFFO+a.x
AXI l

JMfl' NXT

,/OUTllUT
..............................•........................
BLOCIC I
,................••....•....•...•................
I

~~·····

.wRtT! •!,a,1u,,o,a

.WAIT •I
JMPt PRINT

,/ON..............•.•......................................
IND OF FILE, CLGI! DAT •I 4ND RETURN Ta MONITOR
I

,......................................................... .
I

INOFtL

0Rllll55 R

•
,.
118115 •

,CL.DI! •3
,!XtT

00!061 R 181113
!/HUJ82 R 0111110 A

IHIOUJ3
fl

tl.Hll11 i R
IUJQl71 R RHllUH 2 A

ra00e:s A

.IL.OCIC I

• IL.OCIC 481

11111111 R

,END ITAlltT

10413 R '11111 • •L
10474

A 111118 A •L.

11411 R 111111 A •L.
llZl•81•11

NO IUUH,A L.ZNll

136

EXAMPLE OF ONE BLOCK OF A FILE1

HF.ADER WORD ff
HEADER WORD 1

"DATA"

""'

HEADER WORD ~
HEADER' WORD 1
- --

..
11

DATA 11

HEADER WORD JI'

HEADER WORD 1

•

.
l

_.. DATA"

,-,_,,_.-_ --- ----- -~","J'-~--:-t;:·'.:t- ,!: ,::,."'j~ ~~;z~t:i>C0'~;, '!j,j'f;;i1::"'-<
~::t~·~1't'.~}.~{:"~~~:::'~~:~,')~~~,1~~~.

/'-<

" ~ ~, :"~:. "f,:;;~i ~~r,:~ ~

:' ~" '

l"~,r 1r:.,-< ' : \'":~~ ~ ;~, : ~.:.,, ;\)~ ~ ~~. ,_,

NOT USED(~

NEXT BLOCK OR (-1)

137

BIT MAPS

BLOCKS 71 THROUGH 77 MAINTAIN INDIVIDUAL BIT MAPS FOR ALL FILES
ON DECTAPE.

BIT MAP FILE RELATION:

DIRECTORY

}

MASTER BIT
MAP
~-;·

,~-

(f: ~-.

FILE ENTRY

l/
TABLE

32 WORD DEC ..

224 WORDS DECo

THE MASTER BIT MAP MAINTAINS A COMPLETE BLOCK BY BLOCK RECORD OF A
DECTAPE BY RELATING AN INDIVIDUAL BIT TO AN OCTAL BLOCK NUMBER: Eo G.
BIT POSITIONS. ¢ 1 2J_ 3 41 5 6 71 8 9
WORD ¢
]__ l
3
5 6 7}10 11
22 23 2'-[25 26127 30 31J32 33
WORD l
WORD 3
44 45 0
El'Co
0

lOJ 11 12
12Jl3 14
34 I 32.. 36

13
15
37

14_L15
16J 17
40} 41

16
20
42

21
43

u··· t,,

nm FILE ENTRY TABLE IS DIVIDED IN 4 WORD SEGMENTS• EACH .
SEGMENT DESCRIBES A FILE ON TIIAT DBCTAPEo

t( .• ..

WORD X
WORD X+l

WORD X+2
WORD X+3

400005

6 BIT FILE NAME

lST BLOCK OF THAT FILE,
ACTIVE

MSB
/

139

DOS FII...E STRUCTURE

UFD

MFD

SAT

....

SAT POINTER
USER l
UFD POINTER

(MASTER

USER 2
I

BIT

UFD POINTER

MAP)

Cll
'II

•

UFD

RIB

•..

lST BLK POINTER
2ND

FILE NAME
~

!ST BLK

RIB

•

BLK POINTER

3RD BLK POINTER

J'
~

BLK

!+-

BLK

•

...

lST

2ND

3RD

.....
FILE

BLK

Master File Directory

(MFD)

flJ

-1

DUMMY WORD

-1

OR POINTER TO _!!AD !_LLOCATION .!ABLE
777 l"11
/),.-,,.,,,.·.,ti. '!.:
SYS BLK'S FIRST BLOCK NUMBER
-1 IF NOT INITIAL MFD BLOCK
~

4¢1776

ENTRY SIZE (0-2) PLUS POINTER TO
§.TORAGE !LLOCATION ,!ABLE

2511¢3

( .SIXBIT 11 UIC")

POINTER TO USER FILE DIRECTORY

4fiJfiJfiJ1¢

PROTECTION CODE FOR THIS USER (fiJ)
AND FILE DESCRIPTION ENTRY SIZE

NOT USED

j!J414¢5

.SIXBIT 11 DLE"

6fiJ

POINTER TO UFO

49JfiJ¢1¢

PROTECTION CODE AND FILE ENTRY SIZE

flJ

NOT USED

•

~v:_

376

-1

POINTER TO PREVIOUS BLOCK

377

-1

POINTER TO NEXT BLOCK

NOTES:

/;1

HF~

MFD = BLOCK #1777 if RF DISK, 47¢4¢ if RP02

PROTECTION CODE:
ILLEGAL UFD'S:

= Protected Directory, ¢ = Unprotected

@@.@, ???, and those that are current to the
system - PAG, BNK, SYS, IOS.

141

Qser File Directory

(UFD)

.SIXBT 11 CALH@@SRC 91

¢3¢114

...
1¢¢¢¢¢

"
•
•

2322¢3

¢¢1645

FIRST BLOCK OF n-IIS FILE
(BIT ¢
TRUNCATION)

. ¢¢¢¢¢2

SIZE 0 F FILE IN BLOC:KS

¢¢1764

POINTER TO RIB BLOCK

2¢¢232

FILE PROTECTION CODE ( ¢-2 ) 1 START
LOCATION OF RIB

·:,;·,- ·- ":J-t)

DATE FILE CREATED

17¢623

.SIXBT 11 0FSCLKLST 11

¢31413

"..

NOTES:

(12-21-71)

.."

142324

1425¢i·--l......l

-¢¢2045

FIRST BLOCK OF THIS FILE

¢!lJ¢116

SIZE OF FILE IN BLOCKS

¢¢1643

POINTER TO. RIB BLOCK

2¢¢¢¢¢

FILE PROTECTION CODE (¢-2) AND
START LOCATION OF RIB

1425¢1

DATE FILE CREATED
(12-21-71)

PROTECTION CODE:
*RIB:

•

(Valid only if directory is protected)
l =Unprotected, 2 =Write Prot .. , 3=R/W Prot .. '

The RIB may occupy its own _block or, if room, occupy
an area at the end of the file it is describing.

TRUNCATION:

!<l.le was not closed.,

l.42

1'C

DOS-15 V3A012112l
/7

$A TT -12

··· ;,;//·/ ...c-

l./'5

$A DK -14
$DUMP
DUMP V3AQJeJ0
>1777!
1777#
0
l f2!

MFD

/( /,( ·' / 7 -, 7- ,;//
.-. (.

!./'r(":: lo~

'/./!( . (-'.

0121012134 401776 I 11 1723 : f211210053
4001211 f2I f21012Hllf210 --021613- f210012J64
001461, 012H2l010 012l0000 020410 000653
001451 \012112101121 1210001210 221310 001733
367
CONTAINS 00012100
000000

77 7777. 1 777777
i2J21.0 I ~ 7J

20 230322
30 200523
40
TO
370 000000
DUMP V3A000
>1776#

4012Jl2ll 0
400010
000010
000[{)10

1Uell2100ri3
000000

777777

000000

012J0000

121001211210

777777

2QJl2Jl36

,'G'J 7310 .Q

0000~

0'0~'~00I000:0 ,~,0:000 00000e

000000
000000

SAT

1776#
0

0f2141ZJIZllZI

1 f2I

l")"l(,

fiHlJ400IZI (002432 777777 777777
67
CONTAINS 777777
775777 j 777777 777777 777777
107
CONTAINS 777777
111111 I 111111 77652121 00012100
367 /
CONTAINS 000000
000000
000000 0012101210
000~

70 777777
100
TO
1 1 0 777777
120
TO
370 0 00 000
DUMP V3A000
___ .........
>66#

-·--

PAG

66#*".

UFO

,..:..-.· •.•· ~ <. ,.

hD-r

t:;_,.:1

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040424

121121001210

1212 l l 16

f21!2H~i:;t;3

000013

0'210707

10
20

e.153005
06171213
561411
561417
111 623
111623
111623

032524
01141lH?J
022200
010400
011414
052222
242203

0211l6
0211 16
12121116
021116
232203
232203
021 116

000666
000674
0eJ0713
001356
001205
001221
001244

000003
000022
0121012177
000011
000006
0001{'10
000001

000672
000761
001327
001376
001217
001445
001244

200170

073 H'l4

100
TO
370 000r2Jr2H2J
DUMP V3Af21012J
>65,)#

367
000000

000000

00000121

777777

031Zl305

40
50
60
70

212i0 l 46
2fiH:J062.

200254
200244
200172
200026

CONTAINS 00000121

073104
031205
10120 4
0 7310 4
10120 4

BDH UFO

653#
!2J

062416

611516

02 1116

001455

000001

r2J01455

200152

042515

000000

02111 G

1211211457

121001211211

12101457

21210066

030305

20
3121
40
50
370

042515
042515
561411

153100
153100
022265

300324
300325
021116

01211465
01211467
0015.34

000001
0f(H?J022
000001

001465
001555
001534

200026
200002
200052

03 03 05

000000

777777

000000

367

000fZJ00

CONTAINS 12l0012l012l

000000

00012lf2HZI

000000

DUMP V.3A000

14~

··~r13 1Qf4--

030305
03~305

PAl'CH:
SUBJECT:

005-15 PAl'CH TO DUMP V9A

The following patch corrects a problem in DUMP which outputs incorrect
information on selective dumps.
LOCATION

OID CONTENTS

NEW CONTENTS

NEW SYMOOLIC

COMMENTS

16256
17472
17473
17474
17224

217406

617472
116¢34
2174916
616257

JMP PATCH

/Patch area
/Device check
/Restore insto
/Return

JMS DEVICE

IAC {-1)
JMP. BACK.

29J649J9J

DOS-15 VIA
$MICLOO SYS

$DUMP
DUMP V9A

tC
$R PATCH

.DAT
-14

DEVICE

UIC

DKA

SYS

-lf?J

TTA

SYS

USE
I/0 - S¥S DEV
SECONDARY INPUT

$PA1CH
PATCH VlrM
>DUMP
>L 16256
:> 16256/2174¢6> 617472
16257/(657172>

> L 17472
>17472/215116>116¢34
17473/253512>2174¢6
17474/¢55116>616257
17475/21475.3>
>L 17224
>17224/1¢64¢¢>2¢64¢¢
>EXIT

005-15 VIA

$DUMP
DUMP V9B
>

144

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F%RIT PRINTING, FEBRUARY 1914
TM! INFORMATION IN TMfl DOCUMENT rs SU!J!CT TO
C~ANa! WITHOUT NOTICE AND SHOULD NOT !! CONSTAU!D
A& A COMMITMENT IV DIGITAL !QUlPM!NT CORPVRATlON.
OIG!TAL EQUIPMENT CORPOAATtCN AllUM!S NO R!S'O~~

SlSlLXTV FOR ANY ERRORS TMAT MAY AP~EAR IN T~IS
DOCUMENT,

THE SOPTWAR! D!SCNIBID IN THIS ~OCUM!NT %1 FU~•
NtSH!D TO THE PURCHAS!R UNO!R A LICENSE FDR USE DN
A S%NGL! COMPUTE~ SVSTiM AND CAN B! COPf!D tW!TM
INCLUSION OF O!GITALte COPVRIQHT NOT%f!) ONLY FMR
USE !N SUCH SVITEM, l~CEPT AS MAY DTM!~WJSE B! PRO•

VlO!D IN WRITING ev DIGITAL~ '

OIG%TA~ EQU?PM!NT CO~PORAT%0N AISUM!S NO R!8PONSIBIL%T
FOR TM! US! OR REllA!l~!TV OF %TS SOFTWARE ON EGU!P•
M!NT TMAT %8 NOT SUP~Lt!D ev OtllTAL,

COPVR%GMT CC) 1914, BV D!G!TAL !QUlPM!NT CO~POAAT!ON
.EJECT

ICOP¥RIGMT 10'~~ DIGITAL !QU!PM!NT CO~P~, M~VNA-Da MAS!~
IPFt8 0

IPR!,~lO~S PAPE~

TAP! R!AO!R MANDL!R ~• JOPI lSC!I

IMe SIFNAS/Ja MURPHY
11a:S0nfl8

S!QU!NC!U

ICAL~ING

l11IN?'f

IC•b+aDAT SLOTC1~!1,

10
lfli
l,.,FU:AD

ICAL•OoMsf~.,,.~DAT SLOT '0~1~'

IU>
l~lN!

SUF~

AOD~a

1~we a~ L@B~

c~·s

COMP)

l11WAIT
ICAL+~D~T

(0R1?l

$~OT

118
41 Ml!Dl\13

IUH:Hlta3 1'
709JUH A
?ilHH M~ fA
10~112 A

RCF•1G'HlH02
FH~Ste?i!llH 12

1~fil104

~5A~?t.HH~4

1ftliH44 A

~S8is1001441

~IP"B7'00UH

.G~OaL P~B0

~0000
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©00~3
000~4

0~~34~
A ~~0341
~ ~4~;,41
~ 2~~3.1\1
R 441~~1

cue PAC•L.P

ISZ Pro.~GP

~
~

L.AC1tt l'ilfURGP

/CAL PO?NT!FI
IARG PO!NTI~
.
ltND!M TO ,UNCT?CN ~OOR~
l,UNCTtON

"l' AO f JMP PRTABI..
CHIC ~RTA£H.
?ORS

ll!T

~
~

OAC PFUFHJP

III PRAR€3P

1i10ti.HJJC'S R 34042t JL
01i.10~B

®0GH1l?'
Ol~til Hl
~~111

0~012
~0~1~
10~14
~~~16
0~HH 6

00~11
~0020
~0~~1
~00~2
00~11

R ta41li014 ~
~ 101fJ314 A
R

'.1£51U0~

R 71774m A
R 3~~160 R

!.,AW

DAC P~DBK

~RTABL

NOP
JMF P~S!i!I<

141iHll00 ,.

sm~021

~
~
~

am014~ R
910052 R
00m24 R 6~0~75 R
~0~~5 R 8000~7 R
@0fiHH~!1!

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JM~
JM~

131.SI!~

P~!R6

l.,AW 15

llN!T

PT~

146

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11~ 1 1 MTAP! e ?~NOR!O~

llfiJ1t1 1 R!AD.

1111.1tHUT!
lta~,WA!T

llLLa

~~U,lNE

1111

l8~ 111 CLOSE

~~RIO
PAi~tl

JMPw f@M!D1H

iii !5104la3 R

111Rl!NAM, ~FSTAT

• IGNORED,
14 ill! !tll'T!tlll
l!t.,Cl..!U!
111

JMP PlhUTR

00ma1 ~ 1em00e A

/i!\11alNl'f

11'~~01!'.L.ET,

JMP f!llFt!R6
JMP PIU:~a
JMP PfOU.IT
JMP P~OEH!t

~
~

01fl !Hel f.l.

X!t

JMP F!RlN

em0031 R

R Gta00~6
R ~~0021

SWXT~M

TAO fitfUON

R ro4mm5~ R
~
~

roN~IOF

IAI 'UNCTION OF ITS STATE
1'''140
ION !Nf~V ?NTC CAL LEVEL

S~AlCLA

R 7•004~ A

/!NO!~ ~O Nl~T A~IU~!NT~

DR .WA!TR

FUNCTtON•fA~ ~DOR !N ~MED

PRB,

0011i R 441~41

PAB.

00!8
~

PRlN

00032 R 21141A R

Ill PRARGP
L.AC CtU

0003a R 080341

R
101a4 R 441341 R

DACw PFURGP

0iHl:S! R 1111150 A
PFH.. BHP

CAL. 90.I
1 l'I

PARER

PTFUNT

10038 R 111119 A
00137 R 711111 •
11141 R 111141 R

ISZ PIURGfll

PROBP

RI,

0fUh41 R 2011l143 R

llRUNO

00~•2 R 041015 R
1e1u:s R s0e044 R

PTIOIC

800•4 R 141141 R

PRSTOP OZM PNUND
IPTR WAlT
PRWAlT L.AC PRUNO
SNA

00045 R 2011·0 Fi

CUll49 II 7•HIOJll A

10141 R 111151 R
00151 R 211340 ~
00151 R .41341 R

raeirasa R 741thUJ •

PRCKAR

JMP PRDBIC

llRIUIY

LAC PNCAL~
DAC PRARGfl

PRDll<

lCX

0011Jft3 R 71:53441 A

111191 R
00058 R 441341 R
21e0a1 R e1ruu11 A
00060 R 78 UJOJtll A
00061 R 918341

R
10011 R 741211 A
10083 R 911149 R
00084 R 1103411 ~
HHUSS R UJl42!S R
!ll0PJ68 R 1413413 R
01UH37 R 11111341 R

DIR
lCCT .+1

JMPt PRAllH,

llRNOR•PRDBK
PRSl!K llZ PRARGP
PMD8Kl

JMP ~RDBK

flRlllATR

I.AW UUJI

JMll PIUUIT

cu A ra.oua~e R

I • CHAR PROCllS!O

ICL!AR !10 UNDIRWAY INDICATOR

llT!l.L AIAD!NG
llUIY~

RETURN

/TO UllA eAL,
/!ON 0, 10,

ID!IRIAK ,AOM CAL 1.!VIL AND RIST
/!XIT

/WAIT

1:wAZT"

L.AC• llAARGP
AND ('11,11

IBUIY ADORISI

AND C780111
DAC PRCAL,P

!SZ PIUAQI'
JMP PIOIAIT

IZI~ 1

/PARITY IRROR IWITCM

I • !JO UNDERWAY
I • tis COMP WORD eouNT

L.AC llRCALP

mmm'3 A ••8!41 •
01U.114 Fl lllllcH5 R

10101 R 041141 R
10101 R 111167 R
00102 R 141131 R
00103 R 111341 A
101~4 R 140037 R

l~l!TUP • L,B~H~ PO!NT!R~
I
• DATA WORD ,O!NT!R

AND• PRCAl.P

DAC PltCAL.P

HU.118 R 1412CH A
01Ul77 R 8110150! R

• ONC! ONl.V COD!; THE

SNA

01070 R 511426 ~
00011 R 1•1340 R
00171 R 148140 R

00115 R 218141 R

AODR~

/STD, PTR ROUTlNI, e1.EARING iio awtTCM

IUHIJ84 R 411HH5 Ft

00085 R 610141 R

L.AC a•I
DAC ••I
JMP PRITOP

/AP!

llTANOARO SU,,!R 1!2!•62
/tNDIX TD RETURN ADDR!S8

IL., tOt 1 Mil'

lCOR P~CAl.P

ITO NtJNelUIV

IPTR RIAO ROUTINE
PRM!D
I.AC PRUNO
l'l.10 UNDlllHUVt
SZAICMA /NO START lT Uri
IYll•WAIT IN BUIV LOOP !ACK Ta- C
JMP PRBUSY
llTART UP PTR
PRSTRT OAC PRUND
/SIT 110 UNDERWAY IW?TCH t1171'1
/EXIT 10 Ul!R•MAINITR!AM
I.AC l'RDIK%
OAC !'TROUT
PRN!XA ~AC• ~RARIP
IL.l.H PO!NTIR IN CAl.L
DAC l'RDBP
DAC PFU.BHP

00 UHS R 4·U134 t A

lSZ PRARGP

00107 R 220341 R

I.AC• ll'IURGI'

147

IL.l.H~

PDINTIR

OAC P'fRWC

001 U1 R 0400AI ft

10111 R 440341 Ft

18% PAARGll

01112 A 781010 A

I.AW 7£!11PJ

4NO• PRCAL..P

00113 R 520340 R
00114 R 941427 Ff
IUIU! ,_ 81H11IOJ A
00116 R 781011 A
00117 R 120413 R
Hl11Ut R lfHIJ430 R
00 UH R 1214fill347 R

SAD CIHJlll
JMfl .•3
L.AW 1

JMP• C.M!0•1
L.AC C1 lfll

OAC PRDTCT

0ru2a R u.10a11 ,,
HH23 A UJfJ311 R

10114 R 7'171'13 A

JMI PRN>OID
JMI PRNXWO

P~1CA

rlHU35 R 7000112 A

01135 Fl 70JIUJ4 A
~0137 jol 140040 ,.

00140 R 6111!1 R
00141 R 140342 R

DZM Plt8CT

flJltOUTI

o•e PTFUC

I.AC PTIUNT

DAC PROUT
!ORI
SMAlCL.A

t!t0147 R 340t6eJ R
00 UUJ R 601U 55 R
~TRPXC

00Ul2 R 220432 R
0011:1;:, R 0410i943 Ji

PRIION

/PlC ON

OAC PTRAC
/SAVE •C
L.ACw (0 IP!C•PC. L, EM, MP

OAC ~~OUT
L.AC PR!DN

OAC FIRS~
~MS

!llHON

R !11401~1
R 200041
R 741200
R 900200

R
R
A
R

'1J0UUJ
00187
tUl170
00111

R 700314 A
Ff 500431 R

R 74UUll A
A 6tUJ20?' R

l~EAO

L.AC PRDSMI
DAC PTRDUT

L.AC !'RUND
SNA
~~OSM!

/PtC OR AP%, L, EM,

/PIC 01'1'

OAC fllFtCliUR
ION

0m1e1 R 2101ee R

IAPt !NTRV, SAVE AC

L.AW 1771UJ

00S82
001193
00164
00165

/IND!X ~AST L:e~ H!AD!R
IP'DR ?OPS Al!ICf l
1911 CHAR
/COUNTER
ICL.!AR CHAR CT,
/CL.EAR ASCII 8TM ~IT S!T eou~TER
'
ICLIAA PARITY !RR. IW!TCM

TAD PFUCN
JMP PFUUON

001s0 R 700042 A

/!OPS ASCII DATA MOD! AN

lDF
AIA
PTROUT KX
IJMP PNDSK OR JMP PRDtSM
IPTR INTERRUPT S!RV?CE
PTRJNT JMP PTRPlC
IPIC !NTRV

P.10144 R 700114 A

IWD. ~AIA CT. OF
It FOR HEADER.

JMP PfUOM

10145 R 71UtUJ0 A
00148 R 777140 A

180154 R 2GHU60
00155 R 0413151
00158 R 110112
IUH!? R 041043

10R8

l!l.L!QAL DATA MOD!

AND uraei0

R 1418343 R

00 tlH R 040342 R

OZM PARER

/CH!CK ,OR !OPS ASCJY MO

IZA

01!142 A 21UH4f.I A
18014~

LAW 111,3

OAC PTR87
OZM PRCCT

Hl125 R 0'40344 R
1ae.11 ae i:t 1•1:s4e R
00127 R 140340 Ft

OHH311 R 1411UJ41 R
9.111~1 R 1191314 A
m0132 R 500431 ~
rUH33 R 740200 A
tUH:S4 R 601U72 A

l·L.~S~ w~ e~ (:2 's COMP>

1%NDEX TO PCINT TD !~tT

JMP PRDISM
lORI
AND Ctllll
SNA

JMfl PRtOA

148

/SAV!

,O~

PTR BU~F!R

EXIT

PAGE

IPfH~ 1

0Ql0

PRBn

l!NO OF PAP!~ T•PE ~OUT!N!

!ll0112 R 1(1.10433 R
011'1 "~ R WJ4!U143 R
riHH14 ~ 12004~3 R
001n1 R 340~47 R
00U'e R 040:!47 R
01U 11 R EH8IH?!5'1 R
"10(U'l0 R 2@!2li4li! R
00il'-11 R 49HU52 R
00202 R 103344 A
!UJUJ:J R 40UU!4 R
00~17l4

61034~

00205 R 1411841 R
tlHH!lll@ R 4flHH:S1 R

00a01 R 2f300l42 ~
tUl2UJ R 140UHll A
®0iU1 R EUHIJl17 R

PRICIM

1..AC

TAD P~D'f CT
JMP PAP AO

lll'RD?SM

ID!8AIA~

JMPt F'ROU'f
l!ND 1..IN!
PIUOBB DZM PRUNO
l<C:i

~TRDUT

IPROC!S8 iops ASC!I
PRlOA
1..AC PTAWC
PARlT~

I.AW 11110
OAC PRCNT
OZM l'RCN'f 1
!..AC ~RCMAR

PROUTI

J~P

SAO (14

JMP PROU'fl
L.AC PRCl-IAR

SN.t.

1022'1 R s11u:u ~
00231 R '14fll0UJ A
lll0231 R 741400 A
00232 R 440361 ~

•

/tt;NORI L.F
1:1'.GNOtU! V'f
IUJNO~I

JMP PFH3UTI

,,
/NULi..

S!L,.

Ii !IT COUNT!R

IIZ PRCNTi

'.tS! PRCN1'

......

JMP
SIL.
18% llfU&CT
t!'Z P,.CCT

QJ023t'J R ~4fll345 R

rD0240 R 2CHl3fH ~
QJ0241 R 740020
001242 A 1414"0 A
00~43 R 44iHUft! R
0tt'H244 R 1 tHll3124 rl
00a~!5 A 15111434 R
00246 R 9421'4~4 R
00241 ~ 60013! R
UJ2!51ll R 1 ftHl.133~ R
00Ui1 R 100324

IPMUTV COUNTER (•I'

~AA

00231 Ff 440346 I"

/V!S•••CONTHJUI? UNTtl.. c~

AND CU'?
SAD

SAO (1(5

~ 6flHU!30 R
R 1.41•00 A

/IEE !F !MC!SS OA'f A

AND llC?'f I, NULL

00234

UNCIRWAY IND!CATOR

l!XfT

JMP PfU8!3

JMP PFH'JUT2

R 44fllJSf!U!

/CL.EAR INPUT

&MA

002~U

FROM HANDLER L.!V!I.. ~

XCT 111+1

~u1a3s

l.,AC P'l'FUC
)(CT IJiliiiJSlll

oaR

Ql!i'.12
R 21012143 A
001Hfll R 900434 ~
0021'1 ~ 5404315 ~

R @UHU3 l
R 9404:!6
A l!UHU31
R 9413431
00224 R 6111131
01111!25 R Ul!ll12143
00228 N 1~U!00

IC~EAR 110 UNDl~WAY
IFAI<! OUT END OF l..lNI TEST.
/CHANG! MOD!
ITO !OM

OAC f'RD"f CT

A
00212 R
00213 R fll40350 R
00214 R 140351 Ii

00220
1110221
00222
ia021n

cus

OAC PACl-lA"

ICOM~UTE

1"I.,.,.,0

1..AC

PF! %(.'Ii\ 1

I.AC PRCN'U

RAR

sn.

I l l PARER
JMI P~!NOT

AND ( 11'7
SAO 011
JMFJI

PR OU Tl

JMS PRPl<S?
JMS PAE NOT

149

llTM IUTli, ADD TO COUNT
IPA~!TV

COUNT•IMOULD I!! !V!N

/NOT !YIN PUUTV

ICONV!~T ALTMOD!S
IDRO~ A~~ BUT 1 81TI

ID!l.!T! COD! CRU80UT).;_%GNOR@:

/PACK !NTO 1..,1, !N !I"!

PAGE

PRB,

0m0

Piii!.

00252 R 741iH11.10 A
002s:s R 500131
tl.102!14 R 2003-46
00255 R 540440
00258 R IH1124
Hl257 R HHll:144
110280 R 5Ail41!5
002151 R 511285
00262 R 1!HH00
00263 R 100353
002154 R 8QJ0257

SMA

JMI' PAOUTI

Fl
!If
R

SAO (1

Fi
A
R

"
A
R
R

00265 R ~H'l034'
00285 R 0151Hl38
00287 R 200346
u1210 R 5411348
00211 Fi a1UJ217
10212 R 200040
00213 R 140!1HI
~0274 R 1181441
00275 R 260036

Ul215 R 081036

R
~

Fl
!(

A
R
R

QHllQ11 R i<'HU24 R
U1300 R 1fHUH A
00U!1 R
R
OJ03rl12 R 3.i01~7 R
ta03t113 R 040f.137
003°-'4 R 7774HI A

FIRPAD

~031241
00~25
~m:ue

R HHHICUJ
R 21HJfl4!
R fUHll434
10327 R !41U:S!

JMP PRAS!

/PAD LAST
JMS P'"PIC 5'1
IWORO PAIR
JMP PRPAO
/!ND OP' ?OPS AIC?t L?NI
PRAS!
L..AC PRDTCT
IWD~ PA1R. COUNT CtNCL~ MDR~'
OAC• PRLBHP
/WO.I L.el.H.
LAC PRICT
10!0 A~L CHA~•& HAY! !IT 8
SAD PRCCT
/NO • !OPS ASCII CH!CIC PARITY
JMP PRA8!3
/VII• ASSUM! NON lOPI ASCt!
Pll'UU'.I

L.AC PAR!N

/NO
L.AC (20 /VII

IPAfUTV IRROR

SZA

PR48!4
PRAS!3

XOl'h PRL.BMP

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JMS 11,.INDT
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DAC PROBP

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/ERROR JNDXCATO~,
llKrP TC END LINE
IC,~~

'OUND • !WIT,

IPO?NTS TO l,.AST CHA.Ft

I.AW 17400

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R
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R 341441
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IN I.A.IT NORC PAtR
!INCAIE MORE 8ll'OR! CR
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l!XlT TO !ND OF %0P8 ASC!! LINE
1£~D 1.INI T!ST • CONVIRTS A~TMODI TD STANDARD 118

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1
132'1~34

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151

PAGE

PRS 11

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152

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE.NO.

SECTION
INTRODUCTION

•

154

UNICHANNEL 15 HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE

............... •.• .... 155

UNICHANNEL 15 SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE

...................... 158

MEMORY LAYOUT
PIREX TASKS

•.•

e e

•

............................. . 162
0

•

e e e • e

163

.......................................... 167
MX15-B MEMORY MULTIPLEXERS . .... ........... ............. . 172
INTERRUPT LINK

PDP-11/05 CONTROL REGISTERS

•

a •

•

e •

•

171

............... . . . . . . . ... ... . ..... . 174
SYSTEM RESTRICTIONS ............ ....... ... ..... .... ... ... 175
PDP-15 UNICHANNEL OPTIONS . .. . . . ..... .. . . . . ..... . .. . . .. .. 177
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

J53

INTRODUCTION

This guide _describes in more detail, the UNICHANNEL 15 operation and
features presented in the RIUS Disk Cartridge System Option Bulletin.•
The first section ••••• presents a look at the UC15 system architec~ure.

The second section •••••·describes the PIREX montior system; how to
use it and other software aids.
The final section ••• ~ •• provides, for those interested in creating
iheir own programs, a complete hardware specification including IOT
and register descriptions.
~

. Supplem~nting this guide are· two manuals:·
Unichannel 15 System Maintenance Manual: •• DEC-15-HUCMA-B-D
UC15 Software Manual: •••••••••••• ·••••••••• DEC-15-XUCMA-A-D
The maintenance manual describes the details of the MX15-B and the
DR15-C logic and gives maintenance details.
The software manual describes the details of the PIREX Monitor.

154

UNICHANNEL - 15 HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE

The term UNICHANNEL was created because it emphasizes the union of
Digital's UNIBUS with the big computer concept of the progranunable
I/O channel. UNICHANNEL 15 unites low cost, mass produced peripherals with big computer software and performance on the PDP-15.
UNICHANNEL 15 (UC15) is a peripheral processor for the PDP-15 utilizing the PDP-11/05 minicomputer. It provides the PDP-15 with a
second general purpose processor and a second high speed I/O bus;
the UNIBUS. This UNIBUS is an 18-bit pathway permitting transfer
of either 18-bit words, 16-bit PDP-11 words, or two 8-bit bytes.
The UC15 allows flexible low cost configuration and expansion
of PDP-15 systems.
The UC15 minimizes the peripheral processing load on the PDP-15
allowing maximum computational throughput in a low-priced,
medium scale system •

~~ .ucls ~...._~P_o_P_-_1_5__~..P•D•P•-.1.s. .r.1.o..B•u•s•

. . . uN
.. rB.u.s
. ......

FIGURE l:

Simplified UC15 Diagram

UNICHANNEL 15 OPERATION
There are three major components of the UC15:
1.

A PDP-11/05 computer with ''local" PDP-11 memory.

An MX15-B memory multiplexer which allows both the PDP-15
processor and the PDP-11 processor to share common memory.
The shared memory is ordinary 18-bit PDP-15 core memory.

An "interrupt link" to provide a real-time means of interprocessor communications.

t55

PDP-15 MEMORY
(up to 128K
words)

MX15-B
MEMORY
MULTIPLEXER

UNIBUS

PDP-15
COMPUTER

PDP-11

MEMORY

CPU

Figure 2:

PDP-15 I/O BUS

INTERRUPT
LINK

Diagram of UC15 Hardware Interrelationships

l56

SUMMARY - UNICHANNEL 15 HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE

This particular architecture was chosen because of its many advantages •••••••
PDP-15 Memory is. addressable by the UNIBUS. Hence, DMA transfers
from and to such secondary storage devices as disks are direct.
The interrupt link provides inter-processor signaiing on a microsecond basis. This is ideal for efficient real-time service -a necessity for flexible I/O control.
All PDP-15 systems may be upgraded by adding the UC15.
remains useable.

All memory

Cost is minimized by allowing the PDP-11 to share the PDP-15 console
and paper tape loader system.
Maximum use of the PDP-15 memory is maintained through synchronization overlap with memory use by the MX15-B. This "pre set up" technique increases the number of memory cycles per second when both
PDP-15 and PDP-11/05 are accessing the common PDP-15 memory.
The UNIBUS provided by the UC15 is electrically compatible with any
device meeting UNIBUS interfacing specifications with the·following
restraints:
l.

UNIBUS lengths must be kept short.

No provision is made for UNIBUS parity.

Data in the common PDP-15 memory may be treated as either 18 or 16
bit words or as (2) 8-bit bytes.
True simultaneous parallel processing is possible in the local and
common memories.
The DMA rate is high and the worst case and average latencies are
low for maximum I/O performance.
Finally, the system is highly modular allowing flexibility in configuration and excellent software utilization and control. The
system permits variations in both local and common memory size. It
allows almost any combination of PDP-15 and UNIBUS peripherals.

15 7

UNICHANNEL - 15 SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE

The hardware architecture is complimented by sophisticated system
software. PDP-15 software systems running with a UNICHANNEL
system relies on PIREX, a compact multitasking peripheral executive.
In addition to PIREX, Digital supplies UNIBUS device.drivers,
UNICHANNEL compalible handlers, and supporting utility functions.
The software system used by UClS consists of two parts:
1.

One component is a mutli-programming peripheral processor
executive called PIREX and is executed by the PDP-11.

The other component is an operating system in a PDP-15.
(e.g. DOS-15 or BOSS-15).

PIREX
PIREX is a multi-programming executive designed to accept any number of requests from a PDP-15 or PDP-11 and process them on a priority basis while processing other tasks concurrently. PIREX services all Input/Output requests from the 15 in parallel on a controlled priority basis. Requests to busy routines (called tasks)
are automatically queued (entered into a waiting list) and processed
whenever the task in reference is free.
In a background environment, PIREX is also capable of supporting any number of priority
driven software tasks initiated by the 15 or the 11 itself.
Figure 3 shows the communications flow in a UNICHANNEL system.
The possible links which may exist in the system are as follows:
1.

Handler to driver to allow the PDP-15 to use a UNICHANNEL
device.

Handler to non-driver task to allow the PDP-11 to intercept
output and manipulate it or store it for spooling.

Program to non-driver task to allow cooperative processing
on the two CPU's as occurs in the use of the MAC-11 assembler.

\.58

-· BUFFERS IN

...

SHARED MEMORY

INTERRUPT LINK-TASK CONTROL

BLOCK STRUCTURE

••

1 <11111-------------~ I
-- --------- - I DEVICE
I

DEVICE
HANDLER J PDP-15

I
DEVICE
I
HANDLER ,_J

----

-i

I
SOFTWARE I

-- - -:a>
-..
R

LDRIVER

I SOFTWARE

... --------1-..::==== - - ::Iii- I
T
I

~--

TASK

I SOFTWARE

l
DEVICE
HANDLER

I
I DEVICE

~-- i:.-I
........ .....:..-----.
0
f"--

I
SOFTWARE I

TASK

L
,. DRIVER

---·· -----.t--==> I

TASK

~----1 - - - - -

I
I

Figure 3

: DEVICE
DRIVER

DIAGRAM OF UNICHANN~L SOFTWARE SYSTEM

159

UNICHANNEL ADDRESSING
The Unichannel system makes use of a PDP-11
as an intelligent peripheral controller for
the larger PDP.:.;15 main computer.
In order
to effectively operate with a. minimum of
interf-erenc-e--wi-til th& PD-P-15-$1 the PD-P-lli

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....,.....____,...,...-28K. -

uses it..s own.LOCAL.MEMORY of between 4K l
and l 2K 16-:~t~ words •
&

COMMON MEMQRY is that l.'fll!!OOfY
directly accessable to both
the PDP-15 and the PDP~ll.

·· 14b'c>b I

'·140·00 .

;:; ,·
20 K......._...,._.;;::;.5..-.o. .; ; .o. . .o....;;;o~

1 1"'!i"'o200......,·.....
~12......
00.......0......_9'""'!!
oo. . . . . . . . . . .20 K _

- ·-·

, .

-····

16 K_.......-4. o. . ......o......o......o...........,,
. - 3 7 ..7 ..7 7 .....

137.777 . I 1~7:776

117777

106001 r 100000· 16K ·
77.777 1 77.776.

_s_·o......·o......
oo....-· ............. 12 K _

_8 ·K--,+---.....2-..;o~b;;;.,,,.
1 17.17'

·r 400
. . . . . . . ..----__...._8
K-1 ·- ~---~-

2..7 7.. 7 7;

o.,._.
· ..;;;.o............-

57}76

r 37.716_

r ..... ·-··· -- . . . .

. mus.t. no.t excee.d.2~K,.. ~ ___ _

~~-~~--~:;6;~~~r/\fi~~;~~1~~ ·

4K--a-~~~~...._........,.

· Tliere£or·e~· 'f11e·pnp-;;l1" LOCAL-· ·· ··· - · ·
·MEMORY· may be" 12KLor SK or 4K•
'N•--·-

-·-••• -

O•

- •

i -

"!'''

-----•••· ;_

·••·•- •y

•

•·

..,._

•

200

000·1
F

N~f~~nf~d- -~~~iil~e~ ~<r~ei:b1 t ··· : ·... ·
bytes are numbered· seqb.entially ·
with t-wo·B-bit: bytes corresponding
to one 16-hit wrd'.-

Thus--.

., .. , ..,

WORDS

BYTBS

121( •

24K

3~ :

, .

OCTAL

iH:

ADDRESSES

88888:J~3H
00000-57177

I 117776
. : .

_.....,,,....,............,,,__1

PDP-15/Pf>P-ll ··COMMON-· MEMORY

24K

· l 2K_.....................3......,b......,O'.....b_...o..............,

·- PDP-11 toC.~.I) ~bRY
······ -··
. +:
'

24K..............__ _ _.,._
4 7 7.7 7

NOTE1

I 157:776

57 7 7 7

COMMON MEMORY eeeupies the
upper portion.of .thePDP-11
address spa,ce f)n~ at. the
.
same tim~ the lower pertion
of the p))p.;..15 address space.

1'f>1.111

4K.L0CAL.MEMORY
·· 24K· COMMON MEMORY·

4 K ...

?75 }LOCAt

' odooo .MEMORY.

(J)

28K

24K

20K

16K

12K

i2K

4K LM

PDP-15 ... PDP-LL

PDP-15.

8K LOCAL MEMORY .
20K COMMON MEMORY

CORRESPONDENGi · c

ADU !

(ADl!) *~'l:.~.'~@:.:~MQRX r;;;lze: iQ byteE;;

---·--·

= (ADll - wm-:MBMqRY srze ·1n. b}rtes) /2 ··
....

"····---~---l

---i-.. ,-

·------1---~----·-..,;.

PDP-11

12R LOCAL MEMORY.
16K COMJIIDN MEMORY

ADDRESS

AD15

---4- ....., , ___ ~-··· -~

t·····-1- -- -·

.
-------

·--~.

·--·-··"·'•·---

--·-·"

··-··--

LM.: .LOCAL .. MEMO.RY .
"'"""

·-·. ----·

..• __ _,,,,,._

----~-

___ . .,_ ·---

.e. g_. !~~~::·: l~3&J-q:n~~tJl?~i;!i1i:rl~~~:sio~·ii1!e~tfh~ sP~~df!s~ii~o~~ ~~~~e~;~!Is · ·

...

MEMORY LAYOUT

Figure 4 details the memory map which exists on UNICHANNEL System.
Note that both the 11 and 15 parts of the system can operate concurrently, all memory contention is resolved by the MX15-B. Note
also, that if the 11 system operates with area 11 A11 complete simultinaiety is possible because no memory contention can occur.

128K

UNIBUS ADDRESSES

PDP-15 ADDRESSES

Unavailable

1 2 4 K - - - - - . . . . - - - - - - - - - 1 1 6 or 112K

Available to
DMA, breaks

1Wailable to PbP~lS
and PDP-15 I/O BUS

28K------+--..---t-------1~20

"Shared" memory
available to
both CPU's

or 16K
Shared
Memory

Local 11
Memory

Unavailable

"Local" PDP-11 Memory = A
"Shared" Memory = B
PDP-11 CPU Address Space = A + B
UNIBUS DMA Address Space
A + B + C
PDP-15 Address Space = B + C + D
Figure

UNICHANNEL SYSTEM MEMORY MAP

162

PIREX TASKS

The PIREX software system consists of several·routines to support
multi-programming among tasks. These routines perform such functions as: context switching, node manipulation and scheduling.
The tasks which execute in this environment are device drivers,
directives to PIREX, or merely software routines which execute in
a background mode.
Device drivers are tasks which typically perform rudimentary device
functions (e.g.: read, write, search, process interrupts, etc.),
Directives are tasks which perform some specific operation for a
task under PIREX. The connecting and disconnecting tasks to/from
PIREX are performed by the CONNECT and DISCONNECT directives. The
third type of tasks are software routines which execute in a background mode of operation. The MACR0-11 assembler and Spooler are
both run as background tasks.
To support multiprogramming among tasks, each task is required to
have a format as shown in the figure below:

Task Stack Area~--------

Control Register~~--~Busy/Idle Switch~-------

Task Program Code--------

Figure

TASK FORMAT

163

The execution of a Task by PIREX is accomplished by first scanning the
Active Task List (ATL). The ATL is a priority-ordered linked list of all
active Tasks in the current system currently capable of running. An
Active Task is one which:
1.

Is currently executing.

Has a new request pending in its deque (double ended queue).

Has been interrupt'ed by a higher priority task.

When a runnable task is found, the stack area and general purpose
registers belonging to the task are restored and program control transferred to it. Program execution begins at the first location of the
task program code (See Figure 2.1) or at the point where the task was
previously interrupted by a higher priority task. When a task is interrupted by other tasks, its general purpose registers and stack are
saved. The ATL is rescanned when a new request is issued to a task or
when a previous request is complete.
When the PIREX Software System is running, it is normally executing the
NUL task (a PDP-11 WAIT Instruction); The NUL task is run whenever there
are no requests pending, a task suspends itself in a wait state,
or while all other tasks are waiting for I/O previously initiated.
When the PDP-15 issues a request to the PDP-11 to be carried out by
PIREX, it does so by interrupting the 11 at Level 7 (the highest
PDP-11 Interrupt Level) and simultaneously passing it an address
of a Task Control Block (TCB) through the interrupt Link.
An 11 task can issue requests via the IREQ MACRO.
The contents of the TCB comf letely describe the request (task addressed, function, optional interrupt return address and level,
status words, etc •.•• ) The TCB will usually reside in the PDP-15
memory and must be directly addressable by the 11.
(i.e. It resides
in shared memory).
Error conditions are passed back to the 15 in the Task Control Block (TCB) along with status information necessary for
complete control and monitoring of a particular request.
usually the request is to a device on the 11 but other types
are allowed.
Task Control Blocks are used for communication with PIREX and
tasks running under it. The general format of a TCB consists of
three words followed by optional words necessary for task communication. Optional words, generally are used to pass buffer addresses, commands and device status as may be appropriate.
TCB:

(API TRAP ADDRESS *400(8)) + API LEVEL
(FUNCTION CODE *400(8)) +TASK CODE NUMBER

REV:

REQUEST EVENT VARIABLE
(Optional Words)
Figure

STANDARD TCB FORMAT

164

The "TRAP ADDRESS" is a PDP-15 API trap vector and has a value
between f6 and 377( 8 ). Location /6·here corresponds to location
¢ in the PDP-15. The API Level is the priority level at which
the interrupt will occur in the PDP-15 and has a value between
f6 and 3. A JO signifies API "Level" f6 , a 1 for level 1 etc •••
The API trap address and level are used by tasks in the PDP-11
when informing the 15 that the requested operation ~s complete
(e.g ••• a disk block transferred or line printed).
The Task code number is a positive number between f6 and 128
that tells PIREX which task is being referenced, (Tasks are
addressed by a numeric value rather than by name).
The Function Code determining whether hardware interr~pts are
to be used at the completion of the request. If the code has a
value of /6, an interrupt is generated at completion of the request;
If a 1, an interrupt is not made.
The Request Event Variable, conunonly called REV or just EV, is
initially cleared by PIREX (set to zero) and then set to a value "n"
(by the associated task) at the completion of the .request. The
values of "n" are:

f6
1

-2

-3

=
=
=
=

request pending or not yet completed.
request successfully completed.
(mod 2·16-1) non-existent task referenced.
(mod 2•16-1) illegal API level given (illegal
values are changed to 1eve1 3

~nd

processed).

-4

(mod 2•16-1) illegal directive code given.

-777

(mod 2•16-1) request node was not available from
the Pool, i.e. the POOL was empty, and the referenced·
task was currently busy or the task did not have an
ATL node in the Active Task List.

NOTE -- the Task Control Block specification clearly defines a
modular communications structure with minimum impact on PDP-15
software.

165

ADDING DRIVERS TO PIREX
A powerful feature allows the PDP-15 to bring in a PDP-11 driver,
(into either its own memory or the ll's
local memory) connect
it to PIREX via a connect directive (a disconnect directive) is
also provided) and then issue I/O requests through PIREX to the
driver. The user can now take full advantage of the existing and
future PDP-11 peripherals along with an elaborate queuing structure built into PIREX allowing complete parallel processing.
MACRO 11 ASSEMBLER (MACll) AVAILABLE)
A MACRO 11 Assembler is provided. This assembler is a Macro subset of the existing PDP-11 Macro assembler a.nd is slightly modified to run under the control of DOS-15 and PIREX.
To accomplish this, the MACRO assembler (MACll) is loaded by the
15 as a core image into bank l of the 15. MAC 11 is then connected
up as a low priority driver to PIREX and requested to begin the assembly. The 11 then carries out the actual assembly while the 15
handles all of the opening and closing of files, reading and writing of test and object information until the assembly is complete.
To the user at the console teletype, MAC 11 appears to be just a
DOS-15 system program which is loaded in and run by the 15.
NOTE: That any customer developed software should of course, take
into account PIREX context switch 0 the bandwidth of the UNIBUS 18
and latency consideration of the associated system.
SUMMARY

As one can easily see, the UC15 software system is a powerful tool
to the user who requires the utmost in flexibility and utility.
UC15 also provides an expansion capability beyond any system currently available.

166

INTERRUPT LINK

The following section describes the registers and control of the
interrupt link. This link is used to pass Task Control Block
Pointers (and through them the information in Task Control Blocks)
between the PDP-15 and PDP-11 systems. The hardware which comprises this link consists of a DR15-C special purpose interface
to the PDP-15, I/O BUS, and 2 DRll-C general purpose UNIBUS interfaces. The DR15-C is controlled by PDP-15 IOT 1 s while the DRll's
are accessed as registers on the UNIBUS.
Register Descriptions (PDP-11)
(CSR) 767770

Bit 6 - when bit 6 is a 1, it will enable an interrupt on BR5 to TV 300, if the API DONE flag is set
in bit 7 of 767770.
Bit 7 - API DONE - set to 1 whenever none of the 4
API channels has a request pending.
NOTE: Neither of these bits is expected to be
used in normal systems programming.

(ODB) 767772

Low byte - contains the API address for.an API lev~l
break. Loading a new value in the byte causes
the appropriate API flag to be set in the DR15-C and
and API break in the PDP-15 will occur, is the API
is enabled and no higher activity is occuring. It
also will cause a PI interrupt if API is not installed.

High byte - contains the API address for an API
level 1 break.
Same conditions as low byte.
(IDB) 767774

Bit • - contains bit "2" of the Task Control Block
Pointer (TCBP). See note under bit 1.
Bit 1 - contains bit "l" of the TCBP.
NOTE: That reading 767774 does not effect the
new TCBP flag in bit 7 of 767760-.~
Bit 6 - API 2 DONE flag - when a 1 indicates that
there is no API level 2 request pending before th.e
PDP-15. When a 1 also indicates the 767762 low
byte may be loaded with a new API level 2 address
to cause a new API interrupt level 2 and set the
API 2 flag in the DR15-C.
Bit 7 - API ~ DONE flag - when a 1 indicates that
there is no API level ~ request pending before the
PDP-15. When a 1 also indicates that 767772 low byte
may be loaded with a new API level • and set the API
~ flag in the DRl5-C.

167

Bit 8 - Local Memory Size bit {& - the least significant bit of a two bit field which specifies the

number of 4K word memory banks that are connected
to the UNIBUS.
Bit 9 - Local Memory Size Bit l - the most significant bit of a. two bit field which specifies that
number of 4K memory banks are connected to the
UNIBUS.

I.MSO
0
0
1

0 Local Memory

1
0

4K Local Memory

12K Local Memory

SK Local Memory

Bit 14 - API 3 DONE flag - when a 1 indicates that
there is no API level 3 request pending before the
PDP-15.
When a l also indicates that 767762 high
byte may be located with a new API level l address
to cause a new API interrupt at level 3 and set the
API 3 flag in the DR15-C.
Bit 15 - API 1 DONE flag - when a 1 indicates that
there is no API level request pending before the
PDP~l5.
When a 1 also indicates that 767772 high
byte may be loaded with a new API level l address
to cause a new API interrupt at level 1 and set the
API in the DR15-C.
(CSR) 767760

Bit 6 ~ ENABLE 'I'CBP (Task Control Block Pointer)
INTERRUPT - When a 1 allows and interrupt on BR
level 7 to TV 310 upon receipt. of a new TCBP from
the PDP-15.
Bit 7 - NEW TCBP flag - is set to l whenever the
PDP-15 issues IOT 706006 thus placing a new TCBP
in 767764 and bits 0 and 1 of 767774.
It is cleared
by the PDP-11 doing a DATI to location 767764.

(ODB) 767762

Low byte - contains the API address for an API level

2 break.

Same conditions as 767772 low byte.
contains the API Address for an API level
Same conditions as 767772.

High byte -

3 break.

168

(IDB) 767764

TCBP (Task Control Block Pointer) - bits 3-17.
This contains the lowest 15 bits of the address sent
by the PDP-15. Note: that the address is-"word"
aligned. Note also that doing a DATI to this register lowers the New TCBP flag (767760 bit 7)
and also sets the DONE flag cleared by IOT 706002
in the PDP-15.

PDP-15 IOT's
706001

SIOA - Skip I/O Accepted. Tests whether the TCBP
DONE flag is-set-indicating the PDP-11 has read
the TCBP and skips the next location if the DONE
flag is a 1.

706002

CIOD - Clear I/O Done.

706006

LIOR - Load I/O Register and clear TCBP DONE flag.
Places the contents of the PDP-15 "AC" into an.18bit buffer register. The output of the buffer
register is seen by the PDP-11 as TCBP at location
767764 and bits 0 and 1 767764. The IOT also
causes the TCBP DONE flag to be cleared and in the
PDP-11 causes bit 7 to be set in location 767760,
which in turn causes the PDP-11 to do an interrupt
at BR 7 to TV location 310.

706112

RDRS - Read Status Register - Clears the AC and
loads the contents of the DR15-C status register
into the AC.
(This effectively moves the DRlS-C

Clear the TCBP DONE flag.

enabie interrupt bit into bit i7 of the AC).

706122

LDRS - Load Status Register. Loads the contents of
the AC into the DR15-C status register.
(Pla9es
value of AB bit 17 in the DR15-C "enable interrupts"
bit).

706104

. CAPIO - Clear APIO flag in DRlS-C.

706124

CAPil

706144

CAPI2 - Clear AP12 flag in DRlS-C.

706164

CAPI3 - Clear AP13 flag in DRlS-C.

706101

SAPIO - Tests the APlO flag in the DR15-C and skips
the next in~truction if. the flag is 1.

Clear APll flag in DR15-C.

169

706121

706141
706161

SAPil - Tests the APll flag in the DR15-C and skips
the next .instruct.ion if the flag is 1.

SAPI2 - Tests the AP12 flag in the DR15-C and skips
the next instruction if the flag is l.

SAPI3 - Tests t.he .A.PI 13 flag in the DR15-C and
skips the next instruction if the.flag is 1.

PDP-15 STATUS REGISTER (DR15-C)
Bit 17

Enable PI/API interruptso When a 1 enables interrupts from the PDP-11 processor. Note this bit is
E!_~t to a 1 by initialize and the CAF instruction.
It can only be cleared by using the LDRS (IOT 706122)
instruct.ion.

bit #

~™™\\~
enable PI/API
Figure

170

Figure: 8

PDP-11/05 CONTROL REGISTERS

Bit #

DRll-C #0
TV

Bit #14

.~--------~........_
..
______! 161112

= 300

API O Address

APIOl Address

BR = 5

Bit#l5 14

9 8 7

1 0

I I ~\\\\\\\'i I I I ~~~~ i I 2 I 161114
Bit#

DRll-C #1
TV

= 310

BR = 7

&\\\\\\\\~\\\'J I f\\\\\\\~~ 767760

Bit#

....
~·~
. . . . . -----~.~,_
. . _____.I 767762
API 3 address

API 2 address

Bit# 15
0
--------------~........ 161164
1. 3
PDP 15 bit number
l\~J

TASK CONTROL BLOCK POINTER (TCBP)
(upper 2 bits in 767774)

I 71

MXI5~B
_ _ _ _..,,,..,,,..

MEMGRY
tvlUI/l'IPLEXERS
.....................,.....

...,,~T...>"•"""~""""'"'"-'""""'-'>""

......... ,,,,,. ....... _ _ _, _ .- -

:.~O<<",.,

When the PDP-15 memory is c~ccessed by the PDP-11/05 or any NPR
UNIBUS device, the addresseB a.:ce ;::1;-:;loca.ted by the MX15-B multiplexer.

The MX15-B multiplexer not only relocates the UNIBUS addresses
but emulates byte operations in PDP-15 memory.

Hence normal

PDP-11 programs, with byte :i::r;~a,d a.nd b~{te write operations may
be executed from PDP-15 memory. Also such byte oriented NPR
devices as Mag Tape ma.y make transfers directly to PDP-15
memory.
Note: That the PDP-·l.l
proce.ssor can access the PDP-15 memory
which is between the end of local memory and the 28K of address
space available to .its a.ddres ;.c; sche.me"

Will connect to MM15 i M}U5-·1\ r a.nd !vEU5 memories.
B.

Inputs

PDP-11: Modified UNIBUS with PA and PB used as Dl6 and Dl7 reS,Pectively.

It meets a.11 other UNIBUS specs.

Defined as

UNIBUS/18, input would have a lower address bound that could be
fixed to any 4K multiple address O~l20K. This would be specified as jumpers. Note that. only BK and 12K of local memory
will be supported ~by t"iiagnost..i.cs and systems programs.
Hence,
the maximum commonly addressable memory (11 processor) will be
20K or 16K. An upper limit would be provided as 124K.
The addresses presented from the PDP~ll are relocated t9 prevent
location 0 bein9 the same physicaJ. address on each machine.
The PDP-11 will be able to be :celoc1ted by 4K increments to 124K.
Local PDP-11 memor1· is restri,~:ted to 4 increments.

Note that any sewrite" opE:ra:cion to a common. memory location by
8 bit or 16 bit UNIBUS devices causes PDP-15 data bits 0 and 1
of the location to be forced O.

PDP-15:
bounds.

Standard 15 MeJTio:ry Bus Interface - no upper and lower
No relocation. Emphasis is on minimum delay through

multiplexer for this port.

I _,, ')

! ( c:..

If both processors request at the same time, PDP-15-will get use
of tne memory. When requests are not simultaneous, a first come,
first served mode operates. Practically, all this means is that
the 15 and 11 will alternate access to common memory except under
the special conditions described above. NOTE: No local memory
is provided on the PDP-15.
Bus Loading:

MX15-B •••••••••• 2 PDP-15 memory bus load
Drives 4 PDP-15 memory bus loads
DR15-C/DR11-C ••• l Unibus Load
1 PDP-15 I/O bus load

Power: (Steady State)
UNDCHANNEL 15 (no peripherals) •• 5 at 115V
2.5A at 230V
Voltage:
Frequency:

115 Vac + 10% or 230 Vac + 10%
+
50 - 2 Hz or 60 + 2 Hz

Environmental: Temperature ••••••••••••• lOO to 50°C
Relative Humidity •••.••• 20% to 95%
UC15 Cabinet Dimensions:

Unibus Compatability:

Memory Cycle:

Depth: •••• 30in (0.76m)
Width: •••• 21 in. (0.53m)
Height: ••• 72 in. (l.83m)
Weight: ••• 150 lbs. (70 kg)-not including peripherals.

Can be used with any PDP-11 family processor that does not use parity. O~
those systems with parity, the parity
must be disabled.

MXlS-B normally adds 200 ns to both the PDP-15
and the PDP-11 cycle times.

DMA Facility to Common Memory:
Maximum transfer rate ••••• 415K words/sec
Worst-case latency •••••••• 6 ;is (no DCH transfers
in PDP-15)
12 µs (DCH transfers
ip. PDP-15)
Average latency ••••••••••• 2.5 µs
DMA Facility to PDP-11/05 Local Memory:
Maximum Transfer rate ••••• l million words/sec
Worst-case latency •••••••• 7.2)ls
Average latency ••.••.•.••• 2.5 ps

173

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
The UClS cabinet will replace the curent disk cabinet immediately
to the left of the PDP-15 processor.
The increased spacing will require longer I/O or memory bus
cables in some installations.

DR15-C
Interrupt Link

J[
:=J [

MX15-B
Memory Multiplexer
RKOS
1.2 million word
Cartridge Drive

Reserved for
2nd RKOS

....

fiLi• 11J ~
ti

!::i; l ! ~o

.,,

PDP-11/05 with
8-12K of local memory
2 small peripheral
slots and 3 system
unit slots

...

Reserved for
BAll peripheral~
expander box

Figure 9

174

SYSTEM RESTRICTIONS
RKOS (RKll) Disk Pack Capability
The 18 bit RKll disk pack will not be able to be read by RKll-C
or RKll-D system (16-bit only systems).
This means tbat data bases and PDP-11 files created on lB-bit
RKll systems may not be taken directly to an PDP-11 only sys-

tem.

The transfer medium for such a transfer would have to be

Mag Tape.

This situation was chosen to make RKll-C and RKll-D packs compatible (i.e ••••• all PDP-11 only systems).
Memory Lind ts
UNIBUS NPR devices can access a maximum of 124K. The amount of
shared memory available to UNIBUS NPR devices is 124K less the
amount of local memory. In a "normal" configuration the PDP-11/05
would have BK of memory, in which case the available PDP-15 memory would be limited to ll6K. This limit is due to the fact that
UNIBUS/18 peripherals must have access to all memory. The maximum memory of the 11 without some relocatIOii option would be 28K.
Note: That the PDP-11 with BK of local memory can only address
the lowest 20K of common memory to access Task Control Blocks
set up by the PDP-15.
I/O Latency
Multiport memories always have increased worst case latency
over a single port-non-competitive situation. This system
is no exception. The PDP-11
normally gives an "NPR break"
a worst case latency to BSSY of 7.0 usec. On this system, we
must add to that time, the time it requires the PDP-15 to do
three I/O memory cycles (5.0 usec.). The worst case latency
is, hence, 12.0 usec.
·
CAF/RESET Limitations
The following timing considerations are of interest to programmers:
A RESET instruction may cause the PDP-15 to incorrectly read
the API address. The Console RESET and CAF instruction may
violate UNIBUS specifications. Hence, random "initialize"
pulses may cause system malfunctions. The following guidelines must always be followed:

175

CAF must not be executed while there is a Task Control Block
Pointer (TCBP) waiting to be read by the PDP-lln

.RESET must not be executed while there are API requests
pending for the PDP-15.

RESET must not be executed if there is any NPR activity on
the UNIBUS. All active NPR devices must be shut down in
a power fail sequence prior to executing RESET.

176

PDP-15 UNICHANNEL OPTIONS

UC15-HE

Peripheral Processor: 11/05 or 11/lO-NC
or - SA, 2 DRll-C, DR15-C, MX15-B, DDll-B,
KYll-JH, H950, llSV.-

BK Local Memory

UC15-HF

Per~pheral Processor:
11/05 or 11/10-ND
or - SB, 2 DRll-C, DRlS-C, MX15-B, DDll-B,
KYll~JH, H950, 230V.

BK Local Memory

UC15-HK

Peripheral Processor: 11/05 or 11/10 - NC
or - SA, 2 DRll-C, DR15-C, MX15-B, DDll-B,
KYll-JH, H950, MMll-K, llSV.

12K Local Merner)

UC15-HL

Peripheral Processor: 11/05 or 11/10-ND
or - SA , 2 DRll-C, DR15-c, MX15-B, DD11-B,
KYll-JH, H950, MMll-K, 230V.

l 2K Local Merner)

RK15-HE

RKOS-AA, RKll-E, UClS-HE, llSV, 60Hz

RK15-HF

RK05-BB, RKll-E, UC15-HF, 230V, SOHz.

RK15-HH

RKOS-AB, RKll-E, UClS-HF, 230V, 60Hz.

RK15-HJ

RKOS-BA, RKll-E, UC15-HE, 115V, 50Hz.

RKlS-HK

RKOS-AA, RKll-E, UC15-HK, llSV, 60Hz.

RK15-HL

RK05-BB, RKll-E, UC15-HL, 230V, 50Hz.

RK15-HM

RK05-AB, RKll-E, UC15-HL, 230V, 60Hz.

RK15-HN

RKOS-BA, RKll-E, UC15-HK, llSV, 50Hz.

15/76-DE

KP15, ME15-EA, LA30-CA, PC15, KE15, KW15,
TC15, TU56, RK15-HE, llSV, 60Hz.

15/76-DF

KP15, ME15-EB, LA30-CD, PC15-A, KE15, KW15,
TC15, TU56, RK15-HF, 230V, 50Hz.

15/76-DK

KPlS, ME15-EA, LA30-CA, PC15, KElS, KWlS,
TC15, TU56, RK15-HK, llSV, 60Hz.

15/76-DL

KP15, MElS-EB, LA30-CD, PC15-A, KE15, KW15,
TC15, TU56, RK15-HL, 230V, SOHz.

15/76-ME

KPlS, ME15-EA, LA30-CA, PC15, KElS, KW15,
_ TC59-D, TUlO, RK15-HE, llSV, 60Hz.

177

15/76-MF

KP15, ME15-EB, LA30-CD, PC15-A, KEIS, KW15, TC59-D,
TUlO, RK15-HF, 230V, 50Hz.

15/76-MK

KP15, ME15-EA, LA30-CA, PC15, KE15, KW15, TC59-D,
TUlO, RK15-HK, llSV, 60Hz.

15/76-ML

KP15, ME15-EB, LA30-CD, PC15-A, KElS, KW15, TC59-D,
TUlO, RK15-HL, 230V, 50Hz.

178

CHAPTER l
INTRODUCTION

The Magnetic .Tape Dump (MTDUMP) Program is a utility program of the·
PDP-15 ADVANCED Software System which provides users of industrycompatible magnetic tape with functions which are pecu.liar to this
medium.

In general, the program provides magneti.c tape· users with

functions similar to those found in ~ATCH and DUMP.

In addition,

the program complements PIP with regard to magnetic tape functions;
however, few functions which could be performed by PIP are duplicated.
The program MTDUMP is device dependent and accomplishes all magnetic
tape I/O with .TRAN and MTAPE System Macro instructions; it cannot
be used with other I/O devices.
1.1

FUNCTIONS

The following paragraphs briefly explain the basic functions of
MTDUMP.
1.1.1

A summary of conunands is provided in Appendix A.
Dump File

One of the most conunon requirements of the magnetic tape user is the
ability to examine portions of a tape.

The Dump File facility in

MTDUMP is intended to meet that need in a general and useful way.
Simply stated, the Dump File is the repository of (1) images of command lines received from the keyboard and (2) groups of ASCII lines
which represent, in readable form, the contents of the tape being
examined in response to typed requests.

The contents and format of

the file, however, are subject to considerable variation and, in fact,
the destination of the file may itself be changed during the run.
1.1.2

File Modification

This feature provides a convenient means for file updating or patching.

Individual records may be accessed, allowing each word in the

record to become available for examination and modification.

Words

and entire records may be inserted or deleted from the file and new
files may thus be created.
1.1.3

File Transfer

This function, consisting of one instruction, permits copying
magnetic tape on a record-for-record basis.

181

1.1.4

Directory Listing

These commands permit rapid listing and clearing of magnetic tape
directories.
1.2

I/O DEVICES

The program accesses a maximum of three devices:

the teleprinter,

used for command string input and error reports; the magnetic tape
transports (via MTA. or MTF.) for all input and output to all magnetic
tape units; and an optional third device which is the destination
device for what is termed the "Dump Output File".

This file may -con-

tain records of commands typed to the program and any hard-copy
response to these commands (normally record-by-record dumps).

Dump

Output may be directed to any device, including a magnetic tape.

magnetic tape is used for this purpose, however, the unit assigned may
not also be manipulated by commands to MTDUMP.

If no Dump Output file

is desired, the teleprinter should be assigned as the Dump Output
device.
1.3

ADDING MTDUMP TO THE USER SYSTEM

The program MTDUMP and its associated handlers (i.e., MTA, MTC, and
MTF) are supplied to the user on the ADVANCED Monitor System Peripheral
DECtape (DEC-15-SZZB-UC) •

Users who wish more convenient access to

MTDUMP should relocate the program onto the system device using the
utility program PIP.

MTDUMP may also be added to the system device as a System Program,
using the facilities provided by the SGEN and PATCH utility programs.
Refer to PDP-15 manuals DEC-15-YWZA-DN3 and -DNS for the procedures
needed to install MTDUMP onto the system device as a System Program.
If MTDUMP is relocated to the system device by either of the above
means, its associated magnetic tape handlers must also be added to
the system library (.LIBR BIN).
ity program UPDATE.

This is accomplished using the util-

The use of UPDATE to insert the handlers MTA,

MTC, and MTF is demonstrated in the following example:

182

UPDATE V8A
>US+- (ALT MODE)

Request Options U and S

>I MTA. ,DTC·)

Insert routine MTA after routine DTE

>I MTC.)

Insert routine MTC next

>IMTF ·)

Insert routine MTF next

>CLOSE)

Terminate UPDATE operations.

Refer to the Utility Programs manual DEC-15-YWZA-D for a complete
description of UPDATE and its use.

183

CHAPTER 2
OPERATING PROCEDURE

2.1

DEVICE ASSIGNMENTS

MTDUMP is supplied as a relocatable program (MTDUMP BIN) and is
loaded by the Linking Loader.

Before loading, the user must make

the following .DAT slot assignments:

2.2

.DAT slot -4

The device from which MT.DUMP is to be
loaded. If the program is on magnetic
tape, MTA on .DAT slot 1 requires MTA
on .DAT slot -4; MTF on .DAT slot 1
requires MTC on .DAT slot -4.

.DAT slot 1

MTA~

.DAT slot 3

The Dump Output device, if required;
or TTA if no Dump Output File is wanted.

or MTF~

PROGRAM STARTUP

After loading, the program types on the teleprinter:
MTDUMP Vnn
BUFSIZ m
>

where:

"Vnn" is the current version
and "m" is the total number
(in decimal) of registers
available for I/O buffers.

Each time the program is ready to accept a keyboard command, a right
angle bracket (>) is typed.
At start (or restart) time, all magnetic tape units are automatically
set to transfer in odd parity at
given by .SCOM+4, bit 6

8~~

BPI and at the channel count

means 7-channel, 1 means 9-channel).

The

user must issue a new FORMAT request (see paragraph 3.2.1) to effect
transfer in another (non-standard) mode.
2. 3

PROGRAM RESTART

To restart MTDUMP, type CTRL P, which causes the program to close the
Dump Output File (if open) on .DAT slot 3.

Then repeat program

startup procedure.
NOTE
If the Dump Output has been directed to the
teleprinter, CTRL P is acted upon only after
completion of current line of output. To
effect immediate termination, type CTRL P
CTRL U.

f 84

CHAPTER 3
COMMANDS

3.1

COMMAND STRING

MTDUMP accepts conunands from the Teletype in the general format shown
below.

Formats for specific conunands may vary significantly from this

and are shown in the descriptions of the individual commands.

MTDUMP command formats are variations of the following:

where:

is the name of the function wanted.
is a digit specifying the source unit for two-unit
operations (e.g., COPY) or the one object unit for
single-unit operations.
is a digit specifying the destination unit for twounit operations or is absent for single-unit
operations.

specifies a condition (either count overflow or
transport status) which, when.encountered,
causes termination of the function whose name is
"c".
"t" may be absent and, if not given, is
assigned the implicit integer value 1. ·Explicit
values of "t" may include:
a.

An integer in absolute value less than 262,144 10
and greater than zero

The character string "EQT"

(END.OF TAPE)

The character string "BOT"

(BEGINNING OF TAPE)

The character string "EOF" (END OF FILE)

Parameters are separated from the command by a space (1....1) and from each
other by commas.
( ) )

The command line is terminated by a carriage return

Some commands require only a single argument, while others require all
three.
Example:
REWIND._, 1)
Only the single object unit need be specified; further, the terminating

185

condition "BOT" is implicit in the conunand and need not be given.
Copying an entire logical tape from Unit l to Unit 2, however, requires all three parameters.
Example:
COPYL-11,2,EOT)
3.1.1

Terminating Conditions

As indicated above, the "t" specification in the command line may be
either an integer or a character string or absent.

If "t" is an

integer, the value of the numeric string represents the number of
physical records to be treated during the operation requested.
Example:

This command string means:

Evaluate the string "816" according to

the radix currently in effect, then space the tape on drive 1 forward
until that many records have been passed over.

If, in the example,

tape 1 was at loadpoint and if the prevailing radix was decimal, then
at the completion of the operation the read/write head would be
positioned between the 8f6th and 8lst physical records on tape.
Example:

The above example causes a transfer of 8~ physical records from drive l
to drive 2, leaving the read/write head on each drive positioned
immediately following the last record transferred.
If "t" is a non-numeric string (EOT, BOT, EOF), then the operation requested is deemed complete when one of the following conditions is
observed:
a.

EOT

BOT

EOF

Two consecutive EOF markers have been passed
in either reverse or forward direction.
The loadpoint marker has been reached (but not
passed) in the reverse direction.
A single EOF marker has been passed in either

direction.
If "t" is the string "EOF" or "EQT", the position of the read/write
head relative to the EOF marker causing termination depends upon
the direction of tape motion when the condition is encountered.

186

Example:
BACKSPACEL.-11,EOF)
The read/write head will be 2ositioned just before tl}e marker.

The·

next record read in the forward direction will be the EOF marker
just passed in backspacing.
If "t" is the string "BOT", the head is left positioned just after
the loadpoint: the program will not backspace over BOT.
If "t" is absent from a command string in which it is :r;equired, then
the value 1 is assumed.

Thus the commands in the following example

are equivalent.
Example:
SPACEL-11, 1)
SPACEL-11)
3.1.2

Command Abbreviations

Most commands in MTDUMP may be abbreviated to a single .letter (the
initial character).

In the command descriptions which follow, legal

abbreviations are shown immediately following the.command and enclosed
in parentheses.
Example:
REWIND (R) L.-1U,t)
3.2

SETUP COMMANDS

This is a group of commands which generally apply to most major functions of MTDUMP.

These commands are usually given prior to the execu-

tion of a function (e.g., DUMP, COPY).

3.2.1

Set Non-Standard Tape Format

The initial setup for input and output tapes is odd parity at
800 BPI (the channel count is given by .SCOM+4, bit 6).

The

FORMAT command allows the user to change the parity, density,
and/or channel count.
Usage:

FORMAT(F)1.,.1o1u,pdc;

187

where:
"u" is the tape whose format is being set and "pdc" is a
group of three single-character parity, density, and channel-count
indicators, as follows:
p (parity) is "E" (even) or "O" (odd)
d (density) is "2" (2{6{6 BPI), "S" (SS6 BPI), or
"8" (8{6{6 BPI)
c (channel) is "9" (9-channel) or "7" (7-channel)
The three descriptors may appear in any order, and any may be absent,
in which case the relevant status for the tape remains unchanged.
Example:
FORMATL...J 2 , ES 7)
01'

FORMATL...J2,SE7)
01'

FORMATL...12, 7 SE)
All of the above examples set up tape unit 2 for even parity, SS6 BPI,
7-channel operation.
Example:
FORMAT1-12, 0)
01'

F1-12,0)
These commands change the parity of tape unit 2 without disturbing
the current density or channel count.
NOTE
The only legal density for a 9-channel tape drive is
800 BPI. Requests for other densities will not be
honored.
FORMAT commands are effective until MTDUMP is restarted via the
CTRL P function.
3.2.2 set Standard Tape Format
Standard System Format may be requested for any unit. A special case
of the FORMAT command is employed to unconditionally reset tape format
to odd parity, 8~{6 BPI, and 7- or 9-channel (according to .SCOM+4, bit 6.)

188

Usage:

FORMAT(F)L..BU,D)
where:

"u" is the unit whose format is to be set and.the character
"default~

"D" means
3.2.3

Specify Global Radix

The program always treats certain numeric strings
tion) as octal.

(e.g., unit specifica-

Others, however, may be specified as either octal or

decimal by the NUMBER command.

The following numeric groups are

interpreted (on input) or printed as octal or decimal strings according
to the argument given in the latest NUMBER request:
a.

The "t" specification in command lines (where applicable)
when "t" is an integer.
If the current radix is octal,
then the command:

SPACEL..Bl, 2/H)
causes the tape on unit 1 to be spaced forward 16 10
records.
b.

The word sequence numbers of dumped data.

The word sequence numbers of EXAMINE requests.
below.)

(See

The record-length argument of the SIZE request.
below.)

(See

The radix specified remains in effect until another NUMBER command is
encountered or the program is restarted.
Usage:
OCTAL

The default radix is octal.

NUMBER (N) 1.....1 [ DECIMAlj)

3.2.4

Specify Local Radix

The radix of a number string in a single command line may be specified
by a one-character suffix, D for decimal, K for octal.

Such specifica-

tion overrides the current global radix, but is in effect only during
the processing of the command line in which the suffix appears.

Local

radix. control may be used following:
a.

The "t" specification in command lines (where applicable)
when "t" is an integer.

The word sequence numbers of EXAMINE requests.

189

The record-len3th argument of the SIZE request.

Example:
SPACE1....1l, 2fiJD)
The command above causes tape unit 1 to space forward 20 10 records
regardless of the current global radix.
Example:
SPACEL...11,2fiJK)
Similarly, this command spaces the tape forward 20 8 (16 10 ) records.
3.2.5

Command-Line Echo

Legal keyboard requests are placed in the Dump Output File, exactly
as typed, to allow the user to correlate the progress of the run,
relative tape position, and the record contents during later examination of the hard-copy dump.

command-line echo can be bypassed, how-

ever, by use of the VERIFY command.
usage:

If ON or OFF is not specified, ON is assumed.
Example:

When MTDUMP is first loaded or is restarted, VERIFY mode is set ON.
If the teleprinter is the assigned dump output device (.DAT slot 3),
command-line echo is not performed.

Illegal commands are not echoed.

3.2.6 Dump File Display Format
The input tape is output to the Dump File as individual physical
records.

Each record is represented as a number which indicates

record length in ASCII lines.

Each line, in turn, contains:

A sequence number which reflects the position in the

record of the first data word in the line displayed.
A string of data words or data-word pairs.

Sequence numbers are in either octal or decimal notation: the' radix
is chosen in response to the last previous NUMBER command.

190

Display format is set by the MODE request followed by the appropriate
argument.
Usage:
MODE

L-1

CTAL

SYMBOLIC}
TRIMMED
ASCII

)

Where:
OCTAL

Displays single words.as six octal digits.

SYMBOLIC

Displays single words as a three-character
operation-code mnemonic, an "indirection"
indicator (*), if present, and a 13-bit
(5-digit) address.

TRIMMED

Displays single words as three six-bit
alphanumeric· characters.

ASCII

Displays pairs of words as five E?even-bit
ASCII characters. A blank is printed for
each character outside the range 4,0' 8 - 137 8 .

The default assumption is OCTAL and implicit in the request:
MODE)

The table below shows examples of data-word treatment in each of the
four modes.

3.2.7

OCTAL
---

SYMBOLIC

5l2l32

AND l2l32

)QZ

744634

OPR ,0'4634

<& \.

42,0'32,0'
.0'.0'.0'fJ.0'.0'

XCT*{K,0'32,0'
CAL ,0'{4{4,0'{4

#CP
@@@

777777
.0'1.0'2.0'3

LAW 17777
CAL 1,0'2,0'3

ABC

TRIMMED

ASCII
REWIN

D
A

???

Inserting Comments in the Dump File

Explanatory notes may be placed in the output file by use of the LOG
command.

When the LOG request is encountered,

subseque~t

typed input

is taken as commentary and is added, exactly as it appears, to the
Dump Output File.

Carriage returns may be included, and multiple

lines may be inserted with a single LOG request.

An ALTMODE terminates

each comment and causes the program to accept a new request.

191

Usage:
LoG ...... comments;
comments •••. "')
(ALTMODE)
3.2.8

Return Control to Monitor

An EXIT request causes the program to close the Dump Output File
{if one is open) on .DAT slot 3, then perform an .EXIT return to
the Monitor.

use this command for return to the Monitor if the

program is being run in the Batch Environment.

Usage:

3.3

MANIPULATIVE FUNCTIONS

The following commands position the tape and write EOF markers
on the tape drive specified.
3.3.1

Rewind Tape

This command initiates a rewind on tape unit "u "
Usage:
REWIND (R)L....IU)

3.3.2

Backspace Tape

This command backspaces the tape on unit "u" until the "t 11 condition
is satisfied.

Usage:
BACKSPACE{B)1...1u,t)
where:

"t" is an integer {number of records), "EOF", "EOT", or
"BOT".

3.3.3

Space Tape

This command spaces the tape on unit "u" forward until the "t"
condition is satisfied.
Usage:
SPACE (S)L-1u,t)
where:

"t" is an integer (number of records), "EOF", or "EOT".

192.

3.3.4

Write End-of-File Marker

This command writes a single "EDF" marker on tape unit

"u"~

Usage:
TAPEMARK (T)L....IU)

3.4

DUMP FILE OPERATIONS

3.4.1

Dump File Management

The Dump Output File may be written on any physical device.

If the

device chosen is file-structured, however, the user must specify a
name to be given the Dump File and must explicitly request that the
file be closed (unless the EXIT command is used) .

Furthermore 1. the

file name must be given before any other requests are issued.
Usage:
OPEN.....,filename~xt;

where:

filename is the name of the file to be created.
ext

is the filename extension.
If omitted,
"LST" is the· default assumption.

If an OPEN request is not given, the program types
NO DUMP FILE OPEN
>

on the Teletype and waits for another command.
NOTE
The comment is actually printed when an attempt is
made to write into the Dump File, i.e., at commandline echo if VERIFY is ON or at Dump-Record Output
if VERIFY is OFF.
A check is made to ensure that the filename given is unique.

If a·

file of the name specified already exists on the Dump Output device,
the program types:
FILE FOUND ON DUMP DEVICE:

DO YOU WISH TO DELETE IT?
>

193

filenam ext

.:.·

The program then waits for the user to type a response to the query.
Typing

)
01'

OI'

indicates the affirmative, and the already-existing file is overlayed
(i.e., deleted when the new file is .CLOSEd).

Any other response is

negative and the program returns to accept a new keyboard command.

The Dump Output File is closed upon receipt of the CLOSE command
from the keyboard.
Usage:
CLOSE)
or whenever the program is restarted (CTRL P).
3.4.2

Dump Tape Records

This command dumps records from unit "u" into the named file open on
.DAT slot 3.
The sequencing of data words and the ~ormat in which
they are written are controlled by the latest NUMBER and MODE requests.
usage:
DUMP ( D) L-J u ,
where:

"u" is the tape unit number
"t" is an integer (number of records), "EDF", or "EOT".

3.4.3

Dump Tape Records on the Teleprinter

This command performs the same function as the DUMP command, except
that the records are unconditionally dumped on the teleprinter.
Usage:
LIST (L).__.u,t)

194

3.4.4

Tape Status

In addition to data input from magnetic tape and the Teletype, the
Dump Output File contains indicators of status encountered on the
tape being read.

Comments are added to the f.ile ·cand typed on the

teleprinter) in response to the following observed conditions on the
tape.

3.4.5

Message

Meaning

*END OF FILE ENCOUNTERED

An unexpected enq-of-f ile
marker was read.

*PHYSICAL EQT ENCOUNTERED

The end-of-tape reflective
spot was reached on input
or output.

*BUFFER OVERFLOW

The tape record read is too
long to be accommodated in
the available buffer space.

*BOT ENCOUNTERED

The loadpoint reflective
spot was unexpectedly
reached during a backspace
operation.

*PERMANENT READ ERROR ENCOUNTERED

After 64 10 read attempts,
the inpue record still has
not been transferred correctly.
The read/write head is
positioned immediately before
the record.

Example of Dump Operation

The following example shows the instructions required to dump the
file directory of magnetictape unit~ in octal format (to allow the
accessibility map to be examined) and then in trimmed ASCII format
(to allow reading of the file name entries).

195

Examples:

REWIND 0
SPACE 0,1
MOOE OCTAL
DUMP 121,1
747377 1210121 [ij Ql [ij 747750 777777 75121000 000(1100 000000 00000111 000000
1
0t1111101210 00000(71 !-'Hil000fll 00flllllfll0 (llflllll0Vl0 0'210!1100 0fllfll000 000000 131571
10
00121000 23312~ 231320 021413 2331?.3 111102 141300 233123 562331
19
28
231404 233123 561411 0?2200 021116 561417 11J10400 021116 040424
37 7100(1)0 021116 031~1H'l1 111600 021116 3022f2l? 060f1H'll1l fll?.1116 050105
46
11161114 021110 161716 061114 021116 252fJl04 i.1112405 233123 Cll53005
55 032524 233123 050411 24!iHll1210 233123 201120 ~0121fiHHIJ 233123 066400
64
liHll 012J.fll 0 ?.33123 150103 2217fll(.lJ 233123 066401 111000011.1 233123 151i11fll3
73
221 n11 233123 152423 070516 233123 031716 ;?6001/llil 233123 15241i'12
82
171724 23221713 15241714 251520 021116 !/"110lil00 0rtl0000 000000 00111000
91
00"1000 000Ql00 000C!Hillll fll00121011l 000000 0!/10CIJ00 liJ00000 (IJ001/J(l)0 (l)(ll(l)12100
H'1121 !/1(1)0(1![1)!/I lil0!H"1J!/I v.100flll/J(IJ 00121t71011l 00Cllfll(l)[IJ 000?100 Ql001/J1110 0001110fll Ol111(1)1/Jfi10
~HH'l0V'l0 00000Ci! 11)(,1100!110 01t1000[1) 00!/1000 00000(1) 00(1)000 000000 171fll(IJllJllJ(ll
109
011101/J(l)(I) 000111!/IQI !/1000V'l(IJ 017100f/JliJ 000t7l!/10 lilt7l0C'10!/I t111/J0000 00011100 Ql000(1)f/J
118
fil17100!/10 0(1)(/J!ll!/10 000000 0!/10000 01iHl0!11121 0!1101i10!/I (1)0liJ000 00000'1J 1710!/1000
127
00vrnrtrn 000000 !i:llil00Cll0 llJ(l)'1J(l)00 00!/l 0(1)0 00(1)()100 (l)llJl/J000 l/Jflll/Jl/J00 0001/J!/ll/J
136
0(1)0000 "100(1)(1)0 P'0(1)000 0!1H!J00Cll rt1000v'll1l lll!/l!i:lflll/J0 llllil01/l01/l 000!1J(IJ0 Ol!/1001/J(IJ
145
154
fi'l li!!ileJ !1! 0 0!/11/J(l)!IJCll 01/J001/J0 (ll0001/J[I} 000000 0(1)0(1)00 1111710000 11!0001i10 CIJ(i'l!il000
!lllll0171!/10 0(1) 00 liJfil 0000'110 (llt:'JCIJCIJ(ll0 !/100000 000!iH1J0 000000 11!00000 fil00000
163
0 0 fll PHIH?J 01111iHH'l!i'I (11000"10 0Ql0!1J0(i) 0011112lliH1 12lli'!0(}100 li'!(/1(11000 0121000111 001/10(1)(11
172
161
0000011! 0!/101i'lli'Jll! 0011!1i'lli'l0 (ll0011l0Vl 000011!0 000111!il!i! 000000 '1l00(1J~H'J 000_0!i!0
001i'l!i!(ll0 12ll?J0CHHil 00r11011l0 011l0C!lrlltll 0011l000 '1lrll0Qll?J0 Q!!IJ0000 000000 000000
190
199
0000'110 0'110Cll01i'l li!!1l'1J0!110 0!/lfll00QI 00001i'lli'J C!JQll1J17101i'J '11(ll!/1000 '1J000'1J(ll Cil01i'1011l0
208
0!0f1HH'llll 00000111 000tlllll0 0lil00fll0 000000 0!i!!i!11100 !i!0rtH1l00 00001ll0 000000
Ql0Qlfil!i!0 fll00!i'IC!lfll 000000 fll0000!il 000000 000t:'J01/l Vl00000 000000 0!00000
217
0Ql!i!0'110 0001i'Jrllrtl 000fll00 0rt1012l00 !i!001/J00 01i!!ll!i'100 rll!i!fll00!1l 000000 00000fll
226
235
"'100000 00000Jl1J 0 0 !ll liltll0 000(,1100 li'l000Ql0 0001il00 Ql00011l!1l 0'110000 &'10001/Jfll
244
!/10000f/l 000!i'll1Jlil 001i!000 !1JCJ!0000 0!ll0000 01,'100Jl/l0 li'l00000 000000 0filllllllll!0
253
011l1710fiH1 00000VI 1710171000 01710000 00001i'10

BACKSPACE 171,1
MOOE TRIMMED
nUMP

0,:t

1
17
33
49
65
a1
97
113
129
145
161
177
193

209
225
241
257

<; 1 @l@@I (? (
@@@ KM9 @l@(ol
,LO 1iocai BIN
FIL BIN UPO
SYS MAC ROIZ
MTB OOT SRC
@@l@l @l@l@l @I @l@I
@l(a@ @I@@ @I@@
@I@@ @l@l@I @@@
@l@l@l @l @l@l @l@@l
@(il@ @l@l@l @I @l@l
@@l@I @l@l(il (il@l @l
@l@l@l @l@l@l @l@l@l
@I (il@I @l@l(Ol @l@l@l
@@l@I @l@@I (il@l@l
@l@I@ @l@l@I @l@l@l

111 =@@ @@@
SYS SKP BLK
oor 9@1@1 AIN
ATE SYS EXE
SYS F4A @@l@l
MTD UMP BIN
ca (il@I @@l@ @@l@l
@@@I @@@I @@@I
(il ta(il (il@l@l @(_il@l
@l@@ @@(ii @@l@I
@l@l@l @l@l@l (il@l@I
@l@l(;t (i@@l @l@@I
@l@l@I @@l@l @l@l@I
@l@l@l @@l@I @I@@
@l@l@I @l@l@l @l@l@I
@l fdl@l

@@l@I

@@l@l

(iii@@
SYS
CHA
cUT
SYS
@I (;)@I
@l@lr,l
@I@@
@l@l@I
@@@
@l@l(i
@l@l@l
@l@(il
@l@l@I

@l(iil(il

(il(iil{ii.

@I@@

@l@@I

(il@l(iil

(il(ilc;i

@l(iilQt

(il@l@l @@l@l

108 LKC<l SYS ,SY SLD SYS .LI 9Rlil

@@@I

AIN XRE
ED l T@@I
ROA SYS
@@@I @@@
@l@l("1 @l@f<il
@@l@l @@llil
(il@l (ol @lc;t r,a
@@@l (ii@@ @l@l@l
@l@l@l @l@l@I @l@(Ql
(_il@l@l @l@l@I @l@l (ii
@l@l lib (il@l@l @l@I ta
@l@I@ @I (ii(.;) @l@@I
@@l@I @l@I (ai @l@l (dl

FC!il@l
SYS
MTS
@l@l@l
@l@@l
@l@l@I
@l@(il
@@I (il
@l@@l
@l@l(il
@l@l@l
@l@l@l
@l@l@l

@l@l@I

(it@l@I

@l@@I

JN@
SYS
MAC
@l@l@l
r,l@l@I
@@@I
@l@l@l

@@@

196

@l@l@l

@@lfdl

BIN EAE
PIP 611@1@
GEN SYS
@l@l@I (iil@l@I
@I@@ @@l@l
@l@l@l @@@I
c;t@l@I @l@@l
(iil(iil@I @l@l@I
@l@I@ @I@@
@l@l@I l!i(il@I
@l(il@I @l@l@J
@@l@I @@@
@l@l@I @l@I@
@@@ @(il@l

FIL
SYS
CON
@(iii@
@@@I
@I@@
@l@l(iil
@@l@I

@@@I
@@l@I
@J@l@l
@l@l@I
@I@@
@@I@

BIN

NON
@l@l@I
SYS
@I@@
(111@1@1 @l@l@l
@l@l @I @l@@l
@l@@l @l@@l
@I (ii@ (il(il(il
(ill(il@ @@l@I
@l@@I @l@l@I
@l@l@l @l@I @I
@l@l@l @I @@I
@l@l@l @l@@I
@@l@I @I@@
BIN
f4t;l
V@@I
(il@(il

3.5

TRANSFER FUNCTION

The COPY command allows the user to perform record~for-record copying
of .tapes.
Usage:

where:

"u " is the source drive
1
"u 2 " is the destination drive
"t" may be an integer (number of records), "EOF",.or "EOT"

Standard parity and density (odd parity, 800 BPI) prevail, unless
they have been changed by a FORMAT request.

To copy an entire tape from unit 1 to unit 2, for example:
REWINDL-11)
REWINDL...12)

COPYL-11, 2, EO~
To replace the last data record on unit 2 with the first data record
on unit 1:
REWINDL...1 lJ
SPACEL...12 ,"E:OT.)
BACKSPACEL...1t°;. 3)

COPYL-11,2,1)
TAPEMARK1-12)
TAPEMARKL...12)
3.6

/find first record on 1.
/find last record on 2.
/backspace over two EOF's plus one data record.
/copy 1 record from 1 to 2.
/make a new EOT
I
indicator on 2.

FILE MODIFICAT!ON

The file modification feature of MTDUMP allows the user to access
single records, modify or delete words in a record, delete entire
records, or add new records to his file.
3.6.1

Read a Single Record

The next sequential physical record is read from tape unit "u" and is
stored in core.

Its length is saved in anticipation of a subsequent

PUT request {see Paragraph 3.6.4).
Usage:
GET (G)1-11'

At the completion of input, the following message is printed indicating

197

the length, in words, of the record just read.
RECSIZE:nn
3.6.2

Examine and Modify Data Words

Designed for use in conjunction with the GET and PUT conunands; the
EXAMINE request allows the user to access and update individual data
words in the program buffer.

Any number of contiguous registers may

be examined and modified with a single conunand.
Usage:
EXAMINE (Eh.....1n)
where:

"n" is the relative position in the buffer (record) of the

first word to be displayed.

If a "D" or "K" suffix (see section 3.2.4)

is present, the argument is interpreted appropriately.

If no suffix

is present, "n" is interpreted according to the current global radix.
The argument specifies the position of a word relative to word ~ in
the buffer.
Example:

The above conunand accesses the first data word in the buffer.

The

program responds to the conunand by displaying on the teleprinter the
contents of the register specified in the mode (octal, symbolic,
trimmed, ASCII) currently in effect. No carriage return is executed,
however, after the displayed data word typeout. The user has
several options.
a.

If a carriage-return is typed, the program responds
by displaying the contents of the next higher register.

If an ALTMODE is typed, buffer examination is
deemed complete and the program returns to read a
new command.

A six-digit numeric string (octal notation) may be
typed to replace the contents of the register being
examined.

The terminator of the line typed by the

user may be either a carriage return or an ALTMODE •
The terminator directs the program's activity after the
desired modification has been performed. A carriage
return opens the next sequential register~ an ALTMODE
returns control to the command processor.

198

3.6.3

Specify Output Record Length

The SIZE command specifies, in words, the length of the record to be
written in response to a subsequent PUT request (see paragraph 3.6.4).

Usage:
SIZE ._.
where:

n )

the parameter_ "n" is the total words in the output record.

If a suffix "D" or "K" (see section 3.2.4) is present, the argument
is evaluated appropriately.

If no suffix is present, the numeric

string is interpreted in the current global radix.
Output record size is implicitly set during input "GET" processing.
The SIZE facility offers a means of overriding the implicit setting.
3.6.4 Write Single Record
The PUT command writes data residing in the program's buffer as the
next sequential record on tape unit "u".

The length of the record

written is either the length of the record read in response to the
latest GET request or the length specified in a SIZE request which
occurred after the latest GET request.
Usage:
PUT (P)
3.7

._.

DIRECTORY LISTING

This group of commands is available for dealing with the Magnetic Tape
Fil.e Directory.

The contents of the Directory on unit "u".rnay be

printed on the teleprinter or written into the Dump Output File;· and
the Directory may be cleared. None of these commands may be abbreviated.
3.7.1

Write File Directory in Dump Output File

The contents of the File Directory of tne tape specified are written
in the Dump Output File.
Usage:
DDUMP

3.7.2

._.

Print File Directory on Telepfinter

The contents of the File Directory of the tape specified are printed
on the Teletype. ·

199

Usage:
DLIST

3.7.3

1.-.1

Clear Tape File Directory

Write a new (empty) File Directory on the tape specified.

Usage:
NEWDIR

L.-1

200

APPENDIX A
SUMMARY .OF .COMMANDS
COMMAND.

MEANING

PARAGRAPH #

SETUP COMMANDS
EXIT)
FORMAT(F)L...1U,pdc)
FORMAT(F)L...lu,d

Return Control to Monitor
Set Non-Standard Tape
Set Standard Tape

LOG&....1comments;
comments .••. ·)
(ALTMODE)

Insert one or more lines of
comments

3.2.7

Dump File Display

3.2.6

Specify Global Radix

3.2.3

MOD

OCTAL
SYMBOLIC
TRIMMED )
ASCII

.. fOCTAL }
NUMBER-l DECIMAL )

3.2.8
3.2.1
3.2.2

NOTE
D (decimal) or K (octal) specifies Local Radix
which overrides Global Radix during processing
of a single command line.
Bypass Command-Line

3.2.5

MANIPULATIVE COMMANDS
BACKSPACE (Bh.......1u,t.)

Bac;kspace Tape

3.3.2

REWIND (R) L...lu)
SPACE(S)L....Ju,t)
TAPEMARK ( T) L-1 '!)

Rewind Tape
Space Tape
Write End-of-File Marker

3.3.3

3.3.1

3.3.4

DUMP FILE COMMANDS
CLOSE)
DUMP (D) L.....1U ,t)
LIST (L) ._.u, ~
OPENL.....1filenameL-1eXt)

Close Dump Output File
Dump Records into Named File
Dump Records onto teleprinter
Open Named File

201

3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.1

APPENDIX A (Cont.)

COMMAND

MEANING

PARAGRAPH #

TRANSFER COMMAND
Copy Tape Specified

3.5

FILE MODIFICATION COMMANDS
EXAMINE (E)

Examine and Modify Data Words

3.6.2

GET(G)

Read Single Record

3.6.1

PUT (P)

Write Single Record

3.6.4

Specify Output Record Length

3.6.3

SIZE

DIRECTORY COMMANDS
DD UMP

Write File Directory in Dump
Output File

3.7.1

DLIST

Print File Directory on Teleprinter

3.7.2

Clear Tape File Directory

3.7.3

NEWDIR

202

,
I

'1=
I

---VERMONT
MASS.

.....
I

______ _
MASS.

-2.--.-+-~----2~.._.
WESTMINSTER

NEW HAMPSHIRE

~---J

:1~ .PITISFIELD

zr•

l---=·--..r
w
COftN.

'1
\

HANSCOM AFB
BEDFORD
CIVILIAN TERMINAL

BOSTON

----------------~----&."--4__. .
WAYLAND

.............................. 20

..,..

WESTON

MARLBORO
MASS. PIKE

NATICK

.,.

·RTE. 20

RTE. 20

EXIT 12

TO WAYLAND

FOREST ST.

DIGITAL
MARLBORO --~.,...
PLANT

EXIT 11

.•

R.QUTE, 9 .. _

EXIT llA

MASSACHUSETTS TURNPIKE

.marlboro map

207

DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION ~amaumu WORLDWIDE SALES AND SERVICE
MAIN OFFICE AND PLANT
Meyn.rd. M. .SllC'l'tuseHa. U.S.A. 01754 • T•'•phane. FffJllf M.,ropol1t.n 8o!1lot1 5'5-BIOO • Elaewheff. (117}197-Srll
TWX: lr0-347-0212 Cable:· OIGl1At. MAYN Telea:. 94-IN57

DOMESTIC
camw.1-.1

.NORTHEAST
REGIONAL OFFICE:

Princeton

21!1 Wrftlen Street, W•ltham, Mali•. 02154
US. Aoute 1, Princeton. New ler•~ OllSCt
Telephofte: (11~0. DlttipMnt; 1n.-a12 ot 3013 Teleph.one·.. (tllt)-452-act
D1t•pl\one: fllM52-2!MD
CONNECTICUT
Meriden
2Cl"Pomeray Ave,, Meriden. Cann. msct
T&lephone (203)-237-&Ml/74&1
Detapt..,,.., 203-237-8205

F•1rf1eid
121& P09t Ao9d. Fairfield. Cann OllCIJ

Telephone- (20J)-?SS-5991

NEW YORK
RochHler
IXI Allena CrHk Ro•d. Rochealer, New York
Telephone (71l}-tl51-17DD

Dal9SJhone; 715-2'M-IB

Syracull'!!
1700 Thn,,.peon Floed. Syr11eu.e. Ne"" VllM'k 1321 t

TelapPlone. (315)-43~·159317085

Oetephon9· 315-45Ml52

MASSACHUSETTS

Long 111-.d

Telephone (611}4111-74DD

SoutMteld. Michigan 875
Dataphom: 113-557-sm
MINNESOTA
MutMll.DOH1
80XI Cedar Ava. South. M1nneapallo. MiftMaota !5GD
Telephone {t!i12)-154-&562·3-4-5
Ootaphone· 112-854-1410
MISSOURI
·Kana• City
124>1 E111143rd Srree1. Independence. Miaourl l4D55
TelepMne: (116)-2$l·ZllO
Oalaphone: 8HMl14Hll
St Louie

(212)-582·1300

PENNSYLVANIA
Pluledllptil•
Dtgnel ttlill
17-IJ Walton ~. Blue Bell. Pet1nayl1'anio1 t!MZ!!
Telephone: (2t5}GS-GllD

Suit• no. ns Proare•• Parkw11

Maryland H•lghts. M111our1 63043
Talephofte (314)-879-4310
Dataphone: B115-4S1-'1m

OHIO

Knoxville

6311 K1ng11on Pike. Sune 211!'.
Kno1C¥11te. Te,.,... .•• 37919

MID-ATLANTIC

T•l8phone: (115)-!i8&8571

lfEGIONAL OFFICE:

Dslaphone: IHS.SIM-0511

4900 Pr1n~.. Cllnlen P•kway. Lenharn, M.-yland

FLORIDA
0.londo
Suit• 13', 7CXU Lake Ellenor Drtw, OrlendO, Florida 328f8
Telephone (:ll5)·851·445D
DMaphone: 3J5.859..23llO

Tele111horw (D)-.&58.1!11D

Oat8PMM· :a1..-.moo X53

CENTRAL

AUenle
2815 Clearview Plac!!!. Suile 10D
Allent111. Georgia 03D40
T1tlephone. («M}-451·1"411
Olltaphone: :ms.858-ZllJ

REGIONAL OFFICE:
1850 Frol\t•ge Road, Northbrook. llllnol• llOlll'l
TelepbCH!ie (312)-92500
Dataphane 312-8-2500
Ex. 78
INDIANA
lnchenapoll1

NORTH CAROLINA

21 Beactaw.r Drive, Suire G

Durham/CbQMll Hill
Ezacutlve Park
3100 Chap1tl Hill Blvd.
Durham. Nonh Carolina 27101
Telaphone· (919).....331117
Oet.phone: 11..-.1132-

lnd1cinspoll•. lndlllfte 41224
Telephone: (317)-24:1-1341
Datephone 317-247-1212

GEORGtA.

NEW lfRSfY

F1111rf111:ld
253 P•a•a1c A..,e. Fairfield. New IM'HY 07008
Telephone (201)-227·9280
Oatapbau 201-227-lDID

Cleveland
2!aOO Euclid Avenue. Euclid. Ohio 4'117
Tetephan•: (2111)-.._...
o ..apholte- 21~

D.eytan

3101 Katlfirlng Baulev•d
Oeyt:On, Ohio 45m
Telephone. (513)-294-3323

WASHINGTON 0 C.
Llllham 30 Olftce Building

U S. Roule 1. Princeton. N.w JerMY GE«I
TelephCH1i• (&J9)-452"2!MD

D.aphane: 31J.__,

Suile ta

TENNESSEE

Ttlox TI0-341-0.W

Tolaphane• (408)-1.15-92111

ama-"""ldRoad

Suite 1507 HuntlnglOll Stal1on. New York 11741
Telephone (5115)-84-4131, (712)-81115-1185
Oalaphone. 518-293-5893
Mmnh•tt•n
810 71h Ava . Zlrid Floor
New Vark. N.Y 10019

M.,.lborOUQh

One Iran Wey
M11lbotough, Mase. 01752

23D Hural'I View Baulev*d. Ann Arbar, Mk:htgM '9t03

310 SoQu.rl

0.troil

1 Hunt1ng1on QumrllftQle

TelepllaMr

REGIONAl OFFICE'

Telephone; [313)-711-1150

NEW YORK

WEST

A_..._

MICHIGAN

ILLINOIS

Ctucago
18SO Frdnt119 Rud
Northbrook, 11Unele IODl2 Dt!laptutne· 312.....2500
LOUISIANA
NowC>leane

Dal.phone· 513-2M-OM

OKLAHOMA
lulu
31«1 S. Wlnaton
WiMlon Sq. Bldg., Sulla 4. Tulsa. Ok.IMorna 74135
Telephofte [91111)-741-4478
Dato"'one: 911-Mf-271•
PENNSYLVANIA

Plttlbuflh
«IO
Cen• Boulevsd. Pittsburgh·, P'9nnmrtv..I• 15295
To.. phoM: (4t2)-24J.MM
Detaphone: 412-Dl-9730
TEXAS
Dalln

"'°""·

Plue North. Sulle 513
2lllO LBJ , .....IY. Dillll1n. r .... 1S2SI
Ttilephone: (214)-820-2051
Dcuphcme· 214-12G-2011

HOUSTON
Bl HomwGod Drive
Mon11N"ey Park. HaustDll. T•••• 77D!I
TeleptloNt- (711)-771-3171
D•raphOM: 7,s,m.,011
WfSCONSIN

.......,.

..,

3UJO Ridgel... Drive. Sutt. 1m
Mete1r1e. Loul•l.na JDllD2
Tetephone· (SD4)-8:17-GllS7
Dalllflhone: !'i1M-811-211D

EUROPEAN HEADQUARTERS

UNITED KINGDOM (cant.)

ISllAEL

019Hal Equ1pm•nl Corpare11on ln1.,n11tlont1I Europe

AEAOIHG
Founliun Houae. Buns Cet1h'e
Reading RG1 7QN. Engl11nd
Telephone (073")-~
Tele• 1483278

DEC S)'llllltl'ftB Cemputere Ltd.
TEL AVfV
S1.11le 10S. Southern HaHkulr. Street
Tel Aviv. h1r11el
T•lep)!Ofte {m) 443114/4«Jll3
Telex· 922-D-31&1

Bl W.111 Cspllol Drlvo, MU..._., WlllC0118atli sm2
Tetephone (4,4).ct-9110

o.._, -135-lllO

ARIZONA
Phaonlx
4358 Eul Broad'...,, Road. Phnenta, Arliana ISD4D
Telaphone· (8112)-268-38
Oalaphone: D·2118-737'1

CAllFORltllA
Santa Ana

2110 S Anne Srreei. S11nt1 Ana. Callfomle mJDC
Teiephone (714j.979-24&o
Dataphone; 714-!IJ9.111S)

San D••va
&15' Mlesion Carve Road
Sui1e 110. Sa!'I Diego, Cafllarnle
Telephone· (714}-28Q.11111/'1fl1D
OetmpltGM· 71"4·21D-71125
San Fnnc1,co
1G T.,.,11 Bell•. Mountain View. Cahfornta IM040
Telephone _(41S}·984-8200
01111tphon•· "415-914-1431
Oakland
7850 Edgew•t•r 0,1.,.. Oahl11nd. C•llfornl• 94821

Telephana: (415)-CDS-545311830

DataphDrMt: 415-Srl-2191

Wefl laS Angeles
1510 Calner Awenue. la11 Angelo•. C•llfaml• !IJD25
Tel.,phane· {213)-479-3791/018
DMaphoM· 213-471-!iBM

COLOllAOO
7901 £. Bellevuo Avenue
Su1t11 5. EnglewGOd. COiorado 80110
Tel•phone· (3D3)-7J0.8150
0111aphone· SQ.7J0.81211

NEW MEXICO
Albuquet"que
10200 Mettuel NE. Albuquerq1.1e. Neiw Meii:lco 81112
Telephone· (!i>5)-291-5411/SG8
De•ephUM· -.294-2331

OREGON
Portlllrtd
Su11a 1•
5319 S.W. W••taate Drive, Por1l1nd. Oregon 117221
Tel9Phom: (503)-297·3'1111/~

UTAH
Salt lmlwi Coy
421 LllW:ft Dela Drive, Salt Lelle CUy, Utah IMllS

IS .._1n S1rea1. Mtt1uchen. New Je,...y Oii.a
Telephone (20t)-54!MfDD/2CIDD
D•apll;OPlll· 21D1·5e-014"

Mo-tuchen

.
w.,.. Sunnyvale. Callfomia
.,...

DelQhoM: 41.......1"~5

TelephOM (801)-487-41159

D•l•ph- •n-"8HJ53:5

WA$HIHG70N

a.ii.vu.
13Ct1 N.E. BellDWll. AmdMond ADMll. Suite 111

a.llevue. Wallhlnglon IBIDS
Telsphnne: (211J)-545-4Dl!ill/45&-58M

D8tephon• 21B-747-3154

INTERNATIONAL
IH rou1e da I' Aire

1211 G•neva 28. SwtlHrlanc:I
T1tlapf!one 42: 79 50
TelH; 22 8

FRANCE

NETHERLANDS

D1t;flhll EQu1pmenl France
Ceftlre Si lie - C1du l 22S
fMS.1.1 Rung11. fir•n~fl
Telephon1t fi87·23·33
Telex 840

01911•1 Equ1pll'l8nt N.V.
THE HAGUE
Sir WlruatOl'I Churchllliiln 310
A11aw11k/Tha HitQue. Ne1t.rl11nda
Tele""°"9: !Ml 9220
Tele•: 32533

GRENOBLE
D1g1tat Equipment Franc•
Tour Mang1n
16 Rue Du Gal M.n91n
381£11 Granoble. France
Telephan• (18)-87-56-01
Tele•· 212·32112

SWEDEN
Dlgllal E~lpmenl AB
STOCKHOl.M
Englupdevegen 7. 111 41 Soln1. Sweden
Tal1tphon• • 13 tD
T•lea: 17G 5D
C•ble DigllAI Srockhnlm

HANNOVER
3 H11nnover. Podbielsk1etrme 10'2
Tell!phone· 05t1·111&.1'D-95
Tela•: 122-1112
STUTTGART
[)". 7301 K•m"et. Sluttgan

O.la 5. Norwa,o
Telephone 02/g 34 Cl

AUSTRIA
DIQ1rsl Equipment CorporsHon Qeun.b.H
VIENNA
M11r1ahd~ra1rasse 131, 11!50 VieMUI 15. Austria
TetophDlle 15 51 •

UNITED KINGDOM
01grtal [Qu1p1Mnt Co. Ltd
U. K HEADQUARTERS
FOUftt•1n Houae. Bun• Cltftlre
Reed1na RG1 7QN. England
TolephOne· (0734).513555
Tel .. · &m2'7I
BIRMINGHAM
M1ney Bu1ld1na•
21131 8trm1ngh11"' Rd . SutlDll Coldfield
Wanu1ckahire. £ngllllll\d
t.tephone 021·.H·55D1
Tele•
BRl$10L
Fish Panda Aaed. fl•h Pond•
Bru11ol. England BS183HQ

Norwood. South Auah'eha 5Dl57
Tetepl\olMI Cflll.42·13311
Tele•· 111).BISZS

SWITZEllLAND

BRISBANE
133 Lo•chtl•dt StrHt

01g1lal £qu1pman1 Ausl"rahe Pt~ Ltd.

ADELA/Of
I MIDftlraee A-nue

$pr1rtg Hill

Br1abene, Quaenaland. Auareho 4DDD

Telept.ono ('072)-293088

Boil• Poatale IS. 1211 Oe.neve I, Swlthrlllllftd
Tolephon9 No 022'20 40 20 ol'ld 20 SI 13 and 20 1111
Tait!• 21 92 DI

CANBERRA

80 Patk S1reet, Soulh Melbourne. V1clor1e 3205
AUIH'eha
T•l1tplrlClfle (OJ}B·2ml

M""'llQ•-"t Moue•

Telh· 21!&1

MAHCHESTER
.Amdlfl• Haun
Cltnter Ra.if. S1r9tfard. MttACNlll., M31 IBH
T•l.....ene. (Cll1}815-1011
Telaa· -

0191111 l'qu1PM8flt S p A

MILAN
Con.a Glr1ltlfd1
I012t Miiano. ll11f
Tolephene: (Q!)-11941111131415
Tel••:

..._ti

Dlgllal EqutprtlMd CGl'parMlan Ltd.
OIADlllO
Alara lngel'I•.,.. S.A .• E'nr•QUe taNle II. M9drld ' '
Tel•phano: 2Uli Z 43
Tel•11. 21M

llAllCELON'A

Tele• 19).3D1111

llERTH

ITALY

SPAIN

Q Pwikt11r St , Holbarn. Londaft
WC JEI SPT. Enoland

T•le1. 711.M011G

:1.7 Collie SI.
Frllhw1r:k. A.CT 281» Auatr•h•
TeloephOM (Gl2)-9SID73

MELBOURNE

Schoffhauaeratr 315
CH·ll>SO Zurich, Sw1l.11trland
Teleoho"e 01·48-41-91
T•le• SI059

Al••o lnp:n..,os S.A .. Greridu_. 11•
TeleptloM· Zit 4" II

.._._I

Caaaln S.A
V1my del Pino. «111. Bueno• Aire•
T1tlaphono· 52·3185
Tel.... 012-22114

BRAZIL
RIO Df IANEIRO - 08
Ainbrle11 S.A.
Rua Ce•I. HM. 2 e 3 nnd9M• ZC · &
A10 0. JeMlro - GB

PORTO ALEGRE -

Ru1 Coronel Vll*'lte 421 /101
Pono Alepe- ns·
T•l•.,hone 24-1411

CHILE

AUSTRALIA

Dtg1t1I Equipment AB
HELSINKI
T1111111unlie 8
SF-«t7!0 tt.l•lnkl 71
Telepl\D1111: (18)) 31ot33
Cmble D11na1 Halalrtli:I

20. Ou•• Ern. .1 AnHrmet

Talu 311S-S058

:~=:.~s

SAO PAULO
Ambr1e• S.A
Rua Tupi. m
S.aP•ulo- SP
Tcilephono· 52·"11rell810. $1.at1:1

TelH 9C-1457

FINLAND

T@lephone (809)-17.1-118117

T•l•l'h-, H4-74Cl9/04al/'1f05

Tel•photie. [817} 1!191-5111
frDM Metropalilan Boaton . ..mno
TWX· nD-347-G'217/DZ1'1
Cab'9. DIGITAL MAVN

Hellerupveg II
2SIDD HtiUerup. Denmark

Santurc&. Puerto Rico CKBI?

&r1118h Coluntb1s. C•neH YSP 5V1
Tel•phone· {ID4)-32S·S231
Tela• 610.92t-2fXl8

.REGIONAL OFFICE
141 M.tn Street. Mavn•d. M•••achusettll 01154

Dlgltsl EqulpnMftt Akt1•bol911
COPENHAGEN

D1g·11el Etau1pment CorporMlen De Puerta Rico
«11 del Perque S1ree1

&Ol4S:W M.-1 .... Dr.v............,_

GENERAL INTERNATIONAL SALES

ZURrCH
D1g1tol Eciu1pmen1 Corp AG

Telephone Bristol 651-431

Ol.4J5.211141G7

TelH· 19079 DEC N

Dlgll•I Equipmmnt Corpor..1an·S.A.
GENEVA

m..-

T~e·

SuHe 20!

DENMARK

T1tle.· lkt-m-311

Telo• 11711::1

VANCOUVER

NORWAY

Tele•:' 41-'1S-82

Witt LolhlM. $cotlnd

CALGARV/Edmotd1111
Suite let. mm fisher Road SE.
C•lpry. Alberti. C.nff•
T11klph-. (C!)-CIS-4881
TWX: - . - . 1 a

Dialt•I E11ulOIMftt COID. A/S
OSLO
Trondhelrnawelen 47

Am FDr•••u• Ol'-bruch S-7

PUERTO RICO
lW>C. Ill).-...

TOllOliTO
2550 Oold•nrtdQ• Road. MIHlnauga. Onl.-lo
Tet•phOM· (411)-210-ICD
TWX. l11Hm-7111
MONTREAL
9D4S Cate 0. L111..e
DOlval. Quebec. Can•dli H9P 2M9
Telephorw (514}138-9393
lltlH· 9;0,.422.-412"4

&'llUSSELS

COLOGNE
5 tCaln 41. Aachener Strasu 311
Telcrphone 0221·41-.f0.95
Tel••· -..2211
Telegr11111 Ff1p Chip Ka1tln
·FRANKFURT
SJ78 Neu·lsenbura 2

11'et911ho,.. 32105
LONDON

Onawa. Ontnrio. Clll'IMI•
K2H MB
TalephaM: (113)-D-5111

1Cll!I Ru9 D'Arlon
UMG lltueul1. Belglutn
Telapbone· ID·Tm!I
Tel. .: 25297

MUNICH
8 Muenchen 13. W1Uenatelnplllb 2
Telephone 0811·35031
T•lex: 524-221

EALING
emon Houae. U11brldgct Ralld. faling, Landan
T•phone Ol-571·2'1M
Tele•· 22111
EDIH8URGH
Sluel Hou... Cr•1phlll. Lnnnpton,

OigHel Equ1prnenl of C111ade, ltd
CANADr.tN HEADQUARTERS
PO Bo• 11500

Oliltal EQUlptlleftf N.V./S.A.

Digital Equipment CmbH

MM"co·Polo-StrHH I
Telephone (0771)-45-50-GS

CANADA

BELCIUM

GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC

Tel•phane lm1D2·5528

IAPAN
Digital EQUlpment Carpomton lntem•llonal
Kawa Building No. II- AnM:t. Fir.. Floor
9-20 AkHH• 1-Charne
Minato-Ku. Tokyo 107, Japan
Teleohort9 586-2771
Tele•· J-28C28
Rilce1 Trlldrng-Co, Ltd. (Hiaa only)
Ko:raro-K11kan Bldg
Na 18-14 N111h1stumbashi l·ChDl'Nt
M1n11to-1Cu, Tokyo. Japan
TelephOM 5915245
TelH· 111-421111

§lANTIAGO
Cosu1 Chila Ltd•. (eales· only)
Caa1ll• 145111. CDrtea 15.
Teloptione 311713
Cablt!· COACHIL

INDIA
llOMllAY
H1ndltroft Cnmputus Pvt. Lid.
MIA. L legrnohMd1s Marg.
lktn!bay-1 (WBJ lndla
Telephone· 31-1915. 31-51M
Tel••: OtT-291 Ptenty
Cable· TEKHINO

MEXICO
MEXICO CITY
Me•ltek. SA
Eugenio Cll Daptoa 1
Apela Pa1tal 12-1012
M. .1co Ii. D F.
TeleohOM (SOS) 53B-Ol-t0

IQ M..-,_ Slr..1

PHILIPPINES

W.al Plorth. Wetterri Austf'•lla erm!i
Te..phoM (GD2)-21 ·m3
hie• 7'11-n14D

MANILA
Steftford Computer CDtperMIDft

SYONn'
p 0 Dao ... Cn>wo Neot

411 DaSllllBl'll\H SI. M.... u.
Teleph- 4!MIB-96
Tef.,a· 742.a3&2

N S.W Auatrehe 2C1S5
T•letthona (IQt.c:a-n.

PO. Boa IB

T•I••· Jll0-2074G

-ZIEALAND
D1gi:tal E••PIMftl CDFporallOft lid.
AUCICUINO
HHten Haun. 430 Queen . . . . . . . . . 2471
Aucldend. Ne. Z•alend
Telepholw: 11511

208

VENEZUELA
CM.ACAS
CDH•n. C.A

........

~· Oronde Na. I. C.,R.. H15
Te11,ph.,.,. n.a.2. n-11::11
C•ble INSTRUVEN

SOFTWARE PROBLEMS OR ENHANCEMENTS
Questions, problems, and enhancements to Digital software should be reported on a Software Performance
R~port (SPR) form and mailed to the SPR Center at one of the following Digital Offices: (SPR forms are
available from the SPR Center.)
Areas covered

SPR Center

Australia/New Zealand

Digital Equipment Australia Pty. Ltd.
123-125 Willoughby Road, P.O. Box 491
Crows Nest
New South Wales, Australia 2065

Brazil

Digital Equipment Comercio E Industria LTDA
Rua Batatais, 429 (Esq. Al. Campinas)
01423-Jardim Paulista
Sao Paulo-SP-Brazil

Canada

Digital Equipment of Canada, Ltd.
Software Services
P.O. Box 11500, K2H BK8
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Caribbean

Digital Equipment Latin America, Inc.
407 dnl Parque Street
Santurce, Puerto Rico 00912

United States, Far East,
Middle East, Africa,
Remainder of Lat.in J\merica

Software Communications
P.O. Box F
Maynard, MA 01754

France

Digital Equipment France
18, rue Saarinen
Centre Silic - CIDEX L225
F-94533 Rungis, France

Israel

DEC-sys Computers Ltd.
7 Hahakuk Street
IL-Tel Aviv 63505, Israel

Italy

Digital Equipment S.P.A.
Corso Garibaldi 49
I-20121 Milano, Italy

Japan

Digital Equipment Corp. Int.
Kawa Bui1ding #25

(3rd F1oor)

8-7 Sunban-Cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan
Mexico

Equipo Digital, S.A. de c.v.
109 Concepcion Beistegui
Mexico 12, D.F.

The Netherlands
Belgium

Digital Equipment B.V.
Kaap Hoorndreef 38, P.O. Box 9064
NL-Utrecht - Overvecht, The Nethc;rlands

Scandinavia

Digital F_.quipment AB
Englundavagen 7
S-17141 Solna
Sweden

SWi tzerland
Spain
Portugal
Bulgaria
Greece
Romania
Yugoslavia

Digital Equipment Co. Ltd.
Fountain House, Butts Centre
GB-Reading RGl 7QN, England

un;tted J<.ingdom

West Gcrrnany
East Germany
tlungary
Czechoslovakia

Digital Equipment Corp. SA
20, Quai Ernest Anscrrnct
Case Postale 23, CH-1211 Geneva 8
Switzerland

Austria
Russia
Poland

Digital Equipment GmbH
D-8000 Munchen 40
Wa11.ensteinp1atz 2

West Germany

209

HOW TO OBTAIN SOFTWARE INFORMATION
SOFTWARE NEWSLETTERS, MAILING LIST
The Software Communications Group, located at corporate headquarters in
Maynard, publishes newsletters and Software Performance Summaries (SPS)
for the various Digital products. Newsletters are published monthly,
and contain announcements of new and revised software, programming
notes, software problems and solutions, and documentation corrections.
Software Performance Summaries are a collection of existing problems
and solutions for a given software system, and are published periodically. For information on the distribution of these documents and how
to get on the software newsletter mailing list, write to:
Software Communications
P. 0. Box F
Maynard, Massachusetts 01754
SOFTWARE PROBLEMS
Questions or problems relating to Digital's software should be reported
to a Software Support Specialist. A specialist is located in each
Digital Sales Office in the United States. .In Europe, software problem
reporting centers are in the following cities.
Reading, England
Paris, France
The Hague, Holland
Tel Aviv, Israel

Milan, Italy
Solna, Sweden
Geneva, Switzerland
Munich, West Germany

Software Problem Report (SPR) forms are available from the specialists
or from the Software Distribution Centers cited below.
PROGRAMS AND MANUALS
Software and manuals should be ordered by title and order number.
In
the United States, send orders to the nearest distribution center.
Digital Equipment Corporation
Software Distribution Center
146 Main Street
Maynard, Massachusetts 01754

Digital Equipment Corporation
Software Distribution center
1400 Terra Bella
Mountain View, California 94043

Outside of the United States, orders should be directed to the nearest
Digital Field Sales Office or representative.
USERS SOCIETY
DECUS, Digital Equipment Computer Users Society, maintains a user exchange center for user-written programs and technical application information.
A catalog of existing programs is available. The society
publishes a periodical, DECUSCOPE, and holds technical seminars in the
United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia. For information on the
society and membership application forms, write to:
DECUS
Digital Equipment Corporation
146 Main Street

Maynard, Massachusetts

01754

210

DEC US
Digital Equipment, S.A.
P.O. Box 340
1211 Geneva 26
Switzerland

DIGITAL'S REGIONAL EDUCATION CENTERS
JoR INFORMATION REGARDING DIGIT.~L's CUSTOMER TRAINING PROGRAM
AND TO ACCOMODATE COURSE ENROLLMENTS.,, CONTACT YOUR NEAREST
EDUCATION CENTER LISTED BELOW:
I

PHILADELPHIA AREA:

PRINCETON~

Digital Equipment Corporation
Educational Services Department
Whitpain Office Campus
1740 Walton Road
Blue Bell, Pennsylvania 19422
Telephone: (215)825-4200 Ext.24

WASHINGTON.,, D.C. AREA:

Digital Equipment Corporation
Educational Services Department
U.S. Route 1 .
Princeton,·New Jersey 08540
Telephone: (609)452-2940

CHICAGO AREA:

Digital Equipment Corporation
Educational Services Department
Lanham 30 Office Building
5900 Princess Garden Parkway
Lanham, Maryland 20801
Telephone: (301)45-7900

BOSTON AREA:

Digital Equipment Corporation
Educational Services Department
5600 Apollo Drive
Rolling Meadows, Illinois 60008
Tele.phone: ( 312 )640-5500

SAN FRANCISCO AREA:

Digital Equipment Corporation
Educational Services Department
(PDP-10 & PDP-15)
.
200 Forest Street
Marlboro, Massachusetts 01752
Telephone: (617)481-9511 Ext.5071
Digital Equipment Corporation
Educational Services Department
Maynard, Massachusetts 01754
Telephone:

N.J. AREA:

(6l7)89705lll Ext.

211

3819

2564

Digital Equipment Corporation
Educational Services Department
310 Soquel Way
Sunnyvale, California 94086
Telephone: (408)735-9200 Ext.221

EDUCATION CENTERS CCoNr.):
•

UNITED KINGDOM:

FR.~NCE:

Digital Equipment Company Ltd.
Fountain House, Butts Center
Reading, England RG1,70N
Telephone: 58-35-55

GERMANY:
Digital Equipment Gmbh.
Educational Services Department
Wallensteinplatz 2
D-8 Munich 13,Germany
Telephone: 35-03 1

THE NETHERLANDS:
Digital Equipment N.V.
Educational Services Department
Kaap Hoorndrief 38
Utrecht, Holland
Telephone: 030-63 12 22

SWEDEN:
Digital Equipment AB
Englundavaegen 7,3TR
S-171-41 Solna, Sweden
Telephone: 08/98-13/90

Digit~l

Equipment S.A.R.L.
Educational Services Department
2 Place Gustave Eiffel
F-94533 Rungis, France
Telephone: (01)687-2333

ITALY:
Digital Equipment SPA
Educational Services Departm•
Corso Garibaldi 49
1-20121 Milan, Italy
Telephone: 87-90-51

AUSTRALIA:
Digital Equipment Australia
Pty. Ltd.
Educational Services Departrn
123-135 Willoughby Road
Crows Nest
New South Wales 2065, Australia
Telephone: 439-2566

JAPAN:
Digital Equipment Corporatioy
Ltd.
Educational Services Departme'Dt
Kowa Bldg. No.25, Third Floor
8-7 Sanban-Cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan
Telephone: (03)264-7101

212

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10-12
14-17
21-25
112-117
179-180
203-204

213

DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION. Maynard . Massachusetts. Telephone: (617) 897-5111 • ARIZONA. Phoenix • CALIFORNIA.
Sunnyvale. Santa Ana. Los Angeles. San Diego and San Francisco (Mountain View) • COLORADO. Engelwood • CONNECTICUT.
Meriden • DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Washington (Riverdale. Md ) • FLORIDA. Orlando • GEORGIA. Atlanta • ILLINOIS. Northbrook
• INDIANA. Indianapolis • LOUISIANA. Meta1rie • MARYLAND. Riverdale • MASSACHUSETTS. Cambridge and Waltham • MICHIGAN ,
Ann Arbor and Detroit (Southfield ) • MINNESOTA. Minneapolis • MISSOURI. Kansas City and Maryland Heights • NEW JERSEY.
Fairfield. Metuchen and Princeton • NEW MEXICO. Albuquerque • NEW YORK. Huntington Station , Manhattan. New York. Syracuse
and Rochester • NORTH CAROLINA. Durham / Chapel Hill • OHIO. Cleveland . Dayton and Euclid • OKLAHOMA. Tulsa • OREGON .
Portland • PENNSYLVANIA, Bluebell . Paoli and Pittsburgh • TENNESSEE. Knoxville • TEXAS. Dallas and Houston • UTAH . Salt Lake
City • WASHINGTON . Bellevue • WISCONSIN. Milwaukee • ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires • AUSTRALIA. Adelaide. Brisbane. Crows
Nest. Melbourne. Norwood. Perth and Sydney • AUSTRIA. Vienna • BELGIUM. Brussels • BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro. Sao Paulo
and Porto Alegre
•
CANADA . Alberta . Vancouver . British Columbia : Hamilton . Mississauga and Ottawa , Ontario ; and
Quebec • CHILE. Santiago • DENMARK. Copenhagen and Hellerup • FINLAND. Helsinki • FRANCE. Grenoble and Rungis •
GERMANY. Cologne. Hannover. Frankfurt. Munich and Stuttgart • INDIA. Bombay • ISRAEL. Tel Aviv • ITALY. Milano • JAPAN ,
Osaka and Tokyo • MEXICO . Mexico City • NETHERLANDS . The Hague • NEW ZEALAND. Auckland • NORWAY. Oslo •
PHILIPPINES, Manila •
PUERTO RICO, Miramar and Santurce
• REPUBLIC OF CHINA. Taiwan • SCOTLAND, West Lothian •
SPA IN. Barcelona and Madrid
•
SWEDEN . Solna and Stockholm
• SWITZER LAND . Geneva and Zurich • UN ITED
KINGDOM . B irmingham . Bristol. ::'.dinburgh , London . Manchester . Reading and Warwickshire
•
VE NEZ UELA, Caracas