Digital PDFs

EY-0072E-SG-0101

May 1982

238 pages

Original

10MB

Document:	RSX-11M/M-PLUS Utilities and Commands A Self-Paced Course Volume 1
Order Number:	EY-0072E-SG-0101
Revision:	0
Pages:	238
Original Filename:	http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/rsx11m_plus/RSX-11M_M-PLUS_Utilities_and_Commands_Self-Paced_Course/EY-0072E-SG-0101_RSX-11M_M-PLUS_Utilities_and_Commands_Self-Paced_Course_Vol1_1982.pdf

OCR Text

EY-0072E-SG-010l

RSX-llM/M-PLUS
Utilities and
Commands
A Self-Paced Course
Volume I

EY -0072E-SG-O 10 1

RSX-llM/M-PLUS
Utilities and
Commands
A Self-Paced Course
Student Workbook
Volume I

Prepared by Educational Services
of
Digital Equipment Corporation

Copyright © 1982, Digital Equipment Corporation.
All Rights Reserved.
The reproduction of this material, in part or whole, is
strictly prohibited. For copy information, contact the
Educational Services Department, Digital Equipment
Corporati on, Bedford, Massach usetts 01730.

Printed in U.S.A.

The information in this document is subject to change
without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital
Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for
any errors that may appear in this document.
The software described in this document is furnished
under a license and may not be used or copied except
in accordance with the terms of such license.
Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility
for the use or reliability of its software on equipment
that is not supplied by Digital.

The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation,
Maynard, Massachusetts:
DIGITAL
DEC
PDP
DECUS
UNI BUS

DECsystem-10
DECSYSTEM-20
DIBOL
EDUSYSTEM
VAX
VMS

MASSBUS
OMNIBUS
OS/8
RSTS
RSX
lAS

10/82-15

CONTENTS
SG

STUDENT GUIDE
INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
3
COURSE DESCRIPTION. • • • •
• •••••••
3
PREREQUISITES • •
•••
• • • • • • • • • •
4
COURSE GOALS. • •
•• •
• • • • • •
4
NONGOALS. • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • 4
COURSE RESOURCES. • • • • • • • • •
• •••••••
5
COURSE ORGANIZATION • • • •
• • • • • • • • 6
COURSE MAP. • • • •
•••• • •
••••••
7
HOW TO TAKE THIS COURSE •
•• •
••••
8
PERSONAL PROGRESS PLOTTER • • • • • • • • • • •
9
RSX-llM-PLUS CURRICULUM
• • •
• • •
11
COURSE STRING • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • 12

RSX-11M/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION.
OBJECTIVES. •
RESOURCES • •
OVERVIEW. • • • •
The Hardware.
The Software.
THE OPERATING SYSTEM.

• • • ••
• 15
• • • • • . . • 15
· ..
. . . 16

. . • . . .17
• • . • • .•
.17
• • •
· . • .

LEARNING ACTIVITY • •

• 17
. 18

• • 18

THE RSX-llM-PLUS OPERATING SYSTEM •
••••••••
RSX-llM/M-PLUS Characteristics..
• ••••••
RSX-llM/M-PLUS Components •
• • • • ••
Documentation • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Other Resources • • • • • • • •
• •
THE OPERATING SYSTEM.
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
Memory Use. • • •
•••
•••••••
•
Tasks • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Steps Required to Run a Task • • • • • • • • • • • •
The System Task Directory (STD) • • • • • • • • • •
Active- Task List (ATL). • •
••••••••••
Allocating Memory to a Task
• • • • • • • •
Partitions..
•••
• ••
• ••••
Checkpointing • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • •
Shuffling • • • • • • • • •
• • ••
••
Allocating CPU Time to a Task
••••••••••
Round Robin Scheduling.
• •••••••••
Task Addresses • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Physical Addresses • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
iii

21
21
23
25
30
31
31
32
34
34
34
37
38
44
46
49
52
54
55

Mapped Systems. •
Unmapped Systems.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . •• 56
57

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION. • • • • • •
• •••
OBJECTIVES. • • • • •
• ••••••
RESOURCES • • • • • • • •
• • • •
LOGG ING ON THE SYSTEM
••••••
User Identification Code (UIC) • • • • • .
Passwords • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Command Line Interpreter (CLI) • • • • • •
Notes on Example 2-1 • • • • • • • • •
Notes on Example 2-2 • • • • • • • • • • •
LOGGING OFF THE SYSTEM. • • • • •
• •
USING THE TERMINAL EFFECTIVELY. • • • •
•
Terminals • • • •

• 61

• 61
• 61
• 63

. • . . • 64
• • • • • 64
•

•

• 65
• 65

• 68

• • • • • 70
••
• 72
• 72

LEARNING ACTIVITIES •

• 76

CONVERSING WITH THE OPERATING SYSTEM. •
Command Line Interpreter (CLI) • •
CLI Prompts •
• • • • • • • •
Default CLI • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Changing from One eLI to Another • • • • • • • • •
USING THE DIGITAL COMMAND LANGUAGE (DCL).
Features of DCL • • • • • • •
••••••• •
DCL Command Format. • • • • •
• •••
THE HELP COMMAND. • • • •
• • • •
HELP Command Format •
Notes on Example 2-5.

• 77
• 77

LEARNING ACTIVITIES •

• 93

FILE SPECIFICATIONS •
F i 1 es • • • • • •
• • • • • •
File Specification. Command Format
Devices • • • • • • • • • • •
••••• •
Physical Device Names
••••••
Logical Device Names • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Notes on Figure 2-3 • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Pseudo Device Names •
• • • • • •
User File Directories (UFDs) • • • • • • • • • • •
File Names • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
File Types. • • • • • • • • • •
• ••••
Versions. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Wildcards in the File Specification
•••
Wildcards • • • • •
•••••••••• •
Notes on Example 2-6. • • • • • • •
• ••

· 94
• 94
• 95

• 77
• 78
• 78
• 78

• 79
• 80
• 88
• 88

• 89

• 96
• 96

100
100
103
105
105
105
105
110
110
III

LEARNING ACTIVITY

116

USING THE MONITOR CONSOLE ROUTINE (MCR)
MCR • • • • •
MCR Command Format. • •
Notes on Example 2-7 • • • • •
PRIVILEGED COMMANDS • • • •
INTERPRETING ERROR MESSAGES • • • •
Error Message Format. •

117
117
118
120
127
128
128

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES
INTRODUCTION.
OBJECTIVES • •
RESOURCES • • •
OVERVIEW. • • •
Purpose of an Editor • • • • • •
EDT Editor Features • •
CREATING A TEXT FILE • • • • • • • •
Notes on Example 3-1 • • • • • • •
EDITING AN EXISTING FILE • • • • • •
Notes on Example 3-2 • • • •
THE HELP FACILITY • • • • • • • • •
Command Format. • • •
•• •
EDITING COMMANDS USING LINE MODE • •
COMMAND MODE COMMANDS • • • • • • •
Displaying Lines • • • • • • • •
Command Format • • • • • • • • •
Inserting Lines
••••••
Command Format • • • • • • • • •

133

. . . . . . . . . 133

·......

LEARNING ACTIVITIES •

133
135
135
138
139
139
140
140
141
141
143
144
144
144
147
147
149

Deleting Lines.
Command Format • • • • • • • • •
Copying Lines • • • • • • • • •
Command Format • • • • • • • • •
Moving Lines. • •
• ••
Command Format.
• •••••
Text Substitution
••••••
Command Format • • • • • • •
Renumbering Lines •
••• •
Command Format • • • • • • • • •
Ending the Edit Session
Command Format • • • • •

........

·......

150
150
152
142
153
153
156
156
158
158
160
160
160

LEARNING ACTIVITIES •
Character Mode Features
v

161

THE KEYPADS • • • • • • • • •
• • • • ••
VT100 Keypad Functions. • • • • • •
• • •
VT52 Keypad Functions •
•••••••
Changing to Character Mode. • • • • • • • • • • •
Positioning the Cursor. • • •
• • • • • • ••
Positioning the Cursor (Alternate Methods) • • • •
Inserting Text. • • • • • • •
••••• •
Deleting Text. • • • • • • •
••• •
Help Function ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Exiting Character Mode. •
• • • • • • ••

162
162
163
164
165
168
172
173
174
174

LEARNING ACTIVITIES •

175

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE
INTRODUCTION • • • • •
OBJECTIVES. • • •
RESOURCES • • • •
FILE STRUCTURE • • • •
FILES-II. • •
Master File Directory (MFD) • • •
User File Directory (UFD)
User Default UFD • • • • • • •
User Default Device • • • • • • •
System UFDS • • •
• • • •

179
179
179
181
181
181
181
184
184
184

LEARNING ACTIVITY

187

MAINTAINING A USER FILE DIRECTORY •
Command Formats • • • • • • •
Defaults in File Specification • •
Command Format • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Listing Directories • • • • • • • • •
Command Fo rma t. • • •
....." •
Notes on Example 4-3.
••••
• •••
Deleting Files..
• •••••••••••••
Comma nd Fo rma t • •
• • • •
Purging Old Files
••••••••••••••
Command Format..
•• • • • • • • • • • • • •
Notes on Example 4-5 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Copying Files • •
• • • •
Command Format. • • •
••••••
• •••
Renaming Files. • • • • • • • • •
• •••••
Command Format. • • • • • • • • • • • •
•••
INSPECTING THE CONTENTS OF FILES. • • • • •
• ••
Displaying File Contents at Your Terminal • • • •
Command Format. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

188
188
190
190
192
192
196
197
197
199
199
201
202
202
203
203
205
205
205

Displaying Files on a Line Printer • •
Command Format. • • • • • •
•••
PRINT Command Defaults.
• ••
LEARNING ACTIVITIES • •

208

PROTECTING YOUR FILES •
File Ownership. • • • • •
File Access Rights. • • •
Default File Protection
Setting and Changing File
Command Format. • • • • •
Equivalent MCR Commands •

•
• • •

• • • • •
• ••
•••••••••
Protection.
• •••
• • • • ••
• •••
• • • • ••
••••

LEARNING ACTIVITIES • • • •

207
207
208

209
209
212
213
214
214
215
216

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION.
OBJECTIVES. •
RESOURCES • •
OVERVIEW. • • • • • •
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES •

221
221
221
223
226

LEARNING ACTIVITIES • • •

229

ASSEMBLING/COMPILING • • • • • • • •
MACRO-II Language • • • • • • • •
MACRO-II Assembler Command Format • •
Common Error Messages •
Notes on Example 5-1 • •

230
232
232
235
236

LEARNING ACTIVITIES • •

238

FORTRAN Languages •
••• •
FORTRAN Compiler Command Format •
Common FORTRAN Error Messages •
FORTRAN Compiler Listing • •

239
239
242
242

LEARNING ACTIVITIES •

244

TASK-BUILDING/LINKING •
Overview. • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
•• • •
Notes on Figure 5-4 • • • •
• • • • • • •
Task Builder Command Format
• • • • •
Common Task Builder Error Messages • • • • • • • •
Interpreting a Task Map • •
• • • • • • •
Notes on Example 5-3. • • • • • • • •
• •••

245
245
249
250
253
254
255

vii

LEARNING ACTIVITIES •

256

RUNNING THE TASK • • •

257

LEARNING ACTIVITIES •

257

Notes on Figure 5-5 • • • • • • • • • • •

USING THE EDITOR EFFECTIVELY
INTRODUCTION.
• •••••••
OBJECTIVES. • • • • • • • • • •
• ••
RESOURCES • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • •
USING THE EDITOR EFFECTIVELY. • • • • •
• ••••
Editor Buffers • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Buffer Use. • • • • • • • • •
• •••
Creating a Buffer • •
••••••••••• •
Referring to a Buffer • •
• •••
LINE MODE FEATURES. • • • • • • •
• •••••••
Searching for a Character String..
• ••
Reading and Writing Files •
• ••••••
Generating EDT Macros • • • •
• • • •
A Macro • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Defining a Macro • • • • • • • •
Notes on Example 6-1.
• •••
Setting Editor Parameters • • • • • •
Additional Line Mode Commands
••••••••
The Startup Command File. • •
• •••••••
CHARACTER MODE FEATURES • • • • • • • • • • •
Additional Keypad Functions • • • • • • •

261
261
261
263
263
263
264
264
265
265
265
266
266
267
267
269
270
271
272
272

LEARNING ACTIVITIES •

273

Other Character Mode Functions • •
String Searches in Character Mode • •
Cutting and Pasting Text. • • • • • • • • • • • •
Repeating Functions Automatically • • • • • • • •
Entering Line Mode Commands • • •
Nokeypad Character Mode • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Invoking Nokeypad Mode • • • • • •
Exiting Nokeypad Mode
LEARNING ACTIVITIES • • •

258

274
275
275
276
277
278
278
278
279

USING INDIRECT COMMAND FILES
INTRODUCTION • • • • • • •
OBJECTIVES • • • •
viii

283
283

RESOURCES • • • • • • • • • • • •
••••••
WHAT IS AN INDIRECT COMMAND FILE.
• • • • ••
CREATING SIMPLE CLI COMMAND FILES • • • • • • • •
CREATING SIMPLE TASK INDIRECT COMMAND FILES •
Benefits of Using an Indirect Command File. •
LEARNING ACTIVITIES • •

• • 289

INCLUDING DIRECTIVES.
Directives • • • •
Symbols • • • • •
Values Given to Symbols •
Logical Test Directives • • • • • • • • • • •
Logical Control Directives • • • • • • • • • •
More Useful Directives • • • • •
Special Symbols •
• •••••

290
290
291
291
293
295
296
297

LEARNING ACTIVITIES • •

297

Establishing Symbols.
Notes on Example 7-1.
Asking the User for Input
Notes on Example 7-2.
Notes on Example 7-3.
Making Logical Tests • • • • •
Notes on Example 7-4 • • •
Notes on Example 7-5.
Controlling Execution Flow • •
Setting Operating Modes •
Notes on Example 7-8.
Notes on Example 7-9.
Using Special Symbols • • • •
Notes on Example 7-10 • • • •
Notes on Example 7-11

283
285
285
287
289

. . . . . . . . . . 298
......
·.......
·.......

298
301
301
303
306
306
309
310
312
312
314
316
316
318

CONTROLLING TASK EXECUTION
INTRODUCTION.
• •••••
OBJECTIVES. • •
•• • • • ••
RESOURCES • • • • • • • • • • • •
HOW RSX MANAGES TASKS •
•• •
Priority and Scheduling •
Task States • • •
Memory Allocation • • • •

·.......

325
325
325
327
327
329
331

LEARNING ACTIVITY • • •

331

USING TASK BUILDER FACILITIES
Assigning a Task Name • • • •
Setting Task Priority • •

332
332
333

Indicating a Partition • • • • •
Making a Task Checkpointable • •
Assigning Logical Units • • • •
Notes on Example 8-1 • •

333
334
335
337

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

340

INSTALLING A TASK •
Notes on Example 8-2 • • • • • • • • • • •
RUNNING A TASK. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Running Tasks Immediately •
• ••••
Installed Tasks • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • •
Tasks Scheduled to Run Later..
• ••••••

341
342
343
343
343
344

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

445

LIBRARIES
INTRODUCTION. • • •
••••••••••••
OBJECTIVES. • •
• • • •
•••
•
RESOURCES • • • • • • • • • • •
••••••
LIBRARIES • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Benefits of Using Libraries
•••
Library File Format
•••••
•
Notes on Figure 9-1 • • • • • • •

•
• ••
•
•
•

354

LEARNING ACTIVITIES •
Macro Libraries • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Object Libraries • •
Universal Libraries • •
• ••••••
Using Macro Libraries • • • • • • • • • •
Notes on Figure 9-5 • •
••••
Using Object Libraries • • • • •
Notes on Figure 9-6 • •
Using Universal Libraries •
Creating/Maintaining Libraries.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES • • • •
Notes on Example 9-1. • • •
Notes on Example 9-2 • •

349
349
349
351
351
352
353

355
357
359
362
363
364
365
366
366
370
373
375

ADVANCED MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS

......·········
379
. ·· ·· ·· . . . .
379
.
.
· · ·· · · · · · · . . 379
..···
· ·· · · · ·· · ·
381
·
··

INTRODUCTION.
OBJECTIVES.
RESOURCES
VOLUME MAINTENANCE.

Device Types. • • • • • • •
• ••••
FILES-II Volume Structure •
• • • • • • •
Volume Files. • • •
• ••••••
Index Files • • • • • • • •
••••• • •
Bitmap File. • • • • • • •
• ••
ANSI Magnetic Tape Structure • • • • •
Other Tape Formats • • • • • • • • • •
Device and Volume Accessibility • • •
Device Ownership. •
• • •
Mounting a Volume • • •
•••••••••
Preparing a Disk Volume for Use • • • • •
Physical Formatting • •
• ••••••
FILES-II Initialization
•••••
Preparing a Magnetic Tape Volume for Use.
Backing Up a Volume • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Backup and Restore Utility (BRU) • • • • • • •
Command Format • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Disk Save and Compress Utility (DSC) • • • • •
VERIFY (VFY). • • •
• • •
LEARNING ACTIVITIES •

400

FILE MAINTENANCE • • • •
Transferring Files Between Computer Systems •
File Transfer Program • • • • • • • • • • • •
Transfer Mode Switches. • • •
• •••••
Command Format • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Controlling the Print Queue • • • • • • • • •
Looking at the Contents of a File • •
••••
File Dump Util i ty (DMP)
•••
••••
Command Format. • •
• ••••••••

401
401
401
403
403
405
409
409
410

LEARNING ACTIVITIES •

381
382
383
384
387
389
389
391
391
392
393
393
393
394
396
396
397
399
399

........

414

PROGRAM MAINTENANCE •
Comparing the Contents of Two Files • • • • • • •
File Compare Util i ty (CMP).
•••••
Command Format..
• •••••••••

415
415
415
415

LEARNING ACTIVITIES • •

418

APPENDIX
BATCH JOB FILE • • • • • •
BATCH Command Line • •
Command Format • • • • • • • •
PROCESSING THE BATCH FILE • • • •
Comma nd Fo rma t • • • •

419

. . . . . . . . . 420

420
422
422

FIGURES

1-20

The Documentation. • • • • • •
•••
•
Sequence for Reading Manuals •
• • • • • •• •
Memory Use • • • • • • • • •
••••••
•
A Task is the Result of Program Development.
•
System Task Directory. • • • • • •
• ••
•
Active Task List • • • • • • • • • •
•
Tasks are Built with a Priority • • • • • • • • •
•
Memory Divided Into Partitions • • • • • • •
•
• • •
Tasks Execute in a Specific Partition • • • •
Running Tasks in a System-Controlled Partition.
•
Running Tasks in a User-Controlled Partition
•
Checkpointing a Task • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Partition Fragmentation • • • • • • • • • • • • •
•
Partition Shuffling to Obtain Contiguous Memory. • • •
Task States. • • • • • • • • • • •
• ••
•
Round Robin Scheduling • • • • • • • • • • •
•
Virtual Address Space. • • • •
• ••
•
Physical Address Space • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Mapping a Virtual Address Into a Physical Address
on a Mapped System • • • • • • •
••••
•
Task Built to Execute on an Unmapped System.
•

2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6

LA120 and VT100 Keys • •
• • • • • • • •
• 74
Physical Device Names. • •
• ••••••
• 97
Logical Device Assignments • • • • • • • • •
101
104
Pseudo Device Names • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Standard File Types Depicted • • • •
••••••
106
109
Valid File Specifications for Latest A.FTN Version.

3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-10

Creating a Text File • • • • • • • • • • • •
Modifying Existing Text Files.
• ••••••
VT100 Keypad Functions • •
• • •
VT52 Keypad Functions. • •
• ••••••••
Changing to Character Mode • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Positioning the Cursor
•••
• •••••••
Positioning the Cursor (Alternate Methods) • • •
Inserting Text • • • • • • • • •
Deleting Text • • • • • • • • •
VT100 Keypad Editing Help Text • • • • •

136
137
162
163
164
165
168
172
173

4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4

FILES-II Directory Structure •
• ••••
User File Directories. • • • •
•••
• •••
Changing the Default UFD and Device • • • • • • • • •
Transferring File Ownership • • • • • • • • • • •

182
183
185
210

1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-11
1-12
1-13
1-14
1-15
1-16
1-17
1-18
1-19

xii

26
29
31
33
35
36
37
39
40
42
43
45
47
48

50
53
54
55
56
57

174

4-5

Accessing a File • • • • • • • •

216

5-1
5-2

225

5-3
5-4
5-5

The Program Development Process. • • • •
Translating a Program Source File Into
Machine Language • • • • • • • • • • • •
•• ••
Task-Building an Executable Image.
• • • • • ••
Task Image Structure • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Requesting a Task to Run • • • • • •
••••

7-1
7-2

Creating and Invoking a CLI Indirect Command File..
A MeR Task Indirect Command File. •
• • ••

286
288

8-1
8-2

Highest Priority Ready-to-Run Task Gains CPU
Control. • •
• • • • •
• ••
Task States.

328
330

9-1
9-2
9-3
9-4
9-5
9-6

Library File Format. • • • • • • • • • • • •
A Macro Library. • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Object Libraries • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Universal Libraries • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Using Macro Libraries • • • • • • • •
Using Object Libraries • • • • • •

352
356
358
360
362
364

10-1

FILES-II Standard System Files Found on Every
Volume • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • •
The Two Parts of a File. • • • • • • • • • • • •
Index File Format. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Directory Structure for Single-User Volume • • •
Directory STructure for Multiuser Volume. • • •
ANSI Magnetic Tape Structure •
• • • • •
PDP-II File Structures. • • • • • • • • • • • •
The Queue Manager. • • • • • • • • • • •
••
How the DMP Program Interprets 16 Bits. • • • •

10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9

••
••
••
••
••
••
••
••
••

231
247
248
258

383
385
386
388
388
390
402
406
411

TABLES
1-1
1-2
1-3
2-1
2-2
2-3

PDP-II Operating Systems •
• • • • • • • • • • • • 19
Characteristics of System- and User-Controlled
Partitions • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • 41
Significant Events that Cause Rescheduling
of the CPU • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 51
Special Terminal Keys • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
75
Echoing of Delete Key on CRTS/Hardcopy •
• • • • • 76
Partial List of DCL Commands • • • • • • • • · . • . • 81

xiii

• 98
103
107
108
116
119
127
129

2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9
2-10
2-11

RSX-llM/M-PLUS Peripheral Devices • • •
Pseudo Device Names • • • • • • • • • •
Standard File Types • • • • • • • • • •
File Specification Defaults • • • •
Allowed Use of Wildcard Characters
Partial List of MCR Commands • • •
Partial List of Privileged Commands • •
Some Common Error Messages • •

3-1
3-2

Line Mode Commands • •
Range Specifications •

4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7

Special User File Directories • •
File Maintenance Commands • • • • • • • • • •
Defaults in a File Specification • • • • • •
Groups of Users • • • • • • • • •
Access Rights • • • • • • • • • • •
Default File Protection • • • • • • •
Equivalent MCR File Maintenance Commands

187
189
191
212
212
213
217

5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-9

Language Types • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Available Lanaguage Translators for RSX Use.
MACRO Command and File Qualifiers.
Examples Using the MACRO Command •
FORTRAN Command Qualifiers • • • •
Examples Using the FORTRAN Command
LINK Command and File Qualifiers.
Examples Using the Task Builder • •
Standard Task Builder Defaults

227
228
233
234
240
241
251
252
253

6-1
6-2

String Search Commands in Line Mode • • • • • • •
Line Mode Commands to Read and Write
Files from Within EDT • • • • • •
SET and SHOW Commands • • • • • • • •
Other Useful Line Mode Commands • • • • • • • • •
Additional Commands to Move the Cursor •
Additional Character Mode Function Keys.
Nokeypad Character Mode Commands • •

265

6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-7
7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
7-6
7-7

.......

......
.. . . . . . 143
145
.........

·· . . . .
·· .. .. . . . . . .

Directives to Define Symbol Values
•••••
Directives Used to Perform Tests
••••••••
Relational Operators • • • • • • •
•••
Compound Logical Operators • • • • •
• •••
Directives Used to Control Command File Execution • •
Other Directives • • • • • • • ~
••••
Special Symbols to Obtain System and User
Information. • • • • • • • • • •
••••••• •

xiv

266
269
270
272
274
278
292
293
294
294
295
296
297

8-1

Overriding Task Attributes • • • • • • • • • • • • •
MCR Commands to Invoke the Task Builder
to Override Task Builder Defaults. • • • • • • • • •

339

9-2
9-3
9-4
9-5
9-6

Sources of EPT, MNT Entries Used in Creating
a Library File • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DIGITAL-Supplied Libraries on LB:[l,l] •
DCL Library Commands • • • • • • • • • •
Equivalent MCR Library Commands • • • • •
CREATE Command Parameters and Qualifiers
Librarian Listing Qualifiers •
• ••

354
361
367
368
369
369

10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9

Device Ownership • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Volume Accessibility • • •
Backup Command Qualifiers.
FLX Format Switches • • • • • • • • • •
Default Transfer Modes • • •
• ••
Print Command Qualifiers • • • • •
DCL Commands to Alter Print Queue.
Equivalent MCR Commands to Alter Print Queue
DMP Switch Format • • • • • • • • •

391
392
398
404
404
407
408
408
411

A-I
A-2
A-3
A-4

Batch Commands • • •
•• • • • • •
Exit Status Code • • • • • • • • • • •
Submit Command Qualifiers.
• •••
Changing the Batch Queue • • •

421
423
423
424

8-2
9-1

·......

338

EXAMPLES
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7

Logging On the System • • • • • • •
· • . . . .
Sample Terminal Session • •
• ••
Logging Off the System •
• ••
· • . ••
DCL Commands • • • •
•• •
• • •
• • • .
••• • •
HELP Command • • • •
Using Wildcards in a File Specification.
MCR Command Samples • •

3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7

Creating a Text File • •
Editing an Existing File
HELP Command • • •
TYPE Command • • • • • •
INSERT Command
•
DELETE Command
COpy Command •

• • • • • • •
•••••
• • • •
••
•••
• • • • • • •

. 67
• 69

.71
• 82
•

• 90

112
121
139
140
142
146
148
151
152

154

3-8
3-9
3-10

MOVE Command • • •
SUBSTITUTE Command • •
RESEQUENCE Command

4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-10
4-11

How the Default UFD Works.
• • ••
• ••
Using Defaults in a File Specification • • • • • • •
DIRECTORY Command Samples.
• ••••
DELETE Command Samples • • • •
•••
purging Files. • •
•••
• •••••••••
COpy Command • • • • •
• • • • • • • • •
Renaming Files • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Using the TYPE Command •
••••
File Ownership • • • • • • • •
•••
Transferring File Ownership Samples • •
Setting File Protection. • • • • •

5-1
5-2
5-3

Sample MACRO Assembly Listing • •
Sample FORTRAN Compiler Listing.
Sample Task Map. • • •
• • •

237
243
254

6-1

Defining a Macro •

268

7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5

.SET Directive - Used to Define Symbol Value • • • •
.ASK Directive - Used to Define Symbol Value • • • •
Execution of INPUT.CMD Showing User Response
Using the .IF Directive to Test Symbols.
••••
Execution of LOGICAL.CMD and the Results of User
Input. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •.• •
Command File Showing How to Control Execution Flow.
Execution of CONTROL.CMD and User Response •
Command File Showing Operating Mode Usage. •
Execution of OPERATING.CMD and User Response • • • •
Command File Showing Special Symbol Usage. •
Execution of SPECIAL.CMD • • • • • • • • • •
An Indirect Command File to Send Message
to Terminal, and Change Current CLI. • •
An Indirect Command File to Edit, Print
and Purge Files. • • • • • • • • • • • •

300
302
305
308

8-1
8-2

Associating Logical Units with Physical Devices.
Samples of Installing a Task • •
••••

337
341

9-1

Obtaining Library Directories. •
••••
Commands to Create a Library and Delete Modules
from that Library. • • • • • • •
• • • •

371

Preparing a Disk Volume • • • • •
Preparing a Magnetic Tape Volume •
Directory File Header Dump • • • •

395
395
412

7-6
7-7
7-8
7-9
7-10
7-11
7-12
7-13

9-2
10-1
10-2
10-3

157
·............
· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

........
......
·............

xvi

186
191
193

198
200
202
203
206
209
211
214

309
310
311
313
315
317
319
320
321

374

10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8

Directory File Dumped in Octal Word Mode •
Directory File Dumped in Radix-50 Mode • • • •
Two Similar ASCII Files. • • •
• •••••
Compare Program Output Between Two ASCII Files •
Change Bar Format. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

413
414
416
417
417

A-I
A-2

Batch Control File to Print MACRO Source Files •
Sample Batch Command Files • • • • • • • • • • • • •

425
426

xvii

STUDENT GUIDE

INTRODUCTION
RSX-IIM/M-PLUS Utilities and Commands instructs you in the
facilities of the RSX-IIM operating system, one of many operating
systems run on a PDP-II.
Each module discusses a primary feature
of RSX-IIM that should be mastered, as well as the objectives,
resources, and laboratory exercises needed to learn the material.

COURSE DESCRIPTION
This self-paced version of RSX-IIM/M-PLUS Utilities and
Commands is the first operating system specific course in the
RSX-IIM/M-PLUS course string.
It is the base for all higher level
RSX courses.
It instructs system managers, operators, programmers
and other users how to
interact with the operating system to
perform basic daily work functions.
Major course topics covered:
•

How to log on and off the system and issue
provide system information.

•

Use interactive editors and file maintenance utilities
create and maintain file collections.

•

Use of compilers/assemblers and other utilities to develop
MACRO-II and FORTRAN programs.

•

Use of indirect command files to control
execution.

•

Use of file and volume maintenance utilities
new volumes, and to back up user files.

commands

interactive
to

that
to

job

prepare

STUDENT GUIDE

PREREQUISITES
1.

Knowledge of the concepts of minicomputer organizations as
in the DIGITAL course,
Introduction to Minicomputers,
aUdio/visual or lecture/lab format.

Knowledge of PDP-II organization and programming as in the
DIGITAL course,
PDP-II Concepts for High-Level Language
Programmers.

COURSE GOALS
1.

Knowledge of
philosophy.

RSX-llM/M-PLUS

terminology

and

operating

Ability to find information in the system documentation.

Use a terminal to communicate with the system.

Create and maintain files.

Assemble, compile and task-build supplied programs.

Maintain a file directory.

Control the execution of supplied programs.

Create, maintain and use libraries.

Perform tasks needed to use private disk and tape volumes.

NONGOALS
1.

This course does not teach the MCR command language.
Some
MCR commands are referenced in a particular table.
If you
wish to learn MCR, do so in the lab.

You will not learn the syntax rules of FORTRAN and MACRO,
or how to write a FORTRAN or MACRO program.
It is assumed
that you are familiar with the syntax structure of either
FORTRAN or MACRO-II.

STUDENT GUIDE

COURSE RESOURCES
The following are available resources:
1.

This Student Workbook.

Operating system information files provided
command.

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS Documentation Set manuals.

On-line example files and indirect command files
by your instructor.

Your fellow students -- sharing
rewarding.

Your instructor.

ideas

and

the

supplied

questions

The following documentation is essential to the course:
1.

Introduction to RSX-IIM and RSX-IIM-PLUS

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS Command Language Manual

MCR Operations Manual

Utilities Manual

Task Builder Manual

EDT Editor Reference Card

HELP

STUDENT GUIDE

COURSE ORGANIZATION
This is a self-paced course with laboratory sessions and
written exercises.
In place of a teacher you have a course
administrator and a subject matter expert.
In some cases, the
same person may perform both functions. The course administrator
manages the mechanics of this course. He makes sure you have easy
access to the system and the on-line course materials. As you
finish modules, he records your progress.
The subject matter
expert will answer any technical questions. Before you consult
the expert, however, read the course materials and references in
an effort to answer the question yourself.
of:

The Student Workbook is divided into

modules

which

consist

•

An introduction, which describes the purpose(s)
module and motivation for meeting its objectives.

•

One or more objectives, which describe operations you
should be able to perform when you have completed the
module.

•

A list of
module.

•

The module text, which includes the following elements:

resources

you

may

require

complete

the

Descriptive text.
Illustrations, which clarify the relationships among
various
elements of a RSX-llM/M-PLUS system, or
summarize steps of a particular process.
Tables, which summarize the operations covered by the
module, and list the commands you enter to perform
those operations.
Examples, containing
terminal sessions.
•

sample

listings

from

actual

Laboratory exercises, available in a separate book, which
provide
the
practice
needed to master the module
objectives. Solutions to the exercises are also provided.

STUDENT GUIDE

COURSE MAP
The course map shows how each module of the course is related
to the other modules and to the course as a whole. Prerequisite
modules are those whose arrows in the map point into a module and
should be accomplished before proceeding to the next module.

TK-7872

STUDENT GUIDE

HOW TO TAKE THIS COURSE
Because this is a self-paced course, you determine how much
time to devote to each subject. You can quickly cover familiar
topics.
You can spend more time on topics which are of more
interest or use to you in your job, and less time on topics of
little use.
Whenever you are ready for a new
module,
read
the
introduction
and the objectives.
If you feel
you already
understand the material in the module, you can go immediately to
the Tests and Exercises for that module.
If you do not understand
much of the material, read the module.
The text explains new
concepts and refers you to related readings in the supplementary
manuals.
The listings provide typical examples of the operations
that a user performs.
Some of the readings in the manuals are essential and others
are optional.
If you feel that you need no further clarification
on a topic, skip the reading.
However, if it is a topic you wish
to pursue, an appropriate reading reference is provided.
As you study the module, keep the module objectives in
If a skill is listed as an objective, be sure to master it.
modules may depend on this skill.

mind.
Later

While you are reading through the module,
try the commands
being discussed on your own terminal. This interactive way of
learning will help your understanding of the command.
Practice
the commands repeatedly until you fully understand their function.
The files tieeded for this course are located in UFD [201,1]
on your system disk.
If they are not there, check with your
course administrator to find out where they are located.
Do not
modify the files in UFD [201,1].
Instead, copy the files to your
own UFD and use them there.
In this way,
the original files
remain intact for the next student.
Once you have read the modules and done the learning
activities,
you can do the lab exercises.
The solutions are
included in the Test and Exercises book.
Once you have mastered the objectives of a module, the course
administrator will
record your progress on the progress plotter
below.
Then, you are ready to begin a new module.
Otherwise,
return to the module text for further study.
The time that you spend on this self-paced course is
dependent upon your experience and interest in the topic as well
as time spent experimenting with the system.
Use Table 1 as a
guide when you set your schedule.

STUDENT GUIDE

PERSONAL PROGRESS PLOTTER
Date
Started
1.

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS
System Overview

Getting Started
on the System

Creating and
Modifying Files

File and Directory
Maintenance

Program Development

Using the Ed i tor
Effectively

using Indirect
Command Files

Controlling Task
Execution

Libraries

10. Advanced Maintenance

Operations

Date
Completed

Time
Spent

Sign-Off
Initial

STUDENT GUIDE

Table 1

Typical Course Schedule

STUDENT GUIDE

RSX-11M-PLUS CURRICULUM
The RSX-IIM/M-PLUS curriculum is illustrated
String below.

the

Course

After completing
this course, depending upon your
final
objective,
you should take
the
System Management course, and
either Programming in FORTRAN IVor Programming in MACRO-II.
One
or the other
is a prerequisite for
Programming RSX-IIM in
FORTRAN/MACRO,
which
is available
in both
lecture/lab
and
self-paced formats.
To derive the most benefit from a higher
level language course, the prerequisite courses must be taken.

STUDENT GUIDE

COURSE STRING
RSX-11M
DEVICE DRIVER

EY-J2550-AO

RSX-11M
OPERATING
SYSTEM
INTERNALS
EY -J2552-AO

DESIGN OF
APPLICATIONS
UNDER RSX
EY -J2484-AO

PROGRAMMING
RSX-11M IN
FORTRAN/MACRO
EY-J2556-AO

RSX-11M
SYSTEM
MANAGEMENT

PROGRAMMING
IN FORTRAN IV

PROG RAMM I NG
IN MACRO-11

EY-J2554-AO

EY-JOO16-AO

EY-J2050-AO

•

RSX-11M/M-PLUS
UTILITIES AND
COMMANDS
EY-J2536-AO

PDP-11 CONCEPTS

EY -J2048-AO

INTRODUCTION TO
MINICOMPUTERS

EY-J2016-AO
TK-7819

RSX-11M/M-PLUS
SYSTEM OVERVIEW

RSX-llM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION
Every computing system
is designed
for
a
purpose.
This
purpose determines how the system component parts are assembled to
make a unit workable.
The RSX-llM/M-PLUS Operating
Systems were
designed
to
solve
real-time
problems,
those
often
requIrIng
complete dedication to
the
computer's
resources.
This module
explains:

How the operating system keeps track of your program

How it allocates the CPU and memory to your
requested to run

program

when

How it decides who gets CPU time
and memory
programs are competing for these resources.

space

when

An
understanding
of
the
processing
philosophy of
this
operating
system will
help you compare the differences between
this and other operating systems used with PDP-II hardware.

OBJECTIVES
1.

List the characteristics of the
system.

List the facilities available with RSX-llM/M-PLUS and
documentation provided.

the

Describe
the
resource management
RSX-llM/M-PLUS for CPU and memory.

used

List the various states of an RSX-llM/M-PLUS task and
each affect task execution.

how

State
the difference
operating system.

Define the terms virtual and physical
address
how they apply to a task and physical memory.

between

RSX-llM/M-PLUS

techniques

mapped

and

operating

unmapped
and

state

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

RESOURCES
In order to complete this unit, you must have access
following document:
Introduction to RSX-IIM and RSX-IIM-PLUS

the

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW
A computer system consists of two essential
hardware and the software.

components,

the

The Hardware
The hardware can consist of any combination of a CPU, memory
and peripheral devices depending upon your site requirements. One
important feature of the PDP-II hardware architecture is the
ability to easily add peripheral devices to a configuration, but
only the devices necessary to a given application.
Like a
fingerprint, each PDP-II hardware configuration can be unique.
In
addi tion to a Central Processing Uni t
(CPU), memory, and a
communications link between all the hardware devices, the system
may have a mix of the following devices:
Disk drives
Floppy disk drives
Magnetic tape drives
Hardcopy terminals
CRTs
Line printers
Paper tape readers and punches
AID converters
-Communication Interfaces

The Software
The hardware alone is not enough to make a computer a useful
tool.
Without software to allow the printer to print, a terminal
to send and receive data, and a magnetic tape drive to capture
information, the hardware would remain just hardware. It is the
software coupled with the hardware that makes the computer a
useful tool.
In general, the software is the instructions
(programs) executed by the computer system to perform a perticular
function.

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

THE OPERATING SYSTEM
Having the hardware and software alone does not guarantee
rapid,
easy development and execution of programs.
An additional
element is needed to tie these
two
together.
Coordinating the
many activities and
features
of the hardware and software, and
managing the$e resources at computer speeds is the
task of the
operating system.
An operating system is a collection of programs
that
organizes a
set of hardware devices into a working unit which
people can use.
It generally consists of two parts:
An Executi ve
A set of System Utilities
The Executive acts as the
primary interface between the
hardware and a
program running on the system, and between the
program and the people who run the program.
The basic functions
of the Executive are:
Scheduling of the CPU
Allocation of physical memory
User/hardware interface
Device/data management
Program processing facilities
There are many operating systems that will
execute on the
PDP-II hardware.
Table 1-1 lists
those that are currently
supplied by Digital Equipment Corporation.
Each was developed for
a particular processing environment.

LEARNING ACTIVITY
For further
information
regarding
each
operating
system,
READ
the
respective
chapters in the PDP-II Software Handbook.

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Table 1-1

PDP-II Operating Systems

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Table 1-1

PDP-II Operating Systems (Cont)

RSX-llM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

THE RSX-11M-PLUS OPERATING SYSTEM
Every operating system's architecture is built around some
processing philosophy.
The RSX-llM/M-PLUS operating systems are
two of many operating systems that will execute on the
PDP-II
hardware.
Your
organization
purchased
the
RSX-llM/M-PLUS
operating system because
its processing philosophy fits
the
application for which it was purchased.
The following list shows
the characteristics of the RSX-llM/M-PLUS operating system.

RSX-11M/M-PLUS Characteristics
•

Real-Time - The operating system is designed primarily to
handle
the execution of real-time tasks as opposed to
tasks that lend
themselves
to a
time-sharing system.
Real-time tasks are critical tasks that need exclusive use
of the system resources on short notice and until they are
no longer needed.
In this type of a system, a task gains
control of the CPU by priority and keeps CPU control until
it completes,
aborts,
or some significant event occurs.
Also, when the system is not servicing
real-time tasks,
the CPU's
idle
time can be divided into time slices and
shared among tasks that lend themselves to a
time-sharing
environment, such as editing programs.

•

Multiprogramming - RSX-IlM/M-PLUS allows more
than one
task to be resident in memory and competing for CPU time.
The CPU is the most
important
resource
in a computer
system.
Having many tasks resident in memory at the same
time minimizes CPU idle time.

•

Multiuser - RSX-llM/M-PLUS allows more than one person to
be able
to use the system at one time.
Each individual
can be sitting at a terminal performing work, and it will
appear that the system is dedicated to him alone.

RSX-llM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW
•

Interactive - Being able to talk directly to the operating
system allows the user to interact with each step in a
process. It can be verified that the step was executed
correctly before proceeding on to the next step. This
flexibility is not available in a batch system, where the
complete job stream is executed whether or not there was
an error in the first step.

•

Disk-Based - The tasks that make up the RSX-llM/M-PLUS
operating systems are resident on a disk pack, and read
into memory from this disk when needed. The disk is also
used to temporarily store tasks when freeing up memory
space for higher-priority tasks.
It also provides a file
structure for maintaining user programs and other files.

•

Intertask Communication
A task executing under the
RSX-llM/M-PLUS operating system has the ability to pass
data on to another task, can cause another task to begin
execution, and can notify another task that a certain
event has occurred.

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

RSX-11M/M-PLUS Components
Although we generally think of an operating system as a
single entity,
it is really comprised of smaller pieces that are
closely associated with each other. The two major groupings of
these pieces are the Executive and the supporting utilities.
The Executive is the root of the operating system and is
always resident in memory.
It is made up of the following parts:
•

Executi ve
CPU Scheduler
Memory Allocator
System Services (Directives)
System Software:
Command Line Interpreters
DCL
MCR
User-supplied
FILES-II Data and File Manager
Device Dr i vers

The second group, supporting utilities, only becomes
resident when a request for its services is made.
•

memory-

Supporting Utilities comprise:
Program Development Tools
TEXT Editors (EDI, EDT)
MACRO-II Assembler
Task Bui lder
Librarian
System Macro
Libraries

Source,

Object,

and

Universal

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

High-Level Languages

(Optional)

FORTRAN IV
FORTRAN IV-PLUS
FORTRAN-77
COBOL
BASIC-II
BASIC-PLUS-2
File Maintenance Tools
Backup and Restore Utility (BRU)
Peripheral Interchange Program (PIP)
File Transfer Program (FLX)
Print and Queue Utility
Queue Manager (QMG)
Volume Maintenance Tools
Disk Volume Formatter (FMT)
Bad Block Locator Utility (BAD)
File Structure Verification Utility (VFY)
File Dump Utility (DMP)
Disk Save and Compress (DSC)
Program Maintenance Tools
File Compare Utility (CMP)
Source Language Input Program (SLP)
Object Module Patch Utility (PAT)
Task/File Patch Program (ZAP)

RSX-llM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Documentation
A complete set of documents is supplied with each operating
system that DIGITAL ships.
The documents contain information on
all the facilities available to the user.
There are seven volumes
in
the
set, each containing one or more manuals.
Their
organization is shown in Figure 1-1. Sheet three of this figure
shows the documentation available for languages that are available
under separate license.
Your computer center will only have the
documentation for
those languages which you have purchased.
For
your convenience, Figure 1-2 indicates the
recommended sequence
for
reading
the
manuals.
You
should
read
the
RSX-llM/M-PLUS Information Directory first.
The release notes
will provide information on changes in the operating system that
are included in this version.

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

VOLUME 1:

INTRODUCTION

W ~
a:: 1-1«u~
:;;::>a::
I-OU
u..0(f.)
Oa:: w
Cf.Ic..O

~>-

I-a::
«0
:2:1a::ux
oww
u..a::o
Z-Z
_0_

VOLUME 2:

~i=
w::5
Z...J
w«
<.!)I:2:~
w-w
1- 0 0
Cf.I z 5
~«<.!)

Cf.I
W
I0
Z
W
Cf.I
«
w
...J
w
a::

Z
z«

Cf.I
Z
0

«
a::
W...J
c..«
0::>
a::z
u«

:2:2

VOLUME 3:

...J
«
::>
z
«
:2:
Cf.I
w

i=
::::i

::>

zZ
O«Cf.I
i=~3
u"'c..,
~

...

f5~~
a::
a:: ,

I-O~
~I-a::

OPERATION

...J
«
::>
Z
«
:2:
OW
z<.!)
««

:2:~

:2:z
0«
U...J

Cf.I
Z
0

«
a::
Ow
zc..
«O...J
::r: w «
u::>::>
I-Wz
«::>«
alO:2

UTILITIES

...J
«
::>
z
«

a::
0
I-

TK-7874

Figure 1-1

The Documentation (Sheet 1 of 3)

I'%j

......
lO
C

..,
CD

I-'

I
I-'

<
0

r3:

t-3

::T

:":i

-g

RMS-11 USER'S GUIDE

()

:XI

-.J

RMS-11
INSTALLATION GUIDE

::s

:XI

RMS-11 MACRO-11
REFERENCE GUIDE

......

»z
»C)
m

::s

-I

en
-<
en

..tTl
0

:XI

3:
3:

»z
»C)

-I

»Z

<:m

I/O DRIVERS
REFI:RENCE MANUAL

<
m
m

-I

:XI

m
Z

»Z

m
m

TASK BUILDER
MANUAL

r3:

"""
-g

ODT REFERENCE
MANUAL

:XI
C)

EXECUTIVE
REFERENCE
MANUAL
SYSTEM LIBRARY
ROUTINES REFERENCE
MANUAL

3:
.........

3:
I

"'0
t-t

c:::

(J')

:XI

m
Z
(1
m

I-'
I-'

0-g
3:

(J')

:><:
I

0
m

::0

MACRO-11 LANGUAGE
REFERENCE MANUAL

:XI

-i

GUIDE TO WRITING
AN I/O DRIVER

»Z

CRASH DUMP
ANALYZER

r3:

-I

(J')

t-tt

::T

-I

l\.)

r3:

ERROR LOGGING
MANUAL

rt
01
rt

CD
CD

SYSTEM MANAGEMENT GUIDE

3
tv

<
0

GUIDE TO
PROGRAM
DEVELOPMENT

(J')

to<:

(J')

0
m

t-3

m
Z

<
m

0-g
3:
-I

tz:l

tzl

:::0

<:
I/O OPERATIONS
REFERENCE MANUAL

tz:l
~

I'l:j

......
Ul
C
1""1

CD
PDP-" FORTRAN
LANGUAGE REFERENCE
MANUAL

......
I

......
t-3

::r
CD

()

3
N
00

::J

en:l>

~~
:l>_

::lJr
-t0l
mr
rm
:l>:l>

e
n
mZ

enm
m::lJ

......

::J
(J)

::r
CD
CD

tv
0
I""tI

(

SYSTEM LOGIC
MANUAL

VAX-ll/RSX-llM
USER'S GUIDE
VAX-ll/RSX-llM
PROGRAMMER'S
REFERENCE MANUAL

PDP-ll COBOL
LANGUAGE REFERENCE
MANUAL

PDP-" FORTRAN
LANGUAGE REFERENCE
MANUAL
FORTRAN IV
USER'S GUIDE

COBOL USER'S
GUIDE
FORTRAN-77
USER'S GUIDE
COBOL POCKET
GUIDE

COBOL INSTALLATION
GUIDE

K\~

BASIC-" LANGUAGE
REFERENCE
MANUAL

......
......
3

.........

BASIC USER'S
GUIDE

I~~

FORTRAN IV
INSTALLATION
GUIDE

FORTRAN-77
INSTALLATION
GUIDE

FORTRAN-77
OBJECT TIME SYSTEM
REFERENCE MANUAL

::0

(J)

toO
t""t

BASIC INSTALLATION
GUIDE

r
:l>
Z

c::

(J)

BASIC-PLUS-2
LANGUAGE MANUAL

:l>

(J)

t-3
tzl

BASIC-PLUS-2
USER'S GUIDE

3
0

<:
BASIC-PLUS-2
INSTALLATION
GUIDE

tzl

:::c

<:
H

tzl
~

RSX-11M/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

RSX-11M/RSX-11S INFORMATION
DIRECTORY AND INDEX
RSX-11M/RSX-11S RELEASE NOTES

INTRODUCTION
TO RSX-11M AND RSX-11M-PLUS

RSX-11 M/M-PLUS
COMMAND LANGUAGE MANUAL

RSX-11M/M-PLUS
MCR OPERATIONS MANUAL

RSX-11M/M-PLUS UTILITIES MANUAL
RSX-11 M/M-PLUS
BATCH AND QUEUE OPERATIONS MANUAL
EDT EDITOR REFERENCE MANUAL

RSX-11 M/M-PLUS
GUIDE TO PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
PDP-11 MACRO-11 LANGUAGE
REFERENCE MANUAL
RSX-11M/M-PLUS TASK BUILDER MANUAL
IAS/RSX-11 ODT REFERENCE MANUAL

IAS/RSX-11
SYSTEM LIBRARY ROUTINES
REFERENCE MANUAL

RSX-11 M/M-PLUS
ERROR LOGGING MANUAL
RSX-11M/M-PLUS
EXECUTIVE REFERENCE MANUAL

RSX-11M/M-PLUS
CRASH DUMP ANALYZER REFERENCE
MANUAL

IAS/RSX-11
I/O OPERATIONS REFERENCE MANUAL
RSX-11 M/M-PLUS
I/O DRIVERS REFERENCE MANUAL
RSX-11M
GUIDE TO WRITING AN I/O DRIVER

RMS-11 USER'S GUIDE

f----.

RMS-11 INSTALLATION GUIDE
RMS-11 MACRO-11 REFERENCE MANUAL

RSX-11M
SYSTEM GENERATION
AND INSTALLATION GUIDE
RSX-11 M/M-PLUS
SYSTEM MANAGEMENT GUIDE
TK-7704

Figure 1-2

Sequence for Reading Manuals

RSX-llM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Other Resources
In addition to the system documentation set,
the
are other resources to increase your system knowledge.

following

RSX-ll Technical Summary A technical
introduction to
many aspects of the three RSX real-time operating systems
including
information and
Digital
Support
Services
available with RSX systems.

PDP-II Processor Handbook - A discussion of the various
features of each PDP-II CPU, the instruction set, UNIBUS,
programming
techniques, memory management,
commercial
instruction set and instruction timing.

PDP-II Software Handbook A discuss~ion of the major
operating systems, programming languages, file and record
management,
data
base
management,
utilities
and
interprocessor communication available on the PDP-II.

DECUS - The Digital Equipment Computer User's Society A
worldwide association of customers and employees providing
a forum for
the exchange of useful
information, new
program packages and other innovations.
(Membership is
free to owners of DIGITAL computers.)

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

THE OPERATING SYSTEM
Before the operating system can be loaded into the computer's
memory, your system manager
(the person responsible for the
operation and maintenance of the system) goes through a procedure
called system generation
(SYSGEN) •
This procedure builds the
operating system, and fine tunes it with the hardware and software
requirements of your computing site. At the end of the SYSGEN,
the executable image of the operating system is written to a disk
called the system disk.
To start the computer operation, this
executable image must be loaded into memory and an instruction
issued to start the operating system executing in the central
processor.
This procedure is called "booting the system".

Memory Use
One of the resources that the operating system must manage is
memory.
Figure 1-3 shows how memory is used.
Depending upon the
operating system and the hardware, the amount of memory that can
be connected can range
from 16KW to 2MW.
The operating system
always resides in the low addresses of memory, and can range
in
size from
l6KW to 20KW, depending on the software and hardware
options generated in the
SYSGEN process.
Part of that
20KW
(maximum)
is an area called Pool or Dynamic Storage Region (DSR)
set aside for the dynamic storage of executive data structures
(These are little lists that the operating system uses to keep
track of information about tasks and devices.)
The top 4KW of
physical memory addresses are reserved for the I/O page and are
not available for general
use.
The remainder of memory is
available for user programs.
MEMORY

)

I/O PAGE

4K WORDS

R = REMAINDER FOR
USE BY THE
USER

120000
POOL (DSR)

------o

RSX-11 M/M-PLUS
EXEC

}

D Sf( -

D.c1..'.0A.. :~ c_. s.teV'c~",~,,~ QQ~ ~l".

16K ~ N ~ 20K

TK-7700

Figure 1-3

Memory Use
31

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Tasks
The smallest executable piece of code on this operating
system is a task.
Tasks are problem solutions that have been
processed through the program development cycle producing an
executable task image (Figure 1-4).
For this problem solution to
execute in the CPU a user must make a
request to the operating
system to run that program.
It is the operating system's
responsibility to locate the task
image on disk,
check the
availability of memory space,
load the task into memory, and
schedule the task to run.
Examples of tasks:
Payroll Program
Text Editor
FORTRAN Compiler
Monitor Console Routine
File Maintenance Program
Data Analysis Program
A task is built with two
(or many)
operating system uses to schedule that task
priority at which the task will run and the
it will be loaded (partition). Before a
system, the operating system must know this
about it.

attributes that the
to run.
These are the
area in memory where
task can be run on the
information (and more)

RSX-llM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

DEFINE THE
PROBLEM TO
BE SOLVED

•
•
•

DESIGN THE
SOLUTION TO
THE PROBLEM

CODE THE
SOLUTION TO
THE PROBLEM

ENTER CODE
INTO THE
COMPUTER WITH
EDITOR

•
•
•

ASSEMBLE/
COMPILE THE
CODE

LINK THE OBJECT
MODULES TOGETHER

DEBUG THE
PROGRAM

EXECUTABLE
TASK
TK-7699

Figure 1-4

A Task is the Result of Program Development

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Steps Required to Run a Task
1.

A request-to-run must be issued for the task.

System checks to see if it "knows" this task.

System adds the task to a list of active
for resources.

Task image must be loaded into memory from disk.

Task is scheduled for CPU time.

tasks

competing

The System Task Directory (STD)
The operating system maintains a list of known tasks within
the area called Pool.
This data structure is called the System
Task Directory (Figure 1-5) which is a linked list of another data
structure called the Task Control Block (TCB).
The TCB contains
such task information as the task name, the priority at which it
will
run, the location in memory where it will be loaded, and the
disk address where the task executable image can be found.
All
tasks to be run on the system must have this information recorded
in the STD.
This process is called installing a
task and
is
accomplished by the INSTALL operating system command.
(Installing
a task does not cause it to
run.)
Some tasks are permanently
installed, and others temporarily installed in the STD for the
time they are executing.

Active Task List (ATL)
When a user requests a task to be run, the operating system
creates an entry into another data structure maintained in Pool
called the Active Task List (Figure 1-6).
This is a list of all
tasks competing for the system resources (i.e., someone requested
the task to run) at anyone time.

RSX-11M/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

MEMORY

liD PAGE

EXEC
EXEC

P.A.

0 "'-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

TCB

NAME = ... lDR
PRI = 248.
PAR = lDRPAR
DISK ADDR =
lBO:-01240437

NAME = ... Del
PRI = 160.
PAR = GEN
DISK ADDR =
SYO: -01132456

NAME = URTSK
PRI = 70.
PAR = GEN
DISK ADDR =
SYO: -01265347

TCB

NAME = ... EDT
PRI = 65.
PAR = GEN
DISK ADDR =
lBO:-01254476

NAME = ... MAC
PRI = 50.
PAR = GEN
DISK ADDR =
SYO: -00000557

o
(END OF LIST)

TK-7698

Figure 1-5

System Task Directory

RSX-11M/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

MEMORY

EXEC

P.A. 0 L-._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _...

TCB

NAME = ... lDR
PRI = 248.
PAR = lDRPAR
DISK ADDR =

LBO: -01240437

NAME = . . . DCl
PRI = 160.
PAR = GEN
DISK ADDR =
SYO: -01132456

NAME = URTSK
PRI = 70.
PAR = GEN
DISK ADDR =
SYO: -01265348

TCB

= ...

NAME
EDT
PRI = 65.
PAR = GEN
DISK ADDR =

LBO: -01254476

NAME = ... MAC
PRI = 50.
PAR = GEN
DISK ADDR =
SYO: -00000557

o
(END OF
LIST)

TK-7697

Figure 1-6

Active Task List

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Allocating Memory to a Task
Before a task can gain control of the CPU and begin
executing,
it must be resident in memory.
In other words, the
operating system must determine the addresses where the task will
be loaded into memory and then check to see if those addresses are
available for use.
Tasks compete for memory space by the task's
priority and the partition of memory in which it has been built to
run. A task can be built with a priority from 1 to 250.
Real-time tasks are generally given a priority within the range of
150 - 250.
250 is the highest priority.
Most tasks run at a
priority of 50, which is the default priority for a task.
Figure 1-7 shows the priority range; notice that the Digital
Command Language (DCL) runs at a priority of 248, while the Editor
runs at a priority of 65.
This means that when the operating
system is looking for a task to run in the CPU, it will choose the
Task Loader over the Editor if both are competing for the CPU.

250. __- - - _
2 4 8 . 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - TASK LOADER ( ... LOR)

PRIORITY RANGE
FOR TIME
CRITICAL TASKS

200. I--_ _ _--I_ _ _ _ MAGNETIC TAPE
PROCESSOR (MTAACP)

160.

DIGITAL COMMAND LANGUAGE ( ... DCl)
t-------I----MONITOR CONSOLE ROUTINE ( ... MCR)

150. t - - - - - - - i

6 5 . 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - EDITOR ( ... EDT)
LESS IMPORTANT
MORE FREQUENTLY
USED TASKS

FILE MAINTENANCE TASK ( ... PIP)
50. t - - - - - - - i - - - - DEFAULT PRIORITY
FOR A TASK

1.~

_ _ _.......

PRIORITY
TK-7716

Figure 1-7

Tasks are Built with a Priority

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Partitions
Tasks also compete for memory space depending upon the
partition in which they were built to run. A partition (Figure
1-8) is a contiguous section of memory.
The operating system
takes up 16 to 20KW of low memory addresses, and the I/O page
takes up the top 4KW.
During SYSGEN, the system manager,
taking
into account your site requirements, divides up the remaining
portion of memory into sections giving them a name, starting
address,
size and type.
These sections of memory, called
partitions, can be changed by the system manager when necessary.
In Figure 1-8 there are six partitions listed.
Tasks can be
loaded into each of these partitions.
For example, DRVPAR is a
special partition in which the code loads that controls the
operation of devices (such as your terminal, disk drives, etc.).
Generally, no other tasks are built to be loaded into this
partition.
The default partition (GEN)
specify a partition when you
tasks are built to load
into
compete with each other for
requested to run.

is the one you get if you do not
build your task.
Generally, most
this partition and,
therefore,
this memory space when they are

Figure 1-9 shows some tasks
and
their
corresponding
partitions.
Notice that the Task
Loader ( ••• LDR) has its own
partition. This task is the routine that loads all other tasks
into memory.
It is used often, so speed is important.
To ensure
that it always has a spot in memory in which to load, and does not
have to compete with other tasks for
that spot, a special
partition was created just for
it.
This guarantees that the
loader is available to load tasks when needed.
The size of a partition determines if more than one task can
be loaded into it.. The GEN parti tion is usually large enough to
handle many tasks at one time.
The number of tasks is dependent
upon:
how much memory is allocated to the partition (partition
size), the mix of the number of tasks requested to run in the
partition and their sizes, and the type of partition.
On RSX-11M
systems there are two types of partitions,
user-controlled and
system-controlled.
RSX-IIM-PLUS
systems
only have systemcontrolled partitions.

HSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Table
1-2 lists
the differences
between
systemand
user-controlled
partitions.
The major difference is in the way
partitions are
subdivided.
In a
system-controlled partition
(Figure
1-10), subdivision is done dynamically to accommodate the
mix of tasks that have been requested to run in the
partition at
the
time.
At another time, the number of subpartitions and their
sizes will be quite different, depending upon the mix of
tasks
again.
In
a
user-controlled partition
(Figure
1-11),
the
subpartitions are generated statically at SYSGEN time.
There can
be as many as seven subpartitions.
The subpartitions can be
changed but do not change dynamically at run time
to accommodate
different sized
tasks.
A task can be loaded
into the main
partition, in which case the subpartition will remain unavailable;
or a
task can be loaded into each of the subpartitions, in which
case the main partition is unavailable.

MEMORY

1/0 PAGE

} ALWAYS PRESENT 4K

GEN

RTPAR
LDRPAR

AVAILABLE
SPACE
FOR
PARTITIONS

DRVPAR
SPLPAR
SYSPAR

•
•
•

120000

POOL (DSR)
---

RSX-11 M/M-PLUS
OPERATING SYSTEM

EXECUTI VE SPACE
ALWAYS ~ 20K WORDS

o
TK-7705

Figure 1-8

Memory Divided Into Partitions
39

RSX-11M/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

I/O PAGE

GEN

(... MCR)
(... DCl)
(QMG ... )
(EDI ... )
(EDT ... )
(NETACP)
(F11ACP)

RTPAR

REAL TIME TASKS

}

lDRPAR
DRVPAR

}

QUEUE MGR.
EDITOR
EDITOR
NETWORK PROCESSOR
FllES-11 PROCESSOR

( ... LOR) LOADER
(DB:)
(DK:)
(lP:)

DEVICE DRIVERS

(MCR ... )
(SHF ... )

MONITOR CONSOLE ROUTINE
SHUFFLER

SPlPAR
SYSPAR

}

DSR (POOL)

---- -

RSX-11 M/M-PlUS
OPERATING SYSTEM

TK-7706

Figure 1-9

Tasks Execute in a Specific Partition

RSX-11M/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Table 1-2 Characteristics of Systernand User-Controlled Partitions

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

200000
} 3K UNUSED
164000
CTASK
4K
144000

SUBPAR 3

APAR
12K

SUBPAR 2

134000

ATASK
3K

120000

SUBPAR 1

EXEC

A REQUEST TO RUN HAS BEEN ISSUED FOR ATASK, BTASK, CTASK.
THE OPERATING SYSTEM SUBDIVIDES THE APAR INTO 3 SUBPARTITIONS
TO ACCOMMODATE THE THREE TASKS.

134000 ~----------4
120000 ~---....;:;..;..;~--~

BTASK, CTASK COMPLETE EXECUTION AND A USER REQUESTS DTASK TO RUN.
THE OPERATING SYSTEM REDIVIDES THE PARTITION TO ACCOMMODATE THE
TWO TASKS.

TK-7709

Figure 1-10

Running Tasks in a System-Controlled Partition

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

MEMORY

}

SUB3
4K

UB2
4K

UPAR
12K

SUB1
4K

ATASK 3K
120000
EXEC

WHEN UPAR IS SET UP, 3 SUBPARTITIONS OF 4K EACH ARE CREATED.
THEI R SIZE DOES NOT CHANGE DURING EXECUTION TIME.
WHEN ATASK, BTASK, CTASK ARE REQUESTED TO RUN THEY MUST
RUN IN THEIR RESPECTIVE SUBPARTITIONS.

MEMORY

1
UPAR
12K
DTASK
5K

120000 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1
EXEC

DTASK HAS BEEN REQUESTED TO RUN
ATASK, BTASK, CTASK MUST COMPLETE BEFORE DTASK CAN BE
LOADED INTO THE MAIN PARTITION
WHILE DTASK IS MEMORY RESIDENT NO OTHER TASK MAY
OCCUpy THE PARTITION

TK-7713

Figure 1-11

Running Tasks in a User-Controlled Partition

RSX-llM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Checkpointing
A task's ability to remain in memory
(discounting the
condition of completion or aborting) depends upon another concept
called checkpointing. Checkpointing is the removal of a task from
its partition (before it has completed execution) and temporarily
storing its memory image on disk to allow a higher-priority task
to replace it in the partition.
Figure 1-12 shows this procedure.
1.

TASKA has been built for XYZPAR with a priority of 50.
A
request to run TASKA is made.
Free space is available in
the partition, so TASKA is loaded into memory.

TASKC has also been built to run in XYZPAR but has a
priority of 80.
A request to run is made for TASKC.
There is room in the partition for both tasks, so TASKC is
loaded.

TASKS, which also has been built to run in the XYZPAR
partition, has been requested to run.
The operating
system, in finding that there is no room in the partition
to load the task, checks to see if there is a task of
lower-priority that it
can
remove
temporarily
to
accommodate TASKS.
It determines that TASKA meets those
requirements, copies TASKA's memory image to a file
(called the system checkpoint file)
on disk, and then
loads TASKS into the partition. TASKS then competes with
other active tasks for CPU time.

When space becomes available again, TASKA's saved memory
image will be loaded back into the partition from the
checkpoint file, and TASKA will again compete for CPU
time.

RSX-11M/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

XYZPAR
12K

TASKC, TASKA HAVE BEEN REQUESTED
TO RUN AND ARE LOADED INTO XYZPAR

1/0 PAGE

XYZPAR
12K

TASKB
5K
TASKC
6K

EXEC

USER REQUESTS TASKB TO RUN WHICH IS A
HIGHER PRIORITY THAN TASKA
TASKA IS WRITTEN TO THE SYSTEM
CHECKPOINT FILE AND WAITS FOR
SPACE TO BECOME AVAILABLE AGAIN

TK-7717

Figure 1-12

Checkpointing a Task

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Shuffling
Tasks are constantly
being
loaded,
checkpointed
and
completed. When activity in a partition continues like this for a
period of time, fragmentation of unused space can occur, as shown
in Figure 1-13.
In the partition, APAR, there is 7KW of unused
space that could be used to load another task.
However, because
it is not contiguous space, it prevents another task from being
loaded.
There is a system routine called the SHUFFLER that
corrects this fragmentation problem within a system-controlled
partition.
Figure 1-14 shows the
function that the SHUFFLER
performs.
1.

Due to heavy activity on the partition,
there are two
sections of memory available, a
lK section and a 3K
section. Together the space would be large enough to load
in TASKZ.
However, because the space is not in one
section, TASKZ is blocked from being loaded into memory.

When the shuffler is invoked by the operating system,
it
searches through the partition for free space. When space
is found, tasks are moved down so that the free space
(in
this case,
4K of free space) is in one area.
Then TASKZ
is no longer blocked and can be loaded into the space.

RSX-I1M/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

APAR
28K

TASKX
7K
120000

.....-----------1
RSX
EXEC

DUE TO HIGH ACTIVITY WITHIN A
PARTITION FRAGMENTS OF UNUSED
SPACE CAN OCCUR.
IF THIS FREE SPACE WERE CONTIGUOUS
ANOTHER TASK COULD POSSIBLY
RESIDE IN THE PARTITION.
TK-7707

Figure 1-13

Partition Fragmentation

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

MEMORY

3K
TASKY

12K
PARTITION

TASKX

EXEC

A FRAGMENTED PARTITION BEFORE
SHUFFLING SO THAT TASKZ CAN BE
LOADED

1/0 PAGE

I'"

TASKZ
4K
12K
PARTITION

TASKY
4K
TASKX
4K
EXEC

SHUFFLER SEARCHES FOR FREE SPACE
BETWEEN TASKS AND MOVES
TASKS DOWN TO MAKE AVAILABLE A
CONTIGUOUS BLOCK OF MEMORY.

TK-7715

Figure 1-14

Partition Shuffling to Obtain Contiguous Memory

RSX-llM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Allocating CPU Time to a Task
Once a task has won a spot in memory,
it is then able to
compete for
CPU time. A task is given control of the CPU based
upon its priority and its task state. The CPU is always given to
the highest-priority,
ready-to-run task.
The operating system
schedules the CPU at certain intervals called significant events
(Table 1-3).
Whenever a significant event occurs, the operating
system reconsiders the state of all active tasks and determines
which task will be given the CPU.
Figure 1-15 shows the different states of a task:
1.

KNOWN - A task that has had an entry placed in the System
Task Directory (STD).
The INSTALL system command is used
to create a TCB with a task name, priority, partition and
disk address, and then links the TCB into the STD.

UNKNOWN - A task that has not been installed in the STD.
There are many more unknown tasks in the system than there
are known tasks.

ACTIVE - An installed task that has been requested to
and is competing for system resources.

DORMANT - An installed task that has not been requested to
run.

RUNNABLE - An active task that is ready-to-run.

CURRENT - An active task that currently has control of the
CPU.

BLOCKED - An active task that is kept from running due
lack of resources.

run

A task changes state when some event applies to
it.
For
example, an UNKNOWN task becomes KNOWN when the INSTALL command is
used to make it known. A KNOWN task becomes ACTIVE when a user
requests it to be run with the RUN command. An ACTIVE task
becomes RUNNABLE when all the resources it needs are available.

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

UNKNOWN

KNOWN
DORMANT

ACTIVE

EXECUTIVE
GRANTS CPU
EXECUTIVE
GRANTS CPU
TO OTHER TASK

REQUIRED
EXTERNAL
EVENT OCCURS

•

A TASK REMAINS ACTIVE FROM THE TIME IT IS REQUESTED TO
RUN, UNTI L THE TIME IT EXITS OR IS ABORTED.

•
•

THERE MAY BE ANY NUMBER OF ACTIVE TASKS AT A GIVEN TIME.

o
o

THERE IS ONLY ONE CURRENT TASK AT ANY GIVEN TIME.
OPERATING SYSTEM COMMAND USED TO
CHANGE THE STATE OF A TASK.
TASK COMPLETES EXECUTING AND
ITS STATE CHANGES.
TK-7718

Figure 1-15

Task States

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Table 1-3

Significant Events that Cause Rescheduling of the CPU
Eventsthat..Cause.an ATL

Events ,that Cause an ATL
Sd~n, from ,Task
'12£)6i t4'Qn,;~:WJl"

SCCi.fli from . T9'pDQwn

I/O completion,

Pro,g ramdecla.,.resasigni fi.,.cant.· .• event
,.

'. .

"."'

....

- ,.. < " '

.':.-'

J?z:dgr<a'Irl··fssti~sra, "S~ ncl

.di,~e:ctl,ve' "

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Round Robin Scheduling
When the CPU is idle and not servlclng real-time tasks,
its
time can be divided among many tasks giving each a slice of time
in which to execute.
This time-sharing method of scheduling CPU
time is implemented through the round robin scheduler.
It is a
system generation option that your system manager most generally
will
incorporate
into your operating system.
It only applies to
tasks running within a certain range of priorities set up by the
system
manager.
Generally,
that range is from
1 to 150.
Real-time tasks are never considered in this scheduling algorithm.
At a set interval,
the
round
robin scheduler executes in the
manner shown in Figure 1-16.
1.

Round robin scheduler traverses the ATL looking
within a priority.

tasks

Within the priority,
the scheduler will
rotate
the
positions of the tasks, so that the first task in the list
becomes the last task within the priority, the second task
then becomes the first task within the priority, etc.

The scheduler then moves on to the next priority
rotates the task's position in the same manner.

and

The procedure allows for fair distribution of CPU time among
tasks
within
the same priority.
Without the
round
robin
scheduler, the first task in the priority range would always get
the CPU until
it completed or aborted.
Then the second task in
the priority range would get control.

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

TASKA
PRI = 100.

TASKB
PRI = 100.

TASKC
PRI = 100.

TASKD
PRI = 75.

TASKE
PRI = 50.

TASKF
PRI = 50.

o
(END OF LIST)

ACTIVE TASK LIST BEFORE AN EXECUTION OF THE ROUND ROBIN SCHEDULER.

TASKB
PRI = 100.

TASKC.
PRI = 100.

TASKA
PRI = 100.

TASKD
PRI = 75.

TASKF
PRI = 50.

TASKE
PRI = 50.

o
(END OF LIST)

ACTIVE TASK LIST AFTER AN EXECUTION OF THE ROUND ROBIN SCHEDULER

TK-7701

Figure 1-16

Round Robin Scheduling

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Task Addresses
When a
task
is developed, source code instructions get
converted into machine instructions, each with an address.
These
addresses are referred to as virtual addresses; that is, they are
not the final addresses, or they do not refer to the actual
physical memory address of where the program will
reside.
They
are the addresses used in listings, debugging, etc. A program's
virtual addresses can range only from 0 - 177777 (0-32KW).
Figure
1-17 depicts the concept of a task's virtual address space.

THE SOFTWARE
A PROGRAM'S ADDRESSES (ALWAYS
REFERRED TO AS VI RTUAL ADDRESSES)
CAN ONLY RANGE FROM 0-1777778
(0-32KW10) ON A PDP-11
PGM.TSK
177777 ~---------,

PROGRAM'S
VIRTUAL
ADDRESS
SPACE

V.A. 0 '--_ _ _ _ _ ___
TK-7703

Figure 1-17

Virtual Address Space

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Physical Addresses
The physical address refers to the actual physical memory
location
(Figure 1-18) where a task resides. Physical addresses
can range from 0 to 2MW. This range is determined by the actual
amount of memory on your system.
Because the PDP-II hardware is a 16-bit architecture, and the
largest address that can be contained in 16 bits is 65,536 KBytes
or 32K words, if you wish to access a memory location larger than
32K words, you need some assistance.
This assistance comes
through adding the KT-II Memory Management hardware to the system.
A computer system without this hardware is called an unmapped
system and will have at most 32K words of memory. A system with
this hardware is called a mapped system and can have as much as 2
megawords of memory.
When a program is loaded into memory, the operating system's
responsibility is to map the program's virtual address into the
physical memory location where it will reside.

THE HARDWARE
MEMORY
2MW

I/O PAGE

RSX-11M/
M-PLUS
P.A. 0 _ _ _ _O.S.
_ _ _ _ ___

PHYSICAL ADDRESSES ARE DEPENDENT
UPON THE ACTUAL AMOUNT OF PHYSICAL
MEMORY ON YOUR SYSTEM.
ADDRESSES CAN RANGE FROM
0-32 KW (UNMAPPED SYSTEM)
0-2 MEGAWORDS (MAPPED SYSTEM)
TK-7702

Figure 1-18

Physical Address Space
55

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Mapped Systems
A PDP-II system that has the KT-ll Memory Management hardware
attached
is called a mapped system.
This hardware provides for
the conversion of a 16-bit virtual address into an 18- or
22-bit
physical address.
This feature allows a task to address a memory
location greater than 32K words and also to have up to 2 megawords
of memory on the system.
The KT-ll hardware also provides for the
relocation of tasks in memory because an absolute physical address
need not be built into the task's image.
The operating system in
conjunction with the KT-ll hardware generates the
physical
address,
indicates where to load the task, and then later, if
necessary, is able to move the task by remapping
the task
addresses
(Figure 1-19).
The KT-ll hardware also provides
securi ty by checking for memory protection' violations by a task.

PHYSICAL MEMORY
PROG.TSK
17777 . - - - - - - - - - . _ . . __ __

I/O PAGE

----- ------ --- -200000,-

4KW
TASK
IMAGE

160000

__ --

V.A 0 ......_ _ _ _ _ _...

---- --

150000

140000
130000

120000
RSX-11M/M-PLUS
EXEC

}

20KW

o
TK-7711

Figure 1-19

Mapping a Virtual Address Into a Physical Address
on a Mapped System

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Unmapped Systems
An unmapped system is one without the
KT-ll hardware and,
therefore, can have at most 32K words of memory attached to it.
Tasks on this system are built to load at an absolute physical
address
(Figure 1-20).
Task addresses map directly to their
physical addresses.
To run the task at another physical address,
the task must be rebuilt using the new desired address.

PHYSICAL
MEMORY

177777
I/O PAGE

160000

GEN

PROG.TSK
..........

140000

........... ""

4K
TASK
IMAGE

160000

"" ""

"-......

RTPAR
............

140000
120000

.,.-.-..-""

.,.-.- ..--'

XYZPAR
4K

..RSX-11M
EXEC

120000 ""-_ _ _ _ _ _..... .....- ..-""

o
TK-7714

Figure 1-20

Task Built to Execute on an Unmapped System

GETTING STARTED
ON THE SYSTEM

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
You interact with your
RSX-llM/M-PLUS system through a
terminal at which you type commands. Most typed commands are
processed by the Command Line Interpreter (CLI).
In this module you study the basics of terminal
interaction
including:
1)
the conventions available for terminal use and
communication with system-supplied CLls, 2) how to issue system
commands, and 3) how to get on-line system assistance.

OBJECTIVES
1.

Log on and off an RSX-llM/M-PLUS system.

Control terminal behavior using control characters.

Use system HELP facilities.

Invoke system operations using MCR or DCL commands.

Switch Command Line Interpreters.

RESOURCES
1.

RSX-llM/M-PLUS MCR Operations Manual

RSX-IlM/M-PLUS Command Language Manual

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

LOGGING ON THE SYSTEM
Before you can attempt to do any work on the system, you must
go through a procedure called "logging on" in which you supply
information when prompted by the operating system.
This logging
on procedure identifies you as a valid user of the system.
One of
the features of an operating system in a multiuser configuration
is system security.
By asking for your name and password and
comparing this to information stored in the computer by your
system manager, the operating system can verify whether you are a
valid user.
If you are a valid user,
the operating system
performs some initialization steps, and then grants you access to
the system resources.
Before you can attempt to log on to the system, you must ask
your system manager to set up an account for you in the system
accounts file.
The accounts file
contains
the
following
information about each authorized system user:
User Identification Code
User Name
User Password
User Default Command Line Interpreter

(CLI)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

User Identification Code (UIC)
The User Identification Code is a number assigned to a
that uniquely identifies him from other users of the system.

user

It has the form [g,m] where:
g

an octal number from 1-377
that defines a group of
users.

an octal number from 1-377
that uniquely identifies
a group member.

A group number is usually assigned to a particular group of
users such as the payroll department, or the production group.
Each user in each of these departments would have his own unique
member number.
Suppose the production group was given a group
number of 305 and you, a member of that group, were given a member
number of 7.
Your urc would then be [305,7]. Suppose that the
payroll department was given the group number of 210 and your
friend, a member of that group, was assigned the member number of
105. His UIe would then be [210,105]. This number is used to
keep track of all the privileges and information that you have
stored in the system.

Passwords
When your system manager sets up an account for you, he will
ask you to supply him with a string of six characters (or less)
that will constitute your password.
This string of characters
will have to be supplied every time you log into the system. It
is not echoed (i.e., displayed on the terminal) by the operating
system when you respond to the password prompt. The operating
system will check the accounts file to see if the password
supplied with the UIe or name matches exactly with what is stored
there. If it does not match exactly, access rights to the system
resources will not be given to you. Your password can be changed
by the system manager at any time if you request it.

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Command line Interpreter (Cll)
Once you have successfully logged into the system, a
routine
called a Command
Line
Interpreter (CLI) becomes active at your
terminal.
This routTne will accept commands made up of keystrokes
and a line terminator from your terminal, do some interpretation
on the command line and pass it along to the operating system for
action.
There are two different eLls available with the operating
system; computing sites may write their own interpreter.
You
must tell your system manager (when he creates your account) which
one of these interpreters you wish to have active at your terminal
when you log
in.
This will become your default CLI, discussed
later in this module.

Notes on Example 2-1
Example 2-1 shows the log
in
comments are keyed to the example.

«t
tt

User logs in
UIC.

procedure.

The

following

supplying

system

with

(LOGIN or HELLO),

User supplies his password, but the operating system
not echo the characters.

does

C»

Message indicates what system is being
date, time and terminal number.

the

C»

System messages displayed at terminal.

C»

User logs off the system.

()

User logs on using the slash (I)
to suppress system messages.
messages shown in note 3 above
time.

ta
e)

logged

into,

(LOGOUT or BYE)
as a delimiter in the UIC
You will notice that the
are not displayed this

User logs on using user name instead of UIC.
User logs on, system prompts for the account or
the password.

name

and

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Ul GI H 3
<:) "3
o F'3!:>!;,word:

••
•

oJ~:;

RSX-I1M BL32
[2,54J S~~tem
QUASAR
06-JAN-82 20102 loss~d on Terminal TT56:
Good EveninS
Kosan

6-JAN-81

QUASAR will be down FRIDAY (JAN/8/82) f~om 11:30 to 13:00.
l~t IIle know if \JOIJ il.3ve an.., obJ~ctiol'l~.

Pl~ase

30-IIEC-81

Siler

The DCl that's now in [2,54J (and installed b~ STARTUP) i~ built so
that it passes unr~cosni~~d commands to MCR.
If ~our terminal is set
to DCl, ~ou can use whicheve~ form of command i~ easier, MCR Dt DCl.
•

>lU
Have a Good Evenins
06-JAN-82 20:02 TT56:
>lOGIN 305/3()3

lo~~ed

off QUASAR

F'assword~

RSX-11M Bl32
[2,54J S~~tem
QUASAR
06-JAN-82 20:02 lou.ed on Terminal TT56:
Good EveninS

•

>LO
Have a Good Evenins
06-JAN-82 20:02 TT56: lossed off QUASAR
>HELlO E[lSEI~:1)
Password:--RSX-I1M Bl32
[2,54J S~stem
QUASAR
06-JAN-82 20:02 los~~d on Terminal TT56:
Good Evenins
6-JAN-81

Kosar.
QUASAR will be down FRIDAY (JAN/8/82) from 11:30 tu 13:00.
Please let me know if YOU have an~ objections.

30-IIEC-81

Siler

The Del that's now in [2,54J (8no installed b~ STARTUP) is built so
that it passes IJnr~coUl'lizcd cOlTll1lands to MCR.
If YOIJr ternlinal is set
to DCl, ~ou can use whichever form of command is easier, MCR or DCl.
MCR:>BYE
Have a Good Evenins
06-.JAN--82 20: 03 TT56: lossed off aUf~SAR

Example 2-1

Logging on the System (Sheet 1 of 2)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

•

>lOGIN
Account or name: EDSERV
Password: _ __
[2,54J S~stem
QUASAR
RSX-l1M Bl32
06-JAN-82 20:04 losSed on Terminal TT56:
Good EyeninS
6-JAN-81

Ko:ilan
QUASAR will be down FRIDAY (JAN/8/82) from 11:30 to 13:00.
F'lease let me know if '.:IOIJ have an'J obJlilctions.

30-DEC-81

Siler

The DCl that's now in [2,54J (~nd installed b~ STARTUP) is built so
that it passes unrecoSnized commands to MCR.
If ~our terminal is set
to DCl, ~ou can use whichever form of command i~ easier, MCR or DCl.
>BYE
Have a Good EyeninS
06-JAN-82 20:04 TT56: losSed off QUASAR

Example 2-1

Logging on the System (Sheet 2 of 2)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Notes on Example 2-2
Example 2-2 shows a sample terminal session.
comments are keyed to the example.

«t

The

following

User logs on the system with his last name and password.
He notes the system name and his terminal number. As this
is the first time he logged in for the day he reads the
system messages for important information.

User issues the HELP command to see what
available to help him learn the system.

User decides he needs help using the Editor in DeL
types the HELP EDIT command.

User issues the SHOW USERS command to see
on.

logged

the

SHOW

DAYTIME

User checks to see if there are any active
terminal.

tasks

ct
ct
()

«t

User checks the time of day by issuing
command.

User then logs off the system.

information

who

is
he

his

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

>lOGIN EDSERV
Password:_• •RSX-11M Bl32
E2,54J S~stem
QUASAR
06-JAN-82 20:04 losded on Terminal TT56:
Good Evenins
Kosan

6-JAN-81

QUAS?lR '" ill be down FRIrIAY (JAN/8/82) f l·om 11 t 30 to 13 t 00.
Please l~t me know if ~ou hdve an~ objections.
30-DEC-81

Siler

The DCl that's now in [2,54J (~nd installed b~ SlARTUP) is.buil~ so
that it passes IJnt'eco!lni:'!ed f:ol111113nds to MCR.
If ~OIJr term1~lal 1S set
to DCl, ~ou can use whichever form of command i& easier, MeR or DCl •
•

>HElP
Help is available for

man~

RSX-11M commands and utilities.

For help in 10Ssind in to th~ ~~stem, t~pe HELP HEllO or HELP
lOGIN. You'll need ~n user-ID and password to los in.
RSX-l1M s~titem~ hav~ two major commund lanSuaSe~ or Clls.
These are MCR and DCl. Once ~ou los in, ~our t~rminal is set
to either MCR or DCl. All t~rminals are set to MCR prior to
lossins irl.
The seneral form of the HELP command is
>HELPE/cliJ topic Esubtopic[sJJ
>HElP commandname [.witchJ
~ou are loSSed in, ~ou need not include th~ name of the ClI
to which ~our terminal i~ u~t. For information on what further help
is available, t~pe HElPE/MCRJ lIST or HELP/DCl. For a li~tins
of help available on other topics, t~pe HELPE/MCRJ MORE or
HELP/Del MORE. You nu~d not los in to det h~lp •
Onc~

. . >HElF' EDIT
EDITE/aualifier] Ecommand lineJ
/EDI
/EDTE/aualifierEs]
/KED
/K52
/MAKE
IMUNG
ISLP[/aualifierEs]
/SOS
ITECO
IUSINCtusereditor
The E.IIIT command invokes an editor. Onl~ EDI, EDT, ;;;rld SLP are
suPPorted on RSX-l1M/M-PLUS s~stemti. KED and K52 are included with
FMS-11 but are not bundled. Abbreviation: E
For EDI, and the unsupported editor~, the optional command line 1s a command
1 i ne to the edi to r wh i ch is passed t.o it I.•d tholJt an~ check ins whatsoeve r.

Example 2-2

Sample Terminal Session (Sheet 1 of 2)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

See HELP EDIT EDT and HELP EDIT SLP for information on QY~liflers
available when invoking EDT, the DEC Standard Etiitor, and SLP, the
Soyrc~ Langua~e Input Program.

o HTO:
>SHOW USERS
[7,303
TT6: 1:7,374]
TTll: [7,32]
TT12: 1:7,3023
TT13: 1:7,42]
TT15: 1:7,113]
TT16: [71103]
TT20: 1:7,26]
TT21: [7,372J
TT23: (301,333]
TT24: [16,34]
TT27: 1:7,361J
TT47: [7,57J
TT52: (304,6]
1'T55: [7,323
TT56: 1:305,303]
>SHOW DAYTIME
11:12:29 21-0CT-81
O>SHOW TASKS
MCR •••
SHOT56
O>LO
Have a Good Horning
21-0CT-81 11:12 TT56: logged ott QUASAR

Example 2-2

Sample Terminal Session (Sheet 2 of 2)

LOGGING OFF THE SYSTEM
At the close of your working day or whenever you leave your
terminal for any length of time, it is suggested that you log off
the system.
Logging off the system ends the terminal session and
closes off access to your files, system files and privileges. You
end the session by typing the BYE command, or if you are using DCL
as your eLI you type LOGOUT.
The operating system will type a
greeting and then give you the date and time that you logged off
the system.
If you are running RSX-llM-PLUS, the system will also
include accounting information for your terminal session.
Example
2-3 shows the two methods of logging off the system.

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

>LOG I N EIISERV
Pa~swordt .......
RSX-11M BL32
(2,54J S~~tem
QUASAR
06-J-AN-82 21:07 LoS:ied on Termin<31 TT56:
Good EverdnS
6-JAN-81

Koliian
QUASAR will be down FRIDAY (JAN/8/82) from 11:30 to 13:00.
Please lel me knaw if ~uu have 3n~ u~Jecti~n~.

30-IIEC-81

Siler

The DCL that's now in [2,54J <wnd installed bw STARTUP> is built so
that it P3S5a~ unrecoSni~ed comm~nds lo MCR. If ~our terminal is set
to DCL, ~ou can use whichev~r form of ~ommand is eaSier, MCR or DCL.
>LO
Have a Good Evenin~
06-JAN-82 21t07 TT56: lossed off QUASAR
::- HELL.O EDSEF:V
Password: _ __
(2,54J S~stem
QUASAR
RSX-l1M BL32
06-JAN-82 21:08 lOS~ed on Terminal TT56:
Good Evenins
KoSan

6-JAN-81

QUASAR will be down FRIDAY (JAN/8/82> from 11:30 to 13:00.
Please let'. "Ie It..now if '.:IOIJ hav<il ~n~ abjections.
30-DEC-81

Siler

The DCl that's now in (2,54J (und installed b~ STARTUP) is built so
that it. passes IJnrec09nizad coRtnl3rlds to MeR.
If ~our ternlinal is set
to Del, ~ou can use whichever form of command i~ easier, MCR or DCl.
>BYE
Have a Good EveninS
06-JAN-82 21:08 TT56:

10~2ed

Example 2-3

aff QUASAR

Logging Off the System

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

USING THE TERMINAL EFFECTIVELY
Terminals
Your terminal is your vehicle of communication with the
operating system.
Its capabilities extend beyond the function of
responding to your keystrokes by sending the applicable signal to
the operating system.
Learning more about this device and its
capabilities will make your sessions at the terminal
more
productive.
Terminals are classified as either video
(more commonly
called
Cathode
Ray Tubes
(CRTs)
or hard-copy.
Both have
advantages and disadvantages. While CRTs generally transmit and
receive at a faster rate, they do not provide a permanent record
of a terminal session.
Hard-copy terminals do provide a permanent
record,
but generally transmit and receive at slower rates.
They
also require changing the paper occasionally, so a paper supply
must be handy.
Hard-copy terminals are also useful for those just
learning the operating system.
You may want to start out using a
hard-copy terminal so that if you work yourself into a corner you
will have documentation on how you got there.
Your course
administrator will be able to show you where you went wrong.
Your terminal is made up of two independent devices:
an input device

(the keyboard) and

an output device
of paper)

(a display - either a screen or

piece

When you press a key on the keyboard, the terminal sends the
applicable signal down the terminal line to the operating system.
The operating system in return lets you know that it received that
character by sending it back where it is drawn on the screen (or
typed on the paper).
This process is called "echoing." You may
have noticed during the log in procedure, that when you typed in
your password, the characters did not echo at your terminal.
This
is to ensure the privacy of your password.

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

The arrangement of the keys on the keyboard may vary from
terminal
to terminal.
Figure 2-1 shows an example of two
keyboards.
In addition to the keys found on a standard typewriter
keyboard, a computer terminal has other keys that perform special
functions such as starting and stopping output to the terminal,
erasing typographical errors,
retyping a command line, etc.
It
may also have an auxiliary keypad containing the numerical keys
0
through 9, a decimal point, an enter key and arrow keys.
Some
system programs (like the editor) use this keypad for performing
special functions.
Table 2-1 shows the special keys and their function.
Some of
them require pressing two keys simultaneously to achieve the
action;
these are
indicated in the table.
When you
are
correcting errors within a command line be sure to use the
<delete> key instead of the <backspace> key.
Although the
<backspace>
key
appears
to perform correctly,
it is not
interpreted that way by the operating system.
Table 2-2 shows how
the delete key echoes on both a video and a hard-copy terminal.
In the case of a video terminal, every time the delete key is
pressed, the operating system (in particular, the terminal driver)
transmits a command to back up the cursor one position, and then
transmits a space.
In the case of a hard-copy terminal, the
operating system transmits a backslash and then the last previous
character is typed.

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

SETUP

ON LINE

,T ••
SET

f=;'L 0

CLEAR

All

LOCAL

TOp

LSE~H R

elS

O Q Q
LEFT

MQ
CLEAR

DSR

.o £

SET·UP PAPER OUT

qT'T~TO

•

RECAll

TK-7669

Figure 2-1

LA120 and VT100 Keyboard Layouts

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Table 2-1 Special Terminal Keys
(Two Key Combinations)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Table 2-2

Echoing of Delete Key on CRTS/Hardcopy

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1.

READ the following sections
in
the
RSX-11M/M-PLUS Command Language Manual:
•

3.1, Logging In and Logging Out

•

3.2, The Keyboard

•

3.3, The Keypad

•

3.4,
The CTRL
Characters

key

and

Control

DO the following at your terminal:

different
Example 2-1 shows four
methods of logging
in.
Try each
method using your UIC and last name,
and decide which method you prefer.
Ensure that DCL is active at your
terminal.

Table 2-1 lists special keys that
help
control the action of your
terminal.
Practice using each of the
keys by issuing the following command
when you have the system prompt:
>TYPE LB:[1,2]DCL.HLP
This file is a text file used by the
HELP command to display the commands
for which it has further information.
Concentrate on how the keys control
your terminal input and output.

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

CONVERSING WITH THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Command line Interpreter (Cll)
CLls are the languages used for communication between you and
the operating system.
On RSX-llM/M-PLUS systems, the user has the
capability of talking to the operating system in more than one
language.
Two such languages are supplied by DIGITAL.
They are
the Digital Command Language (DCL)
and Monitor Console Routine
(MCR).
You-may talk to the operating system in only one language
at a time, but can switch easily from one language to another.
MCR is always present on your system.
DCL most likely will be
present, and your site may include a CLI not provided by DIGITAL.
You may want to talk to your system manager regarding the
availablity of CLls on your system. We will discuss both DCL and
MCR in this module and will use DCL throughout the course in
listings and examples.

Cli Prompts
When the operating system is ready to accept commands from
your terminal, it will display its default system prompt, ">", at
the left-most position of your display.
To determine which CLI is
active at your terminal and to get the explicit CLI prompt, you
should type <CTRL/C>.
Do this by holding down the control key and
then typing the letter "C".
The operating system will then
respond with the appropriate explicit prompt, either the MCR
prompt:
MCR>
or the DCL prompt:
DCL>
You can perform this operation whenever you are unsure
is active.

which

CLI

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Default Cli
The accounts file contains a default CLI for each user which
is set up by the system manager when your account is created.
When you log on the system, the accounts file is checked to see
which CLI is your default CLI.
Once the log in procedure is
complete, the operating system starts your default CLI running at
your terminal, and displays the implicit operating system prompt
at your terminal.
You are then ready to type system commands in
the format required by the active CLI.

Changing from One Cli to Another
When you wish to change from one CLI to another you must
issue the appropriate command.
To change from DCL to MCR, type
the following command:
>SET TERMINAL/MCR
To change from MCR to DCL, type the following command:
>SET /DCL=TI:

USING THE DIGITAL COMMAND lANGUAGE (DCl)
The Digital Command Language (DCL) is the standard command
language found on DIGITAL-supplied operating systems. Becoming
familiar with this language will make your migration to other
operating systems easier.
The commands are more English-like, so
most users prefer to use it.

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Features of Del
•

Standard command language used on most
systems.

DIGITAL

•

English-like language.

•

Prompts for unsupplied information.

•

Command line continuations: If the command requires more
characters than will fit on a line, end the first line
with a hyphen and continue the command on the next line.

•

Commands and keywords can be abbreviated (Four characters
always sufficient since DCL ensures that first four
characters are always unique).

•

Commands can be placed in a file and
file.

•

HELP facility available for all DCL commands.

•

Can specify comments within the command line.

executed

The command line structure is shown below.

operating

from

that

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

DCl Command Format

~~-------------------------'~~------------------------~~

> PRINT ICOPIES:2

A.FTN,B.FTN <RET>

-.....--~ I ~ 1-""'----'- ~ I ~

000

../

>SHOW TASKS/ ACTIVE:TT31: <RET>
'"

--'-~~~I~I~

v~"

00000000

>COpy <RET>
From? PClS.DAT <RET>
To?
PGP.DAT<RET>
o may
Operating system prompt - Whenever it is present, commands
be entered
o DCL command - Can be abbreviated to at least 4 characters
o Command qualifier delimiter - Always a "/"
o Command
qualifier - A keyword that further defines how to
interpret the command
o Argument delimiter - Always a " . "
o Argument value
o Delimiter (blank or TAB) - Must be included
o Parameter
o Li st element del imi ter
CD
CD

Command line terminator
Command line

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Table 2-3 lists some DCL commands.
Example 2-4 shows a
sample session using these commands.
Refer to the RSX-llM/M-PLUS
Command Language Manual
for additional
information
on
each
command.
Table 2-3

Partial List of DCL Commands

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

> SHOW", DAYTIME
10:50:56 22-0CT-81
>SHOW USERS
HT1: [7,22]
TT6: [7,374]
TTll: [7,32]
TT12: [7,302]
TT13: [7,42]
TT14: [7,110]
TT15: [7,113]
TT16: [301,303]
TT17: [7,366]
TT21: [7,372]
TT22: [7,116]
TT23: [301,333]
TT24: [52,30]
TT25: [301,44]
TT27: [7,361]
TT51: [100,24]
TT53: [7,337]
TT55: [2,201]
TT56: [305,303]
:>SHOW QUEUE
PRINT QUEUES
PRINT => LPO
[7,113]
DCLRES
ENTRY:433
>
1 DRO:[7,113JDCLRES.MAP;41
LPO
=> LPO
>SHOW TERMINAL
[305,303J
[305,303J
TT56:
CLI
DCL
BUF
132.
LINES
66.
TERM
LA120
LOWER
NOPRIV NOHOLD NOSLAVE
ECHO
NOVFILL NOHHT
NOFDX

ACTIVE ON LPO

HFILL = 0
OWNER
none
NOESC
HOCRT
WRAP
NORPA

SPEED=(9600:9600)
BRO
NOABAUD
FORM
NOREMOTE
HOEBe
TYPEAHEAD

> SHOW IIEV MM:
MMO: TT23: - Private Mounted Loaded
MM1: Loaded

Example 2-4

DCL Commands (Sheet 1 of 6)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

>SHOW IIEV ICES
HTO: Offline Loaded
HT1: (7,22J - Lo~~ed in Loaded
HT2: Offline Loaded
HT3: Offline Loaded
LPO: Loaded
DBO: Loaded T~pe=RP05
DB1: Public Hounted Loaded T~pe=RP06
DB2: Public Hounted Loaded T~pe=RP06
DDO: Loaded
DD1: Loaded
IIKO: Loaded
DK1: Loaded
IIK2: Loaded
DK3: Loaded
DLO: Loaded T~pe=RLOl
DL1: Loaded T~pe=RL02
DL2: Loaded T~pe=RLOl
DHO: TT51: - Private Hounted Loaded T~pe=RK06
DH1: Loaded T~pe=RK06
DH2: Loaded T~pe=RK07
DRO: Public Hounted Loaded T~pe=RP07
DR1: Loaded T~pe=RH03
DSO:
EHO: T~pe=RS04
DS1:
EHO: T~pe=RS04
DTO: Loaded
IIT 1: Loaded
DXO: Loaded
IIX 1: Loaded
EHO: Public Hounted Loaded T~pe=HLll Size=4096. blks
HMO: TT23: - Private Mounted Loaded
~fM 1: Loaded
COO: Loaded
NSO: Public Hounted Loaded
TTO: Loaded
TTl: Loaded
TT2: Loaded
TT3: Loaded
TT4: Loaded
TT5: Loaded
NLO:
TIO:
CLOt
LPO:
LBO:
DRO:
SYO:
DRO:

Example 2-4

DeL Commands (Sheet 2 of 6)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

>SHOW PARTITIONS
CEXPAR 114734 00115000 00003000 MAIN COM
TTPAR 114670 00120000 00040000 MAIN TASK
EXCOM1 114624 00160000 00014700 MAIN COM
EXCOH2 114560 00174700 00006200 MAIN COM
SYSPAR 114514 00203100 00012000 MAIN TASK
TKNPAR 114450 00215100 00010000 MAIN TASK
IIRVPAR 114404 00225100 00030600 MAIN SYS
114340 00225100 00002100 SUB DRIVER -[,[.t;
114240 00227200 00001200 SUB DRIVER -IlK:
114140 00230400 00003100 SUB DRIVER -DM:
114040 00233500 00003000 SUB DRIVER -DF~ :
113740 00236500 00001000 SUB DRIVER -EM:
113640 00237600 00001100 SUB DRIVER -'[IT :
113540 00240700 00001400 SUB DRIVER -DX:
113440 00242300 00002500 SUB DRIVER -·I1L:
113340 00245000 00002600 SUB DRIVER '-D[I t
113240 00247600 00001300 SUB DRIVER -LP:
113104 00251100 00004300 SUB DRIVER '-MM:
112450 00255400 00000300 SUB ['RIVER -CO:
LDRPAR 112404 00255700 00002500 NAIN TASK
BASIC2 112340 00260400 00040000 MAIN COM
FCSRES 112274 00320400 00040000 MAIN COM
TSTPAR 112230 00360400 00100000 MAIN TASK
GEN
112164 00460400 03317400 MAIN SYS
(PMT ••• )
045174 00460400 00006300 SUB
(EVP ••• )
061140 00466700 00014200 SUB
(COT ••• )
046100 00507200 00017000 SUB
046160 00526500 00044000 SUB (WKFFCP)
(SYOFCF')
046034 00572500 00044000 SUB
100544 00643600 00013600 SUB (MTAACP)
(RMHACF')
075740 00666000 00023300 SUB
045430 00723600 00044000 SUB (DB1FCP)
(I1B2FCP)
046370 00767600 00024000 SUB
(QMG ••• )
046270 01013600 00032200 SUB
)
(LPO
044770 01046000 00014100 SUB
(RMDEMO)
047560 01062100 00027000 SUB
(F11ACP)
060534 01111100 00044000 SUB
(NETACP)
062220 01232000 00025600 SUB
(SHOT56)
070214 01257600 00020300 SUB
( ••• EDT)
070750 01362200 00132000 SUB
( ••• PIP)
045240 01516200 00132300 SUB
)
(HT1
071730 01650500 00107400 SUB
)
(EX1
075014 01760100 00055700 SUB
( ••• AT. )
074554 02112100 00060000 SUB
(EDTT16)
072450 02172100 00132000 SUB
)
(EX2
071040 02324400 00055700 SUB
(MAL.O )
100610 02402300 00132300 SUB
( ••• TKB)
100500 02707700 00175700 SUB
NT.PCL 062634 03671600 00003500 SUB DYNAMIC
NT.NSP 053244 03675300 00016000 SUB DYNAMIC
NT.AUX 062264 03713300 00001100 SUB DYNAMIC
POOL •• 061074 03714400 00061700 SUB DYNAMIC
045034 03776300 00001500 SUB ['RIVER -HT:

Example 2-4

DCL Commands

(Sheet 3 of 6)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

>SHOW TASKS INSTALLED
LIIR ••• 12.19 LIIRF'AR 248.
04.7
TKNPAR 248.
TKTN
225.
RMIIEMO Vl.05 GEN
MTAACP 0013
GEN
200.
200.
FllMSG VOO12 GEN
200.
NETACP V02.00 GEN
199.
EVF' ••• V01.00 GEN
SYSPAR 160.
MCR ••• 2.02
GEN
160.
••• MCR 1.1
160.
SHOT56 1.1
GEN
GEN
160.
• •• MOU 2503
••• DCl 00
GEN
160.
150.
GEN
• •• HEL 01.0
150.
GEN
• •• CA. 4.00
150.
••• CVT 4.02
GEN
••• DLG 4.02
GEN
150.
150.
NVF' ••• V01.00 GEN
GEN
150.
• •• BYE 04.0
149.
Fl1ACP M0401 GEN
149.
WKFFCP M0401 GEN
149.
SYOFCF' M0401 GEN
149.
DB1FCP M0401 GEN
149.
DB2FCF' M0401 GEN
148.
PMT ••• 01.52 GEN
148.
ERR LOG V1.04 GEN
145.
COT ••• 01.01 GEN
140.
••• IIMO 23.25 GEN
140.
••• INI 22.02 GEN"
140.
• •• UFII V0412 GEN
PMD ••• 07.2
GEN
130.
SYSPAR 105.
SHF ••• 5.08
GEN
100.
••• INS 06
100.
••• SEN 22JUL GEN
100.
RMHACP V02.00 GEN
MAl$$$ l1RX
GEN
100.
PMR$$$ V01.05 GEN
100.
70.
QMG ••• 1.8
GEN
LPO
1.9
GEN
70.
70.
F'RT ••• 1.2
GEN
70.
••• BRU 1.03
GEN
70.
GEN
• •• KKK
••• TEC V36
GEN
65.
••• EIII M11.04 GEN
65.
65.
• •• SOS 07.00 GEN
65.
• •• EIIT 02.00 GEN
65.
• •• MAl 01SEP GEN
65.
RHT ••• V02.01 GEN
65.
• •• RVT X02.19 GtN
65.
EDTT16 02.00 GEN
GEN
64.
• •• AT • 02
60.
NTL ••• V02.00 GEN
55.
NTINIT V02.00 GEN
GEN
50.
• •• BRO V04
lPINIT 01.03 GEN
50.

Example 2-4

00002500 LBO:-01240437 FIXED
00010000 LBO!-01242244
00027000 LBO:-01262570
00013600 EMO:-00000325
00005500 LBO:-01251052
00025600 SYO:-01266761
00013100 SYO:-01266561
00012000 LBO:-01244424
00020300 LBO:-01244760
00020300 LBO:-01244760
00037600 LBO:-00117642
00035600 SYO:-01132456
00037600 LBO:-01250645
00005100 LBO!-01251064
00052200 SYO:-01007774
00052200 SYO:-01007774
00012700 SYO:-01265031
00012500 SYO:-01264767
00044000 LBO:-01247227
00044000 LBO:-01262523
00044000 EMO:-00000260
00044000 SYOl-01262313
00024000 SYO:-01262404
00006300 LBO:-01246016
00040000 LBO:-01251006
00017000 LBO:-01250736
00014600 LBO:-01245770
00034600 LBOl-01246445
00005700 LBO:-01246615
00017600 LBO:-01250210
00012000 LBO:-01250203
00034400 LBO!-01243744
00104400 LBO!-00662645
00023300 SYOl-01265073
00132300 SYO:-00663342
00034300 SYO!-OO660507
00032200 LBO:-01252004
00014100 LBO!-01252136
00001100 LBO:-01251443
00173500 lBO:-01256414
00163400 [11<2:-00010412
00177100 EMO:-00001215
00123600 EMO:-00001371
00073300 EMO:-00001547
00132000 LBO:-01254476
00123700 SYO:-00555723
00027300 SYO:-01266505
00032500 SYOl-00663556
00132000 LBO:-01254476
00060000 LBO:-01246107
00036500 SYO:-01265603
00005000 SYOl-01265347
00031000 LBO:-01250552
00016200 lBO:-01250260

DCL Commands (Sheet 4 of 6)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

>SHOW TASKS fACTIVE
MCR •••

SHOT56
>SHOW TASKS fACTIVE fAll
lIlRc c.

RHDEHO
NETACF'

EVP •••
MCR •••

SHOT56
FllACF'
DB1FCF'

PMT •••
COT •••
GHG •••
lPO
••• EIIT
••• AT.

Example 2-4

DCL Commands (Sheet 5 of 6)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

>SHOW TASKS ACTIVE
HCR •••
SHOT 56
>SHOW TASKS ACTIVE ALL
LliR •••

RHDEKO
HTAACP
NETACP
EVF' •••
HCR •••
SHOT 56
FllACP
WKFFCF'
SYOFCP
DB1FCF'
DB2FCF'
PHT •••
COT •••
RKHACf'
QHG •••

LPO
••• TEe
••• EIIT

EDTT16
••• AT •
••• PIP
••• TKB
EXl
EX2
EXST
HTl

Example 2-4

DCL Commands (Sheet 6 of 6)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

THE HELP COMMAND
One of the most useful features of this operating system is
the help that it provides on-line for the system commands. It is
not necessary to search through manuals to find the correct format
of a command or the qualifier that you need. By typing the HELP
command in response to the system prompt, you will get a list of
items for which the system has more information. HELP is the only
command that you can type before logging onto the system.
Examples of the HELP command are shown below.

HELP Command Format

>HELP<RET>
>HELP/MeR HELLO<RET>
>HELP SET<RET>
>HELP SET TERMINAL<RET>

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Notes on Example 2-5
The following comments are keyed to the example.

In response to the HELP command,
the operating system
displays the list of active eLI commands at your terminal
for which it has information.

«» and
To obtain information on any of those listed, type HELP
the command you wish the information for.
Notice that
the text gives you the syntax of the
explanation of what the command will do.

command

and

e qualifier
To get help on a command of another eLI,
use the j"eLI"
shown here.
Hello is an MeR command and is not
listed in the HELP text shown in note I above.

In this example, you will notice that the text includes
the command qualifiers that can be used with the command.

Cit

This and the following two examples show how to obtain
further
information on a command.
Notice that the SET
command has many attributes which it can change.
To get
further
information,
for
example, on the TERMINAL
attribute, you would concatenate this attribute to your
original HELP command.

This example shows how the procedure
accomplished.

The HELP command
is further
information on setting the
commonly used attributes.

described

above

qualified to obtain more
terminal, in particular the

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

·>HEl..F'
Hel~

is available for the followins DCL commands:

ABORT
BASIC
CONVERT
DEBUG
EDIT
INITIALIZE
LOGOUT
PURGE
RUN
STOP

ALLOCATE
BROADCAST
COpy
DELETE
FIX
INSTALL
MACRO
RELEASE
SET
TYPE

APPEND
CANCEL
CREATE
DIFFERENCES
FORTRAN
LIBRARY
MCR
REMOVE
SHOW
UNFIX

ASSIGN
COBOL
DEALLOCATE
DIRECTORY
HELP
LINK
MOUNT
RENAME
SORT
UNLOCK

For information on a command, t~pe HELP commandname.
a particular Gualifier is often availabl~ b~t~pins
HELP

commandnam~

t~pinS

a ? in

For information on utilities, s~stem tasks, and other
HELP MORE. For the short forms of some commands,
For help on 10SSinS in t~pe HELP LOGIN •
)HELP LOGIN
LOGIN IJserid
t~pe

~ou

access to the

Additional help on

uyalifier.

You can also set help on DCL commands

•

BACKUP
CONTINUE
[lEASSIGN
DISMOUNT
HOLD
LOGIN
PRINT
REQUEST
START

s~stem

if wou have a

r~uponse

to a prompt.

information,
HELP BRIEF.

s~stem
t~pe

v~lid

acount.

'userid' iu either ~our laut name, or a UIC with the two numbers separated
b ~ e i the r a com If' a (,) 0 r c; 5.1 ash ( I ) . ,. h e S GI.J are bra c It_ ~ t s (r J) a," e 0 p t ion a 1
for this command. After enterin~ ~oyr us~rid, ~ou will b~ prompted
for ~our password. The password will not echo on the ~our
terminal. You can ~nter the password on the same line as the LOGIN
command b~ precedins it with a slash, but ~~ur password will be
echoed.
If the userid and password are valid, ~ou will be lossed on the s~st~m.
The lo~in messaSe file, LB:Cl,2JLOGIN.TXT, will be printed on ~our
terminal, unless ~ou entered 'userid' as a UIC s~paraled bw e slash, in
which case onlu the must recent m~ssaues will be printed. If ~ou have
a losin command file (LOGtN.CHD) in wour director~, it will then be
e>:ecIJtad.
LOGIN and HELLO are identicel,but LOGIN does not work on
without DeL.

Example 2-5

s~stems

HELP Command (Sheet 1 of 3)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

•

>HELP/MCF: HELLO

To loS onto thi s $!:Istem, !:IO'J m'Jst know ar, acco'Jr,t 01" IIJ~ t name c;lId
the ~ppropriate password. Lo~ on b!:l s~~inS HELLO. The HELLO command
has the followins seneral forms:
HELLO
You will be prompted for !:lour name or account and password.
HELLO name/password
Where name is !:lour last name, and password is !:lour account password.
If the slash and p~$uword ar~ left off (the!:l are optional), !:IOU will
be prompted for !:lour password.
HELLO Csrp'ffle~J/password
HELLO [srp/memJ/password
Where Srp and mem are the Sroup and m~mber numbers of !:I~ur account.
The s~uare brackets and password are optional. If a comma sepsrdtes
Srp and mem, s!:lstem messaSes (the L~:[1,2JLOGIN.TXT file) will be disp I a '.:I e don !:I 0 'J r t e r min a lin, me d i cJ tel 'J aft e l' !:I 0 IJ h a .... e loS Sed in. I f s s 1 a'::> h
is the separator, the LOGIN.TXT file will be displa~ed Uf, !:lour
terRlinal IJntil
is fO'Jnd in collJmn 1 (.)f the file.

)HELP COPY

COPYC/aualifier[sJJ

infile[s] outfile

Q'Jal i fitHS
/BLOCKS I ZE : r,
/CNOJCONTIGUOUS
/OWN
/REF'LACE
/IIATE: dd-mlflm-'=:I!:I
/S INCE: dd-nlll.R.-':I':I
/SF'AN_BLOCKS
/THROUGHL:dd-mmru-!:I!:I
/SINCE:dd-mmm-~!:I/THROUGH:dd-mmm-~!:I

/TODAY
/EXCLUDE:filespec
The COpy command copi~$ one or more input files to c;n output fil~.
COPY does not alter the orSanization of the file. See HELP CONVERT
for information on chansins the orSanization of the file.
Abbr~viation:

o >HELF'
SET
SET thins

The SET command can be u.ed to set somethinS. The followin. thinss
can be set with this COlIIl'lhiH"ld:
[IIAYJTIME
LIBRARY
SYSTEM

DEBUG
[NOJPAfHITION
TERMINAL

Example 2-5

DEFAULT
PRIORITY

HELP Command

llEI) I CE
PROTECTION

(Sheet 2 of 3)

GROUF'FLAGS

QUEUe:

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

•

>HELF' SET TEF:tvlINAL
SET TERMINALCtttnntJ/attributeCsJ
The SET TERMINAL command sets various ~ttributes of ~our termin~l. A
p r i v i leSed IJse r can s~t <3tt r iblJte~ of ;jn~ otiH.H te T'RI i na 1 •
The RSX-llM/M-PLUS Command Lan~uaSe Reference Manual divides the attributes into the 3 cate~ories of comRlon us~, terminal setuP' and task
See HELP SET TERMINAL COMMON_USE
HELP SET TERMINAL TERMINAL_SETUP
HELP SET TERMINAL TASK_SETUP
HELP SET TERMINAL QUALIFIERS
HELP SET TERMINAL aualifiername

o >HELP SET TERMINI~L COMMON_USE
SET

TERMINALC:tt~n:J/attributeCsJ

The followin~ Gualifiers set terminal characteristics thut are resularlw
needed b~ th~ <3vera~~ terminal user. F~r mor~ lnfor~atlun on a particular characteristic, t~pe HELP SET TERMINAL characteristic.
I (NO JBROAIIC,~ST

IDCL
I CNO JHOLII_SCREEN
ILOWERCI~SE

IMCR
I[NOJPRIVILEGEII
I(NOJSERIAL
ISPEEDt<t,r)
IUF'PERCASE
IWIIITH t n

Example 2-5

HELP Command

(Sheet 3 of 3)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1.

READ the following sections
in
the
RSX-llM/M-PLUS Command Language Manual:

•

1.1, RSX-IlM/M-PLUS and
Concepts

DCL:

• 1.2, The DCL Command Line
Functional Grouping
1.3,
• Commands

Basic

DCL

• 3.5, HELP
2.

DO the following at your terminal:
a.

Issue the HELP command to see the
list of topics for which there is
information

Using the SET command,
current CLI to MCR

Issue the HELP command to
MCR topics are available

Using the MCR SET command,
your current CLI back to DCL

change
see

your
what
change

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

FILE SPECIFICATIONS
Files

Information stored on the system is contained in an entity
called a file. A file is the smallest unit of storage maintained
by the operating system. A user may store files on many different
devices.
To retrieve the files, the operating system must have a
means of keeping track of the name of the file, to whom it belongs
and where that file is located on a device. There is a special
set of software that maintains the file structure called FILES-II.
It is the software'S responsibility to keep track of files by
maintaining directories for each system user.
Many of the
operating system commands perform functions on a file.
To
identify the correct file, a standard format for specifying a file
is required.

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

File Specification Command Format
The following is an
example
of
the
complete
file
specification format.
Whenever a file specification is required
in a command, this is the format in which it is to be supplied.
It is not always necessary to supply information in each field.
If a field is not supplied, the system will make some assumptions
about the entry for that field. The second example below shows a
In some instances this
"minimum required" file specification.
specification can be shortened to just the file name.
The notes
specification.
notes and fix
specification.

below
describe
each
field
of
the
file
We will discuss each one in detail. Study the
of
the
in your mind each of the
fields

A complete file specification

DB: [305,303] EXAMPLE. MAC ; 3
'---.. .
'-,
I
I I
o
o
o 0 00
--...v~--..,.,#'"

,,/

A minimum required file specification

EXAMPLE.
MAC
\",
#'" I - . o 0 0
v~

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Physical, logical or pseudo device name
User File Directory (UFD)
File name (0 to 9 characters)
File name delimiter
File type (0 to 3 characters)
File type delimiter
File version number

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Devices
Physical Device Names

The first field in the file
device where the file is stored.

specification

A computer system consists
including:

various

specifies

hardware

the

components

Line printers
Disk drives
Floppy disk drives
Magnetic tape drives
Analog to digital converters
Paper tape reader/punch
To distinguish a line printer from a floppy disk drive or
even from another line printer, the operating system must have a
unique name with which it can associate the piece of hardware. As
the user, you want to be able to say "I want the file that is
stored on the floppy disk drive rather than the one on the
magnetic tape drive." And also, "I want this file printed on the
second line printer on the system, not the first." To do this, you
need a format for specifying devices.
When you refer to a
specific device on the system, you can use the device's physical
device name.
The physical device name has the format:
DDnn:
Device Name
Element

Meaning

Example

Two alpha characters
depicting a device.

nn:

Two numeric characters
depicting the device unit
number. The first unit
number is 0. Colon always
required.

31:

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Figure 2-2 illustrates physical device names.
Each device
has a name made up of a two character mnemonic representing the
type of device it is, and a two digit number
representing which
unit of that device type it is.
Table 2-4 lists the devices and
their physical device name.
In Figure 2-2, there is a device with
the name DBl:.
In Table 2-4, DB is the physical device name for
RP04, RP05, and RP06 disk drives.

PHYSICAL DEVICE NAMES
II

TT25:

PDP-11170

TT2:
LPO:

OJ
FLOPPY
DISK
DX1:

CARD READER
CR:

[ltd
DECtape \I
000:
MM1:
DB1:

DBO:

TK-7688

Figure 2-2

Physical Device Names

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Table 2-4

RSX-llM/M-PLUS Peripheral Devices

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Table 2-4

RSX-llM/M-PLUS Peripheral Devices

Device-Uni t

Peripheral Devices
t9bOt:'9tory ]?erJpheJal

Acce~erator

(LPAl}~K)

Laboratqry peripheral System (LPSll)
Line Pr int'er

(Cont)

(LAll/LSll/LPll/LVll)

LPnn:

Magtapes
, TU45/TU16/TE16/TU77
(RH 11/RH7" /TM 02/TM 0 3)

MMnn:

TS03/TU10/TE10 (TMll/TMAll/TMBll)

MTnn:

TS04. . (TSll)

MSnn:

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Logical Device Names

You may also specify a logical device name in the first field
of the file specification.
A logical device name is a generic
name assigned to a physical device by the user.
Logical device
names
provide
device independence for programs and system
operations because the association between the logical device and
a specific physical device can easily be changed to another
physical device. A logical device can be used in the device
specification, but must first be associated with the actual
physical device chosen by the user. The format of the logical
device is the same as the physical device. However, the first two
digit mnemonic is of your choosing and has the meaning that you
associate with it.
DDnn:
Log ical Device
Name Element

Meaning

Example

Two alpha characters
depicting a device.

nn:

Two numeric characters
depicting a unit number. Colon always
required.

01:

Notes on Figure 2-3
Figure 2-3 shows how logical device names can be
following comments are keyed to the example.

used.

The

The association between the physical device DB0: and the
logical device LZl: is made using the ASSIGN command.

t»

The Directory command lists the files in the user's work
area.
Specifying the logical device name of LZ1: gets a
directory from the physical device DB0:

t»

The logical device LZl:
device DB1:

reassigned

the

Performing the same directory command as before,
get a directory from the physical device DBl:

100

physical
you

now

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

ASSIGN DBO: LZ1:

DB1 :

DBO:

PHYSICAL DEVICE

o > 01 R LZ1: [305,303]
01 RECTORY DBO: [305,303]
16-JULY-81 10:30
A.FTN;1
B.FTN;1
PROG.FTN;1

2.
2.
4.

10-JULY-81
9-JUL Y-81
9-JULY-81

14:41
8:33
10:05

TOTAL OF 8./10. BLOCKS IN 3. FILES

>
TK-7681

Figure 2-3

Logical Device Assignments

101

(Sheet 1 of 2)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

e > ASSIGN DB1: LZ1:

DBO:

DB1:

PHYSICAL DEVICE

DI R LZ1: [305,303]
01 RECTORY DB1: [305,303]
16-JU L Y-81
10:32

VIP.FTN;2
VIP.FTN;3
VIP.TSK;3

4.
5.
6.

15-J U L Y -81
15-J U L Y -81
16-JUL Y-81

15: 12
16:42
17:01

TOTAL OF 15./16. BLOCKS IN 3. FILES

>
TK-7689

Figure 2-3

Logical Device Assignments

102

(Sheet 2 of 2)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Pseudo Device Names

You may also specify a pseudo device name in the first
field
of the file specification.
Pseudo device names are a small set of
logical device names that have special meaning to the operating
system.
They refer to devices that most users and tasks often
use.
Table 2-5 lists the set of pseudo device names.
Of
particular
interest to the general user are the devices TI:
and
SY:. Wherever your terminal number is part of the required syntax
you may substitute the pseudo device of TI:.
The operating system
then makes the association of TI:
to the actual physical device
name for you.
Anyone may use TI:
to represent the physical
device name of their terminal; the operating system makes the
association to the actual physical device.
SY:
is used in the
same manner.
It represents the device on which your
UFD is
located.
Not everyone using the system has their
UFD on the same
device.
When the System Manager sets up your account, he
establishes a UFD on a particular device.
This becomes your
default device.
When you specify SY:
in a command or file
specification, the operating system makes the association to the
actual physical device name.
Table 2-5

Pseudo Device Names

103

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Figure 2-4 shows the correlation between the pseudo
(TI:
and SY:)
and the physical device for two users.
user on terminal number 5, TI: equates to TT5: and SY:
to DB0:.
For the second user, TI:
equates to TT31:
equa tes to DB1:.

PSEUDO
DEVICE

devices
For the
equates
and SY:

PSEUDO
DEVICE

TI:

TT5:

TI:

SY:

DBa:

SY:

LOCAL ASSIGNMENTS

DBa:

LPO:

DB1:

PSEUDO
DEVICE

PHYSICAL
DEVICE

CO:

TTO:

CL:

LPO:

LB:

DBa:

SYSTEM ASSIGNMENTS
TK-7685

Figure 2-4

Pseudo Device Names

104

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

User File Directories (UFOs)
When your account is created for you, a file called a
User
File Directory
(UFD)
is also created. This file has the same
number-as your UIC and will contain the names and locations of all
the files stored on the disk structure that belong to you.
At
least one UFD exists for every user with a system account, and a
user may have a UFD on many different devices.
File Names

The name given to a file generally reflects what the file
is
for.
It can be from
0 to 9 alphanumeric characters and is
separated (delimited) from the file type by a period.
File names
are given to files either by you when you create them with the
editor, or copy them, or by programs that generate output files.

File Types

The file type is a 0 to 3 alphanumeric character extension of
the file name to further qualify the type of file.
It is
separated from the version number by a ";".
There are standard
file
types and each utility recognizes its own particular file
type (Figure 2-5). Whenever you see a file with a .MAC file
type
you may assume that the contents of that file contain MACRO-II
program source statements.
Likewise, if you see a
file with a
.FTN file
type, you can assume that the contents of the file are
FORTRAN program source statements.
Table 2-6 shows the standard
file extensions and the type of file they represent.
Versions

Each file has a version number
other versions of the same file.
range from 1 to 77777.

105

that distinguishes it from
Version numbers are octal and

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

A.FTN
WR ITE (5,999) ZE RO
999 FORMAT (1 X, 15)
CALL SUB

•
•

SYO:
DBO: [305,303]

•

SUBROUTINE SUB

•
•
•
END

A.FTN;1
B.FTN;1

A.FTN;2

PROG.MAC
.TITLE
.LIST

MAC
ME

A:
B:

.BYTE 2
.BLKB 10
c: .BLKW80
.EVEN
START: MOV A,RO

•
•
•

.END START

TK-7675

Figure 2-5

Standard File Types

106

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Table 2-6

Standard File Types

107

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

It is not necessary at all
times
to give complete file
information when specifying a
file.
The system will make some
assumptions about each field if you do not supply the information.
We call
this "taking the defaults." Table 2-7 lists the defaults
the operating system takes
for
each
field
of
the
file
specification.
Taking
the defaults and allowing the system to
fill in the
information saves you typing,
time and
possible
typographical errors.
Table 2-7

File Specification Defaults

108

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Figure 2-6 shows all the valid file
specifications for
the
latest verSlon of the
file
A.FTN.
The amount of information
necessary depends upon the situation in which the specification is
being
used.
If [200,200] is your UFO, then you would not need to
specify the UFO.
If you want the latest version of the file,
you
would not have to specify the version.
And if you were supplying
the file to the FORTRAN compiler, you would not have
to specify
the
file
type.
The FORTRAN compiler searches for a file type of
FTN by default.
You will become aware of how much information you
must supply through your use of the system.

SY:

DBO: [200,200]

A.FTN;1
B.FTN;1
PROG.MAC;10
A.FTN;2

DBO: [200,200] A.FTN;2
SY: [200,200] A.FTN;2
[200,200] A.FTN;2
A.FTN;2
A.FTN

A.
TK-7672

Figure 2-6

Valid File Specifications for Latest
A. FTN Version

109

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Wildcards in the File Specification
Wildcards

Often, we wish to perform the same operations on many files
with the· same name or the same file type; for instance, copying
all our macro source files from one UFD to another, or perhaps,
deleting all our listing files. To type each of these files in
the command line would be time-consuming and we would probably
spend more time than desired correcting our typing errors. There
is a feature of the operating system that allows us to substitute
a special character to represent the concept of "all" in the file
specification. Two special characters called wildcard characters
can be used to do this.
The character "*" is the wildcard character representing
"all" in a variable number of character positions. The character
"%" is the wildcard character
representing "all" in a single
character position. For example, we can use these characters when
we want to represent all:

• UFDs
• Groups
• Group members
• File names
• File types
• File versions

110

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Notes on Example 2-6
The following comments keyed to Example 2-6 show the
the wildcard characters and the results.

Ct
tt
tt
Ct

use

A listing of the directory file for the UFD [305,303].
A listing of the directory file for the UFD [305,304].
The (*) is used in the file type field
to represent all
file
types.
The system interprets this as the latest
version of all files with the name PROG and any file type,
and displays all the files that meet this criteria.
Using the (*) in the file name field allows us to obtain
all our macro source files without having to type all the
file names and extensions.

e character
Th e ( %) i s us e d t
i nd i c"a t e a 11 po s sib iIi tie s i n
ne
position.
In this example we are asking the
0

system to provide all listing files with a four
file name beginning with PRe

e»

In this example, we are looking
file names beginning with PRe

for

six

character

task

You may also use the (*) in the UFD.
In this example we
o are
looking for
a listing of the directories of all the
members of group 305.
listed for us.

Member numbers 301,303, and 304 are

In this example we are asking for all the task image files
o found
in the directories of all the members of group 305.
Here we are asking for all files that have a file name
with an "0" as the second character of the name.
The file
name will have at least two characters in it and may have
as many as nine.
Table 2-8 shows the rules for using wildcard characters.

III

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

DK1:[305,303J
0 21-0CT-81 09:40
Director~

LOGIN.CMII; 1
VIP. TSIO 1
F'AYROLL. CBl; 1
INFO.TXT;1
LOGOUT. CMII; 5
PROG.FTN;l
PROG.OBJ;t
PROG.LST;l
PROG.OBJ;2
PROG.LST;2
PROG.FTN;2
PROG.FTN;3
PROG.TSK;1
MACIO.MAC;5
MACIO.OBJ;5
MACIO.LST;1
DIRECTORY.LST;1
XYZ.MACH
XYZ.TSKH
VIP.OBJ;3
VIF' .MAC; 5
VIP.OBJ;4
VIF' .OBJ; 5
VIP.LST;5
MACIO.MAC;7
MACIO.MAC;6
MACIO.MACHO
PRIMES.TSK;1

1•
4.

60.
1.
6.

O.
5.
11.
6.
6.
6.
3.

5.
3.
3.

4.
1.
3.
1•
1•
5.

3.
3.

46.

04-AUG-81 08:43
14-AUG-81 10:48
08-JAN-81 15:31
07-JUL-80 12:47
28-MAY-80 08:49
14-AUG-81 08:35
14-AUG-81 08:36
14-AUG-81 08:36
14-AUG-81 08:36
14-AUG-81 08:36
14-AUG-81 08:36
14-AUG-81 08:37
14-AUG-81 08:37
04-AUG-81 09:14
14-AUG-81 10:46
14-AUG-81 10:46
18-AUG-81 16:28
19-AUG-81 09:43
19-AUG-81 09:43
19-AUG-81 09:46
19-AUG-81 09:46
19-AUG-81 09:47
19-AUG-81 09:47
19-AUG-81 09:47
19-AUG-81 09:48
19-AUG-81 09:48
19-AUG-81 09:49
19-AUG-81 13:57

Total of 193./199. blocks in 28. files

[Ii rector'l:l DI<I:[305,304J
21-0CT-81 09:41

LOGIN.CMD;1
LOG 0 Ij T • CIi D; 5
STARTUF'.CMII;S7
F'R HiES. MAC; 43
ADVENTURE.TSK;1
ClAMBAKE.TXT;1
NOTICE.TXT;1
PRIHES.OBJ;1
PRltiES.LSTH
PRIMES.TSK;1
f'R I tiES. MAF' H
A.HAC;2
VIF'. T5K; 1
F'ROG.T5K;1

1.
1.

14.
B.
151.

3.
14.
2.

13.
46.
3.
3.
4.
6.

04-AUG-81 08:43
28-MAY-80 08:49
06·-JlIL -- B1 10:53
15-JAN--81 16:15
C 05-AUG-81 16:29
05-AUG-81 16: 18
16-MAR-81 10:34
14-AUG-81 11:09
14-AUG-81 11:09
C 14-AUG-81 11:09
14-AUG-81 11:09
18-AUG-81 16:30
C 19-AUG-81 13:58
C 18-AUG-81 16:31

Total of 269./273. blocks in 14. files

Example 2-6

Using Wildcards in a File Specification (Sheet 1 of 4)

112

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

•

)[lIR PROG.*
Director~ DK1:[30S,303J
21-0CT-81 09:41

PROG.FTN;3
PROG.OBJ;2
PROG.LST;2
PROG.TSK;1

S.
11.

14-AUG-81
14-AUG-81
14-AUG-81
14-AUG-81

08:37
08:36
08:36
08:37

Total of 28./28. blocks in 4. files

o )I1IR *.MAC
Director~ DK1:[30S,303]
21-0CT-81 09:40

MACIO.MAC;10
XYZ. HAC H
V IF' • MAC; S

3.
3.
3.

19-AUG-81 09:49
19-AUG-81 09:43
19-AUG-81 09:46

Total of 9./13. blocks in 3. files

)DIR PR7.7.. LST
Director~ [lK1:[30S,303]
21-0CT-81 09:42

14-AUG-81 08:36

11.

Total of 11./11. blocks in 1. file

•

>11 I R PR7.7.7.7.. TSK
Director~ DK1:[30S,303J
21-0CT-81 09:42

PRIMES.TSKH

46.

19-AUG-81 13:S7

Total of 46./46. bloc".. s in 1 • tile

Example 2-6

Using Wildcards in a File Specification (Sheet 2 of 4)

113

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

0 >IIIR [305,*J
DirectorY DK1:[305,303J
21-0CT-8l 09:41
lOGIN.CHIIH
VIP.TSKH
PAYROll.CBl;1
INFO. TXT;!
lOGOUT.CHD;5
PROG.FTN;1
PROG.OBJH
PROG.LST;1
PROG.OBJ;2
PROG.LST;2
PROG.FTN;2
PROG.FTN;3
PROG.TSK;1
HACIO.HAC;5
HACIO.OBJ;5
MACIO.LST H
III RECTORY. LST; 1
XYZ.r1AC; 1
XYZ. TStO 1
VIP.OBJ;3
VIP.HAC;5
VIP.OBJ;4
VIP.OBJ;5
VIP.LST;5
MACIO.MAC;7
HACIO.MAC;6
MACIO.MACHO
PRIMES.TSK;1

1•
4.
2.

60.

1.
6.
O.
O.
5.
11.
6.
6.
6.
3.
1.
5.
3.
3.
4.
1.
3.
1.
1•
5.
3.
3.
3.
46.

04-AUG-8l 09:43
14-AUG-81 10:49
09-JAN-91 15:31
07-JlJl-90 12:47
29-HAY-90 09:49
14-AUG-81 09:35
14-AUG-91 09:36
14-AUG-91 09:36
14-AUG-91 09:36
14-AUG-91 09:36
14-AUG-91 09:36
14-AUG-91 09:37
14-AUG-91 09:37
04-AUG-81 09:14
14-AUG-81 10:46
14-AUG-91 10:46
19-AUG-91 16:29
19-AUG-91 09:43
19-AUG-91 09:43
19-AUG-91 09:46
19-AUG-91 09:46
19-AUG-81 09:47
19-AUG-81 09:47
19-AUG-81 09:47
19-AUG-91 09:48
19-AUG-81 09:48
19-AUG-91 09:49
19-AUG-81 13:57

Total of 193./199. blocks in 29. files
DirectorY DK1:(305,304J
21-0CT-81 09:41
LOGIN.CHD;1
LOGOUT. CriD; 5
STARTUP. CHII; 57
PRIMES.MAC;43
ADVENTURE.TSK;l
CLAMBAKE.TXT;l
NOTICE.TXT;1
PRIHES. OBJ it
PRIHES.lST;1
PRIMES. TSKit
F'RI MES. HAP H
A.MAC;2
VIP. TStO 1
F'RDG. TSK; 1

1.
1.
14.
9.
151.
3.
14.
2.
13.
46.
3.
3.
4.
6.

04-AUG-91 08:43
28-MAY-90 08:49
06-JUl-81 10:53
15-JAN-91 16:15
C 05-AUG-91 16:29
05-AUG-81 16:18
16-HAR-91 10:34
14-AUG-91 11:09
14-AUG-91 11:09
C 14-AUG-91 11:09
14-AUG-91 11:09
19-AUG-81 16:30
C 19-AUG-81 13:58
C 18-AUG-81 16:31

Total of 269./273. blocks in 14. files
DirectorY DK1:(305,301J
21-0CT-81 09:41
INFO. TXT it

60.

17-AUG-81 14:54

Total of 60./60. blocks in 1. file
Grand total of 522./532. blocks in 43. files in 3. directories

Example 2-6

Using Wildcards in a File Specification (Sheet 3 of 4)

114

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Director~ DK1:[30S,303l
21-0CT-81 09:44

VIP.TSK;l
PROG.TSK;1
XYZ.TSKH
PRIMES.TSKH

4.
6.
4.
46.

C
C

14-AUG-81
14-AUG-81
19-AUG-81
19-AUG-81

10:48
08:37
09:43
13:S7

Total of 60./60. blocks in 4. files
Director~ DK1:C30S,304l
21-0CT-81 09:44

ADVENTURE.TSK;1
PRIMES. TSKH
VIP. TSIO 1
PROG.TSK;l

lSl.
46.
4.
6.

C
C
C
C

OS-AUG-81
14-AUG-81
19-AUG-81
18-AUG-81

16:29
11:09
13:S8
16:31

Total of 207./207. blocks in 4. files
Grand total of 267./267. blocks in 8. files in 2. directories

Director~ DKlt[305,303J
21-0CT-81 09:45

04-AUG-81 08:43
28-HAY-80 08:49

1.
1•

Total of 2./2. blocks in 2. files

Example 2-6

Using Wildcards in a File Specification (Sheet 4 of 4)

115

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Table 2-8

Allowed Use of Wildcard Characters

LEARNING ACTIVITY
1.

READ the following sections
in
the
RSX-IIM/M-PLUS Command Language Manual:
•

4.1, Files on RSX-IIM/M-PLUS Systems

•

5.1,
Devices
Systems

•

Physical
Devices,
Pseudo
5.1.2,
Devices, LUNS and Logical Names

116

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

USING THE MONITOR CONSOLE ROUTINE (MCR)
MCR
the
MCR is the original command line
interpreter
of
RSX-IIM/M-PLUS operating systems.
It is the root for all DCL
commands, and contains all
the functionality of DCL and some
The
privileged functions
that cannot be accomplished in DCL.
format of the MCR command line is shown below.
A partial list of
MCR
commands
is shown in Table 2-9.
Appendix B of the
MCR
RSX-IIM/M-PLUS Command Language Manual contains associated
commands for each DCL command.

117

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

MCR Command Format

-............

..........~~~
------~
>ALL DKO:/TERM=TT54:<RET>'
o
o 000
~------

-....- ~--~..-' "-,

./ ~ ~

.. -..

~~--------

--------~~

>PIP B.FTN=A.FTN/NV<RET>
o o
000 o
0

Operating system prompt

0
0
0
0

MCR command

Keyword value

Output file specification

Del imi ter

Input file specification

Switch

Command line terminator

Command delimiter (blank or tab)
Parameter
Keyword

Command line

118

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Table 2-9

partial List of MCR Commands

119

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Notes on Example 2-7
The following comments are keyed to the example.

o
~

t»
ct
ct
Ct

o
o

Active command issued that shows
active at your terminal.

there

are

three

tasks

ABORT command issued.
ACTIVE command issued again to see what tasks were active.
ABORT command issued to abort the task named TT56.
SET command issued to make DCL active at the terminal.
SHOW USERS command issued improperly. An error message is
returned to
indicate that the command was not recognized
by DCL.
SHOW USERS command properl y issued.
Active Task List (ATL) command issued to display all
the
tasks that are active on this system at the time.
See the
RSX-IIM/M-PLUS MeR Operations Manual
for description of
the printout.

Installed Task List Short Form (TAS)
command to display
all tasks that are installed in the System Task Directory.

Partition (PAR) command issued to display the partition
configuration
of memory.
See the RSX-IIM/M-PLUS MCR
Operations Manual for a description of the printout.

Device (DEV) command issued to display information about
the magnetic tape units on the system.
This display shows
that there are two units.
The first unit is privately
allocated to TT20:; the second is available for use.

Queue (QUE) command issued to list information about the
print queue.
There are no jobs waiting to be printed.

Device (DEV) command
issued again, only this time to
display information about all the devices (both physical
and pseudo) that are part of the system.

120

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

o MCR>ACT
MCR
t t •

I
o

••
•

tttHCR
TT56
>ABO
>ACT
HCR t t t
tttHCR
TT56
>ABO TT56
ABO -- Task ~arked for abort
>SET IDCL=TI!
>SOW USERS
DCl
Illegal com~and

>
>

>SET I[lCL=TI!
)0

[ICl>SHOW USERS
HT1: [7,22J
TT6: [7,374]
TT11: [7,32]
TT12: (7,302]
TT13: (7,42]
TT14: (7Pll0]
TT15: (7,113J
TT16: (301,303J
TT17: [7,366J
TT21: (7,372J
TT22: [7Pl16J
TT23: (301,333J
TT24: [55,30)
TT25: (30lr44J
TT27: [7,361J
TT51: (100,24 J
TT53: [7,337J
TT55: (2,201J
TT56: [305,303J
TT57: (7,113J
)OLO
Have a Good Horning
22-0CT-81 11:03 TT56: logged off QUASAR

...

Example 2-7

MCR Command Samples (Sheet 1 of 6)

121

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

. . )ATL
LDR ••• 112050 LDRPAR 112404 00255700-00260400 PRI - 248. DPRI - 248.
STATUS: -CHK FXD STP -PMD PRV NSD
TI - COO: IOC - O. BID - O. EFLG - 000001 000000 PS - 170000
PC - 120370 REGS 0-6 120212 013541 177777 107646 074700 107614 120166
RHDEHO 053120 GEN
047560 01062100-01111100 PRI - 225. DPRI - 225.
STATUS: -CHK WFR -PHD PRV MCR
TI - TTO: IOC - 1. BID - O. EFLG - 000020 040000 PS - 170010
PC - 136254 REGS 0-6 000000 136333 132110 000000 136375 000243 121164
HTAACP 051274 GEN
100544 00643600-00657400 PRI - 200. DPRI - 200.
STATUS: STP ACP -PMD PRV NSD
TI - COO; IOC - O. BID - O. EFLG - 000006 040002 PS - 170001
PC - 120650 REGS 0-6 051306 077304 051306 077244 000000 120656 120352
NETACP 047214 GEN
062220 01232000-01257600 PRI - 200. DPRI - 200.
STATUS: STP ACP -PMD PRV NSD
TI - COO: IOC - O. BID - O. EFLG - 000000 000000 PS - 170000
PC - 120452 REGS 0-6 000004 000010 104170 000000 065504 063404 120242
EVP ••• 060754 GEN
061140 00466700-00503100 PRI - 199. DPRI - 199.
STATUS: STP -PHD PRV
TI - COO; IDC - O. BID - O. EFLG - 000001 000000 PS - 170000
PC - 120512 REGS 0-6 127536 000000 003424 130556 000011 125674 120272
MCR ••• 110160 SY~PAR 114514 OQ203100-00215100 PRI - 160. DPRI - 160.
STATUS: SlP -PHD PRV MCR CLI NSD CAL
TI - TT56: IOC - O. BID - O. EFLG - 000001 040000 PS - 170000
PC - 122436 REGS 0-6 000000 120476 122032 120432 010766 044146 120366
••• MCR 107614 GEN
074700 01155100-01175400 PRI - 160. DPRI - 160.
STATUS: CKD -PHD PRV HCR NSD
TI - TT56: IOC - O. BID - O. EFLG - 000001 040000 PS - 170000
PC - 121454 REGS 0-6 120424 121276 121706 000000 121302 000000 000742
CA.T24 101444 GEN
077424 00657400-00664500 PRI - 150. DPRI - 150.
STATUS: WFR -PMD REM PRV
TI - TT24: IOC - O. BID - O. EFLG - 000000 000000 PS - 170000
PC - 123266 REGS 0-6 124114 000037 122470 000001 135600 121257 121172
FllACP 111550 GEN
060534 01111100-01155100 PRI - 149. DPRI - 149.
STATUS: STP ACP -PHD PRV NSD CAL
TI - COO: IOC - O. BID - O. EFLG - 000002 000001 PS - 170000
PC - 135350 REGS 0-6 155272 000000 000020 102373 060644 076224 120310
WKFFCP 111320 GEN
046160 00526500-00572500 PRI - 149. DPRI - 149.
STATUS: -CHK STP ACP -PHD PRV NSD
Tl - COO: IOC - O. BID - O. EFLG - 000002 000001 PS - 170000
PC - 135350 REGS 0-6 000400 155254 000000 000034 047344 100500 120310
SYOFCP 047434 GEN
046034 00572500-00636500 PRI - 149. DPRI - 149.
STATUS; -CHK STP ACP -PMD PRV NSD
Tl - COO: IDC - O. BID - O. EFLG - 000002 000001 PS - 170000
PC - 135350 REGS 0-6 000000 074130 000032 151460 046640 074070 120310
DB1FCP 046470 GEN
045430 00723600-00767600 PRI - 149. DPRI - 149.
STATUS: -CHK STP ACP -PHD PRV NSD
TI - COO: IOC - O. BID - O. EFLG - 000002 000001 PS - 170000
PC - 135350 REGS 0-6 034024 076444 000032 150570 051114 076404 120310
DB2FCP 050460 GEN
046370 00767600-01013600 PRI - 149. DPRI - 149.
STATUS: -CHK ACP -PHD PRV NSD

Example 2-7

MCR Command Samples (Sheet 2 of 6)

122

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

•

>TAS
LDR ••• 12.19 LIIRPAR 248.
TKTN
04.7
TKNPAR 248.
225.
RHDEHO Vl.05 GEN
HTAACP 0013
GEN
200.
Fl1H5G VOO12 GEN
200.
200.
NETACP V02.00 GEN
199.
EVF' ••• V01.00 GEN
SYSPAR 160.
HCR ••• 2.02
GEN
160.
• •• HCR 1.1
••• HOU 2503
GEN
160.
GEN
160.
• •• DCL 00
••• HEL 01.0
GEN
150.
••• CA. 4.00
GEN
150.
GEN
150.
• •• CVT 4.02
GEN
150.
• •• DLG 4.02
NVP ••• V01.00 GEN
150.
GEN
150.
• •• BYE 04.0
Fl1ACP H0401 GEN
149.
WKFFCP H0401 GEN
149.
SYOFCP H0401 GEN
149.
DB1FCP H0401 GEN
149.
DB2FCP H0401 GEN
149.
PHT ••• 01.52 GEN
148.
ERRLOG Vl.04 GEN
148.
COT ••• 01.01 GEN
145.
••• DHO 23.25 GEN
140.
••• INI 22.02 GEN
140 •
140.
• •• UFD V0412 GEN
PHD ••• 07.2
GEN
130.
SHF ••• 5.08
SYSPAR 105.
••• INS 06
GEN
100.
100.
• •• SEN 22JUL GEN
RHHACP V02.00 GEN
100.
MAL$$$ l1RX
GEN
100.
PMR$$$ V01.05 GEN
100.
70.
tlMG ••• 1.8
GEN
LF'O
GEN
70.
1.9
70.
PRT ••• 1.2
GEN
GEN
70.
• •• BRU 1.03
GEN
70.
• •• KKK
••• TEC V36
GEN
65.
65.
• •• EDI Hll.04 GEN
65.
• •• 5OS 07.00 GEN
••• EDT 02.00 GEN
65.
65.
• •• HAl 01SEP GEN
RHT ••• V02.01 GEN
65.
65.
• •• RVT X02.19 GEN
EDTT16 02.00 GEN
65.
EDTT22 02.00 GEN
65.
••• AT. 02
GEN
64.
NTL ••• V02.00 GEN
60.
NTINIT V02.00 GEN
55.
GEN
••• BRO V04
SO.
LPINIT 01.03 GEN
50.

Example 2-7

0000250~ UcO t -01240437

FIXED

00010000 LBOt-01242244
00027000 LBOt-01262570
00013600 E110t-00000325
00005500 LItOt-01251052
00025600 SYOt-01266761
00013100 SYOt-01266561
00012000 LBOt-01244424
00020300 LBOt-01244760
00037600 LBOt-00117642
00035600 SYOt-01132456
00037600 LBOt-01250645
00005100 LBOt-01251064
00052200 SYOt-Ol007774
00052200 SYOt-Ol007774
00012700 SYOt-01265031
00012500 SYOt-01264767
00044000 LBOt-01247227
00044000 LBOt-01262523
00044000 EHOt-00000260
00044000 SYOt-01262313
00024000 SYOt-Oi262404
00006300 LBOt-01246016
00040000 LBOt-01251.006
00017000 LBOt-01250736
00014600 LBOt-01245770
00034600 LBOt-01246445
00005700 LBOt-01246615
00017600 LBOt-01250210
00012000 LBOt-01250203
00034400 LBOt-01243744
00104400 LBOt-00662645
00023300 SYOt-01265073
00132300 SYO:-00663342
00034300 SYOt-00660507
00032200 LBOt-01252004
00014100 LBOt-01252136
00001100 LBO:-01251443
00173500 LBOt-01256414
00163400 1IK2: -00010412
00177100 EHOt-00001215
00123600 EMO:-00001371
00073300 EMOt-00001547
00132000 LBOt-01254476
00123700 SYOt-00555723
00027300 SYO:-01266505
00032500 SYOt-00663556
00132000 LBO:-01254476
00132000 LBOt-01254476
00060000 LBOt-01246107
00036500 SYO:-01265603
00005000 SYO:-01265347
00031000 LBOt-01250552
00016200 LBO: ·-01250260

MCR Command Samples

123

(Sheet 3 of 6)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

••• DUE 1.10

GEN
GEN
••• PIP M1343 GEN
••• HAC M1200 GEN
••• TI<B M40.00 GEN
••• LBR 06.00 GEN
CRF ••• VOl
GEN
••• HUN V36
GEN
• •• CMP VOI09 GEN
••• RNO "0101 GEN
••• SLP 11.03 GEN
••• SRD 4.1F
GEN
••• BCI< 0002CM GEN
••• DOC 06DEC GEN
••• DTR V01.10 GEN
HAL ••• 300CT GEN
NICE •• V02.00 GEN
••• NCP V01.00 GEN
FAl ••• V02.01 GEN
• •• NFT V02.00 GEN
.CHTS. V02.00 GEN
TCl ••• V02.00 GEN
• •• NTII V01.00 GEN
NTD ••• V01.00 GEN
••• RMT V02.00 GEN
GEN
• •• FLX M15
GEN
••• lOA 03.3
GEN
• •• UNL 3.0
GEN
• •• F4F' V3.0
••• OWE KHTUE GEN
• •• THC 30SEf' GEN
EX1
210CT GEN
EX2
210CT GEN
EXST
210CT GEN
EX3
210CT GEN
HT1
220CT GEN
TT12
18JAN GEN
TT23
M1332 GEN

••• PRI 1.10

Example 2-7

50.
50.
50.
50.
50.
50.
50.
50.
50.
50.
50.
50 •
50.
50.
50.
50.
50.
SO.
50.
50.
50.
50.
50.
SO.
50.
SO.
50.
SO.
SO.
SO.
50.
SO.
SO.
SO.
SO.
SO.
50.
SO.

00025200 LBO:-01252041
00025200 LBO:-01252041
00132300 EMO:-00000443
00110100 EMO:-00000557
00102400 EMO:-00002310
00154400 EHO:-00001103
00116600 EMO:-00001165
00177100 EMO:-00001215
00151300 EMO:-00001341
00061600 EHO:-00001443
00027400 EMO:-00001515
00043500 EHO:-00001750
00065600 SYO:-00065660
00061600 SYO:-00063S66
00175000 SYO;-OO063652
00057700 SYO:-00553461
00026600 SYO:-01266362
00037100 SYO:-01266061
00075200 SYO:-01267327
00035400 SYO:-01267224
00002000 SYO:-01235557
00002400 SYO:-01265126
00021200 SYO:-01265005
00011700 SYO:-01266544
00002100 SYO: -·01235551
00037700 LBOt-01253617
00033100 LBO:-01244354
00025100 lBO:-01245146
00122600 SYO: -·00107722
00040000 SYOl-00144024
00043700 SYO:-OI106661
00055700 SYO:-00132S64
00055700 SYO:-00132564
00055700 SYO:-00132564
00055700 SYO:-00132564
00107400 SYO:-00425313
00112600 SYO:-00546303
00156400 SYO:-00134222

MCR Command Samples

124

(Sheet 4 of 6)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

•

)PAR
CEXPAR
TTPAR
EXCO"l
EXCOM2
SYSPAR
TKNPAR
I1RVPAR

LDRPAR
BASIC2
FCSRES
TSTF'AR
GEN

NT.PCl
NT.NSf'
NT.AUX
POOL ••

114734 00115000 00003000 MAIN COM
114670 00120000 00040000 MAIN TASK
114624 00160000 00014700 MAIN COM
114560 00174700 00006200 MAIN COM
114514 00203100 00012000 MAIN TASK
114450 00215100 00010000 MAIN TASK
114404 00225100 00030600 MAIN SYS
114340 00225100 00002100 SUB [IR I VER -DB:
114240 00227200 00001200 SUB DRIVER -IlK:
114140 00230400 00003100 SUB DRIVER -DM:
114040 00233500 00003000 SUB IIR I VER -DR:
113740 00236500 00001000 SUB DRIVER ·-EM:
113640 00237600 00001100 SUB DRIVER -DT:
113540 00240700 00001400 SUB DRIVER -IIX:
113440 00242300 00002500 SUB IIRIVER -DL:
113340 00245000 00002600 SUB DRIVER -DD:
113240 00247600 00001300 SUB DRIVER -LP:
113104 00251100 00004300 SUB DRIVER ·-MM:
112450 00255400 00000300 SUB llR I VER -CO:
112404 00255700 00002500 MAIN TASK
112340 00260400 00040000 MAIN COM
112274 00320400 00040000 MAIN COM
112230 00360400 00100000 MAIN TASK
112164 00460400 03317400 MAIN SYS
(PMT ••• )
045174 00460400 00006300 SUB
061140 00466700 00014200 SUB (EVP ••• )
046100 00507200 00017000 SUB (COT ••• )
046160 00526500 00044000 SUB (WKFFCP)
(SYOFCF' )
046034 00572500 00044000 SUB
(MTAACP)
100544 00643600 00013600 SUB
(RMHACP)
075740 00666000 00023300 SUB
(DB1FCP)
045430 00723600 00044000 SUB
(DB2FCP)
046370 00767600 00024000 SUB
046270 01013600 00032200 SUB (QMG ••• )
)
(LPO
044770 01046000 00014100 SUB
(RMDEMO)
047560 01062100 00027000 SUB
(FllACP)
060534 01111100 00044000 SUB
062434 01155100 00020300 SUB ( ••• MCR)
(NETACF' )
062220 01232000 00025600 SUB
)
073370 01300100 00055700 SUB (EXST
( ••• ElIT)
070750 01362200 00132000 SUB
045240 01516200 00132300 SUB ( ••• PIP)
)
071730 01650500 00107400 SUB (HTl
076224 01760100 00132000 SUB (EDTT22)
074554 02112100 00060000 SUB ( ••• AT. )
076760 02172100 00132000 SUB (EDTT16)
)
(EX2
071040 02324400 00055700 SUB
075650 02402300 00112600 SUB (TT12 )
100610 02777700 00153100 SUB ( ••• TKB)
062634 03671600 00003500 SUB DYNAMIC
053244 03675300 00016000 SUB DYNAMIC
062264 03713300 00001100 SUB DYNAMIC
061074 03714400 00061700 SUB DYNAMIC
045034 03776300 00001500 SUB DRIVER -HTt

Example 2-7

MCR Command Samples (Sheet 5 of 6)

125

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

>5ET TERMINAL !MCR
>TIME
20111156 06-JAN-82
•

•

<>DEI.) Mi1!
MM0: T T 2 0: .- P r i vat e L () a d e d

MMlt Lo.:!ded
>QUE/LI
PRINT QUEUES
PRINT => LPO
LPO
=> LPO

e HTO: Offline Loaded
>DEl)

HTlt
HT2t
HT3:
LF'O:
IIBO:
IIB1:
IIB2~

DDO:
DIH:
DKO:
IIK1:
IIK2:
IIK3:
DLO:
IIL1:
DL2:
IIMO:
DM1:
IIM2:
DRO:
DR1:
DSO:
DS1:
I1TO:
DT1:
I1XO:
I1Xl:
EMO:
MMO:
MMl:
COO:
NSO:
TTO:
TTl:
TT2:
TT3:
TT4:
TTS:
NLO:
TIO:
CLOt
LBO:
SYO:

Offline Loaded
Offline Loaded
Offline Loaded
Loaded
Loaded T':Ipe=RP05
Public Mounted LDad~d Lmbel=llMIIEV T':Ipe=RP06
Public Mounted Loaded Label=RSXUTIL T':Ipe=RP06
Offline Loaded
Off line Lo;~ded
Loaded
Loaded
Loaded
Loaded
TT20: - Private Loaded T~pe=RLOl
Loaded T'JPe=RLOl
Loaded T~pe=RL02
Offline Loaded Twpe=RK06
Loaded T~pe=R~;06
Load~d Twpe=RK07
Public Mounted Loaded Label=QUASARUSERS Twpe=RP07
Loaded Twpe=RM03
Offline Unloaded Twpe=RS04
Offline Unloaded Twpe=RS04
Loaded
Loaded
Loaded
Loaded
Offline Unloaded Twpe=MLll
TT20: - Private Loaded
Loaded
Loaded
Public Mounted Loaded
Loaded
Loaded
Loaded
Loaded
Loaded
Loaded
LF'O:
.oRO:
DRO:

:::-

Example 2-7

MCR Command Samples

126

(Sheet 6 of 6)

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

PRIVILEGED COMMANDS
There are commands that could possibly harm the work of other
users and even affect system performance. These are privileged
commands.
To execute these commands you must either have an
account with a group number of 10 or less (a system user, als6
called a privileged user)
or have had your terminal set to
privileged by a system user.
Table 2-10 lists some of the
commands that require having privileges to perform them.
If at
any time you need to perform a privileged command and do not have
a privileged account, see your system manager or a system
programmer for help.
Table 2-10

Partial List of Privileged Commands

127

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

INTERPRETING ERROR MESSAGES
Error messages are returned when you have improperly supplied
information in a command line, or the operating system wants to
inform you that what you have requested is not available.
The error message format is shown below.
some common error messages.

Error Message Format

>MCR--NOT LOGGED IN
o

>DCL--ILLEGAL COMMAND

-.o

~,----------~~~----------~~o

Task from which the error was generated

Message describing the error condition

128

Table

2-11

shows

GETTING STARTED ON THE SYSTEM

Table 2-11

Some Common Error Messages

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1.

READ Chapter 1, Introduction to MCR,
in
the RSX-IIM/M-PLUS MCR Operations Manual.

READ Appendix A:
Common Error Messages,
in
the RSX-IIM/M-PLUS Command Language
Manual.

DO the Lab Exercises for this module.

129

CREATING
AND MODIFYING FILES

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

INTRODUCTION
Users spend considerable time creating
and modifying text
files.
Text files are files consisting of ASCII characters either straight text (e.g., a letter or a manual) or source text
(e.g., a MACRO or FORTRAN program). There are a number of DEC
editors available for this purpose.
In this module, you will learn to use one of the more
powerful DEC editors, EDT.
In another module, you will learn some
additional techniques available with EDT.
The two
modules
together cover a subset of the full range of EDT facilities needed
for most file editing. After you become adept at using this
editor,
read over the resources below to find some short cuts and
even more sophisticated techniques.

OBJECTIVES
1.

Invoke the EDT editor, execute editor commands,
from the editor.

and

Use the editor to perform the following functions:

exit

Create text files.

Change existing text files using line-oriented
character-oriented editing techniques.

c. , Produce output files
editing session.

containing

the

results

and
an

RESOURCES
EDT Editor Manual

133

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

OVERVIEW
There are many devices used to input data into the computer.
Everything
from
magnetic tape to pressure and temperature
measuring devices can send information to the CPU, memory or disk.
However, these are mechanical devices that do not allow for human
interaction. Not long ago punched cards were the most popular
method used for
inputting data.
Today, we consider that method
rather archaic and use instead a faster, more interactive device,
the terminal.

Purpose of an Editor
A text editor is an interactive task used in conjunction with
a
terminal to create and edit ASCII text files that are stored on
disk.
It is used to create:
documentation files
memo files
program source files
program data files
Figure 3-1 shows the process of creating a text file using
EDT,
DIGITAL's standard editor. A user, sitting at a terminal,
will invoke the editor and after supplying the proper commands for
specifying a new file name and indicating the input mode, will
start inputting the lines of desired text.
The editor program
collects the string of characters (exactly as typed) into a buffer
until the user terminates the input mode.
It is not until the
user instructs the editor to save the buffer that a file is
written to disk to preserve the editing session.
The file written
to disk is in ASCII format; no translation has been performed on
its contents.
The contents of the file may be viewed at the
terminal with the aid of a utility task.
Figure 3-2 shows the process of editing a text file that
already exists. When the name of an existing file is supplied to
the editor, a copy of that file is read into the editor's main
buffer.
The editor then waits for commands to change the copy of
the file that exists in this buffer. Once again, those changes
are not reflected in a disk file until the user instructs the
editor to save the contents of the buffer. When such a command is
issued, a new copy (version) of the file is written to disk.

135

SY:

MEMORY

[305,303]

GEN
TEXT

EDT BUFFER
(MAIN)

EXIT
COMMAND

()

!l:I

NEW.TXT;1

tzl

>
~

1-1

EDT

>
Z

t:I

......

:3:

W
0'\

t:I
1-1
~

to<
1-1

EXEC

~
H

t.-t

tzl
Cf)

TK·7683

Figure 3-1

Creating a Text File

MEMORY

o
......

EDT BUFFER
(MAIN)

GEN

~OQ\~ ~QS

I-'
W

[305.303]
COPY OF
OLD FILE
READ IN

---:,

t----

NEW.TXT;1

...-

------- •
-I.~i--I. \C~-I.\O'tlo

SY:

...... '--NEW.TXT;2
NEW COpy
WRITTEN OUT

EDT

-A

•

(')

::0
tzl

>
~
H

Z
GJ

>
Z

CO~~~

:s:
o
o

-.J

FILE

t<
H

EXEC
•

•

A NEW FI LE IS WRITTEN OUT
TO DISK WHEN INSTRUCTED BY
THE USER .
ORIGINAL DISK FILE IS
LEFT UNTOUCHED.
TK-7684

Figure 3-2

Modifying Existing Text Files

t'J:j
H

t"'I
tzl
(f)

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

EDT Editor Features
EDT is a text editor that is available on many of DIGITAL's
operating systems.
It offers many features that make text editing
easier and more efficient.
These features are listed below.
•

DIGITAL's standard editor

•

Line mode/character mode - EDT performs editing operations
on a line-by-line or character-by-character basis.
In
line mode the cursor position is always at the left-most
side of the display.
In character mode the cursor moves
freely from left to right and up and down on the display.

•

English-like commands

•

Help facility

•

Fil~ protection by
journaling
While performing your
editing operations, EDT is recording all the keystrokes in
a file.
If for any reason the editing session abnormally
terminates,
this file
is available for
processing to
recover what has been edited.

•

Startup command files - The editor reads a special file
containing editing commands that create a processing
environment tailored to the user's preferred methods of
editing.

•

Redefine key functions

•

Multiple buffers and file access - A buffer to an editor
user is like a sheet of paper to a writer. A writer might
want a long sheet of paper to write his story and another
sheet on which to make notes. More than one buffer can be
created in EDT.
These alternate buffers can be used to
store things like notes, routines, or editing commands.
Other files may be read into a buffer and searched without
having to exit from the editor.
EDT also provides for
reading and writing other files while
remaining
in an
editing session.

•

Automatic backup - The editor always creates a new
for the user leaving the previous version intact.

•

Macro capability - A powerful feature of the editor is the
ability to create new commands that are made up of a
series of editing commands.
The new command
is issued
just like a standard editor command.
This expands the
functionality of the editor to whatever the user
is able
to create.

138

file

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

CREATING A TEXT FILE
Example 3-1 shows the procedure for creating a text file.

o >EDIT/EDT
>NEW.TXT
Input file does not exist
[EDEll

• *1

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.
UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUMEy HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VAI\I\RIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.
ANY GIVEN PROGRAM~ WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.
'~'Z

[EDElJ

•• [lROH305,303lNEW.TXTH
*EXIT
11 lines
•

Example 3-1

Creating a Text File

Notes on Example 3-1
The following comments are keyed to the example.

o DCL command EDIT used to invoke, an editor.

IEDT qualifier
tells which editor to use.
The file name NEW. TXT is
supplied.
EDT responds by indicating that the file does
not exist and displays the "end of buffer" ([EDB]) symbol
to indicate an empty buffer.

o commands.
(*) is EDT's prompt indicating that it is ready to accept
EDT" by default, begins in line mode.
In line
mode the cursor always remains at the left-most position
of the display and only moves forward and backward
line-by- line in the file.
All operations are performed
on a complete line.
To enter lines of text issue the
I [NSERT] command. The cursor moves over and waits for
your input. Although not displayed here, EDT assigns line
numbers to the lines of text that are entered.
This input
mode is terminated by typing <CTRL/Z>.

EDT prompts (*) to indica te that it is aga in ready to
accept commands.
The EXIT command is issued to save the
contents of the main buffer into a disk file.

139

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

EDT responds to indicate completion of the exit function
o by
displaying the complete file specification, including
the version number and number of lines saved in the file.
Version numbers are octal numbers, beginning at 1 for a
new file and increasing by 1 for every edit of that file.
EDT returns control
to the system, and the operating
o system
displays its prompt indicating readiness to accept
another command.

EDITING AN EXISTING FILE
Example 3-2 shows the process of editing an existing file.

:>
:>

>
•

>EDIT IEDT NElL!. TXT

•

*i~WH 1

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.

3
4

5
6

7
8
9
10

11
(EOBJ

*EXIT

•

DRO:r305,303JNEW.TXT;2 11 lines

>
>

Example 3-2

Editing an Existing File

Notes on Example 3-2
The numbered comments are keyed to the example.
The editor is invoked using the DCL command and qualifier
o specifying
EDT.
A file name is supplied referencing an
existing file.
The contents of that file
the EDT buffer.

140

are

read

into

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

EDT prompts and a command
is issued to display the
o complete
buffer ending with [EOB] symbol.
Line numbers
are displayed which reference a particular line or range
of lines
in EDT commands.
They are present only during
the terminal session, and not saved in the output file.
The exit command is issued to save another version of the
file.
EDT responds that the save operation is complete, and
shows the new file specification and version number. A
directory taken on NEW.TXT produces the following:
>DIR NEW.TXT;*
Director~

6-JAN-82

DRO:[305,303J
22~39

NEW.TXT;l
NEW.TXT;2

15-DEC-81 16:51
06-JAN-82 22:39

2.
2.

Total of 4./7. blocks in 2. files

THE HELP FACILITY
Just as you have a HELP function at the operating system
level,
EDT also has a HELP command to provide information about
the commands available to you in line mode.
Issuing the HELP
command gives you a list of all the commands for which information
is provided.
To obtain help for a command or a subtopic of a
command
,
type HELP along with the command name and subtopic as
shown in the second and third examples below.
Example 3-3 shows
how to access the HELP command.

Command Format

* HELP<RET>

* HELP COpy <RET>

* HELP COpy/QUERY <RET>
141

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

>EDIT/EDT NEW.TXT
1
TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
HELP
:I. HELP
You can set help on a topic b~ t~pinS

HELP topic subtopic subsubtuplc •••
A topic can have one of the followinS forms:
1. An alphanumeric strinS (e.~. a command name, option, etc.)
2. The match-all or wild card s~mbol (*)

HELP SUBSTITUTE NEXT
HELP CHANGE SUBCOMMAND
HELP CH

El·:anlF'1 es:

If a topic is abbreviated, the text for all topics which match the
abbreviation is displa~ed.
Additional inforlTlation available:
CLEAR
KEYPAD
CHANGE
EXIT
FILL
DELETE
MOVE
INSERT
JOURNAL
REF'LACE
RESEQUENCE
RANGE
TYPE
SUBSTITUTE
TABS

COPY
FIND
PRINT
SET
WRITE

DEFINE
INCLUDE
QUIT
SHOW

*TheHELPCOpyCOPY(abbreviation: CO) command copies text from one location to

another within a buffer or between
the source text remains intact.

bufrer~+

When text is

cDpi~d,

COpy [ranse-1J TO [ranse-2J [/QUERYJ [/DUPLICATElnJ

Fo rlTlat:

The lines specified b~ ranse-1 ar~ copied in front of the first line
specified b~ ranSe-2. Either ranSe defaults to the current line.
If the destination is not the clJrrent LlIJff~r, PIJt tile nalT...,? of th~:~
receivinS buffer immediatel~ after TO (=buffer). Give the
'fIJII rlame of
the blJffer. To COF-~ te>:t frolTl an eld.,ernel file, Se0!
INCLUDE.
Additional information available:
/DUPLICATE
/QUERY

* HELP COPY IQUERY
Format:

/QUERY

When ~ou use the /QUERY (abbreviationl·/Q) Gualifier, EDT prompts
with a '1' tu verif~ each line to be cupied.
Responses are:
Y

N
Q

Yes, cop~ this line
No, do not cop~ this line
Quit, do not cop~ an~ of the rest of the lines
All, cOP~ all the rf.:!st of the lines

EXIT
DRO:[305,303JNEW.TXT;3 11 lines
:>

Example 3-3

HELP Command

142

~ou

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

EDITING COMMANDS USING LINE MODE
Once you have entered some text into the EDT buffer, you can
issue commands that alter the contents of the buffer.
Such
commands allow you to copy lines, move them, delete them or change
the text within the line. Table 3-1 lists some of the commands
available in line mode.
Table 3-1

Line Mode Commands

143

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

COMMAND MODE COMMANDS
Displaying Lines
The TYPE command is used to display lines of text at the
terminal.
It takes as a parameter a range of line numbers to be
displayed.
This is the default command for the editor, so if you
only supply a range of lines, EDT assumes that you mean the TYPE
command.
This is generally the way the type command
is used.
Table 3-2 shows acceptable range specifications. A convenient
feature in specifying a range of lines
is the ability to mix
numerics
and mnemonics.
For example,
the following
is an
acceptable range for specifying lines 5 through the end of the
file:
5:E.
The TYPE command also changes the current line pointer.
If
you are at line 1 and type line 10, when it finishes typing, your
current line is line 10.
If you type
2:5, when
it finishes
typing, your current line is line 2.
Example 3-4 shows how to use
the TYPE command.

Command Format

* [J,(EEJ QJ.Q ~ R~T~
000
C»

«t

EDT command name to type lines on
within brackets is optional.

terminal;

Range of lines to be typed in the general form:
FIRSTLINE:LASTLINE.

t»

the

Command line terminator.

144

everything

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

Table 3-2

Range Specifications

145

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

>EDIT!EDT NEW.TXT
1
TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
*TYPE 5:10
UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONITIONS OF PRESSURE
5
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
6
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.
7
ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.
8
9
10
*T 9
9

*2*5

2
3
4

AND "HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.

UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE

*%WH
1
2
3
4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11

[EOB]
*6
6
*-4

UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.
ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU.

THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONITIONS OF PRESSURE

ORGANISM WI(L DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.

ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.

UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONITIONS OF PRESSURE

TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE

*-5
*+2
*.
*.-2
*6

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.

*+8
*.

THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

*EXIT
DRO:[305,303JNEW.TXT~4

TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT

11 lines

>
>
>
>
Example 3-4

146

TYPE Command

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

Inserting Lines
When you are creating a new file or adding to an existing
file,
the
INSERT command
is used to add lines of text.
INSERT
takes as a qualifier the range of where the text is to be added.
The editor
inserts the added text before the specified line
number. When adding multiple lines after INSERT is entered,
the
cursor moves over two tab stops and waits for the lines of text to
be typed.
To terminate the input process, a
<CTRL/Z> must be
typed.
When the (*) prompt is displayed, EDT is ready to accept
another command.
When inputting a single line of text,
added to the command line (see the second
insert command is issued.
You need not
inserting the text line, EDT prompts for
not wait for further input lines.
Example
the INSERT command.

Command Format

*I[NSERT] 10 <RET>
""'.....
--- -~'V~--'p/

-..- ~

*1---..-1........
10;PUT IN THIS LlNE<RET>
o 08
0
0
V'

0
0

?'"

EDT command to insert text
Line number range

Del imi ter

Line of text to be entered

e Command line terminator
147

is
the line of text
example below) when the
After
type
<CTRL/Z>.
It does
more commands.
3-5 shows how to use

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

*1 :LO

A MEETING IS AN EVENT AT WHICH THE MINUTES ARE KEPT
AND THE HOURS ARE LOST.
~Z

10
*8:12
8

THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.

9
9.1

A MEETING IS AN EVENT AT WHICH THE MINUTES ARE KEPT
AND THE HOURS ARE LOST.
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
10
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.
11
*1 10;ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS.
10
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
9.2

*El: 12
8
9
9.1

9.2
9.3

10
11
*i~WH

1
2
3
4
5
6

7
8

ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.
A MEETING IS AN EVENT AT WHICH THE MINUTES ARE KEPT
AND THE HOURS ARE LOST.
ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS.
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.
TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.
UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.
ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.

(1.1

9.2
9.3

10
11

[EOB]

A MEETING IS AN EVENT AT WHICH THE MINUTES ARE KEPT
AND THE HOURS ARE LOST.
ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS.
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.

Example 3-5

INSERT Command

148

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1.

READ
the
following
Reference Manual:

the

EDT

•

Chapter 1, Introduction to EDT

•

Chapter 2, Sample Editing Sessions
Getting
Started and
Line Editing
Sections

•

Chapter 6, Line Numbers, Text Buffers
and Ranges

•

Chapter
command

Line

Insert

Editing

DO the following at your terminal:
a.

Create a file with the name TEST.TXT.
Insert the line "The quick brown fox
jumped over the lazy dog's back."
three times.

Exit from the editor,
lines in a file.

Reedit the file and
command.

Obtain HELP on TYPE.

Display the lines
in your file
issuing the following command:

issue

saving

the

HELP

TYPE W
The line numbers will appear with the
lines of text.
f.

Exit from the editor.

149

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

Deleting Lines
To remove lines from the text buffer use the DELETE command.
The QUERY qualifier enables the user to selectively delete lines
within a range of lines.
When this form of the command
is used,
the editor displays the first line in the range of lines and then
waits for the ,user to respond with "Y" for yes (meaning to delete
the
line), "N" for no, "A" for all (delete all remaining lines in
the range) or "Q" for quit (do not delete any of the
remaining
lines
in the
range).
Example 3-6 shows how to use the DELETE
command.

Command Format

*D[ELETE] 10:20<RET>
o
0
0
"

V'"

*D[ELETE] 10:20/QUERY <RET>
"'-.-. . .--..v,--...,,/ ~"'--""'--...v,--...,# "'.....- - -.....'V,.-.,.,j

«» EDT command to delete lines
o

Range specification

Command qualifier

Command line terminator

150

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU.

TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT

*D 8
1 line deleted
9

*D 9.1:9.4
3 lines deleted
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
10
*I.WH
TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
1
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
2
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.
3
4
UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONITIONS OF PRESSURE
5
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
6
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT D~RN WEll PLEASES.
7
9

10
11

THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.

(E09l

* D9:10 /Q
9

TN
9.1

THE ATTENTION SPAN OF A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS LONG AS ITS ELECTRIC

9.2

CORD.

9.3

THE ATTENTION SPAN OF A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS LONG AS ITS ELECTRIC

9.4

CORD.

THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

AL
TN
TN
AL
TY
TY
TN

2 lines deleted

11
*9:11
9
9.1

AL
9.2

10
11

TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.
THE ATTENTION SPAN OF A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS LONG AS ITS ELECTRIC
CORD.
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.

Example 3-6

DELETE Command

151

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

Copying Lines
To copy a range of lines to another section of the file, use
the COpy command.
The original lines remain intact and a
duplicate set of lines is inserted at the new location. The copy
command also allows you to selectively copy lines within a range
of lines (as shown in the second command example below)
and also
to make more than one copy of the lines (as shown in the third
command example).
Example 3-7 shows how to use the COpy command.

Command Format

*CO[PY] 1:4 TO E <RET>
*CO[PY] 1:4 TO 13/Q<RET>
*CO[PY] 1:4 TO 13/DUPLICATE:2<RET>
:+:CD 1:4 TO E
4 ]. :i. n f:~ !:;

C C) 1":' :i. (.:.~ d

lI<i:'lj,IH
:I.
:-5
4

4.:1.

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.
ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS.

4.2
1::-

,.J

9
:to

12
:1.3
:L4
:l ~:5

UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.
ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.
TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.

[EClBJ
*E:X:

DRO:[305,303JNEW.TXT;5

:L7

lines

Example 3-7

COpy Command

152

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

Moving Lines
To change the physical location of a line or group of lines,
use the MOVE command.
This command moves the lines defined by the
first
range specified,
to the location preceding the
line
specified by the second range.
In sheet one of Example 3-8, the
MOVE command is issued to move lines 1 through 4 to line
20.
Notice that when the complete buffer is displayed, lines 1 through
4 no longer precede line 5 and are now positioned before line
20.
They now have line numbers 19.1 through 19.4.

Command Format

*M[OVE] 1:4 TO 20<RET>
*M[OVE] 1:6 TO 21jQ<RET>

153

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

*Xwh

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH 11 TO BE SURE.

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONT~OLLED CONDITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMI~ITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.
ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.

10
11
12
13
14

THE ATTENTION SPAN OF A COMPUTER IS. ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL CORD.
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.

15
16
17
18
19
20
21

A FAILURE WILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
FINAL INSPECTION.

CEOBl

*m 1:4 to 20
4 lines ~oyed
*%wh
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
20

UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN ~ELL PLEASES.
ANY GIVEN PROG~AH, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.
THE ATTENTION SPAN OF A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL CORD.
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.
A FAILURE WILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIl HAS PASSED
FINAL INSPECTION.
TELL A HAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.

CE08l

Example 3-8

MOVE Command

154

(Sheet 1 of 2)

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

*r.wh

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL. HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
[EOB]

UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.
ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.
THE ATTENTION SPAN OF A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL CORD.
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.
A FAILURE WILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
FINAL INSPECTION.

*m 1:6 to 21 /a
1

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE

AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU.

ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.

1Y
1Y

TELL HIH A BENCH HAS WET PAINT

4
1n

UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS OF PRESSURE

TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE

1n
1n

3 lines .oved

*r.wh

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
20.1
20.2
20.3
21
[EOB]

UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISH WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.
ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.
THE ATTENTION SPAN OF A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL CORD.
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEM~NT.
A FAILURE WILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
FINAL INSPECTION.
TELL A MAN THERE~RE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.

Exampl~

3-8

MOVE Command

155

(Sheet 2 of 2)

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

Text Substitution
When you wish to correct a typing error or a string of text
within a line, you must use the SUBSTITUTE command.
It is the
only line mode command that will perform this function.
The
format of the command is shown below, and Example 3-9 shows the
result of issuing the command. When you select a text string for
correction, you must supply a unique character string for the
editor to match, or unexpected results may occur.
The Editor
substitutes
for
every occurrence of the specified string,
regardless of surrounding characters.
In the second example
below, s$the$a$16:19,
the editor found a match in line 17 in the
word "other", and made the substitution to give the word
"oar".
The result is logically correct, however, not exactly what was
intended.
The correct command would be s$ the $ a
$16:19
(with
spaces).
The format of the SUBSTITUTE command requires a delimiter to
separate the fields of the command.
In the first command example
below, the slash is used to delimit the command name from the
string to be substituted, and that from the replacement string.
Any non-alphanumeric character can be used as a string delimiter
provided you use the same delimiter in all places. An example of
this is shown in the second command example. You use this feature
when you want to remove a string of characters that contains a
slash.

Command Format

*S/PROGRAM/TASK/5 <RET>
,*S$THE$A$16:19<RET>

156

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

>EDIT/EDT NEW. TXT
1
TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 B!LL!ON STARS !N THE UN!VERSE
2
3
4

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 B!LL!ON STARS !N THE UN!VERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL H!M A BENCH HAS WET PA!NT
ON !T AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.
ANY G!VEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNN!NG !S OBSOLETE.

7
8

S
10
11
12
13
14

15
18

17
18

THE ATTENT!ON SPAN OF A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS !TS ELECTRICAL CORD.
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS !NVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.
A FAILURE W!LL NOT APPEAR TILL A UN!T HAS PASSED
FINAL !NSPECT!ON.
UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDIT!ONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM W!LL DO AS !T DARN WELL PLEASES.

(EOBJ
*S/PROGRAM/TASK/5
5
ANY G!VEN TASK, WHEN RUNNING !S OBSOLETE.
1 substituticn
*S$THE$A$lG:19
18
17

UNDER A MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDIT!ONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUM!D!TY, AND OAR VARIABLES A

3 substitutions

*IJU!T

Example 3-9

SUBSTITUTE Command

157

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

Renumbering Lines

During an active editor terminal session, it may be helpful
to renumber the lines within the file.
Although it is not
possible to get line numbers out of sequence, they can become
fractionalized and cumbersome to use. Issuing the RES command
resequences the complete file beginning with land incrementing by
1 for each line in the file.
A range can be specified to
resequence a particular section of the file.
If the sequence
qualifier is used, as in the second command example below, a
starting sequence number and an increment number can be specified.
This command renumbers lines 10 through the end of the file.
Line 10 becomes line 100 and each line after that has a line
number incremented by 10. Line 11 becomes 110, line 12 becomes
120.
In the command, the first param~ter supplies the range of
lines to be numbered. In the command qualifier, /SEQ, the first
parameter is the starting line number and the next parameter is
the increment value. Example 3-10 depicts using the RESEQUENCE
command.
Command Format

*RES<RET>
*RES 10:E/SEQ:1 00:1 0

158

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

*RES 10:7.E /SEG:100:10
10 lines resequenced
*%WH
TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
2
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.
3
4
:5

ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.

7
8

THE ATTENTION SPAN OF A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL CORD.

100
110

120
130
140
150
160

170
180

THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.
A FAILURE WILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
FINAL INSPECTION.
UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.

190
CEOBJ
*RES
19 lines resequenced
*i.WH
TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL H!M A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
2
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.
3
4

ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.

THE ATTENTION SPAN OF A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL CORD.

8
11

THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.

12
13
14

A FAILURE WILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS
FINAL INSPECTION.

15
16

17
18

PASS~D

UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.

CEOBJ
*EXIT
DB2:C305,303JNEW.TXT;S 19 lines

Example 3-10

RESEQUENCE Command

159

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

Ending the Edit Session
To terminate the editing session and to preserve the contents
of the EDT buffer, use the EXIT command. A file is generated with
the name supplied when you invoked EDT and a version number that
is one higher than the input file version number.
If you wish to
give your file a different name than the one supplied at the
beginning of your session, supply the file name along with the
EXIT command, as shown in the second example below.
The QUIT command terminates the editing session without
saving
the buffer contents in the file.
Use QUIT when you are
just examInIng
the contents of a file,
or when you
have
inadvertently corrupted the contents of a file.

Command Format

*EXIT<RET>
*EXIT NEWER.TXT<RET>
*QUIT<RET>
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1.

READ Chapter 7,
Line
EDT Reference Manual.

DO Lab Exercises 1 and 2 for this module.

160

Editing,

the

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

Character Mode Features
In contrast to line mode where the cursor is
always
positioned at the beginning of a line and operations are performed
on a line-by-line basis, character mode allows cursor positioning
anywhere in the text buffer, and operations can be performed on a
character-by-character basis. EDT shows immediate results of a
keystroke which creates a great deal of activity on the screen.
For example, if you delete a word, the letters are removed and the
line is adjusted to close up the space where the word resided.
This mode makes adding and deleting text within a line
extremely simple. Using the keypad function keys, a complete word
can be deleted with one keystroke. The following is a list of
features that makes character mode so attractive.
•

Free form cursor positioning

•

Dynamic display of editing operations

•

Keypad function keys that perform specified operations
one keystroke

•

Instantaneous addition of text

•

He 1 p fa c i 1 i t Y

•

Cut and paste operation for moving blocks of text

•

Ability to use line mode editing commands

•

Ability to change between upper- and lowercase
characters

•

Ability to select a range of lines to limit line width

•

Ability to set tabs

•

Ability to define key functions

161

alphabetic

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

THE KEYPADS
Figures 3-3 and 3-4 show the keypads of the VT100 and VT52
terminals and include a diagram showing each key's function. Most
keys have two functions.
To invoke the lower function, the gold
key must be pressed first.
For example, if you wish to employ the
TOP function on a VT100, you would first press the gold key
(PF1)
and then the TOP (5) key.

VT 100 Keypad Functions

r-,-T-r-l,-T-r-,--,
I
I
I
II
I
I ~~~DNXT I ~~~ t I
UP

DOWN

LEFT

RIGHT

GOLD

HELP

L_.L_.L-.J_~ l--+-+--r~

PAGE
COMMAND

SECT
FILL

APPEND
DEL W
REPLACE lUND W

r- - t- -1-,--1
I
I

ADVANCE, BACKUP
BOTTOM
TOP

CUT
PASTE

I DEL C

lUND C

r--+--~---f
I
I
I
I
EOL
WORD
CHNGCASE DEL EOL

L
I
'

CHAR
SPECINSJ

- - +- -

LINE
OPEN LINE

SELECT
RESET

ENTER,
SUBS

L _ _ _ I_-L_J
'

Figure 3-3

TK-7686

VT100 Keypad Functions
162

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

VT52 Keypad Functions

r-i-,I-'
I I
DEL L
lUND L

UP
REPLACE

I
t--1-r-l- -J
I
I I
I
~-+--t---l-I
I
I
I
~_-}-_L_I_~
I
I
II
I
I
1
GOLD

HELP

PAGE
, FNDNXT
COMMAND FIND

DEL W
UND W

DOWN
SECT,

, ADVANCE' BACKUP
BOTTOM
TOP

DEL C
UND C

RIGHT
SPECINS

WORD
EOL
CHNGCASE DEL EOL'

CUT
PASTE

LEFT
APPEND

r-L-t--r,
I
I
I

LINE
OPEN LINE

, SELECT
RESET

ENTER
SUBS

L _ _ _ L_L_J
TK-7687

Figure 3-4

VT52 Keypad Functions

163

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

Changing to Character Mode
When you invoke EDT, the mode that is active is line mode.
To be able to work in character mode, issue the change command (a
line mode command) as shown in Figu'+e 3-5. When this is done, EDT
erases the screen and starts displ~ying the first 22 lines of the
buffer.
Line numbers are not displa~ed, as they have no function
in character mode. All operations are now dependent upon cursor
positioning. Also, EDT does not display a prompt in character
mode to indicate that it is ready to accept commands. When the
cursor sits on the first character and blinks,
EDT is ready to
accept keystrokes.
EDIT/EDT NEW,TXT

*%WH

01
02
03
04

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.

05
06

IlNDER TH~ MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLL~D CONDITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLU~E, HUMIDITY, AN~ OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.

OB
ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.

10
11

THE ATTENTION SPAN Of A COMPUTER IS ONLY
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL CORD.

13
14
15
16

THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL Of MANAGEMENT.

A FAILURE WILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
fINAL INSPECTION.

19
'C

I£LL • MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLIO~ STARS IN THE UNIVE~SE
AND rlE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
J~ IT AND rlF'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SU~E.
UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS Of PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOGUME, HuwIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
JRGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN wELL PLEASES.
~~Y

GIVEN PROGRAM,

~H~N

RUNNING IS

OB50LET~.

r~E

ATTFNTION SPAN Of A COMPUT~R IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ~LECTRICAL C~RD.
rHE

UFGR~E

Of TECHNICAL cnMPETE1CE IS INVERSELJ PROPORTIONAL

IJ THE LEVEL

MANAG~ME~T.

A fAILURE ~lLL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
rINAL I~SPECTION.
IEGB I

TK-7865

Figure 3-5

Changing to Character Mode

164

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

Positioning the Cursor
To position the cursor a character or a line at a time,
arrow keys on the keypad can be used, as shown in Figure 3-6.

TELL A ~AN THERE ARE 300 ~ILLIO~ STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND ~E'LL BELIEVE YOU,
TELL HI~ A BE~CH HAS WET PAINT
QN IT AND ~F'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.
0~DER THE MOST RI~OROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS or PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HU~IDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
JRGANIS~ WILL DO AS IT DARN wELL PLf.ASES.
~NY

GIVEN PROGRAM,

~HEN

RUN~ING

IS OBSOLETE,

r~E ATTFNTIDN SPAN Df A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL C0RD,

rHE ~FGREf Of TECHNICAL cn~PETE'JCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
11 THE LEVEL or MANAG~MENT,
A fAILURE ~ILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
rINAL INSPECTION,

FUNCTION:

POSITIONING THE CURSOR

KEY PAD:

DISCUSSION:

MOVES CURSOR UP ONE LINE

MOVES CURSOR DOWN ONE LINE

--+ MOVES CURSOR RIGHT ONE CHARACTER
4-

MOVES CURSOR LEFT ONE CHARACTER
TK-7862

Figure 3-6

Positioning the Cursor (Sheet 1 of 3)

165

the

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

EXAMPLES:
USER TYPES

RESULTS

TELlli A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND ~E'LL BELIEVE YOU.
TELL HI~ A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND ~F.·LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.

§§§

UNDER THE MOST RIG080USLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HU~IDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.
~N¥

GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.

1~E ATTfNTION SPAN Of A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL C0RD.

rHE OFGREF. Of TECHNICAL CO~PETE'1CE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL or MANAGEMENT.
A FAILURE WILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
rINAL INSPECTION.

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE You. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVe: TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.
UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS Of PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLU~E, HU~IDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.
~N¥

GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLET~.

THE ATTENTION SPAN or A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL CORD,
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICA~ CO~PETE~CE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL or MANAGEMENT.
A FAILURE WILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
rINAL INSPECTION.

TK-7863

Figure 3-6

Positioning the Cursor (Sheet 2 of 3)

166

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

EXAMPLES: (CO NT)
USER TYPES

RESULTS

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELI~VE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS wET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO 8E SURE.
UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS Of PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUM[, HU~IDITY, AND OTHER VARIA8LES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLfASES.
ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, wHEN RUNNING IS

OBSOLET~.

THE ATTENTION SPAN Of A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL CORD.
THE DEGREE Of TECHNICAL COMPETE~CE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL O~ MANAGEMENT.
A fAILURE wILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
~INAL INSPECTION.

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS wET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO 8E SURE.
UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS Of PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HU~IDITY, AND OTHER VARIA8LES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLfASES.
ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS

OBSOLET~.

THE ATTENTION SPAN Of A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL CORD,
THE DEGREE Of TECHNICAL COMPETE'lCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL or MANAGEMENT.
A fAILURE wILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
fINAL INSPECTION.

TK-7864

Figure 3-6

Positioning the Cursor

167

(Sheet 3 of 3)

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

Positioning the Cursor (Alternate Methods)
Another method of moving the cursor (usually quicker)
is to
use the function keys in two key combinations, as shown in Figure
3-7.

fELL A MAN THERE fiRE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVEPSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS wET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.
UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS or PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HU~IDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THF
ORGANISM WILL 00 AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.
ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS

OBSOLET~.

THE ATTFNTIDN SP~N OF A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL CORD.
THE DEGREE or TECHNICAL COMPETE~CE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL or MANAGEMENT,
A fAILURE WILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
fINAL INSPECTION.

FUNCTION: POSITIONING THE CURSOR

,--.--,

KEYPAD:

r--T---' r - - - - - - - ,
I,
LINE
I ADVANCE I BACKUP " I WORD , EOL I I

I BOTTOM'

TOP

L _ _ -1 __ --l

DISCUSSION: ADVANCE -

, CHNGCASE'

DEL EOL

I I

L _ _ ...L _ _ ..J

OPEN LINE
I
L _ _ _ _ _ .....J

SETS CURSOR DIRECTION FORWARD (DEFAULT DIRECTION OF
CURSOR). MOVEMENT REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL BACKUP IS
DEPRESSED.

BACKUP

SETS CURSOR MOVEMENT TOWARD THE START OF THE FI LE

TOP

POSITIONS CURSOR AT THE TOP OR START OF FILE.

BOTTOM

POSITIONS CURSOR AT THE BOTTOM OF THE FI LE BUT
BEFORE [EOB] SYMBOL.

WORD

MOVES THE CURSOR ONE WORD
WORD = ONE OR MORE CHARACTERS PRECEDED AND
FOLLOWED BY KEY SPACES.
TK-7866

Figure 3-7

Positioning the Cursor
(Sheet 1 of 4)

168

(Alternate Methods)

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

EOl
LINE

- POSITIONS CURSOR AT THE END OF THE LINE
- POSITIONS CURSOR AT THE BEGINNING OF THE LINE

EXAMPLES:
USER TYPES

RESULTS

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLIO~ STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU, TELL HIM A BE~CH HAS wET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.

r---,
I

GOLD

r---,

I
II II ADVANCE
BOTTOM
I

L __ --1 L __ J

~NDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CO~TROLLED CONDITIO~S OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUM~, HuwIDITY, AND nTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN ~F.LL PL~ASES.

ANY GIVEN PROGRAM,

~HEN

RUNNING IS

OBSOLET~,

THE ATTENTIDN SPAN Df A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL C0RD.
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL CQMPETE~CE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL O~ MANAGEMENT.
A FAlLURE ~rLL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSEr
~INAL INSPECTION.

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLIO~ STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS wET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.

r--, ,---,
I I BACKUP I
I I TOP I
L __ ---1 L __ ...J

I
I

GOLD

ONDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS Of PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLU~~, HuwIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN wFLL PLfASES,
~NY

GIVEN PROGRAM, wHEN RUNNING IS

OBSOLET~,

THE ATTENTIDN SPAN Df A COMPUT~R IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL CJRD.
THE DEGREE Of TECHNICAL CQMPETE~CE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO TH~ LEVEL O~ MANAGEMENT.
A FAILURE WILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSEr
rINAL INSPECTION,

TK-7867

Figure 3-7

Positioning the Cursor
(Sheet 2 of 4)

169

(Alternate Methods)

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

EXAMPLES: (CONT)
RESULTS

USER TYPES

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIV~RSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS wET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO SE SURE.
UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS Of PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLU~E, HU~IDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THr
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.

r--,
I EOl I

ANt GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS

I DEL EOl I

OBSOLET~.

THE ATTENTION SP~N OF A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
uONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL CuRD.

L __ ~

THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL CO~PETE~CE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL or MANAGEMENT.
A FAILURE WILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
rINAL INSPECTION.

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND"KE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO SE SURE.

.-----,

UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS Of PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLU~E, HU~IDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THr
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.

ANt GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS

LINE
OPEN LINE

L _____ J

OBSOLET~.

tHE ATTfNTION SPAN Of A COMPUT~R IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ~LECTRICAL CORD.
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETE~CE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL or MANAGEMENT,
A FAILURE WILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
rINAL INSPECTION.

TK-7868

Figure 3-7

Positioning the Cursor (Alternate Methods)
(Sheet 3 of 4)

170

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

EXAMPLES: (CONT)
USER TYPES

RESULTS

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLIO~ STARS IN THE UNIVE~SE
A~D HE'LL BELIEVE YOU.
TELL HI~ A 8E~CH HAS wET PAINT
O~ IT AND rlF'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.

r----, , - - ,
I WORD I I WORD I
I CHNGCASE I I CHNGCASE I
L __ -.J L __ ..J

~~DER THE MOST RI~OROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HU~IDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THF
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN wELL PLEASES.
_~r

GIVE~

PROGRAM, wHEN

RUN~ING

IS OBSOLETE.

rriE ATTFNTION SPAN OF A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL C~RD.
rHE DFGREP OF TECHNICA~ cnMPETE~CE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL O~ MANAG~MENT.
A FAILURE ~TLL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
~INAL INSPECTION.

TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLIO~ STARS IN THE UNIVE~SE
HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A 8E~CH HAS wET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.

I~D

r - - I r----,
I BACKUP I I WORD I
I

I I CHNGCASE I
L _ _ -.J L _ _ -,
TOP

UNDER THE MOST RI~OROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HU~IDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN wr.LL PLEASES.
ANt GIVEN PROGRAM, wHEN

RUN~ING

OBSOLET~.

THE ATTENTION SPAN Of A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL CQRD.
THE DEGREE Of TECHNICAL COMPETE~CE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL or MANAGEMENT.
A fAILURE WILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
rINAL INSPECTION.

TK-7869

Figure 3-7

Positioning the Cursor
(Sheet 4 of 4)

171

(Alternate Methods)

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

Inserting Text
Inserting text in character mode is almost aut 0 mat i c •
Th e
only required operation is to position the cursor on the character
in front of where you want to add the text. When the cursor is
correctly positioned, you type the required text. This process is
shown in Figure 3-8.

TELL II MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
"ND HE'LL BELH:vE YOU,
TELL HIM A BENCH HAS wE:1 P"INT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE,
UNDER THE IoIOS1 RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS Of PRESSURE
HMPERA1URE, VOLUMi::, HU~IDlTY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE'
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN wELL PLfASES,
ANY GIVEN PROGRAM,

WHE:N RUNNING IS oeSOLET!::,

THE ATTENTION SPAN OF' A COMPUTI::R IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS gLECTRICAL CORD,
THE DEGREE Of TECHNICAL COfolPETE'lCE IS INVE:RSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THI!: LEVEL OF' M"NAGEMENT,
A FAILURE -ILL NOT APPEAR TILL" UNIT HAS P"SSEll
P'INAL INSPECTION,

FUNCTION:

INSERTING TEXT

KEYPAD:

ANY KEYPAD KEY MAY BE USED TO POSITION
THE CURSOR, ETC. HOWEVER, UNLIKE LINE
MODE, THESE KEYS CAN NOT BE USED TO
ENTER NUMERICS INTO A TEXT FI LE.

DISCUSSION:

AFTER POSITIONING THE CURSOR TO THE
PROPER POSITION, YOU CAN BEGIN TYPING
THE DESIRED TEXT. IT WILL AUTOMATICALLY
BE INSERTED INTO YOUR FI LE IMMEDIATELY
BEFORE THE CURSOR'S POSITION.

EXAMPLE:
RESULTS

USER TYPES

TELL A ~AN THERE ARE 300 BILLIO" STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
"~D HE'LL BELIe:H: YOU,
TELL H1'1 /I. BEI'lCH HAS wET PAINT
Q~ IT AND rlF'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE,
ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS.

uNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS Of PRESSURE
TE'IPERATURE, VOLU"t;, HuwIDlTY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
JRGANIS~ '''ILL DO AS 1 T [)AR~ wELL PLOSES,

+++ <RET>

~~¥

ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS <RET>

GIVE~

PROGRAM,

wHEN

RUN~ING

IS oeSOLET;';,

r"E ATTFNTION SPAN Of A COMPUTI::R IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ~LECTRICAL CuRD.
rHE lJF:GRf.F Of TECHNICAL COfolPETE'lCE IS INYE:RSELY PROPORTIONAL
TJ THE LEvt:L OF' MA~AGf:~ENT,
A fAILURE olLr" ~OT
(l'INAL INSPECTION,

APPI::AR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED

TK-7870

Figure 3-8

Inserting Text
172

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

Deleting Text
To delete text,
first
position the cursor to the line,
character, or word that is to be deleted, and then press the
appropriate delete key on the keypad.
If a piece of text was
deleted in error it can be restored by first pressing the GOLD key
and then the appropriate undelete key
(UND C,
UND L,
UND W).
Figure 3-9 shows the process of deleting text.

TELL A ~.N THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVEPSE
AND HE'LL BELr~VE YOU. TELL HI~ A BE~CH HAS w~T PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SUPE.
UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS or PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLU~E, HU~IDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THf
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN wf.LL PLEASES.
ALL'S WELL THAT ENOS

ANi GIVEN PROGRAM, wHEN

RUN~ING

IS OBSOLETE.

THE ATTfNTION SPAN or A COMPUTER IS ONLY AS
LONG AS ITS ELECTRICAL CORD.
THE DEGREE or TECHNICAL COMPETE'ICE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL or MANAGEMENT.
A FAILURE wILL NOT APPEAR TILL A UNIT HAS PASSED
fINAL INSPECTION.

FUNCTION:

DELETING TEXT

KEYPAD:

r---, r--.., r---, r---,
I I
I I
I
I I
I
L __ ...J

DISCUSSION:

I UNDC I
L_.....J

, - -, -

I DEL l :
L __ ..J

.....
I

--,I -

I DEL W I
L _ _ .J

r--l

DElW

EOl

L __ J

L __ .J

I I UNDW I I DEL EOl I

L _ _ .J

DELETES THE CHARACTER ON THE CURSOR.

DELETES A LINE FROM WHERE THE CURSOR
IS TO THE END OF THE LINE INCLUDING THE
CARRIAGE RETURN AND LINE FEED .

DELETES A WORD INCLUDING THE SPACES
BEFORE AND AFTER.

r--'

I EOl I I I DEL EOl I

I GOLD I

L __ .J

lUND l

AUTOMATIC DELETE FUNCTIONS ARE AVAILABLE FOR
CHARACTER, WORD, LINE, OR PARTIAL LINES. IN
ADDITION, THE DELETE KEY LOCATED ON THE
KEYBOARD CAN BE USED TO DELETE A CHARACTER.

r ----,
I DELC I -

DEL l

DElC

I UNDC I

L __ ...J

DELETES A LINE FROM WHERE THE CURSOR
IS TO THE END OF THE LINE.
TK-7871

Figure 3-9

Deleting Text

173

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

Help Function
The Help key on the keypad provides the same function as
typing help in line mode.
It provides a keypad/function diagram
and instructions on how to get help on each of the keys used in
character mode (Figure 3-10).

r---r---T---T---,
I DOWN I
I
I

I
I

---r---r-----'

I
! I + ____ I ____ + I
I
I
I
+ I LEFT I RIGHT I
IL _ _
UP _ ..J....
I _ _ _ .J.....
I _ _ _ ..LI _ _ _ .JI

DELETE
LlNEFEED
BACK SPACE
CTRL/A
CTRL/D
CTRL/E
CTRL/K
CTRL/T
CTRLIW
CTRL/Z

RUBOUT CHARACTER
RUBOUT WORD
BACKUP TO BEGINNING OF LINE
COMPUTE TAB LEVEL
DECREASE TAB LEVEL
INCREASE TAB LEVEL
DEFINE KEY
ADJUST TABS
REFRESH SCREEN
RETURN TO LINE MODE

I FNDNXT I

DEL L

FIND

UND L

HELP

PAGE

SECT

APPEND

I DEL W

COMMAND

FI I I

REPLACE

UNO W

CUT

DEL C

UNO C

I ADVANCE I BACKUP I
BOTTOM

TOP

PASTE

WORD

EOL

CHAR

CHNGCASE

DEL EOl

SPECINS

ENTER

TYPE A KEY FOR HELP ON THAT KEY.
TO EXIT, TYPE A SPACE.

TK-7668

Figure 3-10

VT100 Keypad Editing Help Text

Exiting Character Mode
When your work in character mode is finished,
your edit session in either of two ways.

you

can

save

Press the GOLD and then the COMMAND function key.
Type
EXIT after the prompt and press the ENTER function key.

Press <CTRL/Z> which returns you to line
the (*) prompt, type EXIT <RET>.

174

editing.

After

CREATING AND MODIFYING FILES

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1.

READ
the
following
Reference Manual:

the

EDT

•

Chapter 2, Sample Editing Sessions
Keypad Editing Section

•

Chapter 5, Keypad Editing

DO Lab Exercises 3
module.

175

through

for

this

FILE AND DIRECTORY
MAINTENANCE

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

INTRODUCTION
Most work on the system, directly or indirectly,
involves
files.
You will need to obtain files from other users and/or
transfer your own files to them, and keep track of files that you
have created.
System commands are available to allow the user to
maintain files and directories.
Some available functions are:

• Listing directories of files
• Deleting unwanted files
• Renaming files
• Making copies of files
• Displaying files at the terminal
• Printing files on the system printer
This module focuses on these file operations.

OBJECTIVES
1.

List directories of files.

Delete unwanted files.

Rename files.

Make copies of files.

Inspect the contents of files, using
printer.

Set the access which other users have to your files.

the

terminal

RESOURCES
1.

RSX-IIM/M-PLUS Command Language Manual

Introduction to RSX-IIM/M-PLUS

179

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

FILE STRUCTURE
FILES-11
Another facility of an operating system that benefits its use
is the task of storing, maintaining and locating files on
auxiliary storage devices.
This is done by a software system
called FILES-II.
To be able to locate and maintain files on
volumes mounted on disk drives,
floppy disks and DECtapes,
FILES-II uses a two-level directory structure, as shown in Figure
4-1. For each volume, the structure consists of one Master File
Directory (MFD) and one User File Directory (UFD) for each user on
the volume.

Master File Directory (MFD)
The Master File Directory is a file located in the UFD
[0,0]
named 000000.DIR.
It contains a list of all the UFDs located on
the volume.

User File Directory (UFD)
In turn, a User File Di rectory
(UFD)
(Figure 4-2)
is a
directory file
that keeps track of all files on the volume
belonging to a user.
A UFD is created when an account is
established for a user, and is identified with the user's UIC.
For example, if your UIC is [305,303], you would have a directory
file in UFD [0,0] named 305303.DIR.
A UFD can also be created later by using the DCL command
CREATE/DIRECTORY.
This command
is also used to create a UFD on
another volume, or another UFD on the same volume.
A user may
have a UFD on many different devices, but one device is set up to
be the default device for the user.

181

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

[0,0] OOOOOO.DI R
001002.DIR
001054.DIR
MASTER
FILE
DIRECTORY

005002.DIR
005003.DIR
305303.DIR
305304.DIR

PROG.FTN
PROG.LST
PROG.MAP

• • •

,.--

PROG.TSK

•
•
•

USER
FILE
DIRECTORY

[0,0] 305303.DI R

[0,0] 005003.DI R

PROG.FTN

[305,303]

PROG.LST

[305,303]

PROG.MAP

[305,303]

PROG.TSK

FILE

[305,303]
TK-7680

Figure 4-1

FILES-II Directory Structure

182

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

305303.DIR

MFD

305304.DIR

•
•
•

SY: [305,303]

SY: [305,304]

VIP.MAC

UFD

VIP.LST
VIP.MAP

PRIMES.FTN

VIP.TSK

PRIMES.OBJ

PROG.FTN

NOTICE.TXT

PROG.LST

PRIME.LST

PROG.MAP

CLAMBAKE.TXT

PROG.TSK

PRIMES.TSK

INFO.TXT
PRIMES.MAP

VIP.OBJ
PROG.OBJ

YOUR DIRECTORY

ANOTHER USER'S DIRECTORY
TK-7670

Figure 4-2

User File Directories

183

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

User Default UFO
When you successfully log in, the operating system grants you
access to your User File Directory and all the files contained
within it. This becomes your default UFD.
Whenever a UFO is
required syntax and is not supplied, the operating system will
assume you mean your default UFO.
It is possible and often to
your advantage to change your default UFO to something other than
the one you log in to.
This is done using the DCL command SET
DEFAULT, as shown in Figure 4-3.
Example 4-1 shows the results of
issuing the DIRECTORY command before and after using SET DEFAULT.
The DIRECTORY command (which can be shortened to DIR) provides a
listing of the files contained in a
UFD.
The first directory
listing in the example is for UFD [305,303].
Because the UFO was
not specified with the DIR command, the system assumes the
user's
default UFD. After issuing SET DEFAULT to change the default UFD
to [305,304], DIR produces a listing for the second UFD.

User Default Device
It is also possible to change your default device.
This is
useful when you wish to work on a disk volume other than the
default device set up for you when your account was established.
By changing the default device, you will save having to specify
the device every time you issue a command.
SET DEFAULT is also
used to change the default device.
In both cases, the change is
effective until the command is issued again or the user logs off.

System UFOs
Table 4-1 lists special UFOs established by the system
manager when the operating system is generated.
These UFDs
contain files related to a particular subject.
For example, the
text files used to display HELP messages are stored in LB:[1,2].
The login message file is also stored in LB:[1,2].
Table B-3 in the RSX-IIM/M-PLUS System Management Guide gives
a complete list of the system UFDs.

184

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

DKO:

D82:

DY1:

DS2:

DY1:

DS2:

DEFAULT UFD:
[305,303]
DEFAULT DEV:
D82:

>SET DEFAULT DY1: [305,304]

D82:

DKO:

DEFAULT UFD:
[305,304]
DEFAULT DEV:
DY1:
TK-7679

Figure 4-3

Changing the Default UFD and Device

185

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

>DIR
Director~ DK2:C305,303J
15-DEC-81 11t39

LOGIN. CMII; 1
VIP.TSKH
PAYROLL.CBL;l
INFO. TXT H
LOGOUT.CMD;5
PROG.FTN;l
PROG.OBJ;l
PROG.LSTH
PROG.OBJ;2
PROG.LST;2
PROG.FTN;2
PROG.FTN;3
PROG.TSK;l
MACIO.MAC;5
MACIO.OBJ;5
MACIO.LST;l
DIRECTORY .Lsr; 1
XYZ.HACH
XYZ.TSK;l
VIP.OBJ;3
VIF'.HAC;5
VIP.OBJ;4
VIF'.OBJ;5
VIP.LST;5
MACIO.MAC;7
MACIO.r1AC;6
MACIO.MAC;10
PRIMES.TSK;l

1.
4.
2.

60.
1.
6.

O.
O.
5.

11 •
6.
6.
6.
3.
1.
5.
3.
3.
4.
1.
3.

1.
1•

5.
3.
3.
3.

46.

04-AUG-Bl OB:43
14-AUG-81 10:48
OB-JAN-81 15:31
07-JUL-80 12:47
28-MAY-80 08:49
14-AUG-81 08:35
14-AUG-B1 OB:36
14-AUG-81 08:36
14-AUG-81 08:36
14-(.\UG-81 08:36
14-AUG-81 08:36
14-AUG-81 08:3"7
14-AUG-81 08:37
04-AUG-81 09:14
14-AUG-·8110:46
14-AUG-81 10:46
18-AUG-81 16:28
19-AUG-81 09:43
19-AUG-B1 09:43
19'-AUG-81 09: 46
19-AUG-81 09:46
19-AUG-81 09:47
19-AUG-81 09:47
19-AUG-81 09:47
19-AUG-Bl 09:48
19-AUG-81 09: ·te
19-AUG-81 09:49
19-AUG-81 13:57

Total of 193./199. blocks in 28. files
:::-

:>
>8ET DEFAULT

[305~304]

>DIR
DK2:C305,304J
15-DEC-81 11:40

Director~

LOGIN. CMII; 1
LOGOUT. CHII; 5
STARTUf'.CMD;57
PRIMES.HAC;43
ADVENTURE.TSK;l
CLAMBAKE.TXT;l
NOTICE.TXT;l
PRIMES.OBJ;l
PRIMES.LSTH
PRIMES,TSK;l
PRIMES.MAP;l
A.MAC;2
VIP.TSK;l
PROG.TSK;1

1•

14.
8.
151.
3.

14.
13.
46.

3.
3.

C
C

4.
6.

04-AUG-81 08:43
28-MAY-80 08:49
06-JUL-81 10:53
15-JAN-81 16:15
05-AUG-Bl 16:29
05-AUG-81 16:1B
16-MAR-81 10:34
14-AUG-81 11:09
14-AUG-81 11:09
14-AUG-81 11:09
14-AUG-B1 11:09
18-AUG-81 16: :50
19-AUG-81 13:58
18-AUG-81 16:31

Total of 269./273. blocks in 14. files

Example 4-1

How the Default UFD Works

186

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

Table 4-1

Special User File Directories

LEARNING ACTIVITY
1.

READ Sections 4.1 through 4.1.4,
in
Chapter 4 of the RSX-IIM/M-PLUS Command
Language Manual.

187

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

MAINTAINING A USER FILE DIRECTORY
When your terminal session activity has been heavy, your UFD
may contain unnecessary files.
You may want copies of files from
someone else's UFD, or to copy some of yours to another UFD.
Although there is no limit to the number of files you may have in
your UFD,there is a physical limit to the number of files that
can exist 'on a volume.
Therefore, some file maintenance must be
performed to ensure that unneeded files are removed to free
up
disk space for everyone's use.
Table 4-2 lists some of the DeL
file maintenance commands that will maintain your UFD and other
UFDs.
The DeL command line is reviewed below.

Command Formats

> DIR-./ /I'-----FULL --........SAMPLE.FTN;3, Other .FTN < RET>
~
~
~~

#'" I.......

~ ~

.J' ' -~
---------

>COpy [305,301]VIP.TSK [305,303]VIP.TSK <RET:
--...---~~~--------,~~------~#"'--~~--------~~~------~~ ~
o o
o
0
0
0
_Ao. . . _-....,
r

>RENAME<RET>
Old file name? SAMPLE.FIL <RET>
New file name? NEW.TXT <RET>
ct

DeL command name

file specification list delimite

qualifier delimiter

input file specification

command qualifier

C)
C)

output file specification

C»
ct

command delimiter
file specification

188

command line terminator

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

Table 4-2

File Maintenance Commands

189

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

Defaults in File Specification
Defaults allow you to specify files without having to type in
the full specification.
Shown below is an example of using
defaults to your advantage.
The results of issuing the DIR
command are shown in Example 4-2. Refer to Table 4-3 for the
rules governing the use of defaults in a file specification.

Command Format

>OIR VIP.MAC;3,MACIO ,.TSK,;4
o
0
e o
'-

.J~

_ _

--.-

..o

~,--------

~--------~,/
¥

The first file specification is explicit on all fields.

The file type is implied, and the default taken. The default
o file
type is .MAC from the previous file specification. The
version number is implied; the default is always the latest
version no matter what the previous file specification states.

The file name is implied, and the default taken. The default
file name is MACIO from the previous file specification.

The file name and type are implied from the previous file
o specification.
Therefore, this file specification equates to
MACIO.TSK;4.
In all cases the device and UFD are implied, the default being
o the
user's default device and UFD.

190

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

Table 4-3

Defaults in a File Specification

>
DK2:C30S,303J
IS-DEc-al 11:46

Director~

VIP.MAC;3
MACIO.HAC;10
MACIO. TSIO S
MACIO.TSK;4

3.
3.

4.
4.

C
C

19-AUG-Bl
19-AUG-81
IS-DEC-81
IS-DEc-al

09:46
09:49
11:43
11:43

Total of 14./18. blocks in 4. files

Example 4-2

Using Defaults in a File Specification

191

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

Listing Directories
When you wish to list the files that are in your directory,
use the DIRECTORY command.
It is also used to list files in other
directories, to list a particular group of files
(such as all
MACRO source files),
to search a group of directories for a
particular file, to determine the amount of free space on a
device, and to determine the amount of space used by files in a
UFD.
Example 4~3 shows the results of issuing the directory
commands in the examples. Refer to the notes for an explanation
of the results.

Command Format

>DIR
>DIR VIP .MAC
>DIR/FUll PAYROlL.CBl
>DIR [305,304]
>DIR/BRIEF
>DIR/SUMMARY
>DIR/PRINT
>DIR/OUTPUT: DIRECTORY. lST
>DIR/FREE DBO
192

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

•
• •
>I1IR

Iii rector!:l [IK2:C 30S, 303 J
1S-DEC'·81 11:38

LOGIN.CMII;l
VIP. TSIO 1
PAYROLL.CBL;l
INFO.TXT;l
LOGOUT.CMD;S
F'ROG.FTN;l
F'ROQ. OBJ H
F'ROG.LST;l
F'ROG.OBJ;2
PROG.LST;2
f'ROG.FTN;2
PROG.FTN;3
F'ROG • TSK ; 1
MACIO.t1AC;S
MACIO.OBJ;S
MACIO.LSTH
III RECTORY • LST; 1
XYZ .MACH
XYZ.TSKH
VIP.OBJ;3
VIF' • MAC; S
VIF'.OBJ;4
VIF'.OBJ;5
VIF'.LST;5
MACIO.MAC;7
MACIO.MAC;6
MACIO.MAC;10
PRIMES.TSK;l

•

1.
4.

60.
1•
6.
O.
O.
5.
11.
6.
6.
6.
3.
1.
S.
3.
3.
4.
1.
3.
1•
1•
S.
3.
3.
3.
46.

•
C

• •

04-AUG-81 08:43
14-AUG-81 10:48
08-JAN-81 lS:31
07-JUL-SO 12:47
2S-MAY-SO OS:49
14-AUG-S1 08:3S
14-AUG-81 08:36
14-AUG-S1 08:36
14-AUG-81 08:36
14-AUG-81 08:36
14-AUG-81 08:36
14-AUG-81 08:37
14-AUG-S1 08:37
04-AUG-81 09:14
14-AUG-81 10:46
14-AUG-S1 10:46
lS-AUG-81 16:2S
19-AUG-81 09:43
19-AUG-S1 09:43
19-AUG-'81 09:46
19-AUG-81 09:46
19-AUG-S1 09:4'1
19-AUG-81 09:47
19'-AUG-81 09:47
19-AUG-81 09:48
19-AUG-S1 09:48
19-AUG-81 09:49
19-AUG-S1 13:57

Total of 193./199. bloclc,s in .28. files

Director!:l DK2:[30S,303J
15-DEC-81 11~45
19-AUG-81 09:46

Total of 3./5. blocks in 1. rile

•

~;::IIIR/FULL PAYROLL. CBL
Director!:l DK2:[30S,303J
lS-DEC-81 11:47

•

PAYROll.CBl;1
(17,2)
[30S,303][RWED,RWED,RWED,RJ

•

2./2.

08-JAM-81

14-AUG-Sl 10:Sl(10.)

Total of 2./2. blocks in 1. file

Example 4-3

DIRECTORY Command Samples (Sheet 1 of 3)

193

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

CD Iii rector!:! [l1\2:[305,304J
. 15-DEC-81 11:48
LOGIN.CMD;l
LOGOUT> CI1D; 5
STARTUP.CMD;57
PRIMES.MAC;43
ADVENTURE.T81\;1
CLAMBAKE.TXT;l
NOTICE.TXT;l
F'RIMES.OBJ;l
PRIMES.LST;l
F'RIMES.TSK;1
F'RIMES.MAP;l
A.MACj2
VIP.TSK;1
F'ROG.TSK;l

1.
1.
14.
8.
151.
3.
14.

13.
46.
3.

4.
6.

C
C

04-AUG-81 08:43
:l8-MAY-80 08:49
06-JUL-81 10:53
15-JAN-81 16:15
05-AUG-81 16:29
05-AUG-81 16:18
16-MAR-81 10:34
14-AUG-81 11:09
14-AUG-81 11:09
14-AUG-81 11:09
14-AUG-81 11:09
18-AUG-81 16:30
19-AUG-81 13:58
18-AUG-81 16:;31

Total of 269./273. blocks in 14. files
:>

>
:>

CD >IIIR/BRIEF
Director!:! DK2:[305,303J
LOG IN. C110 ; 1
MACIO.TSK;5
MACIO. TSI04
VIP.MAC;3
VIP.TSK;l
F'AYROLL.CBL;l
INFO + T:<1; 1
LOGOUT.CMD;5
F'ROG.FTN;l
F'ROG.OBJ;l
PROG.LST;l
F'ROG.OBJj2
F'ROG.LST;2
F'ROG.FTNj2
F'ROG. FTN; :;;
F'ROG.TSK;l
MAC I O. MAC ; ~::
MACIO.OB.Jj5
MACIO.LST;l
DIRECTORY.LST;l
XYZ. MAC; 1
XYZ.TSI\;l
VIP.OBJ;3
VIF'.OBJ;4
VIP.OBJj5
VIP.LST;!i
MACIO.MACP
MACIO.MAC;6
MACIO.MAC;10
PRIMES.TSK;l

Example 4-3

DIRECTORY Command Samples (Sheet 2 of 3)

194

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

CD }DIRISUMMM(Y
Storase used/allocated for Directorw DK2t[305,303J
15-[IEC-81 11:48
Tot~l

of 201./207. blocks in 30. files

CD >DIR/OUTPUTaIRECTOF:Y,l..ST
}DIR DIRECTORY,LST

DK2t[305,303J
15-DEC-81 11149

Director~

DIRECTORY.LST;2

15-[IEC-81 11 :49

Total of 4./4. blocks in 1. file
>DIR/FF:EE

DK2: has 4091. blocks free, 709. blocks used out of 4800.
Larsest contisuous 9pace = 2242. blocks
239. file headers are free, 55. headers used out of 294.
,,:'

:>
:>

CD >DIR/FREE DB1:
DB1: has 55407. blocks free, 285263. blocks used out of 340670.
LarSest contisuous space = 33634. blacks
13885. file headers are free, 11708. headers u~ed out of 25593.

Example 4-3

DIRECTORY Command Samples (Sheet 3 of 3)

195

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

Notes on Example 4-3

o Command to obtain a listing of files in the user's default
device and UFO.

Device, UFD for which the directory,
given.

File name, type and version.

day,

and

time

are

o Size of the file in blocks (decimal).
o
o

Creation date.
Creation time.

indicates file stored contiguously on the disk.
L
o Cindicates
file is locked (not properly closed).
You will
not be able to read this file.

Summary including the number of blocks used, the number of
blocks allocated, and the number of files.

Directory on a specific file.

Example of full di rectory.

File ID.

Owner of the file.

Protection setting.

Obtaining a directory of another UFD.

CD
GD

Obtaining a quick directory of the user's UFD.
Obtaining only summary information.

Putting the directory information into a file.

Obtaining information on the volume.

196

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

Deleting Files
When you wish to remove a file from your UFD, you may do so
by using
the
DELETE command.
Care must be taken to ensure that
the correct file specification has been supplied or you may delete
a
needed file.
If a
file
is deleted by mistake, it may be
possible to recover that file from the system backup tapes and
disks.
This depends upon when and if your system manager has
performed a backup.
Backing up a volume is copying its files
to
another disk,
or to a magnetic tape for security purposes.
The
DELETE command allows you to selectively delete files from a
UFD
(as shown in the fourth command example below) and also to provide
a log of the files that have been deleted (third command example).
Example 4-4 provides some samples of the DELETE command.

Command Format

>DEL MOV.DAT;*
>DEL A.*;*
>DEL/LOG A*.OBJ;*,B.MAC;5
>DEL/QUERY *.MAC;*

197

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

>DIR MACIO.TSK;*
DK2:[30S,303J
lS-IIEC··Sl 11 lSi

Director~

MACIO.T5K;S
MACIO.T5K;4
MACIO.T5KH
MACIO.T5103
MACIO. T5102

4.
4.
4.
4.
4.

C
C
C

C
C

lS-DEC-81
lS-IIEC-81
lS-DEC-81
15-DEC-81
lS-IIEC-81

11:43
11:43
11:S0
11:S0
11:S0

Total of .20./20. blocks in S. files

>DEL/LOG

MACIO,TSK~*

The followins files have been deleted:
DK2:[30S,303JMACIO.TSK;5
DK2:C30S,303JMACIO.TSK;4
DK2:[30S,303JMACIO.T5K;1
DK2:C30S,303JMACIO.TSK;3
DK2:t30S,303JMACIO.TSK;2

>DIF: MACIO.*;*
DK2:[30S,303J
lS-DEC··81 1 U 52

Director~

MACIO.MAC;S
MACIO.OBJ;S
MACIO.L5TH
MACIO.MAC;7
MACIO.MAC;6
MACIO.MAC;10

3.
1.

04-AUG-81
14-AUG-81
14-AUG-81
19-t-IUG-81
19-AUG-81
19-AUG-81

3.
3.
3.

09:14
10:46
10:46
09:48
09:48
09:49

Total of 18./22. blocks in 6. files
>DEL *.LST;*
>DH< *.LST;*
DIR -- No such file(s)

Example 4-4

DELETE Command Samples

198

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

Purging Old Files
To ensure that at least one version of a
file
is always
retained
in your UFD after deleting files, use the PURGE command.
This command offers the option to save a variable number of
versions of a
file.
This ability is especially useful after a
series of editing sessions, to clean up unwanted files.
It
is
also useful to purge all files in your UFD at the end of the day.
This frees up storage space on the volume and makes
it available
for all to use.
Example 4-5 shows how to purge files.

Command Format

>PURGE VIP.MAC
>PURGE/LOG A.MAC,B.*
>PURGE/KEEP:3 C.LST

199

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

>
DK2:C305,303J
15-DEc-a1 11:54

Director~

VIP.MACH
VIP.MAe;2
VIF'.MAC;3
VIP.MAC;4
VIF'.MAe;s

3.
3.
3.
3.
3.

15-DEe-al 11:53
lS-DEe-a1 11:53
19-AUG-a1 09:46
lS-DEe-a1 11:53
ls-£IEe-a1 11:53

Total of 15./17. blocks in 5. files
•

>PURGE VIP.MAC
>DIR VIP.MAC;*

DK2:C305,303J
lS-DEc-ai 11:5a

Director~

VIF'.MAC;S

lS-DEc-al 11:53

Total of 3./3. blocks in 1. file
.->DIR VIP.LST;*

DK2:C30S,303J
lS-lIEc-al 12:01

Director~

VIP.LSTH
VIF'.LST;2
VIF'.LST;3
VIP.LST;4
VIP.LST;S
Tot~l

•

5.
S.
5.
S.

lS-DEc-al
15-DEe-al
lS-DEe-a1
ls-tIEe-a1
lS-DEc-al

11:S9
11:59
12:00
12:00
12:00

of 25./25. blocks in 5. files

>pIJT'se/los vip.1st

The followinS files have been deleted:
DK2:C30S,303JVIP.LST;1
DK2:r30S,303JVIP.LST;2
DK2:r30S,303JVIP.LST;3
DK2:C30S,303JVIP.LST;4

>
>
>

Example 4-5

Purging Files (Sheet 1 of 2)

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

•

I1irectorw [1I<2H305,303J
15-I1EC··81 12:02
VIF'.OBJ;6
VIF'.OBJ;7
VIF'.OBJ;10
VIF'.OBJH 1
VIF'.OBJ;12
VIF'tOBJ;13
VIF'.OBJ;14
VIF'.OBJ;3
VIF'.OBJ;4
VIF'.OBJ;5

1•
1•
1•
1.
1•
1.
1•
1.
1•
1.

lS-I1EC-81 11:59
lS-[IEC-81 11:S9
lS-[IEC-81 11:59
lS-I1EC-81 11:59
lS-I1EC-81 12:00
lS-I1EC-81 12:'00
lS-[IEC-81 12:00
19-AUG-81 09:46
19-AUG-81 09:47
19-AUG-81 09:47

Total of 10./10. blocks in 10. files
:::)-

>
:::-

)purse/keep:3 vip.obJ

I1irectorw I1K2:[30S,303J
lS-DEC-81 12:02
VIF'.OBJH2
VIF'.OBJ;13
VIF'.OBJ;14

1•
1•
1•

15-I1EC-81 12:00
15-[IEC-81 12:00
15-I1EC-81 12:00

Total of 3./3. block$ in 3. files

Example 4-5

Purging Files (Sheet 2 of 2)

Notes on Example 4-5

«t

Directory of VIP.MAC before and after using
command. The latest version is retained.

the

Example using /LOG qualifier
report deleted files.

command

Example using the /KEEP qualifier of the purge command,
which in this case retained the latest three versions of
file VIP.OBJ.

201

the

purge

purge
to

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

Copying Files
The COpy command is used to make a copy of a file.
In
addition to creating a copy,
the command makes the necessary
entries into the directory structure so that the file can be
located at a future time.
The command can be used to copy files
within a UFO, between UFOs on the same device, and between
devices.
It is also used to merge multiple files into one file.

Command Format

>COpy VIP.MAC [305,304]VIP.MAC
>COpy VIP.TSK,PROG.TSK [305,304]*.*
>COpy
From? VIP .MAC
To? [305,304]*.*
>CDP~
)-

vip.mac [305,304Jvip,mac

>dir C305,304Jvip.mac

DK2:C30S,304J
1S-DEc-a1 12:03

Director~

VIF'.MAC;1

IS-DEc-al 12:03

Total of 3./3. blocks in 1) file

>cop~

From? vip.tsk,pros.tsk
To? [305,304J*.*

>
:::-

Example 4-6

COpy Command
202

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

Renaming Files
The RENAME command is used to change the name,
type
version of a file.
It does not make a new copy of the file;
simple alters the directory entry.

Command Format

>RENAME A.MAC B.MAC
>RENAME A.MAC A.MAC;2
>RENAME A.* B.*
:>

)RENAME VIP.MAC A.MAC
)DIR
DK2:C30S,304J
lS-IIEc-al 12:08

Director~

LOGIN •. CMII; 1
LOGOUT.CMII;S
STARTUP.CMII;S7
PRIMES.MAC;43
AIIVENTURE.TSK;l
CLAMBAKE.TXT;l
NOTICE.TXT;l
PRIMES.OBJ;!
PRIMES.LST;l
PRIMES.TSK;!
PRIMES.MAP;l
A.MAC;l
VIF'. TSK;!
PROG.TSK;l
VIF'.TSK;2
PROG.TSK;2

1•
1•
14.
S.
lSl.
3.
14.
2.
13.
46.
3.
3.
4.
6.
4.
6.

c
c
C
C
C

04-AUG-81 OS:43
2S-MAY-SO OS:49
06-JUL-81 10:S3
lS-JAN-81 16:15
OS-AUG-81 16:29
OS-AUG-81 16:18
16-MAR-81 10:34
14-AUG-81 11:09
14-AUG-81 11:09
14-AUG-81 11:09
14-AUG-81 11:09
lS-DEC-81 12:03
19-AUG-81 13:S8
18-AUG-81 16:31
lS-IIEC-81 12:04
1S-DEc-a1 12:04

Total of 279./283. blocks in 16. files

Example 4-7

Renaming Files (Sheet 1 of 2)

203

or
it

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

)RENAME A.MAC A.MAC;2
>DIR
DK2:[305,304)
15-DEC-81 12:08

Director~

LOGIN.CMII;l
LOGOUT. CMII; 5
STARTUF'. CMII; 57
PRIMES.MAC;43
AIIVENTURE.TSK;l
CLAMBAKE.TXT;l
NOTICE.TXT;l
PRIMES.OBJ;l
PRIMES.LST;l
PRIMES.TSK;l
PRIMES.MAP;l
A.HAC;2
VIF'. TSK;1
PROG.TSK;l
VIP.TSK;2
PROG.TSK;2

1.
1•
14.
S.
151.
3.
14.
2.
13.
46.
3.
3.
4.
6.
4.
6.

C
C
C

04-AUG-81 OS:43
2S-MAY-80 08:49
06-JUL-81 10:53
15-JAN-81 16: 15
05-AUG-81 16:29
05-AUG-81 16:18
16-MAR-81 10:34
14-AUG-81 11: 09
14-AUG-81 11:09
14-AUG-81 11 : 0(,
14-AUG-S1 11:09
15-IIEC-81 12:03
19-AUG-81 13:58
18-AUG-81 16:31
15-DEc-a1 12:04
15-DEC-81 12:04

Total of 279./283. blocks in 16. files

>
••:0

:::-

>
>
>
DK2:[305,303)
15-DEC··81 12t06

Director~

A.HAC;5
A.TSK;l
A.OBJ;12
A.OBJH3
A.OBJ;14
A.LST;5

4.
1.
1.
1.
5.

15-DEC-81
14-AUG-81
15-DEC-S1
15-DEC-81
15-DEC-81
15-DEC-81

11:53
10:48
12:00
12:00
12:00
12:00

Total of 15./15. blocks in 6. files

Example 4-7

Renaming Files (Sheet 2 of 2)

204

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

INSPECTING THE CONTENTS OF FILES
The contents of a file can either be displayed on your
terminal
(hard-copy or CRT)
or sent to a line printer for fast
hard-copy output.
Only ASCII files should be displayed or
printed.
Other files such as object files and task image files
are in a format understood only by a machine. Displaying them at
your terminal or on the printer produces undesirable results.

Displaying File Contents at Your Terminal
You will frequently want to inspect the contents of a file
quickly without using an editor. This is done by issuing the TYPE
command. The contents of the file are then displayed at the
receIvIng speed of your terminal. When using a CRT, it is useful
to use the Scroll key or <CTRL/S> and <CTRL/Q> to aid in reading
the data.
Typing a non-ASCII file, such as an object file or a
task image file, to a CRT produces undesirable results.
It is
also possible that the combinations of characters created by the
interpretation of non-ASCII data will cause certain terminal
features,
like holdscreen, to be set.
In the case of hard-copy
terminals, the interpretation of non-ASCII data may cause form
ejects and line feeds to spew paper behind the terminal.

Command Format

> TYPE NEW.TXT
> TYPE DK1 :[305,303]MACIO.MAC
>TYPE VIP.LST;3
> TYPE LB:[1,2]DCLLOGIN.HLP

205

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

>TYPE NEW.TXT
TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.
ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS.
UNDER THE MOST RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED CONITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, HUMIDITY, AND OTHER VARIABLES THE
ORGANISM WILL DO AS IT DARN WELL PLEASES.
ANY GIVEN PROGRAM, WHEN RUNNING IS OBSOLETE.
THE DEGREE OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.
TELL A MAN THERE ARE 300 BILLION STARS IN THE UNIVERSE
AND HE'LL BELIEVE YOU. TELL HIM A BENCH HAS WET PAINT
ON IT AND HE'LL HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO BE SURE.

Example 4-8

Using the TYPE Command

206

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

Displaying Files on a Line Printer
To obtain a hard copy of a text file on the
line printer,
issue the
PRINT command
in one of the formats shown below. An
entry will be placed in a list managed by a task called the Queue
Manager, and when the printer is available the file will print.
This command has many qualifiers that enhance its use.
For
printing more than one copy at a time, the /COPIES:n qualifier is
used.
If special forms are needed when the job is printed,
that
requirement is indicated by using the /FORMs:n qualifier.
n is a
number and specifies the type of form.
The correlation between
the number and type of form is a site consideration that varies
from location to location.
The first page that is printed on a
print job is called the job flag-page and contains information
regarding the job, i.e., the~le name,
the date and time of
printing.
Before
each
file
is a file
flag-page,
giving
information about the file.
When printing multiple files with one
print command,
there will be one job flag-page and no file flagpages printed.

Command Format

>PRINT VIP.MAC
>PRINT/COPIES:2 INFO.TXT
>PRINT/FLAG_PAGE INFO.TXT ,VIP .MAC/CO:2
>PRINT/PRIORITY: 100 VIP .MAC
>PRINT/DELETE INFO. TXT
>PRINT/FORMS:1 PROG.LST
207

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

PRINT Command Defaults
/NO DELETE
/COPIES:l
/FORMS:0
/PRIORITY:50.
/N OF LAG_PAGE

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1.

READ the sections on
the
following
commands
in
Chapter
4
of
the
RSX-IIM/M-PLU Command Language Manual.
Directory
• Delete
• Purge
• Copy
• Type
• Print
•

208

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

PROTECTING YOUR FILES
In a multiuser system, it is advantageous to be able to
protect files from being deleted or corrupted by unknowing users,
and to provide data security when it is necessary.
In the
RSX-IIM/M-PLUS FILES-II system, this is provided through two file
attributes; file ownership and file access rights.
Every file
has stored with it the owner of the file and the access privileges
that have been granted to the owner and other users of the system.
In addition,
access
rights can be established on a UFO and on a
volume.
To be able to access a
file,
a
user must meet the
conditions at all three levels.

File Ownership
Every file has stored with it the UIC of the user who created
the file.
(Refer to
item
12 in Example 4-3 to review how to
obtain this information.) In item 1 in Example 4-9,
the person
who owns the UFO is also the owner of the file PAYROLL.CBL located
in that UFO.
When a user or a task attempts to access the file,
the
UIC of the requesting user or task is compared with that of
the owner of the file and access is granted or denied depending
upon that
relationship.
The owner of a file does not always
coincide with the owner of the UFO in which the file
resides,
as
in item 2 of Example 4-9.
Figure 4-4 illustrates the transfer of file ownership •
••>

)DIR/FUll PAYROll.GBl

DK2:[305,303J
15-DEC-81 11:47

Director~

•

F'AYROLL.CBLH
(17,2)
[30S,303J[RWED,RWED,RWED,RJ

2./2.
OS-JAN-S1 15:31
14-AUG-81 10:S1(10.)

Total of 2./2. blocks in 1. file
)DIR [30S,304J

>DIR/FULL EX2D4T.LST
DRO:C305,303J
15-0CT-81 16:09

Director~

EX2D4T.LST;4
(3734,150)
[7,305J CRWED,RWED,RWED,RJ

8./8.

Total of 8./8. blocks in 1. file

Example 4-9

File Ownership
209

15-0CT-81 16:08

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

>COpy A.TSK

[305,306] A.TSK

FROM

~ [305,303.D

~ [305,306]::::::

A.TSK
OWNER:
[305,303]

o
>cOpy

~-------A.TSK
OWNER:
[305,303]

to--

USER [305,303] COPIES FILE TO

[305,306] B.MAC

(OWNER
STAYS SAME)

--'

[305,306]

FROM

USER [305,303] COPIES B.MAC FROM [305,306]
O TO
HIS OWN UFO.
>COPY IOWN A.TSK

[305,306] A.TSK

FROM

~ [305,303] ~

~ [305,306]":::

A.TSK
OWNER:
[305,303]
t--.

~--

r--

...........

---'

A.TSK
OWNER:
[305,306]

--'

USER [305,303] COPIES A.TSK TO [305,306]
MAKING THE OWNER [305,306]

TK-7676

Figure 4-4

Transferring File Ownership

210

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

When a user copies a file from his UFD to another UFD, he
maintains ownership of the file and his UIC will be stored with
the file.
In Figure 4-4, at item 1, user
[305,303]
copies the
file A.TSK to UFD [305,306] and remains the owner of file.
The
owner of UFD [305,306] mayor may not have access to that file,
depending upon what protection rights the owner of the file has
given to members of the same group. When a user copies a file
from another UFD, the user becomes the owner of the file as shown
in item 2 of the figure.
If the user wishes to transfer file
ownership to the UFD to which it is being copied, the IOWN
qualifier should be used, as shown in item 3.
>

>COPY VIP.TSK C30S,304JVIP.TSK

>DIR/FULL C30S,304JVIP.TSK

DK2:r30S,304J
lS-DEc-al 12:22

Director~

VIP.T5K;1
(14,5)
E30S,303JCRWED,RWED,RWED,RJ

7./7.

1S-DEc-a1 12:21

46./46.

1S-DEC-a1 12:22

7./7.

IS-DEC-a1 12:23

Total of 7./7. blocks in 1. file

>
>

>COPY C305,304JPRIMES.TSK [305,303J
>DIR/FULL PRIMES.TSK
Director~

DK2:r30S,303J
IS-DEC-al 12122

PRIME5.T5K;2
(16,5)
E30S,303JCRWED,RWED,RWED,RJ
Total of 46./46. blocks in 1. file

>
>

>COPY/OWN VIP.TSK C30S,304JVIP.T5K

>
>

>DIR/FULL E30S,304JVIP.T5K

DK2:r30S,304J
1S-DEC-a1 12:23

Director~

VIP.T5K;1
(14,6)
E30S,304JCRWED,RWED,RWED,RJ
Total of 7./7. blocks in 1. file

Example 4-10

Transferring File Ownership Samples
211

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

File Access Rights
There are four groups of users, as shown in Table 4-4.
The
owner is the user whose UIC is saved with the file.
Each one of
these groups can be awarded up to four different types of access,
as listed in Table 4-5.
If the user has not specified a
protection, the system will assign the default file protection
shown in Table 4-6.
Table 4-4

Table 4-5

Groups of Users

Access Rights

212

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

Default File Protection
Table 4-6

Default File Protection

213

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

Setting and Changing File Protection
The user may change the protection on any file that he owns,
no matter where it resides, by using the SET PROTECTION command.
However, another user who is a member of the user's group or world
may not change the protection on the user's file even if he has
read, write, extend and delete privileges. A privileged user may
change the protection on any file.
The format of the command is
shown below. An example of issuing the command is shown in
Example 4-11.

Command Format

>SET PROTECTION
File? INFO. TXT
Code? (SY: RWED, OW: RWED, GR: RWED, WO: A
>

:>
>DIR/FULL INFO.TXT

DK2:C305,303J
15-DEC-81 12:23

Director~

INFO.TXT;l
C305,303lCR,R"J

(20,2)

07-JUL-BO 12:47

60./60.

14-AUG-Bl 10:54(11.)

Total of 60./60. blocks in 1. file

>
>

>SET PROTECTION
File'!' INFO.TXT
Code'!' (SY:R,OW:RWED,GR:R,WO:)
>DIR/FULL INFO.TXT
Director~

15-DEC·-81

DK2:C305,303J
12~ 24

INFO.TXT;l
(20,2)
C305,303lCR,RWED,R,J

60./60.

07-JUL-BO 12:47

14-AUG-81 10:54(11.)

Total of 60./60. blocks in 1. file

Example 4-11

Setting File Protection
214

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

Figure 4-5 shows the accessibility of each group of users to
the files located in the UFD [305,303].
It is understood that
[305,303] is the owner of all the files located there.
A member
of the group
[305,xxx] would not be able to type the file
[305,303]VIP.MAC, because the owner of the file has not gIven
members of his group read privileges, which you must have to type
a file.
The owner is the only one who can access this file, as no
privil.eges have been given to any other group. Do not be misled
into thinking that a privileged user is not able to access this
file.
A privileged user may change the protection on any file.
This is important to remember:
if you should issue the SET
PROTECTION command, you can take away all rights to every group,
including yourself.

Equivalent MCR Commands
Table 4-7 gives the equivalent MCR commands for the file
maintenance operations discussed in this module. The utility
task, PIP, performs the file maintenance tasks.
Documentation for
PIP is found in the RSX-IIM/M-PLUS Utilities Manual.

215

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

[305,303]

PROT = SY:,OW:RWE,GR:,WO:

PROT= SY:RWE,OW:RWED,GR:R,WO:
PROT = SY:RWED,OW:RWED,GR:RWED,WO:

SYSTEM

OWNER

GROUP

WORLD

a a a a
[5,61

[305,303]

[305,304]

[200,20]

ACCESS = YES

ACCESS = NO

PAYROLL.TSK

YES

RUN [305,303]
PAY ROLL.TSK

YES

VIP.MAC

YES

EDIT/EDT [305,303]
LOGIN.CMD

YES

COMMANDS
COpy PAYROLL.TSK
[UIC] NEW.TSK

DEL [305,303]

TYPE [305,303]

TK·7682

Figure 4-5

Accessing a File

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1.

READ the Section on File Protection and
Volume Protection, in Chapter 4 of the
RSX-llM/M-PLUS Command Language Manual.

DO the Written Exercises for this module.

DO the Lab Exercises for this module.

216

FILE AND DIRECTORY MAINTENANCE

Table 4-7

Equivalent MCR File Maintenance Commands

217

Digital Equipment Corporation. Bedford, MA 01730