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March 1983

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Document:	PDP-11 MACRO-11 Language Reference Manual Version 5
Order Number:	AA-V027A-TC
Revision:	0
Pages:	238
Original Filename:

OCR Text

PDP-11 MACRO-11
Language Reference Manual
AA-V027A-TC

March 1983

This document describes how to use the MACRO-11 relocatable as-

sembler to develop PDP—-11 assembly language programs. Although no
prior knowledge of MACRO-11 is required, the user should be familiar
with the PDP-11 processor addressing modes and instruction set. This
manual presents detailed descriptions of MACRO—-11’s features, including source and command string control of assembly and listing functions, directives for conditional assembly and program sectioning, and
user-defined and system macro libraries. The chapters on operating
procedures previously were found in two separate manuals (the
PDP-11 MACRO-11 Language Reference Manual and the IAS/RSX
MACRO-11 Reference Manual). This manual should be used with a
system-specific user’s guide as well as a Linker or a Task Builder manual.
This manual supersedes previous editions, Order Numbers
AA-5075B-TC, published 1980, AA-5075A-TC, published 1977, and
DEC-11-OIMRA-B-D, published 1976.

Operating System:

VAX/VMS Version 3
RSTS/E Version 8
RSX-11M Version 4
RSX-11M-PLUS Version 2

Software:

MACRO-11 Version 5

To order additional documents from within DIGITAL, contact the Software Distribution

Center, Northboro, Massachusetts 01532.
To order additional documents from outside DIGITAL, refer to the instructions at the back
of this document.

digital equipment corporation - maynard, massachusetts

First Printing, August 1977

Revised, January 1980
Updated, December 1981

Revised, March 1983

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not

be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment
Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document.

The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used
or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license.
No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment that is
not supplied by DIGITAL or its affiliated companies.

Printed in U.S.A.

A postage-paid READER’S COMMENTS form is included on the last page of this
document. Your comments will assist us in preparing future documentation.

The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:

dlilgliltiallM

DEC

MASSBUS

UNIBUS

DECmate
DECsystem—10

PDP
P/OS

VAX
VMS

DECSYSTEM-20
DECUS
DECwriter

Professional
Rainbow
RSTS

VT
Work Processor

DIBOL

RSX

M19400

CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE

NN NN

MACRO-11

w N~

&
s

*
]

SET

SYMBOLS

Permanent Symbols
User-Defined and Macro

MACRO-11

EXPRESSIONS

Separating and Delimiting Characters
Illegal Characters
Unary and Binary Operators

LOCAL

ASSIGNMENT
SYMBOLS

L
L
-

LOCATION

TERMS
EXPRESSIONS

AND

ADDRESSING

MODES

CURRENT

Symbols

STATEMENTS

SYMBOLS

NUMBERS

LANGUAGE

LINKING

MODE

DEFERRED

AUTOINCREMENT

COUNTER

MODE

AUTOINCREMENT

DEFERRED

AUTODECREMENT

MODE

AUTODECREMENT

DEFERRED

INDEX

MODE

INDEX

DEFERRED

IMMEDIATE

Y DWW

0D TNNBWN
NN

CHARACTER

AND

ASSEMBLY

=00

CONTROL

FORMAT

wwwmw%:wuwwm
N
I
|
I
I
I

[]
»
|
|]
L
]

Field
Field
Operand Field
Comment Field

CONVENTIONS

Label

DIRECT

AND

Operator

SYMBOLS

STANDARDS

FORMAT

WWWW

FORMAT

WWWWWLWWWWWW

PROGRAM

MODE

iii

MODE
MODE

YN
S R WNN

PASS

PROGRAMMING

CHAPTER

PASS

RELOCATION

Lot
in

CHAPTER

ASSEMBLER

ASSEMBLY

STATEMENT

CHAPTER

FORMATTING

ASSEMBLY

PROGRAMMING

PART

AND

MACRO-11

SOURCE

NRONNDNOMNND

CHAPTER

ASSEMBLY

THE

1
b

CHAPTER

MACRO-11:

]

PART

DEFERRED

BRANCH

5.14

USING

MACRO-11

DIRECTIVES

GENERAL

ASSEMBLER

LISTING

CONTROL

.
.
|]

DO~
WN -

6-4

Directives

6-9
6-15

DIRECTIVES

Radix

6-23

Characters

Control

5-28
6-29

Control

Operator

Unary

Radix

Control

Directives

FACILITIES

Control

Operators

and

Operators

Unary

»
s

&
+

»
e

»
s
s
8
&
&8
=

.PSECT Directive
Creating Program

=
®

DN
W

»
s
.

s
&
s

M
*

®
s

b
"N

&
®

DIRECTIVE:

Memory

o
b
»
D
Zxs
W

*
&

DIRECTIVES

Data

.END

5-38

6-38
6-39
DIRECTTIVE

Sections

6-45

6-41

Sharing

6-47

Considerations

6-48
6-49

DIRECTIVES

ASSEMBLY

6-51

6-51
6-52
DIRECTIVES

5-53

Conditional Assembly Block Directives
Subconditional Assembly Block Directives
FILE

Conditional

CONTROL

.LIBRARY
. INCLUDE

DIRECTIVES

Directive
Directive

6=-47

5-49

.GLOBL Directive
.WEAK Directive

Immediate

6-40
H-4¢

.ASECT and .CSECT Directives
.SAVE Directive
.RESTORE Directive
CONTROL

6-37
6-38

DIRECTIVES

Allocation

CONDITIONAL

6-36
CONTROL

SECTIONING

Code

6-35

Operators:

.EVEN Directive
.ODD Directive
.BLKB and .BLKW Directives
.LIMIT Directive

SYMBOL

6.10.2

Directives

Control

°F

COUNTER

PROGRAM

.10.1

Storage

Temporary Numeric

TERMINATING

6-33
h-34

Floating-Point

“C and

6-32
6-32
6-32

Control

Operators

LOCATION

5-31

h-31

CONTROL

and

6-25
6-26

.RADIX Directive
Temporary

6-19

6-23

NUMERIC

Numeric

h-18

6-24

Conversion

AND

6=17

6-22

DIRECTIVES

.ASCII Directive
.ASCIZ Directive
.RAD5@ Directive
Temporary Radix-50
.PACKED Directive
RADIX

6-15

6-16

6-18

.NOCROSS
STORAGE

ASCII

*
]
|4
*
]

»
*

s
s

@
s

B WWwwWwwwwww
DS

DIRECTIVES

.BYTE Directive
.WORD Directive

DATA

DIRECTIVES

. ENABL and .DSABL Directives
Cross—-Reference Directives:
.CROSS

»
N

.
s

¢+
o
*

«
&
.

*
.
*

FUNCTION

Doy
B

ADDRESSING

INSTRUCTIONS

.SBTTL Directive
.IDENT Directive
.PAGE Directive/Page Ejection
.REM Directive/Begin Remark Lines

MODE

INSTRUCTION

TRAP

and
(o) o) 16) Ne) JN) Bie) Je) Jo) o) IU)Te) BEG) JRG) BES)

.LIST and .NLIST
.TITLE Directive

RELATIVE

5.13

NN
e e

MODE

CHAPTER

MODE

RELATIVE

III

ABSOLUTE

5.11
5.12

o) o) Tie ), BEa ) NG ) UG ) Ws ) Wi ) e ) We ) ke ) Wie 2 WRo ) Be) lEe) T ) @) JEG) JE6) JEo) JFe ) o) JE6 )

PART

5.10

Assembly

Directive

5-53

65-56
6-59
6-64
6-60
6-61

CHAPTER

MACRO DIRECTIVES

7-1

7.1
7.1.1

DEFINING MACROS
.MACRO Directive

7-1
7-1

7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

7.2
7.3

7.3.1

.ENDM Directive
.MEXIT Directive

MACRO Definition Formatting

CALLING MACROS
ARGUMENTS

7.3.4
7.3.5
7.3.6
7.3.7
7.4

7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.5
7.6

7.6.1
7.6.2
7.7
7.8
7.9
1V

CHAPTER

OPERATING

MACRO

7-4

DEFINITIONS

AND MACRO

7-4

7-6

Macro Nesting
Special
Passing

Characters in Macro Arguments
Numeric Arguments as Symbols

7-7
7-7
7-8
7-8
7-10
7-11

Number of Arguments in Macro Calls
Creating Local Symbols Automatically
Keyword Arguments
Concatenation of Macro Arguments
MACRO

ATTRIBUTE

DIRECTIVES:

.NTYPE
.NARG Directive
.NCHR Directive
.NTYPE Directive
. ERROR AND .PRINT DIRECTIVES

INDEFINITE

REPEAT

BLOCK

.NARG,

.NCHR,

DIRECTIVES:

.IRP AND

. IRPC
.IRP Directive
.IRPC Directive
|
REPEAT BLOCK DIRECTIVE: .REPT, .ENDR
MACRO LIBRARY DIRECTIVE: .MCALL

MACRO DELETION DIRECTIVE:

AND

.MDELETE

7-12
7-12
7-13
7-14
7-16
7-17
7-17
7-18
7-20
7-20

7-21

PROCEDURES

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS OPERATING PROCEDURES 8-1

8.1
8.1.1

RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS OPERATING PROCEDURES
Initiating MACRO-11 Under RSX-11M/
RSX-11M-PLUS
|
Method 1 - Direct MACRO-11 Call
Method 2 - Single Assembly
Method 3 - Install, Run Immediately, and
Remove On Exit
Method 4 - Using the Indirect Command
Processor
Default File Specifications
MCR Command String Format

8.1.1.1
8.1.1.2
8.1.1.3
8.1.1.4

8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.1.5
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.3
8.4
8.5
CHAPTER

CALLS

7.3.2
7.3.3

PART

7-2
7-3

DCL Operating Procedures
MACRO-11 Command String Examples
IAS MACRO-11 OPERATING PROCEDURES
Initiating MACRO-11 Under IAS
IAS Command String
JAS Indirect Command Files
IAS Command String Examples
CROSS-REFERENCE PROCESSOR (CREF)
IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS

MACRO-11

FILE SPECIFICATION

ERROR MESSAGES UNDER IAS/RSX-11M/

RSX-11M-PLUS

RSTS/RT-11

9.1

MACRO-11

9.1.1

‘

OPERATING

UNDER RSTS

RT-11 Through RSTS

PROCEDURES
|

8-1
8-2
8-2
8-2

8-2
8-3
8-3
8-4

8-8
8-13
8-14
8-14
8-14
8-16
8-16
8-17

8-19
8-20

9-1
9-1

9-1

APPENDIX

Error

Messages

CHARACTER

SET

RADIX-5@

CHARACTER

MACRO-11

ASSEMBLY

SET
LANGUAGE

PERMANENT

SYMBOL

CODING

LINE

STANDARDS

.
o+

General

W N

Registers

W iwWwWwww
N
et

NAMING

Hardware

Registers
Registers
Device Registers
Processor Priority

Symbols
Symbol
Local

Global
Macro

Symbols
Names

General

Symbols

MODULES

]

LW BN

Examples
Symbols

PROGRAM

oD B

Purpose

Module
Module

Preface

Example
Modularity
Calling Conventions

(Inter-Module/

Intra-Module)

Success/Failure

Module

o e+

Exiting

DoHmOoEHDEEEmEm@m

WO WY

FORMAT

Module

STANDARD

COMMENTS

The
The

(PST)

DIRECTIVES

SAMPLE
B BB R DR DWW WWWWWWWWWWN
-

TABLE

SYNTAX

CODES

MACRO-11

MESSAGES

OECEoRC oo
Ec oo oo oo RO R NoNo ol |
s
9
« s
s
&
e
&
e
@
*
2
¢
»
s
s
s
s
o

MODE

O
O~

]

ADDRESS

OO0

ASSEMBLER

www

DIRECTIVES

SUMMARY

ASSEMBLER

SN
D

APPENDIX

AND

SPECIAL CHARACTERS

ERROR

APPENDIX

RT-11

SETS

DIRECTIVES

APPENDIX

Under

mmmmr;:mmmmm
I
AR
d
S D WWNDNDN

APPENDIX

ASCII

ve)

MACRO-11

a Cross-Reference Table
Cross-Reference Table Files

MACRO-11

GENERATION

(VI
I o

L
|J

OO O

L4
L
*
(LRGN0,

Handling

TABLE

OPTION

Obtaining

BN
-

OPTIONS

(CREF)

SPECIFICATION

FILE

CROSS-REFERENCE

RT-11

O W W

RSTS

MACRO-11 UNDER
COMMAND STRING

N Jur

Through

WO WY

»
s
¢«

O W WWLY

bW
-

RSX

INITTATING

CODE

Checking

Indication

Routines

FORMAT

Program

Flow

Common

Exits

Code
Code

with

Interrupts
System State

INSTRUCTION

Inhibited

USAGE
Forbidden Instructions
Conditional Branches
PROGRAM SOURCE FILES

PDP-11

1
2
APPENDIX

APPENDIX

VERSION

NUMBER

STANDARD

Displaying the Version Identifier
Use of the Version Number in the Program

ALLOCATING

VIRTUAL MEMORY

F.l

GENERAL

F.2

MACRO

F.3

OPERATIONAL

WRITING

HINTS

AND

SPACE-SAVING

DEFINITIONS

AND

GUIDELINES

EXPANSIONS

TECHNIQUES

POSITION-INDEPENDENT CODE

G.1

INTRODUCTION

G.2

EXAMPLES

APPENDIX

SAMPLE

APPENDIX

OBSOLETE MACRO-11 DIRECTIVES, SYNTAXQ AND

ASSEMBLY

LINE

POSITION-INDEPENDENT

AND

CROSS-REFERENCE

CODE

LISTING

OPTIONS

I.1

OBSOLETE

DIRECTIVES

1.2

OBSOLETE

COMMAND

RELEASE

NOTES

J.1

CHANGES

J.2
J.3

CHANGES
CHANGES

AND

SYNTAX

OPTIOCN
Pt

LINE

ww
=~

COMMAND

APPENDIX

ALL VERSIONS OF MACRO-11
-- MACRO-11/RSX VERSION ONLY
-- MACRO-11/RT VERSION ONLY

FIGURES

FIGURE

3-1

Assembly

3-2

Sample Assembly Results

6-1
6-2

Example of Line Printer Assembly Listing
Example of Teleprinter Assembly Listing

6-3

Listing

Showing

Produced with

Local

Listing

Symbol

Block

Control

Directives

6-4
6-5
6-6
6-7
7-1
7-2

Assembly Listing Table of Contents
Example of .ENABL and .DSABL Directives
Example of .BLKB and .BLKW Directives
Example of .SAVE and .RESTORE Directives
Example of .NARG Directive
Example of .NCHR Directive

7-3

Example

7-4
8-1
G-1

Definition
:
Example of .IRP and .IRPC Directives
Sample CREF Listing
Example of Position-Dependent Code

.NTYPE

Directive

Macro

G-2

Example of Position-Independent Code

TABLES

TABLE

3-1

Special Characters Used in MACRO-11

3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
5-1

Legal Separating Characters
Legal Argument Delimiters
Legal Unary Operators
Legal Binary Operators
Addressing Modes

vii

Listing

Symbolic Arguments
Directives

Function

Symbolic

.PSECT
for

File Specification Values
Specification Options

File
/C Option Arguments
and

New

Directives

viil

|
B

Qualifiers

Default

R
B

Switches

NN N

Parameter

Specification

Qualifiers

NN R

]
D

‘DCL

Command

O0ld

HaN o
pd
0
-

Conditional

Directives

File

Directive

Values

Tests

Control

DCL

Default

Control

MACRO-11

Subconditional Assembly Block Directives
File Specification Default Values

W N

QOO W0

Arguments
Section

Condition

Assembly

Chapter

D WH 00D HUtu
(¥8)
~J]

Legal

O WOWW O

N
b

Program

Used

and

Syntax

N
=
N

Symbolic Arguments
Directives

|
W

N
W

Directives

N
D

Symbols

PREFACE

MANUAL

OBJECTIVES

AND READER ASSUMPTIONS

This manual is intended to enable
the MACRO-11 assembly language.

users

develop programs

coded

No prior knowledge of the MACRO-11 Relocatable Assembler
1is
assumed,
but
the
reader
should
be
familiar
with the PDP-11 processors and
related terminology, as presented in the PDP-11
Processor
Handbooks.

The
reader
1is
also
encouraged
to become familiar with the linking
process, as presented in the applicable
system
manual
(see
Section
#.3),
because
1linking is necessary for the development of executable
programs.

terminal

some

that
find

feature

examples

may

also

Part

IV for

available

examples

illustrate the
that
working

confusing

The

the

can

concepts
with
a

this
wused

new

the

reader,

manual

were

done

IAS/RSX-11M,

STRUCTURE

This

manual

Part

has

THE

four

introduces

Chapter

standards

Part

lists

assembly

Chapter

operating

all

references

advised

few

simple

try

programs

programmers
understand a

RT-11

system.

and

RSTS

MACRO-11

systems

(see

procedures).
to

those

RSX-11M

also

in Chapter 8,

apply

which deals

DOCUMENT

parts

the

and

key

identifies
and

presents

eight

appendices.

MACRO-11.
features
of MACRO-11.

the

conventions

MACRO-11 source

MACRO-11

1is

write

RSX-11M-PLUS

about

that

he/she

covered.
Even
experienced
simple program helps them to

RSX-11M-PLUS
with
the
exception
with each system individually.

#.2

language.

manual
on

information

assumed

the

advantages
and

describes

following

the

format

programming

used

coding

programs.

general

information

essential

programming

with

the

language.

lists

the

character

terms,
and
expressions
instructions.

set

that

form

and
the

describes
elements

the

symbols,

MACRO-11

Chapter

describes

essential

the

Chapter 5 describes
manipulated
using
hardware.
Part

IIT

describes

source

the

statements

Chapter

MACRO-11

during

Part

presents

and

directives

that

directives

used

presents

concepts

modules.

object

control

directives

for

used

the

processing

operating

generalized

macros.
the

and

linking

assembly.

discusses
of

MACRO-11

stored in memory can be accessed and
addressing modes recognized by the PDP-11

the

discusses

Chapter

relocation

how data

functions.

expansion

output

proper

procedures

for

the

MACRO-11

definition

assembling

and

MACRO-11

programs.

Chapter

covers

the

IAS,

Chapter

covers

the

RSTS/RT-1]1

Appendix

MACRO-11

programs.

Appendix

lists

the

lists

summarizes

the

and

alphabetical

order,.

Appendix

lists

defined

for

use

ASCII

and

special

syntax

processors,

RSX-11M,

briefly

the

Radix-50#

character

characters

describes

the

systems.

the

sets

recognized

addressing

MACRO-11

permanent

D lists alphabetically the error
1identify
various
types
of
errors

used

modes

MACRO-11,

used

PDP-11

directives

symbols

that

have

MACRO-11.

Appendix

RSX-11M-PLUS

systems.

various

alphabetically

with

and

codes produced
detected during

been

MACRO-11

the

assembly

process.

Appendix

preparing

Appendix
space

contains
MACRO-11

for

discusses
wusers

coding

methods

small

systems

who

MACRO-11

Appendix

contains

Appendix

contains

obsolete

line

Appendix

recommended

practice

conserving
may

dynamic

experience

discussion

describes

position-independent

assembly

the

and

code

cross-reference

MACRO-11

directives,

differences

from

(PIC).

listing.

syntax,

the

1in

memory

difficulty

programs.

options.

MACRO-11.

that

several

assembling

standard

programs.

1last

and

command

release

ASSOCIATED

DOCUMENTS

For descriptions of documents associated with this
the

applicable

documentation directory

listed

manual,

vrefer

below:

IAS Doculmentation Directory

RSX=11M-PLUS Information Directory and ITndex

Guide to RT-11

RSTS/E

The

Documentation

Documentation Directory

DOCUMENT

color

Index

Information Directory and

RSX-11M/RSX-11S

red

CONVENTIONS

used

command

string

examples

1indicate

user

type-in.

The

symbols defined

below are

used

throughout

Symbol

[]

this manual.

Definition

Brackets

1ndicate

that

the

enclosed

argument

optional.

Ellipsis
list

indicates
the

UPPER-CASE

Upper-case

CHARACTERS

that

must

form

optional

the

characters

used

last

specified

indicate

exactly as

elements

an argument

argument.

the

language

the

language

shown.

lower-case

Lower-case

characters

that

(n)

In some instances the symbol (n)
is
used
following
a
number
to
indicate
the
radix.
For example, 100 (8)
indicates that 100 is an
octal
value,
while
100(10)
indicates a decimal wvalue.

are

characters

continuation of

supplied

indicate

the

elements

programmer.

CHAPTER

THE

MACRO-11

provides

the

and

MACRO-11

following

Source

command

Device and

Error

Alphabetized,

ASSEMBLER

features:

string

control

filename specifications

listing

command

output

formatted

cross-reference

listing

Relocatable

Global

Conditional

Program sectioning directives

User-defined

19.

Comprehensive

11.

Extensive

symbols

input and output files

table

1listing;

optional

symbols

object

for

functions

device

symbol
of

assembly

modules

for

linking

assembly

macros

object

directives

and

macro

system macro

source

modules

and

libraries

library

command

string

control

1listing

functions.
MACRO-11

assembles

one

statements

into

of MACRO-11

consists

table

contents,

cross-reference

assembly

1.1

ASSEMBLY

During pass
libraries,
program,
In

and

the

first

impure

data

ASCII

containing

binary object

file

and

listing,

and

the

listing
is

symbols

provided

object

and

file.

file

Appendix

output

containing

symbol

macros

MACRO-11

The

1is

table.

the
An

available.

MACRO-11 locates and
symbol
tables

performs
of

areas

used internally
dynamic storage

files

binary

builds

step

source

relocatable

assembly

listing

PASS

the

optional
sample

single

for
and

rudimentary

assembly

(areas

pass

reads
all
program

section

assembly

each

and

containing

the assembly
buffer areas

MACRO-11

both

process.
used

required

code

source

statement.

initializes

and

These
file

macros
from
for the

tables

data)
areas

storage

that

all

will

1include

regions.

the

be
all

THE MACRO-11

MACRO-11

then

calls

system

ASSEMBLER

subroutine

which

transfers

command

into
memory.
This
command
1line contains the specifications of
files to be used during assembly.
After scanning the command line

proper

syntax,

MACRO-1l

initializes

the

specified

output

files are opened to determine if
been passed in the command line.

valid

MACRO-11

routine

which

retrieves

file

open,

source

case

input
of

now

1If

assembly,

command

first

the

end

program

linking

the

assembly

program

then

writes

symbols.

This

process

pass

the

PASS

both

program.

assembly

pass

final

with
linking the

associated

The
and

with

executable
user

pass

from the

the

beginning

specified

1in

statements.

object

for

the

object

each

file

out

the

that

records

done

the

output

them

files

the object module name, the
symbol directory (GSD)
for each

the

MACRO-11

then
assembles
three words.

reopens

writing

the

symbol

the

program

used

later

GSD

for
tables to

particular

records

listing

and

listing

consists

that

all

except

given
find all

program

object

section.

file

for

these

section.

the

may

the

output

symbol

table

also

the

same

source

file

while

listing

for

generated.

steps

performed

statements

containing

errors

relocation records
object file.

may

manual

object
global

absolute

body
wish

description.

system

assembly

The information in the
Linker,
enables
the
an

GSD

lines

are
flagged
with
an
error
code
as
the
file is created.
The object file that is created as
consequence of pass
2
contains
all
the
object
records,

together

for

out

have

through

bound

cross-reference

Basically,

the

scans

These

specifications

file

source

words,

global
to

are

writes

the

MACRO-11l-detected
assembly
1listing

input

MACRO-11

the

files.

all
for

2 MACRO-11

generating

file

instructions,

two

After

MACRO-11

that

the

information

modules.

symbols

ASSEMBLY

pass
and

MACRO-11

1.2

output

object

word,

are

section,

global

the

number,

section

the

one

Such

assembling

length
as

above.

version

program

opens

starts

length

input

and

determines

described

the

MACRO-11

line

according
At

initiates

file.

output

line

(see

of
to

that

hold

the

file, when passed
symbols
in
the

virtual

memory

familiar

with

information

to the Task Builder
object
modules to

addresses,

code.
become

This
Section

information
#.3

the

1is

the

necessary

macro

presented

thereby

objéct
in

the

file

or
be

forming

format

applicable

Preface).

s Mot

CHAPTER

SOURCE

2.1

PROGRAMMING

Programming
(or
also

STANDARDS

standards

and

PROGRAM

FORMAT

AND CONVENTIONS

conventions

group)
to be easily understood
make the program easier to:

allow

code

by other

written

people.

These

person

standards

Plan
Comprehend
Test

Modify
Convert

The

actual

standard

used

must

meet

local

user

requirements.

sample

coding
standard
1is
provided in Appendix E.
Used by DIGITAL and
users, this coding example
simplifies
both
communications
and
continuing task of software maintenance and improvement.

2.2
A

its
the

STATEMENT FORMAT

source

program

composed

assembly-language

statements.

Each

statement
must be completed on one line,
Although a line may contain
132 characters (a longer line causes an
error
(L)
1in
the
assembly
listing),
a
line
of
8@
characters
1is
recommended
because
of
constraints

lines,
A

MACRO-11

are

imposed

although

statement

1identified

separating
MACRO-11

legal,

have

their

characters

[Label:]

format

significance
in the

may

statement

listing

have

many

the

terminal

four

line

size.

source

Blank

program.

fields.

These

fields

within

the

statement

and/or

fields.

The

general

format

order

between

and

the
a

is:

Operator

Operand

[;Comment
(s) ]

The label and comment fields are optional.
The operator
and
operand
fields
are
interdependent;
in
other
words,
when both fields are
present in a source statement, each field is evaluated by MACRO-11
1in
the context of the other.
A

statement

not

true.

illegal

and

may

contain

one.

assembly

data

operand,

but

the

reverse

operand

with

operator

interpreted

by MACRO-11

during

(see

Section
and

statement

process

words.

and

containing

interprets

Each

operator

statement

.WORD directive
MACRO-11

assembly as

implicit

6.3.2).

processes

causes

generate

source

MACRO-11

one

program
either to

statements
one
by
perform a specified

binary

instructions

SOURCE

2.2.1
A

Label

label

current

user-defined

location

table.

The

addresses
during

symbolically

location
the

assembly

section

source

absolute,

specific

value

assigned

the

into

user-defined

used

value

MACRO-11

statements

Thus,

label

as
is

the

value

the

current

the

symbol

assign

they

are

means

statement.

references

address

the

program

process.

its

entered

counter

the

absolute;

which

and

referring

program

symbol

counter

current

encountered

Counter

FORMAT

Field

memory

When

PROGRAM

location

absolute

virtual memory
program section
is

(such as location 10¢).
Similarly, when a
relocatable, the value of the current location counter is relocatable;
a relocation bias calculated at link time is
added
to
the
apparent
value
of
the
current
location
counter
to establish its effective
absolute

virtual

program

sections

present,

must

current

address

and

label

must

execution

ABCD:

the

first

by a colon (:).
counter is absolute

MOV

the

time.

attributes,

terminated

location

assigns

their

see

field

discussion

source

statement

and

the

A,B

value

were

the
location
counter
ABCD would be 147 (8)+K,
the
program
section,
as

link

time.

than

one label may appear within
a
single
1label
field.
Each
so
specified is assigned the same address value.
For example,
value of the current location counter is 100(8),
the
multiple
in the following statement are each assigned the value 133 (8) :

label
if the
labels

ABC:
Multiple

SDD:
labels

A7.7:

may

also

MOV

appear

successive

SDD;

A7.7:

MOV

second

positioning
the program

method

colon

example,

the

(::)

defines

are

the

all

three

1labels.

the

1label

MOV

the

global

symbol.

For
|

A,B

label

global

ABCD

this

linked

symbol

global

symbol.

that

can

The

distinguishing

referenced

from within
module in which the symbol is
defined
independently
assembled
object modules.
label
in
other
modules
are
resolved
when
the
as a composite executable image.

object module other than
(see
Section
6.8)
or
by

References

assighed

assigning

statement

modules

example,

multiple labels is preferred because
the fields consistently within the
source
program
makes
easier to read (see Section 2.3).

A double

establishes

For

A,B

likewise cause the same value to be

attribute

lines.

‘ABC:

ABCD::

e “"”“‘*’W\W

A,B

statements

This

6.7.)

For example, if the value
10#(8), the statement:

108(8) to the label ABCD.
relocatable,
the
final value
where K represents the relocation bias
of
calculated by the Task Builder or Linker at

value

(For

Section

the

SOURCE

PROGRAM

FORMAT

TheVlegal characters for defining labels are:
A

through

9
(Period)

(Dollar Sign)

NOTE

convention, the dollar sign
period
(.)
are
reserved
for
defining
DIGITAL
system

symbols.
should not
MACRO-11

label

may

significant
Ssource

any

and,

listing

length;

the

error

first

programs.

however,

therefore,

program.

and
wuse
1in
software
these
characters
defining labels in

Therefore
be used in

source

must
code

six

($)

only

the

unique

(M)

1is

first

among

six

all

generated

characters

two

characters

the

labels

the

are

the

assembly

labels

are

the

same.

symbol

used

program.
definition

the

assembly

program

(D)

2.2.2

The

the

Furthermore,

references

Operator

macro

label must
not
be
redefined
within
the
source
symbol
is
redefined,
a
1label
with
a multiple
causing MACRO-11 to generate an error code (M)
in

assembly

operator
a

1listing.

which

consist
or

If
the
results,

any

multi-defined

statement

label

listing.

the

specifies

instruction

call.

Chapters

and

follow.

When

actions

the

action

(op

describe

and

evaluates

code),

significance;
field from the

operator
1is
character*, as in
A,B

MOV

A,B

MOvVeA,B

Appendix

assembler

these

It
may
directive,

three

operator

the

macro

A.2

machine

types

during

macro

instruction

the

MACRO-11

operations

the

operands

performs
the

MACRO-11

operator

field

which

certain

assembly of

call,

the

inserts

expansion.

the

such
characters
serve
only to
preceding and following fields.

performed.

addresses

directive

processing

When

generated

mnemonic,
the

Leadihg and trailing spaces or tabs in

MOV

mnemonic

instruction

operator
or

program.

code

MACRO-11

control
source

the source
error code

operator

generated

operators.

When

1in

generates

Field

field
an

terminated
by
a
space,
the following examples:
;The

space

;The

tab

;The

character

contains

table

terminates

2-3

tab,

the

operator

the

any

operator

terminates

Radix-50

separate

have

non-RAD50

MOV.

operator MOV.

characters.

operator

SOURCE

PROGRAM FORMAT

Although the statements above are
second

statement

MACRO-11

2.2.3
When

coding

Operand
the

field

1is

the

all

equivalent

recommended

form

instruction

program

variables

by the operator.
The operand
MACRO-11 directives and macro

mnemonic

that

field
calls,

are

(op

expressions
used

symbols,

the

When

should

preceded

treated

operator

the

field

expressions,

MOV

other

hand,

ALPHA

the

determine
directive.

contains

when

tab

and

the

and

The
end

comment

are

the

operator.

MACRO-11

statement

1is

be
An

not,

the

.WORD directive

(see

code,

associated

operands

are

statement:

field

contains

operands

are

MACRO-11

normally

symbols,

the

MACRO-11

terminates

the
a

the

field.
the

when

following

issuing

the

field

|is

the

statement:

field

field;

terminates

the

(Chapter

required

semicolon
in

;Comment

operand

directive

operands

operator
comma

field

separates

operand

field

and
the

and

defines

operands

defines

When no comment field follows,
of the source line.

the

end

Field
normally

begins

line.

This

except

null,

field,

MOV and

field

checked

listing

field;

following

example,

the
comment
terminated

vertical-tab
comment

For

the

characters

each

number

A,B

Comment

on
a

implicit

operator

terminated

semicolon

beginning
of
operand field

2.2.4

MOV

between

and

comment.

beginning

©SYM1l,SYM2

type

field

LABEL:

the

field

operator

MACRO-11

shown

description

the

operand

followed

the

to
7,

R@A ,A+2 (R1)

.MACRO

The

operand

evaluated/manipulated

symbols similarly used may
comma, tab, and/or space).

directive
or
a macro call, associated
as shown in the following statement:

Refer

6.3.2).

the

always

depending

operand

must be separated by a comma;
multiple
delimited
by
any
1legal
separator (a

Section

the

expressions

statement

the

conforms

may
also
supply
arguments
as described in Chapters 6 and

respectively.

operand

<code),

Field

operator

Multiple

‘function,

conventions.

contains

Operands may

because

even

special

for

ASCII

appear

in
is

column

All
legality

source

and

extends

may

through

contain

carriage-return,

other

characters

the

optional

RUBOUT,

form-feed.

only

they

field

characters

reserved

and

then

text.

for

included

line-feed,

appearing

use

in
in

the

any ASCII

the

MACRO-11,
assembly

SOURCE

All

comment

comments
comment

fields

extend

may

leading

continued

comment

within

must

semicolon,

the

1line

the

code

and

<can

following

FORMAT

semicolon
the

line.

line

Such

that

position
included

(;).

source

suggested

columnar

also

the

in which
as

body.

When

1lengthy

(column 80),

line

body

must

the

comment

entirely

the

contain

began.

separate

line

not

affect

comments

are

2.3

end

same

However,

with

the

Comments

debugging,

begin

beyond

resumed

PROGRAM

assembly

necessary

documentation

processing

source

program

listings

for

execution.

later

analysis,

purposes.

FORMAT CONTROL

Horizontal formatting of the source program is controlled by the space
and

tab

process

characters.
unless

they

These

are

characters

embedded

within

have
a

effect

symbol,

the

number,

text string, or unless they are used as the operator field
Thus, the space and tab characters can be used to provide
and readable source program.
DIGITAL's

standard

source

line

format

shown

assembly
or

ASCII

terminator.
an
orderly

below:

Label - begins in column 1
Operator

begins

column

Operands - begin in column 17
Comments

These

begin

formatting

permissible.
in the example

column

conventions

However,
below:

note

33.

are

not

the

increase

REGTST:BIT#MASK,VALUE; COMPARES

Page

BITS IN

REGTST:

BIT

#MASK,VALUE

;Compares

accomplish

sample

coding

and

the

assembly

context

desired

listing
MACRO-11

formatting

standard.

formatting

(columns)
bits

considerations
directives

operations.

coding

after

OPERANDS.

formatting

free-field

readability

Chapter
to

mandatory;

operands.

are

that

Appendix

discussed

may
E

specified

contains

.gg

CHAPTER

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

This

chapter describes the components of MACRO-11
instructions:
set,
the conventions observed in constructing symbols,
use of numbers, operators, terms and expressions.

character

the

CHARACTER SET

3.1
The

following
1.

The
are

characters

are

legal

upper-case

(see

Section

The digits 6 through 9.

The characters
.
(period)
and
$
characters
are
reserved
for
wuse
Corporation system program symbols.

The

special

characters

listed

Table

Character

source

6.2.1,

Special

Characters

Designation

programs:

Double

Equal

in Table

sign

3-1.

in MACRO-11

Function

equal

terminator.

Label

terminator;

label

Direct
macro

Double
sign

LC).

3-1
Used

Label

colon

.ENABL

(dollar
sign).
These
as
Digital
Equipment

Colon
e

in MACRO-11

letters A through Z.
Both upper- and lower-case
letters
acceptable, although, upon input, lower-case letters are

converted

the
and

defines

a global

assignment
keyword

Direct
defines

the

label.

operator

and

indicator.

assignment
the symbol

operator;
a global

]

symbol.

Equal

sign colon

Direct

assignment

operator;

macro

keyword

indicator;

causes

error

(M)

attempt

1is

made

the

value

the

(continued

listing

change

symbol.

page)

SYMBOLS

AND

Table

Special

Character

Designation

Double

sign

3-1

Characters

EXPRESSIONS

(Cont.)

Used

—

MACRO-11

Function

equal

colon

Direct

assignment

defines

the

symbol;

causes

listing
to

operator;

symbol

change

error

attempt

the

global
(M)

value

symbol.
%

Percent

sign

term

indicator.

Tab

Item

field

terminator.

Space

Item

field

terminator.

Number

(

Left

)

Right

Period

Current

location

’

Comma

Operand

fie1d separa£or;

Semicolon

Comment

field

Left

Initial

argument

sign

Deferred

parenthesis
parenthesis

angle

Initial

Terminal

Right

Terminal

angle

indicator.

indicator.
counter.

indicator.

argument

expression

expression indicator.

sign

Minus

indicator.

Arithmetic

or
-

addressing

bracket

Plus

the

Immediate expression
indicator.
-

bracket
+

made

sign

addition

autoincrement

Arithmetic
operator

operator

indicator.

subtraction

or autodecrement

indicator.
*

. Asterisk

Arithmetic

multiplication

operator.

Slash

Arithmetic

Ampersand

Logical AND operator.

Exclamation

Double

quote

point

Logical

division

inclusive

Double ASCII
indicator.

operator.

character

(continued

on next

page)

SYMBOLS

Table

AND EXPRESSIONS

(Cont.)

3-1

Special Characters Used

Character

Designation

Single

in MACRO-11

Function

quote

Single ASCII character
indicator; or concatenation
indicator.

3.1.1

Universal

unary

circumflex

argument

indicator.

Backslash

Macro call
indicator.

Separating

arrow or

operator

numeric

argument

and Delimiting Characters

Legal separating characters and legal
in Tables 3-2 and 3-3 respectively.

Legal

Chara cter

Definition

Space

One

and/or

tabs

argument delzmlters

are

defined

Table 3-2
Separating Characters

Usage

spaces

Spaces

is
a
legal separator
instruction fields and
symbolic
arguments
the
operand
field.
within expressions are

ignored

(see

space

between
between
within

Comma

comma

Section

legal

3.9).
separator

between
symbolic
arguments
"within
field.
the
operand
Multiple
expressions
used in
the
operand
field
must
be
separated by a comma.

Illegal

3’1'2

A character
1.

Characters

illegal

for

one

character

not

character
mark, and

it
set,
an error

listing.
The
when detected,

two

reasons:

recognized
an element of the
is replaced in the listing by a
code
is
printed
1in
the
(I)

exception
terminates

to
the

this
scan

If a legal MACRO-11 character is
questionable
with
1illegal
or
printed in the assembly listing.

is
of

an embedded
the current

used in
syntax,

a
an

source

error

MACRO-11
question
assembly

null which,
line.
statement

code

(Q)

1is

SYMBOLS

Table 3-3
Argument Delimiters

Legal

Character

AND EXPRESSIONS

Definition

Condd

Paired

Usage

angle

Paired

brackets

used

angle

brackets

anywhere

enclose

treatment

Paired
used

con-

struction,

where

the up-arrow
followed
by

is
an

argument

that

3.1.3
Legal

Unary and
MACRO-11

unary

operators

operands)

assem
'
bly.

Binary

1in

indicate

Because

contain

that

element

also
macro
when

contains

characters

(see

construction

equivalent

1in

paired

angle

described

function

used

argument

itself

the

brackets

above

generally

is
to

and

only where
contains

the

angle

brackets.

are

described

connection

action

in
single

with

performed

Table
terms

3-4,
Unary
(arguments or

that

term

a term preceded by a unary operator

operator,

term.

are

Operators

operators

used

7.3).

This

bracketed by any
paired
printing
characters (x).

for

particularly

separating

(unary

single

brackets

argument

Section

Up-arrow

may

program

enclose

that

operator)

expression

angle

argument,

“X.ooX

a term
expression.

Legal

specified

can

used

Table

3-4

Unary

Operators

during

considered

alone

Unary
Operator

Explanation

Plus

Minus

sign

Example

-A

Effect

Produces

the

value

Produces

(2's
value

(continued

the

positive

negative

complement)
A.
on

page)

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

Table
Legal

3-4

(Cont.)

Unary

Operators

Unary

Operator

Explanation

Up-arrow,
unary

Example

universal

Effect

“Cc24

Produces

operator.

the

complement

(This usage is
described 1in

1's

wvalue

24 (8) .

detail in
Section 6.4.)

"D127

Interprets 127
decimal number.

“"F3.0

Interprets 3.0

l-word,
floating-point
number.

"034

Interprets
octal

“B11@P@111

Interprets

“RABC

operators

involving

can

used

adjacent

multiple

terms,

shown

-"D50
“"C"012

(Equivalent
(Equivalent

other

11p@g111

Evaluates

each

binary number.

Radix-50

Unary

number.

ABC

form.

constructions

below:

to -<"D5@>)
to “C<"012>)

Legal MACRO-11 binary
operators
are
described
in
Table
3-5.
contrast
to
unary
operators, binary operators specify actions to
performed on multiple items or terms within an expression.

Table

Legal

3-5
Binary Operators

Binary‘
Operator

Explanation

Addition

Subtraction

Multiplication

Example

A+B

A-B

A*B

Division

A/B

(signed

16-bit

product

returned)

(signed

16-bit

quotient

Logical

AND

Logical

inclusive

A&B

A!B

returned)

In
be

SYMBOLS

All

binary

operators

brackets

are

from.left

3.2

right,

. WORD

1+2*3

1+<2*%3>

MACRO-11

EXPRESSIONS

priority.

remaining

the

examples

the

maintains

symbol

be
defined
Table (PST), the

are

angle

performed

below:

;Equals

11(8).

7(8).

table

for

each

the

three

symbol

MACRO-11

source program:
Table (UST), and the

types

the

Permanent
Macro
Symbol

User Symbol
(MST).
The
PST
contains
all
the permanent symbols defined
(and thus automatically recognized by) MACRO-11 and is part
of
MACRO-11
image.
The UST (for user-defined symbols)
and MST (for
symbols)

3.2.1

are

Permanent

enclosed

operations

;Equals

Table
within
macro

Terms

and

SYMBOLS

may

Symbol

equal

first,

shown

.WORD

MACRO-11

that

have

evaluated

AND

and

constructed

the

source

program

assembled.

Symbols

symbols

consist

MACRO-11

the

directives

These symbols are a
be
defined
before
source

statement

3.2.2

User-Defined

instruction

(see

permanent part of
being
used
in

(see

Section

and

Macro

mnemonics

Chapters

the
the

and

MACRO-11
operator

(see

and

image
field

Appendix

B).
and need
not
of a MACRO-11

2.2.2).

’

Symbols

User-defined

symbols are those symbols that are equated to a
specific
value
through a direct assignment statement (see Section 3.3), appear
as labels (see Section 2.2.1), or act as dummy arguments (see
Section

7.1.1).

These

encountered
Macro

symbols

during

symbols

are

those

They
are
added
during assembly.

The

following

are

added

the

User

Symbol

macro

names

Table

assembly.

rules

symbols

the

govern

used

Macro

the

Symbol

creation

Table

(see

they

Symbols

composed

signs

periods

The

in
3.

The

can be
($), and

of
(.)

user-defined

alphanumeric
only (see Note

first

six

can

characters
be

but

written

with

the seventh and subsequent
for
ASCII
1legality
and
are
recognized by MACRO-11.

Spaces, tabs, and
within a symbol.
in Section 3.1.

symbol
more

than

and

six

legal

characters

not

illegal characters
The legal MACRO-11

are
otherwise

7.1).

macro

characters,

below).

must

are

encountered

dollar

first character of a symbol must not be a number
the case of local symbols;
see Section 3.5).

symbol

they

Section

are

symbols:
1.

(except

unique.

characters,

checked

evaluated

only

must
not
be
embedded
character set is defined

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

NOTE

The
dollar
sign
characters
are
defining Digital
system
software
READS

($)
and
reserved
Equipment
symbols.

file-processing

period
(.)
for
use
1in
Corporation
For example,
system macro.

The
user
1is
cautioned
not
to employ
these
characters
in
constructing
user-defined symbols or macro symbols in
order to avoid possible
<conflicts
with
existing
or
future
Digital
Equipment
Corporation system software symbols.

The value of a

symbol

depends upon

its use

in the program.

symbol

in
the
operator
field
may
be
any
one
of the three symbol types
described above;
permanent, user-defined, or macro.
To determine the
value of an operator-field
in

the

This

following

Macro

Permanent

User-Defined

symbol,

MACRO-11

searches

the symbol

tables

order:

Symbol

Table

Symbol

order

Table

Symbol

allows

Table

permanent

symbols

wused

macro

symbols.
But
the
user
must keep in mind the sequence in which the
search
for
symbols
1is
performed
1in
order
to
avoid
incorrect
interpretation

When a

symbol

the

appears

symbol's

use.

in the operand

User-Defined

Symbol

Permanent Symbol Table

Depending on their use
have
either
a
1local
attribute.

Normally,

their

the search order

is:

Table

in the
source
program,
user-defined
symbols
(internal)
attribute
or
a global (external)

MACRO-11

definition

However,

field,

treats all

1is

symbols can be

through one

1limited

user-defined

explicitly

the

three methods:

Use

the

.GLOBL directive

Use

the

double

colon

(::)

symbols as local,

module

declared

that

is,

1in which they appear.
be

global

symbols

(see Section 6.8.1).
in defining

label

(see

Section

2.2.1).

Use of the double equal sign (==) or double equal colon
sign
(==:) in a direct assignment statement (see Section 3.3).

All symbols within a module
that
remain
undefined
assembly are treated as default global references.

the

end

SYMBOLS

AND

EXPRESSIONS

NOTE

Undefined

symbols

are

assigned

into

the

undefined

the

end

value

user-defined
default

statement

Global

symbols

modules

containing

assembly

the

provide

within

the

flagged

1If
in
effect,
6.2.1)
the

the

undefined

error

code

(U)

listing.

linkages
task

with

placed

table

references.

.DSABL GBL directive is
however,
(see
Section
symbol

assembly

and

symbol

global

the

of
@

between

image.

independently~-assembled

A global

symbol

defined

object
label,

for example, may serve as an entry-point address to
another section of
code
within the image.
Such symbols are referenced from other source
modules in order to
transfer
control
throughout
execution.
These
global
symbols are resolved at link time, ensuring that the resulting
image is
a logically coherent and complete body of code.

3.3
The

DIRECT ASSIGNMENT
general

format

for

STATEMENTS
a

direct

assignment

statement

is:

symbol=expression
or
,vx""w‘wwfl-y

symbol==expression

where:

expression

The

colon

format

for

can

have

only one

(see

Dbelow).

cannot

direct

contain

assignment

level

undefined

statement

forward

reference

global

reference.

is:

symbol=:expression
or

symbol==:expression

where:

All

expression

the

symbol

direct
with

entered

into

can have
(see 5.

—

cannot

assignment
specific

the

statements
After

User-Defined

Symbol

direct

assignment statements.
or
==:)
any
attempt

(=:

generate

==)

error

contain

value.

used

only one
below).

the

(M)

value

the

allow

symbol

Table.

symbol

undefined

above
the

level

may

the

forward

reference

global

reference.

user

has

been

the

general

changed

assembly

global

(see

Section

6.8.1).

format

a
is
is

subsequent

1If, however, the colon format
is
to
change
the value of the symbol

used

will

listing.

A direct assignment statement embodying either the double
sign or the double equal colon (==:) sign, as shown above,
symbol

equate

defined

equal
(==)
defines the

SYMBOLS

The

following

examples

AND EXPRESSIONS

illustrate

the

coding

statements.

Example

direct

A=10

;Direct

assignment

B==30

;Global

assignment

A=15

;Legal

reassignment

L=:5

;Equal

colon

M==:A+2

;Double

;M
L=4

Example

assignment

equal

becomes

colon

equal

assignment

;Illegal

reassignment

error

generated

D=,
E:

MOV

#1 ,ABLE

;The

symbol

;the

labels

and

;value

;of

that

the

MOV

code in the second example above would not
shown
only
to
1illustrate
the
performance
situations.
See Section 3.6 for a description
current

location

The

following

counter

conventions

symbol.

apply to

the

are

equal

the

Spaces

preceding

and/or

although

be used and
is
MACRO-11
1in
such

of
of

coding

following

permissible,

resulting

value.

The

being assigned in
the label field.

symbol

placed
3.

location

the

period

direct

(.)

assignment

An equal sign (=), double equal sign (==), equal
colon
sign
(=:)
or
double
equal
colon
sign
(==:) must separate the
symbol from
the
expression
defining
the
symbol's
value.
operators,

and

usually

statements:

assigned

instruction.

The

the

equated

Only

one

symbol

can

defined

the

have

direct

assignment

significance

assignment

single

direct

the

statement

is
|

assignment

statement.,

A direct assignment
comment field.

Only one
1level
of
forward
referencing
1is
allowed.
The
following
example
would
cause
an
error
code
(U) in the
assembly listing on the line containing the
1illegal
forward

statement

may

reference:

X=Y

(Illegal

Y=2Z

(Legal

Z=1

forward

reference)

followed

only

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

Although

one

1level

forward

referencing

allowed

for

local

symbols,
no
forward
referencing
1is allowed for global symbols.
In
other words, the expression being assigned
to
a
global
symbol
can
contain
only
previously
defined
symbols.
A forward reference in a

direct assignment
error code (A) to

3.4

The

eight

through

statement defining a global
be generated in the assembly

cause

numbered

SYMBOLS

general
7

symbol
will
listing.

and

registers

can

the

expressed

PDP-11

the

processor

source

are

program

the

following

1location.

manner:

31
»

where %

indicates a

reference to a register

The
digit
specifying
absolute term that can
The

and

remain

the
register
can
be evaluated during

definitions

listed

wvalid

all

for

below

are

rather
be
the

than

replaced by any legal,
first assembly pass.

the

normal

references

default

within

values

the

source

program.

RO=%0

;Register ¢

definition.

R1=%1
R2=%2
R3=%3
R4=%4

;Register
;Register
;Register
;Register

1
2
3
4

definition.
definition.
definition.
definition.

R5=%5

;Register

definition.

SP=%6
PC=%7

;Stack pointer definition.
;Program counter definition.

Registers

and

are

system
functions.
registers, as listed

given

DIGITAL-supplied

PDP-11

advised
A

these

symbol

may

appearing

the

special

The
symbolic
above, are the

system

names

because

their

default
names
assigned
conventional
names
used

programs.

For

this

reason,

unique

to
1in

the
all

you

are

conventions.
defined

©program.

The

direct

defining

assignment

expression of

statement

symbol must be a legal, absolute value between ¢ and 7, inclusive,
an
error
code (R) will appear in the assembly listing.
Although
can reassign the standard register symbols
through
the
wuse
of

.DSABL

or
you
the

REG

directive
(see
Section
6.2.1),
this
©practice
1is not
An attempt to redefine a default register symbol without
first
specifying
the
.DSABL
REG
directive
to override the normal
register definitions causes that assignment statement
to
be
flagged
with
an
error
code
(R)
in the assembly listing.
All non-standard
recommended.

symbols

program.

must

defined

before

they

are

referenced

1in

the

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS
The % character may be used with
any
1legal
term
specify a register.
For example, the statement
CLR

equivalent

clears

function

the

contents

CLR

3.5

Local

to
’

statement

In contrast, the statement
clears

expression

$3+1

CLR

and

the contents of virtual memory location
4.

LOCAL SYMBOLS

symbols are specially formatted symbols used as labels within

block
of
coding
that
has
been
delimited as a local symbol block.
Local symbols are of the form n$, where n is a decimal integer from
1
to 65535,

inclusive.

Examples of local

symbols are:

1S
27$

595
104$

A local

symbol

The

block

is delimited

range of a

local

in one

symbol

block

three ways:

usually consists

those

but

does

statements
between
two normally-constructed symbolic labels
(see Figure 3-1).
Note that a statement of the form:

ALPHA=EXPRESSION

is a direct assignment statement (see Section 3.3)

not

create

local

label

and

thus does not delimit

the

range of a

block.

The range of a local symbol block is normally terminated upon
encountering
a .PSECT, .CSECT, .ASECT, or .RESTORE directive
in

symbol

The

the

source

range of

program

(see Figure

local

symbol

MACRO-11

directives,

follows:

Starting

delimiter:

.ENABL LSB

3-11

3-1).

block

1is

delimited

(see Section 6.2.1)

through

SYMBOLS

Ending

AND

delimiter:

EXPRESSIONS

.ENABL

LSB

one

the

following:

Symbolic

label

.PSECT

(see

Section

6.7.2)

(see

Section

6.7.2)

(see

encountered

symbols

multiple

the use
labels,

convenient

symbol

blocks.

1in

other

1local

symbols

symbol

table

not

appear

space

than

defining

generated

symbols

sure

are

wuseful

avoid

two

represents
causes

the

use

.DSABL

generating

times

LSB

(see

labels

for

error

source

the

different
code

(P)

local

symbols

program,

same

address
to

see

and

1local

symbol

value.

Such

local

symbol

1local

assembly

(see

10$

the

blocks

defined

each

symbol
symbol

listing.,.

3-1.

same

multi-defined

assembly

can

Such

block,

the

first.

inclusive,

within

symbol

1less

use

299998

during

name
Local

require

symbols

local

same

Their

MACRO-11.

local

and

65535$,

macros

the

generated

Figure

from

the

conflict.

symbols.

through

expansion

without

listings

feature

example,

symbols

range

30008$

definitions

For

within

local

blocks

types

the

range

the

multiple

block.

examples

symbols,

within

Thus,

symbol

7.3.5).

symbol

means

other

automatically

local

For

local

symbols

Section

6.2.1).

cross-reference

recommended.

Local

after

6.7.4)

and
other
such
references within local symbol
symbols reduces the possibility of
symbols
with

local

appear

When

Section

2.2.1)

definitions
appearing
within a user program.
In addition,
of local symbols differentiates entry-point labels
from
1local
since
1local
symbols cannot be referenced from outside their

respective
can

provide

instructions
Using local

6.7.1)

.CSECT

Section

branch
blocks.

Section

-ASECT

-RESTORE

Local

(see

Section

they

appear

3
4

3 by
F -

S
6

000000

7
8

000004
000006

000012

Simrle

the

012700
XCTPRG!
0000006
005020
1%
020027
0000006
001374

illustration

label

loczl

sumbols;

the

XCTFPAS.

$IMPURESsRO

tPoint

CLR
CMP

(RO)+
ROs #IMPURT

iClear 3
iTest if

BNE

ilterate

not

iFall

rerform

000014

012700

XCTPAS:

$IMPPASsRO

iFoint

000020

0000006
005020

MOV

000022

020027

CLR

(RO)+

000028

0000006
001374

CMP

sClear

000030

BNE

000207

RTS

tlterate

‘Return

3-1

block

MOV

Figure

second

Assembly

#IMPPAT

Listing

iTest

Showing

imrure
word
at tor

rass

the ares
if at tor

of
if

ares

aresa

rass

storade

initiaslizstion

area

not
so

Local

delimited

Symbol

Block

SYMBOLS

3.6
The

CURRENT
period

used

address
example

the

operand

symbol

field

the

second

Mov

(The

for

the first word of
below.
When
wused
directive, it represents the

shown

EXPRESSIONS

LOCATION COUNTER

(.)

the

AND

example

the

current

1in

the

represents

shown

(#)

field

(.)

MOV

When

period

current

period

;of
sign

the

counter.

the

operand

;The

number

location

instruction,

address
below.

#.,R0O

function

the

instruction,

byte

refers

the
first

the

MACRO-11

word,

the

address

instruction.

explained

Section

5.9.)

SAL=0

.WORD

177535,.+4,SAL

;The operand .+4 in the .WORD
;directive represents a value
;that is stored as the second

;of

three

words

during

;assembly.
Assume

that

assembly,

(see

the

Section

.+4

177535

value

the

stored

value

the

beginning

thus

stored

location

of SAL,

storage

previously

this

the

3-2

illustrates

the

Figure

the

beginning

counter,
byte

Normally,
object

counter

following

can

data
be

508.

The

now

502),

5806

the

CONTENTS

500

177535

502

506

504

each

Sample

assembly

changed

pass,

However,

through

The
so

value

derived

operands

stored.

The

represented

the

current

plus

the

absolute

location

502.

Finally,

1location

the

location

deposited

Assembly Results

consecutive memory
generated.

During

example.

LOCATION

3-2

50¢.

.WORD directive

5¢4.

value

the

values

equated

result

the

value

504.

Figure

location

determine

(which

depositing

counter

response

location

502;

counter

location

with

.WORD directive

thereby

value

reserves

6.3.2),

accompanying

value

current

MACRO-11

resets

locations

are

the

direct

form:

value

assignment

assigned
of

the

each

1location

statement

the

absolute

.=expression

The

current

relocatable,

section.

1location
depending

counter
on

the

symbol

(.)

attribute

3-13

1is
of

either
the

current

program

SYMBOLS

The

attribute

through

the

.RESTORE), as
counter

the

current

program

expression

current program section
assembly listing.

forward

The

user

must

Section

will

6.7.

to
to

the

error

that

may

that

the

than

<code

counter

symbol

changed

that

(A)

not

only

.CSECT

assigning

different

sure

.ASECT,

Therefore,

generate

assigned

can

(.PSECT,

attribute

reference
also

counter

directives

having

expression

reference

defined).

EXPRESSIONS

location

sectioning

described

Furthermore,

AND

the

1in

the

contain

not

and

previously

expression

assigned

will
not force the counter into another program section, even if both
sections involved have
the
same
relocatability.
Either
of
these
conditions causes MACRO-11 to generate incorrect object file code, and
may cause statements following the
code (P)
in the assembly listing.

The

following

coding

illustrates

error

the

use

flagged

the

with

current

error

1location

counter:

.ASECT

. =500
FIRST:

;Set location counter
;absolute 508 (octal).
MOV

.+10,COUNT

;The label "FIRST" has the value
;58N (octal) .
;++1@ equals 51¢(octal). The
;contents of the location

;510 (octal) will
;in the location

.=520

;The
;now

MOV

. » INDEX

be deposited
"COUNT".

assembly location
has a value of

;absolute

SECOND:

528 (octal).

;The

label

: The

contents

;value

"SECOND"

528 (octal).

;520 (octal),
:code

counter

for

the

location

that

the

has

is,

the

binary

instruction

;itself, will be deposited
;location "INDEX".

the

. PSECT

=.4+20
|

THIRD:

.WORD

Storage

areas

may

counter.
For
1008, each of

;Set

location counter

;The

label

;value
be

reserved

srelocatable 2 of the
;unnamed program section.

the

"THIRD"

has

relocatable

program

example, if the current value
the following statements:

the

20.

advancing

the

location

counter

=.+40
or

.BLKB

.BLKW

reserves

40 (8)

bytes

storage

space

.BLKB and .BLKW directives, however,
storage space (see Section 6.5.3).

1in

are

the

source

preferred

program.

ways

The

reserve

SYMBOLS

3.7

AND

EXPRESSIONS

NUMBERS

MACRO-11 assumes that
interpreted
1in octal

all numbers in the
source
program
radix, unless otherwise specified.

are
to
be
An exception

to this assumption is that operands
associated
with
Floating
Point
Processor
instructions and Floating Point Data directives are treated
as decimal (see Section 6.4.2).
This default
radix
can
be
altered

with
the
.RADIX
directive
(see Section 6.4.1.1).
Also, individual
numbers can be designated as decimal, binary, or octal numbers through
temporary

For
is

radix

control

operators

(see

Section

every statement in the source program
not
1in
the
current radix, an error

that
code

6.4.1.2).

contains a
digit
that
(N) is generated in the

assembly listing.
However, MACRO-11 continues with the
scan
of
the
statement
and
evaluates
each
such
number encountered as a decimal
value.

Negative

numbers
must
be
preceded
by
a
minus
translates
such numbers into two's complement form.
may (but need not) be preceded by a plus sign.

A number containing
177777(8)),
(T)

the

Numbers
are

1is

than

from

assembly

listing.

always

considered

are

never

truncated

the

significant

left

and

sign;

MACRO-11

Positive

bits

(greater

absolute

values;

Sign
Bit

8-bit
Exponent

7-bit
Mantissa

the

appropriate

floating-point

3.8
A

code

therefore,

they

relocatable.

than

flagged with an error

Single-word floating-point
numbers
may
be
generated
with
operator (see Section 6.4.2.2) and are stored in the following

Refer

numbers

PDP-1l1

number

format.

component

the
°F
format:

Processor

Handbook

expression

and

for

details

the

wvalue

1is

TERMS

term

may

one

following:
1.

number,

defined

Section

3.7,

defined

Section

3.2.

whose

16-bit

used.

A
as

symbol,

Symbols

are

evaluated

follows:

A period
of

the

(.)

specified

current

location

in an expression causes the
counter

located in
the
value is used.

value

used.

A defined symbol is
Table (UST) and its

User-Defined

A permanent symbol's
basic
wvalue
1is
substituted
for the addressing modes.
all op codes and their values.)

used,
with
(Appendix C

Symbol

zero
lists

SYMBOLS

undefined

inserted

symbol

the

default

AND

EXPRESSIONS

assigned

User-Defined

value

Symbol

Table

=zero

and

undefined

global reference.
If the
.DSABL
GBL
directive
(see
Section
6.2.1)
is in effect, the automatic global
reference default function of MACRO-11 is inhibited,
and
the
statement containing the undefined symbol is flagged
with an error code (U) in the assembly listing.
3.

single

double

quote

expression

construction

6.3.3‘
4.

followed

expression

1in

enclosed

term

the

remainder

used

1is

evaluated.

alter

the

ASCII

explained

enclosed

before

single

expression
appears

two

ASCII
character,
or
characters.
This type
in

angle

the

and

expression

evaluation

in
A*B+C versus A*<B+C>), or to apply
entire expression (as in -<A+B>).*
>.

3.9

unary

Expressions

are

(see

evaluation

symbol

Expressions

1later

complex

are

contain

before
are

terms

Expressions

joined
reduce

use

treated

this

except
A term

from

operator.

in
as

may

section):

1left

that
unary
preceded by a
(Terms

expressions.)

the

relocatable.

evaluated

that

their

3-5).

expression
includes
resultant expression value

hierarchy
rules,
binary operators.

and

A
described

external,

combinations
Table

attributes.

followed

Any
single

which

example,

may

eXpressions

unary operator

(as

number.

EXPRESSIONS

operators

(as

operator

for

Section

(<>).

reduced

brackets,

left-to-right

brackets

evaluated

Angle

detail

together
a

be any one of
relocatable,

right

with

are

evaluated,

unary

follows:*

binary

value.

determination

operators take
unary operator

Multiple

16-bit

The

its

four types
absolute,

operator

precedence over
1s
considered
where

operators

necessary,

are

wvalid

-+-2

equivalent

to:

=-<+<-A>>

The

maximum

assembler's
assembler's

(E)

error,

depth

expression
maximum

and

expression

stack
expression

processing

space.
depth,

continues.

3-16

governed
If

the

MACRO-11

expression exceeds
statement is marked with

the
an

SYMBOLS

A missing

zZero.

analysis,
assembly

For

term,

example,

the

evaluated

the

EXPRESSIONS

external

illegal

symbol

operator

(A)
on

1is

interpreted

terminates

and/or (Q), to be
context of the

the

generated
expression

expression:

expression
1in
the
itself.

177777

A+

because

causing error codes
1listing,
depending

A+

expression,

missing

AND

first

legal
binary
operand field

non-blank

operator,
terminator

character

following

an
expression
(a semicolon or

the

symbol

separator
the end of

(a
the

not

comma), or an
source line).

NOTE
Spaces

within

delimiters
other

words,
A

expressions

only

can

between

the

serve

symbols,

expressions

and
A+B

are

the

same,

but

the

symbols

B17

and
B

are

not

single

symbol).

At assembly time the value of an external (global) expression is equal
to
the
wvalue
of the absolute part of that expression.
For example,
the expression EXTERN+A, where "EXTERN" is an external symbol,
has
a
value
at
assembly
time
that
1is equal to the value of the internal
(local) symbol A.
This expression, however, when
evaluated
at
1link
time
takes on the resolved value of the symbol EXTERN, plus the value
of

symbol

Expressions,

when

evaluated

relocatable,
absolute,
following distinctions are

An
to

expression
the
base

appears;

Terms

that

sections

will

MACRO-11],

external,
important:

is relocatable if
address
of
the
will

have

contain
have

offset

1labels

are

four

relocatable.

types:

The

its value
program
value

defined

relocatable

one

complex

value;

is
fixed
relative
section in which it
added
at
1link
time.

1in

relocatable program
similarly,

period

(.)
1in a relocatable program section, representing the value
of the current location counter, will also have a relocatable
value.

3-17

SYMBOLS

expression

expression
characters

1is

AND

EXPRESSIONS

absolute

whose
terms
will reduce to

expression

term

its

minus

section

subtracted

MACRO-11

can

Terms

also
3.

have

not

assembly

external
(plus or

the

within

the

only

must

bias.

resolved

of
an

contains

program

The

link

symbols

program

operation

any

single
value)

Thus,

following

one

relocatable

global

reference.

relocatable

terms

belonging

the

symbol.

different

the

expression

has

For

example,

1if

the

terms

the

relocation bias

section.
other

global

than

operation other
complementation is

than

that can be specified in
a
maximum
size of the object
(decimal) .
|

addition,

specified

relocatable,

completed

addition

symbol.

will

than
one
relocatable

TAG2, associated
with
the
same
program
specified
1in
the expression TAG1+TAG2, two
relocation will be introduced, since each
symbol

the

1is

scan.

time.

and

evaluated

evaluation

expressions

zero.
reduce

section

defined

are

undefined
-

and

contains a
expression

one

from
relocation.

TAGl

section,

than

resulting

levels

reference

term

eXxpression

program.

partially

term
one
and

sections.,

value

level

global

the

both

section,

bias

absolute

current
at

where

When

absolute

(or global)
if it
minus an absolute

defined

and

term,

resulting

completion

expression

conversion
relocatable

program
because every

An expression is
complex
relocatable
following conditions applies:

The

upon

fixed.

same

expression

labels defined
absolute value.

is
reference

the

relocation

another,

treat

term

An expression
that

same

contain

external

the

from

then

single

that

global

has

1is

ASCII

relocatable

elements being evaluated belong to
is
an
absolute expression.
This
program

wvalue

are
numbers
and
an absolute value.

for

external,

link

complex
record.

time.

relocatable

and
The

The

complex

maximum

expression
maximum

effect

specified

subtraction,

negation,

for

value.

relocatable

number

terms

1limited
by
the
number of terms is 20

CHAPTER

RELOCATION

The

output

MACRO-11

AND

object

LINKING

module

that

must

processed

linked
before
it
can
be loaded and executed.
Essentially,
fixes (makes absolute) the values of relocatable or
external
in
the object module, thus transforming the object module, or
object modules, into an executable image.
To

allow

the

value

expression

fixed

link

time,

linking
symbols
several

MACRO-11

outputs
required

certain
instructions in the object file, together with other
parameters.
For
relocatable
expressions
in
the
object

module,

the

base

the

associated

relocatable

program

section

added to the value of the relocatable expression provided by MACRO-11.
For
external expression values, the value of the external term in the
expression

other

(since

object

added

the

external

symbol

must

being

1linked

together)

modules
absolute

portion

the

external

defined

one

the

determined

and

then

expression,

provided

by MACRO-11.
All
the

instructions
assembly

apostrophe

(')

that

require

1listing,

following

modification
1illustrated

the

octal

at
in

link

time

the

example

expansion

are

the

flagged
below.

in
The

instruction

indicates
that simple relocation is required;
the letter G indicates
that the value of an external symbol must be
added
to
the
absolute
portion
of
an
expression;
and the letter C indicates that complex
relocation analysis at link time is required in order to fix the value
of

the

expression.

EXAMPLE:

d05065

CLR

RELOC (R5)

goonan’

;Assuming

;symbol
;the

;will
p@5065
POOOAAG

CLR

EXTERN (R5)

that

the

value

"RELOC",

40,

relocation

bias

added

this

the

relocatable
value.

;The value of the symbol "EXTERN"
;assembled as zero and is
;resolved at link time.

RELOCATION

gp5865

CLR

EXTERN+6 (R5)

;The

gROOA6G

;1s
'

#A5865

AND

CLR

value

of
to

resolved
added

absolute

; the

expression.
;This

the

complete

description

applicable

system

object

manual

(see

because

negation

contains

;reference

time

portion

expression

;jrelocatable
;that

symbol

link

;and

;the

For

the

;the

—<EXTERN+RELOC>
(R5)

g30a08aC

LINKING

and

"EXTERN"

(+6)

complex

requires

expression

global

relocatable

records

output

Section

#.3

the

"EXTERN"
term.

MACRO-11,

Preface).

refer

CHAPTER

ADDRESSING

MODES

To understand how the address modes operate and how they assemble, the
The key rule to
the program counter must be understood.
action of
remember

is:

"whenever the processor

implicitly uses the program

counter

fetch a word from memory, the program counter is
to
(PC)
1is
automatically incremented by 2 after the fetch operation
completed.”

The PC always contains the address of the next

word

fetched.

be either the address of the next instruction to be
This word will
executed, or the second or third word of the current instruction.
the symbols
Each mode of
operand
address in the chapter is illustrated using either the single
instruction CLR or the double operand instruction MOV.

1lists
Table 5-1 lists the address modes, and Table 5-2
to describe the address modes.
chapter
in this
used

Table 5-1
Addressing Modes

Section

Autoincrement deferred mode¥*
Autodecrement mode*
Autodecrement deferred mode*
Index mode**
|
Index deferred mode**
Immediate mode**
Absolute mode**
Relative mode**
Relative deferred mode**
‘Branch

@ (ER)+
- (ER)
@- (ER)
E (ER)
@E (ER)
#E
Q#E
E
QE
Address

*
**

Reference

Form

Mode

@R or
(ER) +

(ER)

5.1

5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8

5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13

DpDoes not increase the length of an instruction.
Adds one word

operand

this

to the

form.

instruction length for each occurrence of

ADDRESSING

Table

Symbols

Used

5-2

Symbol

Chapter

Explanation

Any

expression,
register

sign

(%)

term,

symbol

shown

R2=1+%1

symbol

range

other

preceded

previously

words,

equated

;General

any

percent

such

¢.

represent
any
of
definitions (see Section

inclusive.

also

expression

term

;General

may

Chapter

;General

the

below:

R1=RO+1

This

defined

containing

RO=%0

default

expression;

expression

5.1

MODES

absolute

the

normal

3.4).

eXxpression

1in

Format:

The

itself

instruction.

(R)

contains

the

operand

manipulated

the

Example:
CLR

5.2

;Clears

DEFERRED MODE

Format:

@R or
The

(ER)

the

(R) contains
instruction.

the

address

the

operand

Examples:

CLR

@R1

CLR

;All

these

(R1)

CLR

;the

word

(%1)

;contained

instructions
at

the

clear

address

manipulated

ADDRESSING

5.3

MODES

AUTOINCREMENT MODE

Format:

+
(ER)

The contents of the register (ER) are
incremented
immediately
being used as the address of the operand (see Note below).
Examples:

;Each instruction clears
;the word at the address

(RG) +
(R4) +

CLR
CLR

;contained

(R2) +

CLR

in the specified

;register and increments
;that register's contents
; by

two,

NOTE

Certain special instruction/address mode
combinations,
which are rarely or never
used, do not operate
the
same
on
all
PDP-11 processors, as described below.

In the autoincrement mode, both the
JMP
and
JSR
instructions autoincrement the
register before its use on the PDP-11/490
but not on the PDP-11/45 or 11/14.
In double
operand
instructions
having
the
addressing
form
Rn, (Rn)+
or
Rn,-(Rn),
where
the
source
and
destination
registers are the same, the
source
operand
1is
evaluated
as
the
autoincremented
or
autodecremented
value, but the destination register,
at

time it is used, still contains the
the
originally intended
effective
address.
In the following example, as executed on
the
PDP-11/40,
Register
@
originally
contains

MOV

100(8):

R#, (RA) +

;The quantity 102
;to

MOV

RO ,-(RO)

location

is moved

100.

;The quantity 76 is moved
;to location 100.

The
use
of
these
forms
should
be
avoided,
since
they are not compatible
with
the
entire
family
of
PDP-11
processors.

An error code
(2Z)
is
printed
1in
the
assembly
1listing
with each instruction
which
1is
not
compatible
among
all
members of the PDP-11 family.

after

ADDRESSING

5.4

AUTOINCREMENT

MODES

DEFERRED MODE

Format:

@ (ER)+
The

contains

the

a pointer to the address
of
register
are
incremented after

the
operand.
being used as

Example:

CLR

@(R3)+

iThe

contents

;to

5.5

the

address

;Cleared

before

the

jregister

are

word

point

contents

incremented

the

two.

AUTODECREMENT MODE

Format:

- (ER)
The

contents

the

address

the

operand

(ER) are decremented before
(see Note in Section 5.3).

being

used

Examples:

CLR

- (RA)

CLR

-(R3)

CLR

-(R2)

;Decrement the
;fied register
‘

contents

(@,

;before

using

;as

address

the

its

AUTODECREMENT

the

specitwo

contents

;Cleared.

5.6

the

word

DEFERRED MODE

Format:

@- (ER)
The
a

contents

pointer

of
the

the

address

(ER)
the

are

decremented

before

operand.

being

Example:

CLR

@-(R2)

;Decrement the
jregister 2 by

;using
;to

the

its

contents

address

;Cleared.

contents
two

before

as
the

pointer

word

used

ADDRESSING

5.7

MODES

INDEX MODE

Format:

E (ER)
An

expression

effective
offset

base.
third

(E),

plus

address

the

contents

operand.

instruction,

and

1In

the

other

contents

(The
wvalue
of
the expression
word of the instruction.)

(E)

(ER),

words,

the

yields

value

form

stored

the

second

the

the
the

Examples:
CLR

X+2(R1l)

;The

;to

effective

cleared

;contents
MOV

R@,-2(R3)

;The

;destination

5.8

INDEX

DEFERRED

plus

X+2,

effective

; the

address

contents

word

the

address

location

the

-2,

plus

MODE

Format:

@E (ER)
An

expression

pointer
value
ER

form

second

(E),

plus

the

contents

the

address of
offset of the

the
the

base.

third

(The

word

operand.
instruction,

value

the

As
and

(ER),

ylelds

expression

(E)

stored

instruction.)

Example:
CLR

@114 (R4)

;If register
;value, plus
;the pointer
;contains

;20403

contains
the offset

214,

the

would

1If

address

10¢,

this

114,

yields

location
2@0@,

cleared.

NOTE

The

expression

@(ER) may be used, but it
be assembled as if it were written
@3 (ER), and a word will be used to store

will
the

in index mode above, the
the contents of register

214

location

the

ADDRESSING

5.9

IMMEDIATE

MODES

MODE

Format:

$E
Immediate
second

mode

allows

third

addressing

mode

character

specifies

MACRO-11

word.

that

This

the

word

operand

the

indicator.

the

mode

the

Appearing

immediate

operand

itself

assembled

(E)

instruction.

1in

stored

number

sign

the

operand

addressing

immediately

to
The

mode,

follows

autoincrement

the
is

field

the

this

indicating

the

as
(#)

1instruction

PC.

Examples:
MOV

#100,R0

MOV

#X,R0P

;iMove

the

;iMove

value

the

100

value

into

symbol

;register

The

operation

MOV

#100,R#,

which

The

mode

can

assembles
@

Location

22:

Location

24:

(the

value

operand

word.

fetches

the

first

that

points

the

source

After

through

the

first

example,

words:

100)

assembled

execution

immediately
the

word

(MOV)

and

second

word,

location

following

instruction,

increments

22,

the

which

the

into

contains

the

fetch

and

increment
leaving

cycle,

the

pointing

source

operand

(10d)

location

instruction).

5.10

the
2

operand.

moved

into

instruction

Upon

processor

shown

two

20:

instruction
1t

Location

source

the

this

ABSOLUTE

is
(the

MODE

Format:

Q#E
Absolute

mode

address

expression

as the
value

the

equivalent

@#E

specifies

immediate

mode

absolute

address

second

or third word of the instruction.
immediately
following
the
instruction
absolute address of the operand.
Absolute mode

autoincrement

deferred

the

deferred.

which

1In other
word
1is

words,

taken

assembled

PC.

Examples:
MOV

C#100,R0

;Move

the

;location

CLR

@#X

;Clear
;iwhose
;the

contents

10f

into

absolute

R{.
the contents of the location
address is specified by

symbol

The

stored
the

the

ADDRESSING

MODES

The operation of this mode can be shown

through

MOV @#100,R8, which assembles as two words:
Location

20:

Location

22:

Location 24:

the

first

example,

instruction

The absolute
address
109
1is
assembled
immediately
following
the
instruction
word.
Upon
execution of the instruction, the processor
it
that
fetches the first word (MOV) and increments the PC by 2 so
second word, location 22, which contains the absolute
the
to
points
increment
fetch and
After the next
address of the source operand.
contents of absolute address 100 (the source operand) are
the
cycle,
(the
1location 24
to
moved into register @, leaving the PC pointing
next

instruction).

RELATIVE

5.11

MODE

Format:
E

Relative mode is the normal mode for

memory

references

within

your

as index mode, using the PC as the index
assembled
is
It
program.
the
address calculation is assembled as
the
for
offset
The
register.
This value is added to the
third word of the instruction.
or
second
contents of the PC to yield the address of the source operand.
Examples:

CLR

100

;Clear absolute location 100

:Move the contents of register @

RO,Y

MOV

;to

location

The operation of
relative
mode
can
be
MOV 100 ,R3, which assembles as two words:
Location

20:

Location

22:

Location

24:

The offset, the constant 54,
instruction

word.

Upon

fetches the first word

shown

with

the

statement

INSTRUCTION

is assembled

following

immediately

execution of the instruction,

(MOV) and increments the PC by

the

the processor

that

points
to
the
second
word,
location 22, containing the value 54.
After the next fetch and increment cycle, the processor calculates the
operand by taking the contents of
source
effective address of the
to the current value of the PC,
it
adding
and
offset)
(the
22
location
Thus, the
location 24 (the next instruction).
to
now points
which
calculation
the
of
result
the
is
address
operand
source
OFFSET+PC = 54424 = 10@(8), causing the contents of location 1@ to be
moved

into

ADDRESSING

The

index

mode

MOV

statement:

100-.-4(PC
,R3
)

equivalent
MOV

the

relative

mode

is the offset for
the
location
counter
(.)
holds
instruction (20, in this case)
reach

1location

24
160-20-4

Therefore,

for

PC(24(8))

yields

(the

the

both

index
the

statements

index

mode
statement.
The
current
address
of
the first word of the
the PC has to move down 4 bytes
to

the
and

instruction).

So,

54(8).

mode,

the

effective

operand.

Thus,

statement:

100 ,R3

130-.-4

written

MODES

move

the

offset

address

contents

the

(54(8))

(54

+ 24

location

offset

could

added

100

(8))

into

the
the

NOTE

The

addressing

form
@#E
differs
from
in that the second or third word
of the instruction contains the absolute
address
of the operand, rather than the
relative distance
between
the
operand
form

and

the

(see

instruction

Section

absolute
location
instruction is moved

which

was

CLR

1@@#,

from

5.14).
e#100

Thus,
clears

even
1if
the
point

assembled.

the

See

the
description of the .ENABL
AMA
function
in
Section
6.2.1,
which
causes
all
relative mode addresses to be
assembled

5.12

RELATIVE

absolute

mode

addresses.

DEFERRED MODE

Format:

QE
The

relative

deferred mode is similar in
above,
except that the expression
address of the operand.
1In other words,

mode

instruction

the

word

address

added

the

contents

operand.

operation
E

used

as a
operand

the
of the

the
relative
pointer to the
following
the

yield

Example:

MOV

@X,R0O

;Relative
;the

PC,

;location
;jto

to
move

the

current

the

whose

location

address
X

value

contents
into

of
the

pointed

pointer

ADDRESSING

5.13
The

BRANCH
branch

MODES

INSTRUCTION ADDRESSING

instructions

are l-word instructions.
The high-order
byte
and the low-order byte contains an 8-bit signed
offset (seven bits, plus sign), which
specifies
the
branch
address
relative
to the current value of the PC.
The hardware calculates the
branch address as follows:
contains

the

operator,

Extends

Multiplies
than

MACRO-11

the

result

through

creating

the

reverse

offset

Hence

following

(E-PC)/2

added

the

-2

offset

Branching

Branching
(global)

from
to

truncated

generate

Since

the

range

TRAP

the

EMT and

applicable

1location

eight

error

code

(A)

section

that

1is

word

form

the

offset

from

word

bits.

the

bits.

the

assembly

external

another

defined

a branch address that is
branch
offset is a value

out

that

does

+127(10).

TRAP

instructions

word,

information

byte.

1If

the

do
is

range,

meaning

not

within

lie

EMT or

not

use

TRAP

of the expression
Expressions greater than

error

information

traps

system manual

code

the

low-order

transferred

value

listing.

the

program

-128(10)

the

byte of the word.
eight
bits,
and

For

eight

rather

INSTRUCTIONS

the
1instruction
in the low-order
expression,

one

the

offset

PC, the PC is moved to
following calculation.

symbol

Specifying
that
the

USING

the

truncated

(E-.-2)/2

conditions

5.14

form

8-15.

byte

address.

offset

the

operation

bits

offset.

listing:

offset

performs

Word

the

value

(PC=.+2).

The

the

word

the result to the current
effective branch address.

Word

the

sign

Adds

specified

When

the

(T)

see

the

(see

Section

byte

to the trap handlers
instruction is followed
by

1is

is stored in the low-order
377(8)
are
truncated
to
generated in the assembly

PDP-1l1

Processor

the

Handbook

Preface).

and

CHAPTER

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

MACRO-11

directive

placed

Only
one
directive
1is
allowed
have a blank operand field or one
differ with each directive.
General

assembler

directives

the

DIRECTIVES

operator

field

source

line,

per source line.
Each directive may
or more
operands.
Legal
operands

are

divided

into

the

following

categories:

Listing

Function

Data

Radix

Location

Terminator

Program

Symbol

Conditional

1#.
Each

1is

for
an
section

File

control
control

storage
and

numeric

counter

control

sectioning

and

boundaries

control

assembly

control

described

its

alphabetical

own

section

1listing

this

the

chapter

directives

(see
and the

Table
6-1
associated

reference).

Table 6-1
Directives in Chapter

Six
Section

Directive

Function

Reference

.ASCII

Stores delimited string as a
of
the
8-bit
ASCII
code
characters.

.ASCIZ

Same

followed

.ASCII

except

zero

the

sequence
of
their

string

6.3.4

|is

6.3.5

byte.
(continued

page)

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

DIRECTIVES

Table 6-1 (Cont.)
Directives in Chapter

Six
Section

Directive

Function

Reference

.ASECT

Similar to .PSECT.

. BLKB

Allocates

bytes

data

storaqge.

6.5.3

. BLKW

Allocates

words

data

storage.

6.5.3

.BYTE

Stores

6.3.1

.CROSS

Enables

cross

.CSECT

Similar

.DSABL

Disables

successive

6.7.2

bytes

data.

reference.

6.2.2

.PSECT.

6.7.2

specified

assembler

functions.
.

ENABL

. END
« ENDC

Enables

specified

assembler

£.2.1

functions.

Indicates

end

source

Indicates

end

conditional

6.2.1

input.

6.6
assembly

6.9.1

block.
. EVEN

Ensures

that

location

counter

current

value

the

6.5.1

even.

.FLT2

Generates

2 words of storage for
floating-point number argument.

each

6.4.2.1

.FLT4

Generates 4 words of storage for
floating-point number argument.

each

6.4.2.1

.GLOBL

Defines

. IDENT

Provides

an
.IF

listed

symbols

additional

object

means

global,

6.8.1

labeling

6.1.4

condi-

6.9.1

module.

Assembles

block

tions

met.

are

specified

.IFF

Assembles
false.

block

condition

tests

6.9.2

.IFT

Assembles

block

condition

tests

5.9.2

whether

6.9.2

conditional

6.9.3

true.

. IFTF

.IIF

Assembles

block

regardless

condition

tests

true

Permits

writing

assembly

block.

. INCLUDE.

Includes

another

. LIBRARY

Adds file to MACRO-11
list.

one

false.

line

MACRO-11

source

library

file.

6.10.2

6.10.1

(continued

page)

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

Table 6-1
Directives

(Cont.)

in Chapter

Six
Section

Directive

.LIMIT

Function

Allocates

two

words

for

storage.

link

puts

the

lowest

address

time

the

.LIST

Reference

load

1image

saved
first

words
free

second.

the

Increments
certain

1in

and
word

the

count

Decrements listing count
certain types of code.

.NOCROSS

Disables

. ODD

Ensures

that

location
. PACKED

1lists

6.1.1

suppresses

H.1.1

reference.

the

current

counter

Generates
digits per

the

code.

.NLIST

cross

the
address
of the
following the image

listing

types

first

6.5.4

packed

6.2.2
value

the

6.5.2

two

6.3.8

odd.
decimal

data,

byte.

. PAGE

Starts a new listing page.

6.1.5

. PSECT

Declares names
and establishes

6.7.1

. RAD5S0

Generates

for
program
sections
their attributes.

data

1in

Radix-5@¢

packed

h.3.6

format.

.RADIX

Changes

radices

portions

. REM

Delimits

.RESTORE

Retrieves a previously

the

throughout
source

section

6.4.1.1

program.

comments.

.SAVEd

6.1.6

program

6.7.4

section.

. SAVE

Places
top

the

current

the

program

section

6.7.3

context

stack.

. SBTTL

Produces

table

immediately
listing
and
page

.TITLE

Assigns

the

name

puts

the

assembly

.WORD

Generates

the

headings

Defines

6.1.3

object
each

module
page

6.1.2

listing.

listed

object

contents

listing.

and

.WEAK

preceding
the
assembly
puts subheadings on each

symbols

successive

module.

WEAK.

words

6.8.2
data

6.3.2

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

6.1

LISTING CONTROL DIRECTIVES

Listing

control

line

all

directives

printer

(see

control
Figure

the

6-1)

content,
and

assembly listing output.
On the first line
prints the following (from left to right):
1.

Title of the object module, as
directive (see Section 6.1.2).

Assembler

Day of

Date.

Time

of day.

Page

number,

The second
text

the

line of

specified

version

the

1line

the

printer

generating

explicit

each

established

pagination
Figure

page,

through

6-2)

MACRO-11

the

.TITLE

identification.

each assembly listing

1in

teleprinter

statements

and

(see

week.

6.1.3).

statements

format,

teleprinter

page

contains

last-encountered

.SBTTL

format

(Figure

6-1)

one

are

than

format
more

truncation

word

(Figure

than

one

of output

6-2)

word

to 80

are

the

directive

binary
listed

characters

subtitle

(see

Section

extensions

for

horizontally.

extensions
vertically.

the

for
There

assembler.

ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

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GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

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GENERAL ASSEMBLER

6.1.1

.LIST

and

.NLIST

DIRECTIVES

Directives

l—

Formats:
.LIST
LLIST

arg

+.NLIST
.NLIST

where:

arg

represents
arguments

indicated

above,

the

one

defined

listing

more
in

control

the

Table

6-2.

directives

optional

may

symbolic

used

without

arguments,
in
which
<case
the
1listing directives alter the listing
level count.
The listing level count is initialized to zero.
At each
occurrence
of
a
.LIST
directive,
the
1listing
1level
count
is
incremented;
at each occurrence of an .NLIST directive,
the
1listing
level
count
listing
1is

1is
decremented.
suppressed
(unless

Conversely,

when

the

level

When
the

count

the level count is
line
contains
greater

than

zero,

negative, the
an
error).
the

listing

generated regardless of the context of the line.
Finally,
when
the
count
is
zero, the line is either listed or suppressed, depending on
the listing
controls
currently
in
effect
for
the
program.
The

following
macro
selectively list

definition
portions

employs
of
the

the .LIST and .NLIST directives
macro
body
when
the
macro

to
is

expanded:

.MACRO

;
;

;

LTEST

A-this

line should
.NLIST
B-this line should
.NLIST
C-this

;List

list
not

list

test

;Listing
;Listing

level
level

count
count

is
is

@.
-1.

;Listing

level

count

-2.

;Listing

level

count

-1.

level count
level count
level count
level count

should

not

list

;

line
.LIST
D-this line

should

not

1list

;
;
;

E-this
F-this
G-this

.LIST
line
line
line

|
should
should
should

list
1list
1list

;Listing
;Listing
;Listing
;Listing

is
is
is
is

4.
@.
@.
0.

1list
list
1list
list

;List macro expansion.
:Call the macro
;Listing level count is
;Listing level count is
;Listing level count is
;Listing level count is

0.
@.
@.
@.

. ENDM

;
;
;
;

.LIST
LTEST
A-this line
E-this line
F-this
G-this

Note

that

line
line

should
should
should
should

the

lines

following

line

level
<count
remains
4@.
If
a
beginning of a program, all macro
.NLIST directive is encountered.

will

1list

because

.LIST
directive
expansions will be

the

1listing

1is
placed at the
listed
unless
a

GENERAL

important

purpose

1listed

restored

the

When used with
listing
level
used

the

selectively
value

ASSEMBLER

level
and

existing

DIRECTIVES

count
yet

exit

prior

allow

with

the

macro

macro
listing

expansions
level

count

call.

arguments, the listing
directives
do
not
alter
the
count.
However, the .LIST and .NLIST directives can be

override

current

listing

control,

shown

1in

the

example

below:
.MACRO

.LIST

;List

.NLIST

;Do

line.

X=.

not

list

remainder

macro

;expansion.

. ENDM
.NLIST

;Do

not

list

macro

expansions.

X=.

The

symbolic

arguments

described
in
Table
combination with each
listing

directive,

space.

For

statement,

any
the

allowed

6-2.
other.

each

argument

for

argument
not

associated

use

with

must

default

Table

Argument

SEQ¥*

Arguments

1included

assumption

directives

are

comma,

1in

the

(List

tab,

control
list)

The default assumptions
in Table 6-2.

for

6-2

Listing

Control

Default

List

listing

separated

specifically

applicable throughout the source program.
the listing control directives also appear

Symbolic

the

These
arguments can be used singly or in
1If multiple arguments are specified in a

Directives

Function

Controls

the

numbers

assigned

listing

If this
through

number
an
.NLIST

MACRO-11

generates

the

sequential

to the source lines.
field
1is
suppressed
a

SEQ
tab,

directive,
effectively

allocating
blank space for the field.
Thus, the positional relationships
of
the other fields in the listing remain

undisturbed.

process,

line

for

During

MACRO-11

the

examines

assembly
each

source

possible

error
conditions.
For
any line in error, the error code
is printed preceding the number field.

*
If the
the
same

listing
line is

.NLIST arguments SEQ, LOC, BIN, and SRC are in
effect
at
time,
that
1is,
if
all
four significant fields in the
are to be suppressed, the printing of
the
resulting
blank
inhibited.
(continued

page)

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

DIRECTIVES

Table 6-2 (Cont.)
Symbolic Arguments of Listing Control

Argument

Default

Directives

Function

MACRO-11

does not assign line
files
that
have had such
assigned by other programs (an

numbers

LOC*

List

for

Controls

the listing
of
the
current
counter
field.
Normally,

this

the
does

instance).

field

However,

it
LOC

not
suppressed.
is suppressed through
directive,
MACRO-11

NLIST
not
generate

allocate

space

for

tab,

the

nor

current

location

effectively
subsequent

1is
described

(LOC)

(while
relationships)

the
field

all

preserving
to
by

occupied

the
the

field.

the

1listing

code.

this

generated
field

suppressed

through

directive,

1left-justification

source

field

occurs

described

above

for

listing

code

manner

left-justifies

normally

Controls
binary

counter

fields

positional

position
counter's

does

field,

the
case with the SEQ field
above.
Thus, the suppression

List

editor

program,

location

BIN¥*

numbers

1is

.NLIST

BIN

the

the
same

the

LOC

field.
BEX

List

Controls

the

binary

eXxtensions
(the
locations and
contents beyond those that will
the

source

subset

SRC*

List

COM

List

Controls
Controls

statement

the

BIN

This

argument.

listing

the

line).

binary
fit on

source

1listing

lines.

comments.

This
1is a subset of the SRC argument.
The
.NLIST
COM
directive
reduces
listing
time
and space when comments
are

List

not

desired.

Controls

the

listing

definitions

and

macro

repeat

range

expansions.

the

List

the

.NLIST

same

time,

arguments

listing

are

line

inhibited.

Controls the listing
of
macro
and repeat range expansions.

that

SEQ,

LOC,

1if

all

is,

suppressed,

the

BIN,
four

printing

and

SRC

are

significant

the

effect

fields

resulting

(continued

calls

at
the

blank
page)

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

Table

Symbolic

Argument

Arguments

DIRECTIVES

6-2 (Cont.)
Listing Control

Default

Directives

Function

list

Controls

the

listing

macro

the

listing

macro

expansions.

MEB

list

Controls
expansion
directive

binary
1lists

code.
A .LIST MEB
only
those
macro
expansion
statements
that
generate
binary code.
This is a subset
of
the

CND

List

argument.

Controls

the

1listing

wunsatisfied

conditional
coding and associated .IF
and .ENDC
directives
1in
the
source
program.

only

list

.NLIST

satisfied

Controls

the

CND directive

conditional

listing

lists

coding.

all

1listing

directives
having
no
arguments,
in
other words, the directives that alter
the

TOC

List

listing

Controls

level

the

contents

count.

listing

during

the

assembly

table
pass

of
(see

Section 6.1.3
describing
the
.SBTTL
directive).
This
argument
does not
affect
the
printing
of
the
full
assembly

1listing

during

assembly

pass

S YM

List

TTM

Controls

list

the

table
resulting
from
the source program.

the

1listing

the

assembly

Controls the
1listing
The
default
1is
set
format.
Figqgure
6-1

output

line

printer

output

6-2

illustrates

the

symbol

format.

line

printer
1illustrates
the
format.
Figure

teleprinter

output

format.

Any

argument

specified

.LIST/.NLIST

directive

listed
1in
code (A)
in

Table 6-2 causes the directive
the assembly listing.

The

control

listing

through
Section

switches
8.1.3

options

can

also

included

the

and/or

the

appropriate

system

6-3

shows

reflecting

the

program

the

output.

and

wuse

1listing,
of

effects

the
such

produced

.LIST

and

directives

string

than

with

error

assembly

time

MACRO-11

The

control

(.LIST

1line

©printer

directives
on

the

those

manual).

.NLIST
have

other

flagged

specified

command

switches overrides all corresponding listing
directives specified in the source program.

Figure

use

(see
these

.NLIST)

format,
the

assembly

source
1listing

SO,

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

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GENERAL ASSEMBLER

6.1.2

DIRECTIVES

|.TITLE |

L.TITLE Directive

Format:

.TITLE

where:

string

represents
characters.

an
identifier
of
1
or
more
Radix-50
Appendix A.2 contains a table of Radix-50

characters.

The .TITLE directive assigns a name to the object
module.
The
name
assigned is the first six non-blank, Radix-5@ characters following the
.TITLE
directive.
All
spaces
and/or
tabs
up
to
the
first

non-space/non-tab character

following

the

.TITLE directive are

by MACRO-11 when evaluating the text string.
the first six are checked for ASCII legality,
part of the object module name.
For example,
.TITLE

causes

the

PROGRAM

assembled

PERFORM

object

DAILY

module

ignored

Any
characters
but they are not
the directive:

beyond
used as

ACCOUNTING

named

PROGRA.

This

6-character
name
bears no relationship to the filename of the object
module, as specified in the command string to MACRO-11].
The
name
of
an
object
module
(specified in the .TITLE directive) appears in the
load map produced at link time.
This is also the
module
name
which
the
If

Librarian will
the

recognize.

.TITLE directive

not

specified,

MACRO-11

assigns

the default

name
.MAIN.
to the object module.
If more than one .TITLE directive
is
specified
in
the
source
program,
the
last
L.TITLE
directive
encountered during assembly pass 1 establishes the name for the entire
object

module.

.TITLE directive

the

specified without

first non-space/non-tab character

not Radix-50¢ character, the directive
(A) in the assembly listing.

an object module

name,

in the object module name

flagged with

6.1.3 L.SBTTL Directive

-error

code

l'SBTTLl

Format:

.SBTTL

where:

string

string represents an
characters.

identifier of

or more printable

ASCII

GENERAL

The
.SBTTL
immediately
following

the

page

until

altered

.SBTTL

the

1is
wused
to
©produce
a
table
of
contents
the
assembly
1listing
and
to print the text
directive on the second line
of
the
header
of

listing.

Conditional

to be printed
listing.

assembly

sequence

subheading in
.SBTTL directive

the

text

the

will

be listed
program.
For

assemblies

text

Conditional

During

The

subsequent

directive:

.SBTTL
causes

DIRECTIVES

directive
preceding

each

example,

ASSEMBLER

assemblies

the

pass

number,

second

the

1line

table

page

the

header

contents

number,

and

the

containing
text

assembly

the

1line

accompanying

each

-SBTTL directive is printed for the assembly listing.
The listing
of
the
table of contents is suppressed whenever an .NLIST TOC directive
is encountered in the source program (see Table 6-2).
An example of a
table

contents

MTTEMT

TABLE

RT-11

shown

MULTI-TTY

EMT

MACRO

Figure

V0S5.00

6-4,.

Saturday

08-Jan-83

10:00

CONTENTS

S50~
S51-

i
1

+MTOUT - Sindle character outrut
+MTRCTO - Reset CTRL/0 EMT

92—

+MTATCH

Attach

+MTDTCH

Detach

+MTPRNT

S6~
57

+MTSTAT

Print message EMT
Return multi-terminal

MTTIN

Single

S859~
60~

1
1
1

MTTGET
TTRSET
MTTPUT

62~

MTRSET

63~

ESCAFE

LJIDENT

6-4

EMT

to terminal EMT
from a terminal

55—

Figure

6.1.4

listing

EMT
sustem

status

Get & character from the ring
Reset terminal status bits
Sindle character outeut

buffer

Stor

SEQUENCE

character

and

detach all terminals
TEST SUBROUTINE

Assembly

EMT

inrut

Listing

Table

attached

Job

Contents

|.IDENT|

Directive

Format:

.IDENT

where:

/string/

string

represents
characters
or version

string

six

which establish the
number.
This string

global

symbol

printed

the

directory
link

map

and

fewer

Radix-50

program identification
is
included
in
the

the

object

librarian

module

listing.

and

GENERAL

represent
be

any

equal

delimiting
paired

sign

semicolon

the

(;),

addition

label

object

the

example

not

match,

The

assigned

with

.IDENT

angle

the

the text
If the
illegal

the

directive

the

1last

which
The

RT-11

string

one

such

1is

converted

.IDENT directive

directive

part

linker

the

encountered

object

allows

linker
wuses
the
pass to establish
all of the object

The
the

the

character

delimiting

module

version

character

with

the

allows

the

error

.TITLE

user

number.

below:

/V@1.00/

than

forms

than

(<),

string itself (see
Note
delimiting characters do

object

shown

other

delimiting

.IDENT directive

program

delimiters may

bracket

Radix-50

included
in
the
global symbol directory of
character string also appears in the link map
and the Librarian directory listings.
When

These

characters,

L.IDENT
directive is flagged
the assembly listing.

6.1.3),

module

the

character

name

Section

. IDENT

long

contained within
Section
6.3.4).

the

(see

left

not
in

characters.

printing

(=),

used,
the
code (A)
in

directive

ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

only

one

encountered
establishes

module

representation

and

the object module.
produced
at
1link

the

given

This
time

program,

character

string

identification.

.IDENT

string

first .IDENT directive encountered
the character string that will
be

program.

The

during the
identified

first
with

modules.

RSX-11M task builder allows an .IDENT string for
each
module
in
program.
The TASK Builder uses the first .IDENT directive in each

module

to establish the character string
module.
Like the RT-11 Linker, the

that

.IDENT

directives

5.1.5

J.PAGE

encountered

Directive/Page

the

that will be
RSX-11M Task

first

identified
with
Builder uses the

pass.

[PAGE]

Ejection

Format:

. PAGE

The

.PAGE

page

directive

eject

arguments

used

within

points

the

causes

It also
counter

causes the page
to be cleared.

appear

listing.

When

used

during

the

within

the

macro

assembly

skip

encountered.
line sequence

and

desired

the

definition,

the

macro

source

program

listing.
top

This
of

the

perform

directive
next

takes

page

when

number to be incremented and
The
.PAGE
directive
does

the

.PAGE

definition.

operation is performed as the macro itself
the page number is also incremented.

directive

1is

a
no
the
not

ignored

Rather,

the

page

eject

expanded.

1In

this

case,

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

Page

ejection

accomplished

DIRECTIVES

three

other

ways:

After

reaching
a count of 58 lines in the
1listing,
MACRO-11
performs
a
page
eject
to
skip
over
page
perforations
on
1line
printer
paper
and
to
formulate

automatically

teleprinter
changed.

output

page

eject

encountered.

macro

into

pages.

performed
If

the

when

The

form-feed

definition,

a page
definition,

eject

page

number

form-feed
character

occurs

1is

not

character

appears

during

the

within

assembly

the
macro
but
not during the expansion of the
macro itself.
A page eject resulting from
the
use
of
the
form-feed
<character causes the page number to be incremented

and

the

page

line

sequence

eject

counter

performed

file.
In
this
<case
line sequence count is

h.1l.6

.REM

Directive/Begin

when

cleared.

encountering

the page
reset,

Remark

number

new

incremented

source

and

the

| .REM |

Lines

Format:
.REM

where:

comment-character

represents a character
end
of
the
comment
character

The

.REM

into
lines

directive

programmer

number

characters

lines.

1is
For

. TITLE

Remark

. REM
All the

found.
CLR

text

Any

the
the

insert

comments.

block

comments

to precede the comment
between the
specified
The

comments

may

span

example:

example

that

comment

treated

marks
when

reoccurs.

a
MACRO-11 source program without having
with the comment character (;).
The text

delimiting
any

allows

that
block

resides

lines

until

character

may

here

interpreted

another

ampersand

used

place

by MACRO-11
character is

the

ampersand.&

. END

6.2
The

FUNCTION

DIRECTIVES

following function directives are included in a source program
to
invoke or inhibit certain MACRO-11 functions and operations incidental
to the assembly process itself.

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

[.ENABL]
.ENABL and

6.2.1

[.DSABL]

.DSABL Directives

Formats:

. ENABL

arg

.DSABL

arg

where:

represents

arg

one

arguments defined

in Table 6-3.

optional

the

symbolic

Specifying any argument in an .ENABL/.DSABL directive other than those

listed

code

(A)

in Table 6-3 causes that directive to be flagged with an error
in the assembly listing.

Table

6-3

Symbolic Arguments of Function Control Directives

Argument

Default

ABS

Disable

AMA

Disable

produces

absolute

Enabling this function causes all

relative

Enabling this

CRF

Disable

Enable

function

To
format.
FILES-11
in
output
binary
Binary
Formatted
to
output
convert this
Absolute
the
by
required
(as
format
Loader), use the FLX utility.

addresses (address mode 67) to be assembled
as absolute addresses
(address
mode
37).
This
function
is
useful
during
the
debugging

CDR

Function

phase of program development.

function

this

Enabling

source

causes

from 73 to the end of the line, to

columns

be treated as a comment.
The
most
common
this feature is to permit sequence
of
use
numbers in card columns 73-84.

inhibits

function

this

Disabling

generation of cross-reference output.

meaning
has
only
function
cross-reference
output
generation
specified in the command string.

causes

Enable

this

Enabling

point

causes

disabling this

floating-point

Disabling
convert
before

function

truncation;

if
is

floating-

function

rounding.

this function causes MACRO-11
to
all
ASCII
1input
to
upper-case

processing

it.
(continued

Disable

FPT

the
This

page)

GENERAL

Symbolic

ASSEMBLER

Table
Arguments of

Argument

Default

LCM

Disable

6-3

(Cont.)
Function Control

This

argument,

-.IF

enabled,

<conditional

IDN

and

case

.IF

are

DIF

not

causes

assembly

sensitive,

directives

Disable

Directives

Function

MACRO-11

LSB

DIRECTIVES

case

alphabetically
default,

encountering

new

label, a .PSECT
directive
or
a
directive
1in the source program,
LSB

directive

symbol

(1)

block

another

(2)

The

basic

regard

function

instances

where

followed
the

Attempts

error

example

program,

symbols

declares
or

symbol,

Enable

and

6.7.4).

1local

the

.ENABL

encountered

LSB

the

this

opcode

GBL

within

field

the

this

finds

an
it

symbol
external

.ENABL/.DSABL

(described

same

field,

undefined

L.ENABL
the

for

undefined

MACRO-11

function
an

LSB

source

default,

symbol

MACRO-11

any

opcode

(U)
the

.DSABL

libraries

the

listing.

causes

matches

with

6-5.

macro

that

and

used

flagged

assembly

enabled,

declares

until

are

Figure

depending

setting

symbols

section

disabled.

Disabling
output

6.7.3

statement.

either

option

Sections

.RESTORE

appearing

original
dismissal

also

known

symbol

data,

and

unknown

leave

store

temporary

section

those

may

shown

option

error,

the

with

LSB

.SAVE

definition

MACRO-11

.DSABL

directive

typically

all

.PSECT

directive
paired

return

the

argument,
search

label,

the

local

until

encountered,

(P)

directives,

.ENABL

new

desirable

program

.RESTORE
an

1limited

This

symbolic

terminated

this

define

code

temporarily

program

1is

through

(see

alternate

PNC

current

directives

macro

section.

accompl ished

This

.PSECTS

section

program

not

following

program

LSB is.
symbolic
.RESTORE

directive,

which

.ENABL

encountered

establishes

another

directive

Disable

these

sensitive.

This
argument
permits
the
enabling
or
disabling
of
a
local
symbol
block.
Although a local symbol block
is
normally
established

MCL

the

directives

below) .

inhibits
PNC

binary

statement

module.

(continued

page)

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

Table

6-3

(Cont.)

Symbolic Arguments of Function Control Directives
Argument

Default

REG

Enable

Function
When specified,

the

.DSABL

REG

directive

inhibits
the
normal
MACRO-11
default
register definitions;
1if not disabled, the

definitions listed below remain

default

effect.
RO=%0

R1=%1

R2=%2

R3=%3
R4=%4
R5=%5

SP=%6
PC=%7

The .ENABL REG statement may be used as the
logical
complement
of
the
.DSABL
REG
directive.
The use
of
these
directives,
however,
1is
not recommended.
For logical
consistency,
use
the
normal
default
register definitions listed above.

GBL

Enable

This argument, if disabled, causes MACRO-11
to
mark
all
undefined
references
in
the
1in
error
(U)
assembly pass 2 with a
assembly
listing.
The
default
for this
option is enabled, which causes MACRO-11 to
treat
all
wundefined
symbol references as
global,
allowing
the
1linker
to
resolve
them.

FPase 1

MACRO V05.00 Saturday 08-Jan-83 10.26

.ENABL/.DSABL
i

+.TITLE

LJENABRL/.DSABL

y -

ILLUSTRATE

.ENABL/.DSABL LC

+ENABL

+MACRD

+ENDM

13
14

16 000000
17

000000

124

150

151

20 000033
000033
21

tSTORE MACRO IN LOWER CASE
.

124

110

111

000001

Figure 6-5

TEXT

$%¢

L IST
+NLIST

ME
BEX

+ASCII

TEXT

/This $%% a3 lower case string/

+ASCII

/This is a8 lower case string/

i Invoke macro in lower case

+DSARL

iNow disable lower case

TEXT
+ASCITI

iRE-INVOKE MACRO IN UPPER CASE
WAS
/THIS WAS A LOWER CASE STRING/

+END

Example of

.ENABL and

.DSABL Directives

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

DIRECTIVES

| .CROSS
|
| .NOCROSS
|
6.2.2

Cross-Reference

Directives:

.CROSS

and

.NOCROSS

Formats:
.CROSS
nCROSS

Symlysymzp..usymfl

- NOCROSS
-NOCROSS

where:

syml,sym2,...symn

syml,

represents

sym2,...

symbols

symn

legal

The

.CROSS and the
included
in
the

assembler.

/CROSS
-

These

qualifier

legal

are

symbolic

specified,

separator

(comma,

directives

was

have

wused

default,

all

the

cross-reference

listing

user

references

When

the

list

listing

The
Any

definition

.CROSS

the

that

cross-reference

The

.NOCROSS

all

reference

without

used

the

with
the

the

LOC1l

following

and

LOC2

example,

are

not

the

and

module.

The

the
a

list

symbol

without

the

module
symbol
a

list.

.NOCROSS

the

excluded

1list,

symbols.

next
from

disables
When

cross-reference

disabled.

before

for

1list,
is

after

and

list,

symbol

1listed

select

definition

module

appears

are
MACRO-11

/C[R]

the

any

symbols

the

used

symbol

definition

included

symbol

without

used
for

all

the

symbols
is

that

directive is used with a symbol list,
the listed symbols is reenabled.

multiple
tab).

the

without

symbols

listing.

1listing

for

directive

1line

includes

used
the

wused

directive,

cross-reference

1is

only

symbol

disabled

all

.CROSS

directive

listing

when

that

directive

cross-reference
symbol

can

1listing

reenabled

directive

every

symbols.

.NOCROSS

Cross-reference

and/or

command

cross-reference

When

separated

space,

effect

the

capability.

specified

are

.NOCROSS
directives
control
which
<cross-reference
listing
produced
by

cross-reference

the

names.

they

the

.CROSS

listing

LABEL1 and
the
reference
cross-reference listing.

Example:
.NOCROSS

LABEL1:

MOV

LOCl,L0OC2

.CROSS

the

LOC2

not

are

cross

;Copy

data

;Reenable

example,

included

;Stop

the

definition

the

cross

included.

cross

LABEL2

reference,

reference

and

but

the

reference

the

reference

Example:

LABEL2:

.NOCROSS

LoOC1

MOV

LOC1,L0OC2

.CROSS

;Copy

LOC1

sReenable
;of LOC1.

;Do

6-22

not

cross

data

reference

cross

LOC]1

reference

LOCIl

to
is

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

The .CROSS directive, used without a symbol list, cannot

reenable the cross-reference listing of
symbol 1list of a .NOCROSS directive.
1listing

cross-reference

wused

a symbol specified in the
the
if
addition,
In

all the symbols in a module is disabled,

the .CROSS directive used with a symbol list will have no effect until
the cross-reference listing is reenabled by the .CROSS directive used

without

list.

symbol

The .CROSS directive, with no symbol list, is equivalent to the .ENABL

the

and

.NOCROSS directive, with no symbol list, is

CRF

directive,

6.3

DATA STORAGE DIRECTIVES

equivalent to the

A wide range of
directives,

data

ASCII

and

data

can

types

generated

with

the

conversion characters, and radix-control operators

in the following sections.

described

.3.1

.DSABL CRF directive.

[.BYTE]}

.BYTE Directive

Format:

.BYTE

exp

.BYTE

expl,exp2,expn

”

where:

exp,

;Stores the binary value of the

;expression

byte.

;Stores the binary values of the list

:of expressions in successive bytes.

represent expressions

that

must be reduced to 8 bits

expl,
.

Each expression will be read as a
of data or less.
expression, the high-order byte to be
16-bit word

exXpn

Multiple expressions must be separated by commas.

.
.

truncated. The high-order byte must be either all
error results.
(T)
a truncation
or
Zeros

The .BYTE directive is used to generate
data

in the next

in the object module.

successive

bytes

binary

Example:
SAM=5
.=410

.BYTE

“D48,SAM

;The value 060 (octal equivalent of 48

sdecimal) is stored in location 4140.
;The value @5 is stored in location
;411.

The construction "D in the first operand of the .BYTE directive above
illustrates the use of a temporary radix-control operator. The
function of such special unary operators 1is described in Section
604'1‘2‘

- GENERAL

link

time,

value

or linker
question.

having
issues

For

likely

.BYTE

that

than

eight

truncation

example,

possibility:

ASSEMBLER

relocatable

bits,

(T)

the

DIRECTIVES

error

for

following

;Stores

an
expression
following
interpreted as a zero:

the

case

the

octal

value

builder

module

create

result

task

object

truncation

.BYTE

will

the

statements

;Re'locatable
;Cause

expression

which

such

byte.

will

probably

error.

directive

null,

1is

=420
.BYTE

Note

that

.BYTE

the

;Zeros

above

directive.

implicit
other

declaration

(@),

are

6.3.2

example,

The

three

four

stored

and

423,

four

bytes

commas

null

a comma.
Hence, four
reserved in the object

are

;422,

the

storage

operand

values,

each

bytes, each
module.

bytes

42¢,

result

field

from

the

represent

from

the

separated

containing

421,

value

_.WORD Directive

zero

LWORDI

Formats:

.WORD

exp

;Stores

the

jexXxpression

«WORD

exXpl,exp2,expn

;Stores

;list

the

exp,

represent

expl,

data

expressions

less.

equivalent

the

binary

that

must

the

successive

reduce

Multiple

eéxpressions

must

generate

successive

words

the

177535,

commas.

the

word.

equivalents

expressions

;words.

where:

binary

bits

separated

expn

The

the

.WORD directive

object

module.

used

data

Example:

SAL=0

=500
.WORD

177535,.+4 ,SAL

;Stores

words

values

509,

jrespectively.

502,

and

586,

and

504,

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

If an expression following the .WORD directive contains a null

it is interpreted as a zero, as shown in the following example:
.=500

;:Stores the values f, 5, and @ in

.WORD

value,

:location 56¢,
;respectively.

502,

and

504,

A statement with a blank operator field (one that contains a symbol
an instruction mnemonic, a MACRO-1l1
than a macro <call,
other
1is interpreted during assembly as an
directive, or a semicolon)
implicit .WORD directive, as shown in the example below:
.=440

LABEL:

:Stores the value 1@ in location 440

100,LABEL

;and

the value 440

location 442.

NOTE

to
technique
this
wuse
You should not
generate .WORD directives because it may
PDP-11
future
in
included
be
not
assemblers.

6.3.3

ASCII Conversion Characters

The single quote

(')

and the double quote

(")

<characters

are

unary

Used in
operators that can appear in any MACRO-11 expression.
value
expression
16-bit
a
cause
characters
these
s,
MACRO-11 expression
to

be generated.

When the single quote is used, MACRO-11 takes the next character in
the expression and converts it from its 7-bit ASCII value to a 16-bit
expression value. The high-order byte of the resulting expression
The 16-bit wvalue 1is then used as an
(0).
value 1is always zero
For example, the statement:
expression.
the
absolute term within
MOV

#'A,R0O

moves the following 16-bit expression value into register 9:

[oooooooo|01000001|
-—Binary Value of ASCII A

Thus the expression 'A results in a value of 101(8).

by
followed
be
character must not
(')
The single quote
carriage-return, null, RUBOUT, line-feed, or form-feed character;
it is, an error code (A) is generated in the assembly listing.

a
1if

GENERAL

When

the

double

quote is
expression
and

the

value
as

from
an

their

7-bit

absolute

ASSEMBLER

used,

MACRO-11 takes
converts
them to a

ASCII

term

values.

within

moves

the

This

the

statement:
MOV

DIRECTIVES

the

next two
16-bit binary

16-bit

value

expression.

For

characters

expression

then

used

example,

the

#"ABR0
,

following

16-bit

expression

value

into

|01000010|01000001|
Binary Value
Binary Value

Thus

the

The

double

must

not

form-feed
assembly

The ASCII

6.3.4

expression

quote

"AB

(")

results

chaeracter,

followed

character;

1if

set

ASCII

value

the

is,

listed

error

ASCII

f41191(8).

single

carriage-return,

listing.,

character

quote

null,

code

in Appendix

(')

RUBOUT,

(A)

character,

line-feed,

generated

the

A.1l.

.ASCII Directive

"ASCfi]

Format:
-ASCII

where:

/string

string

1/.../string

string

printable

ASCII
characters.
The
line-feed, RUBOUT, and all other
non-printable ASCII characters, except
carriage-return
and
form-feed,
cause an error code (I)
if used in an
.ASCII
string.
The
carriage-return
and
form-feed
vertical-tab,

null,

characters

are flagged with an error code
characters end the scan of the line,

these

MACRO-11

end

from

the

detecting

character

the

matching

string.

sign

semicolon
the

string
match,

used,

code

the

(A)

the

delimiters
other than

may
the

left angle
bracket
(<),
or
the
Note at end of section), as long as
character is not contained
within
the

itself.

(see

delimiting

text
not

(=),

(;)

because
preventing

delimiter

represent delimiting characters.
These
be
any
paired
printing
characters,

equal

(A)

.(ASCII

the

illegal

directive

assembly

delimiting
delimiting

listing.

flagged

characters

character

with

error

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

The

.ASCII

directive

translates

character

strings

1into

their

7-bit

ASCII
equivalents
and
stores
them
1in
the
object
module.
A
non-printing
character
can
be
expressed
only
by
enclosing
its
equivalent
octal
wvalue
within
angle
brackets.
Each set of angle
brackets so used represents a single character.
For example,
1in 'the
following

statement:

.ASCII
the

<15>/ABC/<KA+2>/DEF/<5><4>

expressions

non-printing
eight

bits

<15>,

absolute

Angle brackets can
character
string,
usual significance
example,

the

<A+2>,

characters.

data

<5>,

and

Each

<4>

represent

bracketed

the

wvalues

expression must

less.

reduce to

be embedded between delimiting
characters
1in
the
but
angle
brackets
so used do not take on their
as delimiters
for
non-printing
characters.
For

statement:

.ASCII

/ABC<Kexpression>DEF/

contains a single ASCII character string, and performs
no
evaluation
of the embedded, bracketed expression.
This use of the angle brackets
is shown in the third example of the .ASCII directive below:
.ASCII

/HELLO/

;Stores

the

binary

representation

;of the letters HELLO
;consecutive bytes.

.ASCII

/ABC/<K15><12>/DEF/

/A<K15>B/

;Stores
;of

the

A,B,C,carriage

;return,line

feed,D,E,F

;consecutive

bytes.

;Stores

;of

the

;and

the

six

semicolon (;) and equal sign (=) can
used as delimiting characters in the
string, but care must be exercised in so
doing because of their significance as a
comment
indicator
and
assignment
operator,
respectively,
as illustrated

.ASCII

examples

below:

;ABC;/DEF/

;Stores the binary
;representation of
;the
characters
;A,

;not

and

six

;consecutive

bytes;

recommended

;practice.,

consecutive

The
be

the

eight

binary representation

characters

five

binary representation

characters

NOTE

bytes.

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

.ASCII

/ABC/;DEF;

DIRECTIVES

;Stores

the binary
;jrepresentations of
; the characters A,

;B,

and

three

;jconsecutive

bytes;
characters D,

;the
;E,

and

;treated

;

are
a

;comment.

.ASCII

/ABC/=DEF=

;jStores

the

binary

;representation

;the

;B,

characters
¢,

and

six

;consecutive
;hot

bytes;

recommended

;practice.
An

equal

sign

treated

assignment
operator
when
the first character in the

illustrated

.ASCII

the

=DEF=

it appears as
ASCII string,
following example:

;The

direct

;assignment
;operation

; .ASCII=DEF

1is

;performed,

and

;syntax

;1s

error

generated

;encountering

;second

6.3.5

.ASCIZ

(Q)

upon
the

sign.

|.ASCIZ [

Directive

Format:

.ASCIZ

where:

/string

string

1/.../string

is
a
string
of
printable
ASCII
characters.
The
vertical-tab,
null,
1line-feed, RUBOUT, and all other
non-printable ASCII characters, except carriage-return
and
form-feed,
cause an error code (I)
if used in an

.ASCIZ
string.
The
carriage-return
and
form-feed
characters
are flagged with an error code (A) because
they end the scan of
the
1line,
preventing
MACRO-11
from

detecting

the

matching

delimiter.

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

represent delimiting characters.
These delimiters may
other than the
characters,
printing
paired
any
be
the
or
(<),
bracket
equal sign (=), the left angle
semicolon

(;)

(see Note

in Section 6.3.4),

the delimiting character is not contained

as long as

the

within

text
string
itself.
If the delimiting characters do
not match or if an
illegal
delimiting
character
is
directive is flagged with an error
.ASCIZ
the
used,
code

(A)

the assembly listing.

LASCII directive described
the
to
The .ASCIZ directive is similar
except that a zero byte is automatically inserted as the final
above,
character of the string.

Thus, when a list or text

the last byte can effectively determine the
reflected

string

has

the

string,

been

an .ASCIZ directive, a search for the null character in

with

created

the

coding

end

below:

CR=15

LF=12

JASCIZ

HELLO:

<CR>XLF>/MACRO-11 V@5.08/<CR>XLF>

;Introductory message

. EVEN

18S:

MOV
MOV

#HELLO,R1
#LINBUF ,R2

;Get address of message.
;Get address of output buffer.

BNE

18S

;If not null, move another byte.

MOVB

.3.6

(R1)+, (R2)+

.RADSO

;Move a byte to output buffer.

[.RADS50]

Directive

Format:

.RADS@

where:

/string

string

1/.../string

represents a series of characters to be

packed.

The

string
must
consist of the characters A through Z, 0
through 9, dollar sign ($), period (.) and space
( ).
An illegal printing character causes an error flag (Q)
to be printed in the assembly listing.
If fewer than three characters are to be
packed,
string
is
packed left-justified within the word,
trailing spaces are assumed.

the
and

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

DIRECTIVES

with the .ASCII
directive
(described
in
Section
6.3.4), the vertical-tab, null, line-feed, RUBOUT, and
all
other
non-printing
characters,
except
carriage-return

and

if used in
form-feed
because

form-feed,

preventing

MACRO-11

from

delimiter.

cause

a .RAD50 string.
The
characters
result
in
these characters end the

error

code

(I)

carriage-return
and
an
error
code (A)
scan
of
the
line,

detecting

the

represent delimiting characters.
These
be
any
paired
printing
characters,

matching

delimiters may
other than the

equal sign (=), the left angle
bracket
(<),
or
the
semicolon
(;)
(see
Note in Section 6.3.4), provided
that the delimiting character is not contained
within
the
text string itself.
1If the delimiting characters

not match or if an illegal delimiting
used,
the
.RADS5@
directive is flagged
code (A)
in the assembly listing.

The

.RADS5@

packed

directive

format.

into sixteen
be stored in
shown

allows

the

Radix-50

user

form

below:

.RADS5@

/ABC/

.RADS@
.RADS®

/AB/
/ABCD/

.RADS50

/ABCDEF/

character

the

1is

(SPACE)

; Packs

translated

ABC

1into

Radix-50

into

first

second

word,

word.

into

1its

Radix-50

equivalent,

(C1,C2,C3)

are

Equivalent

35
36-47

equivalents

for

characters

follows:

Radix-50

through

Value

((Cl*54)+C2)*50+C3

Value

ABC

example:

Radix-50
to

DEF

(undefined)
-9

Refer

can
are

For

packed

1-32

Radix-50
be

word.

Octal

(space)

Radix-50

(SPACE)

into

table:

A-Z

combined

in
to

ABC into one word.
; Packs AB (SPACE) into one word.
; Packs ABC into first word and

following

Character

The

data

characters

; Packs

;second

indicated

three

is
error

bits (one word);
therefore, any 6-character
symbol
two consecutive words.
Examples of .RADS5@ directives

Each

generate

allows

character
with

Appendix

A.2

for

table

((1*50)+2)*50+3
of

Radix-5¢

3223(8)

equivalents.

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

Angle

brackets

special

codes

example

below:

.RADS@

(<>)

must

are

used

inserted

/AB/<K35>

the

;Stores

.RAD5¢

the

3255

text

directive

string,

whenever

shown

the

one word.

CHR1=1

CHR2=2
CHR3=3

.RAD50

6.3.7

Temporary

Radix-50

;Equivalent

Control

.RAD50

/ABC/.

Operator

Format:

“"Rccc
where:

ccc

represents

converted

maximum
a

three characters
third
character
specified, it is
are

The

"R operator

specifies

format.
This
The following

used

pack

characters
value.

are
specified,
are ignored.
1If
assumed that the

than

any
following
the
fewer than three are
trailing
characters

that

argument

converted

allows up to three characters to be stored
example shows how the "R
operator
might

3-character

file type

specifier

(MAC)

into

in
be
single

word.

MOV #"RMAC,FILEXT
The

three

Radix-50

blanks.

Radix-50
one word.
l16-bit

16-bit

number

assembled
characters

sign

(#)

directly
MAC are to

stored

f.3.8

L.PACKED

location

;Store
used

RADS0 MAC as

indicate

file

immediate

extension

data

(data

into
object
code).
"R
specifies
be converted to Radix-50.
This
value

that
1is

the
then

FILEXT.

[.PACKED]

Directive

Format:

. PACKED decimal-string[,symbol]

where:

decimal-string

represents
31(19)

the

range

sign,
counted

symbol

a
@

long.

but
a

assigned

number

decimal

digits

number
Each

The

1is

not

digit

from
must

number

may
have
a
required and is not

digit.

value

decimal

equivalent

digits

the

string.

the

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

The

DIRECTIVES

.PACKED directive generates packed
decimal
data,
2
digits
Arithmetic
and
operational properties of packed decimals
to those of numeric strings.
Below
1is
an
example
of

byte.
similar

per
are
the

.PACKED directive.
.PACKED

-12,PACK

; PACK

. PACKED

+500

; 500

gets

1is

value

packed

.PACKED

-@,SUM

;SUM

packed

.PACKED

1234E6

;Illegal

gets

value

packed

decimal

number

;E6 will be treated as a
;and given a value of 4

6.4

RADIX AND NUMERIC

6.4.1

Radix

Any

numeric

Control
or

octal

radix

would

below,

and

useful.

programmer

program depending

FACILITIES

Unary Control

expression

wvalue

CONTROL

value

default.
By

variable

declare

his

needs.

MACRO-11

source

Occasionally,

using

may

Operators

the

MACRO-11

radix

program

however,

facilities

affect

term

read

alternate
described

entire

NOTE

When

two or more unary operators
appear
together,
modifying
the same term, the

operators

right

are

applied

the

term

from

left.

6.4.1.1 .RADIX Directive

l.RADlX]

Format:

+.RADIX

where:

represents
Any

value

one

the

other

three

than

radices:

null

one

2,
of

and
the

10.
three

acceptable radices will cause an error code (A)
in the
assembly listing.
If the argument n is not specified,
the octal default radix is assumed.
The argument
(n)

Numbers

used

always

MACRO-11

read

source

decimal

program

value.

are

initially

considered

be
octal
wvalues;
however, with the .RADIX directive you
alternate radices applicable throughout the source program
specific portions of the program.

can
or

declare
within

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

Any

alternate

directive
such

radix

remains

directive,

.RADIX

declared

effect

until

for

general,

radix
Where

macro

;Reverts

radix.

with

expression
values
described below.

6.4.1.2

through

the

occurrence

definitions

established

program,

program

by the

;Begins a section
;decimal radix.

should

the

octal

not

.RADIX

another

wused
within
exists within

recommended

that

temporary

Temporary Radix

Control

the

having

rely

directive.

using

the

code

contain

.RADIX

control operators should be
a
possible
radix conflict

source

altered

example:

.RADIX

settings

the

DIRECTIVES

a
a

user

Rather,

radix

temporary

macro
definition.
macro definition or
specify

radix

numeric

control

operators

Operators

Formats:

"D"number"
“0"number"
"B"number"”

("number"
("number"
("number"

These

three

radix

for

macro

definitions).

unary

is evaluated
is evaluated
is evaluated

operators

allow

the

as a decimal number)
as an octal number)
as

user

binary number)
to

establish

alternate

a
single
term.
An alternate is useful because after you
have specified a radix for a section of code or have
decided
to
use
the
default
octal radix, you may discover a number of cases where an
alternate radix is more convenient or desirable
(particularly
within

for example,
radix.

might

Creating

best

Thus an
alternate
radix
localized
requirement
in
control

operator

effect

operator

used

affects

anywhere

associated
during

The

with

assembly

expressions

temporary

may

other

radix

only

the
as

the

up-arrow

the

radix

are

control

and

the

control

(used

through

the

check

use

bit

status),

binary

time

regardless

within

immediately

value

radix

1is

the

program.

following

legal.

control

the
The

it,

term

operator

(or

will

radix

Because

the

may

expression)

evaluated

entity.

representative

the

methods

specifying

operators:

Decimal Radix
Octal Radix
Binary Radix
Octal Radix
radix

operator

separated by spaces
multi-element
term

alternate radix
the last of the

term

16-bit

below

word

be
declared
temporarily
to
meet
a
source
program.
The temporary radix

any

temporary
a

mask

declarations

numeric

"D123
"0 47
"B A0001101
“0<A+13>
The

can
the

used

radix

accomplished

control
and

the

operator may not be separated,
but
following term or expression can be

tabs for legibility or formatting purposes.
or
expression
that
is
to be interpreted in
should be enclosed within angle brackets, as shown
four temporary radix control expressions above.

A
an

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

DIRECTIVES

The

following example also illustrates the use of
angle
brackets
to
delimit an expression that is to be interpreted in an alternate radix.
When using the temporary radix control operator
only
numeric
wvalues
are

affected.

with

respect

Any

the

symbols

radix

.RADIX

.WORD

“O0O<KA+10>*10

used

with

the

effect

their

operator

the

will

evaluated

declaration.

A=10

When

the

temporary

evaluated,

180

also

allows

number,

above

expression

the

immediately

100 .
1376.
128.

The

radix

yields

.WORD

MACRO-11

following

temporary

followed

Equivalent
Equivalent
Equivalent

expression

forms

.WORD

equivalent

radix

change

by a decimal

to
to
to

are

directive

above

1is

statement:

decimal

point

(.),

function

to:

specifying

shown below:

144(8)
2540 (8)
20@(8)

equivalent

"D1oa
"D137A
"D128

6.4.2

Two

Numeric

Directives

storage directives
simplify
the
use

These

facilities

program,

and

two

allow

and

numeric

floating-point

numbers.

Unary Control

Operators

numeric

the

control
floating-point

floating-point
values

floating-point number is represented
The
string
(which
can
be
a single

data

operators are

hardware on

The

number

may

not

contain

<created
or

1in

treated

the

by a string of decimal
digits.
digit in length) may contain an

optional decimal point and may be followed
by
indicator
in
the
form
of the letter E and a
exponent.

complemented

available
the PDP-11.

embedded

an
optional
exponent
signed decimal integer
blanks,

tabs

angle

brackets
and
may not be an expression.
Such a string will
one or more errors (A and/or Q) in the assembly listing.

result

The

distinct,

list

valid

numeric

representations

the

same

below

contains

floating-point

seven

number:

As can be inferred, the list could be extended indefinitely
(3000E-3,
.P3E2, and so on).
A leading plus sign is optional (3.0 is considered
to be +3.4).
A leading minus sign complements the sign bit.
No other
operators

are

allowed

(for

example,

3.0+4N

illegal).

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

All

floating-point

numbers

are

DIRECTIVES

evaluated

format:

bits

the

following

EEEEEEEE

MMM.... .MMM

Mantissa

Exponent

(55 bits)
(8 bits)

Sign

bit)

MACRO-11 returns a value of the appropriate size and precision via one
of
the
truncated

floating-point
or rounded (see

Floating-point

numbers

floating-point

number

the

stored,

the

low-order

the

are

number

needed

unretained

field

are

normally

exceeds

high-order

bit

directives.
The
Section 6.2.1).

the

bit

stored

express

1its

added

the

2-word

least

retained
field (see illustration below).
to enable floating-point
truncation;
to

floating-point

rounding

Bit

(see

Table

added

For

but more

than

highest

bit

example,

(32)

(@)

bits

the
the

is
to

6-3).

Bit

)

Retained
field

1is

The .ENABL FPT directive
.DSABL
FPT
1is
used

Bit

0 32

word

when

in which

below.

significant

used

return

the

may

1is,

field

shown

field,

value,

returned

That

the

unretained

word,

exact

the

rounded.

limits

retained

values

Unretained
field

All

numeric
operands
associated
with
Floating
Point
Processor
instructions
are
automatically
evaluated
as
single-word, decimal,
floating-point values unless a temporary
radix
control
operator
is

specified.
the

must

For

example,

floating

accumulator

contents

(floating)
zero,

the
the

octal

constant

following

41040

instruction

used:

ADDF
where:

add

#°041040,F0
is

assumed

Floating-point
~applicable

numbers

represent
are

PDP-11 Processor

floating

described

accumulator
greater

zero.

detail

1in

the

Handbook.

[.FLT2]

6.4.2.1 Floating-Point Storage Directives
Formats:

.FLT2

argl,arg2,...

.FLT4

argl,arg2,...

I'FLT4I

GENERAL

where:

argl,arg2,...

ASSEMBLER

represent
numbers

DIRECTIVES

one
or
more
described
1in
arguments must
be

floating-point

Multiple

Section

6.4.2.

separated

commas.

-.FLT2

causes

while

.FLT4

two

words

the .WORD directive,
stored in the object

6.4.2.2
unary

complemented

the

with

the

control

example,

TAG4:

Because

the

generated

for

each

evaluated

argument,

argument.

and

the

“"C

and

results

in
are

Operators:
specify

evaluated
to

during

specify

argument

assembly.

eéergument

that

The
is

°C

The

“F

unary

1l-word

that

control

("C)

operators

can

used

described

anywhere

above,

the

source

construction
before being

numeric

program

that

1is
evaluated
complemented.

by
For

statement:

“C151

1's

wvalue

are

value is legal.
Such a
a
16-bit
binary
value

.WORD
the

storage

Control

vyou

1is

following

16-bit
form is

number.

radix

the

module.

vyou

operator

an expression
MACRO-11
as

words

arguments

allows

floating-point

causes

storage

four

Temporary Numeric
operator

operator

generates

complement

1in

the

program.

value

The

151

(octal)

resulting

value

stored

expressed

octal

177626(8).

argument

construction

are

regarded

may
be
applied
construction:

is
a

unary operator,

term.

single

Thus,

term.

For

the

than

operator
one

unary

example,

the

and

its

operator

following

“C"D25
causes

the

resulting

decimal

value

binary

value,

when

complemented

expressed

during

1in

octal

assembly.

form,

reduces

The

177746 (octal) .

The

term

created

operator

can

elements.

through

For

the

used

example,

use

alone

the

of
in

following

the

temporary

combination

numeric

with

other

control

expression

construction:

“C2+6
is

equivalent

function

to:

<"C2>+6
This

expression

plus
the
resulting

significant

shown

argument

is evaluated during assembly as a 1's complement of 2,
absolute
wvalue
of
6.
When these terms are combined, the
expression
value
generates
a
carry
beyond
the
most

bit,

leaving

above,

when

the

are

coded

should
be
used
readability.

000@@3(8)

temporary
a

term

delimiters

the

reduced value.

numeric
within

control

ensure

operator

expression,

©precise

angle

and

its

brackets

evaluation

and

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

is a unary operator

“F, as stated above,

you

allows

specify

For example,

number.

MOV

the

numeric

for

which

control

argument that is a l-word floating-point

statement:

following

$"F3.7,R0

the

creates a l-word floating-point number at location A+2 containing
value 3.7

formatted as shown below.

BIT 15
S

EEEEEEEE

MMMMMMM

Sign (1 bit)

Exponent (8 bits)

Mantissa (7 bits)

The importance of ordering with respect to unary
below.

operators

1is

shown

"Fl1.0
=
"F-1.0
=
-"Fl.0
=
=
-"F-1.0

040200
140200
137600
037600

like
1is,
The value created by the "F unary operator and its argument
an
in
or
itself
by
used
be
can
that
“C and its argument, a term
expression.

For

example:

"C"Fbh.2
is

equivalent

to:

“"C<"F6.2>

Again,

the use of angle brackets

1is

advised.

Expressions

wused

terms or arguments of a unary operator must be explicitly grouped.

6.5

LOCATION COUNTER CONTROL DIRECTIVES

The directives used

counter

described

and

in the

in controlling the value of the

reserving

following

Several MACRO-11 statements
bytes

storage

space

current

location

in the object program are

sections.

(listed below)

may cause an odd number

allocated:

.BYTE directive

.BLKB directive

.ASCII or

.0DD directive

.PACKED directive

A direct assignment statement
of
the
form
.=.+expression,
which results in the assignment of an odd address value.

.ASCIZ directive

6-37

GENERAL

cases

that

instruction
value,

but

assembly

yield

odd

address

automatically
that

ASSEMBLER

‘value,

forces

instruction

listing.

DIRECTIVES

the

flagged

the

1location
with

word-boundaried

counter

error

code

(B)

even

the

6.5.1

LEVEN Directive

I'EVENI

Format:
. EVEN

The
an

.EVEN directive
even

value

ensures

adding

that

the

current

location

value

odd.

location counter is already even, no action is
taken.
following an .EVEN directive are flagged with an error

assembly

The

listing.

.EVEN

directive

.ASCIZ

/This

used

6.5.2

contains

current

the

Any
operands
code (Q)
in the

follows:

test/

. EVEN
-WORD

counter

sEnsures that the next statement
;begin on a word boundary.

XYZ

will

.0DD Directive

Format:
.0DD

The
an

.ODD
odd

directive

value

ensures

adding

that
the

the

current

location

value

counter

even.

1If

contains

the

current

location counter is already odd, no action
is
taken.
Any
operands
following an .0DD directive are also flagged with an
error code (Q) in

the

assembly

listing.

[.BLKB]
6.5.3

.BLKB and .BLKW Directives

Formats:

.BLKB

exp

« BLKW

exp

6-38

I'BLKWI

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

where:

exp

represents the specified number of bytes or words to be
Any expression that is
reserved in the object program.
an
to
reduces
that
and
time
assembly
at
defined
absolute

value

1is legal.

assembly

1listing.

1If the expression specified

in either of these directives is not an absolute value,
statement is flagged with an error code (A) in the
the

incorrect

object

following

phase

Furthermore,

(P)

the

file

errors.

.BLKB

and

and may cause

However, if no argument
is assumed.

.BLKW directives.

;

-i 000000
‘g 000000

; 000002

ig 000122

statements

with

object

is present,

module;

the

Figure 6-6 illustrates the use

;+Illuntratn use of +BLKB and +BLKW directives

.
+PSECT IMPURE,D»GBLRW
COUNT! +BLKW 1
iCharacter counter

MESSAG: +BLKE

CHRSAV! .BLKB

2% 000123
14 000124

Figure 6-6

.BLKB directive

following

expression

These directives should not be used

directive reserves word blocks.

of the

The

code

.BLKB directive reserves byte blocks in the

.BLKW

the

.BLKB/.BLKW directive to be flagged

without arguments.
a default value of

The

1if

forward reference (a reference to a symbol
previously
defined),
MACRO-1l1
generates

a
contains
that is not

FLAG!?

+BLKB

MSGPTR!

+BLKW

Example of

80.

iMessade text buffer
iSaved character

iFlag bute

iMessage buffer rointer

.BLKB

and

.BLKW Directives

in a source program has the

same

effect

the

statement:

.=.+expression

which

value

causes

the value

the

of the

location

expression to be added

counter.

The

easier to interpret in the context of the
appears and is therefore recommended.

the

current

.BLKB directive, however,
source

code

6.5.4 JLIMIT Directive

which

1is

l-L'M'Tl

Format:

.LIMIT

To know the upper and lower address boundaries of the image
1is
often
desirable.
When
the
J.LIMIT
directive
1is
specified in the source
program, MACRO-11 generates the following instruction:
. BLKW

causing

two storage words to be reserved

1link time,

in the object module.

the lowest address in the load image
6-39

Later,

(the initial value

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

SP)

the

inserted

first

free

reserved

the first reserved
following the image

word,

linking,

2-word

boundary.

the

TERMINATING

size

the

DIRECTIVE:

image

and
the
address
of
inserted into the second

word.

During

6.6

into

word

DIRECTIVES

rounded

upward

the

nearest

.END
|

.END DIRECTIVE

Format:

. END

where:

[exp]

exp

represents
present,

the

expression

the

wvalue

program-entry

which,

point,

a valid occurrence of the .END directive,
assembly pass.
Any text beyond this point
or in additional source files
identified
be ignored.

in
in

address

where

the

program

begins.

MACRO-11 encounters
terminates
the
current
the current source file,

the

command

line,

will

|if

which

transfer

When

optional

1indicates

When

creating an image consisting of several object modules, only
one
object
module may be terminated with an .END exp statement (where exp
is the starting address).
All other object modules must be terminated
with
an
L(END
statement (where .END has no argument);
otherwise, an
error

message

specified
location

addressing

will

issued

1in

any

the

image

the

and

code

used,

(0)

however,

the

assembly

the

error

source
code

6.7

PROGRAM

The
for

MACRO-11
program

section

program
(E)

input

results

SECTIONING

listing.

not

the

The

.END

terminated

statement

with

.END

(see

begin

odd

a
macro
eXpansion
or
used, it is flagged with
may

a
an
be

Section

directive,

listing.

DIRECTIVES

program sectioning directives are used to
sections
(p-sections)
and to establish

attributes

address

execution will
fault
because
of

conditional

assembly

starting

image

used within
if it is so

immediate

6.9.3).

time.

modules,

immediately

error.

The .END statement must not be
conditional
assembly
block;
error

link

object

essential

linking.

6-40

declare
names
certain program

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

[.PSECT|

J.PSECT Directive

6.7.1
Format:

.PSECT

where:

name,argl,arg2,...argn

represents

name

the

symbolic

name

section, as described in Table 6-4.

program

the

and/or

represents any legal separator (comma, tab

’

.
space)

represent one or more of the legal symbolic
with the .PSECT
use
for
defined
arguments
The slash
directive, as described in Table 6-4.

arqgl,
arg2,...
argn

separating each pair of symbolic arguments listed
in the table indicates that one or the other, but

Multiple arguments
not both, may be specified.
g character.
separatin
legal
a
by
must be separated

Any symbolic argument specified in the .PSECT
directive other than those 1listed 1in Table 6-4
will cause that statement to be flagged with an
error code (A) in the assembly listing.
Table 6-4

Symbolic Arguments of .PSECT Directive

Argument

Default

Meaning

NAME

Blank

Establishes the program section name, which is

one to six Radix-50 characters.
as
specified
comma must
a
is omitted,
If this argument

in place of the name parameter. The
appear
Radix-50 character set is listed in Appendix
A.2.

RO/RW

Defines which type of access is
the program section:

permitted
|

RO=Read-0Only Access
RW=Read/Write Access

NOTE

RSX-11M and RT-11

use

only

Read/Write

access.

(continued

on next page)

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

Table

Symbolic

Argument

6-4

DIRECTIVES

(Cont.)

Arguments

Default

I1/D

Defines

the

contents

attribute
calls
to

through

and

body

D=Data.

all

calls

code

regardless

will

the

scope

has

the
on

whether

the

interpreted

attribute,

referenced

has
on
byte

the

1link

even

program

the

are

concatenated

all

referenced

p-section

the

stored

concatenated

even,

Defines

has

are

code

has the
p-section

the

section:

overlaid,

p-section

1is

concatenated

attribute,

p-section

directly.

byte

p-section

program

of overlay

code

bytes.

concatenated

attribute,

the

program
p-section

the

root,

LCL

Directive

Meaning

I=Instructions.

GBL/LCL

&‘MV‘“W%

.PSECT

the

1is

odd

section,

time:

NOTE

The

GBL/LCL

case

arguments

single-segment

the

total

program

segment

LCL=Local.

local

1If

the

program

allocation

the

memory

will

only
in

nonoverlaid
arguments
have

GBL/LCL

because

apply

overlays;

the

building

programs,

the
meaning,

allocation
into

the

for
root

image.

object

module

section,

then

contains

the

storage

for that module
will
remain
in
segment
containing
the
module.
Many

modules

this

can

contribute

Same

program

allocation

either
segment,
argument

(allocate
section;

memory)

for each contributing
concatenated
or overlaid

depending

below)
.

the

program

the

section

(continued

6-42

the

module
is
within the
allocation

(see

memory

CON/OVR

page)

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

Table 6-4

(Cont.)

.PSECT Directive

Symbolic Arguments of
Argument

Meaning

Default
GBL=Global.

If a global

program

section

used
1in more than one segment of a program,
all
references
to
the
p-section
are
collected
across
segment
boundaries.
The
program sections
are
then
stored
1in
the
segment
(of those originally containing the
p-sections) that is nearest the root.

NOTE

RT-11
the

ABS/REL

REL

stores

the collected p-sections

Defines the relocatability
program

argument

treat

module;
required.
and

attribute

section:

ABS=Absolute
to

root.

(non-relocatable) .

causes
the

The

the
ABS

the linker or task builder

p-section

absolute

is
relocation
no
therefore,
The program section is
assembled

loaded,

address

starting

absolute virtual

The location of
data
1in
absolute
program
sections must fall within the virtual memory
limits of the segment containing the program
section;
otherwise,
an
error
results at
link time.
For example, the following code,
although valid during assembly, may generate
an error message
(A)
1if
wvirtual
1location

10000A@

1is

address

space:

outside

the

segment's

.PSECT

ALPHA,ABS

-WORD

virtual

.=.+100000

REL=Relocatable.
The REL argument causes
the
linker
or
task
builder
to
treat
the
p-section as
a
relocatable
module
and
a
relocation
bias
1is
added
to all location
references within the program section making
the references absolute,
(continued

page)

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES
Table 6-4 (Cont.)
Arguments of .PSECT

Symbolic

Argument

Default

CON/OVR

CON

Meaning

Defines

the

program

section:

allocation

CON=Concatenated.
program

OVR=0verlaid.
section

space

argument

example,

the

The

equaling

memory

forced

the

linker

1is

program

section

.PSECT

omitted,

Save.

The

section

normally.

directive

comma

1linker

that

must

used

image.

blank
Table

the

always

root

allocates

the

position-dependent

its

name
argument
6-4) are assumed

arguments.

may

directive allows

Section

6.7.1.1)

created

(see

(also

program

total

p-section.

The

used

6.7.1.1).

.PSECT

one

for

place.

For

,GBL

.PSECT directive

Section

the

needed

SAV=Save.

shows
a .PSECT directive with
a
argument.
Default
values
(see

The

references

directive:

.PSECT

unspecified

space

storage

the

memory

allocates

program

only

one

Determines where the linker
for the program section:

NOSAV=No

NAME.

largest,

the

allocate

The

concatenated

overlaid;

needed

individual

NOSAV

All

are

references
are

the total
p-section.

the

requirements

All

section

determine

SAV/NOSAV

Directive

and

user

code

Section

6.7.1.2).
p-sections),
vyou

called

without

name

create

and

data

declaring

the

the
GBL
all other

arguments

program

among

and
for

the

(see

sections

(see

has

program

sections
attributes of the

may
declare
the
This allows you to control memory allocation and
at
the
same
time
increases program modularity.
(For a discussion of memory
allocation, refer to the applicable system manual - see Section
#.3 in
the Preface.)
p-sections.

MACRO-11

provides

for

256(10)

program

sections,

program

section

One

default

absolute

One

default

relocatable

RT-11

this

program

section

program

section

unnamed.

6-44

listed

ABS.)
(.

BLK.) *

below:

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

Two-hundred-fifty-four named program sections.

For each program section specified or implied, MACRO-11 maintains
following

information:

the

Program section name

Contents of the current location counter

Maximum location counter value encountered

Program section attributes (described in Table 6-4 above).

6.7.1.1

Creating Program Sections - The first statement of

unnamed

program

source

this causes MACRO-11
program is always an implied .PSECT directive;
to begin assembling source statements at relocatable =zero of the
section.

The first occurrence of a .PSECT directive with a given

name

assumes

that the current location counter is set at relocatable zero. The
scope of this directive then extends until a directive declaring a
different program section is specified. Subsequent .PSECT directives
cause assembly to resume where the named section previously ended.
For

B:
C:

example:

.PSECT

.WORD

)

.WORD

.PSECT
.WORD

ALPHA
)

.WORD

.WORD
.PSECT

:Declares unnamed relocatable program

;section assembled at relocatable
;addresses @ through 5.

;Declares relocatable program section
:named ALPHA assembled at relocatable
;addresses @ through 3.
;Returns to unnamed relocatable

;program section and continues assem-

;bly at

relocatable

address 6.

A given program section may be defined completely wupon encountering
Thereafter, the section can be referenced
its first .PSECT directive.
its name only, or by completely respecifying 1its
by specifying
For example, a program section can be declared through
attributes.
the directive:
.PSECT

ALPHA,ABS,OVR

and later referenced through the equivalent directive:
.PSECT

ALPHA

If arguments are specified, they must be
which requires no arguments.
If the
to the ones previously declared for the p-section.
identical

arguments differ, the arguments of the first .PSECT will remain
effect, and an error code (A) will be generated as a warning.

1in

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

By maintaining

MACRO-11
sequential

shown

separate

allows
but

the

that

SEC1,REL,RO
¢

-.WORD

CLR

.PSECT

SECA,ABS

.WORD

.+2,A

.PSECT

SEC1

INC

labels

counter

labels

-CSECT)

the

first

the

not

iStart

;named

SECA.

(or

program

code

are

27(8).

absolute;

relocatable.
absolute

the

section
relocatable

through

section

other)

program

21(8).

program section
Assemble code at
addresses ¢ through 3.

containing

line

assigned

In the followin§

The

when

likewise,

current

referenced

.PSECT

value

directive

is:

(or

the

takes

into

relocatable

during

loaded,

all

address

assembly

effect.

relative

example,

references

.PSECT

ENT,ABS

CLR

JMP

.PSECT

SEN,REL

relative

the
to

the

SEN,.

MOV

RA,R1

JMP

.WORD

relocatable

the

base

symbols
base

;Assembled as CLR base
;relocatable section +
;Assembled

;relocatable

;Assembled

6-46

JMP

base

section

JMP

the

relocatable

references

named

HALT

.ASECT

current

zero

where

references

section

all

location

respectively.

X
the

.=.+1000
A

section

absolute

relocatable

|
relocatable

Assemble

are

assembly,

relocatable

through

known
be

sections are assembled
referenced section.

program

section,

.PSECT

assigned

will

translated

;addresses

section,
physically

or
location

Thus,

ALT,REL

code

not

program

through

program

section.

sections

;Assemble

program

are

following

assembled
@

Program

each

that

relocatable

saddresses

relocatable

are

statement

label

program

Since

appearing

.PSECT

SECl1

section

absolute

before

sStart
snamed

;addresses

directive

counter

sequentially

;SECl.

(.)

loaded

;jabsolute

an absolute

symbol

for
statements

;Resume

relocatable

relocatable
Any

counters

write

example.

. PSECT

.WORD

labels

can

.WORD

All

location

following

ST:

you

DIRECTIVES

1000.

12(8).
of

6(8).

and

unnamed

program
program

the

are

relocatable

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

NOTE
In

the

preceding

constant

example,

conjunction

using

with

the

current

location counter symbol (.)
in the
form
.=1000 would result in an error, because
constants

are

always

associated

.ASECT

were

used,

ABS.).

absolute

and

the
program's
the
form
.=1000

If
a

program

section

incompatibility would

Section

dicussion

current

3.6

for

location

are

with

detected.

See

the

counter.

Thus,

MACRO-11 provides the linker or task builder with the
necessary
information
to resolve the linkages between various program sections.
Such information
1is
not
necessary,
however,
when
referencing
an
absolute
program
section,
because
all
instructions in an absolute
program

section

6.7.1.2

Code

are

associated

Data

with

Sharing

absolute

Named

relocatable

with
the
arguments GBL and OVR operate
COMMON, that is, program sections
of the
GBL

and

OVR

from

different

argument

CON)

A single
section.

symbol could name both
Considering
FORTRAN

necessary

link

COMMON
where
the

the

6.7.1.3

are

All

/X/

other

concatenated.

accommodate

symbol

fourth

time.

the

element

represents
of

error

section

CON/OVR),

odd

modules

linked program
data from each
sections
(see

are

program

all

loaded

sections

as FORTRAN
arguments
at

(those

internal
symbol
using the same

and

again,

following

that

the

same

with

the

symbolic

program
name is

statement:

when

the

module

the

length

modules

the

starting

ends

the

object

at
To

(except

program

section

The
an

assembler

odd

location.

end

code

contributions

concatenate

unexecutable.
other
and
place
Table

Considerations
a

having

linked

base

and

also

section.

therefore, place odd length data
when
several
modules
contain
program

program

A,B,C,X

Memory Allocation

generate

address.

in the same manner
same name with the

assemblies

location

virtual

module.

attribute

the

last)

may

(see

cause

does

not

You

can,

However,
to

the

Table

same
6-4;

succeeding

odd
locations,
thereby
making
avoid this problem, separate code

them

separately

named

the
and
program

6-4;
1I/D).
The linker
or task builder can then
begin
each
program
section
on
an
even
address.
Refer
to
the
applicable
system manual for further information on memory allocation
of tasks (see Section #.3 in the Preface).

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

DIRECTIVES

|.ASECT|

6.7.2 JASECT and .CSECT Directives

ICSECTl

Formats:
.ASECT

.CSECT

symbol

where:

sypbol

represents

IAS

RSX-11M

assembly-language

and

one

the

.ASECT

all the
PDP-11

will

both

.ASECT

but assembles them as though they
were
default
attributes listed in Table 6-5.
other

MACRO-11

programs

Task
Builders also
directives with the

and

the

.PSECT

6-4.

and

MACRO-11

use

in Table

directives
exclusively, because the .PSECT directive provides
capabilities
of
the
.CSECT
directive
defined
for
other
assemblers.

programs

arguments

and

.CSECT

IAS/RSX-11M

Task

Builders,

treat the .ASECT and .CSECT directives
default values listed in Table 6-5.

Table
Program

Section

directives,

.PSECT
directives
with
the
Compatibility exists between
because

the

.PSECT

6-5
Default

Default

Values

Value

Attribute

.ASECT
.

ACCESS

.CSECT

(unnamed)

‘Type

Scope

GBL

LCL

Relocation

ABS

REL

Allocation

OVR

Note

RT-11

that

this

the

program

section

has

BLK.*

RELV
CON

default

name.

statement:

LCSECT

JIM

identical

.PSECT

ABS.

(named)

name

Name

.CSECT

the

statement:

JIM,GBL,OVR

because the .CSECT default
named program section.

values

GBL

and

OVR

are

assumed

for

the

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

6.7.3

J.SAVE

DIRECTIVES

[SAVE]

Directive

Format:

. SAVE

.SAVE stores the current program section context on
the
top
program
section
context
stack,
while
1leaving
the current
section context in effect.
If the stack is full when .SAVE is
an
error
(A)
occurs,
The stack can handle 16 .SAVEs.
The
section context includes the values of the
current
1location
and
the maximum value assigned to the location counter in the
program

to
the
program
issued,
program
counter
current

section.

See Figure 6-7 for an example of .SAVE.

6.7.4 .RESTORE Directive

l REST.RE

Format:
.RESTORE

The

.RESTORE

directive

retrieves

the

program

the
program
section
context
stack.
.RESTORE is issued, an error (A) occurs.

section

from

If
the
stack
When
.RESTORE

program section, 1t restores the current location counter
it had when the program section was saved.
See

Figure

6-7

for

example

.RESTORE.

6-49

the

top

1is empty when
retrieves
a
to

the

value

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GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

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GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES
6.8

SYMBOL CONTROL DIRECTIVES

The symbol control directives are used to set

the

type

given

symbol.

$.8.1

|.GLOBL|

.GLOBL Directive

Format:

.GLOBL

where:

syml,sym2,...symn

syml,

sym2,...
symn

represent

legal

symbolic

names.

When multiple

symbols
are
specified, they are separated by any
legal separator (comma, space, and/or tab).

.GLOBL directive may also

embody a

1label

field

and/or

comment

field.

The .GLOBL directive is provided to define (and thus
provide
1linkage
to)
symbols . not otherwise defined as global symbols within a module.
In defining global symbols the directive .GLOBL A,B,C is similar to:
==:expression
==3exXpression
C==:expression

==expression
B==expression
C==expression

Because object modules

are

vital
to
a
program.
processing of
a
program

global's

linked

by global

The
following
from
assembly

A::
B::
Cs::

symbols,

these

symbols are

paragraph,
describing
to
1linking,
explains

the
the

role.

In assembling a source program, MACRO-11 produces a relocatable object
module and
a listing file containing the assembly listing and symbol
table.
The linker or task builder joins separately
assembled
object
modules
1into
a
single
executable
image.
During
1linking, object
modules are relocated relative to the base of the module and linked by
global
symbols.
Because
these
symbols will be referenced by other
program modules, they must be singled out as
global
symbols
in
the
defining
modules.
As
shown
above,
the
.GLOBL
directive, global
assignment operator, or global label operator will define a symbol
as
global.

All internal symbols appearing within a given program must be
defined
at
the
end
of assembly pass 1 or they will be assumed to be default
global references.
Refer
to
Section
6.2.1
for
a
description
of
enabling/disabling of global references.

GENERAL

ASSEMBLER

DIRECTIVES

the following example, A and B are entry-point symbols.
The symbol
has
been
explicitly
defined
as
a global symbol by means of the
.GLOBL directive, and the symbol B has been explicitly
defined
as
a
global label by means of the double colon (::).
Since the symbol C 1is
not defined as a label within the current assembly, it is an
external
(global)
reference if .ENABL GBL is in effect.

subroutine

external

subroutine

with

entry

points

which

calls

Define

TME

.PSECT

.GLOBL

A:
X:

B::

;Declare

;iDefine

MOV

@(R5)+,R0A

MOV

;Define

#X,R1

entry

JSR

PC,C

;Call

RTS

;Exit.

;Define

MOV

(R5)+,R1

CLR

External

symbols

MACRO-11

can

directive

appear

direct

CLR

unnamed

entry

the

program

global

point

subroutine

point

operand

field

reference,

section.

symbol.

shown

instruction

the

examples

EXT

.WORD

EXT

CLR

@EXT

External

symbols

shown

external

below:

the

may

also

appear

term

within

below:
CLR

expression,

EXT+A

.WORD EXT-2

CLR
An

@EXT+A (R1)

undefined

direct

external

assignment

assembly

directive

symbol

cannot

statement

(see

Sections

as
3.3,

used

the

argument

6.9.1

6.8.2 .WEAK Directive

and

evaluation

conditional

6.9.3).

l 'WEAKI

Format:

.WEAK

where:

syml,sym2,...sSymn

syml

represents

sym2,...

symbols

symn

legal

.WEAK

SUB1,SUB2

are

legal

symbolic

specified,

separator

(comma,

names.

they

are

space,

When multiple
separated

and/or

any

tab).

Example:

The

.WEAK
field.

directive

may

also

embody

label

field

and/or

comment
WM,WWWW%

GENERAL ASSEMBLER~DIRECTIVES
The

.WEAK directive

"externally
module.
specified

another

used

module

specify

symbols

defined

This
directive
suppresses
external symbols.

object

that

are

globally
library

either

defined

in the current

searches

for

When the
.WEAK
directive
specifies
a
symbol
that
1is
externally
defined,
it
1is
<considered a global symbol.
TIf the linker finds the
symbol's definition
in another module, it uses
that
definition.
If
the linker does not find an external definition, the symbol is given a
value of #.
The linker does not
search
a
library
for
the
global
symbol,
but
if a module brought in from a library for another reason
contains the symbol's definition, the linker uses that definition.
If a symbol that is defined in the current module is specified by
the
.WEAK
directive, the symbol is considered globally defined.
However,
if the current module is inserted in an object library, the symbol
is
not
inserted in the library's symbol table.
Consequently, the module
is not found when the library is searched at link time to resolve
the
symbol.

NOTE

The

.WEAK directive

the

RT-11

V5.8

is only supported

LIBRARIAN

(LIBR)

by
and

LINKER
(LINK).
Support
1is
not
yet
implemented
in
the
RSX-11 taskbuilder
(TKB) or librarian (LBR).

6.9

CONDITIONAL ASSEMBLY

Conditional

DIRECTIVES

assembly directives

allow you

include or

of source code during the assembly process, based on the
stated condition tests within the body of the program.

exclude

blocks

evaluation of

|.IF

$.9.1 Conditional Assembly Block Directives

I”ENDcl

Format:

.IF

cond,argument(s) ;Start conditional assembly block.

range

;Range of conditional

assembly block.

.EfiDC

;End of conditional assembly block.

G ENERAL ASSEMBLER

where:

cond

represents

DIRECTIVES

specified

met

condition

that

must

if
the
block
is
to be
included in
assembly.
The conditions that may be tested

the

conditional

in Table

6-6.

represents

and/or
arg ument (s)

any

legal

represent(s)

condition

« ENDC

condition

argument,

line

other

null

flagged

than

those

argument

with

Condition

Tests

for

defined

(comma,

space,

argument (s)

code
or

condition

that

excluded,

either

depending

met.

conditional assembly block.
This
be present to end the conditional

listed

specified

error

are

specified conditional test.
thus
a
function
of
the
tested
(see Table 6-6).

assembly,

the

block.

symbolic

the
are

body

the

code

Table
Legal

terminates the
directive must

test

separator

the

whether

assembly

represents
included
upon

directives

tab).

expression(s) of
These arguments

range

assembly

the

Table

6-6,

1illegal

.IF

directive

causes

(A)

the

assembly

listing.

that

6-6

Conditional

Assembly

Directives

Conditions

Positive

Complement

Arguments

Expression

Assemble

Block

If:

Expression

(or

1is equal
equal to 7).

not

Expression

Expression
is
than
@
(or less
equal to g).

Expression

EXpre$sion
(or

to
DF

NDF

greater

greater
than
or

is less
than

than 0
equal

A4).

Symbolic

Symbol

argument

defined).

Macro-type

Argument

argument

non-blank).

defined

(continued

(or

blank

not

(or

page)

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

Legal Condition Tests for Conditional Assembly Directives
Conditions

Positive

Two macro-type

DIF

IDN

Assemble Block If:

Arguments

Complement

arguments

are

Arguments

(or different).

The

.IF

conditional

DIF

IDN/.IF

identical

directives

are
not
case
alphabetically
sensitive
by
default.
The user may enable these
case
be
to
directives
the
using
by
sensitive
(.ENABL
option
. ENABL
LCM).

NOTE

(which is

A macro-type argument

symbolic

is enclosed

with

denoted

within

(as described

form

argument), as shown below,
an

angle

brackets

up-arrow construction

in Section 7.3).

<A,B,C>

~/124/

An example of a conditional assembly directive follows:

.IF EQ

:Assemble block if ALPHA+1=0

ALPHA+1

. ENDC

The two operators & and ! have

special

meanihg

within

and

NDF

symbols

SYM1

conditions, in that they are allowed in grouping symbolic arguments.
&

Logical AND operator

Logical

For example,
.IF DF

inclusive OR operator

the conditional assembly statement:
SYM1

SYM2

. ENDC

results in the assembly of the conditional block if the

and SYM2 are both defined.

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

Nested

conditional

Conditional
Conditional

directives

take

the

Assembly

Directive

Assembly

Directive

DIRECTIVES

form:

. ENDC
« ENDC
For

example,

the

.IF

SYM1

.IF

SYM2

following

conditional

directives:

. ENDC
« ENDC
can

govern

outermost

nested

whether

assembly

condition

conditional

Each conditional
directive.
An
assembly

block

listing.
MACRO-11

assembly

.ENDC

occur.

within

block
with

nesting

Any
statement
flagged with an

the

deeper

the

program

example

level

above,

the

evaluation

occurs.

be
terminated
with
an
L(ENDC
encountered
outside
a conditional
error

depth

that
error

must

directive

flagged

unsatisfied,

statements

permits

levels,
depth is

1is

code

16(10)

(0)

the

assembly

conditional

assembly

attempts
to exceed this nesting
code (0)
in the assembly listing.

level

IFF

IFT
6.9.2

Subconditional

Assembly

Block

AFTF

Directives

Formats:
. IFF
«IFT
.IFTF

Subconditional

blocks

The
-

directives

may

indicate:

assembly
the

block

tests

placed

alternate

within

body

false.

conditional

code

when

The

assembly of a non-contiquous
body
of
conditional
assembly block, depending upon
conditional test in entering the block.

The unconditional
assembly
conditional assembly block.

body

the

code

the

assembly

condition

within

result

code

within

the

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

The subconditional directives are described in detail
1in
Table
6-7.
If
a
subconditional directive appears outside a conditional assembly
block, an error code (0) is generated in the assembly listing.

Table

Subconditional

6-7

Assembly Block

Directives

Subconditional

Directive
.IFF

Function
If

the

condition

conditional

following

tested

assembly

upon

block

this directive,

1is

and

entering
false,

continuing

the

the
code

next
occurrence of a subconditional directive or
the end of the conditional assembly block, is to
included in the program.

.IFT

to
be

If
the
condition
tested
upon
entering
the
conditional
assembly
block
1is
true,
the
code
following this directive, and continuing up
to
the
next
occurrence of a subconditional directive or to
the end of the conditional assembly block, is to
be

.IFTF

included

The code

following

the

result

implied

argument

the

program.

this directive,

occurrence

the

1included

1in

end
the

conditional

The

the

and continuing

subconditional

conditional

condition

assembly

program,

tested

directive

block,

1is

regardless of

the

wupon

entering

the

block.

subconditional

directive

1is

the

condition

test
specified
upon
entering
the
<conditional
assembly
block, as
reflected by the initial directive in the conditional coding
examples
below.
Conditional or subconditional directives in nested conditional
assembly blocks are not evaluated if the previous (or outer) condition
in
the
block
1is
not
satisfied.
Examples 3 and 4 below illustrate
nested
directives
that
are
not
evaluated
because
of
previous
unsatisfied

conditional

coding.

EXAMPLE

Assume

symbol

.IF DF
.

SYM

that

SYM

defined.

;Tests TRUE, SYM is defined.
;the following code.

.IFF
.

;Tests FALSE.
;assemble the

.IFT
.

;Tests TRUE. SYM is defined.
;ble the following code.

. IFTF

;Assemble

;ally.

SYM is defined.
following code.

following

code

Assemble

not

Assem-

uncondition-

GENERAL

+IFT

ASSEMBLER

;Tests

;ble
;bly

TRUE.

DIRECTIVES

SYM

remainder
block.

defined.

conditional

Assem-—

assem-

. ENDC
- EXAMPLE

Assume

that

symbol

defined,

.IF

;Tests

TRUE,

.IF

;Tests

FALSE,

iTests

TRUE,

. IFF

;assemble

.1IFT

;Tests
;Do

defined

symbol

the

symbol

assemble

the

that

is
Y

symbol

not

defined.

following

FALSE,

not

and

not

defined.

defined,

code.

not

defined.

following

code.

. ENDC
. ENDC
EXAMPLE

‘

Assume

that

symbol

+.IF

MOV

defined

and

that

symbol

not

;Tests TRUE. A is defined.
;Assemble the following code.

A,AR1

.IFF

;Tests

FALSE.

;assemble
MOV

.IF

defined.

the

R1,R@

NDF

iNested

defined.

following

conditional

;evaluated.

not

code.

directive

not

« ENDC
« ENDC
EXAMPLE

Assume

that

symbol

;Tests

FALSE,

defined.
.1F

;Do

.IF

not

;Nested

not

Symbol

assemble

sNested

and

that

not

following

directive

subconditional

evaluated.

symbol

defined.
code.

not

directive

evaluated.

;Nested

;hot

the

conditional

;evaluated.,

;hot

defined

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

6.9.3

Immediate

Conditional

Assembly Directive

Format:

IIF
where:

cond,arg,statement

cond

represents

for
,

one

represents

and/or
arg

the

legal

condition

assembly

blocks

any

legal

separator

the

argument

tests

Table

defined

6-6.

(comma,

space,

tab).

represents

conditional

immediate
symbolic

<conditional
argument,
or

described

represents
argument

Table

the

and

associated

directive;
macro-type

the

6-6.

separator

the

with

an expression,
argument,
as

between

the

field.

statement

conditional
the

preceding

argument is an expression, then
a
comma
must
used;
otherwise, a comma, space and/or tab may

be
be

used.
statement

represents

the

specified

condition

statement

assembled

satisfied.

An immediate conditional
assembly
directive
provides
writing
a
1l-line
conditional
assembly
block.
The

a
means
use
of

for
this

directive requires no terminating .ENDC statement and the condition to
be
tested
1is
completely
expressed
within
the line containing the
directive.

For

example,

the

.IIF

generates

the

BEQ

the

with

Table

immediate
FOO,BEQ

conditional

statement:

ALPHA

code
ALPHA

symbol

FOO

defined

the

.IF

directive,

6-6,

1illegal

.JIF directive

results

within

the

condition

argument,

an error

code

source
test
a

other

null

(A)

program.

than

argument

the

those

listed

specified

assembly listing.

in
an

GENERAL ASSEMBLER

6.1

FILE

The

MACRO-11

CONTROL
file

DIRECTIVES
control

macro

library

1lists

being

currently

used,

6.10.1

LLIBRARY

DIRECTIVES

directives

and

insert

are
a

used

source

add

file

into

the

names
source

to
file

| .LIBRARY |

Directive

Format:

.LIBRARY

where:

string

represents

delimited

specification

The

.LIBRARY directive

searched.

undefined
libraries

which
If

opcode
that

they were

any

.LIBRARY

was

are
is

name

that

1is

the

file

1list

that

library.

macro

searched

library

whenever

.MCALL or

within
a
MACRO-11
program.
The
are searched in the reverse order in

the

MACRO-11

omitted

string

macro

from

The

assembler.

the

macro

default

and

for

other

used

follows:

1library

file

systems

argument,

specification

for

SY:.MLB.

/DBl: [SMITH]USERLIB/
?DK:SYSDEF.MLB?
\CURRENT .MLB\

searches

the opcode field
by .ENABL MCL.

1is

assumed.

directive

LIBRARY

file

1list

DK:.MLB,

. LIBRARY
. LIBRARY
MACRO-11

encountered
up the list

specified

wvalues

MACRO-11/RT-11
The

is
make

information

default

adds

library

all

and

macro

the

libraries

auto-mcall

option

finds

has

been

unknown

symbol

previously

enabled

NOTE

you

are

operating
the

using

MACRO-11

system,

following

you

two

with an
RT-11
should be aware of

restrictions.

The

device
driver
for the specified device
that the .LIBRARY file resides
on
must
already
be loaded,
either
explicitly
with
the
KMON
LOAD
command,
or
implicitly by reference to the device on

the

original

second

limit

that

may

twelve

MACRO-11

restriction

the

number

minus

specified

there

files

.(LIBRARY

there

The

The
is

files
limit is

files
line.

can be a
maximum
of
MACRO-11/RT-11 command

eight
line,

the

number
MACR0O-11

there

least

for

files.

are at
.LIBRARY

specified.
the

line.

that

command

1in

Since

command
1is

four

available

slots
e

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

l ‘lNCLUDE I

6.10.2 LJ.INCLUDE Directive
Format:

. INCLUDE

where:

string

represents a delimited string
that
1is
specification of a macro source file.

the

file

The .INCLUDE directive is used to insert
a
source
file
within
the
source file currently being used.
When this directive is encountered,
the current source file is stacked and the source
file
specified
by
the
directive
is
read
into
memory.
When the end of the specified
source file is reached, the original source file is
popped
from
the
stack
and
assembly
resumes
at the line following the directive.
A
source file can also be inserted within a source file that has already
been
specified
by the .INCLUDE directive.
1In this case the original
source file and the
first
source
file
specified
by
the
.INCLUDE
directive
are
stacked
and
the second specified source file is read
into memory.
When the end of the second source file is
reached,
the

first
specified
source
file
1is
popped from the stack and assembly
resumes at the line following the directive, and when the end
of
the
file is reached, the original source file is
source
specified
first
popped from the stack and assembly of that file is
started
again
at
the line following the .INCLUDE directive.
The maximum nesting
of source files specified by the .INCLUDE directive is five.
If

any

information

is omitted from

the

source

file

argument,

level

default

values are assumed.
The default file specification for MACRO-11/RT-11
is DK:.MAC, and for other systems it is SY:.MAC.
The

.INCLUDE directive

.INCLUDE

used

follows:

/DR3:[1,2]MACROS/
?DK : SYSDEF?

. INCLUDE

:File MACROS.MAC

\CURRENT.MAC\
NOTE

If you are using MACRO-11 with an
RT-11
operating
system, the device driver for
the specified device that
the
.INCLUDE
file
resides on must already be loaded,
either explicitly
with
the
KMON
LOAD
command,
or
implicitly by reference to

the

device

command

line.

the

original

MACRO-11

CHAPTER
MACRO

7.1
By

DEFINING
using

DIRECTIVES

MACROS

macros

sequence

programmer

lines

into

A macro definition

can

source

is headed

use

single

1line

1insert

program.

by a

.MACRO directive

(see Section 7.1.1)

followed by the source lines.
The source lines may optionally contain
dummy arguments.
If such arguments are used, each one
1is
1listed
1in
the

.MACRO

A macro

call

name

directive.

(see

the

followed

arguments

Section

macro
by

used

into

the

7.3)

the

real

the

source

statement

program.

arguments

used

needed

program.
arguments

Macro

directives

Only

one

provide

the

1is

means

allowed

manipulate

per

source

the

MACRO

macro
dummy

lines

the

line.

into

replacement

macro

the
the

expansions.

Each directive

have a blank operand field or one or more
operands.
differ
with
each
directive.
The
macros
and
directives are detailed in this chapter.

7.1.1

the
any

macro.

Included
1in this insertion
by the real arguments.

directive

programmer

replace

Macro expansion is the insertion of the macro source
main
dummy

the

consists

may

Legal
operands
their
associated

| .MACRO|

Directive

Format:

[label:]
where:

label
name

.MACRO

dummy

represents

the

macro.
be
;

name,

used

This
as

represents

and/or

tab).

argument

optional

statement

user-assigned

name
label

any

may

any

elsewhere

legal

list
label.

symbolic

legal
in

the

separator

name

symbol

the

and

may

program.
(comma,

space,

MACRO

where:

dummy

represents

argument

3.2.2)

list

macro

that

can

comment

may

error

code

the

dummy

ABS

A,B

first

statement

1in

legal

(see

the

program

directive

illegal

The

symbol

scan

and

the

dummy

Multiple

this

the

Section

body

These

separator.

argument

macro

label.

elsewhere

terminates

(A)

with
dummy

may

detection

dummy

causes

generated.

list

below:
.MACRO

The

any

list

symbols

definition.

duplicate

argument

shown

used

legal

anywhere

even

specified

separated

appear

conflict

arguments

number
may

definition,

symbols
no

DIRECTIVES

.MACRO

with

;Defines

macro

ABS

definition

must

label

directive,

two

arguments.

.MACRO directive.

NOTE

Although

1legal

appear

.MACRO

practice

1is

the

case

because

directive,

discouraged,
of

nested

invalid

constructed

character

for

will

the

cause

ignored.

This

NOTE
.REPT.

also

the

macro
may

applies

definitions,

labels

concatenation

This

improper
termination
definition,

and

especially

macro

labels

with

to
this

directive
result

the

macro

.IRP,

.IRPC,

7.1..2 .ENDM Directive

l'ENDM__l

Format:

. ENDM
where:

[name]

name

represents
name

an
the

optional
macro

argument
being

directive.

specifying

terminated

the
the

Example:
. ENDM

;Terminates
;macro

. ENDM

ARS

the current
definition.

;Terminates
;jmacro

the

current

definition

named

ABS.

MACRO

I1f

specified,

the

macro

name

DIRECTIVES

the

.ENDM

statement

must

match

the

name
specified in the corresponding .MACRO directive.
Otherwise, the
statement is flagged with an error code (A) in the
assembly
1listing.
In
either
case,
Specifying the macro
to

detect

the
name

missing

current
macro
definition
1is
terminated.
in the ,ENDM statement thus permits MACRO-11

.ENDM

statements

improperly

nested

macro

definitions.

The .ENDM directive must not have
attached,
it
will
be ignored.
directive will be ignored.
The

.ENDM directive

may

a
1If

label,
If
a
an illegal label

followed

comment

legal
label
is attached,

field,

is
the

shown

.ENDM

below:
-.MACRO

TYPMSG

JSR

R5, TYPMSG

MESSGE

.WORD

MESSGE

;Type

. ENDM
The

final

;End

statement

every

message.

of TYPMSG

macro

macro.

definition

must

directive.
The
.ENDM directive is also used to terminate indefinite
repeat blocks (see Section 7.6) and may be used
to
terminate
repeat
blocks

(see

Section

7.7).

7.1.3 .MEXIT Directive

!-MEX'TI

Format:

+MEXIT

The

.MEXIT

directive

may

used

terminate

macro

expansion

before

the
end
of
the
macro is encountered.
This directive is also legal
within repeat blocks (see Sections 7.6 and 7.7).
It is most useful in
nested
macros.
The .MEXIT directive terminates the current macro as
though an .ENDM directive had
been
encountered.
Using
the
.MEXIT
directive
bypasses
the complexities of nested conditional directives
and alternate assembly paths, as shown in the following example:

-.MACRO

ALTR

.IF

N,A,B

;jStart

conditional

.MEXIT
. ENDC

;Terminate macro
;End conditional

. ENDM

;Normal

assembly

where

the

dummy

symbol

end
is

assembly

block.

expansion.
assembly block.

of macro.
replaced

zero

(see

Table

6-6),
the
.MEXIT
directive would assemble the conditional block and
terminate the macro expansion.
When
macros
are
nested,
a
.MEXIT
directive causes an exit to the next higher level of macro expansion.

7-3

MACRO

.MEXIT

with

7.1.4
A

directive

error

encountered

code

(0)

the

DIRECTIVES

outside

assembly

macro

flagged

MACRO Definition Formatting

form-feed

character

used

within

macro

eject
during
the
assembly
of
the macro
however, is not performed when the macro is
Conversely,

when

the

.PAGE

directive

is
ignored
during
the
assembly of
eject is performed when that macro is

7.2

definition

listing.

CALLING

definition

causes

definition.
expanded.

used

the macro
expanded.

macro

page

eject,

definition,

but

page

MACROS

Format:

[label:]
where:

name

label

real

arguments

represents

name

real

optional

represents

the

directive

.MACRO

represent

name

symbolic

statement
the

(see

macro,

dummy

arguments

listed

When

multiple

arguments

Section

arguments

label.

specified

which

the

replace

.MACRO

occur,

they

macro

definition

directive
expanded

When

symbol

(see
within

macro
in

determined

must

Section
the

name
the

the

7.3

before

the

means

macro

;ABS

1is

defined

ABS

;ABS

considered

ABS

#4 ,ENT,LAR

;ABS

Multiple

arguments

separated

3.1.1.

one

MACRO

DEFINITIONS

within
of

the

macro

their

usage

can

the

.MACRO

called

and

a user label, the appearance
of
the
designates the symbol as a macro call;
the operand field designates it
as
a

(R@) ,R1

separated

the

definition.

MOV

ARGUMENTS

Section

field

the appearance of the symbol
label, as shown below:
ABS:

macro

program.

same

operator

the

established

7.1.1)

source

the

directive.

are

any legal separator.
Arguments
to
call are treated as character strings,

1in

7.1.1).

macro
legal

AND

macro

MACRO

definition

label.

call.

CALLS

separating

macro

call

characters

must

described

be
in

MACRO

Macro

definition

arguments

DIRECTIVES

(dummy)

and

macro

call

arguments

(real)

normally
maintain
a
strict
positional
relationship.
That is, the
first real argument in a macro call corresponds with the
first
dummy
argument
in a macro definition.
Only the use of keyword arguments in
a macro call can override this correspondence (see Section 7.3.56).

For example, the following macro definition and its
call

contain

multiple

.MACRO

REN

associated

macro

arguments:

A,B,C

REN

ALPHA,BETA,<C1,C2>

Arguments which
themselves
contain
separating
enclosed in paired angle brackets.
For example,
REN

causes

the

<MOV

entire

MOV

replace

all

up-arrow

part
used

of
in

the
the

X,Y>,#44 ,WEV

expression

occurrences

the

within
treated

a
as

the

symbol

the

macro

definition.

macro
call are considered to be character
a single entity during the macro expansion.

() construction allows angle brackets to
argument.
This construction, for example,
above macro call, as follows:

REN
causing

X,
Y

Real
arguments
strings and are
The

characters
must
the macro call:

be
passed
as
could have been

“/<MOV X,¥Y>/,#44 ,WEV
entire

character

string

<MOV

X,¥>

passed

argument.

Because

when

the

passing

use

the

up-arrow

"R, "F ...).
These arguments must
shown
below)
or
MACRO-11
will
up-arrow as a delimiter.
REN
The

<°0

following

shown

argument

above,

care must

("0,

taken

"D,

"B,

be enclosed in angle
read
the
character

brackets
following

(as
the

and
(see

because
the
and it is not

call:

#44 ,WEV~/MOV X,Y/

contains only two arguments
(#44
up-arrow
1is
a
unary
operator

shown

411>,X,Y

macro

REN

preceded

(")

an argument beginning with a unary operator

the

argument

separator.

examples

constructions

WEV /MOV
X,Y/),
Section
3.1.3)

above,

spaces

can be

used

increase the legibility of

within

bracketed

such expressions.

MACRO

7.3.1

Macro

Nesting

Macro

nesting

occurs

another.

dynamic

memory

pass

macros,

angle

depth

used

argument

enclose

brackets,

where

The

expansion

nesting

source

containing

the
each

the

.MACRO

LEVEL1

LEVEL2

<DUM1>

LEVEL2

<DUM2>

program

the

macro

being

the

call

amount

assembled.

definition

below.

nesting

includes

upon

delimiters

macro

sequence

1level

macro

one

depends

argument

1in

coding

allowed

legal

argument

shown in
brackets
for
not

the

definition,

the

DIRECTIVES

nested

within

angle

This

extra
set
of
required in the macro

call.

DUM1,DUM2

. ENDM
.MACRO

LEVEL2

DUM3

DUM3
ADD

#10,40

MOV

RA, (R1)+

. ENDM

call

the

LEVEL1

‘LEVELl
causes

the

macro

shown

below,

for

example:

R2,R0G>

expansion

occur:

X,R0O
#10,R0

MOV

R#, (R1)+

MOV

R2 ,R0

ADD

#10 ,R0

MOV

RA, (R1)+

definitions

wuntil

example,

X,RO>,<MOV

ADD

When macro
called

<MOV!

following

MOV

macro,

the

are

outer
following

-MACRO

LV1

A,B

.MACRO

LV2

nested,
macro

the
has

inner
been

definition

called

coding:

and

cannot

expanded.

be
For

. ENDM
. ENDM

the LV2 macro cannot be called and expanded until
been
expanded.
Likewise,
any
macro
defined
definition cannot be called and
expanded
until
expanded.

the
LVl
macro
has
within the LV2 macro
LV2
has
also
been

MACRO

Special Characters

7.3.2

DIRECTIVES

in Macro Arguments

If an argument does not contain spaces, tabs, semicolons, or commas it

may

special characters without enclosing them in a bracketed

include

For

construction.

example:
ARG

.MACRO

PUSH

MOV

ARG,-(SP)

. ENDM

X+3(%2)

PUSH

causes

following

the

code

to be generated:

X+3(%2),-(SP)

MOV

Passing Numeric Arguments as Symbols

7.3.3

If the unary operator backslash

treats

argument,

(\) precedes an

the

macro

that argument as a numeric value in the current program radix.

The ASCII characters representing this value are inserted in the macro

and

expansion,

resulting code,

CON

A,\B

INC

A,B

. ENDM
.MACRO

CON

A,B

.MACRO

B=B+1

.WORD

A'B:

their

function

1is

defined

1in

as shown in the following example:

the

context of the

:B is treated as a number in current
;program radix.

;A'B is described in Section 7.3.7.

« ENDM

X,C

INC

C=0

The above macro call

would thus expand to:

.WORD

(INC)

the concatenation
results from
In this expanded code, the label X@:
The single quote (') character in the label
arguments.
real
of two
passed
as they are
concatenates the real arguments X and @
A'B:
This type of argument construction
during the expansion of the macro.
is described

in more detail

A subsequent call
.WORD

X1:

and so on,

in Section 7.3.7.

to the same macro would generate the following code:

for later calls.

The two macro definitions

are

necessary

because the symbol associated with dummy argument B (that is, C)
cannot be updated in the CON macro definition, because the character 0@
In the CON macro
in the argument string (INC X, C).
C
replaced
has
(Where
definition, the number passed is treated as a string argument.
the

value

passed

the

the macro

real

argument is @, only a single @ character is

expansion.)

MACRO

Passing

numeric

listings.
conditional
through

the

coding

ID in

source

this

example,

assemblies

such

the symbol

values

For

program

that

the

manner

single

call

IDT

. IDENT

/V@1.'SYM/

;jon

macro

7.3.4
A

macro

(Q)

call

the

defined

the

macro

than

Table
The

Creating
is

can

number

(Section

often
as

the

noted

symbols

30000

without

than

the

update

program.

conditional
used

arguments

within
can

Section

3.5,

the

n$,

form

65535,

numerical

300005

300018
»

655348

655358

also

expanded

subsequent

macro

.IF

and

detect

determined

macro.
a

macro
calls

MACRO-11

where

inclusive.
as

can

the

label

call.
to

the

can

be
unique

macro.

order,

code

.IF

missing

using

the

Automatically

each

directives

the

7.4.1).

with

expanded

arguments

error

1If fewer
arguments
appear
definition, missing arguments are

described,

If
more
definition, an

macro

argument

ID.

listing.

macro

The

Symbols

takes

value.

arguments.

far

issuing

through

MACRO-11

the

Calls

duplicating labels.
This concern
feature
of
MACRO-11
that
creates
a

symbol

2-digit

symbol

thus

avoid

required

the

that

elsewhere

to:

required

facilities

specified

6-6)

Local

assembly

values.

7.3.5

careful

the

call

directive

label

null

expand

in Macro

with

call

-NARG

macro

value

macro

(see

then

of Arguments

can

arguments.

would

numeric

generated

assumed

V@1

equated

identified

example,

/V01.6/

the

Number

appear

that

for

through

\ID

. IDENT

been

source

created

can

Assume,

unique

;jversion

IDT

where

iWhere

above

has

;Assume

identifying

program

SYM

programs

below.

(IDT)

. ENDM

The

useful

source

shown

value

.MACRO

versions

the macro

DIRECTIVES

conventional

must

The
same

macro

eliminated

symbol

Such

local

shown

below:

integer

symbols

be
to

through

a
is

label

create

within

are

must
order

where

automatically

decimal

explicitly

user

the

1local

range
created
by

MACRO DIRECTIVES

This automatic generation is invoked on each call

whose

macro

definition contains a dummy argument preceded by the question mark (?)
character, as shown in the macro definition below:

.MACRO

ALPHA, A,?B

TST

BEQ

ADD

#5,A

;Contains dummy argument B preceded by

;question

mark.

. ENDM

A local symbol is created automatically by MACRO-11 only when

the

argument

macro

call

real

is either null or missing, as shown in

Example 1 below. 1If the real argument is specified in the macro call,
however, MACRO-11 inhibits the generation of a local symbol and normal
argument replacement occurs, as shown in Example 2 below. (Examples 1
and 2 are both expansions of the Alpha macro defined above.)
Create a Local Symbol for the Missing Argument:

EXAMPLE 1:

ALPHA

TST

ADD

#5,R1

;Second argument is missing.

;Local symbol is created.

3000058

BEQ

30000S:

Do Not Create a Local Symbol:

EXAMPLE 2:

ALPHA

R2,XYZ

sSecond argument XYZ is specified.

XYZ

;:Normal argument replacement occurs.

TST

ADD

#5,R2

BEQ

XYZ:

Automatically created local symbols are restricted to the first 16(10)
arguments of a macro definition.

Automatically created local symbols resulting from the expansion of a
macro, as described above, do not establish a local symbol block in
their

right.

own

When a macro has several arguments earmarked for automatic 1local
symbol generation, substituting a specific label for one such argument
argument
risks assembly errors because MACRO-11 constructs its
substitution 1list at the point of macro invocation. Therefore, the
appearance of a 1label, the .ENABL LSB directive, or the .PSECT

directive,

the

macro

expansion

will

create a new local symbol

block. The new local symbol block could leave local symbol references
in the previous block and their symbol definitions in the new one,

Furthermore, a later
causing error codes in the assembly listing.
in the new block may
symbols
local
«creates
that
expansion
macro
duplicate one of the symbols in question, causing an additional error
code (P)

in the assembly listing.

MACRO

7.3.6

Keyword

DIRECTIVES

Arguments

Format:
name=string

where:

The

name

represents

the

dummy

string

represents

the

real

keyword

argument

unless

delimited

Macros

may

a keyword
definition, the

call.

macro

argument

whether
match

keyword
list
of

argument.

real

the

string

keyword
dummy

the
the

real

the

separators

keyword

arguments.

with,

appears

specified

argument

that

matches

was

entire

argument

specification

argument

may

list

of a macro
ordering of the

anywhere

also

;

Define

;

list

real

with
is

but, in
arguments,

argument

becomes
the

real

specified

name,

keyword.
as

If
the

9
10

in
the
dummy
argument
the positional ordering of

this

anywhere

case,

does

not

macro

having

keywords

dummy

argument

-MACRO

TEST

.WORD

CONTRL

. WORD
.WORD

BLOCK
ADDRES

CONTRL=1,BLOCK,ADDRES=TEMP

;

000000
000000

several

000A00G

TEST

A,B,C

.WORD

times

00802

QOAOGAG

Bo0AN4

.WORD

QORAGOG

«.WORD

TEST
.WORD

ADDRES=2¢ ,BLOCK=30,CONTRL=40
40

20
21

invoke

;

Now

000006
Po0006

@AO0040

00001¢

QO0O30

00a012

.WORD

000020

.WORD

TEST

BLOCK=5

000014

0@0oR01

P0P016
000020

.WORD

GOOGAS5

.WORD

5
TEMP

00000AG

.WORD

the

affect

. ENDM

;

list

the

treated

specified

call

.LIST

defined

part

the

string

argument

argument.

5
6

argument

7.3.

dummy

keyword

positional

embedded

called

argument may be specified
a macro definition and is

argument

argument.

in the dummy argument list of a macro
becomes the default real argument
at

argument

however,

the

fails,

positional

specified

symbolic

Section

and/or

appears

call,
not

with,

contain
in

argument

When

for

not

described

defined

When

macro

may

argument,

MACRO DIRECTIVES

23 000A22

.WORD

@0PRO5

00P026

00O000G

.WORD

BO0OG0

0AGB24

TEST

00GG22

BABG30

.WORD

TEST

.WORD

00AB01

AAGA30

000032
pOGR34

0G40
000042

VARIAB

0A00AD
0OABBOG

.WORD
.WORD

TEMP

00e0n1

TEST
.WORD

OROPOQ
NEFOROC

.WORD
.WORD

ADDRES=JACK!JILL
1

ApA0e1

. END

27 0A0B36
0peG36

CONTRL=5,ADDRES=VARIAB

|
JACK!JILL

Concatenation of Macro Arguments

7.3.7

(')
The apostrophe or single quote character
delimiting character in macro definitions.

operates as a legal
A single quote that

precedes and/or follows a dummy argument in a macro definition 1is
removed, and the substitution of the real argument occurs at that
point.

.MACRO

A'B:

in the following statements:

For example,
.ASCIZ
.BYTE

DEF

A,B,C,

/C/
''A,''B

. ENDM

when the macro DEF is called through the statement:
X,Y¥Y,<{MACRO-11>

DEF

it is expanded,

XY :

.ASCIZ

/MACRO-11/
'X,'Y

.BYTE

expanding

terminates

follows:

the

upon

first

1line,

the

scan

for

the

first

finding the first apostrophe (') character.

argument

Since A

The scan then
is a dummy argument, the apostrophe (') is removed.
The two
argument.
dummy
another
as
noted
also
is
B
resumes with B;
real arguments X and Y are then concatenated to form the 1label XY:.

The

third

this

field.

dummy argument is noted in the operand field of the .ASCIZ

directive, causing the real argument MACRO-11

7-11

substituted

MACRO

When
of

evaluating
the

character.
argument,

then

the

second

Since
this

argument

the

and

1is

upon

(')

apostrophe

7.4

(')

MACRO ATTRIBUTE

MACRO-11

has

attributes

three
of

the

comma

followed

(,).

likewise

the

The

7.4.1

are

the

macro

DIRECTIVES:

.NARG

(')

dummy

apostrophe

that

.NCHR,

allow

.NARG,

the

AND

user

.NCHR,

in
by

apostrophe

generate

two

.NTYPE

and

arguments

below.

(Four

definition

expansion.)

.NARG,

arguments:

described

third

discarded.

macro

these directives permits selective modifi
cations
depending
on
the
nature
of
the

directives

expansion

apostrophe

@ dummy argument and again remain
s
(and last)
apostrophe is followed

and

directives

macro

nor

during

first

necessary

characters

the

the macro expansion.
The scan
which is followed
by
a
dummy
discarded.
The
scan
of argument A is

followed by
The fourth

argument

directive

with

preceded

remains

therefore

were

.BYTE

begins

apostrophe,

encountering

dummy

characters

the

scan

neither

second

neither preceded nor
the macro expansion.
another

the

apostrophe

encounters

terminated

arguments

1line,

DIRECTIVES

determine

.NTYPE.

of
a macro
being

The

certain
use

expansion,

passed.

These

|-NARG|

Directive

Format:

[label:]
where:

-NARG symbol

label

represents

symbol

represents

any

legal

equated

the

number

the

macro

symbol

call

.NARG directive

arguments

the

-NARG directive
appears

listing.
An

can
elsewhere,

example

the

used

macro

appear
an

.NARG

only
error

error

currently

within
a
code
(0)

directive

label.

symbol.

This

non-keyword

being
specified, the

determine

call

statement

currently

not

flagged with
listing.

The

optional

7-12

shown

is
in

expanded.
.NARG

code

(A)

the

number

being

symbol
arguments

directive

the

expanded.

assembly

non-keyword
Hence,

macro
definition;
is generated in the

Figure

7-1,

the

if
it
assembly

MACRO

DIRECTIVES

NARG

VONOCUADUEMN-

+TITLE
+ENABL
+LIST

LC
ME

$} Examrle of the .NARG directive
-

+MACRO

NULL
+ NARG
«IF EQ
+MEXIT
«IFF

NUM
SYM

+REPT
NOP
+ENDM
+ENDC

NUNM

SYM

+ENDM
NULL

000000

+ NARG
+IF EQ
+MEXIT
+ IFF
+REPT

000000

SYM
SYM

NOF

+ ENDNM
+ENDIIC
21
22

000000

NULL
+ NARG

000001

+IF EQ
+MEXIT
« IFF
+REPT
NOP
+ENDM
NOFP

000006

000000
000002
000004
000006
000010
000012
23
24

000240
000240
000240
000240
000240
000240

SYM

NOP
NOP

NOP

NOP
NOF

+ENDC

+END

000001

Figure 7-1

SYM

.NARG Directive

Example of

[.NCHR]}

.NCHR Directive

7.4.2
Format:

[label:]

where:

.NCHR symbol,<string>

label

represents an optional statement label.

symbol

represents

legal

any

This

symbol.

symbol

characters
of
number
the
to
equated
symbol
If a
specified character string.
specified,

the

error

(A)

code

represents
and/or

tab).

any

.NCHR directive

in
1is

1is

the
not

flagged with an

the assembly listing.
legal

separator

(comma,

space,

MACRO

represents

DIRECTIVES

string

the
character
(comma, space,
be

enclosed

up-arrows
not

detected

because

character

string

evaluation),
an

error

printable

within

(7).

match

I1f

angle
Dbrackets
(<>)
delimiting
characters

the
the

the

code

characters.

string
contains a legal separator
and/or tab) the whole
string
must

ending

delimiter

a
(thus

syntactical
prematurely

.NCHR

directive

(A)

the

cannot

error
in
terminating

the
its

flagged

with

assembly

listing.

The

.NCHR directive, which can appear anywhere in a MACRO-11
is used to determine the number of characters in a specified
string.
This directive is useful in calculeting the length

program,
character
of
macro

arguments,

example

the

.NCHR

directive

shown

Figure

+TITLE

NCHR

+ENABL
+LIST

LC
ME

7-2.

2
3
4

]
é

i+
i Illustrate
;-

the

|
.NCHR directive

8
STRING

MESSAG

+« NCHR

$$$,MESSAG

+WORD

$$¢

12
13
14

+ASCII
+EVEN

/MESSAG/

15
16

+MACRO

+ENDM
000000

MSG1¢
000005

000000
000002
000003

0000095
110
145

000004
00000%

154
154

000006

157

STRING
+ NCHR

$$$:Hello

<Hello>

+WORD
+ASCII

$%38
/Hello/

+ EVEN
17

000001

Figure

7.4.3

NTYPE

7-2

+END

Example

.NCHR

Directive

[ .NTYPE]

Directive

Format:

[label:]
where:

label
symbol

.NTYPE

symbol,aexp

represents

equated

any

legal

statement

label.

symbol.

This

symbol

following
specified,
error

optional

code

the
6-bit
addressing
mode
expression (aexp).
If a symbol
the

.NTYPE

directive

(A)

assembly

the

flagged

listing.

of
1is
with

the
not
an

MACRO DIRECTIVES

any

represents

and/or

legal

separator

space,

(comma,

tab).

as used
represents any legal address expression,
If no argument is specified, an
with an opcode.
assembly
1in the
appear
will
(A)
error code

aexp

listing.

The .NTYPE directive is used to determine the addressing mode of a
specified macro argument. Hence, the .NTYPE directive can appear only

if it appears

within a macro definition;
with an error code (0)

elsewhere,

in the assembly listing.

flagged

1is

An example of the use of an .NTYPE directive in a macro definition
shown

1is

in Figure 7-3.

1
2

3
4

+TITLE

NTYPE

+ENABL
+LIST

LC
ME

$ Illustrate the «NTYPE directive

+«MACRO

10
11
12

+IF EQ

SAVE
+NTYPE
$$8%70

MOV

ARG~ (SP)

iSave in redister mode

MOV

$ARG» - (SP)

$}Save in non-redister wmode

SAVE

+ IFF

+ENDC
+ENDM

16
17
18

19 000000

000000

000001

0101446

+NTYFE

+IF EQ

ARG
$$$,AR0G

$%$$870

$$$,R1

MOV

Ri»-(SP)

$iSave in redgister wmode

MOV

$R1,»~-(SP)

$iSave in non-redister mode

+IFF

+ENDC
20

21 000002

000002
22

000067

000006

000000

000001

Figure 7-3

For additional
Chapter 5

+NTYPE

+IF EQ

$3$%70

TEMP

$$$>TEMP

MOV

TEMP»~-(SP)

$Save in redister mode

MOV

$TEMP»-(SP)

iSave in non-redister wmode

+WORD

« IFF

0127446

23 000006
24

SAVE

+ENDC

TEMFP!

+END

Example of .NTYPE Directive in Macro Definition

information

and Appendix B.2.

concerning

7-15

addressing

modes,

refer

MACRO

7.5

.ERROR AND

DIRECTIVES

.PRINT

DIRECTIVES

. ERROR

[expr]

['ERROR]

Format:

[label:]
where:

label
expr

represents

optional

statement

label.

represents

optional

expression

whose

output

when

during
;

the

.ERROR

directive

value

encountered

assembly,

denotes

text

;text

the

represents

beginning
the

message

the

text

associated

directive.

string.
with

the

.ERROR

The .ERROR directive is used to output messages to
the
listing
file
during
assembly
pass
2.
A common use of this directive is to alert
the user to a rejected or erroneous macro call or to the existence
of
an
1illegal
set
of
conditions
in
a
conditional assembly.
1If the
listing file is not specified, the .ERROR messages are output
to
the
command

Upon

output

encountering

MACRO-11

For

outputs

an
a

.ERROR

single

directive

line

anywhere

source

pProgram,

containing:

The sequencé number of the .ERROR directive statement

The

The value of

The

error

example,

.ERROR
causes

device.

code

value

source
the

line

(P)

the

current

the expression,

line

containing

following

;Invalid
in

the

location

Loc,.

Exp.

No.

Value

512

0R5642

Q00AA76

if one

the

is specified

.ERROR

directive.

directive:

macro

following

Seq.

counter

argument

form

output

the

listing

file:

Text

.ERROR

7-16

;Invalid

macro

argument

MACRO DIRECTIVES

[-PRINT]
The .PRINT directive is identical in function to the .ERROR directive,
except that it is not flagged with the error code (P).

7.6

INDEFINITE REPEAT BLOCK DIRECTIVES:

.IRP AND

.IRPC

An indefinite repeat block is similar to a macro definition with
only
At each expansion of the indefinite repeat range,
one dummy argument.
real
~of a
elements
this dummy argument is replaced with successive
the repeat directive and its associated range
Since
1list.
argument
are coded in-line within
the
source
program,
this
type
of
macro
definition
and
expansion does not require calling the macro by name,
previously
macros
conventional
the
as required in the expansion of
described

this

chapter.

An indefinite repeat block can appear either within or outside another
macro definition, indefinite repeat block, or repeat block.
The rules
for specifying indefinite repeat block arguments are the same
as
for
specifying macro arguments (see Section 7.3).

,lRP

7.6.1 J.IRP Directive
Format:

[label:]

.IRP sym,<argument

(range of

indefinite

list>

repeat block)

-»

. ENDM

where:

label

represents an optional

statement label.

NOTE

Although

legal

for

label

appear

on
a8
J.MACRO
directive, this practice is
discouraged, especially
1in
the
~case
of
nested
macro definitions, because invalid
labels
or
labels
constructed
with
the
concatenation
character
will
cause
macro directive to be ignored.
This
result
in
improper
termination
of
macro definition.

This NOTE

also

applies

.IRPC

and

the
may
the

.REPT.

MACRO

sym

represents

DIRECTIVES

dummy

argument

that

replaced

with

successive
real
arguments
from within the angle
brackets.
If no dummy argument is specified,
the
.IRP
directive
1is flagged with an error code (A)
in the assembly listing.
’

represents

and/or
{argument

list>

any

legal

separator

(comma,

space,

tab),.

represents

1list

real

arguments

enclosed

within
angle
brackets
that is to be used in the
expansion of the indefinite repeat range.
A
real
argument

may

multiple
separator

must

(comma,

arguments

range

consist

arguments
are

represents

one

separated

space,

specified,

the

block

and/or
no

more
tab).

action

code

characters;

by any

1legal
no

repeated

for
each
occurrence
of
a
real argument
list.
The
range
may
contain
other
definitions,
repeat
ranges
and/or
the
directive (see Section 7.1.3).

. ENDM

real

taken.

indicates the end of the indefinite

once

in the
macro
.MEXIT

repeat

block

range.

The

.IRP directive

real

arguments

process

occurs

used

specified

during

the

replace

1in

dummy

argument

expansion

argument
string.

with
This

1indefinite

successive
replacement

repeat

block

range.

example

the

use

the

.IRP

directive

shown

Figure

7.6.2 JIRPC Directive

7-4.

IlRPCl

Format:

[label:]

.IRPC

(range

sym,<string>

indefinite

repeat

block)

. ENDM

where:

label

sSym

represents

7.6.1).

Section

represents
successive

brackets.

optional

dummy
real

statement

argument
arguments

dummy

7-18

that

from

argument

.IRPC
directive is flagged
in the assembly listing.

label

with

(see

replaced

within

Note

the

with
angle

specified,

error

code

the

(A)

MACRO DIRECTIVES

’

any

represents

and/or

legal

separator

(comma,

enclosed within
represents a list of characters,
angle brackets, to be used in the expansion of the
angle
the
Although
range.
repeat
indefinite
brackets

contains

are

required

separating

recommended

for

only

characters,

when

the

their

string

use

legibility.

represents the block of code to be

range

space,

tab).

repeated

once

of a character in the list.
macro
definitions,
repeat
The range may contain
the
.MEXIT directive (see Section
and/or
ranges
occurrence

each

for

7.1.3).

- ENDM

indicates the end of the indefinite

repeat

block

range.

character
single
permit
to
available
1is
.IRPC directive
The
iteration
of
each
On
substitution.
argument
than
rather
substitution,

the

indefinite

repeat range,

dummy

the

argument

successive characters in the specified string.

replaced

with

An example of the use of the .IRPC directive is shown in Figure 7-4.

3
4

REGS?

? 000000

000000
000002
000004
0000086
000010
000012
000014
000016

REGS2:

13 000020
14

+LIST

000020
000022
000024
000026
000030
000032
000034
000036

+ IRP

+RADS0O

+ENDR
+RADSO

0462170
074500
072770
072720
072650
072600
072530
0724460

) §+1

1IRPTST

3 Illustrate the .IRP and .IRPC directives
} by creating a rair of RADSO tables

o]
é

+TITLE

/REG/

+RADSO
+RADSO
+RADSO
+RADS0
«RADS0
+RADSO0
+RADS0O

/PC/
/SP/
/RS/
/R4&/
/R3/
/R2/
/R1/
/RO/

+IRPC
+RADSO

NUM»<76543210>
/R/NUM/

073110
073040
072770
072720
072650
072600
072330
0724460

+ ENDR
+RADSO
«RADS0O
+RADSO
+RADS0O
+RADSO
+RADSO
+RADSO
+RADS0

000001

+END

Figure 7-4

REG»<PCsSP»RS/R4»RI»R2sR1,RO>

Example of

/R?7/
/Ré&/
/RS/
/RA/
/R3/
/R2/
/R1/
/RO/

.IRP and .IRPC Directives

7-19

MACRO

DIRECTIVES

|.REPT

7.7 REPEAT BLOCK DIRECTIVE: .REPT, .ENDR

l'ENDR‘

Format:

[label:]

.REPT

exp

(range

repeat

block)

. ENDR

where:

label

represents

an optional
7.6.1).

Section

represents

exp

controls

any

the

statement

legal

number

assembled

label

expression.

times

within

the

(see

Note

This

block

program.

value

code

When

the

expression

value
1is
less
than or equal to zero
(6), the repeat block is not assembled.
If
this
expression
1is
not
an
absolute value, the .REPT
statement is flagged with an error code (A)
in the
assembly listing.
represents

range

the
block

repeat

indefinite
and/or

.MEXIT

the

code to be repeated.
The
contain
macro
definitions,

may

repeat

the

indicates

. ENDM

block

end

blocks,
directive

the

other
(see

repeat

Section

block

blocks

7.1.3).

range.

. ENDR

The

.REPT directive

number

7.8

MACRO

times,

LIBRARY

used

line

with

duplicate
other

DIRECTIVE:

block

source

code.

<code,

<certain

[.MCALL]

.MCALL

Format:

.MCALL

where:

argl,arg2,...argn

arqgl,

represent

the

arg2,...

definitions

required

argn

program.

The

separator

(comma,

symbolic

names

must

space,

names

the

assembly

separated

and/or

tab).

the
the

any

macro
source

legal

MACRO

The

DIRECTIVES

.MCALL directive allows you to

indicate in

advance

those

system

user-defined macro definitions that are not defined within the
and/or
The
the program.
source program but which are required to assemble
to
call
a
of
occurrence
first
the
before
appear
.MCALL directive must
any externally defined macro:

Auto-Mcall

mode

is disabled

(the default)

The name of the macro being called
symbols or directives,

such as SUB,

is one of MACRO's permanent
.ERROR,

.PRINT.

The /ML switch (see Section 8.1.3)
under
RSX-11M
and
the /LIBRARY
(see Section 8.2.2) under IAS and RT-11, used with an input
qualifier
macro
a
1is
file
the
file specification, indicate to MACRO-11 that
searched may also be
to be
1libraries
macro
Additional
library.

.LIBRARY
itself, using the MACRO-11
for
a
description of the .LIBRARY
program,
source
the
is encountered in

specified in the MACRO-11 program
directive.
See
Section
6.10.1

When a macro call
directive.
user macro library for the named macro
the
searches
first
MACRO-11
system
the
definitions, and, if necessary, continues the search with
macro

library.

Any number of such user-supplied macro

files may be

designated.

For

multiple
1library
files,
the search for the named macros begins with
the last such file specified.
The files are searched in reverse order
until
the
required
macro
definitions
are
found,
necessary, with a search of the system macro library.
If any named macro

.MCALL

statement

is not found upon completion

1is

flagged

the

with an error code (U)

finishing,

1if

search,

the

in the assembly

program
source
the
1in
Furthermore, a statement elsewhere
listing.
such an undefined macro is flagged with an
expand
to
attempts
that
error code (0) in the assembly listing.
The command strings to MACRO-11, through which file specifications are
supplied, are described in detail in the applicable system manual (see
Section #.3

the

Preface).

7.9 MACRO DELETION DIRECTIVE: .MDELETE

l 'MDELETE l

Format:

.MDELETE

where:

namel,name2,...,namen

namel,
name2, ...

namen

The .MDELETE

represent legal macro names.
When multiple
names are specified, they are separated by

any legal separator

directive

deletes

(comma, space, and/or tab).

definitions

the

specified

macro(s),
freeing
wvirtual memory.
If references are made to deleted
macros, the referencing line is flagged with an opcode (0) error.
An example of the

.MDELETE

.MDELETE directive

.EXIT,EXITSS

shown below.

CHAPTER

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS

MACRO-11

assembles

statements
object file

one

1into a single
contains the

ASCII

and
the
symbol table
symbols and macros is
provided in Appendix H.

8.1

RSX-11IM

and

available:

the

Language

(DCL).

MCR

DCL

language
By

typing

explicit

When

CTRL/C

prompt

log

("C)

your

MACRO-11

from

two

and

system,

you

the

command

from

one

command

optional cross-reference
sample assembly listing

(MCR)

the

account

the

PROCEDURES

command

for

Routine

onto

default

contained

containing

systems,

Console

you

the

PROCEDURES

files

available.

OPERATING

RSX-11M-PLUS

Monitor

source

listing.

RSX-llM/RSX—llM~PLUS

OPERATING

relocatable binary object file.
This binary
table
of
contents
1listing,
the
assembly

listing,
listing

command

language.

languages

the

DIGITAL

are

Your

are

Command

given

either

default

command

file.

monitor

prompt,

language

you

language

are

vyou

can

currently

see

the

using.

“C

MCR>

“C

DCL>

You

can

DCL

switch
MCR,

DCL>

switch
MCR>

type

SET

following

TERMINAL

from
SET

the

MCR

other.

switch

from

other,

you

MCR

DCL,

type

the

following

command:

/DCL=TI:

addition

switching

can

type

DCL

command

from

the

command:

terminal

set

from
from

DCL,

MCR>

DCL

cmd-string

DCL>

MCR

cmd-string

one
a

command

terminal

shown

language

set

below:

MCR,

the

and

MCR

command

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS

8.1.1
The

1Initiating

following

that

apply

Language.

MACRO-11

PROCEDURES

RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS

sections

describe

those

MACRO-11

both

the

Monitor

Cconsole

Routine

Any

one

methods

shown

initiate

MACRO-11.

8.1.1.1

Method

MCR

Under

OPERATING

the

four

Direct MACRO-1l1l

operating
and

the

procedures

DIGITAL

below may

Command

employed

Call

Format:
MCR>MAC

MAC>cmd-string

The

Monitor

Console

Routine

MACRO-11
to be activated.
the MCR line, MACRO-11 then

(MCR)

accepts

MAC

1input,

causing

Since a command string is not present with
solicits input with the prompting sequence

MAC>
and
waits
for command string input.
After the assembly of the
indicated files has been completed, MACRO-11
again
solicits
command
string
input
with the MAC> prompting sequence.
This process will be
repeated until CTRL/Z ("Z) is entered.
DCL

Format:

DCL>

MACRO[/qualifier(s)]

File(s)?
DCL accepts

filespec[/qualifiers]...
MACRO

qualifiers

<contained

included

the

File(s)

prompt.

files

plus

any

DCL

MACRO-11

8.1.1.2

Method

MCR

Single

vyou

may

file

MACRO-11

solicits

enter

the

name

listed

Table

include

the

specifications
input
one

8-4.

with

are
the

source

When

you

press

assembly.

Assembly

cmd-string

MACRO

cmd-string

prompting

input

included

method

string
the

the

Since

Format:

DCL>

then

qualifiers

performs

line,

<can

addition,

8-3.,

Format:

MCR>MAC
DCL

the

Table

command
You

RETURN,

1input.

1in

source

8.1.1.3

files

Method

Format:

>RUN

SMAC

MAC>cmd-string

the

from

the

command

Install,

Run

MACRO-11

command
string

occurs,

line.
and

exits

Immediately,

since

MACRO-11

and

when

the

then

command

assembles

finished.

Remove

Exit

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS

This

method

used

installed

the

this

call

type

MACRO-11

the

MCR

the

MACRO-11

RSX=11M,
MAC

command

string

input.

from

DCL

even

removed

system

has

needed.

8.1.1.4

not

Method

the

run

from

"flying

Using

run

the

system
from

not

must

the

permanently

generated

system

The command
terminal.
When

for

directory.

string must have
MACRO-11
exits,

system.

install"

the

PROCEDURES

assembler

the

support.

automatically

format

MCR

when

system.

solicits

format

OPERATING

feature,

Indirect

Command

the

RUN

calling

Processor

Formats:

MCR>MAC

MAC>@filespec
or

@filespec

MCR>MAC
or

MAC>RUN SMAC[/UIC=[g,m]]
MAC>@filespec
These

forms

use

accomplishes
input

employed

command

file

1indirect

command

substitution

methods

processor

specified

this

the

"@filespec"

1is

opened,

and

DCL

DCL>
These

command

1In

are

nested

which

for

these

MACRO-11

lines

Three

the

formats,

the

read

from
of

the

indirect

assembler.

command

levels

effectively

"cmd-string"
The

strings.

the

file

indirect

file

After

until
files

the
are

Format:

@filespec

forms

use

the

indirect

command

command
indirect

language.
This
1is the
command file "@filespec"

lines

initiate

commands

contains

end-of-file is detected.
permitted in MACRO-11.
MCR

through

passing

processor,

"@filespec"

MACRO-11

processor

only
must

listed

form you
contain

methods

pass

commands

the

can use with DCL.
The
one
of
the
command
1

through

NOTE

MACRO-11

8.1.2

Default

MACRO-11

default

device,

8-1

command

string

accepts

When

lists

the

("Z)

File

files.

can

CTRL/Z

using

terminated

any

input

time
is

entering

request

for

present.

Specifications
input

the

directory,

default

creates

MACRO-11
name,

values

for

output

assembler,
and

types

each

file

you

should

listed

six

types

mind

the

keep

Table

8-1.

specification.

Table

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS OPERATING PROCEDURES

Table

File

8-1

Specification

Default

Values

File

Device

directory

file
is

but

/NOLIST.

the

default

1is
not

The
file

qualifier.

Indicates whether or not the assembler
should
create
an
object module,
If
you

not

include

specification in the
assembler creates an
the

same

and

file

.0OBJ

/OBJECT

/[NO]SHOW:arg
/{NO}SHSW:(argfarg@,‘)

the

/NOLIST

/[NOJOBJECT[:filespec]

your

the

command.

the command as the
TIf /LIST qualifies

specification,

entered

after

MACRO

cannot be
a
1library
command and all other

first file named in
default file name.)
a

named

the

use

any

with

the

file

the

source

file

extension.

the

Overrides
assembler
included

name

command line, the
object file
with

default

the

qualifier.

.LIST

and

directives
that
1in the source file.
of

the

/SHOW

following

.NLIST
may
You

be
can

arguments

qualifier.

Argument

BINARY

CALLS

Controls
expansion

binary

Controls

listing

and

the

repeat

1listing
code.

range

macro

calls

expansions.

(continued

8-11

page)

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS

Table 8-3
DCL Command

OPERATING

PROCEDURES

(Cont.)
Qualifiers

Function

Qualifier

COMMENTS

Controls

CONDITIONALS

Controls listing
of
conditional coding.

CONTENTS

Controls

listing

contents

during

Controls

listing
counter

COUNTER

location
DEFINITIONS

listing

comments.

unsatisfied

the

table

assembly

pass

the
field.,

Controls
listing
definitions
and

current

of
repeat

macro
range

macro

expansions.
EXPANSIONS

Controls

listing

expansions.
EXTENSIONS

Controls

listing

binary

expansions.
LISTING

DIRECTIVES

Controls
control
arguments,

that

listing

directives

alter

that

without

is,

the

directives

1listing

level

counter.

Controls listing
code.

Controls

listing

sequence

numbers.

SOURCE

Controls

listing

SYMBOLS

Controls listing
of
table
resulting
assembly.

OBJECT BINARY

the

generated

binary
SEQUENCE_NUMBERS

/[NOJWIDE

source

1line

source

lines.

the
from

symbol
the

When
set
to
WIDE,
the
1listing
1is
printed
in
132
column format.
When
set to /NOWIDE, the listing is printed
in
8¢
column format,
/NOWIDE is the
default qualifier.

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS OPERATING PROCEDURES

Table
DCL

8-4

Parameter

Qualifier

Function

/LIBRARY

Specifies
The

file

MACRO-11
1.

The

cannot

input

MAC

DCL>

MACRO

file

reverse

the

last

the

files

order.

file

macro

library

1listed

Therefore,

the

file.

1in
a

the

library

command

line.

the

source

Examples

command

into

MCR>

DCL>

String

following

FILE?

The

©processes

line

Command

FILNAM.MAC

that

assembler

command

8.1.5

Qualifiers

strings

relocatable

assemble

object

module

named

file

FILNAM.OBJ.

FILNAM=FILNAM

FILNAM

MACRO

FILNAM

following

FILNAM.MAC

command

and

strings

produce

assemble
object

the

file

source

with

file

the

name

TESTA.OBJ.

The

MCR>

MAC

DCL>

MACRO/OBJECT:TESTA

following

source

TESTA=FILNAM

command

files

named

FILNAM

strings

concatenate

FILNAM.MLB,

and

TESTA.MAC,

SHELL.MAC

and

create

MCR>

MAC

SHELL=FILNAM/ML,TESTA,SPAN3,SHELL

DCL>

MACRO

The

following

assembly

the

command

file

has

format.

object

file

named

the
and

SHELL.OBJ.

FILNAM/LIBRARY,TESTA,SPAN3,SHELL

1listing.

source

assemble
SPAN3.MAC,

strings
Any

are

.LIST

ignored.

comments

produce
TTM

The

listing

included

object

.LIST

and

MCR>

MAC

DCL>

MACRO/LIST/NOSHOW:COMMENTS/WIDE

COM

module

and

directives

produced
is

printed

FILNAM,FILNAM/NL:TTM:COM=FILNAM

FILNAM

by
in

this
wide

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS

8.2

The

IAS

MACRO-11

following

that

apply

8.2.1

OPERATING

sections

1Initiating

the

MACRO-11

PROCEDURES

describe

exclusively

OPERATING

those

IAS

Under

MACRO-11

operating

procedures

system.

IAS

The MACRO command, used under IAS, causes MACRO-11 to assemble one
or
more
ASCII
source
files
<containing
MACRO-11
statements
1into
a
relocatable binary object file.
The assembler will
also
produce
an
assembly
listing,
followed
by
a
symbol
table
1listing.
A
cross-reference
1listing
can
also
be
produced
by
means
of
the
/CROSSREFERENCE qualifier (see 8.3, below).
You can input a MACRO-11 program either
(interactive mode) or from a batch file
mode

use

Program

the

MACRO

command

Development

signified

the

System

appearance

directly
from
the
terminal
(batch mode).
For interactive
be
1issued
whenever
the
1IAS

which

can

prompt:

(PDS)
the

1is

at command

level,

a condition

PDS>

For

batch

mode

use

the

$MACRO

command.

When the assembly is completed,
returns

control

information

8.2.2

IAS

about

PDS.

interactive

Command

MACRO-11

(Refer

and

terminates

the

batch

IAS

mode

User's

operations
Guide

for

and

further

operations.)

String

Formats:

Interactive

Mode

input
PDS> MACRO

qualifiers

filespec

/LIBRARY +...

PDS> MACRO qualifiers
input

FILES?
Batch

filespec

/LIBRARY +...

Mode

input

SMACRO

qualifiers

filespec

/LIBRARY +...

where:
input

filespec

(see

the

specification

Section

source

program

consists
(+)

8.4)

must

that
code.

multiple
be

used

specification from
card"
form
of
a
not allowed.

8-14

input

contains
When

files,

the

separate

file

MACRO-11
program

plus
each

sign
file

the next.
The
"wild
file specification 1is

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS OPERATING

/LIBRARY

PROCEDURES

specifies that an input file is
library
file.
Library
files
definitions
of
externally
macros.

externally
identified
it

can

noted

1in

a
macro
hold the
defined

Section

7.8,

defined
macro
must
be
in an .MCALL directive before
retrieved

and

assembled

the
user
encounters

program.
When
an .MCALL directive,

begins for
listed.

the

The

order

definitions

the

is important
have
two
library
files

macro
might
definitions in

with

MACRO-11
a search

macros

because
a
different
LIB1
and

LIB2.
For
example,
1if
vyou
need the
definition in LIB1l, then you must
place
LIB1
after
LIB2
1in
the
command line
because MACRO-11 searches the last
file
specified
in
the
command
1line first,
then

given

I1f

moves

backwards

until

all

through

have

been

the

files

searched.

macro's definition is not found
1in
of
the
files
named
by the user,
MACRO-11
automatically
searches
the
system macro library;
1if the definition
is still not found, an error code (U)
is
generated in the assembly listing.
any

specifies

qualifiers
output

/OBJECT[:filespec]

one

produces
specified

more
an

the

object
filespec

8.4).
The
default
the same filename as
source
file
/OBJECT
1is
condition.

/NOOBJECT

does
output

/LIST[:filespec]

an
always

Section

is a file with
the last named

and

produce

file

(see

.OBJ

extension.

the

default

object

file.

produces an
assembly
1listing file
according to filespec (see
Section
8.4).
If
filespec
is
not
specified, the listing
1is
©printed
on
in
in

/NOLIST

not

following:

the
1line printer.
The default
interactive mode is /NOLIST
and
batch mode is /LIST.

does

not

The

default

produce

/NOLIST and

batch mode

NOTE

When no listing file is
specified,
any
errors encountered in the source program
are displayed at the terminal
MACRO-11 was initiated.

8-15

from

1listing

interactive

which

file.
mode

/LIST.

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS OPERATING PROCEDURES
J/CROSSREFERENCE[:argl...argd]
produces a cross-reference listing.
through argd are described in
Argl

Section 8.3.
abbreviated

This qualifier may be

to /C.

A MACRO-11 command string can be specified using any one of the three
In
shown above for the interactive and batch modes.
formats
interactive mode, if the input file specification (filespec) does not
begin on the same line as the MACRO command and its qualifiers, PDS
prints the following prompting message:
FILES?

then waits for the user to specify the input file(s).

In batch mode, the $MACRO command and its arguments must appear on the
same line unless the PDS line continuation symbol (-) is used.

IAS Indirect Command Files

| 8.2.3
Format:

@filespec
where:

the

that

name

that

1is

follows

specifies

filespec

a
of
is the file specification (see Section 8.4)
The default
that contains a command string.
file

indirect

extension

file.

for

the

file name

.CMD.

wused

with

MACRO-11

is used in a MACRO-11 command string, the contents of
file are taken as all or part of the command string.

the

specified

The indirect command file facility of PDS can be

This is accomplished by creating an ASCII file that
strings.
command
the
in
thereof)
portions
(or
contains the desired command strings
When an indirect command file reference
forms shown in Section 8.2.2.

An indirect command file reference must always be the rightmost
(see Section 8.2.4

in the command

IAS Command String Examples

8.2.4

The

entry

for examples).

following
1.

PDS>

examples show typical
MACRO

FILES?

/NOLIST

assembled

listing

command strings.

A+BOOT.MAC;3

In this example,

PDS MACRO-11

will

the source files A.MAC and
produce an object

produced.

BOOT.MAC;3

file called BOOT.OBJ.

will
No

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS OPERATING PROCEDURES

Where the indirect command file TEST.CMD contains the command
string:

MACRO/OBJECT:MYFILE
the

A+4B

command:
PDS>@TEST

causes MACRO-11
into

Where

object

the

command

assemble

file

called

indirect

string

the

two

files

A.MAC

and

B.MAC

MYFILE.OBJ.

command

file

IND@2.CMD

contains

the

segment:

ATEST/LIBRARY+BTEST+SRT1.021
the

command:
PDS>MACRO/LIST:DK1:TST

causes MACRO-11

using
file

on
4.

the

assemble

the

files BTEST.MAC and

SRT1.021

macro library file ATEST.MAC to produce an object

named

disk

@IND@2

SRT1.0BJ.

unit

A listing

file

named TST.LST

placed

SMACRO/LIST:DK@:MICR/NOOBJECT

LIB1/LIBRARY+MICR.MAC;
002

this

example,

MICR.MAC; @02.
placed on disk

8.3

CROSS-REFERENCE

the

The
unit

library

program
4.

PROCESSOR

file

assembled

listing

file

with

named

the

file

MICR.LST

(CREF)

The

CREF
processor
is
wused
to
produce
a
1listing
that
includes
cross-references
to
symbols
that appear in the source program.
The
cross-reference listing is appended to
the
assembly
1listing.
Such
cross-references
are
helpful
1in
debugging
and
1in
reading
long
programs.

cross-reference

listing

User-defined

Macro

Permanent

can

symbols

symbols
symbols
symbols

include

four

sections:

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS

generate

MACRO-11
The form

cross-reference

command

the

string.

switch

OPERATING

listing,

Optional

PROCEDURES

specify

the

arguments

/CR

can

switch

also

1in

the

specified.

is:

———

SYM

/CR|: | MAC
REG

PST

SEC
__\ERR/J

where:

SYM

specifies

user-defined

MAC

specifies

macro

REG

specifies

PST

specifies

permanent

symbols

(default)

symbols

symbols
e

SEC

specifies

program

ERR

specifies

error

If you wish to
only, use /CR.
However,

sections

lines

(default)

generate listings for user-defined
No argument is necessary.
an

cross-reference

argument
listing

specified,

generated.

For

and

macro

symbols
|

only

that

type

symbols

only.

example:

/CR:SYM
produces

cross-reference

listing

user-defined

listing of macro symbols is generated.
Thus, to produce all six types
of cross-reference listings, you must specify all six
arguments
(the
order in which they are specified is not significant).
Use a colon to
separate

arguments.

For

example:

/CR:REG:SYM:MAC:PST:SEC:ERR
The CREF

processor

Reference

Manual

Figure

8-1

listing,
listing

(CRF)

illustrates
references

supplied

with

fully

your

complete

are

made

informative

the

<cross-reference
1in

CREF

the

Utilities

form

1listing.

page-line.

uses

the

following

the

make

the

signs:

Meaning

somewhere

defined
*

the

processor

Sign

described

system.

the

source

direct

program

assignment

destructive

reference;
at the
processor
the
value
of
the
previous contents destroyed).
at

the

listed
colon

line

1is
sign

referenced

©processor

double

referenced
by
symbol
1is changed

assignment

(:)

1listed

line

the

symbol

direct

defined

the

statement.

colon

sign

the

the
(its

symbol

statement,

(::).
R

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS OPERATING PROCEDURES

RSOUNP
Cross

MACRD V05.00 Saturday 08-Jan-83
reference

RSOUNP
SYMBOL

table

2~16#
2~17

(CREF

2=23%

2=-32%

2=-33%

2=30%

2-31%

2-352

Z2—18%

2-23

R1
R2

2-32%

2-19%

2-21%

2-33

2-16

2-17#%

2-18

2-16#

2-27

11:47

Pase

R-1

2~43

2-4B%

2=25

2-27%

11:47

Pase

2-49%

C~1

0-0
2-14

Figure

8.4

S-1

2-43

RSOUNP
MACRO V05.00 Saturday 0B-Jan~-83
Cross reference table (CREF V05.00)

« ABS.
PUREI

Pase

2=-23

RSOUNP
MACRO VO05.00 Saturday 08-Jan-83
Cross reference table (CREF VY05.00)

11.:47

VY05.00)

8-1

Sample

IAS/RSX-11M/RSX-11M-PLUS

FILE

CREF

Listing

SPECIFICATION

Format:

dev:[g,m] name.ext;ver

where:
dev:

the

name

resides.

of
A

the

device

name

where

the

consists

desired
two

file

characters

followed by a
and
a
colon

1- or 2-digit device unit number
(octal)
(for
example,
DPl:,
DK@:, DT3:).
The
device is specified in Table 8-1.
The
default

default

device under IAS
manager for each
SET

(g,m]

is established initially
user and can be
changed

by the system
through
the

command.

the

User

consists

File
a

owner

(member)

({]).

directory

file does not exist.
file does not exist.
not have access privilege to the

file

failure

Specified

itself.
on

output

device

not

have

access

privilege

The

volume

full

device

There

write

directory

does

file

insufficient

storage

directory.

not exist.
is not mounted.
exists with the device.

User

64K

file

A problem
Specified

directory

does

volume

file

The

.LIBRARY stacking

allowed.

~NSN O

input

device

not

depth

not exist.
volume is not mounted.
problem exists with the device.

5.
h.

MAC

maximum

The

1line

the

©Specified

to
MAC

command

exceeds

limit

the

does

space

not

for

exist.
is

File

the

protected.

Control

Blocks.

exceeded

64K

words of work file memory are available
to
MACRO-11.
This
message
1indicates
that
the
assembler
has
generated
so many
symbols (about 13,000 to 14,0@0) that it has run
out
of
space.

Either

contains
macro

the

source

condition

expansion

terminating

program

that
that

condition.

1is

leads

too

1large

excessive

recursively

calls

start
size,
itself

with,

such

without

CHAPTER

RSTS/RT-11

9.1
The

MACRO-11
only

way

either

the

9.1.1

RT-11

There

are

UNDER
a

RSX

program

RSTS

ways

run

can

run-time

Through

two

OPERATING

PROCEDURES

RSTS

MACRO-11

RT-11

run

RSTS

system

through

systems.

MACRO

program

under

the

RT-11

run-time

system:

Use the RT-11 Emulator.
This 1s done by
typing:
SW
RT11l.
The
terminal
will
respond
with
the
RT-11
prompt (a dot
printed by the keyboard monitor).
You can then use the RT-11

commands

(see

Type

the

command:

with

string

Section

RUN $MACRO.SAV.

asterisk

the

9.2).

(*)

prompt.

The

You

terminal will

can

then

enter

respond
command

form:

OBJFIL,LSTFIL=SRC...SRC6

where:

OBJFIL

1is

object

extension

LSTFIL

1is

listing

extension

SRC...

are

SRC6

extension
in

9.1.2

RSX

run a
command:

Through

MACRO

file

with

the

default

(output)

file

with

the

default

.LST.

source
this

(output)

.OBJ.

(input)

.MAC.

Six

files

input

answer

the

are

default

allowed

command.

RSTS

RUN

program
SMAC.TSK.

you

enter

under
the
RSX
run-time
The terminal will respond

MAC>

with

files

command

OBJFIL,LSTFIL=SRC...SRCN

string

the

form:

system,
with:

type

the

RSTS/RT-11

where:

OBJFIL

OPERATING

object

extension

PROCEDURES

(output)

file

with

the

default

with

the

default

.O0OBJ.

LSTFIL

is a listing
(output)
extension .LST.

file

SRC...

are

SRCN

files

extension

source

(input)

with

.MAC.

the

default

NOTE

There

are

used

site

other
call

commands

RT-11

dependent

and

are

here.

9.2

INITIATING

The

following

that

apply

call

system

When

9.3

sections

only

the

UNDER

RT-11

printed

they

are

not

mentioned

those

MACRO-11

operating

procedures

system.

assembler

dot

can

but

RT-11

describe

the

MACRO-11

prompt

from

the

with

the

system

keyboard

device,

monitor)

respond
by

the

typing:

MACRO

the

MACRO-11

that

RSX

assembler

command

RT-11

responds

string

COMMAND

asterisk

(*),

ready

input.

STRING

Format:

[dev:obj,dev:list,dev:cref/s:arg]=dev:srcl,srcz,...,dev:srcn/s:arg
where
dev

obj

list

cref

is
any
legal
file-structured

the

file

that

the

this

file

RT-11
device
device for input

specification
assembly

should

the

file

produces.

cross-reference

(see

set

Table

file
9-2).

binary

produces;

of the
process

specification
file

(Omission

the

output;

process

is the file specification
listing that the assembly

cross-reference

/s:arg

not

for

listing,

dev:cref

object
the

assembly
produces

that

the
the

and

CREF

not

file

device

for

symbol

temporary

assembly

does

any

process

preclude

however.)

specification

options

and

arguments

RSTS/RT-11

srcl,

represent

src2,...
srcn

MACRO-11 source program
or
the
wuser-supplied
macro
library files to be assembled.
You can specify as many
as

The

following

source

BINF.OBJ

file
and

the

OPERATING PROCEDURES

ASCII

six

source

files.

command

string

calls

plus

the

1listing.

source

for

(input)

assembly

system MACRO library to
The

1listing

files

goes

containing

that

the

uses

one

produce an object

file

directly

the

1line

does

not

printer.
*DK:BINK.OBJ,LP:=DK:SRC.MAC

All

output

file

produce
an
specification

specifications

output
for that

file
file.

are

optional.

wunless

the

The

command

system

string

contains

The system determines the file type of an output file specification by
its
position
1in
the
command string, as determined by the number of
commas in the string.
For example, to omit the object file, you
must

begin the command string with a comma.
The following command produces
a listing, including cross-reference tables,
but
not
binary
object
files.
* LP:/C=(source

Notice

that

you

specification

Table 9-1

lists

need

the

file

specification)

not

include

command

default

values

Table

Default

comma

after

File

for

each

DK:

Listing

Same
file

Cref

First

source

Additional

System

source

MACRO

file

output

file

specification.

Values

Default

Device

Object

final

9-1

Specification

Default

File

the

string.

File

Name

Default

File

Type

Must

specify

. OBJ

Must

specify

.LST

DK:

Must

specify

. TMP

DK:

Must

specify

.MAC

Must

specify

.MAC

Same

for

object

preceding

source

file

System

device

SY:

SYSMAC

.SML

Must

.MLB

Library
User MACRO
Library

DK: if first file,
otherwise same as for
preceding

source

file

specify

RSTS/RT-11

OPERATING

PROCEDURES

NOTE
Some

assemblies

space

than

When

need

this

called

symbol

can

system

temporary

provide

The

default

device

cause

the

device,

for

WRK.TMP

system

enter

the

where:

dev:

dev

DK.

assign

following

command
:
ASSIGN

work

extended

space.

table

contain.

the

creates

WRK.TMP

table

different

symbol

memory

occurs

automatically

file

available

the

file-structured

device

that

will

hold

WRK.TMP.

9.4

FILE

assembly

SPECIFICATION

appearing

time

MACRO-11

satisfy

these

you

the

OPTIONS

may

need

source

handling

needs

override

certain

using

File

programs.

the

files

switches

Table 9-2
Specification

Option

/L:arg

Listing
switch
and

control
values

name

Section
of

the

entire

switches;
(arg) which

directives

/D:arg

may

during

MACRO

also

directives

need

assembly.

described

direct

You

Table

can

9-2.

Options

Usage

/N:arg

/E:arg

certain

You

the

arguments

specified

6.1.1).
directives
assembly

these options
are equivalent

This

the

.LIST

source

switch

and

process.

and

control switches; these options
values (arg) which are equivalent

name

directives
Section
of

the

entire

the

arguments

specified

6.2.1).

This

directives

assembly

the

the
source
switch overrides

and

remains

(see
arguments
for
the

and

.DSABL

program
the

effect

process.

(continued

.NLIST

accept ASCII
in
function

.ENABL

and

program

overrides the
remains
in
effect

Function

switch

accept ASCII
in
function

(see
arguments
for

the

page)

RSTS/RT-11

File

OPERATING PROCEDURES

Table 9-2 (Cont.)
Specification Options

Option

Usage

Indicates
assembler

input file is MACRO library file.
When
encounters
an
.MCALL
directive
1in

source

code,

their

order

When

searches

locates

macro

appearance

macro

libraries
1in

record

the
the

according

the

command

string.

whose

name

matches

that
given
1n the .MCALL, it assembles the macro as
indicated by that definition.
Thus, if two
or
more
macro libraries contain definitions of the same macro
name,

the

macro

command

string

Consider

the

library

takes

following

* (output

file

that

appears

rightmost

the

precedence.
command

string:

specification)=ALIB/M,

BLIB/M,XIZ
Assume
and

that

different

includes
appears
the

the

contain

two
a

definitions.

contains

each

BLIB.MLB,

macro

the
in

Then,

call

definition

the

command

macro

libraries,

called

source

(MCALL

.BIG,

.BIG

the

macro

library

string

does

ALIB.MLB

.BIG,

but

with

file

XIZ

the

system

program

BLIB.
not

1include

the

standard

system
macro
library
SYSMAC.SML,
the
automatically includes it as the first source
the
command
string.
Therefore,
1f
macro

system
file
1in
1library

ALIB.MLB contains a definition of a macro called .READ,
that
definition
of .READ overrides the standard .READ
macro definition in SYSMAC.SML.

/C:arg

The

other

9.5
A

Controls

switch

affects

options

only

affect

CROSS-REFERENCE

cross-reference

source

contents

(CREF)

program,

the

cross-reference

source

entire

TABLE

table

which

command

string.

GENERATION

OPTION

lists

1identifying

file

the

all

listing.

subset

statements

that

1is

the

appended.

symbols

define

and

use

symbols.

9.5.1
To

Obtaining

obtain

CREF

command

string.

assembly

listing

Cross-Reference

table

Table

you

must

include

the

/C:arg

option

the

Usually

vyou

1include

the

/C:arg

option

with

the

file

specification.

RSTS/RT-11

the

command

string

does

OPERATING

not

include

system automatically generates a
need to have a device other than
you must
A

include

complete
l.

CREF

the

listing

reference

program

and

A cross

reference

R1,

R3,

R2,

cross

the

program

specification,

and

MACRO

command
six

sections:

used

1in

the

symbols

are

R#,

defined

operator.

symbols.

These

PC.

symbols--those

symbols

.MCALL directives.

A
cross
mnemonics

A cross reference of program sections--the names
as operands of .CSECT or .PSECT directives.

A cross

can

include

option.

reference
of
and assembler

permanent
directives.

reference of errors--the
errors from the assembly

cross-reference

the

string.

symbols--labels
by

file

following

followed

R5,

cref

flagged

the

R4,

reference

and

field

symbols

temporary file on device DK:.
If you
DK:
contain the temporary cref file,

contains

A cross

.MACRO

You

dev:cref

PROCEDURES

any

1listing

These

all
by

arguments

are

you

six

the

listed

sections

appropriate

and

described

specify

lists

all

the

arguments

with

in Table

9-3.

Table 9-3
Option Arguments

Argument

CREF

defined

operation

system groups and
by error type.

these

specifying

symbols--all

Section

User

symbols

MACRO

Permanent symbols including

Control

Error

symbols

symbolic

and

code

names

program

instructions and directives

sections

grouping

NOTE

Specifying
/C
with
no
arguments
equivalent to specifying /C:S:M:E.
special
case
exXcepted,
you
explicitly
including

request
its

is
That
must

each CREF section by
arguments.
- No

cross-reference
file
occurs
1if the /C
option is not
specified,
even
1if
the
command

string

specification.

includes

CREF

file

RSTS/RT-11

9.5.2

Handling

When

you

cause

the

device

DK:

for

file.

command

still

Cross-Reference

request

space

1is

include

also

The

system

deletes

then

the

uses

following

command

temporary

CREF

string

file,

contains

allocate

the

option,

device

output

and

ignored

the

(You

must

the

option

content

free

for

file

specification.

form

insufficient

another

third

dev:icref

the

DK:CREF.TMP.

string.)

dev:cref

after

by means

specify

control

command

the

can

specification

automatically

The

you

include

dev:cref

Files

temporary

device,

the /C option

present

is,

PROCEDURES

listing

file,

another

that

The

not

generate

write-locked

allocate

listing.

temporary

string;

Table

cross-reference

system

the

OPERATING

file

producing

causes

the

instead

the

listing.

CREF

system

DK:CREF.TMP

use

and

RK2:TEMP.TMP

file.

* ,LP: ,RK2:TEMP.TMP=SOURCE/C
Another
to

way

enter

the

« ASSIGN

This

method

relieves

assign

preferred

from

command

string.

include

cref

command

The

system

assembly

you

string

prevails

prints

where

the

appears,

number

sign

(#)

that

begins

and

to
next

operation

MACRO-1l1

MACRO-11

outputs

one

the

prints
If

below

the

MACRO-11
command

symbol

assembly

CREF.TMP

file

MACRO:

Error
an

which

the

line

alters

the

error
1is

prints

below

line

Messages

that

message
L.INCLUDE

the

caused

?MACRO-s-Error

error
the

message

MACRO-11

source

MACRO-11

command

tables

following

1listed

Under

the

MACRO

control
sections,
left margin of the

lists

symbol,

number

the

later

page.

system

the

and

specification

the

same

references

control
the

page.

contents

1line,

the

section,

definition.
destructive

the

addressed

RT-11

message

<conditions

error

the

reference indicates a
symbol
to
a
reference
1indicates
a

that

error

command,

only.

new

are

The

string,

location.

the

symbol
values,
beginning at the

page.

page

(*)

dev:

command

cross-reference

table

the

code

reference-—-an

for

each

error

9.5.3

for

entering

ASSIGN

and also
applicable,

1if

asterisk

the

symbols

codes,

page.
References
to
left-to-right
across

enter

Each

error

device

intend to do several assemblies, as it
include the dev:cref specification in each

specification

requested

system

prior

you

lists

and

P-L;

having

listing.

The

form

alternative

command

dev:CF

you

the

following

1line

to the command
output
device
when
described below is detected.
MACRO-11

the
or

command
a

message

error.

line

that

caused

.LIBRARY

directive

both

source

the

error.

file

error,

line

and

the

RSTS/RT-11

The
the

s in the error
severity level

message represents
of the error.

These

error messages
confused
with
the
during

OPERATING

PROCEDURES

the

letter

code

that

indicates

reflect operational problems and
should
not
be
error codes (see Appendix D) produced by MACRO-11

assembly.

Error

Message

?MACRO-F-Device

Meaning

full

DEV:

The output volume does
room
for
an
output
command string.

?MACRO-F-File

not

found

?MACRO-F-.INCLUDE

not
file

have
sufficient
specified in the

DEV:FILNAM.TYP
An input file in the command
1line
exist on the specified device.

directive

file

does

not

error

The file specified in the .INCLUDE
statement
either
does
not
exist
or
1is invalid, the
device specified in the command line
1is
not
available,
or
the
LJ(INCLUDE
stacking depth
exceeds five.
?MACRO-F-Insufficient

memory

MACRO does
memory

?MACRO-F-Invalid

not

(l1AK

have

words)

the

minimum

necessary

amount

run.

command

The command line contains a syntax
error
specifies more than six input files.
?MACRO-F-Invalid

device

A device specified in the
not exist on the system.
?MACRO-F-Invalid

?MACRO-F-Invalid

?MACRO-F-I/0

macro

library

option:

error

The
not

produced

/X
The
the

specified
program.

library

hardware

read

from

specified

error

command

1line

does

file has been corrupted or it was
by the RT-11 librarian, LIBR.

option was

not

recognized

DEV:FILNAM.TYP

?MACRO-F-I/0

error
or

occurred
write

while

the

read,

attempting
device

to
the

file.

work file
MACRO failed to open,
work file, WRK.TMP.

write

its

RSTS/RT-11

?MACRO-F-.LIBRARY directive

OPERATING PROCEDURES

file

The

error

file

specified

in the

.LIBRARY

statement

either does not exist or is invalid, the file
specification in the
L.LIBRARY
directive
is
for
a
non-random
access device, the device
specified
in
the
command
line
is
not
available,
or
the
.LIBRARY
stacking depth
exceeds the maximum depth allowed.

?MACRO-F-Protected

file

already

exists

DEV:FILNAM.TYP

An attempt was made
the same name as an
?MACRO-F-Storage

limit

exceeded

to create a
file
existing protected

having
file.

(64K)

MACRO's
Virtual
Symbol
Table
can
store
symbols
and
macros
up
to
64K
in
any
combination.
Your program contains more than
64K worth of one or both of these elements.
?MACRO-W-I/0
|

error

on CREF

file:

MACRO

ran

CREF
out

aborted
of

device

the
<cref
file,
or
occurred.
The
cref
assembly continues.

space

while

writing

hardware
error
file
1is
aborted

has
but

APPENDIX A

MACRO-11

A.1

ASCII

CHARACTER

SETS

SET

Even

7-Bit

Parity
Bit

Octal
Code

Character

)

agn

NUL

Null,

tape

ag1

SOH

Start

Aa2

STX

)

ga3

ETX

Remarks
feed,

message,

Start of
address,
End

also

SOM,

start

CONTROL/A.

text;
also
CONTROL/B.
text;
also

message,

End

CONTROL/SHIFT/P.

heading;

CONTROL/C.

transmission

EOA,

end

EOM,

end

pg4a

EOT

(END);

shuts

gas

ENQ

TWX machines, CONTROL/D.
Enquiry
(ENQRY) ;
also
CONTROL/E.

206

ACK

Acknowledge;

na7

BEL

Rings

210

Backspace;

HT
LF

effector.
backspaces
some
machines, CONTROL/H.
Horizontal tab.
CONTROL/I.
Line feed or Line space (new line);

off

@
Y

A11
g12

also RU, CONTROL/F.
bell.
CONTROL/G.

the

advances
duplicated

also

FEO,

paper

@13

@14

Vertical tab (VTAB).
Form
Feed
to
top

315

Carriage

line;
1
A

g16
@17

SO
SI

return

Shift

out;

red.

CONTROL/N.
in;
changes

Shift

beginning

by CONTROL/M.

changes

ribbon

@20

DLE

Data

DC1

Device
control
transmitter
(READER)

color

link

escape.

@22

CONTROL/P

324

DC3

DC4

to
to

(DC#).

turns

on, CONTROL/Q
Device
control

DC2

2;
turns
punch
or auxiliary
CONTROL/R (TAPE, AUX ON).

@23

CONTROL/O.

ON).

1line,

CONTROL/K.
of
next
page

CONTROL/L.

duplicated

black.

format

by CONTROL/J.

(PAGE).

WRU,

Device
control
transmitter (READER)
(X OFF).
Device control 4;
auxiliary
off.
OFF) .

3;
off,

turns

on.

turns
CONTROL/S

punch
or
CONTROL/T
(AUX
'

MACRO-11

CHARACTER

Even
Parity
Bit

7-Bit
Octal
Code

Character

@25

NAK

Remarks

Negative
ERROR.

926

SYN

B27

ETB

SETS

acknowledge;

Synchronous
End of

transmission
logical

end

ERR,
|

file

CONTROL/V.

LEM,

also

< CONTROL/U.

(SYNC)
.
Dblock;
of

also
medium,

Cancel (CANCL).
CONTROL/X.
End of medium.
CONTROL/Y.
Substitute.
CONTROL/Z.
Escape.
CONTROL/SHIFT/K.
File separator.
CONTROL/SHIFT/L.

@35
g36
337

GS
RS

Group separator.
CONTROL/SHIFT/M.
Record separator.
CONTROL/SHIFT/N.
Unit separator.
CONTROL/SHIFT/O.

p52
NS53

054
#55

e N

P56
357

A60
g61
gs2

@63
@64

T T

g65

067
870

a71
372
373

T T

Y I R I

n74
a75
876

377
100
161
102
193

104
195
106
107
110
111

Space.

IO
= O
N
.

g51

@46
p4a7
Asa

el Lk

P42
@43
g44
@45

341

O O~JAUTHBWN
H
N

040

= oem 0nCc
o

CAN
EM
SUB
ESC
FS

HZQTMWEO QW@ WV A

- TR

CONTROL/W.

Aa30
A31
@332
#33
A34

"Accent

acute

apostrophe.

MACRO-11

Even
Parity
Bit

CHARACTER

SETS

7-Bit
- Octal
Code

Character

115
116

X E<CHNOUOUWOZIrXU

113

T S S TR I

112
114

R
i
B B

123
124
125

122

117

120
121

130

Remarks

127

143
144

146
147
151
152
153
154

R
Rl

161

155

163

R
SRR
-

171

175
176
177

Appears

166
167
170
172
173

Appears

oot

164
165

R
N

162

grave.
|

QU OB HRWWHITOMODOOOALO
DD

142

156
157

**
Accent

141

O~ S S
I
T

140

150

137

160

shift/k.
shift/1.
shift/m.

Yt S

134
135
136

145

132

133

IR S T BRI S TR T

131

174

as <

This code generated
This code generated
(if present).
DEL

Delete,

some machines.

Rubout.

by ALTMODE.
by
prefix

Kkey

MACRO-11

A.2

CHARACTER SETS

RADIX-5¢ CHARACTER SET
ASCII

Character

Space

A-Z

191-132

Unused
g-9

The

Octal
Equivalent

Radix-50
Equivalent

9
1-32

60-71

maximum

Radix-50

value

is,

36-47

thus,

A7%50%*2+47*50+47=174777
The following table provides a convenient means of translating between
the
ASCII
character
set and its Radix-50 equivalents.
For example,
given the ASCII string X2B, the Radix-50 equivalent is (arithmetic
is
performed

octal):

X=113000

2=002400
B=000@a72

X2B=1154092

Single

Char.
or

First

Char.

Second

Third

Character

Space

000000

Space

aneean

Space

BOR000D

PR3109

200050

BO6200

doR120

go00al
200002

711300

daR170

d000a33

014400

0AR249

G000a4

317500

AgR310

da00a5

22600

d03360

200006

25700

200430

da0aa7

331000

203500

334100

20@550

go0a19
330011

J
K
L

B37200
42300
45400

J
K
L

d00620
00670
00740

J
K
L

ped@14

250500

201010

gadA1Ss

53600

001060

a00016

0
P
0

356700
62000
365100

0
P
0

31130
AR1200
A01250

9]
P
Q

do00017
P00a20
200021

R
S
T

70200
373300
376400

R
S
T

231320
201370
gnl1440

R
S
T

d0a022
@30023
Ao0a24

191500

1510

AOPB25

A00@312
200013

MACRO-11 CHARACTER SETS
Single Char.
or
First Char.

Second
Character

Third
Character

A4
W

104600
107700

\'4
W

PB1560
PRA1630

A%
W

Ao00A26
200@27

113000

AOAB30

116100

X
Y

31700

31750

goee31

Unused

132500

Unused

002210

Unused

@00035

135600

)

PR2260

d00@36

1
2
3
4
5

140700
144000
147100
152200
155304

1
2
3
4
5

@02330
202400
@A2450
g@2520
2a2570

1
2
3
4
5

pag@37
P00B40
000041
do0042
gaeR43

7
8

163500
166600

7
8

302710
Aa2760

7
8

Aaa@a45
gogg46

171700

203030

aa0a47

y/
S
.

121200
124300
127400

160400

VA
S
.

gA2020
0a2070
@A214¢0

ANn2640

Z
S
.

200032
A00@33
d00034

pooR44

APPENDIX

MACRO-11

B.1

SPECIAL

ASSEMBLY

LANGUAGE

AND ASSEMBLER

CHARACTERS

Character

Function

Label terminator
Direct assignment operator

=
%

tab
space
#

Immediate

(

Initial
Terminal

(comma)

Operand

Comment

|
%
2= 2N
YV
A e

field

indicator

separator

indicator

addition

the

is an

is
is

either
in the

Logical OR operator
Double ASCII character

indicator

Single ASCII character

indicator or

concatenation indicator
Assembly location counter

Initial argument indicator
Terminal argument indicator
Universal unary operator or
indicator
Macro call numeric argument
Source line terminator

tab

SUMMARY OF ADDRESS

used

indicator

field

indicator

Logical AND operator

vertical

Symbols

terminator
terminator

operator or auto
increment indicator
Arithmetic subtraction operator or auto
decrement indicator
Arithmetic multiplication operator
Arithmetic division operator

(apostrophe)

B.2

field
field

expression

Arithmetic

indicator

Deferred addressing

)
:

term

Item terminator or
Item terminator or

DIRECTIVES

MODE

argument
indicator

SYNTAX

table:

integer,
register

to 7,

representing

expression

a register expression or
range @ to 7.

B-1

an expression whose value

MACRO-11

ASSEMBLY

Address

LANGUAGE

AND ASSEMBLER

DIRECTIVES

Address

Mode

Format

Name

Number

@R or

(ER)

deferred

(ER)+

Autoincrement

Meaning

contains

the

operand.

The contents
specified
incremented
as

@ (ER) +

Autoincrement

Deferred

the

The

Autodecrement

Autodecrement
Deferred

Index

the

operand.

(ER)

1is

(ER)
the
the

incremented

The

contents of
the
register
specified
as
(ER)
are
decremented before being
used
the

The

address

contents of

the

operand.

specified
as
(ER)
are
decremented
before being used
as the pointer to the
address

Deferred

use.

the

The

operand.

expression

contents

@E (ER)

the ad-

registér specified as

E (ER)

address

the
of

@- (ER)

the

of
the
register
as
(ER)
are
after
being
used

contains
address
after

- (ER)

contains

plus

the

specified as (ER),
form
address of the operand.

the

The

the

expression

contents

E,
the

plus

specified
as
(ER),
vyield
a
pointer
to the address of the

operand.

Immediate

The

expression

operand

Q#E

Absolute

The

expression

address
E

Relative

The

follows

Relative

Deferred

the

address

relative

the

operand

instruction,

instruction.

pointed to by
relative
to

the

operand.

the

The address of

follows

itself,.

the operand
is

E whose address,
the instruction,

instruction.

MACRO-11

B.3

ASSEMBLER

ASSEMBLY

LANGUAGE

AND ASSEMBLER

DIRECTIVES

The MACRO-11 assembler directives
are
summarized
in
the
following
‘table.
For
a
detailed
description
of
each
directive, the table
contains references to the appropriate sections in
the
body
of
the
manual.

Section

Form

Reference

Operation

65.3.3

Followed

7.3.7

a
single
quote
(apostrophe)
generates a word which contains the
7-bit ASCII representation
of
the
character in the low-order byte and

zero

one

ASCII

the high-order

character

byte.

This
a
the

character
is
also
used
concatenation
indicator
in
expansion of macro arguments.
"

6.3.3

Followed

two

ASCII

characters

double quote generates a word which
contains
the
7-bit
ASCII
representation
of
the
two
characters.
The first character is
stored
in the low-order byte;
the
second character
high-order byte.

“Bn

“Cexpr

temporary radix

stored

1in

6.4.1.2

6.4.2.2

A temporary numeric control,

the
wvalue
n
binary number.

the

control,

expression's

causes

treated

value

the

causes
ones-

complemented.

“Dn

“Fn
|

“0On

6.4.1.2

A temporary radix

6.4.2.2

A temporary numeric control,

causes

6.4.1.2

A temporary radix

causes

the
wvalue
n
to
decimal number.

the
wvalue
sixteen-bit

control,
be

causes

treated

the
wvalue
n
octal number.

control,
be

treated

Converts ccc to Radix-50 form.

.ASCII /string/

6.3.4

Generates
the

the

character

delimiting
character

block

ASCII

string

byte.

data

equivalent

(enclosed

characters),
per

6.3.7

containing

n
to
be
treated as a
floating-point number.

“"Rccce

1in

one

MACRO-11

ASSEMBLY

LANGUAGE AND ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

Section
Form

Reference

.ASCIZ

/string/

6.3.5

Operation
Generates

a
block
of
data
containing
the ASCII equivalent of
the character string
(enclosed
in
delimiting
characters),
one

character per
byte,
byte
terminating

with
a
zero
the
specified

string.
.ASECT

.BLKB

exp

Begins

program

section.

Reserves

whose

by
.BLKW

exp

resumes

block

length

the

absolute

storage

bytes

specified

Reserves

the

space

determined

expression.

block

storage

space

whose length in words is determined
by the specified expression.
.BYTE

expl,exp2,..

Generates
each byte

successive bytes of data;
contains the value of the

corresponding

.CROSS

syml,sym2,...

specified

Enables the cross-reference listing
for
the specified symbol list.
If
a symbol
1list
1is
not
specified,
this
directive
reenables
the

cross-reference

symbols
.CSECT

[name]

expression.

the

listing

for

Begins

or resumes named or
unnhamed
relocatable
program section.
This

directive

provided

compatibility

with

for

other

PDP-11

assemblers,
.DSABL

arg

Disables
the

. ENABL

.END

arg

[exp]

Indicates

the

specified

logical

program.

address

[name]

function

Enables
(invokes)
the
specified by the argument.

argument

. ENDM

the

argument.

source

. ENDC

all

program.

specifies

where

Indicates

the

block.

the

end

block,

macro

transfer

execution

identical

name

the

conditional

the

current
repeat

definition.

name,

macro

the

indefinite

optional
the

optional

assembly

repeat
block,

function

The

program

begin.

Indicates

end

definition.

wused,

must

specified

The
be

1in

MACRO-11 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE AND ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES
Section
Reference

Form

Operation

Indicates

« ENDR

repeat

the

end

block.

the

This

current

directive

provided
other
. ERROR

exp;text

for
compatibility
PDP-11 assemblers.

user-invoked

causes

error

output

the

command

with

directive,
listing

output

file

device

containing
the optional expression
and the
statement
containing
the
directive.
. EVEN

Ensures

that

counter

contains

adding
.FLT2

argl,arg2,...

the

floating-point

argl,arg2,...

even

1location
address

.4.2.1

odd.

Generates
successive
floating-point
equivalents

numbers

arguments.

.FLT4

current
an

2-word

for the
specified as

Generates

successive

floating-point
floating-point

4-word

equivalents
numbers

for

the

specified

arguments.

.GLOBL

syml,sym2,...

Defines the symbol(s)
global symbol(s).

. IDENT

/string/

Provides a means
of
labeling
the
object
module
with
the
program
version number.
The version number
is
the
Radix-5#
string appearing
between
the
paired
delimiting
characters.

.IF

.IFF

cond,arqgl

Begins a conditional assembly block
of source code which is included in
the assembly
only
1if
the stated
condition
1is
met
with respect to
the argument(s) specified.

6.9.2

Appears

only within

assembly

block,

conditional

indicating

the

beginning of a section of
code
to
be
assembled if the condition upon
entering the block tests false.
.IFT

Appears

only

assembly
beginning
be

assembled

entering

within

conditional

block,
indicating
of a section of
code

the

block

condition

tests

true.

the
to
upon

MACRO-11

ASSEMBLY

LANGUAGE

AND

ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

Section
Form

Reference

.IFTF

Operation

Appears

only

assembly
beginning
be
.IIF

cond,argqg,

of
assembled

specified.

.IRP

string

6.10.2

Inserts
a
within
the
being used.

the

symbol

with
real
angle
.IRPC

sym,<string>

conditional
condition
argument

statement
is
the
<condition

the
repeat

beginning
of
an
block
in
which

specified

1is

value

Adds

replaced

successive
elements
of
the
argument list enclosed within
brackets.

Indicates
the
beginning
indefinite
repeat
block
the specified symbol takes

6.10.1

specified
source
file
source
file currently

successive

optionally
brackets,
.LIBRARY string

the
the

the

true.

Indicates
indefinite

sym,

argl,arg2,...>

conditional

1l-line
where
for

The
only
1f

assembled
tests

indicating
a section of
code
unconditionally.

Acts
as
a
assembly block
is
tested

statement

.INCLUDE

within

block,

enclosed

specified

macro

characters,

within

file

library

in which
on
the

angle

name

list

that

a
is

searched.

Reserves two words into

.LIMIT

Task
high
.LIST

[arg]

Builder
addresses

Without
an
argument,
directive
increments
level

count

argument,

according
specified.
.MACRO

name,arqgl,

arg2,...

this

alter the
formats

the
LLIST
the
1listing
With
an

directive

does

not

listing level count,
but
the
assembly
listing
to
the
argument

Indicates

the

definition

having

name

which‘ the

1inserts
the low and
of the task image.

and

start

the

a macro
specified

following

dummy

arguments.

.MCALL

argl,arg2,...

Specifies

the

user

system

required

current

user

not

defined

symbolic
the

the

definitions

assembly

program,

within

names

macro

but

the

which

are

program.

MACRO-11

ASSEMBLY

LANGUAGE

AND ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

Section
Form

Reference

-.MDELETE

namel,name2,...

7.9

Operation

Deletes
the
definitions
of
the
specified macro(s), freeing virtual
memory.

<MEXIT

7.1.3

Causes

macro

repeat

+.NARG

symbol

7.4.1

exit

from

expansion

the

block.

Appearing
only
within
definition,
equates
the
symbol to the number
of

current

indefinite

the

macro

call

a
macro
specified
arguments

currently

being

expanded.

«NCHR

symbol,<string>

.NLIST

[arg]

7.4.2

6.1.1

Appearing

anywhere

source

program,

equates

the

specified

symbol

number

Without

argument,

that

Disables

the

string.

decrements
1.

directive

portion
by

specified

count

this

specified
H.2.2

the

1level

argument,

syml,sym2,...

the

characters

listing

.NOCROSS

1in

the

With

suppresses

the

listing

argument.

the

cross-reference

listing for the listed symbols.
1If
a symbol
1list
1is
not
specified,
this
directive
disables
the
cross-reference

symbols
.NTYPE

symbol,aexp

7.4.3

the

Appearing

1listing

for

all

program.

only

within

macro

definition,
equates
the symbol to
the 6-bit addressing
mode
of
the
specified address expression.

. 0ODD

6.5.2

Ensures

that

counter

. PACKED

f.3.8

. PAGE

6.1.5

even.

Causes

decimal

digits
digits

or
per

7.5

odd

number

1less
byte.

location
address

31(19)

packed

Causes the assembly listing to skip
the

top

increment
exp;text

current
an

adding

.PRINT

the

contains

the

page

User-invoked
causes

page

message

output

and

count.

the

directive;
listing

file

or
the
command
output
device
containing
the optional expression
and

the

statement

containing

directive.
.PSECT
attn

name,attl,...

6.7.1

Begins

unnamed

program

specified

B-7

resumes
section

attributes,

the

named

having

the

MACRO-11

ASSEMBLY

LANGUAGE

AND

ASSEMBLER

DIRECTIVES

Section
Reference

Form

.RADIX

6.4.1.1

Operation

Alters
n,

.RADS@

.REM

/string/

comment-character

603’6

the

where

exp

delimiting

Allows
block

a
of

source

program

precede

the

Begins

radix

programmer
to
comments into

repeat

having

lines

block;

L.ENDR

with

causes

number

previously

. SAVEd

section from the top of the
section
context
stack

leaving

the

current

program

section

Stores the current program
the
top of the program

section
section

context

stack

current

program

section

effect.

collected

contents

expl,exp2,..

the

effect.

.SBTTL

1into
the

Assigns

the

beginning

first
1in

module

six

the

name

directive

table

the

Radix-50

string

and

causes

the

string
to
appear
on
the assembly listing.

each

Specifies
defined
module or

are
either
in
another
globally
in

the
.WORD

each

listing.

object

syml ,sym2,...

assembly

characters

.WEAK

leaving

Causes the specified string to
be
printed
as
part
of
the assembly
listing page
header.
The
string
component

string

times

exp.

.TITLE

the

program
program
in

string

to
the

the next

directive

the

Retrieves

insert
a
MACRO-11

(;).

code

without

comment

specified

.SBTTL

10.

characters.

character

section
.ENDM

. SAVE

program

within

repeated

- RESTORE

Generates
a
block
of
data
containing
the Radix-5@ equivalent
of the
<character
string
enclosed

comment
.REPT

current

symbols that
externally
are defined

current

module.

Generates

successive

each

contains

word

page

corresponding

words

the

specified

value

data;

the

expression.

APPENDIX

PERMANENT

The

mnemonics

assembler

The

PST

for

the

directives

contains

the

SYMBOL

PDP-11
are

the

that

detailed

description

the

Handbook.

C.1

(PST)

(op)

codes

Permanent

are

MACRO-11.

For

TABLE

operation

stored

symbols

and

Symbol

automatically

codes,

see

the

MACRO-11

Table

PDP-11

Octal

Mnemonic

Value

Operation

ADC

@d05500

Add

Carry

ADCB

195500

Add

Carry

(Byte)

ADD

260000

Add

Source

ASH

B372000

Shift Arithmetically

ASHC

73000

Arithmetic

Shift

Combined

ASL

A6300

Arithmetic

ASLB
ASR

106300
Aa6200

Arithmetic
Arithmetic

Shift
Shift

Left
Left

Shift

Right

ASRB

106200

Arithmetic

BCC

103000

Branch

Carry

BCS

Clear

103400

Branch

Carry

BEQ

Set

pR1400

Branch

Equal

BGE

2A2000

Branch

Greater

Than

BGT

03000

Branch

Greater

BHI

Than

1010600

Branch

Higher

BHIS

BIC

103000
240000

Branch If
Bit Clear

Higher

BICB

140000

Bit

Clear

(Byte)

BIS

50000

BISB

150000

Bit
Bit

Set
Set

BIT

30000

Bit

Test

Destination

Shift

(Byte)

Right

(Byte)

Equal

Same

(Byte)

BITB

130000

Bit

BLE

AA3400

Branch

(Byte)
Less

BLO

103400

Branch

Lower

Than

Or
Same

BLOS

101400

Branch

Lower

BLT

BA2400

Branch

Less

Than

BMI

106400

Branch

Minus

BNE

0B1000

Branch

BPL

Not

100000

Branch

Plus

BPT

200003

Breakpoint

P03400

Branch

Equal

Trap

Unconditional

Equal

Processor

CODES

Instruction

(PST).

recognized

PERMANENT

Instruction
Mnemonic

SYMBOL

TABLE

Octal
Value

(PST)

o
Operation

BVC

102000

Branch

Overflow

Clear

BVS

102400

Branch

Overflow

Set

CALL

A34700

Jump

CALLR

goR100

Jump

To Subroutine
(JMP addr)

(JSR

CCC

Aa@257

Clear

All

CLC

agag241

Clear

Condition Code

Bit

CLN

deB250

Clear

Condition

Bit

CLR

A05000

Clear

Destination

CLRB

105000

Clear

Destination

CLV

00pG242

Clear V Condition Code Bit

CLZ

Agp244

Clear

CMP

320000

Compare

CMPB

120000

Compare

Condition

PC,XxXX)

Condition
Source

Codes

Code

(Byte)

Code

Bit

Destination
Source

Destination

(Byte)

COM

@p5100

Complement

Destination

COMB

105100

Complement

Destination

DEC

A05300

Decrement

Destination

DECB

105300

Decrement

Destination

DIV

371000

Divide

(Byte)
(Byte)

EMT

104000

Emulator

Trap

FADD

@75000

Floating

Add

FDIV

A75030

Floating

Divide

FMUL

@d75020

Floating

Multiply

FSUB

@75010

Floating

Subtract

HALT

P0003a

Halt

INC

Aa5200

Increment

Destination

INCB

105200

Increment

Destination

(Byte)

p—

I0T

PRoea4

Input/Output

JMP

ARB10a

Jump

JSR
MARK

A04000
AR6400%

Jump
Mark

MEDG6X

A76600

PDP-11/6M

Maintenance

MED74C

A76601

PDP-11/74

CIS

MFPI

A36500

Move

Trap

Subroutine

From

Maintenance

Instruction
MFPS

106700

Move

from

(Ls1-11,

Space

LSI-11/23,

aooaa7

Move

From

MOV

g10009

Move

Source

Destination

MQVB

110000

Move

Source

Destination

MTPI

G660

Move

(Byte)
To

Processor

LSI-11/2)

MFPT

Instruction
to

Type

Space

MTPS

106400

Move

MUL

370000

Multiply

NEG

gas5400

Negate

Destination

NEGB

105400

Negate

Destination

NOP

Ag@a240

(Ls1-11,

LSI-11/23,

LSI-11/2)

(Byte)

Operation

RESET

AAABASsS

Reset

RETURN

pan207

ROL

gR6100

Return
Rotate

ROLB

176100

ROR

06000

RORB

106000

External

Bus

From
Left

Subroutine

Rotate

Left

(Byte)

Rotate

Right

Rotate

Right

C-2

(Byte)

(RTS

PC)

PERMANENT

Instruction

Octal

Mnemonic

Value

RTI

P00

SYMBOL

TABLE (PST)

Operation

Return

From

(Permits

Interrupt

trace

trap)

RTS

do@200

Return From Subroutine

RTT

go0006

Return From
(inhibits

SBC

aa5600
105600

Subtract Carry
Subtract Carry

aaa277

Set

SEC
SEN
SEV
SEZ
SOB
SUB

gag261
geR270
gAd262
pP0264
@77000
160000

Set C Condition Code Bit
Set N Condition Code Bit
Set V Condition Code Bit
Set Z Condition Code Bit
Subtract One And Branch
Subtract Source From

SWAB

PAG300

Swap

SXT

pa6700

Sign Extend

TRAP

104400

Trap

TST
TSTB
TSTSET
WAIT
WRTLCK

AG5700
105700
AQ7200
ARRaa1
go7300

XFC
XOR

76700
B74000

Test Destination
Test Destination (Byte)
Test Destination And Set Low Bit
Wait For Interrupt
Read/Lock Destination. Write/Unlock
R@ Into Destination
Extended Function Code
Exclusive OR

SBCB
SCC

All

Interrupt
trace trap)

(Byte)
Condition Code

Bits

Destination

COMMERCIAL

INSTRUCTION

Every operation

listed

SET

(CIS)

Bytes

CODES

the CIS table

has

two

instruction mnemonics.

The
suffix "I", attached to every second mnemonic, indicates that the
addresses are inline.
The inline instructions require two
arguments;
the other instructions (excepting L2DN and L3DN) require no arguments.
Instruction

Octal

Mnemonic

Value

ADDN

376050

Add

Numeric

ADDNI

276150

Add

Numeric

ADDP
ADDPI
ASHN
ASHNI

76370
76170
376356
@76156

Add Packed
Add Packed
Arithmetic Shift Numeric
Arithmetic Shift Numeric

ASHP

B76076

Arithmetic Shift Packed

ASHPI

@76176

Arithmetic

CMPC
CMPCI
CMPN
CMPNI

A76044
#76144
376052
376152

Compare
Compare
Compare
Compare

Shift Packed
Character String
Character String
Numeric
Numeric

CMPP

A76072

Compare

Packed

CMPPI

376172

Compare

Packed

CVTLN

76057

Convert

Long

Numeric

CVTLNI

76157

Convert

Long

Numeric

CVTLP

B76077

Convert

Long

Packed

Operation

PERMANENT

SYMBOL

TABLE

(PST)

Instruction

Octal

Mnemonic

Value

CVTLPI

76177

Convert

Long

CVTNP

A76855

Convert

Numeric

CVTNPI

Packed

@76155

Convert

Numeric

Packed

Operation

Packed

CVTPN

A76054

Convert

Packed

CVTPNI

Numeric

76154

Convert

packed

DIVP

Numeric

@76075

Divide

DIVPI

@76175

Divide

Decimal
Decimal

LOCC

A76040

Locate

Character

LOCCI

976140

Locate

L2DN*
L3DN*

@7602N

Load

Character

@76@36N

Load

MATC

@76045

Match

MATCI

376145

Match Character
Move Character

Descriptors

@ (RN)+

Descriptors

@(RN)+

Character

MOVC

A76030

MOVCI

376130

Move

MOVRC

B76031

Move

Reverse

Justified

MOVRCI

Character

376131

Move

Reverse

Justified

MOVTC

Character

76032

Move

MOVTCI

P76132

Move

Translated
Translated

MULP

76074

Multiply

Decimal

MULPI

76174

Multiply

Decimal

SCANC

p76042

Scan

Character

SCANCI

A76142

Scan

Character

SKPC

p76041

Skip

SKPCI

376141

Skip

Character
Character

SPANC

76043

Span

Character

SPANCI

76143

Span

Character

SUBN

376051

Subtract

Numeric

SUBNI

376151

Subtract

Numeric

SUBP

A76071

Subtract

Packed

SUBPI

376171

Subtract

Packed

where

FLOATING

Character
Character

N=¢0...7
POINT

Instruction

Mnemonic

PROCESSOR

CODES

Octal
Value

Operation

ABSD

170600

Make

Absolute

Double

ABSF

170600

Make

Absolute

Floating

ADDD

172000

Add

Double

Floating

ADDF

172000

Add

CFCC

170000

Copy

Floating

Condition

Codes

CLRD

1704060

Clear

Double

CLRF

170400

Clear

Floating

CMPD

173400

Compare

CMPF

173400

Compare

DIVD

174400

Divide

Double

DIVF

174400

Divide

Floating

LDCDF

177400

Load

Double

Floating

And

Double
LDCFD

177400

Load

And

Convert

Floating
LDCID

177000

Load

And

Double

From

Floating
To

From

Double

Convert

Integer

PERMANENT

Instruction

Octal

Mnemonic

Value

LDCIF

177000

SYMBOL

TABLE

(PST)

Operation

Load

And

Convert

Integer

Floating

LDCLD

177000

LDCLF

177000

Load And Convert Long
Integer To Double
Load And Convert Long

LDD
LDEXP

172400
176400

Load
Load

Double
Exponent

LDF

172400

Load

Floating

LDFPS
MFPD

170100
106500

Load
Move

FPPs
From

MODD

171400

MODF

171400

MTPD
MULD

106600
171000

Integer

Floating

Program Status
Previous Data

Space

MULF

171000

NEGD

170700

NEGF
SETD
SETF

170700
170011
170001

SETI

170002

Multiply And Integerize
Double
Multiply And Integerize
Floating
Move To Previous Data Space
Multiply Double
Multiply Floating
Negate Double
Negate Floating
Set Double Mode
Set Floating Mode
Set Integer Mode

SETL
SPL
STAQ
STB?
STCDF

170012
300230
170005
170006
176000

Set Long Integer Mode
Set Priority Level
Diagnostic Floating Point
Diagnostic Floating Point
Store And Convert From

STCDI

175400

Double To Floating
Store And Convert From
Double To Integer

STCDL

175400

STCFD

176000

STCFI

175400

Store And Convert From
Floating To Integer

STCFL

175400

Store And Convert From
Floating To Long Integer

STD

174000

Store

Double

STEXP

175000

Store

Exponent

STF
STFPS

174000
170200

Store
Store

Floating
FPPs Program

STST

170300

Store

FPPs

SUBD
SUBF
TSTD
TSTF

173000
173000
17500
170500

Subtract Double
Subtract Floating
Test Double
Test Floating

Store And Convert From
Double To Long Integer
Store And Convert From
Floating To Double

Status

PERMANENT

C.2

The

MACRO-11

Appendix

SYMBOL

TABLE

(PST)

DIRECTIVES

directives

that

are

described

greater

detail

Directive

Function

.ASCII

Translates

character

string

ASCII

+ASCIZ

Translates

character

string

ASCII

.ASECT
.BLKB

Reserves

.BYTE

specified
Generates
specified

.CROSS

Enables
symbols;

.CSECT

Begins

word

block

. END

. ENDC
- ENDM

. ENDR

argument.
successive

accordance

byte

data

relocatable

program

other

LFLT2

Causes

each

.GLOBL
. IDENT

.IF
.IFF

. IFT
.IFTF

.IIF

two

words

floating-point

storage

for
of
of

with

for
specified
for all symbols.
(provided

for

assemblers).

Disables specified function.
Enables specified function.
Defines logical end of source program.
Defines end of conditional assembly block.
Defines end of macro definition, repeat block,
indefinite repeat block.
Defines end of current repeat block (provided
compatibility with other PDP-11 assemblers).

. EVEN

.FLT4

wvalue

accordance

section

PDP-11

Outputs diagnostic
message
to
command output device.
Word-aligns the current location

. ERROR

with

arguments.
cross-reference
1listing
enables cross-reference

compatibility with
.DSABL

equivalents;

inserts zero byte as last character.
Begins
absolute
program
section
(provided
compatibility with other PDP-11 assemblers).
Reserves byte block in accordance
with
wvalue
specified argument.

. BLKW

. ENABL

equivalents.

listing

file

counter.
be
generated

for
or

for

argument.

Causes four words of storage to be
generated
for
each floating-point argument.
Declares global attribute for specified symbol(s).

Labels
object
module
with
specified
version number,
Begins conditional assembly block.
Begins
subconditional
assembly
conditional assembly block test is
Begins
subconditional
assembly
conditional assembly block test is

block
false).
block

Assembles immediate conditional assembly
(if specified condition is satisfied).
source

file

(if
(if

true).

Begins
subconditional
assembly
block
conditional assembly block test is true

specified

program

within

(whether
false).

statement

. INCLUDE

Inserts

. IRP

currently being used.
Begins
indefinite
repeat
block;
replaces
specified
symbol
with
specified successive real

source

file

arguments.

. IRPC

Begins
indefinite
specified
symbol

. LIBRARY

Adds

that

characters

repeat
block;
with
value
of

replaces
successive

specified string.
file name to a
searched.

specified

macro

library

list

PERMANENT

SYMBOL

TABLE

Function

Directive

.LIMIT

Reserves

two

.LIST

addresses
Controls

of task
1listing

words

image.
1level

assembly
listing.
definition.
+.MCALL

(PST)

Identifies

storage

for

<count

and

.MACRO

required

denotes

macro

high

and

low

format
start

macro

definition(s)

for

assembly.
+MDELETE
+MEXIT

Deletes the definitions
Exit from current macro
repeat

. NARG
- NCHR

+NLIST

. NOCROSS

of the specified macro(s).
definition
or
indefinite

block.

Equates
specified
symbol
to
the
number
of
non-keyword arguments in the macro expansion.
Equates
specified
symbol
to
the
number
of
characters in the specified character string.
Controls
1listing
1level
count
and
suppresses
specified portions of the assembly listing.
Disables
cross-reference
1listing
for
specified
symbols;
disables cross-reference listing for all
symbols.

. 0ODD

Equates specified symbols to the
of the specified argument.
Byte-aligns the current location

. PACKED

Generates

+NTYPE

. PAGE

Advances

packed decimal
form

. PSECT

Prints
Begins

.RADIX

attributes.
Changes current

. PRINT

.RADS@
. REM

specified
specified

top of

data,
next

addressing

mode

counter.

2 digits per

byte.

page.

message on command output device.
program section having
specified

program radix to specified radix.
Generates data block having
Radix-50
equivalents
of specified character string.
Inserts a block of comments into a MACRO-11 source
program
without
having to precede comments lines

.REPT

with the comment character (;).
Begins repeat block and replicates it according
the value of the specified expression.

. RESTORE

Stores

the

current program

section context on

top of

the

program

context

. SAVE

. SBTTL
. TITLE

Retrieves

the

section

program section

from

the

stack.

the

program section context stack.
Prints specified subtitle text as the
of the assembly listing page header.

top of
second

Prints specified title text as object module
in
the
first
1line
of the assembly listing

the
1line

name
page

header.
. WEAK

.WORD

Specifies
symbols
that
are
either
defined
externally
in
another
module
or
are
defined
globally in the current module.
Generates successive word data in accordance
with
specified arguments.

APPENDIX

ERROR

error

code

printed

the

MESSAGES

first

character

containing
an
detected during

error.
This error code identifies the
the processing of the line.
Example:

010102

090236

line

condition

MOV R1,R2,A

The extraneous argument A in the MOV instruction above
to be flagged with a Q (syntax) error.

Error Code

source

error

causes

the

line

Meaning

Assembly

error.

Because

many

different

conditions

produce
this
may yield
a

error message, the directives
general
assembly
error
have

which
been

categorized

below

error

reflect

these

conditions:
CATEGORY

ILLEGAL

.RADIX -- A
specified

value
a

new

ARGUMENT

other

(see

than

1is

radix.

.LIST/.NLIST -- Other
argument

SPECIFIED.

Table

than
6-2)

a
is

1legally
specified

defined
with

the

directive.

.ENABL/.DSABL -- Other
argument

(see

Table

than

$6-3)

legally
specified

defined
with

directive, or
the attribute
arguments
previously declared program section.

the

.PSECT -- Other than a legally defined argument
(see
Table
6-4)
is
specified
with
the
directive, or
the
attribute
arguments
of
a
previously declared program section change (see
Section 6.7.1.1).
.IF/.IIF -- Other

than

legally

defined

conditional
test (see Table 6-6) or an illegal
argument expression value is specified with the
directive.
.MACRO -- An illegal or
in dummy argument list.

duplicate

symbol

found

ERROR

Error

MESSAGES

Code

Meaning
(A

(cont.)

. TITLE -- Program name is
directive,
or
first
following
the
directive
character,

.IRP/.IRPC
the

-- No

dummy

not

specified in
the
non-blank
character
is
a
non-Radix-50

argument

specified

directive.

.NARG/ .NCHAR/ .NTYPE
in the directive.
IF/.IIF

-- No

specified